Okay, let's start. Hi, everyone. I'm Nicolás Bernal from the University of Antioenariño in Bogotá, Colombia. And today we are super happy to have Josef Prada from Vienna, from the Austrian Academy of Science, the Osterreiche Akademie der Wissenschaftler, or something like this. He will tell us about direct detection and how to break this no-go theory in direct detection. So, please, Josef. First, let me remind you that you guys can ask questions via the Q&A system of YouTube to Josef, so at the end of the talk we'll take all the questions. So, please, Josef. Hi, Nicolás. Hi, everyone. Thanks very much for tuning in. So, I have to go to full screen now, right? Right. One second. Ah, I have to share my screen. Sorry. Okay, thanks very much, Nicolás, for inviting me to give this talk here. So, the title of the talk is How to Break a No-Go Theorem in Dark Metadirect Detection. And it's work which I've done in collaboration with Chris Covarris from CP3 Origins in Odense, Denmark. And the archive address you can find right here, and we have submitted it to PRL. So, I presume this is a very educated audience, but nevertheless let me sort of start out with a few basic facts, which you probably know all very well. So, how does direct detection work? So, what we are trying to do is we have a dark matter particle from the galaxy coming into our detector and it scatters on the nucleus here with mass mn. The dark matter goes out with a certain scattering angle and then includes a recurrence. And so, what we are after in direct detection is the so-called recurrence spectrum. So, that's the rate of recurrence as a function of energy, of recoil energy. And this is sort of the simple master formula right here. So, mt is the number of target nuclei per kilogram of detector material. Rho over m dark matter is the local number density of dark matter. So, that sets the overall rate. And then we have, we fold the recoil cross section, which is given to us by particle physics with the galactic velocity distribution of the wind boosted into the frame of the detector. And this factor V here is just to make the number density times V becomes the incoming flux of dark matter. And in this business, we measure events in counts per day and kilogram in KAD. So, this gives you a sense that this is a rare event search because we do this per day and now currently the backgrounds are at the 10 to minus 3 level. So, these are really super rare event searches. So, experimentally, what do we do once the nucleus is kicked? We try to pick it up in various channels and here I show you three representative or three pictures or cartoons of how this is done experimentally. Either we might directly observe the heat upon the recoil so the nucleus is kicked and we can operate at the moment which is superconducting right at the transition and so that a small increase in temperature leads a large increase in resistance and this is something which can be read out. There are also detectors which yield more striking signatures such as bubble nucleation here in the liquid. The other possibility is to use ventilation so you can think of this as sort of a wavelength shifter. You are kicking the nucleus and usually you are deposited in KV energy and what comes out is energy in the optical regime in form of scintillation light. Here you see this blue light or we can pick up the ionization that is the nucleus is kicked and because of the kicked some electrons fly off which can then be drifted in an electric field. This leads to an amplification of the signal and then there is a delayed ionization signal that can be read out and very often these detectors use two technologies in order to discriminate electron versus a nuclear recourse. This field started out with high hopes more than two decades ago when people realized that if we think of WIMP dark matter really weakly interacting massive particles as being the dark matter massive with masses in the ballpark of the electric scales of 100 GVs and if we interpret weakly as being c-mediated then the cross-sections for scattering on the nucleon of the dark matter particle on the nucleon on the order of 10-39 cm2 or 10-3 pico barn and that is this error up here. Now this is the typical plot where we are working in this talk so where you see the dark matter mass on the x-axis and the WIMP scattering cross-section the elastic scattering cross-section on the nucleons of the C-minus here and so C-mediated cross-section is somewhere up here and these lines here show upper limits on what is the allowed cross-section there has been a lot of commotion about the various anomalies but pretty much the status today is that we have only null results and no positive detection with the exception of Dharma. But let's not go into this. So today we are pretty much probing Higgs-mediated interactions which are sort of at the 10-45 level. Now this is not the most updated plot. This one neither but this is a summary plot from the SNOMAS exercise which basically shows you a summary of two decades of experimental effort of detecting dark matter and the detection and all these lines here are either upper limits and the dashed lines are projections. Some of them actually have already come into being like Lux and Condex have now the strongest limits. Now if you want to make progress in this plot, we can do this in two directions. Either we probe small and small across sections in the y-direction here and that basically requires bigger experiments because we need more exposure, more kilogram days. If you want to make progress in the x-direction here to probe lower dark matter masses, then what we really need are lower detector thresholds and I will elaborate on this a little bit more. Okay, so let's look at the simple kinematics of direct detection. This is a very simple picture and you know this very well. Dark matter comes into your detector. It strikes a nucleus and now you ask what is the recoil energy of the nucleus? What is the kinetic energy with which the outgoing nucleus flies off? That depends on the momentum transfer Q here. The recoil energy is nothing else than Q squared over 2 mm. If we have a back-to-back scattering in the center of mass frame, then we have a maximum recoil and we can now turn this little equation around and say suppose our experiment has a minimal and acceptance of it. We require a certain recoil in order to detect the signal. Then this certain recoil demands a minimum relative velocity and so that's just given here. Let's say for example our detector requires a 500EV recoil in order to detect the scattering then for a 1GV particle what you need is if you want to schedule an oxygen then you need to have a relative velocity of 600 km per second and if you want to deposit 500EV on a maximum nucleus then already for a 1GV particle you need 1700 km per second. And so that immediately tells you that we might be out of luck there because we believe that the velocity distribution first of all the velocity distribution of dark matter in the galactic halo is to good approximation a Maxwellian. So this here is a Maxwellian shape. But most importantly it's not a Maxwellian with a long wing tail but it's a Maxwellian with a cutoff and the cutoff is just given by the fact that the galaxy has a finite gravitational potential and so there's a finite escape velocity and so it cannot host particles above a certain speed and this escape velocity is somewhere in the range of 650 km per second. And so if you go back to this equation now we realize that say dark matter has really mass of 1GV then there is no particle that is bound to the galaxy that could induce say a 500EV nuclear recall on a xenon atom. And so in a sense that's a kinematical no-go theorem we will not be able to detect dark matter particles with a mass smaller than 1GV in wind nucleus scattering if the detector doesn't have a lower threshold than 500EV. And so that's the no-go theorem I was alluding to in my title. Now you can ask okay well given the situation how can we make progress in this plot of dark matter mass versus wind-nuclear cross-section because there's a lot of parameter space vastly open and these are perfectly viable dark matter candidates. Dark matter doesn't have to be under GV it can also be below the GV scheme that's a perfectly fine possibility. So of course people discuss experimental alternatives to this for example you may not consider the scattering on the nucleus but instead you may consider dark matter scattering on the electron and that's a fair game to play and people use this scattering to put constraints for dark matter below their GV scale. Another possibility is to actually directly produce dark matter in the lab this goes under the framework of the so-called intensity frontier so for example you can shoot electron or proton beams on fixed targets and produce dark matter directly there. Or there are also a whole number of ideas out there you know superconductors using color centers in crystals and what not. So there is a plentitude of ideas how we can actually gain access to sub GV dark matter and these methods it will the time will tell what a prospective proposal said. But for my talk I would like to propose a different mechanism and that is simply leaving the elastic scattering and going instead to the inelastic channel. And so what we have in mind is now dark matter scatters again on the nucleus and now the nucleus emits a continuum photon. So basically it's prem straddle at this point and we can just work through the exercise we can just derive the cross section for this and see if there is any prospect that this gives us something better. All right so let's do this. It's very well known that the soft photon emission here can be described by a so-called by a factorized matrix element where the matrix element for the whole process is just the elastic scattering matrix element times basically a gauge invariant factor epsilon is the polarization vector and dotted into the to the momentum k is the momentum of the photon here. It's important to note that this sort of factorization holds for any nucleus and that's because basically this is a semi-classical process. The nucleus moves on a classical trajectory and the emissionist quantum. So this is a really universal statement here. And so given that the matrix element factorizes also the cross section does. And so we immediately obtain the cross section for this inelastic process here. So it's very simple at this point. All right so let's compute the cross section and here it is. And now the important part is so again the cross section here now you can see it factorizes this is just the elastic piece and there's sort of a cutoff of the maximum photon energy omega and times this factor here. Now importantly if you look at the maximum energy of the photon we realize that it is basically the kinetic energy of the wind. And so if we compare the maximum photon energy with the maximum recall energy we find that for light dark matter the maximum photon energy wins. And that's the first key why this method actually gives an improvement. So we have a possibility to reach higher energies. The second key is that it's really hard to detect a soft nuclear recall experimentally. However if we have a soft photon then it's basically never missed. And so these are the two key facts which help us to exploit this inelastic channel. Of course we should make sure that this sort of factorization which we use here in deriving this cross section holds and indeed this does so that the change of momentum transfer delta q with the additional photon except for the photon endpoint energy is always much smaller than momentum transfer itself and so we can really use this simple picture here. Alright of course if you do that we pay a price going to the inelastic channel costs. First of all it costs a factor of alpha so find structure constant but actually this factor of alpha is even overcompensated for having nuclei by a coherence factor charge squared and so this is not the big punishment. The big punishment is a factor recall energy over nuclear mass. So basically here there's a q squared which translates into recall energy over mn. And so if you look at xenon we find this suppression factor is actually enormous. Eight or seven