Welcome to today's lecture, this is continuation of application and selection of accumulators. Now various means are adopted to drive the fluid from accumulators to the main system. Therefore, type of accumulators according to how they are driven to the main system these are as follows weight loaded accumulators this has unique advantage that it can maintain the constant pressure spring loaded accumulators that obviously the force reduces when the compressive spring expands. So, therefore, there will be change in pressure variation of pressure gas charge accumulators which are commonly used. In fact, weight loaded accumulators may be the best in that point, but for high pressure you have to use huge amount of load and the construction of such an accumulator is difficult. And it is found that spring loaded although this can be used, but gas loaded it based because of the reason in some cases you can regulate the gas pressure from the outside although it is not normally done. Gas charge accumulators are again mainly three types the most common you will find the bladder type what it is if we study this figure then we will find that outside this is the main casing of the accumulator. So, this you can consider this is a steel pressure vessel and inside that there will be a bladder which is usually charged by gases nitrogen is very common. However, one can use the ordinary air also. Now, if we look into the other details then what we find that this is a closure cap this is just to protect the main cap which is you can say valve cap or the total valve system. If you remove the closure cap then we will have a valve cap and if you remove that one then there is a valve it is basically non written valve. And we can insert the gas and then this is you can say this is the valve body this is fittings of the valve on the steel vessel. Then there is a rating plate which is by tightening which we can make it leak proof with gasket of course, gasket is there here is also a gasket and then. So, this is for charging the gas inside. Now, if we look into the bottom side then there we will find pressure fluid valve. So, there is another valve which the oil is allowed to the main system and then this is a vane screw it is if there is some bleeding is necessary bleeding is necessary then it is done through this. Then this is a slotted round nut to fix this one and there are many other small components to make this fittings leak proof to from the accumulator.  Now, next one is the diaphragm type in case of earlier one the bladder is filled with gases with pressure. So, when the oil is required from this accumulator then bladder expands gradually which is having the oil was having the same pressure as the pressure inside the bladder. In this case instead of that bladder we have a diaphragm this diaphragm is fitted to this body.   So, this is usually for small volume displacement but higher pressure. Now, this is again some this closure button and this there is a plug screw etcetera. So, what will happen when this oil excess oil is being pumped in to this accumulator then this will contract a little bit and this volume will also contract. And then when again this oil is required by the main system this will expand and this oil will be pushed in to the main system. Definitely pressure will vary that means here inside the gradually the pressure of this oil will reduce pressure of this gas as well as this pressure of this oil will reduce when it is being injected to the systems. But it is obviously the lowest pressure here will be equal to or higher than the pressure required by the system. And the third one is the piston type. In this case we can imagine a cylinder finished inside bore is finished to accommodate a piston. This piston is having no rod then oil is being injected from this side and the gas is being gas is charged from the other side. So, this works in the same fashion but here also this work for very high pressure. But the displacement of the oil may not be very high or can be made high if we make this piston longer. But we have to keep in mind this gas when it is expanding then gradually the pressure is decreasing. So, it is not may not be very worthy to make it very large one. But this as well can be made very small and it can be fitted wherever required in the system. Next if you recapitulate our knowledge that the accumulator is used usually there will be a pump of low pressure sorry low flow q 1 low flow and the excess volume if it is required for the short period it is supplied by the accumulator. So, if you look into this figure the q 1 is the pump flow maximum pump flow rate wherever system may require the flow up to q 2 for a time period t 1 then t 1 to t 2 is the volume required is v 3 and then t 2 t 3 is volume required is v 2 and then t 3 to t 4 this volume requirement is 0 this is the cycle. Now in that case pump when this pump is running then for this period oil is being injected from the accumulator to the system in this point if this is a fixed displacement pump then this oil excess oil is going to the accumulator and here again from accumulator to system and in this case full volume is going into the accumulator. And after the accumulator is completely filled in the oil in case of fixed displacement pump system oil goes to tank via the pressure relief valve. Now here one relation we must remember that v 1 plus v 2 must be less than equal to v 3 plus v 4 that is otherwise if the excess oil is required by the systems we cannot supply it accumulators movement flow and pressure pulsation or ripple. So, this also we have already studied a system without an accumulator even having the pulse like this and if you put an accumulator then this pulse is reduced it is may not be possible to eliminate the pulsation completely. Now again for if you look into the applications then this also used for the transfer transfer means say for example this is a test vessel this is being tested by water. So, what we can do inside bladder we can put the water and this also we can filled into water side that is usually oil hydraulic oil and then by a reciprocating pump or actuator you can say it is of equal rod both the side. What we can do we can generate a pulsating load here which is transferred through this accumulator to this vessel and then this vessel is tested for fatigue load. Now if you look into the gas pre-charge pressure in general purpose applications pre-charge pressure is usually equal to pre-charge pressure is P 0 is equal to is usually 0.9 into P 1 also the volume of the vessel if we can estimate what is the maximum requirement from the accumulator then the accumulator inside volume is usually point sorry the gas charge we do 0.9 percent of the total volume and that means 0.9 that percent or sorry 90 percent will be the volume required we make it and if the volume of the accumulator is 100 percent in that way. And the limit values are P 0 is minimum is 0.25 that is 25 percent of the maximum pressure whereas P 0 maximum is equal to greater than equal to 0.9 of minimum system pressure. Now method and application it is important to establish if the gas during operation is subjected to isothermal or adiabatic condition. So that we have to look into this isothermal process as you know that if the process is occurring very quickly then we can go for isothermal or otherwise it will be the adiabatic or isentropic conditions and then we have to calculate accordingly. Now as well the operating temperature is important type of liquid is also important maximum required flow rate that we have to look into the location where we should put that accumulator this type of depending on the type of liquid we can select what should be the bladder material usually the outside body is still. If it is not corroded with the still this main oil if this main oil is cannot be used with the still then we can think of other material but inside gas and oil or whatever is flowing the main medium of the system looking into that we select these materials. Then compression and expansion of gas inside accumulator takes place according to the boils priority law with regards to the status change in the perfect gas. This means we considering the isentropic change the pressure volume relation is expressed as P0 V0 equal to P1 V1 is equal to P2 V2 that V0 V1 and V2 these are the volumes of the bladder. Now N is the this power N power is equal to 1 in case of isothermal in case of adiabatic usually it is 1.4 or something like that in between that we can select according to the time taken we can select this will I am coming to that later. Now here this I have already explained but still V1 is the nitrogen volume at pressure we have assumed this gas is nitrogen. So, P1 is the pressure minimum system pressure V2 is the nitrogen volume at pressure P2 is the maximum pressure system pressure V0 is the volume at pressure or stored liquid P0 is the pressure at pressure P1 is the minimum operating pressure P2 the maximum operating pressure etcetera. And this is polytropic exponent N is the polytropic exponent. Now if we look into this normal this very ideal then PV diagram is usually as follows for a gas and you can we can see this is the maximum pressure it is like that over the range and P was in the working pressure and P0 is the minimum gas charge pressure and this is the volume stored volume being used for for the system. This is the used volume for the system that means when the pressure P2 then volume minimum volume and then V1 is the minimum pressure that is the maximum volume and this is the charged volume. Now obviously if this is 1 N is equal to 1 this is a straight line, but this is ideally it would follow this curve whatever may be this this value we can have the curve is of this nature. The curve of volume variation as a function of pressure is dependent on exponent N that is I have explained which for nitrogen is content between the limit limiting values of N is equal to 1 in case of compression or expansion or nitrogen takes or so slowly that a complete interchange of heat is allowed between the gas gas and environment that is at constant temperature. So, this is for the slow process. Now, this condition is we call it isothermal sorry this perhaps I told that very quick process is isothermal it is not that we have to this interchange time is required and N maximum is equal to 1.4 when operation is so quick that no interchange of heat can take place the condition is adiabatic. So, if there is a very quick change then this condition is adiabatic and, but when it is a relatively slow process then we can call it is isothermal. However, these are theoretical and not practical condition then it is possible to state with reasonable accuracy that when an accumulator is used as a volume compensator leakage compensator or as a lubrication compensator and the pressure compensator the condition is isothermal. Whereas, if in the remaining application such as energy accumulator pulsating damper emergency power source dynamic pressure compensator water hammer absorber shock absorber hydraulic spring etcetera it is possible to state that the reasonable accuracy with reasonable accuracy that the condition is adiabatic that that means there is the very quick process is going on. Now, should a more accurate calculation be needed it is possible to use intermediate values of N that is exponent as a function of T that is of expansion or compression time according to diagram N figure figure 5 say for example, if time taken more than 10 minutes this is again I I think with respect to the nitrogen and hydraulic oil then if more than 10 minutes then we can call this is isothermal and we can take this value is 1. And if this time is 0 to 10 minutes then depending on the time required for that process