What's up guys, Cliff here with another Compound Sportswear product review. Today we're talking about grappling shorts, fight shorts, and I'm going to talk a little bit about our standard fight shorts and our kind of pro-model fight shorts, more competition. But you can compete in both of these. Both of these shorts are NFHS compliant, so you can use them in high school wrestling. Standard fight shorts here, we fully customizable from the waistband all the way down to the side vents. Our side vents are made for extra mobility here, but if you notice we use that kind of pin dot dry fit material for the side vents for a little bit easier feel on the legs. Small split up the side, a little bit lighter material for our body, and then we have the spandex insert for the crotch when you get in those tricky positions when you're grappling. So everything 100% customizable, have the drawstring in the waistband to make sure we're compliant with NFHS high school rules. We have a 10 inch inseam here, and that's kind of our standard fight short. Price model is a little bit lower than the pro fight short, and I'll explain a little bit different about our pro fight short. We don't have, if you'll notice on the standard fight short, it's about a 90%, 90% elastic waistband, which we do not have on the pro fight short. We just have it on the side, so it's a little bit more form fitting to the waist. Bigger taper on the legs, so it comes up a little bit higher on the sides on the legs. And one thing we incorporated is we actually have the X and the crotch with the spandex insert, which makes for a lot more mobility as opposed to just the straight spandex insert on the standard fight short.  Both are completely 100% customizable for your Brazilian Jiu Jitsu squad, your MMA team, whatever you're training in. We've actually had guys in the WC and UFC wear our shorts in the past. 100% customized will hit us up, cmpsportswear.com, and we'll get you taken care of.


We're in a climate and biodiversity crisis. I'm Bruce Coburn. Please join me, the Rainforest Flying Squad, and thousands of citizens calling on the BC government to protect the last remaining ancient rainforests in BC. Take action. Brought to you by the Rainforest Flying Squad.


Culture Minister Senator Fortuna Belrose says the scale-down Creole Heritage Month celebration this year is in keeping with the true spirit of the tradition. As she appealed for adherence to the protocols during the observance, the minister says keeping Juniquial celebrations within the family unit is consistent with Creole Heritage promotion. Details in this report. The pandemic has impacted the way cultures all over the world observe customs that draw mass crowds. Disconcerting yet necessary postponements and cancellations of traditional events are being made to mitigate COVID-19 transmission risks. Fortunately, organizers of Creole Heritage Month here in St. Lucia have found a way to observe the 2020 celebrations in adherence to national protocols by targeting the cornerstone of society, the family unit. Juniquial Lacainou is this year's event theme, encouraging residents in St. Lucia to celebrate with their relatives. Minister in the Ministry of Culture and Creative Industries, Senator Fortuna Belrose says this approach is not only COVID conscious but is fundamental to Creole Heritage promotion. If you know the history of Juniquial when it was initially designed and thought of by the Fokrisad Centre, what they planned was always to reach the point where families embrace this, you know, and the true spirit of community came through. And I think what we're seeing this year with the advent of COVID and the build-up over the years is a design, you know, to make that happen. So this year, hopefully we will see lots of families gathering and participating but keeping it within families. Officials are not opposed to a family from multiple households celebrating together once they observe the protocols. Since the island registered an increase in local cases of COVID-19, the protocols have been reviewed. Mass crowd events have been reduced from 500 to 100 persons. I expect families to invite each other to come to their homes, but I think we must be mindful of the protocols with respect to the COVID. We encourage people to ensure that they have below 100 persons in their activities. That is the rule. Our police will also be very vigilant on that day. We've been told in terms of ensuring that there are no mass gatherings beyond 100 people. But the focus, like we say, we want you to encourage and to push is that we celebrate within our communities. So it is not unusual for families to move from Souffre to Vieux Forte to Daimere to go and celebrate with their family, but we want them to keep it within the family and maintain the numbers. Complimenting the family size, the Juniqui All Celebrations, Creole Heritage Month organizers are now also rolling out a slate of virtual events and activities to promote Creole Heritage in St. Lucia.


What do you deliver and improve upon education on a vast scale? India has a population of 1.4 billion people, 350 million of which are children, and whilst everyone agrees education is really important, there is huge variation in the quality of education that can be offered across the country. Simon Cross and a team of academics working with the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in Mumbai are researching how teacher training can be improved at scale by using digital technology in India and beyond. There are so many millions of teachers in India and delivering teacher professional development to them every year is a great challenge. So our research focus has been on how to use educational technology and learning approaches to better support teachers in improving their classroom practice and people outcomes. In particular we've been interested in using digital badges. And what is a digital badge if you explain to someone for the first time? A digital badge is essentially a graphic or a symbol which is hyperlinked to information which explains what the person did to earn that badge. Not only can we deploy them at scale, but it also means that teachers can collect and share them digitally as well. So there was an overwhelming positive response from teachers. Not only did they engage with the learning materials and with the assessment linked to the badges, but they took great pride in receiving the badges. They also showed great interest in us rolling this out more further across the state and we are already beginning to see signs of this being adopted by other regions. We all know how important education is to achieve different social and environmental goals such as UNESCO Sustainable Development Goal, but we don't often consider teacher training which is why this research is so important. If you would like to find out more about research projects or courses at the Open University, go to open.ac.uk


laboration and so on. Again, that's one of the things that we've learned through the pandemic is just how incredibly useful modern technology is. I say that as someone who—my job—we've been forced to use social media and so on and so forth, all sorts of things. Again, we should grab that and take advantage of it, but it's a valid criticism. I've got one question. I'll just ask it to Professor Roy, unless anyone else wants to come in. It's just that you say in your submission that it's an area that we haven't really touched on too much. We've only briefly covered it. You say that there needs to be more focus on empowerment, particularly at a local level, and you talk about reforms hindering progress. On empowerment, how much do people in communities actually want to be empowered? Do people actually want to have that level of responsibility? My experience in 30 years, as I like to represent it, is that most people just want service to work efficiently and effectively. A minority wants to be empowered and they want more to say in their community, but a lot of people just want to get on with their lives and the rubbish to be collected. I want to be collected to use a very pertinent point at the moment. Are the streetlights to work, to have no potholes on the road, to schools to be good, to have a working NHS? How much is empowerment a reality in ordinary people's lives? How do we ensure that empowerment just doesn't mean a town of 10,000 people passing down responsibilities to 20 or 30 that might go to a monthly meeting? I think that I'm probably less sceptical than you in that regard. We use big language-like community empowerment and things like that, but it's about the ability to have local decision-making control over what really matters within your local area. Many communities would have that view. You see it as we've touched on through Covid in the pandemic. Communities react and respond to behaviour of stuff. Communities are thousands of people and they talk as if they have a collective view. What you mean is that a number of people who are vocal within those communities is that what you mean, as opposed to elected representatives who are elected by several thousand people probably in those communities. I think that there are a number of things in that. First, what you are not saying here is that this is to replace the role of MSPs or MPs in overall service, delivery and setting a political agenda. If you go down to most communities, communities will have views about what really matters in their local area. Whether the structure is then in place so that it's a vocal minority who might dominate the discussion or whether you actually go to people to empower them to take decisions that matter in their local area, you would find that. I think that a lot of the evidence would suggest that communities, however they want to structure themselves—again, it could be 10,000 people, it could be much smaller than that—that local communities will want to have a role in the decision-making that matters in their day-to-day lives. I am less sceptical than you there. I just find that, offered if it is something negative, you have a large turnout at meetings, but if it is day-to-day, it can be a very small number of people in a community. Whether they are representative or not is arguable. Do you know that they produce newsletters and updates and all that to let people know what they are doing and how effective they are? The thing is, the variance across Scotland is monumental. Some will be really first-class and some less. It is really about how, if we are serious about community empowerment, how we deliver it and who we deliver it to. At that point, I do not know whether Professor Mitch or Stephen would like to comment. You do not have to, but if you so wish, you are going to take the fifth gem on this one. This will be up a whole host of questions and issues. One of the most important ones that Graham has touched on is the relationship between participatory democracy and representative democracy. We do not pay enough attention to that issue. We did not just talk about community empowerment, but also about personalisation, and we need to take account of what individuals need. It is not just one-size-fits-all for communities but also for individuals. We have to move away from that. I think that having the opportunity is important here. Maybe people do not take advantage of it, and you are right. It is often said that communities are like families. They come together for weddings and funerals to celebrate or things go badly wrong. Otherwise, they do not want to see one another. I think that there is a balance here. One thing that we have to be careful about is that we do not hand power or resources over to minorities who are not representative. We should also acknowledge that, while there is great energy in our communities, there are some communities that have pretty unpalatable views. We need to be careful there, and we also need to take account of the importance of financial accountabilities, and, having said all that, I still think that there is a long way that we could go in terms of empowering or at least allowing communities to take advantage of resources and give them the opportunity. The debate at the budget has been, I believe, a really big success, for example. I am not terribly much to add, and I am sympathetic to the point that you make, because people just want public services to work, and they will become energized and engaged to whether it is around the status of potholes, schools, when they feel that they are not working to their satisfaction or the future of a local hospital, for example. We have all seen examples of that order. We produced a short paper recently about community empowerment and examples that we focused on, of where services and work communities had come together, most principally over the course of the pandemic, and some of the real success in galvanising a community. However, I think that the point that I am left with is that much of that, as we have seen over the course of the pandemic, and James is right, where aspects of control or bureaucracy were taken away and allowed some examples to thrive, but perhaps too much of it is rooted in life and death still circumstances that there needs to be a stronger model and more encouragement and enthusiasm that communities can come together, perhaps less around the notion of a hospital closure or life and death, that there is scope for people to opt in and out in a way that can feel a bit more stabilized. So, just about to finish, do our witnesses have any further points that we should add on any area where they feel that we have not covered effectively, or we should come back to? Excellent. On that very positive note, I want to thank you for your evidence. I think it's been a really fascinating and interesting session. I also want to thank our members as well for their questions. I would like to close this session.


