Hey guys, it's Nate, aka The Foot Accountant. Welcome back to the channel. Things are getting interesting on EAFZ24, especially on the market, because we really witnessed the first market crash of this year's Ultimate Team yesterday, with prices dropping 20, 30% and more on some really popular cards that a lot of people had in their teams or were invested in. I'll talk about why the market crashed today, what we can learn from it, and what to watch for going forward. Some of these cards like Rolfo and Guijaro that have dropped off so much, returned to the values that they were, or did we see the peak prices just earlier in the week? We'll talk about a lot of that today. If you're excited for it, drop a thumbs up on it, and of course, subscribe if you're new. First of all, guys, I have to say massive, massive thank you for 100,000 subscribers. It was a milestone, starting out, making these types of videos that I never really expected to hit, never even imagined to hit, but I really appreciate all the support over the years that we have been doing these videos, and it's a blast. And I really appreciate all the support that you guys show getting me to this. There's gonna be a special video for a 100,000 subscribers, special video coming here pretty soon, and so be on the lookout for that. That's what we have to say about that. But thank you guys again, I do appreciate it. It does not go unnoticed, and I love all of you. So let's get into the rest of the video today. We have a lot to talk about, but I wanted to get that out of the way because that is very important, and I know a lot of you guys are commenting about it. But first of all, yesterday's content on Tuesday, we had some very interesting SPC and objective combinations. Once again, we had some more squad foundations that were released. It was with the Liga F this time, and the best card that was released yesterday was in SPCs, in my opinion. Estefania Bonini, four star, four star, high medium, five foot four, mostly explosive, looks like a really solid center attacking mid, or a box to box midfielder. Very high acceleration, great dribbling stats, great passing stats, and decent shooting stats as well. This is actually a solid SPC guys, coming in at about 52,000 coins. I think it's an SPC that a lot of people are doing, and here's why I say that. First of all, you look at the up vote, down vote. There are a lot of down votes. I think it's because a lot of people are still not used to linking some of these players in their team. This Bonini card actually links pretty well with other men's players, Llorente, Correa, Griezmann, with the Athletic Omidrid links, that gives chemistry in a squad. So that is nice, but take a look at some prices of meta other midfielders across the market. A guy like Bruno Gimmerich, yeah he was dropping off a little bit before content yesterday, but once the content drop happened, he went from 6,000 coins, straight to what he is now, 4.6K. A lot of midfielders on the game yesterday dropped, and I think that is a direct correlation to this Bonini card. I really think that even for Guijaro, who's I think a better card personally than the Bonini that was dropped with more stats in some key areas, dropping from 63K down to 52,000 coins, now back up to about 58K. Yes, the market was crashing before this SBC came out, but when the SBC actually came out, a lot of those midfielders were impacted. Even one more example is the teammate to Bruno Gimmerich, Jolenton, who's now only 8,000 coins, starting the day at 10, was even 10,000 at content, and then boom, absolutely got destroyed in price, even on a lower level, destroyed down 2,000 coins in a 10K card. That's a huge drop, right? 20% drop because of this card. That's literally what I'm looking at and what I'm seeing right there. So people are doing this SBC. Now it didn't really make fodder move that much because it's pretty low rated squads, 80, 45. A lot of people can get that done, with especially the packs that are given out via objectives. But the reason I point out that card and mention it a lot is it moved the market the most, and then of course the cards that you can link to it through the milestone objectives that guys, they're just, I don't think they're as good. The Boba G Day English left wing slash striker card here is not too bad. It's the pace that really makes the card interesting, but pretty low attack positioning, the dribbling not the best, the passing not the best, 94 strength is pretty good. But for me, I don't know if it's worth doing, if it's worth my time right now because it's not that difficult to do, but I just don't see a lot of these cards getting into my team at this very moment. But it is nice to have squad foundations and we can't complain too much about that. I will say this Bonini card, if you're running Rolfo on your team, if you're running any of the really meta Liga F cards, like it does provide solid Liga F links. And again, Argentinian and Atlético Madrid, it will link to a lot of other different players. So that Bonini card is the best of the content that we saw yesterday. And that was basically it. The packs refreshed in the store, the 80 or 78 times four, or 78 plus upgrade times four times per day, I guess I should say refreshed as well. But that was basically it for yesterday's content. I started KDB. I gotta get that done before he goes away. Ravel's rewards is gonna be a big help about that. Now, the bigger content, even bigger than all of that, of course, is the market crash. And why did prices absolutely get destroyed as much as they did? Well, really, I think we have to look back to Monday and we have to look back to all the crazy prices that we saw for a lot of these cards on Monday that were honestly like huge price increases and maybe they were just too big of price increases. Guys, we go back to Monday and we see Rolfo went from 54,000 coins, which is actually less than she is now, 58K, all the way to 83,000 coins. We had massive price rises on specifically a lot of the women's cards, right?  