we can select that N obviously that may this curve may be different for different gases we are using in the system. But if it is very quick process only then we call it adiabatic and we take this value is 1.4 this means if usually in the classroom type problem or examination problem we mean it is adiabatic then you have to take 1.4 otherwise sometimes it is given this curve will be given to you and this time will be mentioned and from there you can select what will be the power of N. In all calculation pressures are expressed as absolute bar and temperature as Kelvin degree that we have to remember. Now this is for the selection while we are selecting a and accumulator. So, this curve is usually supplied by the accumulator manufacturer say for example if we consider that V volume 1 by volume 2 is 2.20 litre 2.20 litre then we can have this curve and then this is the actual volume of the accumulator that means if we measure the vessel volume it is 10 litre capacity. But actually available is 2.20 we are working within this range obviously it may be slightly more may be available from this system. And then for different this is the for different pressure curve and this is 1, 2, 3. So, this is 50 and pressure is P 1 to P 3 that means we are working may be from 70 to this is 140 say let us assume this is 1.20 litre capacity is 150 say 140 70 to 140 we are working that means within this pressure range and within this flow range these are the applicable area. Our calculation all estimation will be within this region and here average volume of pressure of fluid in litre. So, we can estimate how much volume will be available for working we will just consider a pressure range and from there we will get it and here this is also available volume on same scale and both the side it is given. So, in that way we can use this graph now this is again this is for bladder type accumulator and this is for diaphragm type accumulator. This lines are from diaphragm type accumulator and these lines are for bladder type accumulator. And here it is on the curves are on N is equal to 1.4 and there are some other say tolerances are given. So, if you would like to select what should be the say suppose our using volume is a 2.2 litre we can maybe we are tempted to go for a 4 litre accumulator, but in that case we may not have that good pressure range that you can study this graph separately to understand this. Now these are a few systems are shown. So, application of accumulator and accumulator storage that means how the volume is being stored in accumulator for different process that is given over a chart here. Let us consider a system this system is like this that there is three we can consider two linear pistons and one rotary pump is there and this is being run by the same system. So, we put the accumulator over here. So, it is like that this non-return line is there because from the accumulator oil should never come to the pump side that is why it is there. And then oil from here can directly go to the system it is we do not need any other valve there because whenever the excess oil is there first this will be filled then when it is completely filled then this oil go through this relief valve. Now what we find these operations this is cylinder A this is cylinder B and this is pump C and both are having a flow control valve. This means that maybe this system is required we need motion of this forward and backward or return motion both are with control speed that is why control flow control valves are there and this is by operated by a this is completely closed center 4 by 3 directional valve. And in this case what we find this is this is also 4 by 3, but it is not closed center it is only partially open center partially open center means in normal conditions neutral conditions oil goes back to tank. And in neutral position the pump is closed center that means this pump is always ready with pressure if it is in all are in neutral. Now what we do cylinder A we are extending means this is going out then definitely valve we will put accordingly that means with this side will come here to operate this one. Then volume required is 1.96 litre this you see we have used this flow control valve and this is the requirement and it is required is in one second. So, one second means this process is 1.4 polynomial adiabatic process almost. So, we will consider that and then say this is this guideline is given to how to select this accumulator looking for the volume into this that chart. Then supply from pump is 1.46 that is Q 1 if you remember that this is 1.46 litre only at that conditions supply from accumulator is 0.5. So, volume left in accumulator is 0.50 litre and then supply into the accumulator is 0 and then at that conditions that means to have 1.96 1.46 from the pump and 0.5 from the accumulator at that condition and we find this is the curve. Next we come to the cylinder A it is retaining then we need 1.19 litre for the same type 1.0 because why we need less while because there is a rod is there. So, for the same period definitely while requirement would be less in that case 1.46 is the from the pump. So, volume left in accumulator is it was this much, but this is definitely higher than this one. So, excess while is going to the accumulator. Next we are extending B requirements 2.70 and within 0.5 time again in this adiabatic and 0.73 litre supply from the pump and 1.97 litre from the accumulator. This might be due to the pressure requirement this is it is taken like this. So, 0 is accumulated in the accumulator. In case of C the motor is running 0.50 volume requirement within 3 seconds. So, supply from pump 4.38 litre supply from this is from 0 and then this is of course volume left in accumulator it is unknown because 4.38 litre is being pumped. So, 3.88 litre we will try to go into the accumulator and then cycle B again return of V 1.06. And this is the chart you can follow this chart and then what is theirs. So, total volume requirement will be there and time etcetera all and it is found that 2.20 litre is the working volume keeping that is the working volume and 10 litre that what we have seen 10 litre accumulator size is suitable. And from this graph again this graph is generated and then when the oil is going from the accumulator and when oil is being stored in the accumulator this is shown in this graph. So, this means that when we are going to design a system with accumulator we have to make a such pressure and volume history of the total cycle of operations and then from there we can select a an accumulator of suitable size and to make the system more efficient. Suppose if we use a bigger accumulator here this will be no use and performance may not be that efficient and if we use a smaller one definitely the purpose will not be served. Now, this is another application is shown here in that this is unloading valve we have earlier learnt what is unloading. Unloading means while the system is loading means is not working in that case we have to unload this pump first of all it can go through the relief valve, but going through this relief valve means there is huge pressure loss. Now, we can go for an open central valve, but open central valve is the problem is that the oil does not remain ready with working pressure. So, another option is that we can use 4 by 2 valve that is on off type valve the changing the directions and on off there is no intermediate positions. If we use this valve as well there is a flow control valve depending on the requirements then what we can do we can put an accumulator here and this is the our unloading valve unloading valve how it works say it is working at say let us consider the pressure is 0.2 very low pressure in that case oil is flowing through this tank and also how it is flowing through the tank oil is coming over here it is coming over here, but this cannot move this one because the pressure requirement pressure is low pressure or ideal it is not working in that case the oil is going through this place and there is a differential pistons that means this side is very small pressure and this side we can assume there is no pressure. So, this will move in that way this oil is going to the tank completely now suppose here we have a requirement with a pressure in that case what will happen this will move this is having a setting pressure of course by adjusting this one then piston this side will have a pressure the same pressure or may not be same pressure little lower pressure will be this way and then this will be in a controlled position because earlier there was a pressure whatever may be the low pressure, but still it was there in that case we have a differential pressure with a controlled load. So, this flow will reduce and this flow will be there and when this is completely filled or when this is completely filled or may be the excess flow is there then this requirement here then this will be accumulated in the accumulator. So, this is some unloading system applications without this accumulator only thing this operation operation will be definitely that will be done, but this will not be that smooth what is available with this accumulator. Now, another application is that we have pump with 4 by 3 tangent center DC valve this is a tangent center means in normal conditions the oil is going to the tank. So, this operation it is written here in a chart say a b c are the three position of this valve what we have in this system we have one tangent valve a no sorry this has two position a is that cross connection b is the straight connection and this is an intermediate positions and for this one this is simply on off type switch. Now, what is written here a is closed b is closed c is closed that means this is in that condition pump flow to the tank now then a is closed b is also closed, but c is connected in that case accumulator to system oil is going to accumulated to the system right from here to it is going to the system then a is closed b is open and c is closed that means we are having this connections then pump and accumulator the pump is applying oil to the system as well as to the accumulator of course depending on the requirements of the main system then a is on b is off and c is off then only this accumulator is being charged because this oil from the main system is going to the tank and this is oil is being charged to this accumulator. So, this is another the application of accumulator with a hydraulic system is shown here how it can be arranged. Now, next to that application of accumulator storage with simple pump now in that case this is a very simple system, but we are having again on off type valve 4 by 3 on off type valve this means that either this position or this position it will be there. So, let us consider the normal position which is shown in that case oil is going to the accumulator as well as to the system depending on the pressure and flow requirement accumulator will be charged or from the accumulator oil will flow to the system. Now next when this is being charged like this, this is coming to this positions then oil will go to this side and oil from here it will come back to the system again in that condition also the accumulator may be charged according to the requirements here. Now, another system this is for pulsation reduction in that case we have used 4 by 3 closed center valve and this is as I told that if this there is pulsating load to tackle such pulsating load with less reduction of ripple or pulsation we can simply use an accumulator in the line. Now we should look into a typical question answering why is an accumulator the question typical question say this is usually 4 to 5 such questions or 5 to 6 such questions to be answered in 3 hours. We will consider let us consider this is