A fiery horse for the speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty hyo silver, the lone ranger. When gold was first discovered in the western United States, thousands of miners and prospectors headed for the new territory. Many of them became wealthy overnight. Many more never hit paid earth. But the greed for gold seemed to arouse the worst instincts in men, and it was in the mining country that the masked rider of the planes faced his most difficult task in the cause of justice. People with us now are those thrilling days when the west was young. From out of the past, from the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse silver, the lone ranger rides again. A copper-colored sun beat down on the lone ranger and tanto as they guided their horses at a slow pace toward the distant town of Cactus Gap. They followed no trail. The country through which they passed was a rock, sprue and desert, where cactus and sagebrush were the only vegetation. But they had chosen this route because it was a short cut to their destination. How far are we from that water hole you mentioned, Tether? Get there about noon. Down, silver, steady, old fella. What matter, silver? I don't know. Something's gotten into him, steady, old boy. Nothing can harm you. You're all right, old fella. Is it a snake, you see? How to not see a snake? No, do I? I wonder if these rocks were approaching, Tether. Silver didn't act up until we got close to them. Maybe that is. We'll see. This way, silver. That hit all right. It certainly seems to be something to do with those rocks that bothers him. We're looking into this. Oh, silver. Oh, Scott. Oh, fella. Come, Tether. We'll look behind them. Leave the horses here. Poor country for walking. He's bad. Now, this way, Kemosabe. He won't catch a moccasins on those boulders. There's a clear space here. Oh, yeah. What that? It's a man. Hurry. Oh, dead. Shot, Tether. Murdered. Oh. Let's have a look at him. Yes, shot through the back. In the way he's dressed, I'd say he was a prospector. All right. Bearded. Not 65 years old. Wouldn't that be your guess, Tether? Uh-huh. Him about that. Maybe something in his pockets to identify him. No, nothing here. Whoever's responsible for this probably went through them before we got here. Why, fella, come this way? It's hard to understand. He'd been prospecting in the hills. A trail to catch this gap wouldn't have brought him here. Not right. Maybe someone in town will know about this. How long would you say the man's been dead, Tether? Hmm. Dead long. Maybe half day. Long enough to give the murderer a head start on us. Even Silver couldn't overcome that kind of a lead. Not right. Tether, I'll tell you what we'll do. What that? We'll build a cairn for the chap. Cover him with stones. That's better than a grave in this kind of country. Ah. Then we'll wait a day before asking questions. He was expected in town. A few hours delay wouldn't cause any alarm. But a day and a half should. Then what do? Then we'll learn what we can without mentioning what we found. The killer, no doubt, thought this fellow would be safe from discovery here. We may accomplish more if we keep the discovery to ourselves. Ah, and good idea. Of course, we may be able to spot the killer without making a secret of this. If we can, so much the better. Not right. Then give me a hand here, Kimusabi. We'll give this poor chap as decent a burial as we can. Two days later, the lone ranger wearing a disguise entered Cactus Gap, hoping to find a clue to the identity of the man he and Ponto had found out in the desert. He drifted from one cafe to another, listened casually to the gossip of the idlers, and then, acting on what he'd heard, went on to the general store owned by Granny Timmons. The shop-tongued old woman was waiting on Able Billings. Now that you're in Able, your supplies are all packed and ready for you. Let me see the color of your cash.   I ain't your grandma, am I? It's uncertain, that's what it is. Your stove ain't no reprobate. You are dot an old digit of 60, calling a young girl like me Granny. Don't show decent respect. Oh, no. I said here's your supplies. Now where's my pay form? Blast it, you old hippie. If you'd let me get a word in edgewise, I'd tell you. Careful of them names.  Note what I've been trying to say is that I can't pay to Jakes the town. Well, he's here, ain't he? Oh, he ain't. You come in here day after all yesterday and you're said to get these things together for you. You left a list of what you needed and you said Jake Bevan's would be in the next day while the next day was yesterday. Where's Jake? That's something I wish I knew. What kind of a looking man is Jake Bevan's? Oh, howdy, stranger. You, uh, he was asking what Jake looked like? Yes. I can tell you what it looked like, mister. Do you ever see tumbleweeds rollin' across the prairie? Of course. Well, that was Jake. He was so much beard he looked like he'd gone to weed. Surrounded by whiskers the way he was. Lookin' at him you couldn't tell off hand whether he was a clump of vegetation that appeared to be a man or a man that appeared to be a clump of vegetation. Don't pay no attention to him, stranger. Jake was the right fine-looking man. How old was he? Uh, don't, uh, recollect Jake ever knew his own self. Looked to be somewhere in his 60s or... Say, uh, you seen him? I don't know.  He promised to be in town before this. What I can't see is if the two of you was done workin' that claim you spoke of for the season, why didn't you come into town together? Cos we tossed the coin and Jake lost. He took our dust and headed for San City to have it changed into cash at the bank there. What you want to do that for? Dust is as good as cash anyway. Hey, hey, but when you pay in cash, you know what it's costing you. Pay with dust and with the slick scales some of you folks in town use, you're likely to pay double. Quiet, you hon'ry old hot-toed! You want me to stand there and say I ever cheated you with my scales? Ah, now, Grandma, ma'am, I never said no such thing. You better not. San City's on the other side of the hills. Jake had gone there. He'd have had to recross the hills to return here. But he'd have come by the regular trail, wouldn't he? Sure he would. Stranger, you ain't asking these questions for nothing. What's up? You sounded worried about your partner's absence. I simply wanted what caused his delay. Well, I ain't terrible worried yet. Today, sir, don't make a heap of difference on a trip like that. Worst thing is, I'm dead broke till he gets here. And you don't touch those supplies till he gets here to pay for them, neither. All right, all right. Hey, what's that? That blame-fool cow-poke rich day. That's who it is. Out on a spree and letting off steam again a bit. He's coming in here. Hi, Granny! What's your good word? Who's your customers? Hey, you don't need that lantern, do you? Now, watch out! Yippee! How's that for shooting, Granny? Ain't lost my head, have I?  Oh, shucks now, Granny. Nothing to get mad about.  I'm willing to pay for it. That pay for the lantern? Reckon so. Hey, old fella, how much would you charge me to put a bullet through that hatch you're wearing, huh?  Reckon, I'll shoot at it anyhow. Ain't much excitement in town. I gotta cook up my own.  No, you don't. Ow! My arm!  Drop that gun. Ow! There it is. Stand back. You won't need this gun again today. Here, Mrs. Timmons. I think the gun will be safer in your hands. Yeah, sure. I handled him good, stranger. Sure, I'll keep it.  Now, look here, you just... Look for your own good. A little more than reckless shooting and you'd be getting into trouble. I don't need nobody to tell me what to do. That's just what you do need. What have you been celebrating now? Listen to this. Hear him? Cash. That's what I got. Pocket's full of cash. You seem to have quite a lot. Yeah, this is my day to howl. The way I took them tin horn gamblers over the Silver Star Cafe was a sight to see. They were sure glad to see me clear out. And I'll be the same.  I didn't come in to buy nothing, Granny. You've been dropping in every place. That's all. See what's going on. Well, there ain't nothing to keep you in here. Give me my shooting iron back, won't you? Come back tomorrow and show me your sober and you can have it, but not before. Well, if you won't, you won't, I reckon. Afternoon, Granny. No hard feeling, stranger. Well, that's all right. Maybe I was just a little reckless, like. I'll be seeing you. Boy, come on hard. Get up there. Is he always like that? Him? Stranger, he's the wildest, young fellow ever was around these parts. Always celebrating something. When he wins gambling, he celebrates. If he gets a job, he celebrates. And when he gets fired, he celebrates again. Only from the sound of that cash he was carrying on, and maybe this time he had a little more reason for it. He wanted gambling, eh? What are you picking up from the floor, Abel? See, a piece of paper. It fell out of that young fellow's pocket when he paid you that cash for your lantern. And if it's what I think it is, here's Suri, that's just what it is. Something important? A paper wrapper, the bank over to San City uses for wrapping up cash. Take a look at it. I see. The bank at San City. Well, Fritz said he got that cash gambling. Eh, eh, in San City is where Jake was gonna swap our debts for cash. And Jake ain't sure to pay yet. What do you mean by that? I ain't saying for sure. Look here, is that young fellow been out of town for a few days lately? I don't just savvy, Abel. What I mean is, could he have gone to San City himself and got cash from the bank there? No, I don't reckon so. Seems to me he's been around town for the last month or so. It's just what I thought. Now where you going, you old idiot? To tell this here is something to have get him a mind and have him look into it. If what I'm suspicioning is true, there's a certain young fellow in this town that's gonna have a heap to explain. When Abel Billings headed for the sheriff's office, the Lone Ranger left town to rejoin his faithful Indian companion, Tonto. It was less than an hour later when he ran off in his secret camp. Oh, oh, there's Albert. Oh, boy. Oh, yep. Tonto. Ah, you'll find out who Pellar got killed. I can't be sure, Tonto, but I think I have. Oh, who Pellar? I think he's a man with the name of Jake Bevins. At least he answers the description. And I know that he was expected and cacked his gap no later than yesterday. I learned more than that, however. What path? Something interesting happened in the general store while I was there. A young cowboy entered with his pockets of cash. He claimed he'd wanted gambling. That's how he'd get cash? I don't know. But I do know, after he'd left the store, Jake's partner, Abel Billings, picked up one of those paper wrappers banks used to make up their packages of cash. Ah. The wrapper had been issued by the bank at Sand City. An Abel City's partner had gone to Sand City to exchange dust they had panned for hard cash. And killer, take cash. Yes. An Abel claimed the young cowboy dropped the wrapper. Ah. What do we do? I think I have a plan. I haven't got it entirely worked out yet, Kimosabi. But I will, by the time we return to town. Go there now? Yes. You'd better get mounted. Here's count. While we ride, there are some other things I want to tell you. Huh? What then? Steady, old fellow. Yep. Some things I notice that require a great deal of explaining. However, if our plan works, we'll learn the explanation. Ready, Tadda? You ready? And let's go. I don't see all the money! The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger drama. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue our story. On returning to camp after a visit to Cactus Gap, the Lone Ranger confided in Tonto. He believed he had not only learned the identity of the dead man they discovered, but that of the killer as well. As they rode back to town, the Lone Ranger removed his disguise and put on his mask. In the meantime, Abel had found the sheriff. And the latter, at the old prospector's request, had summoned Fritz Daly to the office. You wanted me, sheriff? Yeah. Abel here's got something on his mind, and he wanted you here before he'd say what it was. Oh. Mad about me shooting inside the store when you was there, is that it? Shucks, I never done no harm. At least the way he's done it, I didn't pay for. That ain't it. Huh? Well, then what is it?  Hey, now, what kind of talk is that? I never even seen you before today. I never crossed your trail, any. What you crossed with partners? Get to the point, Abel. What's this about? Hey, Rick, and you know I was here waiting for Jake, don't you? Now, Rick, I like telling you about it. Yeah? Well, I was waiting for him because he went to San City to get cash from the bank there. He likely had about $2,000 or more on him. What's that got to do with me? You'll find out soon enough. Sheriff, watch the critter so he don't make a break for it. Go on. Go on.  All right, then, Sheriff. Take a look at this. Huh?  The bank in San City. Uh-huh. And this poor cat here dropped it on the floor, a granny, Tim, in store. I picked it up myself. That's a talk or lie. Take neither. I can prove it by granny herself. And there was a stranger in the store at the same time. He seemed to pick it up. Find him and granny and they'll tell you the same. Where would I have got a paper like that?  He was cashed.  Break it up! Break it up for both of you! I'm the law here and I'll handle this. Now then, Fritz, did you or didn't you have a wrapper like that on you? I didn't. I'll prove you did.  Now then, Abel, even if Fritz did drop it, what would you say it proved? Hey, just tell you. You killed Jake. That's why Jake ain't shown up yet. Where's Jake's body? Ask this poor cat. You can't go in.  Abel, maybe there's something you don't know. What's that? You can't prove murder on nobody until you've got the body of the fella that was killed to show for it. Now, maybe you've got evidence against Fritz and maybe you haven't. But unless you show me where that Jake is, there's nothing I can do about making an arrest. Then go looking for him. He was coming back on the trail here from the hills. Take a ride out that way and you'll find him. I reckon not. And why not? He's been half a dozen fellas come into town in the last two days that traveled that trail. They'd have seen Jake if he was there, wouldn't they? Then he hit him. A little more of that talk and I'll fix you so you won't be able to open that big mouth of yours. You see, Sheriff, now he stood to me. Can't say as I'm blaming him much. You don't expect the fella to be told to his face. He's a killer and like it, do you? Hold on now. Sheriff, you heard this fella say I done for his partner. The only proof he's got is a piece of paper he claims I dropped but didn't. Well? Well, what I want to know is this.  Because if he ain't, I ain't staying here to listen any more this wild talk. Jillian, don't see his howl at him. Maybe I can suspicion him, but like I just said, that ain't enough. What the... A mess, man. What?  No show for your guns. No show. You've been catfished. Did you see that draw? Castor and chain lighter. You can't get away with this. I'm the law here. No masked fella can just walk in my office and do his pleases. I'm doing it quiet. I have news for you. About a murder. A murder? Who killed? Who's killed? We're listening. Toddler and I found the body of a man who had been shot through the back. Gosh. Whereabouts? I'll get to that later. There's a man around 65. Bearded. Looks like he might have been a prospector. Sheriff, that's Jake. That's my partner. I know dog and mullet is. Found like it? You were saying you had to find the body before you could take action. All right. Here's the fella that found it for you. Now let's see what you're going to do. He can't do anything. Eh? Because I'm not telling where the body was found. Yes, but... Why haven't you will stranger arrest? As long as I have the drop on you, you can't do anything. If you didn't have the... If you didn't have the drop on me, I... You don't care to hear more? All right. You hold all the aces. Go ahead. The killer likely believed Jake died immediately, but he didn't. He didn't? No. What's that got to do with it? At the place where I found him, he evidently had made an effort to accuse his murderer before dying. What? How could he do that? He took a stone and scratched a message in the earth. What was that message? I'm not sure I care to say. Did it name the killer? That's just it. It didn't. A man who was familiar with the murderer would probably recognize what the message meant. I'm a stranger here. That had no meaning for me. That don't make no difference. What did Jake write? No, I still don't believe I'll tell you that. Sheriff, this mask fellers up to something. Up to what? Don't you see it, Sheriff? He'd come here figuring if he reported the murder. He wouldn't be suspicion. All this talk of a message or something that the fella he found was supposed to have read out, don't mean nothing. He just making that up. What would I have to gain by it? How would I know that? But you've got some reason for it. I'll bet a million. There ain't no reason why you can't tell where Jake is, anyhow. I've said all I'm going to say. If I'm going to be accused, the less said the better. I'm leaving, Sheriff. Don't attempt to follow. Yeah, hold on! No, let him get away, sir. I said don't follow. Come on, Tanner. Sheriff will be after us in a second. Get him upstairs. Come on, Silver. Now where go? Don't ride too fast. Sheriff has to follow us. Because now he's convinced there has been a murder. As far as he knows, we're the only ones who can lead him to the body. Look back. Is anything happening? Him out on the street. Jump up and down. He'll get a posse. It'll soon be dark. We'll let them keep us in sight until then. And then the sheriff is going to get a surprise. Hello, Silver! The sheriff had no choice but to follow the masked man. A posse was quickly formed and led out to the trail. All through the night, the Lone Ranger and Tanner were kept in sight. When it came dark, they disappeared. The sheriff did not realize they'd merely found cover in a grove of trees next to the trail. Here they come, Tanner. In he big hurry. Do you think you can make the sheriff out? Him ride gray horse. That's the one. It'll be alongside in a moment. Already? He got rope. I'm sure you'll make your throw true. We miss on the first attempt. We may not have a chance for another. Make ready. Keep on, fellas. They must have disappeared over that ride ahead. Get up there!  Now, Tanner. Get up there!  What now? Come on, Silver! What am I supposed to do? Help! With me, Silver, your horse won't be fast enough. Silver's carrying double. Go right into the saddle. What do you want? Let me go! Come on, Silver! With the sheriff, their prisoner, the Lone Ranger and Tanner turned around and guided their mounts once more toward the desert, where they found the body of Jake Bevin. All through the night, but in the morning, they stopped for a short rest. And the masked man explained his purpose to the lawman. You see, sheriff, there was nothing else I could do. I couldn't tell you where the body was because the murderer was in the office at the same time. Oh, that was it? Yes. That story of a message written in the earth by Jake before he died wasn't true. Then why in tarnation did you tell it for? To give the killer a motive for riding to the scene of the crime. He believes he has to go there to destroy the evidence before someone else finds it. Oh, stranger, that's pretty slick. I wouldn't have thought I was stuck like that in a million years. Whoever the murderer is, we should have passed him by now. I wanted to be sure to get there ahead of him. But he doesn't know we came this way. When we get to the place, there are plenty of rocks which will hide us and the horses from his sight. I'm dog-gone sorry. I took after you with my posse like that. I'm not. It had to be done that way. And for two reasons. Maybe so, but don't know if I can see him. The first was to give the killer a chance to sneak away in the excitement. And the second was to make him confident you'd be too busy chasing me for either one of us to trail him. I guess I just ain't got the brains to think of them things. You simply weren't acquainted with the facts. Tana, how are the horses now? I'm all right. Get plenty rest. Then we'll be on our way for the last lap of our trip. And when we get there, we're going to catch a killer. Here, Silver. Get to the saddle, Sheriff. You bet. Stranger, it's a downright honor to be a straddle-off, right, Bishop? Yep. Let's go. Come on, Silver. I don't stop. The three men rode until at last they reached the car and the Lone Ranger and Tonto had built. There they dismounted and concealed themselves and their horses behind the huge boulders that surrounded the car. Hours of waiting followed. But finally, the Lone Ranger turned to the Sheriff beside him. Sheriff, over there. A rider. Four and a half. That killer all right. The sneak and farmant. Notice one thing, Sheriff. He claimed in your office that he didn't know where Jake could be. And yet he's riding directly for this group of stones. I noticed that. He won't be able to claim later that he discovered the place by accident. If he tries a story like that, he'll just go to the West for him. Go ahead. He'll be here in a moment. Yeah.  Get along with him. Get up there.  Whoa, whoa, whoa, there. Whoa, whoa, whoa. We're in the dickens. I ain't even laying here. This kid. Somebody wants to cover him up. I don't see nothing in the ground either. I don't know. No. All right, you lion coyote. Hice your hand. What do you mean? Come on, Sheriff.  Why, I don't want to hang you on the spot. And after you tried to frame Fritz for this, I wish it was something worse than hanging I could give you. Sheriff, I never killed Jake. I never did that. I won't help you now. Unless you had, you'd never have been able to ride directly here. The mass man's right. And it was him that figured this whole thing out. He did. He killed you. All right, you got me. Had you known it was me, I never left out trail. Did Jake really ride something except before he died like you said, stranger? He didn't. And how did you know? There were several things, Abel. But the chief one that trapped you was your anxiety that trapped someone else. That was heavy. You gave yourself away that day in Mrs. Timman's store. You claimed that Fritz dropped that paper from his pocket. It seemed to you like too good an opportunity to miss when he came in there with all that cash. Yes, but I... I was almost certain, however, that you would drop the paper. Bless you. This is the first time I could be positive, though. I couldn't be sure until we saw you riding here that the killer hadn't been Fritz after all. What was the other things that made you suspicion him? One thing he knew Jake was coming with cash. I couldn't see how anyone else could have known it in time to ride here and kill him. For another, I believe Mrs. Timman's is a good judge of character. I noticed that she allowed Fritz to call her Granny, but she resented it when Abel did the same. Well, that showed clearly that she liked the one better than the other. You can't beat Granny for sizing folks up. Can you handle this man alone now, Sheriff? You'll have to ride double on this horse on the way back to town. Don't worry about me. I've handled what's in him a hundred times over. Here's Silver. Here's Count. Then we'll be leaving him. Hell, you can't even for this, Mr....   Hello, Silver! Get him out of the way! What you have just heard is a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