So everybody started A, investing in these cards and trying them out. Debenia went from 120K all the way to 175,000 coins by the time we get to Monday and then yesterday she goes from 170K back down to 136, where realistically if the meta would not have gotten hyped for these women's cards and stuff like that for a lot of these cards specifically, I think they would still be around these prices that they are.  I think a lot of people saw that and said, this stuff's way too expensive, it's too inflated, it's time to sell and that's really what brought on the crash yesterday. And guys, you'll learn this, if this is the first market crash that you've experienced or maybe you were like, last year you didn't play the full year, there's gonna be a lot of market crashes this year. So the way that I'm kind of taking the route of this today and talking about it is I wanna learn from it and I wanna see how market crashes are gonna impact the market this year because if we learn from this one, that means whenever market crashes are gonna come in the future, we're gonna be better equipped and kind of used to seeing it and know how it's gonna happen and be able to even make coins during a bit of a market crash which a lot of people are obviously not doing when prices are crashing and people are selling cards. So that's kind of the lens we're gonna look through this today but first of all, I think the reason the prices dropped once again, not just on the women's cards but on the entire market was because prices just went up so much in the past couple of days. I think people saw the prices get as high as they did on Monday and said, now this is probably a time to sell before we have another promo coming this Friday. They didn't wanna worry about that and the price spikes were so big that it was just a lot of people started selling. And of course, once a lot of people start selling, it's a snowball effect. Just like you see all these cards dropping down like Veran from 120 down to 100,000 coins, it's a snowball effect. When people see that prices are starting to drop and they have the card that's starting to drop, they go and list the card up and try to sell it because like, oh my goodness, the card's dropping. I gotta get out. It's that panic, right? The stream title yesterday was panic and that is exactly what this is. Going from 59,000 coins to 50,000 coins on Christiane Ronaldo, who I still think is underpriced at this time still in my opinion. But that's another point. That was what yesterday was. Panic selling for a lot of people that I think had bought cards for their teams and also people that had invested, right? Think about a lot of those price spikes that we saw on Sunday and Monday on the women's cards. They were rising because people were investing in them because it was really learning that they were super meta, super usable. This Alex Morgan with the Finesse Shop Plus trade had so much hype, right? There was a lot of investing that was going on and yesterday people just kind of decided to sell because the prices seemed too good for probably what we have upcoming with content. Of course, people were fearing packs and stuff being open this weekend. So I understand why people sold, but of course it always hurts when you get stuck in a market crash. But the best thing about a market crash is is that you can learn. And for a lot of us as well, I know a lot of you guys who bought Rolfo for like 30K or Guijaro for like 40K and yeah, they're down a little bit, but they're still actually up a lot in price from where they were, right? Or maybe if you bought Kempembe, who's 35,000 coins right now, but like all weekend he was in the 20K range, right? So if you bought a card then and you're like, oh Nate, I missed out on so much profit because I didn't sell right here when it was the best time to sell. Guys, I don't think that the prices that we saw on Monday will never be reached again. Like I actually really believe that in Cuckoo is gonna get back to 100,000 coins. Maybe it's this weekend, maybe it's next weekend. Like guys, we still have a lot of players to come onto this market and a lot of prices on the top tier meta are still gonna actually end up going up a lot higher in price. I just think for right now, you have to kind of realize where you're at, where you bought cards at and where you wanna sell and where you wanna hold cards. Like I'm still holding a lot of cards. I bought Google Reitens at 24,000 coins. She was 40K. She went all the way down to 28,000 coins but is now back up to 32,000 coins. So instead of listing Google Reitens and taking my small profit that I could have had, I'm still holding onto them because I feel like there's a potential this card could still rise up. And in the meantime, I'm gonna list for the lazy buyers that I still think might buy this card if I get a little bit lucky with one or two of them as I keep relisting them for hour after hour. And I might be able to catch a couple extra thousand coins off of a lazy sale. I would say I wouldn't really be worried about the market right now, especially on the top tier most meta cards like those high rated ones. It's again, the low rated ones that we're worried about and that we would probably not wanna be holding onto even if they are dropping, right? Van Devin yesterday in the video, I think we looked at it and he was 18, 19K and he's down, right? And that makes sense, right? A lot of the market dropped. Cards like this dropped as well but this is not a card that I would be like, oh, I'm gonna watch and see if he goes back up to, you know, 19K, I hope he does. I'm gonna buy him, I expect him to go there. You know, he might have one more spike in him but that's a low rated card that's gonna drop off really fast as people upgrade their teams. So that's one thing I wanted to point out today. Now, could there be further drops in the market? The answer that's actually yes, there could be because guys last year, one year ago on this very day, the Wednesday before we had ones to watch the first like full promo of the year, we had a loading screen two days before for ones to