orders of magnitude. So now the question is well can we overcome this suppression? And the answer is yes because the recall spectrum is actually an exponentially rising function with smaller recall energies and so we can tap this exponential to overcome the suppression. Maybe I just show you a plot that's the easiest thing to understand. So here I show you a recall spectrum now of either nuclear recoil so the usual thing one is after in direct detection or now a photon energy and the dotted line here that shows the usual elastic the usual elastic scattering spectrum and it's cut off here for these values for a 1gb particle. It's cut off at basically 100 eb recall energy. It's cut off because there's escape velocity. And now you see the benefit of going to the inelastic channel because even though there's a big suppression in the rates energetically the brainstorming sort of seeps out of the elastic spectrum and so this part of the spectrum you can now use to constrain these light particles because the energies go up to a here 3kV for example. So that's very nice. But we should be a little bit worried because maybe we have been a little bit too naive about the way of how this photon emission really works. Namely we have treated the nucleus as being a bare nucleus fully ionized and we have derived a cross-section for Bremstrahl that actually scales as 1 of omega. So let me just go back. You can see here there's a 1 of omega factor. This is a well-known infrared divergence for soft photon emission. And so if we go to softer and softer photon energies the whole picture becomes modified by the fact that the nucleus is not bare but it's actually sitting in a balance state with electrons. And so we should really work in this picture where the WIMP scatters on the nucleus inside this electron cloud and what happens is this is how to understand the process. The WIMP scatters on the nucleus. It displaces the nucleus from the electron cloud and it creates a dipole here a dipole between plus and minus and from that dipole you can emit a photon. In order for this picture to hold there are some certain conditions which have to be fulfilled. For example the interaction time of the WIMP with the nucleus has to be rather small so that this displacement really is not an adiabatic move of the whole atom but we really instantaneously shift the nucleus and then we can actually emit the photon from this polarized atom. But it turns out that this picture holds rather well for our purposes. All right so this is a quantum mechanical calculation which we then did so we compute now this process of nucleus scattering in this balance state of electrons and I here is the initial electron configuration F is the final electron configuration and quantum mechanically all intermediate states N are available and doing this in the end of the day what we find is a cross-section where we now get an omega cube factor in front which has to be there because omega cube is basically the energy scaling of dipole emission so the dipole of this polarized atom so that's very nice. This alpha of omega is not the fine structure constant but this alpha is something called what is called the polarizability of the atom. So it's a certain part of this scattering tensor of an atom and which is there if we consider that the final state equals the initial state so there will be further contributions to the process if the final state is not the initial state but if we want to put conservative bounds we can just take i plus f and in that case this becomes here in the cross-section of polarizability and then we get these usual factors here. Most importantly and I think this was the nicest part in this whole project is when we did this quantum mechanical calculation if you let the energy, the photon energy go to its end point we actually recover our naive calculation. So the polarizability, the properties of it are such that we just get this c squared alpha factor back it has alpha has a one over omega squared dependence and so in the end of the day we couple precisely into the naive result so that's very nice and that gives us sort of a confidence that we're doing things right here. Okay so let me show you this picture again. Now the dotted line was the naive calculation of BAMS trial and now in addition here we have this blue solid line and that's given through the polarizability and most importantly this polarizability is something which is tabulated so we can actually go into the atomic data tables and just read out the values and we don't have to do any more calculation but we can make connection to experimentally inferred values and so now we are sort of really slashed down all the theoretical uncertainties of this process. Okay so now we have done the important part of calculating that process in detail now we need to understand how we can put it to use in the reflection experiments. The first thing to note is that if we emit a photon from the nucleus it's a so-called electron recoil event and it's not going to show up in the signal band where one usually expects dark matter scattering to happen in the so-called nuclear recoil band. Instead it happens in the electron recoil band where we have a lot of conch and gammas and beta radiative activity and all these sort of things show up. And so this band is pretty crowded coming because of radiative activity and it's crowded here. This is the example of a crested vector so it's a solid state vector, it's a crystal and also the crystals have typically KAB thresholds and so this makes a solid state detector currently less suited for this type of search where we look for this soft photon. Instead the way to go is to use liquid simulators and the reason why it's because even a very soft photon can induce a signal the ionization energy of xenon is only 12 eV and so that's basically all unique 12 eV and you can already get a signal. And so if you say inject 100 eV photon it already produces multiple electrons and so in principle this is easily picked up, the electrons are ionized and then they are drifted in the detector and it gives an already strong signal. And so it turns out one of the best data are actually also one of the oldest data on this. So this here is the Xenotene experiment and in 2011 they put out ionization only analysis so they throw away the scintillation signal which is usually much weaker and they only look at ionization and here you see their observed spectrum so this is here the number of one electron events here the number of events with two electrons, four electrons, five and so on and so forth. And so we can use this plot to put a super conservative limit on our process of self-parametric emission because if you just take the whole plot here and we just say we don't care how many electrons are produced in the end which is in everything together we can get a very robust limit by just demanding that the photon emission rate is smaller than the ionization rate observed in this plot and doing that we get this limit here. So now these gray areas right here those are the existing dark metal limits coming from the elastic scattering and usually all limits end above a GV so now here this is MAV energy they end above GV, only crest 2 they are the only experiment which put a very aggressive limit down to 500 MAV on dark metal nuclear scattering but below that there is no existing limit and so now we were able to actually put the first limit from that detection in this mass range here. Actually we can do a little bit better I outlined to you sort of the conservative procedure of taking this whole plot in one pin we can also do a differential limit and that's something the referees for example requested for our paper now that's not online yet on the archive but the revised version will have a limit which makes use of the differential information of how many electrons are produced and so in our revised version we consider in more detail the process the microscopic process how many electrons are produced upon emission of the photon and details are not so important here what is important here is that the limit can actually be improved and now we go from the 10 to minus 30 level you improve it by another order of magnitude and so this here is now the Xenon 10 limit all right we should still be a little bit worried because of these cross-sections right here are not too small 10 to minus 30 versus 10 to minus 36 or smaller and so it turns out that dark metal may actually start to scatter before it reaches the detector on the ground and so if you compute the mean free path we find that for 10 to minus 30 cross-section we actually get into the order of the overburden of the detector and so if we really want to put a precise limit we should start doing a Monte Carlo analysis of how the incoming flux gets modified and how the incoming energies get modified through this elastic scattering we did this a little bit let me skip over the details here what you can see is if you take a light particle and you let it scatter in the earth you see how its velocity gradually degrades so the spectrum becomes softer but it doesn't do it very quickly and that's because the energy loss is pretty much suppressed by dark matter mass over nuclear mass and so the lighter dark matter the longer it takes for actually the particle will ping around but it will not lose energy very quickly and so it takes really a whole number of scatterings before it is too soft to induce a real signal here you see how the flux goes down in any case for this paper here for this first paper we have refrained from separating this Monte Carlo analysis into the limits and we merely say that above 10 to the minus 30 cm² the limits eventually will disappear and how quickly they disappear this depends now on the details of this degradation and I want you to do this Monte Carlo I just highlighted before but nevertheless there is a fraction of parameter space which survives okay there is more data Xenon 100 this year put out finally their S2 only analysis it was a little bit disappointing in the sense that they sort of had a rather high few electron rate in their detector which this is background which is sort of somewhat poorly understood but we can still put it to use and we get a somewhat better limit but not much better in any case what we have derived is now the first limit below 500 mV now if you want to go forward larger detectors might not be necessarily better detectors so here is for example Xenon 100 and the reason is the background rate really but a low background rate is only achieved in the fiducial volume so that means only in a sort of in a core region of the detector which is far away from photomultiplies and all that now you can ask how do you actually fiducialize and the way to fiducialize is by observing the scintillation signal so you see two photons flying off and that gives you the ability to construct the position of the event and that allows you to say if it's in the fiducial or outside the fiducial volume so these small rates require actually the scintillation signal and so it very much depends how good your detector is in picking up the weaker scintillation signal in order to make use of the fiducialized rates let me skip over the details here and just show you our projections for sort of an experiment a liquid xenon experiment where we require scintillation and where the detection efficiency of these photons of each of the photons vary between 40% and 100% 40% is what the best detectors do right now 100% is very futuristic and sort of this gives you I would say the most optimistic reach of this technology when we want to exploit the inelastic channel on the other hand actually turns out that Crest so the solid state detectors might do better so Crest they produce now their own crystals so they are homegrown and they promise us very low radioactive rates and their crystals and so using their own numbers from the paper for projections we actually get this line there so this is something interesting to do for them I should note that even if Crest lowers the threshold here they might get better in their limit with the elastic scattering but the elastic the recoil energy and the elastic signal it decouples with M chi squared whereas the kinetic energy of the