So welcome to my talk today, NONET, building an internet testbed based on open source software. First, of course, I will give you the motivation of our testbed, particularly with the topics multi-homing and multi-pass transport. And then I come to some interesting details about our testbed setup, and particularly some details about the software, virtual machines, containers, and multi-homing networking. Well, first, let me introduce the motivation of our testbed infrastructure. Well, first, let me give an introduction of how classic internet communication works. Is the audio OK? I hear some echo. It's OK? OK. Well, classic internet communication, as example, is, for example, accessing the world-wide web. So you know, when you use your web browser, it will make requests to a web server for certain objects. Web server will deliver these objects, and finally, the browser can display the result. So in this case, we have a very classic client server communication. It is browser device as well as web server device. Have each one one IPv4 address. And the communication is made over the transmission control protocol TCP on the transport layer. This is the way the internet works. Since many years, it will also work in the future. But of course, in the future, we will have a lot of new applications. For example, internet of things, smart cities, virtualization, sensor networks, and so on and so on. And these applications, of course, have some stronger requirements on the communication. For example, nowadays, and at least in the future, we will have widespread support for IPv6. So usually, today, devices are already IPv4 IPv6 dual stack. So usually, therefore, you have multiple IP addresses per network interface. And of course, today, we have ubiquitous mobility. Everybody probably has such a smartphone. And you know, from your smartphone, when you use it here in the room, you will have a certain IP address from the wireless system, at least outside of the hotel. You will get another IP address from your mobile broadband provider. And of course, if you start a download here in the room and go outside, your download will be interrupted because the IP address is changed and TCP cannot handle this. And also, there are frequently devices with multiple network interfaces. Also, your smartphone is, of course, such a device, as for example, mobile broadband, LTE, UMTS, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, and so on, and your laptop computer. So classically, of course, there had already been devices with multiple network interfaces, routers, of course. But nowadays, your device in your pocket is such a device as well. So what can you do when you have multiple interfaces, multiple IP addresses? Well, you can make use of multi-homing. As you can make use of redundancy. So if you have at least one working pair of IP addresses between a local device and a remote device, you can still communicate. So you have redundancy. So if you rely on internet connectivity, well, you can just connect to multiple internet service providers simultaneously. So if one ISP has a problem, you can still communicate to the other ISP. Well, it's a very nice thing, of course. But look at this user of multi-homing. He looks not that satisfied. So what's the problem with multi-homing and redundancy? Well, if you have two internet service provider connections, of course, each month you will receive two internet bills. So redundancy is expensive. And of course, usually you only appreciate redundancy when something goes wrong. In the usual case, nothing goes wrong. So you just see your internet bills and you'll see that you pay double the amount. So what can you do when you have multiple ISP connections? Well, you can utilize multiple connections simultaneously to get a better support for your downloads. Or you can optimize the layer or something like this. You can use this with multi-pass transport. Obviously, TCP protocol, quite old protocol, it does not support multi-pass transport. But with an extension, it's possible. It's multi-pass TCP, MP TCP. Or if you're using the stream control transmission protocol, SCTP instead of TCP, it's also possible. With an extension called concurrent multi-pass transfer for SCTP, CMT-SCTP. In any case, CMT-SCTP or MP-TCP, you get multi-pass transport. And since multiple IP addresses, multiple connections are more and more common today. So it's a quite hot topic in standardization in the ITF, and of course, also in research. So it makes sense to do some research to optimize it. So therefore, I come to the topic multi-pass transport. Let me very shortly introduce it, how it works with MP-TCP or CMT-SCTP. We have an application that should make use of multi-pass transport on the application layer. Obviously, we need on the transport layer, transport protocol that is capable of multi-pass transport is either MP-TCP or CMT-SCTP. And on the network layer below, we have IPv4. And nowadays, also IPv6, usually both simultaneously as dual stack. Now we need pass, which are denoted as sub-flows in the terminology of MP-TCP. This pass or sub-flows can go over IPv4, can go over IPv6, which is the same transport connection you can even mix IPv4 and IPv6 pass. So you can use both protocols simultaneously. So that's already stride forward. But what's still missing is of course, an instance to distribute data onto all the possible sub-flows. It's called scheduler. This is already the principle of multi-pass TCP or CMT-SCTP. But if you have a somewhat closer look into the details, of course, you will see some challenges. Fairness and transport. Obviously, you imagine pass or sub-flows as being disjoint inside the internet. But you cannot guarantee that all paths are disjoint in the whole network. So paths may overlap. And if they overlap on a shared bottleneck, of course, this causes a fairness issue. So if you have two paths sharing the same bottleneck with a concurrent TCP flow, then your multi-pass TCP flow will get double the bandwidth of the concurrent TCP flow, which is, of course, unfair. And another challenge is there in multi-pass transport. It is scheduling. So probably you consider a path of being of quite equal quality of service properties, that is bandwidth, delay, shitter, loss rate. But from your mobile phone, you already know when you use wireless LAN, you usually have a high bandwidth and low latency compared to a mobile broadband. But on the other hand, on mobile broadband, you will rarely see packet losses. So if you combine a sub-flow over wireless LAN and a sub-flow over mobile broadband, you have two very dissimilar paths in the network. So scheduling becomes a challenge as well for multi-pass transport. Before I come to more details about the testbed, first, let me shortly introduce how you can use multi-pass transport, particularly with open-source software. Well, of course, you can use a stream-controlled transmission protocol, which is already some years old. It's standardized in RFC 4960. And it features multi-homing as well as multi-streaming. You can even multiplex multiple streams over a single transport connection, avoiding head-of-line blocking, which is a very nice feature. So actually, SITP, together with many protocol extensions, has a lot of very nice and advanced transport features. And the very nice thing about SITP is it works out of the box in Linux. So your standard mainline Linux kernel supports SITP and all the main Linux distributions provide the SITP module. So it works out of the box in your applications if you use SITP. Unfortunately, the Linux implementation of SITP is not really state-of-the-art. So it lacks, unfortunately, some many features, particularly including CMT SITP, that is the feature for multi-pass transport. So actually, it's, of course, an idea, maybe for some student projects to do some enhancements of the SITP implementation in Linux. Actually, I did this with some students some time before, but maybe, particularly, CMT SITP is probably a nice master student project. Unfortunately, at the moment, we have no CMT SITP in Linux, but if you want to use CMT SITP on the open-source operating system, of course, you can use FreeBSD, which has state-of-the-art implementation in SITP. And particularly, it has a very active community maintaining this implementation, so it's absolutely state-of-the-art, and particularly also the reference implementation for the ITF people standardizing SITP. Well, at least you can use it as open-source. The other end, you can use MPTCP, which is also standardized as RFC, featuring multi-homing and multi-pass transport. So you get both. And a really nice feature of MPTCP is it's somewhat backwards compatible to TCP. So an MPTCP endpoint can, without any problems, communicate with an old TCP implementation. Of course, you will not have multi-pass transport in this case, but at least the back-of-the-house compatibility with it. And particularly, you can communicate with MPTCP over existing middle-box devices like firewalls or network address installation, port address installation routers. So this is very nice because you have many of these devices deployed in current networks, and for MPTCP, usually you do not have to change anything in the network. SITP on the other end is, of course, a completely new protocol, so it needs to be supported in firewalls, for example. And the other nice thing about MPTCP is you get a very nice implementation under Linux from University Catholic de la Wendendorf in Belgium. It's a quite nice and active community. Unfortunately, you need to compile your own kernel. It's still not in the mainline kernel, hopefully in the future. And of course, if you want to use FreeBSD instead, it's also possible. Swinburne University in Melbourne has written an implementation of MPTCP for FreeBSD. So this is a Linux conference, so probably your question is now, how can I use MPTCP under Linux? First, you need to think a little bit about the routing. So when you have connected a computer to the internet, usually you have an Ethernet interface, for example, and configured, if you get a second ISP, you can connect it, for example, to the second Ethernet interface, to the configuration. Now we expect to be able to communicate over multiple networks, but it will not work that way. So because if we set a default route, via the first ISP over ETH0, all the traffic goes over the ETH0 interface, not over ETH1 as well. So this does not work, but fortunately, Linux has all the features necessary to also solve this issue very easily. So called routing rules. So what is necessary in this scenario is that you have a selector, which interface to use for which packet, based on the source IP address. So if you have the source IP address set to the ETH0's IP address, go over ETH0, otherwise with the other address on ETH0, ETH1, go over ETH1. And this can be quite easily configured on Linux.  