about we have to answer 5 questions and this is one full questions the part A is that why is an accumulator used in a hydraulic power transmission system. Second part is that part B in an air over oil that means this accumulator may be we can think of a piston type gas is air and bottom is oil type of accumulator how can the required size be determined assuming isothermal and adiabatic process. Then the recharge pressure of an accumulator is 90 bar 9 megapascal it has to supply 5 liters of oil between 200 bar that is 20 megapascal and 100 bar is 10 megapascal absolute. Determine the size of the accumulator necessary assuming one is that isothermal and two is isentropic process means in this case we may consider adiabatic or something we can we will consider. Now answer of part A why is an accumulator used in hydraulic power transmission system. Then an accumulator is used in a hydraulic system for the following reasons one as an energy storage device to supply large oil flow short period of time which is beyond the capacity of the pump. But when the demand of flow is less the pump flow being excess can charge the accumulator so that this is not corrected so that the it may again supply oil when needed. Then another if you think in application of that as a cushion for pressure surge which are invariably generated in a hydraulic circuit due to acceleration and decelerations of oil resulting from the fast valve operations load shocks etcetera. That means this is the reduction of pulsation this accumulator is used presence of an accumulator sharply reduces pressure peaks thereby protecting the systems so this is the how briefly you can answer the application of the accumulator. Next comes the part B where that air over oil accumulator and we have to express that how the function. Now in this case this is a simple diagram you can use such color to mention so fast when we are charging this volume this you can say that 90 percent of the total volume of the accumulator that is shown this is a pressure and then this is air and this is oil and P 2 V 2 is the say maximum pressure and this is at that condition the volume of the say bladder or the top side of the diaphragm that is nitrogen gas let us consider and then the oil can be used up to this that means the total oil total oil will be pumped from the accumulator to the system can be calculated V 1 by V 2 and by that time pressure reduces from P 2 to P 1. Now the accumulator volume actual is about 10 percent higher than this which I have explained already so you can mention that thing that is why the figure is like that and when the accumulator is fully charged the pressure rises to P 2 and the volume is squeezed to V 2 and accumulator supplies while the volume expands to V 1 and the pressure falls to P 1. Now we consider the isothermal process that is slow changing and charging and discharging then we will consider that the power N is 1 so P 1 V 1 is equal to P 2 V 2 is equal to P 3 V 3. Now the V 2 is equal to P 1 by P 2 is equal to V 1 and V 3 is equal to P 1 by P 3 is equal to V 1 and then for the isothermal process the maximum volume the amount of oil discharge that means maximum volume of oil we can use is V 3 by V 3 minus V 3 sorry this will be actually V 2 minus V 1 sorry this is we have used P 1 P 2 so this will be V 2 minus V 1 is here will be P 2 is P 2 and this will be P 0 sorry equation is not written correctly and anyway we are dealing with this volume so V 1 is the charge volume in this case and this can be expressed in this way and finally we can find out the relations what will be the relations of this volume. Now in this case the instead of using N as the power for isentropic process we have consider isentropic we have not mentioning this adiabatic process we consider this gamma and then with this we can say that gamma is equal to C P by C V is equal to 1.4 that is the for the adiabatic change we take that 1.4 and then these equations come in this form and finally V 1 is calculated within this form. Now we are coming to this part C where the pressure is now this is you see this part charge pressure was said 90 bar charge was done at 90 bar. So now that 90 bar is the gauge pressure there so we add plus 1 to make it absolute pressure 91 bar whereas the system working in 100 to 200 that we consider as a absolute pressure. Now volume is there again this is a mistake this will be V 2 by V 2 minus V 1 minus V 2 is 5 liters and then using this calculation we can have V 1 is equal to 11 liter that means in this case V 0 will be 11 liter. Now if you consider this this this calculation we have shown for isothermal now we are considering this is not exactly adiabatic but we are some isentropic and we have assumed this value is 4 by 3 that is 1.33. Now in that case you see this according to the time say that means that is probably this time of change is this much of that looking into the graph say it is about taking half a second in that case we consider it is 1.33 and according to that we calculate this what is the volume. So volume comes is 13.24 liters earlier in case of isothermal we found it was 11 liter and in this case we need 13.24 liter and then this is the reference we have followed that one is that some tutorial note in a journal that is in 1992. But as well this is a good book I do not know whether it will be available here but this is on the industrial hydraulic control by P. Ravind that is published in 1984. Thank you.


So, welcome everyone, my name is Christine, and today I'll be talking about rapidly verifiable XMSS signatures. This is joint work with Joppa Boss, Andreas Hülsing and Jocelyn S. So as an introduction, let me first set the setting. So we have Alice, who wants to send a message to Bob, namely to meet for drinks at four, and to make sure that Bob can verify that this message actually comes from Alice, she signs it with some signature scheme. She then sends the result along a secure channel to Bob, and Bob can take this signature and verify it against Alice's certificate to make sure that the message really came from Alice and not some other person. So this is quite a simple setting, in reality it can be a bit more complicated. So for instance Alice can be a large company who wants to send a new firmware image to all their devices. To make sure these devices can verify that the firmware image actually came from company Alice, they sign it with some signature scheme and send it over a secure channel. But now in this case Bob is not one person, but actually many IoT devices. So this message is sent along many secure channels, but then all these devices do verify the same signature against the same public certificate to verify the authenticity. And this scenario, this setting is our use case. So we have one signature and many IoT devices verifying it. And beyond the firmware updates that were just sketched in the previous slide, another situation where this use case applies is that of secure boot. So it's a pretty relevant use case and used in many devices. And in this use case the signer actually has access to significant computational resources since a large company can use the cloud or a computation farm to set their signature. While on the other hand the verifier might be some constrained device and they might not have these computational resources and therefore it might be advantageous to if possible put more of the computational load on the signer and not the verifier. And in this work we specifically look at the case of XMSS. So can this trade-off be made possible for a standardized post quantum digital signature scheme like XMSS? We start with an executive summary that basically says yes we can. To add a little bit more detail here, in this work we actually present a faster XMSS signature verification with the aim at the use case I just sketched unembedded devices. And to achieve this faster verification we use a probabilistic method which was introduced by Perrin, Zambone, Martin's Custodio and Martina in 2018. But we extend their work by various avenues, namely we add a security proof that adding their technique to XMSS actually means it's still secure as well as we add a statistical analysis to show what the performance of the method is. Then along the way of creating this security proof our work actually also fills a previous gap in the XMSS proof which shows resistance against mitigating multi-target attacks against the scheme. And lastly in the paper we show that using a wrapper function around XMSS actually our scheme is still compatible with RSE. Then given these things we also implement our scheme and our paper shows that combining these things with further known optimizations it allows for trade-off of a signature generation of about a minute on an X86 in Le Corp can expect a speed-up factor of over two for the verifier if it's a small embedded device, an ARM Cortex M4. And of course we show other trade-offs are possible but just as an executive summary this is quite a nice achievement. Then what will I talk about in the remainder of this talk? First of all I'll talk a bit about what XMSS is, namely a stateful hash-based signature scheme. Then to show the techniques that are used I'll explain how one-time signatures work and how specifically Winton-Hitts one-time signatures work before diving into the contributions of our paper namely rapidly verifiable signatures where I'll first show how the algorithm works and how it incorporates the work of PZMCM then I'll give a brief outline of the security proof and go into some of the things we did to analyze the performance of the rapidly verifiable algorithm before I end with results and a conclusion. So then first stateful hash-based schemes. So XMSS or Extended Miracle Signature Scheme it works as follows. So we start from a one-time signature key pair depicted here down below where a signer creates one private key, computes the corresponding public key and can sign one message with it. Well this is fine but now if the signer has to do that many times and sign many messages they have to make many key pairs and publicizing all these public keys is of course not very convenient so in the 70s Ralph Merkle came with the idea of a Merkle tree and the Merkle tree sort of solves this problem by posing that you can take this one-time signature public key and hash it into a binary Merkle tree as a leaf node and then what you can do is pairwise hash all these nodes together until there is one top node the public key of the Merkle Signature Scheme which can then serve as a public key for all eight one-time signatures and this changes a bit what the signature looks like so for a one-time signature pair which we saw here on the left we just had OTS Signature 0 but the Merkle Scheme or XMSS in this case also adds the state as in the signature so that the verifier knows which leaf of the Merkle tree is being signed with as well as an authentication path and the goal of an authentication path is that it's a set of nodes in the Merkle tree here depicted in red such that if a verifier computes the one-time signature public key they can then in order hash the hash values with the authentication paths to recover a candidate for the public key which can then be checked against the public key of the Merkle Scheme so in summary a one-time signature scheme has one secret key one public key and can sign one signature which is for most applications pretty impractical and XMSS and other schemes like LMS or others combine these one-time signatures into a larger scheme using Merkle trees and as a result for Hyde H Merkle tree which is the number of layers in the Merkle tree and the parameter each one-time signature can sign one message but they can all verify against the same public key and the nice thing about these schemes is