watch. Now, once to watch is not happening this year, right? We're getting a different promo. It is road to the knockouts and I'm pretty sure the card design, it's not in here yet. We don't have it inside of Ultimate Team right now but road to the knockouts is the next promo which will feature live player items. We love this promo. It's one of our favorites. If we get a loading screen of that today, there could be some more potential panic on the market and you could see some prices that would drop a little bit further, not a crazy amount further but that's just a promo that carries some weight that a lot of people enjoy and I think you could see some selling if that happens. Now, it's not a guarantee, it's just a hypothetical situation and I'm still holding on to cards even though knowing that, right? Again, let my coin total and my transfer list speak for still how confident I am in this market for cards that maybe you bought a few days back like I did with the Guretons who I'm still making coins on. I believe that the prices can still go up but there could be some still prices that go down in the coming days as well just with the content and the hype of content that we have upcoming. Couple other things that I wanna look at from the market yesterday and all the drops that we had like some drops being 23% plus on Cascarino, 23,000 or 23% drop, Bruno down 28%, Zaha down 28, Crystal Dunn, one of the most hyped women's players on a lower budget, 18K down, what did that say, 27% as well. One of the things that I wanna mention is a lot of people are selling cards yesterday, right? You see the prices dropping as much as they did. If all these people are selling cards that means that they have coins. Even if they were losing coins, those coins have now all of a sudden become liquid coins that are sitting right up here and a lot of people have them in their ultimate teams ready to buy the next investment, ready to buy the next thing. That's something that's very interesting so when there's another investment opportunity that becomes very popular that a lot of people would wanna buy, it's probably gonna shoot up pretty quickly because a lot of people will now have coins to do that since they've sold previous investments. And also guys, it is so possible to trade in a market crash. That's the one thing I wanna spin some positivity onto this as well. If this was one of the first market crashes that you had ever witnessed. Guys, it is so possible to learn from these sorts of situations to next time when it happens because you better believe there's gonna be more market crashes this year. You can take advantage of the situation, right? Gijaro was one that right now I still have some cards on my transfer list as you maybe saw. I bought her literally right here. I bought her at 51,000 coins, about three of them because that was all that I had at the time. And I knew this card was gonna rebound back because number one, it's high rated. Number two, Barcelona links. And number three, I knew why it went down. It went down because of the new Bonini. And yes, this is a decent SBC that a good amount of people are doing but I honestly think that Gijaro is just better, right? It's also just like the same situation when Kevin De Bruyne, his flashback SBC came out last Friday, the gold card dropped but since the gold card was a lot cheaper it actually ended up rebounding back up since the SBC was more expensive and I think a lot of people wanted it to be. There was reasons for that card to rebound back up. I thought the reasons for Gijaro to drop to come back up from the drop was A, she's a better card in my opinion and B, she has better links and she's also been hyped up so much recently because of the links to Rolfo, Liga F, the Spanish links as well. So I picked up this card and that was actually ended up being a pretty good move and a lot of other cards had the same thing, right? A lot of these women's cards that dropped off a ton, Alex Morgan was 52K, 52,000 coins for a couple hours and now look, she's back up to 57 to 58,000 coins. Dabinia I think was 130,000 coins at one point and now she's back to 150, 136 all the way back to 155 it looks like, closing in on that price. That's the sort of thing that you could have done and even on some of the other players in the market like I'm trying to think of some of the men's players that rebounded back yesterday as well. Neymar was 350, he's now 393. Hyunmin Sun was like 110K, maybe even a little below that. He's back up, Cancelo and Harry Kane, two cards that people were investing in for this week's team of the week. I actually ended up picking up seven Cancelos or six Cancelos yesterday at like 45,000 coins and under because I know Cancelo is very likely to get a team of weak card today and if he does, this card's probably gonna go back up as people invest in it and know that his card is going out of packs, the gold card that is. So there was some selling on those types of investments yesterday too which is purely investor selling. So we have opportunities to make coins still in these situations that don't seem as fun when prices are dropping a lot. So that's what I'm looking at for the market right now guys. I think there is potential if there is no content today and if there's not a lot of content and if there's no loading screen that prices could maybe still creep back up just a little bit but we're also getting really close to rivals rewards and I could also see a situation where some people start to list their cards because of rivals rewards as well and they're expecting tradable supply but also what do we know what happens with tradable supply, right? Like it did on Sunday with the squad battle rewards prices will probably go up after rivals rewards but people might anticipate that supply and sell some cards as well. So today might be a really interesting day on the market. It also could be a really quiet day but overall I still believe that if you bought cards especially if it's something for your team. Like let's say you bought Tonali at 100K and you're like Nate he's 