We have first device ETH0, give it an IP address and set a default route. So now the computer can communicate with the internet, at least over ETH0. But what we do now is we create an additional routing table called table number one, and set the route for the local network as well as a default route into table one. The same we do for the interface ETH1, set the IP address, set the route for the local network as well as the route for the router, default route into table number two. Now in total we have three different routing tables. So how to get the right table for a packet that should be routed? Well, we need a selector based on an IP rule. This we create an IP rule. If a packet comes from the first IP address, use table number one. Next rule is the packet comes from the second IP address, use table number two. And if you find the numbers of the table somewhat intuitive, you can even give tables a name. For example, if you are connected to a DfN, doshes, foshoms, nets, and telecom, call it DfN for table number one, and telecom for table number two. But it's just a convenience function. Internally, of course, all tables have numbers. How can you now have a look at the full configuration that has been created? Well, there is an IP rule show command showing you all the IP rules, particularly showing you, of course, the rules for the first network and the second network we have created for table number one and table number two. And as I've said, it's possible to do name mappings for such table numbers. And in this case, for example, table main is defined as 254. And you could also define other table names. But it's just for enhancing the readability of the output of the IP rule show command. Internally, as I've said, all tables are just enumerated. And of course, you can use the IP root show command to show table number one, table number two, and also table main or 254 in numeric notation. Well, now everything is there for IPv4. But nowadays, also we have IPv6. You can do absolutely the same thing also for IPv6, just that you have to set the option minus six for the IP command, but otherwise the commands are exactly the same, same syntax. And what you have done now is, of course, you have created a network configuration for both network interfaces. And now, MPTCP, or in fact, all the CMT-SATP, would be able to choose the right outgoing ISP for a packet just by setting the right source address into the IP packet, which is sent out. That is, particularly, also the same for IPv6. And as I've said, you can even combine IPv4 and IPv6 subflows in the same multi-pass TCP or CMT-SATP connection. For this, now everything is ready for testing multi-pass TCP. So we need to download kernel sources from University of Katolektrola-109. It's in fact a GitHub repository. And once you have configured, compiled, and booted your own kernel, all TCP connections will, by default, be multi-pass TCP capable. This, if the remote endpoint is also multi-pass TCP capable, you will have a multi-pass TCP connection. Both endpoints will negotiate all the available IP addresses and establish subflows. So you need to check just that the routes are okay with the IP rules to make it work. And then you can use common test tools like Wireshark, Tshark to observe the packet flow. Or particularly, if you want to do some performance experiments, particularly a very nice test tool is Netperfmeter. Actually, it's written by myself. And you can download it from also my web page, as well as contributed to deep-in Linux, as well as you want to Linux. Well, that's all necessary to get multi-pass TCP running inside Linux systems. But of course, now you probably want to do some larger scale tests in the real internet. Actually, this is what we also intended in the past, when we did some research at the University of Diesburg-Essen. But we started small initially, that is. We first created a lab setup to have some systematic environment to do research on multi-pass transport, beginning with CMT-STP under FreeBSD, or later also, of course, multi-pass TCP. As we asked our network estimator to give us some network cards, some cables, some switches, some computers, network equipment, and we put everything together. And the result was it was not working as expected. Well, actually, we had a very large and diverse combination of network cards, switches and so on. And actually, it was of course quite cheap, but it was only quite cheap on the paper. Actually, some issues showing up were that, for example, network cards in certain combinations had some strange issues, for example, reducing the speed from 100 megabit per second to 10 megabit per second, just for a few milliseconds to get up to 100 megabit per second again because of some strange implementations or whatever. But actually, these strange issues of the hardware, of course, triggered a lot of bugs inside the HTTP implementation of FreeBSD. But finally, all the effort invested in this setup, which took quite a long time, particularly due to debugging. It was quite worth the effort because we were able to show that prior simulations of such an environment were useful. It was actually intention to set up this environment. And due to all the bug hunting and bug fixing necessary, of course, we were able to give a lot of useful bug fixes back to the FreeBSD HTTP community. And as part of this work, I also wrote a network performance testing application network meta, which is open source. Well, actually, this very small setup had already had resulted in a lot of ideas and learning effects. And particularly, of course, one of the basic ideas was well, we are doing research on internet protocols. But this is, of course, very small intranet testbed. So let's go to the real internet. So I motivated my colleagues at the University of Duisburg-Essen, where I worked. My colleagues at Fachhochschule Münster in the city of Buchsteinfurt, here in Germany, as well as my colleagues at Hainan University in the city of Haiku, in the Hainan province of China, to make similar testbed setups and connect everything over the internet with two different internet service providers at each site. So we had then very small, but very nice intercontinental testbed setup already with three sites. To do interesting research, initially on CMT-STP and the FreeBSD, but later particularly also for multi-pass TCP under Linux. And particularly, due to the connection to China, we had very different pass characteristics which were quite challenging. Actually, this small setup has led to a lot of more new ideas. And particularly, one idea was, of course, we have a three-site testbed, which is quite small. Can we make it larger? Of course, larger testbeds require sufficient funding. But fortunately, there was similar research ability having very similar ideas, creating a large testbed for multi-homic systems. So I got in contact with them. They hired me as research engineer. I went to Norway to build up this new testbed called Nunet Testbed, consisting of two parts, Nunet Core, which is the landline part, as well as Nunet Edge, the wireless part. Nunet Core consists of such site setups. In total, we have 21 sites, 11 in Norway, 10 abroad. And at least the Norwegian sites have a setup of four x8664 servers. The other sites abroad are contributed by researchers and have some, usually some smaller setups or even fully virtualized, giving a very nice opportunity to do large-scale internet research on connectivity. And of course, as I've said, mobile networks, mobile devices are becoming more and more widespread. So in fact, you have mobile devices everywhere. So obviously, a very important part of the testbed is also a wireless testbed called Nunet Edge. Obviously, we need hundreds of locations distributed all over Norway. So we cannot distribute hundreds or even thousands of such server setups to hundreds of sites. So we had to shrink everything down to a custom-made embedded system called UFO Board, running Debian Linux, and then connected to a mobile broadband network or others all over Norway. We have about 250 of these devices shipped all over the country of Norway, which has a size somewhat larger than Germany. So we have a very nice coverage. Unfortunately, I cannot go into too much details about Nunet Edge because of time restrictions. Therefore, I have to restrict to the wired part, Nunet Core, wired part of Nunet Core. Of course, as I've said, has 21 sites. 11 in Norway, as well as 10 abroad, particularly four in Germany, as well as two in China, for example. And we have therefore a quite large distribution all over the world from the city of Longerbyn at University Post-Wollbad. It's on the island of Spitzbergen, just about 1,200 kilometers away from the North Pole, so very northern location, as well as in the South, for example, we have a site at Nikta in Sydney and of course sites in the Hainan province of China and Southern China. That was a very nice distribution. And particularly, of course, we have sites connected to up to four different internet service providers, usually the research network, as well as additional commercial ISPs. Particularly, some of these connections are, for example, ADSL connections. So if we get a very diverse connection set up, for example, also making it possible to evaluate performance that is observed by a real home network user over an ADSL connection, not only high-speed university networks, for example. And interesting to mention also is, of course, about two-third of our connections are already IPv6 capable. So we have IPv4 and IPv6 as well. And I cannot do into too much details here, but what I want to show you is some small visualization of the structure of the networks. It's the autonomous systems between all the different 21 sites. So as you can see, it's somewhat preliminary, but at least you can see that there is quite diverse set up of different autonomous systems. And particularly, for example, communications between China and Germany or Norway, you can go westwards or the United States. You can go eastwards or Eurasia as well as Dubai. And this direction of the data, it can even change over time or day. And particularly, it can differ between different ISPs. So quite interesting and challenging setup. And particularly, then it comes to remote setups. Well, we have remote systems distributed all over the world. And important to note is, of course, our remote servers are not only remote servers, they are really located at remote locations. And actually, as I've said, we have a setup in the city of Longyearbyen on Spitz-Bergen Island. So this is the road to Longyearbyen on a very nice spring day. So temperature, when I took this photo, was just about minus 30 degree Celsius. Or in Fahrenheit, it's minus 22. So in note that it can get quite cold there, particularly if it is not such a nice spring day, but winter day. So in winter is, of course, for some months completely dark. And cold temperatures are not the only challenge of this side setup. Also on the Spitz-Bergen Island, there are wild ISPs roaming around. So it's actually quite dangerous to be in this area. And for non-local people, it's always the requirement to have a local guide with a gun attending you because to protect you from the ISPs, which can appear. And you see, it's quite a challenge to go to such sites. And so it's necessary to think about what can you do when something goes wrong. And you are computer scientists, so you know Murphy's Law. Anything that can go wrong will go wrong. And well, our experimental test pad is, well, using experimental software. It's the intention of the test pad. So things can go wrong with experimental software. So how can we avoid that if something goes wrong, it brings down, for example, a whole site, making a visit at a site thousands of