that they're already standardized by missed in a special publication that can be seen on the left here so after the Grand Scheme of Things we move to these one-time signatures so how do winternets one-time signatures actually work well if we have a m-bit message digest m of a certain message that needs to be signed the observation is you can actually write it rewrite it in a base w representation so we take the m-bits and split them up into l1 chunks of size w and then l1 would be equal to the the bit length of the message digest divided by the bit length of w so this is quite some notation but as an example if we want to write 37 in base 4 then what we do is we take the bit representation and simply split it up into chunks of 2 since that's four values being represented and then a simplified view on the key generation of winternets one-time signature scheme is that we have a hash function h we generate a secret key for each of these base w chunks that can be in the m-bit message digest and we simply apply the hash function to each of these secret keys and we do not do that once no we repeat that and we repeat that specifically w minus one times to get the public key of the winternets one-time signature so this seems pretty simple but once we have these secret keys and public keys we of course want to sign the message with them so how this works is as follows we have this message digest m here at the top and we also split that up into these w base bit chunks let's say and then i'm simplifying a little because for winternets one-time signature actually we chuck another few chunks behind that namely the checksum and the goal of the checksum is to prevent forgeries i won't give any details on that but just assume that it's a few more a few more chunks being put behind here and now we want to sign so we have our secret key which are these nodes in the beginning each one from one up till l and now if we want to sign sign the message we start at the the first base w value and we map this value to a place in the secret key one chain and specifically for instance this value is three then we would compute the the third node after the secret key with this value and we repeat this process for all chunks so p2 b3 up to bl which is also here the the eight value in the chain and this is then our signature so this looks pretty simple um then the question remains is how to verify this signature so this works as follows the verifier knows the message knows the winternets constant knows the signature public and the public key as well as the hash function and what they can do is then also chunk the message digest up in the same manner as the designer did map it to the the chains where the verifier does not know these previous versions where the signer did and then they can just start applying the hash function so for s1 they can apply h again and again and they apply w minus 1 minus the value of p1 times because applying the hash function this many times is supposed to lead to the public key one and this can again be repeated for all chunks so also for sigma l you go all the way to the end and then you verify against the public key quite simple so that was the details about what's plus that we need to know and now we can actually move to the contributions of our paper which are rapidly verifiable signatures and before showing you the algorithm the adapted xmss algorithm we present we first want to give the idea of of the underlying technique which is as follows namely the cost of verification of a what's plus signature is actually largely determined by the value of the l1 integers p1 up to b1 so here b1 was the fourth node in chain and the verifier actually has to compute 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 hash functions to have something to verify against the public key now for the verifier it would be much easier if this value was actually towards the end of the chain and they would only have to do a few hash functions well this is where winternet's tuning comes in so pzmc18 observed that these b1 up to bl1 values are determined by the base w representation of the message values and we cannot just change the output of a hash function but what we what we can do and what they show in pzmc18 is that by adding a counter in the message hash and not just one counter but t different counters you get a different output m by appending that counter and then choosing the the chain values that you like best so the ones that have the least verification time and therefore the ones that maximize the cumulative chain lengths if you choose this message and verification time goes down and this is quite a nice observation and in the work and what I'll talk to in about in the next slide we fill in some gaps of these papers namely the message line dependence which we show you don't need in our work we also provided thorough security analysis that show that applying this technique in specifically xms does not degrade security as well as we give a performance analysis so we analyze what kind of effect choosing different values for t has and lastly we also apply it to the xmss implementation so first the xmss adapted algorithm which is shown here in the middle and an algorithm one in the paper I won't go through this in detail but I will just highlight that this block in blue that's where in the algorithm we apply the core idea of pc mc 18 mc m 18 to xmss so we add these t counters to the ash and determine which of these counters results in the best values and the best time or the lowest time for a verifier which is what we want and this is also where we include this message length independence that we add so we show that this adding these counters can actually be done really fast even for large messages by only iterating over the last hash block so if we straightforwardly apply the technique of pc mc m 18 then for large messages and applying these many counters it would fast turn into a huge signature generation time for large values of t while we show that if we only iterate over the last hash block then with this pre computation then actually the signing time remains constant for for a different message size which is a huge progress then next contribution is answering the question is it still secure so the answer here is again straightforwardly yes it's still secure and as a high-level proof outline in the paper we first analyze what impact adding this counter has to the to the message hash construction for xmss type signatures and then after analyzing this we formulate the necessary security assumptions on this hash functions as a standard model property and given given these this pre-work we can then analyze the complexity of generic attacks against against the scheme and provide a bound for blackboard attacks against the random function yeah so i won't go in for the details for the proof details can be found in the paper but what might be nice to mention is that while constructing the proof for the meek we also fill a previous gap in the xmss proof that shows multi target attack resistance then on a performance analysis level so given this that the signature generation verification scheme for an implementer it might be a question on how to set t and what kind of performance can we expect them and we do this in two ways in the paper the first way is that we in a simplified model prove the number of hashes an implementer can expect for a given set t and again the the theorem here is on the top left and i won't go into the full proof but the idea is that we first buy the central limit theorem model the length of of the commutative l1 chain lengths and then given this distribution we use order statistics to determine the expectation of the maximum over t counter so if we have t times these average chain lengths what do we expect the maximum to be and then lastly we trade the the chain lengths for the checks on a bit differently since as you can read in the paper they behave in a kind of special way but then we show that all three of these are quite solid assumptions in the paper and yeah you can see that there then beyond averages since for an implementer it might also be useful what is the maximum and minimum performance they can accept we also give confidence intervals for the expectation so we see that here on the left so for instance what you can see here is that if an implementer were to add two to the power of 40 counters to their hash message then we expect with i think 95 percent confidence that the number of hashes for the verifier would lie between about 250 and 300 and a bit where previously it was around 500 then lastly we verified the performance of our rapidly verifiable XMSS version and these results come from an adaptation we made of the reference implementation which we ran on a freedom k64 board this is a cortex m4 development board which gave us the following results namely here on the left we see a table with the trade-off between the signature generation time and the verification time by adding the counters so for instance here on the left if a if a signer adds two to the power 32 counters which makes the signing time about an hour then they can expect to have a performance gain for the verifier between 40 and 50 percent which is quite good and then in cycles on this freedom board we see that compared to the reference implementation and also adding some pre-computation tricks from ckrs20 we can actually get given a signing time of about a minute we can get these turning point eight million cycles down to about six point five six million cycles which is a huge performance gain so that's what i wanted to show you about our paper and that leaves us with a conclusion so in conclusion we utilize the techniques of pc mcm18 to enable a rapidly verifiable version of XMSS and we thoroughly analyze both the security and performance of the new scheme then we also implement this rapid XMSS on a freedom k64 f board and as an example i mean i've mentioned before other trade-offs are possible that on a if we sign on a single core x86 machine then you can verify the signature two point 11 times faster than the reference implementation on a embedded device and this translates to about a verification time of 54 milliseconds which is actually quite practical and as mentioned before it's a standardized signature algorithm so that's quite nice and then lastly we'd like to mention that the results straightforwardly apply as well to the multi-tree version of XMSS as well as a variant or a similar hash-based construction LMS and it's multi-tree variant HSS that uh that that brings me to the end of the talk so if there are any questions you can contact us at this email address and other than that thank you very much for listening


You believe in Jesus? You believe in Prophet Muhammad? Well, I definitely don't believe in Jesus. Okay, that's cool. Why not? Why not? I'm just curious. I think the better question is why? Why would I? Because I'm not 10. This is pretty interesting because in Mark 10 Jesus actually calls his disciples to have a humble childlike faith in him. Truly I say to you, whoever does not receive the kingdom of God like a child shall not enter it. Does this mean we check our intellect at the door? No, think about it. Without God there is no objective standard of truth and thus we cannot actually do science without God because there's no foundation for truth. And here's the truth. Something can't come from nothing. That is a scientific impossibility. With all that being said, why do people like Bill Maher still call the Bible and Jesus a fairy tale? Well, as Romans 1 says, it's because they suppress that truth about God in their unrighteousness because of their sin.  Those who believe they're too intellectually astute for God will miss it.