wind goes linearly with M chi so there's always a region that Bramstrahlung will win over the elastic channel so even though this picture might look different in the future there will still be a region where the Bramstrahlung will be the best probe for low dark metal masses okay I think I should talk half an hour so let me I'm a little bit over time already so I'll be a little bit quicker over the rest one important thing is we should actually compare our proposal to dark matter electron scattering because constraints have already been put on sub-GV dark matter from dark matter electron scattering and if you look at the numbers here what are the cross sections which are constrained we find that basically we can only get an improvement over the dark matter electron scattering limits if dark matter electron scattering is suppressed at least by six orders of magnitude relative to dark matter nuclear if dark matter nuclear scattering wins over dark matter electron scattering by at least six orders of magnitude and so naturally we are drawn into so-called leptophobic dark matter models where dark matter only scatters on the nucleus but doesn't scatter on the electron and so let me just show you the most vanilla simple model of a leptophobic dark matter model which you can build you can take U1B gauged barrier number V would be the vector of this new U1 group and you can have a fermionic or scalar dark matter particle which then has gauging directions of this new U1 so dark matter interacts with the barrier and current essentially so Q bar Q is the Q bar gamma mu Q is the barrier and current and yeah so this model these sort of leptophobic models have been entertained a lot in the literature and so we can just put them to use for our purposes however what is important even if the kinetic mixing of the kinetic mixing with the ordinary photon is zero at tree level it might be induced radiatively and so radiatively we can actually generate dark matter electron scattering even if we had it turned off on the tree level and so just think of this process here we have the ordinary photon and here we have our gauge barrier number quantum run in the loop and they induce radiative radiative copper here and so if you look at sort of the parametric estimates we start out with scattering on the on the nucleon we have this value here and then there will be scattering on electrons it has an additional factor of copper squared alpha times alpha b versus alpha b squared so alpha b squared is sort of the barrier in coupling with a copper that is radiatively induced so it's on this order and if you compare this cross-section now we actually find that indeed we can achieve this hierarchy between between electron and maybe just show you a plot instead here in orange this line here is the Bremstrahlung emission this is now the theory rate so this is the rate in Xenon it's a function of gamma energy it's given here and in blue smaller is the rate of electrons scattering with a radiatively induced process and most importantly the gamma energy is sort of higher so it has a higher endpoint energy and so when you start to fold in the electron multiplicity is a settler so if you work out the detector signal this year will be a much stronger signal than this blue one here and so indeed we can cover new territory here finally there can also be constraints from the collider here from monogets this has been worked out in the literature and we can use this limit to put them on our plot as well in the end of the day the upshot is we have nice new limits and we break new ground with these things and so let me conclude and provide some outlook I've shown you that that already existing as well as upcoming energy batching experiments they can constrain a region in dark metamask which has been thought to be inaccessible namely the sub 500 MAB mass region and we break this kinematical no-go theorem from elastics scattering by going to the inelastic channel of photon emission which has the benefit of having a higher endpoint energy and I've shown you I've proven the existence of models that we can actually constrain better with this method I should also say there's a whole number of ways how we can and will actually improve our limits on this first proposal so for example we should look at not only the photon emission channel but we should also look at the direct shake-off contribution of electrons so you kick the nucleus some electrons fly off and so this is the soft signal and we should also include higher atomic final states we should work out the analog signal in a semiconductor versus which has a very different electron band structure and so the signal formation might be different and finally we should also re-evaluate the neutrino floor given this new signal here thank you very much I should switch back now to my camera over here hello hello hello can you hear me yes I can hear you host has a problem so now I'm gonna be host for now so thank you very much Joseph was very nice I like it a lot so maybe just to remember to the people following now the webinar that they can make questions to chat if you're following this live you can make questions for Joseph directly to him but now we start with a question from the public that is here in the session of the Hangout so if there is someone with a question we're gonna start now so I have a very hi so your issue with the cross section was it was involved the rescatterings with the shield of your detector right so would you suggest in that case removing this shield decreasing the shield how would that affect your backgrounds for those searches I think maybe I was not entirely clear on this point so if you look at if you look at the projections say from Xenon-1 ton so Xenon-1 ton they are trying to reduce their electromagnetic background by a lot and so they give us rates between one or even two orders of magnitude lower than in their current detector so they say they will so this is a reduction of electromagnetic background by a large factor and you can ask how do I go to the small rates and you can only do it by taking by by utilising your detector volume because on the out there exterior you know just the usually components of the detector sit they are dirty in a sense so they have a lot of contribution to the background and so as soon as it can start localising where your event was you can cut you can cut out all the crap but that localisation requires scintillation and scintillation is a weak signal and it requires sufficient energy deposition and so that's why just making a bigger detector and having smaller visualised rates does not necessarily gain you a lot in our proposal and so it depends a lot on experimental details and we have tried to quantify them to some degree and wow yeah okay I see thanks so there is another question I have a question when people start to prepare questions so when you were explaining in the model the idea of using the photo I was wondering if it is do you expect to have also effect like spin dependent cross sections because at the moment you just compare with the spin independent with the coherent scattering of the from the mission from the photo but I was wondering if there is some effect or different observable depending on which part I mean which part of the nucleus is emitting the photo in principle it should be only the proton if it is I know you don't have to worry about any nuclear form factor of any sort so we are also not considering the emission of a photon because of an excitation of the nucleus so there I mean I should maybe more generally answer that there are various ways of emitting a photon from a nucleus one way is the WIMP scatters pretty strongly and you go into an excited state of the nucleus then it de-excites and it emits a photon these things have been looked at but it requires quite sizable momentum transfer and you can only go into excited state using heavier dark matter so you need WIMP dark matter and then there are certain xenon isotopes which have you know 30 kV low-lying nuclear levels which you might hope to excite this is one possibility but this is not what we look at because we look at very light dark matter and so you never go into an excited state and now there you never need to worry about things like flipping a nuclear or any of these sort because the photon is relatively soft and so you never probe in the structure of the nucleus so this is basically a coherent emission with a factor of C squared the photon energies go at most a kV and you know Fermi scale is 200 MeV so you have a very soft photon with respect to the size of the nucleus you never resolve any of that but since you mentioned spin dependent what is interesting in the spin dependent case is that there are certain operators where you can couple to quarks and you never generate a coupling to electrons on no loop level so for example this is the that's an axial vector, axial vector coupling but it's also velocity suppressed but in principle I think what we should do is take our proposal and also look for the spin dependent case indeed there are there are really cases where you don't induce any scattering on electrons and then I'm sure it will be the only way of going to low masses did this answer your question? Yeah, in fact it was very enlightening so just the other extreme when you were showing lower limit of if I remember it was kind of 50 MeV something like that 10 MeV I can turn on the you want me to turn on the Yeah, if it is possible Yes, sure My question was was in the point of which is the would be your no-go theorem for this method in the sense because at some point your no-go was the minimal recall energy that can be detected in the I mean what would be your that's a great question so that actually depends on what's your method of detection say for example we look at these liquid scintillators and if you look at these liquid scintillators what you require is ionization so the minimum energy of the photon is 12 MeV that's the binding energy of the most shallow bound electron in a xenonucleus so that's the n equals 5 shell there's an electron with 12 MeV so that's the minimum energy you need and that energy so 12 MeV would be the minimum kinetic energy of the dark matter particle you need to have and so now you take M chi V square at half equals 12 MeV and you find out what's the dark matter mass and so it's I don't know it's somewhere in the MeV I don't know the exact value but that would be the answer but it's also possible that you are going lower and you say oh actually I don't require I don't require the ionization signal but you can directly try to detect this photon it's close to 7 MeV liquid cleaner becomes transparent and so it's like liquid cleaner is transparent to scintillation so it's transparent to its own scintillation that's why you can detect it and so in principle you can also try to be more ambitious and look really for the super soft part of the spectrum directly not easy I mean we have some ideas I'm not sure what what is going to work in the end we are thinking of this okay so and just the last question for the moment is the what about the experiment with another modulation do you think that they could also try to use this method yeah so I don't have my bonus material I made them so that is you can ask what you can do is you can ask for example take Dharma and you can speculate that maybe the modulating signal is not due to wait you know what maybe let me pull up a slide and show you I have a I have a different talk where I have this if you can just wait okay so oops I need to do it again and then I can show you the plot do you see my screen yes we can see it okay very good so oops okay it seems that the host I mean the speaker went out maybe he went to look for the slides to the next office but for the moment that he's coming back you can also remember to the people that you can make questions to him you can start to write a question to him in the YouTube chat live for the moment that he's coming back you can also remember to subscribe to our Facebook page and if you enter to the to the WordPress page that we have there is one of the menu that is to subscribe to the mailing list in case that you want to receive all the announcement of the webinars and just a