kilometers away necessary. Well, we use virtualization. It's the physical hardware. We have gets actually a quite very lightweight installation of Ubuntu Server Linux. And everything more complicated and more experimental runs inside KVM-based virtual machines, particularly routing functionality as well as, of course, experiments of the test pad users. That is, if something goes wrong, and there will things go wrong due to Murphy's Law, we can just log into the physical machine and fix the virtual machines by placing them or reinstalling them. So that is, let me go through a few more details about the physical machine setup. As I've said, we use Ubuntu Server Linux because it has long-term support, five-year support period, which is quite nice thing. And therefore, we decided to use Ubuntu Server LTS, but we did some customization and one customization was the file system used. By default, Ubuntu Server uses X4 file system. But actually, the performance of X4 is not very good and particularly is not very resilient. So frequently when working with X4, we notice the problem. Somebody had turned off a machine or the power was lost. The machine came up and requested a manual file system check. Of course, no problem when the machine is in your office, but when the machine is thousands of kilometers away, it is a problem. So the resilience of X4 was considered quite awful. So we used Ryza FS, therefore. Actually, maybe a third of Ryza FS was actually the default for many Linux distributions years ago. Unfortunately, the main author of this file system, Hans Reiser, has killed his ex-wife, he is now in jail. This has then created some discussion about the file system. But actually, his file system never killed my data. So it is actually very resilient and a very good file system. So therefore, we use it for our machines. Of course, we have also considered other file system options, particularly BTRFS, for testing purposes installed BTRFS on one of the machines. After a few days, I just replaced it again by Ryza FS because the performance for hosting virtual machines is actually quite awful. So that's probably for the developers still a lot of work to do. Therefore, Ryza FS. Actually, what I would like to test would be very nice, probably, to test Ryza FS4, which is, of course, not in a mainline kernel. Therefore, it was considered too much maintenance effort to test this Ryza FS4 or ZFS, which is also now provided by Ubuntu. Maybe some future work can test other file systems. So at the moment, we still stay with Ryza FS because it has shown to be quite resilient, quite good. And file system is one customization we made with this system. The others, of course, using virtual machines. Initially, we ran everything based on virtual box. At the time, we made initial installation of the test, but this was quite good choice because we had experience with virtual box, also similar research at some corporations with Oracle going on. But unfortunately, virtual box has some annoyance. So Oracle wants the users to install a binary block module providing features like, for example, VNC. There's, of course, VNC support and open source available, but you have to compile your own package. So it was necessary to manage an own virtual box package, which, of course, took a lot of time. So finally, I replaced everything by KVM, therefore. Well, physical machine set up was one thing. The other interesting thing is the router, so-called tunnel box. Tunnel box, the name, because it establishes tunnels between all sides of the no-net core testbed. Why do we use tunnels? Because it's easy to get one IP address, public IP address, per ISP per site. Obviously, we need such an address, but it's very difficult, of course, to get dozens or even hundreds of IP addresses per site, because IP before address space is exhausted. So we use tunneling between the sides, between the routers, and apply our own addressing scheme inside the tunnels. Therefore, we have, of course, plenty of addresses available for IP before. Of course, we use private addresses, but with the tunneling based on GIE over IPv4, as well as IPv6 over IPv6, we can use a very systematic address allocation, just using separate tools for provider, site, and node, and the similar scheme for IPv6 as well. And so we have the flexibility of doing address allocations for research experiments at the sites. And with these addresses, of course, direct communication is possible between the sites over the tunnels. But the question is, of course, how is it possible to go to the outside internet? Well, for this, if a user needs communication with the outside internet, for example, for downloading packages, or updating Git repository or whatever, then everything is routed over the similar site. This gives some security, because we can do some logging, but also it avoids legal issues, particularly in Germany, maybe if you are familiar with the German system, it has a thing called a Mitstörerhaftung. In fact, it says the person who is subscribing to an internet service provider is responsible for the IP address. So if some lawyer claims the person has downloaded some mp3 file, and the person has to prove innocence or pay a lot of money to the lawyer. So in fact, there's some thing for lawyers to get a lot of money from normal internet users. So therefore, in Germany, it's very difficult to get, for example, access to open wireless lands. And to avoid such issues, when somebody, for example, in Germany is hosting a known core site, we just route all the traffic to the similar site over the research network in Norway, then it goes out with a Norwegian IP address. Norway does not have such problems like Mitstörerhaftung in Germany. So this probably misavoided. And some more details about the router. We'll go very shortly over this because we have not so much time left. Well, the router also provides DNS infrastructure because handling IP addresses can be somewhat difficult. And remembering all the details about the system-academic address allocation is easy for a developer, of course, but maybe not so much for a normal test-by-user. Therefore, we have established our own private top-level domain.nunet inside the DNS working on the routers. And with this, of course, it's possible to very easily allocate also names to the nodes. So you can very systematically give the nodes useful names. Actually, the idea was giving all nodes different names, particularly with names nearby the location. For example, this is part of a city of Essen where this site is located. So it is then very easy to remember where a node, to which site a node belongs to, is released for the developer. And also, the DNS setup can do some nice thing like IDN automatically. Particularly interesting, of course, for nodes in China. But there's just some nice feature. More convenient function of the DNS is, of course, also to provide more information about devices and site locations. Particularly for all IP addresses inside our internal DNS, we have the exact geolocation provided to SLUC resource records. And since in most devices possible to log in by SSH, also a very nice feature is to use SSHFP resource records providing SSH public key fingerprints of these devices entirely inside DNS, so it's not necessary to manually manage such list. It's quite convenient thing. The other convenient thing provided by the router is, of course, also to run the SCWIT HTTP proxy because at the sites, there are a lot of containers hosted. I'll come to this later. And the containers have very similar installations of Fedora Core Linux.  So instead of downloading everything multiple times over the same internet connection, it's nice to have some HTTP cache for caching such packages, for example, to avoid that too much bandwidth is wasted for, for example, package downloads. Let me now come to the research node software. This research node are the virtual machines running actually the tests and experiments of the users. Well, and the usual research node is actually a quite small KVM-based virtual machine managed by the PlanetApp Central software, PLC software. Maybe you're already head of PlanetApp. PlanetApp is a large internet aspect and they have actually a quite nice software for managing research experiment. This PlanetApp Central software. And we actually do not reinvent the wheel again with our test, but that we're using the PlanetApp Central software with some extensions for NONET Core, of course, giving you access to multi-pass TCP and multi-homing with multiple internet service providers, of course. Yeah, and these research nodes are KVM-based virtual machines running, in fact, a Fedora Core 23 Linux. Pass with a customization is, of course, with a multi-pass TCP capable kernel using the multi-pass TCP implementation for Linux from University Catholic Delivered on Earth in Belgium. And these research nodes host then the user experiments. And the user experiments run in LXC containers. They are denoted as slivers in the terminology of the PLC software. And in fact, each LXC container or sliver has its own Fedora Core 23 installation, pre-installed with some nice set of development tools, T-Shark and so on. So usually the user of the testbed will find most software already out of the box inside these containers, so quite nice. And of course, each sliver will have exclusive own IP addresses, IP4 as well as IPv6, as one address per ISP of the site. And of course, the user has root permission inside such containers. So the user can just install arbitrary software inside and do most configuration. And obviously, such a research node should host maybe 10 to 12 different experiments. So, of course, giving each user a complete copy of Fedora Core installation would consume a lot of this space. And here you make use of a very nice feature of PTIFS, PTIFS snapshots. So in fact, of giving each user a complete copy of all the files installed in our pre-installed Fedora system, well, we create one template as snapshot and just clone it for all the containers. So in fact, if the user does not change the files, they will not be there in this is the many times. Instead, it is using copy on write. So only if a user modifies a file, then physically a copy will be created. So actually, PTIFS here inside the research nodes is a very, very nice thing and saves a lot of space. So containers make it very easy to host many research experiments at the site because they are very lightweight. So therefore, they are popular, of course. But in some cases, of course, it can be useful to instantiate full virtual machines. And also, this is possible in our testbed, but currently, this still has to be done manually because a panel app central software does not support full virtual machines. So in the future, therefore, we have some plans for future enhancements in the direction of using OpenStack and more advanced tools for managing full virtual machines. But I come to this later. First, let me finally give you a very short overview of what you can expect from a container or so-called sliver in the terminology. Well, this is what the user will get at a remote site at a research node. This user can log in by this edge. And actually, when logging in, the user gets a very nice overview of all the details about this container, just for convenience. Particularly, what you can find here is the user gets one IP address per ISP of the site. Actually, this site is located at Hainan University in the city of Haiku in the Hainan province of China. It's connected to two different ISPs. Therefore, you have two different IPv4 addresses here. And obviously, since