125, do I have to be worried? No, this is the best prem centered defensive mid in the game, has the most hype, has great links. You know, keep that in your team especially if there's a card that's in your team I wouldn't be too worried right now because we've got more people coming on the game this weekend, more coins about to hit the market and a lot of those top tier meta cards I still think have potential to rise up in the next week or so especially because guys this game the menus I believe are incorrect. I've hearing some rumors. It looked like before foot champions was going to be this weekend which would not make sense for the fact that foot champs has never started when the full of game has not been out, right? That would mean that foot champs if it was starting this weekend would be out and starting before the full game release and that has never happened before and I've been hearing some rumors that it is not going to be the case even though right now it says that champs finals the countdown there is going to start this weekend I'm hearing that it is actually not and it's going to be next weekend instead which makes a lot more sense but I mean when the countdown shows that in game we are all kind of like, well, this is what EA says but just kind of remember that if you're grinding rivals right now like your life depends on it so you can get into weekend league maybe pump the brakes a bit if you want to because I think we're not actually going to have that competition this weekend but I know some people have already qualified for champs and that's pretty crazy what a grind for you but GG's at the same time so I wanted to point that out and then I want to talk about today as well on Wednesday we already mentioned team of the week number two and we've looked at the prediction in yesterday's video we mentioned that we were looking at it once again today on stream because a lot of these cards I think could be impacted a lot of cards in the market today could be impacted, right? Team of the week one going out of packs means that some of our cards that have been out of packs now like gold Lewandowski, gold Debala gold Karchawi, gold Salah are probably going to be dropping as they're coming back into packs but the gold cards that have team of the weeks today going out of packs I'm watching Harry Kane, Hyunmin Sun, Cancelo, Hakimi even Trippier guys the team of the week today if this is going to be anywhere near close to where it is could be a really, really crack and I think that's going to be the biggest thing I'm watching for as a part of content today on this game is who gets into team of the week we'll probably get some leaks as of right now we have nothing on team of the week leaks but I am invested like I mentioned in a couple of Cancelos just because I thought his price got too low yesterday a lot of these I picked up under 45K I think he has a potential to go back to like I don't know, 52, 53 and if he actually does get an informant goes out of packs he's probably going to go higher than that with the La Liga links with the Barcelona links that are usable with the men's and women's players so I'm a big fan of that card at the moment we'll see what ends up happening today with the team of the week and that's a bit risky on my part for sure but I'm willing to risk it right now to make some coins last thing I want to talk about is I guess technically our first leak that we've had in a long time foot sheriff has gone radio silent on legit leaks I don't know what this guy has changed for FC24 or what EA has changed for FC24 but this guy has got like nothing recently but foot trading Romania yesterday tweeted out that a Bundesliga player in the month, SBC should come soon for Boniface Victor, the buyer Leverkusen striker he is Nigerian guys so and he also has on Leverkusen so the links are not the best a lot of people are looking at Frimpong and investing in this card for the potential link to that play of the month SBC keeping on this card because yesterday people were investing in him he was all the way up to 30,000 coins right now he's 22K and he would be a good buy if we were to get this SBC if we get this SBC guys since his base card is a silver you know I think EA needs to boost it to like 83, 84 then it could be a usable card also needs a skill over a week foot upgrade so I hope EA give us something nice here with this one but this leak we don't know when it's gonna drop could be today could be tomorrow could be sometime later this weekend and we also don't know if we're getting other player of the month I know we've mentioned Jude Bellingham he won the La Liga play of the month in August if we were to get a Jude Bellingham SBC I still think that would be so game changing and that would just rock the market so much I kind of want it to happen just to see what would happen and have a lot of crazy movements and a great card but Jude Bellingham's card is down a little bit as a part of everything else is 100,000 coins he was like 125 so just keep an eye on that I don't know if we're getting all the player of the month I only see the leaks and see the James Madison that we've already had so I'm unsure about those 100% but keep an eye on that because that is a potential piece of content that could be coming up very soon other than that today, no idea it seems like the content is slowing down a little bit but watch out for that loading screen and maybe we will finally get some leaks about either road to the knockouts and then for sure the team of the week today it's one of the biggest things happening on FC24 Ultimate Team but if you enjoyed today's video drop a thumbs up on it comment down below if you have any questions prices, market, whatever it may be market crash, let me know what you want to know down in the comments and of course subscribe to the channel if you're new it's been Nathan from The Count and I'll see you guys in the video tomorrow and a stream today peace out