reminder if you have any of it so you can write there so for the moment that he's connecting back also we can I don't know if you guys you were planning to make questions to them because it seems that the also he was gone you have a question for him yes but for him not for me let's wait for a moment and wait a couple of minutes because the most probably if you notice that when he he turned down his laptop it seems that maybe he disconnected the cable of his computer now it's coming back great I'm sorry did you hear any, sorry I think I hit the quick button on the wrong did you hear anything from what I said no it's remaining a secret I think maybe that was engineered no ok I'll show you I will make it very quick sorry ok wait ok so here it is so you can hypothesize that dark matter that the annual modulation is not induced by elastic scattering but by from the bramble straddle part of the elastic scattering but that happens at a lower energy and so we assume now that it's not deducted only the harder part of the spectrum which is the bramble straddle makes it into the deductible region and that's what indeed is observed and so here I went through the exercise of fitting the Dharma signal through this bramble straddle and that gives a very nice fit good chi-square and all of this if you look in the bigger context where this island shows up you see it right here so this here is now a third Dharma island there are these two islands down here somewhere at higher dark matter masses and now there's this here is the island coming from bramble straddle had we proposed this a number of years back this would probably be very exciting when the other limits were not in place but now it's actually this possibility is excluded so yeah it was a fun exercise but I don't think it has anything to do with Dharma okay so there were now we have the you're back here can you hear us? yes I can hear okay sorry so I have a question about the directionality can you use this to reconstruct the direction of coming dark matter? so the direction and something we are thinking about and we think it might be possible it's not easy so there's a direction of dependence in the in the photon emission and that is you basically dot q so the momentum transfer into the polarization vector that's the information you have okay and so there's a certain there's a preference radiation so yeah orthogonal to this to the direction of the if you want and so there's some information there you may try to correlate it with the recoil energy and we are currently looking tossing various possibilities around of doing this I don't think it's easy but if you go to low photon energies again what I said before the genome becomes transparent and you may actually you may actually try to do this but maybe not so we have the cross sorry maybe not photon by photon but statistically you can try to of course yeah this is statistically yeah but yeah so so we have all the formulas we have to put the things together now so do we have other questions for Joseph I guess the time is we already are right to the hour of transmission so I guess it was a very I'm going to take it but we have questions in the in the chat it's no we don't have questions there but anyway for the all the followers of the transmission you can you can watch again this webinar in our YouTube channel so I guess for the moment we are going to thank Joseph for this very nice seminar and the idea that was very good to explain and I guess just to talk to the rest of the people following us is just to join us again next week we are going to have another webinar from Pablo Roy from Simbestar, Mexico and and I hope you'll see you again next week so goodbye thank you very much


Well, hello my friends and welcome back to my channel. Today I wanted to share some new fun things that are in store on the Aaron Condren website. First of all, thank you so much to the Aaron Condren team for sending me some of these lovely items. And before we do that, I wanted to give you guys an update on my on the go folio, which is right here and what I've decided to put in it for 2008. Wow, no, not 2018, 2019. Wow, I am already losing it and we're like a minute into the video. Sweet. So I made a few changes to this and I wanted to share what I'm going to be putting in here or what is actually already in here and how I like modified it just a little bit for me. So if you guys didn't see the video where I shared this, I will leave a link up in the corner for you guys. I decided to keep the champagne colored folio. I did a giveaway with that video. The giveaway is already over with and that person already has their stuff. So very exciting. So this is what I decided to put in it is the 2019 monthly planner, which I'm very, very excited about. I love it. I already put in like all my paydays, which is amazing. And then this is new to me. This is one of the just lined notebooks. So I put this in there and then I have my meal planner, which is awesome. I love a good meal planner. So yeah, and then over here is the dot grid. Oh no, this one isn't dot grid. I'm sorry. This is another lined notebook. So you can fit four of these in here. And what I decided to do was before these were kind of like flopping around in here and it just, I didn't like the way it felt. Like I wanted it to be a little tighter like on the band. So what I did was on this one, I kind of finagled them a little bit and then I made a new knot and trimmed this down. I probably removed about an inch or two of the band and I like the tightness of this a lot better before I felt like these were kind of like popping out of it, if that makes sense. Like it was just kind of protruding out a little bit and I just didn't like it. So clearly I haven't started like using this on the daily basis, but I feel like this is going to be really easy for me to use in my like normal everyday life. It's so much easier than walking around with a life planner for me personally. So I'm excited to use this bad boy. So I just want to give you guys a little update. So let's go on to the haul. First off, we got to talk about washi tape, y'all. These are some new washi tapes. These are the new washi tapes. Wow, I just said new washi tapes a lot. These are the ones that actually feel like washi tapes and are not the paper tape quality. So these are the metallic washi tape duo and this is the like little asterisks that they have. I love them. This one is all gold and then this one is like a rainbow asterisk. It's kind of like their logo if you will, which I love. And then here is the metallic washi tape duo and these are those scallops.  I'm not going to do it on this video. And then we have the gold. I can't remember which box it was. I think it might have been the fall box. I will leave the link up above in a card for you guys. There was a turquoise color of this same one and the quality of it was so good. I'm not going to take it out of the packaging at the moment because I have a lot of other stuff to get to and I don't want this video to be like an hour long because it definitely could be, but I don't think I would retain your interest for that long. All right, so moving on. We are going to talk about all of this stuff. So let's get into this. So let me pull these out. I decided this year that I, you know, to be honest, I don't have a ton of people to give holiday cards to or anything like that. So I was like, you know what? I think I'll just get like one little pack of these. So I got the pack of, I think 10. So 10 of these and it is the folded note card. And I just figured that this would be great to give to like some family and a couple of friends for the holidays. And I was able to personalize it and I just wrote, I wish you and your family a wonderful holiday season and then my name. And then over on the top, it does have like a little lip with this cute tree pattern, which is a, you know, a new pattern for this year, which I am kind of obsessed with. It's very, very nice. You can also pick what envelope color you wanted. I just decided to go with the, I think these are called just like the craft paper or the craft envelope. It's just kind of that like packaging, like that brown packaging look. So yeah, but there's a bunch of other colors you can pick from. You can pick like red and gold and I think there's actually like metallic ones, like a gold and a silver maybe. So, you know, like I said, I don't have a ton of people to send things to. So I figured, why not, right? I'll just send out the 10 and be done with it. And then I got two packs of these and it is just some gift labels because I'm, I feel like I'm always needing gift labels. And these are more holiday inspired. And it just says just a little something from Emily and they're just adhesive labels that I can put on whatever I would like. So I might be using these on some of my holiday gifts this year. Or I can just, you know, if I want to like make something or bake something, I don't know. I don't know if I'm going to be into baking anything this year, but we'll see. We'll see if a drunk Emily video comes up soon. But I did get two of them. I thought that this pattern was really, really nice. And I felt like this pattern would definitely go with like all of my neutral wrapping paper and stuff too.  So I really like these. Also something fun that is new is there are new sticker sheets. I haven't seen any of these in person. And I have like, to be honest, I've been like wanting to see these ones so bad. These are the Let's Party sticker pack. I did see in some of the pre-released stuff that was sent out to a few people, all of these, but I clearly, I don't, I didn't see them. So I wanted to check them all out. So, oh cool. All right. So these are clear. So which means they have like a clear backing, which is kind of awesome. Oh, I'm excited to put these in the planner. Oh, and then these are just some regular sticker paper. Love all the little banners that say happy birthday, hooray party, celebrate best wishes, and then some blank ones. And then these ones are really nice as well. So it's happy birthday. Oh, happy day. Make a wish. Enjoy just some little scallops. And then also like a to and from. So if you're giving like something that's a little bit smaller, or maybe you're just giving like, I don't know, like a candy bar or something and throwing it at someone's desk or whatever, that's kind of cool. I really like these. Oh, and then these I was kind of pumped about. These are the New Year, New You clear sticker sheet. So I can totally see using these in the planner this year for New Year's. Oh, cool. Oh, these are so nice. I love the colors. Very cool. Oh, I love this little like December 31 and January one. And this is my year. But first champagne ain't that the truth. Celebrate new year, new me. Cheers. Let's party. Like there's so many really fun things. And then like some champagne and little party hats and all this good stuff. This is really cool. And then these are puffy stickers. And these are the Pet Pal puffy stickers, the 3D. And they came out with some puffy stickers for I think it was the fall box or something. You can't remember. My brain is like most you guys, I don't know what's going on half the time. These are really cool. I'm not sure how I would use these to incorporate in my life. But definitely if you're a scrapbook or these would be really awesome. It's like groomers food vet collar and then they've got like outlines of little puppies and little kitties and bones and dishes and lots of other cute stuff. But I feel like in my regular life planner, these wouldn't work for me. But I think there's other applications that you could use them on or you could even use them on gifts. Like if you know somebody that has a dog or a cat. And you want to maybe use like one of your little sticky labels and then, you know, put like a little pop print and put it next to it or something like that would be, that would be kind of cute, right guys. So anyway, I think these are nice and I love the gold metallic so much. And then you know my functional heart really loves these kind of things. This is the color block event stickers. And I haven't seen these in person yet. I haven't seen any of this stuff in person yet to be honest. So this is just so much fun. And I think this was three sheets. Yes. So there's three sheets. And then this one is the rose gold.  