So we got a big game coming up between the Ravens and the Bengals. And this is a statement game for both teams because for the Ravens, they could take a commanding lead in the AFC North by moving to six and one. Or for the Bengals, if they were to somehow go to five and two or to win over the Ravens, they'd be in first place in the AFC North. And this would really show that they can compete with the big boys. So what better way to find out a lot more information about this Bengals team than one of their own? And in this last check-in before the Ravens and Bengals game, we're bringing on my guy, a very special guest. Let's do it. Yeah, this feels like a dream. All right, so YouTube team keeping clean. We got a very special guest in the building. My guy Ace Boogie from New Stripe City. And he is repping Cincinnati Bengals. So first, before we get into this, go ahead and introduce yourself.  Yeah, definitely. I'm Ace Boogie of New Stripe City. You can find most of my stuff on YouTube at New Stripe City. You can also find me on Twitter at New Stripe City. And if you also are interested in AFC North football, you can find me on the AFC North Talk channel as well. Okay, okay. And how did you become a Bengals fan? Man, that's a great question. So initially I was born and raised in Cincinnati. My parents ended up actually getting a divorce and my mom moved us to California, right? But during the summers, I would go back to Cincinnati. And then my parents ended up actually getting back together. This was about in the early 2000s. And we moved back to Cincinnati. And at the time, I had become familiar with the NFL, but the only players that I really knew at the time were Jerry Rice, because I lived out in California, Barry Sanders, my collected football cards, right? So I knew kind of what football was, but I started to get into adolescence when it was time to actually become a fan. And I happened to be back in my hometown of Cincinnati. And so when I started to watch the Bengals, we, believe it or not, obviously recently we've had our struggles, but those were the biggest struggles that we had. It's kind of when I came back in the late 90s, the early 2000s, pre-Marvin Lewis. And so I remember watching this team and just becoming super invested because I wanted to see them do well. And I remember like watching the draft and all kinds of things. It just made me a huge fan because I just literally wanted this team to get better. Then we got Marvin Lewis and things started to turn around. And I felt like I started to get rewarded for being loyal to the team. And then the Carson Palmer era with Chad, Ocho, like things just go crazy. And I remember being in the city in high school in 2005 and how electric the city was. And no matter what we went through, bad luck or not, I just stuck by my team. And even when I went and moved away from college and moved to Florida, I still watched the Bengals every single chance that I got. I would go to beat ups to watch them since they didn't show them locally. And met friends, decided to just keep it going, bro. And that's what it's really been like. That was my team. I stuck by them and that's how I became a Bengals fan. I actually ended up witnessing and I didn't know it because I got tickets from my substitute teacher, or not substitute teacher, but one of my teachers, I got tickets to the Seahawks game. And, or no, well, I did get tickets to the Seahawks game, but the first one was the Bengals Broncos game in 2000, I believe, and Corey Dillon broke the Russian record and they won. And I didn't know it, but at the time, that was the very first win ever in Paul Brown Stadium. So I have a deep connection to Seahawks game when I went, that was the birth of Rudy Johnson. I believe Corey Dillon was in a car accident before the game and I was there to witness like the start of the Rudy chance. So it's just been my team, it's my city, so I always support them no matter where I'm at. Hey, that's cool, man. I didn't know all that, man. So, but as a Bengals fan, what has been your best moment as a Bengals fan? Best moment as a Bengals fan, that's a good one. I would probably say the best moment and the worst moment was probably the 2015 of the playoff game against Burt. That's Burt? That's yeah, that Stiller's game. When Vontes-Burphy picked off Big Ben and we thought that we had it in our clutches, I would probably say that that was my proudest moment. A second one would be 2005 when it was time for us to play the Stillers once again in the first round and Carson Palmer makes the deep bomb pass to Chris Henry, but then we all know that instantly turned into some of the worst Bengals moments for me as a fan as well. But I would say those ones, and then I would also probably say when we drafted this guy that's behind me, Adriel Jeremiah Green, like I said, the Bengals turned me into a draft nerd, so that made me want to start studying, looking up highlights. And I remember when I saw AJ Green, he reminded me of Calvin Johnson when I watched him because Calvin Johnson was a special tackle receiver and I was like, man, I haven't seen anybody like this since Calvin Johnson. And when the Bengals were able to pick him because there were rumors that they could go with Blaine Gabbard and I was just like, they cannot do that. They need to draft this kid AJ Green and do it. And literally when they drafted him, bro, I jumped up off of the couch. I was living with one of my college friends at the time, he was a Jaguars fan. We all talked about the draft before it happened and I literally jumped off of my couch when we drafted AJ Green. So I would probably say that those were my happiest moments as a Bengals fan. Oh man, yeah, AJ Green, he brought us some very sad moments as Ravens fans. But one last question before we get into this game, how did you get started with New Stripe City with doing the YouTube and really covering the Bengals on that aspect? Yeah, the funny thing is, is when I started New Stripe City, I think it was about five years ago in 2016. Originally the idea was for me to come on and have a round table with like-minded and individuals that I could relate to about the Bengals. Like we came on, it was called Bengals Real Talk. And initially we had a lot of fun doing it. I think we did it on Google Hangouts and we would do streams and stuff like that. But conflicting schedules since we had so many people on it, it kind of became a thing where I could kind of put my most energy and effort into it and make it more efficient just by kind of doing it myself. And at the time I experimented with different things. That's when I kind of started to get into video editing and stuff like that. And it was a hobby. And then it just was something that I ended up enjoying. And the funny thing is, like I've always been able to have a decent skill when it comes to talking about sports, right? Like I could talk about the NFL, NBA and people would always say, you know, you could be on ESPN or anything like that. But I was always passionate about the Bengals. And when I first got on YouTube, there wasn't much Bengals content. There wasn't any at all. I would get upset because I would try to search for Cincinnati Bengals and there would really be nothing out there.  And so that's where it kind of started. And I just got more consistent and consistent with it. I had moments and periods where I had to adjust what you already know as a YouTuber, you have to adjust.  But growing that die hard fan base and keeping those videos going is what just kind of pushed me to try different things and propel my channel to where it's at right now with the Cincinnati Bengals and on YouTube. Cool, man. All right, so Joe Burrow, how's that guy been looking? Joey B, man, he's looking as advertised. I mean, a lot of people were kind of wondering why Bengals fans were so resilient about him even though he went down with the injury. And this was the guy that we saw, you know, a guy that doesn't really look like a rookie, doesn't carry himself like a rookie, had his fair share of downs, right, in his rookie season, but not really many, like outside of that Ravens game, outside of the Steelers game, you know, outside of the end of the Colts game, those were probably his worst games. Outside of that, you know, really, really didn't play like a rookie. And it was kind of surprising just because he didn't have a preseason last year. And so this year going into it, we just knew that mentally, Joe Burrow has just built different. Like, you know, he's just wired completely different coming from a Andy Dalton and a Carson Palmer, nothing against those guys, but they don't, they're not wired the same like Joe Burrow is. You just knew that he was going to do anything that he could to get back and play at a high level. And you just knew how smart he was. And if anyone could be able to do something like that, other than someone like the Sean Watson, we knew that it would be Joe Burrow. So I think he's, he's honestly played, I think he's probably exceeded some expectations to like the outsiders. I think that he's meeting expectations for certain insiders. And we also feel like he still hasn't even reached his full potential because they have been kind of limiting the amount of passes that he's had in this year compared to last year, which I understand that they're trying to protect him as well. But I think that he is playing as advertised. He has had some miscues on some interceptions, but outside of that, you know, he's been as advertised, Joey B. Now, one thing that, because I haven't gotten to watch much of him this year, obviously, I think Sunday, this Sunday will be my first time really getting to watch him extensively. Cause I did watch a bit of the Jaguars and Bengals game and a lot of respect cause I see Joey B paying attention because I love how at the end of that game with that tight end screen, that when he talked about the reason that he audible to that because he knows that Jaguars defensive coordinator, he came from the Ravens. So he said, you know, they blitz heavy and whatnot. So we ain't better watch out this Sunday. So it's got some stuff, so Joey B will be confused. But with him, something that I noticed last year when I watched him was that he played, in my eyes, he played a lot of hero ball to where he would always look to make that big play and he would hold on, hold on to the ball, look, look, look, look, look and always look for the big play. Now, how has he been as far as, I know he in every game this year, he's thrown for at least two touchdowns, but I know he's thrown a good amount of interceptions too. How has he been when it comes to a hero ball or has he been taken to check down more? How has he progressed as a quarterback from year one to year two? What has been like the biggest jump in your eyes? I would say definitely the D-bar. You know, I think year one, that was an area that he definitely struggled with. And he worked on that this off season. He's definitely improved his velocity and his accuracy on that. I think it's not in day. I think that that was probably one of the weakest parts of his game outside of the hero ball last year. I think that he's dramatically improved that. I also think just his command of being able to read defenses and reacting to them and auto-bullying at the line. I think that he's done a great job of that. As far as the interceptions with the hero ball, he's been