IPv6 is also support by testbed, you will also have IPv6 addresses. And as I've said, it's possible to just look at the IP address to get information about ISPs. For example, 80 stands for China Education and Research Network, 81 for China Unicom. But this is just a detail. So if you are a user of the testbed, you can also just use information from DNS to look up information about the ISPs, for example. Just to mention, what our user also gets is, of course, a kernel with MPTCP. So in this setup, MPTCP will work out of the box. No need to set up IP rules. This is already made by the router, the tunnel box. So you can make use of MPTCP directly with your containers. That's a very nice thing. And for security, I display here also the public key fingerprints of the SSH server because usually you log in by SSH. And in fact, it would be a nice thing if the user, when accepting an SSH public key also checks the fingerprints. Hopefully, the users don't do. At least, I encourage this. Of course, then the user gets this container with a nice pre-installation of software. So in the usual case, the user can hardly compile his own software there. Or do DNF install because it's a Fedora system. So the package management system is DNF, give install, to install custom software from Fedora repositories, or run software requiring SuperUser privilege, like TCP dump, or more advanced tool, T-shark, from the Wireshark project. See, this is quite convenient for the user. Well, so therefore, I come to the conclusion. Well, nowadays, we have more and more devices with support for multi-homing. So you have, for example, your mobile phone or many other devices having multiple network interfaces. And maybe devices even connected to multiple internet service providers simultaneously. So it makes a lot of sense to think about advanced features like multi-pass transfer to make use of this capability. So therefore, it makes sense to have a very nice test bed, what we have with NoNet, a very large scale, or quite large scale, a test bed infrastructure inside the internet and the real network internet, including ISP connections, which are consumer grade, like, for example, DSL connections. So not only researched networks. And particularly, we do not only rely very much on open source software. So all NoNet software is, of course, open source. And we tried to make use of open source software projects wherever possible. NoNet Core itself is also an open test bed. That is, if you have an idea to make use of a test bed, test your own applications, do performance evaluations, or whatever, or use it for research, just ask. And then we can make it possible. So actually, the idea of operating NoNet Core is to work somewhat like PlanetLab, is if you want to use a test bed, you contribute a little bit to the test bed. For example, making an own small setup at your own side. You do not have to contribute for full servers. You can even use just everything, for example, the VMware cluster or KVM cluster or whatever, virtualize everything, or have one older machine. It's no problem, because we do not require very high performance. And once you contribute something to the network, of course, you can make use of the resources at the other side. So if you have ideas on using test bed, just ask. So what we plan for the future of NoNet Core is, of course, to extend it more in the scope beyond multi-pass transport. Currently, our focus is very much on things like, for example, multi-pass TCP, multi-homing, redundancy, resilience, and so on. But particularly, what we intend to do in a very near future is to go more in the direction of network function virtualization and software-defined networking. Particularly, we want to build in support for things like Docker OpenStack. Also, we want to go more into the direction of cloud computing and applications. So we have, in fact, a small but quite widely distributed cloud system already. We want to do some more extensions in the direction, for example, OpenStack. And actually, we've got already some funding for this purpose. Unfortunately, my time is almost over now. So I can therefore refer you to our website, www.nntb.no. You can find a lot of more details about the Nuanet Testbed project, including a lot of applications, as well as, of course, links to the open source Git repositories of the project. And therefore, I'm at the end of my talk. Thank you for your attention. Hope you have enjoyed this presentation today. And now we have probably a little bit of time for a few questions before the social event. Actually, for the social event, the first bus leaves at 6 o'clock. But there are further buses. So are there any questions? It's also possible, of course, to use it for other purposes. But particularly, we had a strong focus on multipass TCP. Particularly for this purpose, we get multipass TCP running out of the box inside infrastructure. But if you have other ideas, of course, it's also possible to run them inside infrastructure. Particularly, what Nuanet can offer you is that we have a very large distribution all over the world. That's some focus on Norway, of course. But we have sites on four continents in seven different countries. And particularly, we have also ICP connections being very representative for normal internet users. For example, we have a couple of ADSL connections in different countries. So if you have some software that's intended to run, for example, on home user PCs, you can make use of these ADSL connections to evaluate performance of your software, for example. Particularly, of course, you can also have a look at our website, which has some links to projects running on the testbed. It's not 100% complete, unfortunately. It needs some updates. But you can get a nice overview as well. Any more questions? Yes? Pardon? It's, of course, possible to run full FreeBSD virtual machines inside infrastructure. And we actually have some FreeBSD virtual machines running on some of the sites, yes. Any more questions? To mention about FreeBSD, of course, is still necessary because it's a full virtual machine to do some manual setup of these virtual machines. So this is particularly a thing you want to improve in the future, to have management infrastructure to automate this, of course. Because it is not supported by the PlanetLab central software. PlanetLab central software just manages the containers. But of course, in the future, we want to announce this to make it much easier to use custom operating systems. Any more questions? And thanks for your attention.


Hello and welcome to this presentation of the iCache module, which is embedded in all products of the STM32U5 microcontroller family. The instruction cache or iCache is introduced on the CAHB code bus of the Cortex M33 processor to improve performance when fetching instructions and data from internal flash or SRAM's memories or from external memories through the Octo SPI1 and 2 or FMC interfaces. iCache allows a close to zero weight state performance on program fetches in most use cases due to intrinsic caching operation. This performance is achieved through the following two features, hit under miss support and critical word first refill policy. The internal flash is accessed by the dedicated 128-bit AHB fast bus. This is the only difference compared to the iCache implementation in the STM32U5 microcontrollers. SRAM 1, 2 and 3, Octo SPI1 and 2 and FMC are accessed through a 32-bit AHB slow interconnect. This two master architecture decouples the cache refill path from external memories from the high bandwidth path to the flash memory. The remapping logic allows for internal or external memory ranges to be cached by defining for them an alias address in the code section range 0 to 1FFFFFFF. The instruction cache reduces the consumption of the microcontroller by accessing instructions and data in the internal iCache rather than from the larger more power consuming main memories. Configuring iCache as direct mapped by software allows an even lower power consumption compared to the two-way set associative organization which is also supported. The multi bus interface minimizes potential conflicts between memory traffic. The 32-bit execution slave port receives memory requests from the Cortex M33 CAHB code bus. The 128-bit master one port performs cache line refills from the internal memories flash and SRAMs. The 32-bit master two port performs cache line refills from the external memories, external flash and SRAMs accessed through the Octo SPI1 and 2 and FMC interfaces. The second slave port is used for registers accesses. When an external memory access is marked as non-cacheable by the MPU, the iCache is bypassed. The request is forwarded to the external memory on the iCache master one or two port in the same clock cycle. Only the address may be modified due to the address remapping feature. The iCache offers close to zero weight states data read write access performance due to zero weight state on cache hit. Hit under miss capability that serves new processor requests while a line refill due to a previous cache miss is still going on. The critical word first refill policy which minimizes processor stalls on cache miss. The hit ratio is improved by the two way set associative architecture and the pseudo least recently used based on binary tree replacement policy. This algorithm is a good trade-off between hardware complexity and performance. Thanks to the wide 128-bit bus, a cache line refill from flash only requires a single data transfer because 128 bits represents exactly 116 byte cache line. Cache lines read from the external memories are transferred with the critical word first by implementing RAP4, AHB transaction ordering, in order to deliver the instruction requested by the processors fetcher first. The dual master port architecture decouples internal and external memory traffic. For example, SRAM fetches are not stalled by cache line refills from external memories. Interrupt latency is minimized when the interrupt service routines are located in the internal flash or SRAMs. The iCache implements performance counters, one 32-bit hit counter and one 16-bit miss counter. This performance monitoring analyzes and optimizes code placement in accordance with cache ability to achieve the most performant code traffic. The remapping logic is very convenient to extend the cacheable region beyond the 512 megabyte code memory address range, which starts at address 0. Up to four external regions can be defined, and for each of them, the refill port can be selected, either master 1 or master 2. Power consumption is reduced when iCache is used. Most instruction accesses are performed from internal cache memory, rather from main memories. Configuring the iCache is a direct mapped cache rather than the default two-way set associative mode. Also contributes reducing the consumption because only one cut of tag and data memory is accessed instead of two. However, the direct mapped organization may affect the performance when the distance between two programs needed at the same time is an integer multiple of the cache size. A dedicated secure bit in tag RAM of each cache line prevents non-secure requests from hitting secure iCache entries. An invalidated maintenance operation is supported to invalidate the entire contents of the instruction cache. Typically, when the main memory content is modified, this operation is controlled by software by accessing a memory mapped register. This is a fast command, non-interruptible, with an end of operation raising a specific flag and possibly an interrupt. An error flag and possibly an interrupt are raised whenever an unexpected cacheable write access is received on the execution port. The iCache does not manage AHB bus errors returned to Master 1 or Master 2 ports. It simply forwards the AHB response received on the master port back to the processor. This table summarizes the characteristics of the instruction cache. 