While evidence of invasive zebra mussels has turned up in Leech Lake, the third largest lake in Minnesota, the DNR said Thursday it found zebra mussel larvae in samples collected from two locations nearly 17 miles apart. While the DNR hasn't found any adults in the lake, the locations and numbers of the larvae indicate a reproducing population may be present. Zebra mussels disrupt the aquatic environment, cut swimmers' feet, reduce boat and motor performance and clog water intake pipes. The DNR will work with the Leech Lake Bound of Ojibwe and other stakeholders to conduct a broader search and discuss response options. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Hey everyone, welcome back to Prime News. Holy crud has been a while, has it not? A lot has happened in my life, but let's not talk about that because we're here to talk about the news. Hello, there's a Nintendo Direct coming. Duh, you know we're talking about that a little bit. But first, let's get into what has basically been a confirmed thing. It's the rumor it will probably be talked about in the Direct, and that is Assassin's Creed for Black Flag and Rogue Remastered are listed for Nintendo Switch by a Greek retailer. Now that in and of itself is just an interesting tidbit, not necessarily newsworthy, until the huge X of reset era fame and also an analyst, a professional analyst inside the industry, he puts out a lot of things on Twitter as well. He has come out and said it's real. So yeah, Assassin's Creed 4, Black Flag, Remastered, Rogue, et cetera, all that stuff is coming to Nintendo Switch. And this isn't even announced for other platforms yet. So I assume it's gonna come to those as well. I fully expect to hear about it in the Nintendo Direct, along with some prior rumored stuff out there, like Overwatch and stuff like that that we've talked about. So some cool stuff. Let's just get into that next story. This is actually just a real quick one. I wanna remind you, Final Fantasy VIII Remastered is available on Switch today. Right now, this is big because it's never been re-released since its original release way back when. I actually played it originally on PC. So it's great to see this game come back. And as I said, it's available now, right now on Switch. Like if you've never played Final Fantasy VIII, now's the time to do it. So what are you doing? Like even if you have a PlayStation or something, like go buy this game. It's great. It's one of my favorite Final Fantasy games, one of the most underrated Final Fantasy games in my opinion. Astral Chain came out last Friday and we don't have sales figures yet in Japan or the US or anything like that. But we do have the charts from the UK which don't give us any numbers, but do give us a ranking in terms of which game sold best. And Astral Chain is debuted at number one in the UK. Now, this might not mean anything other than the fact that a Platinum Games game has never actually debuted at number one in the UK. So this is a big deal. It's a Switch exclusive game. It's at number one and it's the first Platinum Games game ever to debut in the number one spot in the UK. So that's big news. Congratulations Platinum Games. Congratulations Nintendo. Definitely looks like you smashed it on your hands. 87 plus on Metacritic. It's going great. I know the review bombings happening. And speaking of that review bombing, Hideki Kamiya, you know, the lead guy behind Astral Chain had something to say about this because a fan tweeted at him in Japan about how he might, you know, do you hate Sony?  Why isn't Astral Chain on Switch? Well, Hideki Kamiya responded and needless to say, he wasn't taking any bullshit. Here's what he said, directly quoted. Well, it would be great to have Mario Zelda and Metroid on PlayStation 4 too. As for me, do I hate PlayStation? I'm just a developer fulfilling my contractual obligations. So I don't know. Maybe you could try asking my publisher and investor, Nintendo.  Nintendo bought and paid for this game. They co-developed the game. They literally funded the game 100% and they hired Platinum Games to be the lead developer. Nothing about this game is possible to come to PlayStation 4 unless Nintendo said, hey, take a game we paid for and put it on someone else's platform, which isn't going to happen.  It's not going to happen.  When they put so many games on the PlayStation platform, Nintendo bought, paid and co-developed this game. What more are the Sony fans understanding? I understand being upset about not getting a high quality game on your system, but who are you really upset at? Why are you upset at Platinum Games? What did they do wrong? Nintendo approached them, gave them money, signed a contract with Platinum. So be mad at Nintendo, I guess. Then again, what are you mad about anyways? This is the way the industry works. Sony buys exclusives all the time. In fact, Sony doesn't have that many internal studios, so almost every exclusive game they have, Death Stranding, was bought. So, apparently Terry Bogard from King of Fighters might be making an appearance as a Smash DLC character. Now, this is kind of a longer story that's been going on for at least a week. Basically, Nintendo of Europe, oopsie, when they were listing the Smash Pass on their website and listing characters from SNK, they didn't really list the character name, but basically that a character from SNK is in the group, was kind of in the fine print. And that's been deleted off the Nintendo UK, Nintendo of Europe area, but it doesn't matter. The internet found it and that's it. Everyone knows about it. It definitely appears a character from SNK's library is coming in, and King of Fighters is one of the biggest franchises they have. Terry Bogard being one of the biggest characters from that franchise. So it does make a lot of sense, but where we're getting the Terry stuff from specifically actually comes from Vagabond over on Game Facts. He has actually been the one who leaked Ridley and he also leaked Simon Belmont as games coming to, or as characters, I guess, coming to Super Smash Bros. DLC. So yeah, basically he has been spot on. I mean, I know Ridley wasn't part of the DLC, but you know what I'm saying, right? Before we knew Ridley was in the game, he leaked it. So the bottom line is that we're pretty stoked to see this happen. I know there's actually been a little debate on Twitter about why are we bringing back these old characters and all like Smash is a celebration and I don't really want to debate that right now. It's just a celebration of gaming. You can want your characters and not get in. Other people might want Terry Bogard and he might be getting in.  