kind of up and down with that because there's some instances where he has just taken exactly what the defense has given him. And I kind of saw it last week as well, but there have been instances where he has tried to force certain passes. And so I think that it's a bit of a balance. The weird thing is, is that he actually turned a ball over less last year than he has this year, even with less pass attempts and things of that nature. You still get it sometimes, but I think it's more reserved. Like he does do things now where he will try to throw it away or he'll try to make the right decisions. But then sometimes as we've seen in the Packers game coming out of into the third quarter and even in the Bears game, he has had some misreads there where I'm not sure if it's a miscommunication between him and Tyler Boyd because there's the claim that, those were option routes in some instances and he thought that Tyler was gonna go a certain way and he didn't and throws the interception. But there definitely was one that comes to mind that he did force in that Packers game that he didn't have to, right? Because the bingles ended up getting the first down. You didn't need to take that chance and he tried to force it into Audente and ended up turning the ball over. And he had an interception last week but I'm really not gonna put that one on him because the ball went through Jamar, chased his hands. So it wasn't a unsafe throw. But I will say that he's kind of, he's had his ups and downs with the hero ball stuff. Like for the most part, it's weird because he'll be extra safe. And then at some points in the game, he'll just take the chance. And then sometimes it might end up as a turnover. But I'd say overall, even after he's had kind of those interceptions, he has done a great job of bouncing back from them. But I don't think that he's at this point forcing it too, too much. Okay. Now a big part of a quarterbacks game is obviously the offensive line. How has bingles offensive line been so far this season? Yeah, I think they've been average. I mean, and if you asked the bingles fan that last year coming off games where they gave up eight sacks, I think that that's what you would want. And I think that that's what the mindset was with them taking the player like Jamar Trace when you got rid of Bobby Hart, who was probably not even on the NFL roster now, but was starting for you. And Michael Jordan, who's barely in the NFL right now, nothing against him. But those were two big weaknesses on this offensive line. And they went out and addressed that. They picked up Quentin Spain mid-season last year. We all knew that he was a solid veteran that they could put in. Jonah Williams wasn't healthy. He's been healthy this season. They went out in the draft and got some solid guys there, Jackson, Carmen, or rookie. So I think that they've been average. And to be honest with you, I think someone was actually telling me that some of the huge percentage of some of the sacks that have been given up actually have either been on Joe or running backs or someone that's not a lineman, which is believe it or not, sounds kind of crazy. But the line has actually been pretty good. I think in as long as they're solid, as long as they're in the top 20, I think that this team can do a lot of things because we felt like Joe Burrow did a lot last year with a horrible line. So we just knew if we were able to get somebody in there that could give him some time in that pocket so that he could step up. And I think that they've done that. And we know that the skies is the limit when you have that situation with them. That's true. That's true. Now, you brought up the draft. I mean, this past draft, there was a big question for a lot of people whether the bingles should take Sue or Chase. Now me, you would ask me, I know how important offensive line is. I know it, you need it, it's important. Your team can't move forward if you don't have a good enough offensive line. But me, I would have took the more sexy pick and getting the right wide receiver. How, because I know there was the whole debate. There was that, what was it? The Civil War, yeah. That's what it was, remember that? So how do you feel it's worked out for y'all? I mean, we see Jamar Chase ballin' all the time. How do you feel like it's worked out for y'all, man? I think it definitely worked. And to be honest with you, when they went out and acquire Riley Reef in Free Agency, I knew that they had a great chance of taking Jamar Chase because you got the chemistry that you already had with Burrow. So that's not really a concern. We had some aspects of the LSU offense here. And we also had a need for that third receiver with AJ Green walking out off into greener pastures with the Cardinals. We knew that there was gonna be about a hundred targets that this offense was gonna have missing. And so it made perfect sense to bring him in. The real thing was what were they gonna do at guard, right? Because even if they would have drafted Panay, the way that they set things up, they would have played Panay at guard. And then you have to ask yourself at that point, is a top five pick worth being spent at the guard position? And it made more sense to spend that at the wide receiver position. And it really has done amazing things for this offense because now we finally have the deep ball back, which is something that we have literally struggled to connect with. Since Marvin Jones left, if I'm being honest, like since Marvin Jones left and they went and they tried the John Ross thing and they tried to get the speed and they tried to get it to work and it just wasn't working, that added a whole different dynamic to this offense because now defenses can't guard you the same exact way. And they were able to do well in other aspects with getting Jackson, Carmen, getting some guys that were better than what they had before in those linemen positions. And it's just completely worked out. Like literally everything that they've done so far from free agency to the draft, to whatever has clearly worked. I mean, Jamar Chase right now has top five NFL receiver stats. That's crazy. So yeah, it definitely has worked out for sure. Hey, so getting into this game, as we know under Lamar Jackson, they, the Ravens have definitely taken care of the Bengals ever since Lamar Jackson has been their starter. Right. What do you feel first on defense? What do you feel like the Bengals need to do to try and win this game? Whether they need to be most effective at the game plan, whatever it may be. Well, I would say the first thing is, like you said, they have historically struggled against Lamar Jackson. Many people may not know this, but a lot of the free agent signings and the draft moves that they've done to me have been in direct relation to them trying to be able to stop a team like the Ravens specifically Lamar Jackson. In order to do that, I think that you're not gonna shut down Mark Andrews, right? He's just too talented of a tight end, but you've got to try to limit him in this offense. And I think that that's something that they will try to do because, you know, if Mark Andrews walks away with 80 yards and a touchdown, I think you're happy.  I also think when it comes to Hollywood, he's having a great season for you guys. You gotta watch him as well. And then you gotta shut down the run, which I think they've done a great job at doing this season. That's why they went out in the draft and invested so much in that defensive line. But I think with you guys being more of a passing team now, the issues that they have to worry about are the passing game, specifically for me, Mark Andrews and Hollywood Brown. And then you have to worry about the read option. When you look at this Bengals team, they've shut down some very good running backs, right? But they struggled in the Jacksonville game.  But the read option was something that gave them an issue. And we already know about the read option Bengals fans when it comes to Lamar Jackson, because we remember it from the very first game, that is what completely destroyed us. So they have to be able to stop the read option. And they have to be able to make sure that they limit the plays that Lamar Jackson can scramble, which is tough, right? Because it's ad-lib plays. But we'll have to see what their plan is and you gotta capitalize on turnovers. And if you do stop this Ravens offense or limit them to a field goal, you gotta come back on the offensive side and put some points on the board. The Bengals have struggled with that, where this Bengals defense has played lights out and they've given opportunities to this offense and the offense hasn't cashed in on it.  I'm not gonna sit here and say that this Bengals defense is so good that they can do that because this Ravens offense has so many dimensions to it, you just have to hope to contain them. So I think that that's what they're gonna try to do is contain them and match them on offense and try to sneak out a victory. Now, something that you just mentioned when talking about the Ravens offense that they've been passing a lot more than they used to, which is true. And it's crazy that teams actually, like nowadays, they have to seriously scheme for a Ravens pass attack. How has the Bengals secondary been this year so far? The Bengals secondary, I would say Cheeto is, man, he is an ascending player. He was a guy that when we signed him, I ended up talking with Vashlam Bharti who is an avid Cowboys fan. He had nothing but high marks to say for him. I watched him myself and I was like, man, this guy, this guy could be a great signing for us. And he has been as advertised. I think he's easily the best corner on this team. He's been playing at a high, if I'm probably close to an elite level, I would almost put it at that aspect. But as far as the other cornerback position, that one has been a question mark for us because Trey Wains once again has been dealing with injuries, came back for one game, ended up getting hurt again. And so then they've been sliding Eli Apple over to that outside corner position. And he has had some ups and downs. Like early on, Eli Apple was the guy that was giving up the third and long plays and stuff like that and people were attacking him. And then out of nowhere, he would have a good game. Then Trey Wains came back. He went out, he played better than Trey Wains. He only got targeted once last week and he didn't allow reception on that. So you don't know what you're getting with Eli Apple. Like it's either bad or it's, hey, he actually played pretty solid. No one picked on him this week. But it's really just been that run of injuries there. And they also signed Trey Flower. So I don't know if he's gonna make his debut this week or if they're gonna go with Eli Apple. I'd probably put my money on Eli Apple. And then in the slot, they've got Mike Hilton from the Steelers and he has been very solid for them because he gets to do some special things. And I think that he's gonna be a key part of this game because they like to send him on Blitz's and do all kind of Swiss Army knife stuff with him. But he has had some lapses in coverage at some points. But overall, I would say that the secondary is strong because when you have Jesse Bates and Vaughn Bell, they're playing some of their best ball. Now they did have some issues. I believe it was in the Packers game. They had a couple of issues. But overall, the secondary has been, I think, behind the defensive line, one of the strengths of this team. Okay. What was Vaughn Bell's perfect number? What's it, 55? 