16-byte cache line size transferred through a burst transaction of four words or a single data transaction of one quad word. Two-way set associative 8 kilobytes cache that can be configured as a direct mapped cache. A global invalidate maintenance operation is supported. iCache defines an alias address in the code region for up to four external memory regions. The address remapping is applied on the code alias address, transforming it into the external physical destination address. The minimum region size is two megabytes. The maximum size is 128 megabytes. In this chart, the performance in direct mapped and two-way set associative modes is the same. The reason is that the entire benchmark fits into the iCache. Once the code is within the iCache, the flash latency has no impact on the performance. When the iCache is disabled, the larger the flash latency, the lower the performance. The two sources of iCache global interrupt are error detection on cacheable write requests, which sets the ERRF bit in the iCache status register. End of the full invalidate operation, which sets the busy end F bit in the iCache status register. There is no iCache management of errors occurring on a Master 1 or Master 2 port request. The erroneous response is propagated through iCache back to the Cortex M33. iCache is clocked at the same frequency as the Cortex M33 core, because the iCache only caches instructions requested by the Cortex M33. Consequently, the iCache and the Cortex M33 have the same state in the various low power modes. When the microcontroller is in stop mode, the user can decide to power down the iCache. When the iCache is disabled, the iCache is bypassed, except the remapping mechanism that remains functional. CAHB bus requests, whether they are remapped or not, are just forwarded to the Master ports. So the iCache consumes less, because TAG and data memories are not accessed, but each instruction is fetched from the more power-consuming targeted main memory. To reduce power consumption, the performance monitor is disabled by default. In addition to this presentation, you can refer to the following presentations. DataCache Flash FMC Octo-SPI


What's up everybody Jason here for Jasper's case rakes comm 2020 limited football picker team number five rmb for the chief Spangles dolphins Eagles Packers Bucks just sold out and again guys Everybody gets a random number for the teams in the title member specific teams in this specific break only from zero through nine And as an example if you get randomized block three You will get all cards with three being the first number nice to the dash on the left side of the dash So for example if we hit any of one of these teams hits and it's zero number 243 out of 299 that'll go to block 3 13 out of 99 43 out of 49 3 out of 25 93 out of 99 and so on number 3 block would get that card in the instance of there is any Unnumbered cards for these teams in the break guys will randomize them to the group of customers in the break There's any redemptions for these teams. They automatically go to spot zero even if we know it's a one-on-one We'll still go to spot zero and here's a dice row. Here's the list of customer names so that is from David down to Stephen So so David had to Jesse was one to Mike Roy And Steve yep, so there you go and zero from zero one two three four five six seven eight nine Roll it and it is a two and a six eight times. Good luck one Two three four five six seven Eight All right eight times Stephen down to Stephen remember guys the break is not officially sold out yet We just got to sell out the last R&B for the 16 teams Which is down to nine. We can definitely get that going though. All right two and a six eight times eight times one two three four five six seven eight eight times Four down to five All right, so there you go So Stephen you have block four Brian with two Mac you have two or three Sorry, Brian has three Mac with two David with eight Roy with seven Stephen You have zero and in our redemptions David with nine Jesse with six Brian with one any one-on-ones would be yours and Stephen with five So there you go So again, this doesn't sell the break what would sell the break is this R&B randomizer right here guys Which is down to nine left same price, but you get 16 teams including the Chargers of course J Chasing some Justin Herbert. You have the Chargers Cowboys Steelers Raiders Broncos Lions Washington football team bills Jags Bears Patriots Seahawks Saints Titans Panthers and Giants Once that sells up we can officially do the break, but this is just a randomizer for these teams Random number block style. So appreciate it guys. Jasper's casebricks.com You


Appalachian Wireless proudly brings you unlimited data. Unlimited data is only $80 a month for a single line. Four lines as low as $200. Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless. An East Kentucky network company. The address beats low to 25 gigabytes per line to 512 kilobits for phones and tablets. And 15 gigabytes for motors. See store for more details. EKB News has followed the story of the water issues facing the residents of Martin County. And as of late, a water issue of another kind has surfaced. As a video has been posted on social media showing one of the INAS volunteer fire trucks being used as a gender reveal. Announcing the birth of a baby boy of one of the firemen. Fire Chief Lee Goss says the comments on the social media post have affected the family. Two people that has the best thing in their life as having a child to get that gender reveal and for it to be tarnished the way it's been tarnished by social media and the way people talk about it. They're torn all the pieces over it. Chief Goss went on to say that the fire engines are not city owned, they are privately owned. And the water used during the gender reveal was paid for by the firemen. They used the fire truck. I approved of that. The firefighter actually went to the water department and paid for a thousand gallons of water. We are a private non-for-profit organization. We report financial stuff to the county because our fire fees come from the county. But other than that, they don't have no say so on how the fire department is run. That's left up to the board of directors. Officials with the Martin County Water District say there is no water crisis. The drinking water is currently in compliance with the division of water and there is no water shortage. All residents in the county are getting water into their homes except for a few in the higher elevations due to low water pressure. Reporting from INAS, I'm Shawn Allen for EKB News.


Prime Minister Honourable Philip J. Pierre delivered his second budget summary address. The Prime Minister's brutal fiscal management abilities, in conjunction with the industrious policy implementation efforts by the technocrats, resulted in a favourable economic outturn. I'm pleased to report that the government was able to stay within its budget ceiling and the economy performed much better than anticipated. The priority areas for the upcoming fiscal year include national security and public healthcare. 9. That the Convention on this Honourable House is that when the Prime Minister of Finance delivers the estimates, the leader of the opposition responds in the after. That has been the Convention on this House. Every member of parliament was provided with a copy of the draft estimates for 2023-2024 up to five days before the commencement of the debate. So to use the excuse that there is no speech available, it's actually the leader of the opposition is failing his duty to the people of Saint Lucia. He is failing his duty to the taxpayers of Saint Lucia and I think it must be noted that these games with the people's finances must stop Mr Speaker. 8. 7. The semi-professionalization of football. People are very excited that for the first time in Saint Lucia's history, footballers will be paid to play football. It's a step in the right direction and I think our young people can benefit from knowing that they don't have to be on the blocks. They can play some football and get some compensation and of course eventually you would see the physiotherapists, those who want to get involved in videography and the other aspects of sport entertainment could definitely benefit from that commercial activity. 6. Saint Lucia welcomed the inaugural British Airways Silver from Guyana on March 27. The new service from London Gatwick is the only non-stop flight between Guyana and the UK via Saint Lucia. This flight between Guyana and Saint Lucia would help a lot in building that bond, that Caribbean unity, that Caribbean togetherness. But it would also help us as we welcome visitors from Guyana. We need to start thinking about multi-destination marketing. So you can come to Guyana, stay in Saint Lucia, you can come to Saint Lucia and come over to Guyana with the ease that this flight offers. 5. Officials of the Ministry of Equity, Social Justice and Empowerment and the counterparts from the United Nations World Food Program, WFP continue to find June protocols to improve the shock-responsiveness of Saint Lucia's social protection system. What we are doing here is to review protocols that we have developed that speaks to clear roles and responsibilities in terms of response, identify what those roles are, at what point, what do we do, how do we do it so that again when you have that response, it is already established. We have rehearsed it, we have practised it and we can run seamlessly with it. 4. Additional ground assets, including bicycles and motor vehicles were officially handed over to the High Command of the Royal Saint Lucia Police Force. I pledged to give the police all the resources that the country's fiscal position can afford at the time. This will be used to assist us in our crime-fighting strategies. In as much as we are happy to have these to assist in our crime-fighting strategies, these can also be used, especially the truck, in times of disaster. 3. It is a good thing that we have our assets to assist us in what is happening now. Along with support from a contingent from the regional security system, the Police Powers Act strengthens the hand of the police force to mount strategic operations to take immediate control of an area affected by escalated crime. We have now seen some level of normalcy in terms of business before. To be honest, I have seen a lot of high-ranking officers walking on the streets I guess that has created a level of reassurance, a level of confidence for the general populace. 2. Our theme for this year will emanate from one of the pillars of our national youth policy and it states to empower young people and communities as agents of peaceful and safe national coexistence. A number of activities will be planned for communities in St. Lucia including Peace Camps in partnership with Development Alternatives Inc. DIA and the National Youth Council NYC funded by the United States Agency for International Development USA. The farmers are being trained to optimize soil fertility and improve crop yields through a collaborative program between the Ministry of Agriculture and the United States Agency for International Development, USAID. Soil quality is directly linked to food quality and quantity.