But then these other ones here are the silver and then you have like the gold metallic as well. And they're just like a nice functional sticker. I love it. Makes life so nice. When things are so functional. Love that. These are going to go very well in my planner and I'm excited to use them. And this I'm so pumped about. This is the designer sticker book. This is the monthly collection edition. And I did decide to get a couple of these for some planner friends in my life.  But I got some extras because you know I needed some extras. Plus I was like well I might as well do some holiday shopping while I'm at it right guys. So this is a beautiful teal color and it says each moment of the year has its own beauty. And let's open this up. Oh no mine like stuck a little bit. Oh well. Whoopsie. New meaning to sticker book right guys. So anyway the January has all these beautiful blue and greens which is nice. Love this little like cup of whatever. Maybe tea maybe coffee. Maybe hot chocolate. I'm gonna go with hot chocolate. Yeah so all these are so pretty. And then we've got February. Oh this is so pretty this year. Wow. I love the metallic that they've kind of incorporated with it. Oh and then we've got March. Oh March is my fave. It has my new favorite colorway. I am like by the way totally in love with the new themed pattern for this year which is Woven Wonder. I am obsessed with it. I love it so much and I don't think I've ever like absolutely loved the specific design for the year. I love this because I feel like it's not so feminine but I also feel like it's not ultra masculine. I feel like it kind of like toes the line in the center and I am not the most girly girl in the world. So flowers and hearts and that kind of stuff is just like so not me but I love this and I just I just love it. I just love it so much. It's so nice and I love it with the like the navy background and I also really love it with the white background too and over here they did it with like a teal background which is kind of cool but anyway I just went off on a tangent about the Woven Wonder pattern. Sorry guys. But this is March. It's so pretty. Yay. Oh April is really cool too. Love April. Nice. Yeah love all these like watercolor kind of looks. And then May. Oh May is really pretty. Very cool. And then we've got June which June is another kind of pattern for this year which is that hexagon which isn't my favorite but I can see why people really like it though. So I'm sure a lot of you guys would love that and then we've got July. Oh July. Oh you're so pretty. I love July.  I love 4th of July. It's like one of my favorite holidays. So yeah this is so nice and I love this blue foil. It's so dark pretty. All right we've got August with all the llamas. It says be epic. Oh that's really cool. I can totally see using some of this for Go Wild this year. All right we've got September which has like all the little peacocks in on there which is kind of cool. We've got October. Oh this foil is nice. It's like really like burnt orange foil. It's very pretty. And then we've got November. Oh this is kind of a cool like it's like an icy blue color. That's really neat. And then December. Oh my gosh I always love December every year. The like theme that they come up with. I love these little trees. This is so freaking cute. I might have to use this this year to be honest. Yeah. All right so that is it for the new sticker book. I love the new foil. I think this they just like one up themselves every year. It's so awesome and it's like how can you improve on this and they will. They will. It's just it's just the way it is. I also decided to get one of these covers which I thought was so so darn pretty. And if you guys let me see let me grab my planner that I'm currently planning out of. On one of the I think it was the fall box. Yeah it was the fall box because I put these on here. On the fall box was this really pretty just black white gray and gold plaid which I was obsessed with. And then they just came out with this for the holidays and I just thought oh my gosh I need this clearly because I'm obsessed with this one. I love this one as well. So got this. So I'm really pumped about using this on my planner. I'll probably end up popping that on in about a week or so. This is the last thing I'm going to show you. They also have these gift sets which I think are kind of awesome.  It's a bag. Not a pouch. It's a bag. And this is the one I picked out and I think it was like something that they had like marketed for a co-worker. So there's the colorful dual tip markers. You also get a jot your thought journal with the lined pages. One of my favorite things.  So the idea is you put everything in the bag and you can just gift it like that. And then I haven't seen this so let's walk through this together but first let's change the battery because my battery's flashing at me so I'll be right back. All right after some movie magic I am back. So let's open this bad boy up and take a peek at it. I've been wanting to see one of these and the last time I placed an order this was out of stock so I couldn't get my grubby little hands on it. But this is the Lux Weekly Schedule Pad and Love the Woven Wonder as we all know and then it says turn your dreams into plans weekly schedule pad and this is like it's almost like it's a little bit thinner but this cover it's hard and it's almost like the Lux covers. It's it feels different though. You know what it feels like? It feels like the hardbound notebooks. This is exactly what that feels like. That's what it feels like. Okay moving on. You get a little vellum page so nice ooh and then you have week of and then in the gold foil as well Monday through Sunday and yeah oh my gosh this is so cool. All right hold on ooh I think that's all the things that are in here but that's pretty darn neat. Sometimes they sneak little things in the back for you. You never know. You never know what they're in Conrad. She's kind of a sneaky gal so let's see. Oh nothing in the back which is fine but I think that there was a way you know to like put it up you know like you can since the cover and the back cover are hard it's hard to see but you can basically just have it sitting like this like on your desk or on your countertop or something like that because you know these edges can hold it or you can you know grab a little stand and something like that but you know you can easily just whoop go like that easy peasy so then you can see what's going on or you can just leave it on your desk or something like this so very cool. Oh I think this is so nice. I have someone in mind that would really really like this so that is where that is going to go. Oh I'm so excited. All right so that is going to be it for my What's New at Aaron Condron haul. Thank you guys so much for hanging out with me today. There is a link below to shop if you would like. If you've never ordered anything from Aaron Condron there's also a special link for you. If you create a profile and sign up you will get an email from the Aaron Condron team for $10 off of your first purchase and once your item ships if you decide to use the $10 off coupon code then I get $10 off of my next purchase as well so thank you if you want to use that and thank you to everybody that has used that and then also I have an affiliate link down below as well which means that just if you use that portal I will get a small commission for just sending you there so anyways thank you guys so much for watching. I'm so excited to use all of these things. You guys will see this stuff coming up on my channel fairly soon and the gift giving season is upon us so I am very very pumped to start some gifting ideas and crossing some people off of my list so anyway that's it for me today. Thank you guys so much for hanging out. If you liked the video give it a thumbs up feel free to subscribe if you'd like to see more and I will see y'all in the next video. Bye guys. Well folks it's time to kick it old school so you can feel cool.


Yes, and I'll need to share my screen. Oh, no worries. I've already made you co host. Okay, good. I like to wish everybody happy library workers day that's today Tuesday this is National Library week so I asked the staff to wear books or library related materials so my library related attire so I'm sort of in my brown Daniel attire but I wanted to wish everybody especially the library is a happy library workers day. I'm Glenn Alvin I'm the interim executive director of libraries and media centers. I wear two hats and also the assistant director for collection management. I'll be sharing two sources that we have here at the Brown Daniel library. And of course, we do have a live guy we call those are research guides and ours is done by Julia husky, who is the head of cataloging also the liaison for history, political science geography and Africana studies, and she has gone through and pulled open education sources as they're related to different academic disciplines. She's also linked it to the OER site here at TSU, and she has all kinds of information and resources. about open education resources that our faculty can use. One source that we have here at TSU is we have a subscription to faculty select which is an OER database that is produced by EBSCO and it contains digital rights management DRM books. It also contains books that are open education resources, ones that can be purchased and ones that are also free the faculty member just has to go to the website and sign up. So, they can type in their particular discipline in this case will go with microbiology and do a search. It has your typical EBSCO display, if you're an EBSCO customer, and you'll see here where it says request a purchase of this item from your library. And what that does is it brings up this slip. And they fill in their name and their information and when they hit submit, it comes directly to my email. And what I do is, I look to see if this is a book that needs to be purchased. And if it is I go to the EBSCO website for ebooks, and I find the book, and I look to see whether or not it has unlimited users which means that they can put it in their core shell and use it for multiple sections, or whether it's limited times, they will only allow three concurrent users. I try to get the maximum number of users because the faculty member wants this book so they can allow the students to use the books, and not have to worry about costs. Therefore, the library takes up that cost by paying for the book and whatever users we can get. This is the source that we are using and I think this is the third year that we've had it and we've been successful in having faculty across the disciplines users sometimes our public administration, people use it and sometimes our faculty members and education and so forth, they will use it. And other times they will just send me an email and say where can I get an open education source for my class and I can send them this link and then they will fill out the form and send me the book to order. This is a link that cannot be shared publicly. So we have to do contacts via each faculty member so I asked the library leisons each semester to send out the link to the faculty members so that we can capture the new ones to tell them that we do have this source and here's the link that you can use to order books that are open education. That is our main source for ordering books, other than that. If they're like I said if there is a book that is not one that we have to purchase, but it's one that's on an open education website and they need help. In the library system we're going to that website and letting them know how they can get that book whether they have to sign up for it or they have to fill in the information and send it off to the publisher. So we do lend assistance to our faculty members in regards to trying to get books that are open education whether we have to purchase them or not. And that is the end of my presentation. Thank you. Now, thank you so much. You all have been such an incredible job. So many amazing resources that are out there that are really readily available for our faculty members.