We have a direct coming up. So we might have a lot of clarity on this very soon. The numbers are in and Pokemon Go had its largest month in terms of revenue and players since September of 2016 last month. And the reason that's happening is because the game's just gotten a lot better. They keep adding more and more Pokemon, making it more better. You could battle more people and they just made everything better. The game today is closer to what the promise was back in 2016. Well, yeah, it's close to $3 billion in gross revenue. $3 billion to put this in perspective. That is equal to one video game at 60 bucks a pop selling 60 million copies. Pokemon, let's go Pikachu, let's go Eevee, sold 11 million. So just putting this in perspective like for the Pokemon franchise and gaming on the whole, Pokemon Go is huge. It is one of the largest things in gaming still to this day. So if you're wondering why we're still talking about it and reporting on this, it's because these numbers are astronomical and there's never been a mobile port of a major IP like this that's ever been successful and there might never be another one as successful again. Nintendo certainly failing at replicating it. Dr. Mario actually had a horrible debut and is the worst launch mobile game for Nintendo yet with revenue and installs. So Nintendo can't seem to crack what Niantic did, but man, Pokemon Go. So we've been talking about it since the very beginning. There is a Nintendo Direct happening tomorrow at 5 p.m. Central Standard Time. It is 40 minutes long and they will have a focus on Sword and Shield and Luigi's Mansion 3, but they did say they will talk about games for the rest of 2019. This is basically what they do for every major Nintendo Direct. They pick two major titles, but they talk about everything else. And then when they say it through the end of 2019, they always end up teasing something for the next year outside of the period they're talking about. Now, if they do talk about something like Animal Crossing, I think that would almost be a bit expected at this point because it does come out early next year. Emily Rogers also put out there that there is a mystery game. It's exclusive to Switch landing in December. That should probably be unveiled tomorrow as well. Smash DLC, Banjo-Kazooie release dates, all that stuff. We're gonna find out everything tomorrow, so I don't really wanna say much more because I'm doing a live stream on this. Actually, I probably already did it at the point that you're listening to this.  There's gonna be a lot of great news tomorrow. It's gonna be a huge day here at the channel. Speaking of Banjo-Kazooie, we might already kinda know when it's going to be coming, although it could be Shadowdrop Nintendo Direct. Obviously, things happen. Basically, advertisements for it have appeared at 7-Eleven in Japan next to Advertisement. So Link's Awakening for obviously September 20th. No, that doesn't mean that's the day that Banjo-Kazooie's gonna come out, but what happened in the past with these ads as Hero was advertised in the same way at 7-Eleven's in Japan, and at the end of that advertisement date, a week later, Hero came out. So yeah, basically it sounds like we're getting Banjo-Kazooie before the end of this month. Again, we'll find out tomorrow. I can't guarantee. We'll find out tomorrow. I mean, maybe we'll find out tomorrow. I have no idea. To be honest, I just really know what Nintendo's doing other than killing it. Hell yeah. Anyways, welcome back to Prime News. It has been a long time. Comment, subscribe, comment. There'll be more skits in future ones. I had to rush this one because, hey, I gotta talk more to the Direct on a live stream. So, woo! Let's go. Oh, seriously, Link.


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What we're going to look at today is, in fact, for about four days, and it's the final lesson, is graphing trig functions. Mostly we're going to be graphing sine and cosine. We'll do tangent a little bit, but as you'll find out tangent is yuck. Sine and cos, tangent, and then we'll look at the reciprocals. But sine and cosine and tangent all belong to a certain type of function called a periodic function. A periodic function is a function whose graph repeats regularly over some interval of the domain. The length of this interval is called the period of the function. And those of you that are in Physics 12 wrote, oh yeah, once around the circle was the period. And then it's going to give you another term. The term is amplitude and it defines amplitude as half the distance between the maximum and minimum values of the function. Say, oh, it's much easier to look at graphs and figure it out. So we have three graphs here and we are going to write the amplitude and the period, the amplitude and the period, the amplitude and the period. The amplitude of this first graph here, Emily, is 10. How high does this graph go? 10 up, 10 down, 10 up, 10 down, 10 up, 10 down. That's what's meant by the amplitude. In fact, Spencer, this graph is centered right around a height of zero, which makes it easy to spot the amplitude. Trevor, the next graph is not centered around a height of zero. And this is where we're going to use what they've said here, but here's how I find the amplitude. Trevor, how high does this graph go, the first graph? Look up, how high does the first graph go? How low does the first graph go? What's the total distance between the top and bottom? Divide that by two, that's your amplitude. You ready? How high does this graph go? How low does this graph go? What's the total distance between the top and the bottom? Eighth, divide