55, yes, sir. And Vaughn Bell's perfect. We know that he was definitely a crazy player. He brought it. No, he was an undrafted guy. I remember a lot of Ravens fans like hoping that, oh, he's undrafted, we should sign him, we should sign him. But y'all have another number 55 on the team right now. Yes, sir. And that would be Logan, right? Logan Wilson, yes, sir. Logan Wilson. And he has some very interesting comments to say about one Lamar Jackson. Initially, when I saw it on paper, just saw it written down, I was like, oh. But then I listened to it and I was like, well, no, it doesn't sound so bad. Right. And I even said, I made a whole video about it talking about how Logan Wilson did, no, it was more like a compliment. Right. But my thing was that I feel like his words, like he could have said it in the reverse order. Like it should have been like, oh, he's a quarterback that can play running back. But regardless, how did you feel about what Logan Wilson said about Lamar Jackson? I don't think he meant anything, but I think it was just, like you said, giving him a compliment as far as he's not your average quarterback, right? You have to treat him like a running back with the way that he runs. And I mean, we sat up here and we watched Devonte Adam say that he watches Lamar Jackson's footwork, right? So that he can pick up on things that he can do with the ball in his hands because I think Lamar Jackson is the only one that can do that with the ball in his hands. And so I think that that's what he was really saying there. He even retweeted it, retweeted the story because we've been through this with Bingo's players from outside media that pick up on our local interviews and try to twist these stories and happen with Jamar Chase with the football thing. Oh, yeah. And so you get people that cut off certain pieces and they don't listen to the whole interview and they just take an excerpt, right? But Logan Wilson has complete respect for him. And in the tweet, he said that he's clearly in the lead passer as well. And I think that it was just something dumb because as you guys know, whenever somebody mentions running back and all of that, they know that it's gonna be clickbait stuff and things of that nature. But no, I believe Logan Wilson has the ultimate respect for Lamar Jackson. And it was just something where I feel like they were just trying to do something for clicks. He definitely has the respect from Logan Wilson as a passer and as a runner. Okay. And I think Logan actually picked them off before. But speaking of Logan Wilson, how has he been this season? That man has been likes out this season. I will have to say like, I think he's at four interceptions now, possibly five. Like he's having an amazing season. And I've been a big critic of the Bingo's linebackers lately because this has been a position even with Vontes, perfect. They have not done a great job of addressing last season in the draft. They ended up picking up and adding some speed and youth to that position. And I think that has paid off coming into the season. That was the biggest question mark. And when I watched them last year and I saw Logan Wilson, I just couldn't understand why they kept playing Josh Bynes in front of them. I was just like, you gotta play this guy more. But from what I was hearing, it seemed like they were worried with them not having a preseason and just being athletic. They didn't want them to be out of place. So they wanted them to watch a veteran like Josh Bynes and Jermaine Pratt and just understand it before they gave it to them. But as soon as they did, man, this guy is Bingo's fans, you're probably gonna remember the line of Vontes, perfect all the way to Odell, Thurman, that linebacker, Logan Wilson is the third in that line. Logan Wilson is definitely a game changer for this defense.  And it's not even just that, just, you know, he's always in the right spot. He is definitely one of the best linebackers that I think Bingo's fans have seen in years. Man, when you just talked about Bingo's linebackers, it sort of brought me back because I remember just maybe about three, three, four years ago, the Ravens had brought in Ray Maluga for a visit. So that just, it took me back with that because I know he did used to do his thing with the Bingo's. He did, but we have a love-hate relationship with Ray, man, because Ray, I think the time period that he came in, right, you had those downhill, thumper linebackers, they didn't really have to cover anyone and stuff like that. So I think Ray would have been great in that area, but he had some deficiencies, man. He would just, I think when we got him, we thought that we were getting this guy from USC that picked off these guys. And we were just thinking, you know, they had all of those great linebackers there in USC and we just expected him to be that. And he wasn't bad. It's just he didn't live up to the expectations and mentally sometimes he wasn't the best. Cause I remember when we drafted Vontez, at the time Ray Maluga was the inside linebacker and Vontez was so much better with his instincts that he ended up taking his position. And so there's been a love-hate relationship with Ray, man. He was a lightning rod at some point with the Bingo's, but I think overall he was still a solid guy and once they started to move towards like a passing league, that's when it was like, it kind of got over for him there for a second.  Yes, sir. Just how well he had done for the Ravens the previous year and just how, yeah, he was never the fastest guy on the field, but he, with his instincts and with his smarts, he made a lot of plays happen for the Ravens. Now, speaking of LSU, Joe Burrow, his old teammate, Patrick Queen, last year he was a rookie and of course they didn't have an off season, but this year he's had an off season, so he's had a lot more time to improve and actually go through what an NFL training camp is. But Patrick Queen, he certainly struggled this year a lot. He struggled getting pushed back. He struggled with making tackles. He just struggled with what seems like second guessing almost a lot of times too. So what the Ravens did, they ended up signing Josh Bynes, who was a free agent to their practice squad, called them up a couple of games and then they put him on the active roster. So now Josh Bynes, last week Patrick Queen was demoted and Josh Bynes took his spot and that really solidified the defense and it made them just play lights out against the charges. So switching it over to the bingles offense, who we spoke briefly about. Now you said they've been, the deep ball has been back. Oh, the deep ball is back in a big way for sure, for sure. That's really been the lifeline of the offense and it's all been the chase. Chase is just, whenever we need it, right, there will be stretches where you will see the bingles offense go three and out, punt, score, all right. Now we got seven points, three and out, punt. And it's like, all right, now we're getting ready to go into halftime and we get the ball after halftime and then it's 60-yard bomb to Jamar Chase touchdown. So it's been like that a lot this season, but I will say they have been trying to balance the run with the pass and sometimes that has hurt them. So there's been instances where they may have run on like a third and seven and did a draw instead of going for a pass and something like that, but they've done good on fourth down conversions, but it's just been kind of up and down for this team. And I think last week was the first time, and I can't even say the first time because they put it together in the second half, but in the first half we saw more of the same, except they actually went down and scored their first possession of the football game and then you get back to the punts and the three and outs, but in the second half they completely turned it on. And we've just been waiting for them to put it all on at the right points in the game, because if they do that, I think if they would have done that last week, and it's funny because I said it without hearing Joe Burrow's press conference, I think that they could have scored 50 last week. They probably should have been up 21 to zero at half, but I think that they're getting a good balance because they don't want Joe Burrow to throw more than 30 times a game. They want people to actually respect the run. And one of the things that was kind of a tell-all coming into the Lions game, and I like, this is what I like about Zach is he looks at what's going on out there and he adjusts. So there was a stat that came out that 80% of the time that the bingles come out in the formation under center, they're running the ball, right? Zach actually used that to his advantage last week because he would come out under center and then we would run, play action and stuff like that to keep the defense on his toes. But I think the major part of this offense and I think that was a frustration with our fans is that they were not using Chris Evans. Chris Evans, for those who don't know, six-round running back that the bingles took out of this year's draft, he's essentially the Giovanni Bernardo replacement, right? I always compare him to Reggie Bush. He's very under the radar because he has some academic issues, but he actually was a top 50 draft pick. If you go back, I think a year prior to that, he was considered one of those prospects. And I think that he has an element to this offense that they need that does not make them predictable because when they come out under center and they come out and shotgun with someone like Chris Evans, you can catch out of the backfield, can line up at the receiver position and cause some mismatches, it truly makes them way more dynamic. Even if someone gets through, Joe Burrow can dump off two Chris Evans and he can do his thing. And we saw that last week when he came out, lined up and ran the deep goal for the first touchdown in the game. Now, the one thing that made me upset is right after that, they took Chris Evans out of the game. And so people were like, well, what are you doing? And then that second half, they brought Chris Evans back in and he was able to catch screens. He was able to pass protect. He was able to add different dimensions for the defense to have to account for.  And so I think that they did a good job with that. And then also CJ Uzama. I think that he's been a guy that can also add an element to this offense because sometimes if they get fixated on just the receivers. Is that the tight end? Yeah, that's our tight end. And so sometimes the teams, if we just get fixated on our receivers, people are just gonna lock down on the receivers or they're just pretty much gonna focus on them. And I think that when you have those other two guys in there, they add the dimensions where the defense has to account for both of those guys. And I think they kind of discovered that in the last game, but they have had their struggles.  