TFNN, headline news update. Hi everyone, this is Basel Chapman, sitting in for the 9am news report here, TFNN. The futures are now down 40, the S&P futures are down 6. What we're looking at is the Dow is bumping, you see the left side chart, the Dow is bumping into resistance in the daily chart. So I think there could be some kind of a consolidation here, but so far the technicals are still very strong. If you look at the S&P, same thing, bumping into technicals as it gets to the high of, let me just put this in, there we go. As we get to the 2891 area where it is, where it closed yesterday, now of course it's down a little bit because of the futures. But it needs to get into the 2905 area to really say, oops, I'm breaking out. Now I've done with the consolidation, the QQQ, the NDX is being affected by the semiconductors, semiconductors because of the Vagio, which is Broadcom, got SMAC last night, was down very sharply, down 26, and the semiconductors are down very sharply. They're down, SMH is down 3 at 102.23, but here you've got the QQQ down 97, so it is being affected somewhat by the semiconductor industry, but actually I'm impressed that it's holding quite as well as it is. The real story here of course is gold, and gold had a very big move, it was up 15 points at one stage, and now it's up 9 at 13.52, it's bumping into, if you look at my chart in the middle of the weekly chart, it's bumping to the left side, resistance that goes all the way back to February of this year in the 3061 area. The dollar is actually holding quite well, it's just not breaking down, and that's important. The dollar is up 14 at 97.19, I'd say that's pretty good action. So you've got to think of them separately. Gold I think, look, silver is not participating as well as gold. Gold is part of this fear factor, the geopolitical stuff, so that's important. And if you look at crude oil, crude oil at this stage is now up 9 cents, it's just not doing anything. Crude oil should in fact from yesterday's news be up in the 58th, it's at 52.36. So that says nothing to worry about right here. So we'll be looking at this, and remember the bonds, microinterpretation is the money flows when the market gets volatile, money tends to go from the equities into bonds and the bonds are up 14 ticks at 131.27 in the TLT, but it's only in a high level consolidation. It's not breaking out to the upside, it's more safety factor. Stay tuned for Larry Percevento coming out, trade what you see should be a fabulous show as always in trading and programming here all day. Have a wonderful weekend, Baselchap and signing off.


Live from Cambridge, Massachusetts, it's the Cube. At the MIT Chief Data Officer and Information Quality Symposium. With hosts Dave Vellante and Paul Gillin. Hi everybody, welcome back to Cambridge, Massachusetts. This is the Cube and we're here at the MIT Information Quality Symposium, the CBO Forum. Now this is the second year that we've been invited to participate in this forum It's been fascinating to see the evolution of the Chief Data Officer and how that role has been adopted, particularly within regulated industries, but increasingly other sort of less regulated industries are looking at the role, organizations trying to figure out how to handle data governance with the big data meme really coming to the fore. Professor Stuart Madnick is a Cube alum, was here last year. Stuart, great to see you again. Thanks for coming to the Cube. It's a pleasure, you guys do a fantastic job. Thank you for joining us. Appreciate it. It was wonderful to be here. It was a pleasure. It's so many surprises come out of these events and great guests on the Cube and we really love the collaboration. You kicked off yesterday with one of the keynotes and I want to talk about that a little bit. You know, you picked up on the theme of data quality and you used an example of you broke out the, I think you went to the Smithsonian and you said, you got the overhead projector. I remember them well, you know, the foils, right? You had a data point that I'd like you to share with the audience. Can you talk about that a little bit? It's a bit of an amusing one that I've used many years in the past and I was asked to resurrect it, if you will, for another ex-cage in MIT. And what it was a study done probably 20 or 30 years ago, but what the study did is two points. First, the funny part and then the interesting part was the study that is they measured the average IQ of the entering class of freshmen at MIT. And then four years later, they measured the average IQ of the graduating seniors. And what was interesting, although not a large number, there was a statistically significant drop in IQ between those two studies, which of course led to all kinds of investigations of why that might be the case. But the thing which I wanted to use it as a motivation, besides being kind of an interesting funny story about MIT, to motivate the issue of data understanding data quality and such. And that is in the way I described that experiment, the assumption the average person makes right away is we're talking about the same number of people possibly getting dumber. But there's no guarantee that the graduating seniors four years later were the same people that were measured four years earlier. So that ability to understand exactly the data we're using is so important and we see time and time again where we misunderstand our data and it leads to whether it be amusing stories like that or it leads to sometimes serious problems occurring. Now you're at the MIT Sloan School and of course you got on the backdrop this year. We're very pleased about that. It's just a great backdrop, a lot of collaboration. I wonder if we could talk about that a little bit. It takes a lot of folks to make symposium like this happen. You come from an environment that thrives on collaboration. So give us some background there. Well, as I introduced, our dean was a great generous who was able to spare the time to come over. Well, I have to interrupt you. You said you were very humble.  You know, you're very humble of you to say that. But one of the things that he has mentioned and has put in his part of the mission statement for the Sloan School is basically to have an impact on the world. And so although we do a lot of very scholarly activities at MIT and such, the ability to interact with the professional people, to interact with the public at large is an important part of our mission. And hosting things like the chief data officer information quality symposium is just one of those things that we have done. And we're very pleased with the kinds of reaction and reception we get from a broad array of people, both in other academic institutions, as well as the profession at the large. I want to go back to your MIT students getting stupider examples. Not just because... By the way, if your wife says you don't seem as smart as you were before you left for MIT, can they give an excuse to blame it on MIT? Oh, no, I would blame it on reaching the drinking age during my ten years as a student. But it really does point to an important issue, though, which is truth and the believability of data. And arguably one of the consequences of universal data access and everybody's a publisher now and anybody can say anything they want is that truth has become elusive. We don't really know who to trust anymore. And in fact, people can create their version of the truth, all kinds of bogus research out there, using statistically unsolved methods and such. How does that affect how you teach your students about how they go into the world where many of your students will be occupied by very important positions in technology positions, about how they should interpret truth or believe what is true? Well, there's actually two things I want to point out about it. One thing that isn't an interesting issue is to getting back to the comment regarding MITs and IQ tests is what is it that IQ tests actually measure? And basically measure your ability to answer a certain specific set of questions, which may or may not be correlated with anything to do with your success in life or your ability to be effective and so on.  And one of the other examples I used to illustrate that point was, I guess it was a while back, maybe 10 years back, there was yet another housing crisis. Housing crisis seemed to occur about every decade or so. And there was a headline in the Boston Globe, which was the most authoritative newspaper in the world, that said that good news, housing sales have really picked up way up from last month, way up from last year, isn't that good news? And it turns out, though, when you investigate it further, what they had done is they had gone around to the registry of deeds in the individual counties in Massachusetts and added up the number of deeds that had changed hands or been filed that month. And sure enough, the number was way up. The thing they hadn't considered at that time was that when a bank forecloses on your house, the deed changes hands. And so what actually happened that month was a record number of foreclosures, not that housing sales had gone up. The reason I mentioned it, it wasn't that anybody typed the number wrong. The number of actual deeds that had changed hands that month was way up. It was misinterpreted that they jumped to conclusion that the number of deeds changing hands indicated the sales had gone up. So getting back to your point, that's the key thing you need to dig down to understand, that's one of the core principles of a place like MIT, kind of the scientific method, to really understand what is the data actually telling you? Isn't this the role that the educational institutions have to play is teaching critical thinking so that we don't accept at face value the numbers that we see as truth? And I love the question because when you come into work life early in a large corporation, and somebody puts out a data point, you learn very quickly. If the data point supports the political agenda, the person who markets it best gets something done. And if it doesn't support their agenda, of course they attack it. And then of course there's the gut feel, which if your Steve Jobs is fantastic. But for the rest of us, maybe gut feel sometimes works, sometimes it doesn't. So learning how to actually use data, which is not a trivial exercise or discipline is something that is a very valuable skill, but one that not a lot of people really know how to do. Well, you're raising actually a couple interesting issues. First there is the whole political dimension to data, if you will, and that data can be used, and in fact frequently is used for particular political agendas, whether it be real politics in the government or politics within an organization. And that's always a bit of a challenge, but the reality is even more complicated than that. And that is data has a context to it. And really understanding exactly what the data means, there are so many cases when there is more than one right answer, mathematically right answer, depending upon exactly what you're trying to ask and the circumstances and conditions you're trying to get at. And once again, one of the terms, I can't remember who mentioned this in their talk yesterday, but it's a fascinating concept. People talk about management by objectives, or management by this or that, but evidence-based management was an interesting term. I hadn't really heard it before if someone used it. And in many ways it's a little bit like evidence-based medicine. Rather than basing upon conjectures or guesses or intuitions, can you bake it up by facts? And the reason why, I'm gonna be brief here and let you go on, but the reason I bring up is there's a lot of big excitement over big data. And what I mentioned both last year and this year is what big data allows you to do is allows you to see things that have always existed, but we never had a way to measure or analyze in the past. We had attended a talk just a few weeks ago of someone who was studying political campaigns, as you mentioned politics, if you will. And it turns out there were a lot of generally understood or generally agreed upon principles that people had that when they actually got dated, there was a hundred times more fine grain turned out to be totally worn. Some should be people making for decades. And the ability to actually measure how much did this actually change people's opinions? Or how many people changed their vote from this to that? The ability for us, whether it be in politics or in business, to really know what's going on as opposed to guessing, because most of what we do, whether you call it insights or guessing, is the way much of management is run. I was just reading the other day that the belief that your tongue has different sensitivity areas for sweets