that by two, that's your amplitude. This graph goes four up, four down, four up, four down, four up, four down. As a matter of fact, Maria, that means if I want to find the middle of this graph, it's four down from the top or four up from the bottom. This graph is centered right around a height of positive two. Eric, how high does graph C go? Sorry? Six, how low does it go? What's the total distance between them? The total distance between them? Half of that. That's your amplitude. Period. Period is how long one wave is, how long the graph goes before it repeats itself. When I find the period, Brett, I almost always try and do it with the easiest points possible. I almost always go from peak to peak or from trough to trough. In other words, if you say to me find the period, from here to here, how far along the x-axis is that? Period's eight. You may notice, Ellen, I'd get the same answer from here to here, six to fourteen, still eight. In fact, I get the same answer, Mitsu, from right here to right here, but that would be stupid points to pick because I'd be making my life way tougher and I'm increasing the likelihood of making a mistake. If I have a choice, I pick from one peak to the next peak or from one trough to the next trough. So Maria, if I want to find the period for B, how far is that distance? Six. If the graph has a period of six, it repeats every six units. Asar, C is much more difficult, but I would go from the left-hand side of one peak to the left-hand side of one peak. I think that's where it starts to repeat. How far is that? Ten. It's got a period of ten. I could have also gone from the right-hand side of one peak or from the bottom of one. Anyways, be consistent with that. We're not going to be looking at A and C very much. Graph C is called the heavy side function. It's actually the physics of what happens when you hit some of the things. Sledge hammer. No force. Sledge hammer, all the force maxes out. There's your follow-through. No force once the sledge hammer stops moving. But B, this, this, my children, is a trig function. Turn the page. We're going to graph Y equals the sine of X. Except it says where X is in degrees. No, no, I say no, no. We have left degrees behind.  Zero radians is zero degrees. I don't need to change that number, but 360 degrees, how many radians? Let's put a 2 pi here. You have to memorize the sine graph. Except what I'm going to teach you today is how I get away with memorizing only bare-bones basics but can get all of the information in one second. I'll start up by saying, you know what, I'm not going to label all of these points. Too much work. I'm always interested in here, here, here, and here. In particular, I'm interested in zero radians, 90 degrees, which is how many radians? Pi by 2. 180 degrees, which is pi radians. And 270 degrees, which is 3 pi by 2. 360 degrees, which is 2 pi radians. I'm going to fill those in, and the way I'm going to fill them in is to use the unit circle. Jimmy's sine is whatever what in terms of x and y are. Louder with authority, y over r. Now on the unit circle, we specifically said let the radius be 1, which means if y over r is sine but r is 1, then sine just becomes plain old, your y coordinate. How high you are. So here's my unit circle. There's zero radians. How high am I right there? Zero turns out the sine of zero is zero. The first point on my graph goes through zero. The next one I said I was interested in was pi by 2 right there. Isabel, how high am I right here? 1. You know what the sine of pi by 2 is? 1. You know what the sine of pi by 2, now pi by 2 on here is 90 degrees? 1. The next point that I would do would be this bad boy here. How high am I at pi? Zero. 180 degrees, I'm zero high. The next one that I would do is this one. How high am I right there? Careful, not one. Negative one. Oh, I forgot to fill in the zero for pi. Negative one. And then we're back to where we started from with zero. And the nice thing is the sine function is periodic. In fact, it goes zero one zero negative one zero one zero negative one zero one zero. It goes top middle bottom middle top middle bottom middle top middle bottom. It's a nice periodic function, which means I can actually ditch the math. Oh, how far apart is each dot? I've watched that 360, didn't I? Sorry, my 360 is in the wrong place. Let's try that again, Mr. Deep. Right there. How many squares apart on this graph is each dot? How many squares till the next dot? Three? One, two, three squares. How high will I be? Continue the pattern at 450 degrees. How high will I be? Yeah. What about at 540? Zero. Hey, let's go backwards. What about at negative 90? How high will I be? Negative one. Negative 180 is zero. Negative 270 is one. Negative 360 is that. So plot the points on the grid below. Do not join the points. We have plotted the points. Now we're going to go to our graphing calculators. Get your graphing calculators out. If you don't have your graphing calculator here, you're going to be officially fessed up because you're going to be using it during this whole class.  Clear whatever graph you have there. Also, make sure that your plot one, plot two, plot three are not accidentally highlighted. If they are, go up arrow until you're on one of them and press enter to de-highlight it. And we're going to go sine x equals bracket. Oh, wait a minute. They did degrees down here. So let's go mode and let's go into degrees one last time temporarily. But I want my graph to look exactly like theirs. So before I hit graph, if you did hit graph, that's fine.  Caitlyn, how far left does their graph paper go? There's my y-min, negative 360. How far right does their graph paper go, Caitlyn? Let's put that in there. What's each square worth on the x-axis? I'll have to do a bit of math, but I notice three squares make up 90 degrees. So what's one square worth? 