They've been inefficient. And I think that they've fixed some things but they are far from, I think, a perfect offense. And Mr. Joe Mixon, how's he been looking? Joe Mixon is looking good. I mean, this was something that we expected as well as Bingo's fans. And primarily because, and even with the offensive line as well, an overlooked thing was that Frank Pollock is the offensive line coach that the Bingo's had in 2018 right before Zach Taylor took over, right? Zach Taylor actually made the decision to not keep and retain Frank Pollock. And people couldn't understand that because we had a line even back then that was probably as bad talent-wise as our line last year and the year prior, but he was able to make them a average line. So we knew that he was a good coach. And so we couldn't understand that. And Joe Mixon was coming off of leading the AFC and rushing that year. And so when you get him back, you know that Frank Pollock is a good offensive line coach and he's also the run game coordinator. And Mixon has looked just like he kind of did in 2019, much better. He's had some injuries, but I've been surprised because when he had the ankle injury, he didn't practice all week and then they let him play. He played minimal snaps, but I had never seen that in the exact era where he had allowed Mixon to play. And him and Mixon actually have a pretty good relationship. And then the next game, Mixon gets going. And the thing that I love about it and that Bingo's fans have been waiting for is, when this guy came out, he was comped to the left bill. They never used him like left bill. They never would throw the Mixon out of the backfield, which was insane because he has hands as well. And I saw last game that they finally started going to Mixon in that aspect as well. So Joe Mixon has just been similar to what he was in, I want to say, 2018 or 2019, when he was one of the top five rushers in the league. And I think that's what he is statistically now, even though he didn't even play in a bunch of snaps in, I believe, the Packers game. But he's been definitely a solid running back and definitely a dynamic that has helped this team as far as being two-dimensional instead of one-dimensional because you need Joe Mixon to be progressive and efficient in order to get people to bite on those play-actions. And that's what he's been doing. Now, with your receivers, we all know about Jamar Chase. He's been doing this thing. But what receivers should Ravens really be watching out for? Because you know, we got Tyler Boyd, too. Audentate, I'm not sure how the other guys are doing, because all you hear about is Chase, Chase, Chase, Chase. But how are the other receivers doing? And do you think if Ravens really focus on Jamar Chase and then what other receivers could step up? Oh, other receivers are definitely T. Higgins and Tyler Boyd. Oh, T. Higgins. I don't forget about him. No, no, you're good. Those guys, I think they could be in for big games because if you guys do put Marlon Hunt free on Chase or you double him, then it opens those guys up. With T. Higgins, he started off this year with a bang, mostly touchdowns and things like that. And he's actually gotten a lot of targets as well. He had one game where he was out with an injury, I believe, and then he came back. And he was a little rusty. He had a couple of drops that people kind of talked about after the game. Came back last week, had a pretty solid game. He's a guy that you definitely got to watch out for, especially if somebody is patrolling Chase. And Tyler Boyd, too. A lot of people are going to look at his last two games and think that they were pretty quiet, which that was somewhat of a headscratcher because he wasn't targeted in the Packers game in the first half. It was a lot of weird stuff going on. But after the game, he talked about being double teams. So I think Tyler Boyd is actually a guy that you have to watch for in this game because usually you put Marlon Hunt free on him. And in that Jaguars game, that was his biggest game this season. And I think he had about nine or 10 catches in that one for 100 yards.  You always got to worry about the Migos. Chase is going to get his. But it's going to be real scary when all three of them together put it together. Like usually it's probably two out of the three. Then you kind of get the show up. And sometimes it's been T and Chase. Or sometimes it's been Chase and Tyler Boyd. But I think if those three show up, then you have an issue. Well, Audentate, he doesn't get to play as much. And the only reason he played last week was because we were blowing the lines out so bad, they just decided to bring him in. And they still have respect for Audentate. So they wanted to get him a touchdown to just let him know that they haven't forgotten about him. But he is another one. But I would probably say most of those targets go to, and honestly, it's just started to be Chase. Like it started off being mostly Higgins and Boyd. And now that they've seen what they have in Chase, it's slowly shifted to him a bit as well. But I think every game is different. And I think that that's one of the things that they do is, depending on what the matchups are, that's who they're going to go to. So all three of them are dangerous. But I would probably say those other guys if you focus on Chase. Yeah, man. Just hearing you bring up, talk about that name, that Tyler Boyd, we savings fans. We got some tough, tough memories with Tyler Boyd. Obviously it was a lot more with AJ Green. But Tyler Boyd, the most recent one was just rough. Yeah, it was 1-12, man. And I remember going into the Bengals game last year, the last Bengals game, where Ravens, they needed to win. A lot of Ravens fans who were having flashbacks feel like, what are we in this situation with the Bengals? We got the flashbacks now. Like Joe Burr was out. But it was still one of those things where, who was it? Was it Ryan Lindley? That was a quarterback? Ryan Finley, yeah. Oh, Finley. But it was one of those things where it's like, man, I feel like when a team, when they don't have anything to play for, those are some of the most dangerous teams because they wouldn't have throw everything out at you.  But thank goodness that Ravens, they took care of business. So how do you think this game is going to go? Who do you think is going to win? And why? This is a tough one, man. I mean, with us playing in Baltimore, I think that that changes the dynamics of this game. But I think that this is actually, for the first time, I think in a while, I think that this will actually be a pretty close game. And I think last year's game kind of started, the first game of last year kind of started off that way. Right, but we just couldn't really answer the bell and capitalize on any of the mistakes that were made by Lamar in that game. And I think that this one will be closer. But it's tough for me, man, because I'm on the AFC North talk show. And you guys are always tough to beat at home. And so I think that in order for the Bengals to win this game, they've got to cash in on those opportunities. And they've got to take it to this Baltimore team. And I think it's going to be very close early. I don't know who's going to get the ball at halftime. The Bengals have been undefeated on the coin toss this year. And they've always chosen to receive the ball at halftime. But I think that the X factor is really going to come down to Jamar Chase and Marlon Humphrey. I think that this is probably the hardest corner that Jamar Chase has gone up against. And so it's hard to say how this game is going to go. But I think that it will be a close game. I think both offenses will come to play. I think, man, you put me on the spot here. Good. I'm going to say 30 to 27 Ravens. I think the Bengals have a really solid showing. I had them splitting with you guys this season. And I think that the game at home shapes up better for us. But I think it's 30, 27 Ravens. And I just keep seeing Justin Tucker come through in the clutch for you guys at the end. And I just think playing on the road, man, it's always tough. Not saying that they can't do it, but that's just a tough situation. Now, it's crazy because when I previewed this game, I didn't have a score prediction. But I also said that I feel like the Ravens will win by three because I feel like this Bengals team, they obviously better than they have been in years past. And this Bengals team, with them having only lost both of their games by a combined six points, that's crazy. Because I know you mentioned to me how the reason they lost at the Bears game is because they didn't stop a Justin Bieber rambler. And then the Bengals game, yeah, that was just wild in itself, man. So this team is, even through their losses, they've shown like, hey, we're here. So I do expect this to be a close one. I expect this to be a really close one. So we'll just have to see how it goes. But anyway, on the way out of here, let everybody know, again, where they can find you at, what you do, where they can follow you at on Twitter as well. Yeah, certainly, New Stripe City on YouTube. You can also find me on the AFC North Talk YouTube channel. And then you can also find me on Twitter at New Stripe City. All right, now I appreciate you joining us on here. We see how this game goes. Thank you for having me, bro. Oh, yeah.


All right my friends my original recipe is bone in skin on chicken thighs today we're taking the bone out leaving the skin on and we're throwing it in an air fryer.  Now grab your dano chipotle that's the maroon top we're going to season generously. I know what you're thinking that's a whole lot of seasoning well it's not packed full of salt there's no sugar it's real herbs and spices with the right amount of sea salt and season generously on the skin side giving a light spray going your chicken skin side up now we go in at 350 degrees three two one it's been 25 minutes the crispy skin let's get a bite let's just slice right in some of the crispy skin I don't care who you are that is hard to beat that's the yum yum get you some


On our website in the Success Stories area, we have what's called reduced charges. Now what does that mean? Well, in one case we had was a double manslaughter, triple aggravated assault and double endangerment. It had to do with a young lady who was driving on Shea Boulevard and they claimed that she was going 21 to 25 miles over the limit although she had no drugs or alcohol in her system. She went off, lost control and shot across the median and struck another car killing two people. Finally, they wanted to put her in prison for 8 to 12 years. We then negotiated and got it down to 4 to 6 years and eventually we got it all the way down to probation with two years in jail that involved work release. Now there are some other factors in the case that weren't promising and this young lady did not want to go to trial but by pleading and doing what was called work release she could go to work every day and then she went and did time at the jail at night and keep in mind this was for a double homicide. I would have loved to have gone to trial in this case. I felt I could have won it but I respected her decisions and she took the lowest possible plea we could get her but that is a reduced charge. Now on regular DUIs you'll hear what's called the extreme DUI. That's where somebody is a 1-5 blood alcohol or higher and they're facing 30 days or super extreme 45 days on a first defense and many times we get that reduced to a first defense DUI with one day in jail. So it's important to have a lawyer who knows how to reduce charges if you're not willing to fight it all the way to trial but how to reduce it to something you can live with. If that's you contact us.