that are sweet, sour, bitter, and such. Totally bogus. This is what we were all raised on, and I believe that it's totally untrue. But often it's just because we don't question. You brought this article, hazards tied to medical records rush. Subsidies given for computerizing, but no reporting required when errors cause harm. Why did this article strike you? Well, I think it's fascinating because, first, I'm a big fan of data, as you might imagine. And the article goes on to talk about the percent of hospitals and doctors' offices that have gone to electronic medical records as skyrocketed because the government's providing strong incentives, as well as some sticks to go with the carrots, if you will. So that's kind of good news. The problem with this kind of change is the related issue of worrying about the quality wasn't part of the requirements. The requirement was, are you or are you not digitized? Not are you or are you not correctly digitized? And so the incentive system was to rush to do it, but without any monitoring facility there, and the story goes on to some rather tragic cases. Now these may have happened under human or paper-based systems as much, but a lot of these were directly because of the way in which the information systems were being misused. And so these kinds of transitions just open up opportunities for all kinds of new problems. Is this a risk you see with big data where there's an investment frenzy right now around big data companies raising hundreds of millions of dollars, everyone, there's pressure on every enterprise to go into big data. You're saying that the risk is there that they'll go into it without knowing what they're doing. Yeah, exactly. I mean, once again, everything has to be balanced, if you will, and any transition, whether it be, I don't know the records, but when you went from horses to horseless carriages, I don't know how many people had there, two horses colliding with each other compared to the number of people who's colliding their cars together. And so sometimes innovations go through a gestation period that takes a while to sort out. But the mere fact that there are these bumps on the road doesn't mean you should go into, without being open to realizing that there can be bumps on the road and doing everything possible to minimize it. And I think that's where things have been left down, is that the rush to getting it automated without the rush to getting it done with quality. That's the missing link. Well, we talked yesterday about the transition from carriage-based transportation to automobiles. One of the big concerns early on was, would there be enough chauffeurs and people use that analogy in big data? Will there be enough data scientists and we have to put the data in the hands of the business people and make it simpler to do this analysis? But there's a big gap. What this conversation's underscoring to me is the big gap between that nirvana and the data quality that we need and where we are today. Well, it's interesting to use that example because I have kind of a similar one. There was a study done, I don't know the actual year, but probably somewhere around 1918 by the telephone company with the rate of telephones being installed and the number of switchboard operators, I can't remember the conclusion, but it was something like the entire adult population of the country would have to be telephone operators in order to handle all the calls being made by the kids. The interesting question is, in one sense, the number of people with telephones more than exceeded their expectations, but we're not all telephone operators. Or conversely, we are, because we've made the process whether it be touch tone dialing or even now speaking at your phone, so easy. And I guess that's the issue of transitioning is we need to make the tools for managing data easier. And I see it over and over again. The other example I use, if you go back a couple of decades or so ago, a lot of things we now do with spreadsheets, we do with programmers writing programs and basically a cold ball. And if you ask the average business manager who use a spreadsheet, are you a programmer? They would laugh at you. But in fact, they're doing the same kinds of things that a programmer would have done a couple of decades earlier, but because it made so easy and so transparent, they don't have to think of it that way. And that's our challenge, to make the ease of use of data. And that's one of the big things we're seeing. We have a student who did a project called Big Data as a Service, looking at new companies and services being offered that really are trying to bring it up to the lay user to be able to manage big data. I do want to be sure we get to a topic that you mentioned before we went on the air, which is the role of big data in security. And I don't see the correlation, where is it? Exactly. So let me do it in kind of three parts, kind of visualize this if you will. I've often mentioned you've got the CIO's role and the CIO is very much concerned about the IT infrastructure. They worry about things such as firewalls and what have you. In many organizations, particularly organizations either regulated or involved in utilities and so on, you often have a chief security officer and they worry about both the physical security but they often worry about things like cryptographic codes and passwords and so on. And now of course we're having the emerging chief data officer. Now why is the chief data officer so important? Well let's go back to two of the most widely discussed cyber incidents. And that's the WikiLeaks on one hand and the NSA at Snowden on the other hand. Would a better firewall have stopped that? Would a better cryptographic code have stopped that? The answer is no, it had a lot to do with the organizational structure and the organizational training and what went on. That's not part of the CIO's role normally. Not part of the CSO's role normally. If you think about what the role of the CDO should be, how the data is used, who uses it and for what purpose should be dead center of the CDO's role. And so if you really want to address cyber security, you have to have all those three players working together in unison with the CDO playing an increasingly important role. I don't have the hard data for this, Chris says it myself I guess, but my intuition is that half of more of what we think of as cyber break-ins are all to do with people, management and data control if you will. Not to... We know that internal security bridges are the most common... Exactly. And that I think clearly is a role that the CDO needs to be dead center on. That's the connection I see there. I did want to say one other thing if you don't mind. Jeannie Ross I guess was also interviewed and she's a fantastic person. And she had a very, I think she mentioned a very controversial title in her article called something like you don't need big data. And she explained I think in the talk and also here what she really meant was that most organizations have so much small data that they don't know how to use. Don't worry about the big data that you don't know how to use. And I agree completely about that. And the reason I mentioned as I did last year you got the cube here. And one of the things we talked about, we developed last year and we just published it in January is we called the CDO cube. That is the role of the CDO across three dimensions. One dimension is whether they are inward looking or outward looking. Whether they're worried about how to improve the operation within their company or how to improve the collaboration with their suppliers and partners and so on. Another direction we call is kind of the value whether they're trying to be kind of an operational person or a strategic person. But the third dimension we talk about is the type of data looking at. And in that we refer to traditional data or what she would call the small data. The data you already have that are probably not using very well. And then we thought of calling Nuvo data but we left it with big data. And once again it can be CDOs whose focus can be on that little data. Because I suspect that we're getting much like to talk about our brain power. They're only using a small fraction of it. I suspect the same thing that you do with data is that the amount of value in the data that we've had and have had for decades and don't know how to use very well is enormous. Interesting. I wonder, I've never asked this question before. We had Moore's law during the microprocessor revolution. We had Metcalfe's law, is there an analog? Metcalfe's law in the big data world. And your three dimensional cube just sort of got me thinking. And traditionally Metcalfe's law, the network nodes increase linearly but the value increases exponentially. It's always been the opposite for data. The more data we have the less value we seem to be able to get out of it. Although that seems to be changing. Well I think there's two issues. Once in some cases, if you're looking for some kind of a trend, often you can determine a trend with modest amounts of data and just getting two more digits accuracy doesn't change what you're looking at. But I think where the opposite is true is there's certain types of phenomenons that can only be discovered when you get to very detailed level data. The example I used last year, so I won't go through again, was the discovery of the microscope to be able to recognize insects if you will, that is bacteria and so on in water. Well the same kind of idea, there's a level of detail about our society, a level of detail about our own human behavior that we've never had an ability to measure in the past before. And by being able to measure it, we can uncover all kinds of things, ranging from work done by my colleague, see me petally here, MIT, in uncovering early stage certain types of diseases, just by detecting subtle changes in your body motions that can be picked up on your accelerometer and such. So there are some things which having that extra fine-grained data is very valuable. Not everything, but for many things. We've talked about the data scientist here, how that role is evolving, how many academic institutions now are adding disciplines around data science. Understanding that you can't speak for MIT as a whole, how would you say that you look at that in terms of what role MIT should provide in training data scientists for the future? Well, I think there's two parts to that again. I think MIT as kind of an engineering-based school, even in a business school, we have a significant amount of activities going on in operation research, statistics, and so on. So the idea of having managers who are not afraid of numbers, we think is an important role, and that's one of the things we've done long before, big data ever came on the scenes. MIT's operations research center, which came about after World War II, has been one of the leading institutions that we got. So I think as a role of trying to make people comfortable with information and data, I think that's always been our role. I think the thing that we believe will change over time is it'll become easier and easier and become more ingrained. Think of it now, I go into a restaurant, and I see a three or four-year-old kid at another table playing with his iPad while waiting for the meal to be served. No, not rocket science, but think of it, that's a computer, thousands of times more powerful than the biggest computer MIT had 30 or 40 years ago. And he has a three or four-year-old just using it for games. So the ability to take a lot of this power and put it into people's hands, and you can be older than three years old, by the way, if you want to be. I think that's, and I think a lot of work going on at MIT and elsewhere is trying to take the early stage, you made a comment earlier about the reason why we had chauffeurs, besides the fact that they only were available for each people, was you had to be a mechanic to get them out of the work. You had to know how to crank it up, you had to worry about adjusting the spark gap and all that stuff. And so in the same vein, we have to have chauffeurs for our data at this stage until we get to the point we made it easy enough for the average person to use. And I think it's just a matter of time. And as we talk about the internet time, things happen faster and faster. So that's our vision, is that you need to be not afraid of numbers, but you don't have to be able to do it all yourself. Sir, we have to leave it there. You're a great guest. Thank you so much for coming on. Always a pleasure. I hope we can be back next year and have you on again. Thank you very much. All right, keep it right there, we'll be back with our next guest. We're live at MIT Information Quality Symposium, right back after this. Thank you.


We are on our road to 100,000 subscribers, so if we somehow get there by the time, here's the Kingdom comes up, we got some great giveaways for you guys, we're giving away a collector's edition, we're also going to be giving away a special Zelda edition OLED and, you know, switch OLED of course, not the TV, and don't forget the pin from PAX East, we got one of those for you guys as well, and maybe some other giveaway prizes as we're working with some companies to make that 100k special awesome. You guys are amazing, and let's get into this video. So look, there's been a number of rumors for Tears of the Kingdom that we have covered and discussed, some of which are true and some of which are not true. Now, there's some that I've been the source on, and for me, I don't consider those to be rumors, but for other things I'm covering from other people, whether it's fellow YouTubers, 4chan, Reddit, random people on Twitter, whatever we're covering, those are obviously things we take with a grain of salt, but there is a batch of rumors that we covered from our dear friend Mike Odyssey that appears to have a lot more validity today than it might have seemed at the time. In fact, there was a lot of people yelling that these rumors are fake back then, which I found to be fascinating since some of them could probably be discerned just from looking at the current footage we had in the trailers, or at least assumed but not known. Here's the thing, after we got that gameplay footage, some of that stuff was confirmed, and it makes you wonder about the rest of it, including a date for the Nintendo Direct for Zelda. And again, I don't know if we're getting a Direct, I don't have any personal sources on a Direct for this, but it is still possible and I'll explain why. Well, let's get into the things that were confirmed from our dear friend Mike Odyssey. First off, the whole fuse ability. Well, they didn't give us a name, they didn't mention that you could do things like attach eyeballs to arrows to create a homing arrow, and they said you'd be able to attach pretty much anything else in your inventory, you know, in this case we now know it's like the food and monster part inventory to your arrow. This has all been confirmed and we saw this in the gameplay itself, which is pretty interesting. And of note, these rumors from Mike Odyssey and his source came before the art book leak. So while some of this you could say, oh, this was confirmed in the art book leak, these rumors existed before then. That's what makes them very, very interesting because it's pretty hard to know the exact thing. Like maybe you would have figured out the eyeball, but knowing that the rest of the inventory could also be attached to the arrow, that is obviously a credit to Mike Odyssey and his source on this. In addition, there was rumors in his stuff about the abilities, the ascend and ultra hand abilities specifically, and how those function. And without needing to really restate the rumor, what we saw in the gameplay is exactly what was described in the rumors how ascend and ultra handworks. Now, we saw these abilities slightly being used in prior trailers, but we didn't know the full extent like ascend would be going through the ceiling of anything, whether it's a cave or a cage or whatever. And that's really, really cool that we got some of those details from Mike Odyssey's source back then. But what's also neat is if that was true, then how about the other parts of his rumors that aren't confirmed yet? Are they true as well? Let's talk about this one that's really, really interesting and probably true. And that is different elemental Glyox. We all saw the three headed Glyox, the fire Glyox on the bridge, at least we assume it's a Glyox. It probably is a Glyox, I'm pretty sure it's been confirmed in the art book, but whatever, most people already figured out that it is a Glyox because that's the only other time we had a three headed dragon in Zelda. What's interesting, of course, is that there's supposed to be different elemental versions. So like a thunder, a malice, maybe an ice, Glyox. So I find this to be highly plausible anyways. But now that we have some of these rumors confirmed, it just makes me really think this is going to happen. Next up, there was also some stuff about the blue flame that we use that Pura's little shop, you know, we're doing those upgrades on the hill, how that flame doesn't exist anymore. And we've sort of seen that in the footage that it kind of looked like it didn't exist. But actually, Pura's still going to be able to do stuff, but it's going to be powered by a different type of tech. We could probably presume at this point it's a Zonai tech, but we'll have to wait and see on that. The green swirls we saw everywhere were supposedly fast travel points, which makes a lot of sense because it does appear that those green swirls also happen to be new potential shrines. And as we know in Breath of the Wild, when you did shrines, those became fast travel points. So now if we have Zonai shrines, those would be the new fast travel points. We would probably have a safe presumption. Now, when it comes to the story of the game, there wasn't a lot of details other than the beginning of the game does have a time jump from, well, Breath of the Wild, the ending of Breath of the Wild, like there's some sort of time jump. We don't know how long the time jump is. I think it's probably at least a couple of years. But well, you know, we honestly don't have enough details to know exactly what there is a time jump. Also mentioned in his rumors were that enemy horns were fusible or craftable, which looks like a pretty safe assumption. We haven't seen that in the raw gameplay yet, but it's a pretty safe assumption. Those horns will be either used in a separate crafting at like a village or something, or that you'll just be able to directly fuse it right off the ground, right? That's obviously a possibility with that fuse feature. And thus that was teased by my goddess source. There also will be shrine or equivalence to shrines in the sky, which again, pretty safe assumption, but they're going to be the ones in the sky in particular are going to feel more like dungeons that have bosses at the end. And that that golem we saw that square golem beast is supposedly one of those bosses. And again, that's all interesting information that, you know, we don't have confirmed, but we have to pay more attention to due to the stuff that my goddess, he put out there that was confirmed from the exact same source. Now my goddess, he had a different source contact him and tell him a supposed date for a tears of the kingdom direct. And I think right now, the idea of there being a direct is a little up in the air, we just got the gameplay session, what's going to stop them from just doing like a Tuesday gameplay every single week, that would be kind of cool. But obviously, they could do a bigger direct Nintendo does do big directs for almost all of their big games, and they do it about a month out. And a month out from May 12 is April 12. And that is the exact date that one of my goddess, he sources told him. Now I personally didn't see this. I know it was some sort of email. I didn't see the email. I know that Mike, I think he was he tried showing it to me at Paxies, but I really wasn't paying attention at the time. And I know we showed it out to Andres restart who could obviously confirm he saw the emails. But I will say that April 12 does feel like a pretty safe date. It is exactly a month out, which is what they did first between three and Xenoblade. And I get it. So it makes sense that that could be the date it does land on a Wednesday, which is a traditional Nintendo direct day. So look, it's a week after the Mario movie, you know, I could see this being a thing. I personally would like to see like a 45 minute treehouse style gameplay session. But you know what, if we just get her directing as a story details, more trailers, more information on the abilities, and maybe announcing some of these new new additions of the game that I've been kind of hinting exists, like there's a master's edition that features a new sword. I'm not going to I don't want to give away too many details because we're working on getting some images for you guys to really drive that point home that those are real. But look, we'll have a video on that later. All I want to focus on right now is that hey, we could have a direct coming up. And some of these rumors might be true. And I want to get your thoughts on it down below. Now that we've had a section of gameplay, do you think these rumors are true? Do you think they were just some lucky guesses? That's entirely possible. Again, I'm not Mike Odyssey. I don't vet his sources that's on him. But he is a friend of the channel. And you know what, credit where credit is due so far, everything he has said has checked off. I know some people want maybe an update on the GameStop flyer rumors from him. The fly I don't have any updates on that. I don't know anything there. So you guys are awesome. Thank you so much for tuning in. And we'll catch you in that next video.