30 degrees. I think their scale is 30. Yes? I also noticed vertically that five squares make up one. So what scale are they using vertically? What's each square worth vertically if one makes up five squares? Point two. And I think that means that the lowest it gets is negative 1.2. The highest it gets is positive 1.2, scale 0.2. And now hit graph and you will see the sine curve. The sine curve looks like this. If you didn't get that, now is your chance to ask. It's periodic. It repeats itself. It has an amplitude. Let's first of all copy it out. It's a smooth curve, so it looks like this. And I'll put arrows on the end to simplify. Hey, it keeps going. Pretty curve. You have to memorize it. I'm going to show you a fairly easy way to memorize it without truthfully memorizing every little detail. I'm big on it. If I can derive it in one second, I'll take the one second of work and save my brain. Let's look at this. Specifically, let's fill in the bottom here. What's the domain of sine? All reals? Oh, that's kind of nice. By the way, this is what some of the information you'll need to memorize. You can write down next to your memorize. Except, again, I'll show you a way you can derive some of it too. But still, it's worth having here. What's the range? How low does this sine graph go? Negative 1? Oh, that's not bad. How high does this graph go? The range is between negative 1 and positive 1?  That's a nice range. Negative 1 less than or equal to y, less than or equal to 1? What's the amplitude? How high does this graph go? 1? How low does this graph go? Negative 1? Total distance? 2? Half of that? What's the amplitude? 1? Oh, I mean, the only better than that would have been 0, but 0 would be a straight line flat line. That's a great amplitude. This is a nice graph. What's the period from peak to peak? Do the math. How many degrees from here to here? Sabina. Period. Oh, you say 306, once around the circle. Or in radians, 2 pi. That makes sense. We'll come back to the x-intercepts in a second. Let's do the y-intercept. What's the y-intercept? What, comma, what? Ellen. The y-intercept is 0, 0. That's, I mean, as ugly as it could have been, that's what Mr. Dewick's asking me to remember. Hey, I like this. Why do they have x-intercepts in brackets? Because there's more than one. In fact, there's an infinite number of x-intercepts. I can't tell you all of them, Vlad, because they keep going and going.  Don't write this first bit down. Don't write this first bit down. I'm going to do it the long way, and then I'll show you the shorter way that we write it. Where is my first x-intercept, Rhett? 0. How far till the next one? How far till the one after that? How far till the one after that? Okay, here's how I'm going to write this. But I'm going to shorten it down, so I don't write this down yet. Starting with 0 degrees, add or subtract multiples of 180 where n is an integer. In other words, 0, 180, 2 times 180, 3 times 180, 4 times 180, 5 times 180, 6 times 180. Except this isn't quite right because, Isabel, what's 0 plus anything? Does the 0 actually make a difference? What's 0 plus 5, Caitlin? What's 0 plus 6? What's 0 plus 180 n? They generally don't put, because you're starting with a 0, they don't put that in front. If we were starting somewhere else, we would. Write that down. Oh, and let's do the radian version. Pi n, where n is an integer. This is the sine graph. It follows a pattern.  It actually corresponds to here, here, here and here. Has an amplitude of 1. Domain all the yields. Turn the page and look at assignment homework question 1. Now it wants us to look at cosine. Once again, we're only going to look here, here, here and here. Once again, we're going to use our handy-dandy little unit circle. Cosine, mitzuh is what over what? And if r is 1, cosine ends up just being how far left right you are, your x-coordinate. So, what's the cosine if we start at 0 radians? What's the cosine of 0? What's your x-coordinate right there? You're telling me my x-coordinate is 0? No, that would mean I was on the y-axis. Sorry. Cosine of 0 is 1. This graph starts out going through 0, 1. The next one I'm going to do is right here. It's pi by 2. Spencer, what's my x-coordinate right there? So, the cosine of pi by 2 is 0. Now, I've got to improvise a bit on my graph. Oh, wait a minute. Six squares is pi. Where would pi by 2 be? How many squares? Three. I'm 0 high. Three squares in. Next, what I'm going to do is right here. Pi. What's the cosine of pi? What's my x-coordinate right there? Do you say negative 1? Thank you for getting the negative. The next one is 3 pi by 2. Right there. What's your x-coordinate right there? 0. And that would be three squares over again. Oh, I forgot to put the 0 in here. And the last one, back to where we started from 2 pi, what was the cosine of 0 or 2 pi? And I've just begun to repeat. Three squares over, 0. Three squares over, bottom. Oh, I can back count as well. Three squares left, 0. Three squares left, bottom. Three squares left, 0. Three squares left. The cosine graph looks like that. Looks like that. In fact, Emily, I'm going to argue for what it's worth. If you took this sine graph and you just slid it 3 left, it's exactly the cosine graph. In fact, that's how sine and cosine are related. Or, for that matter, if you moved it 3 right, I think. Nope, never mind. 3 left. So, turn the page if you haven't. 278, number 2. Let's see if we can fill this in. Because you need to memorize this too. What's the domain of cosine? All reals just like sine? Really? Oh, that's too good to hope for. Next thing you know, you're going to tell me that the range is between negative 1 and positive 1 just like sine. You're not going to tell me that, are you? You're kidding me, really? Oh, great. I would almost pay money for math like this. Don't tease me now. Don't tease me and tell me the amplitude is 1. That would be just too good to hope for. Really? Oh, man. Well, I will lose it if the period ends up being 2 pi or 360 degrees. Is the length of one wave 2 pi or 360 degrees? Oh, you're kidding me. Man, I need to update my Facebook stat. This is great. In love with cosine. You know where this breaks down a little bit, though? The x-intercepts and the y-intercepts are different. But once again, let's do the y-intercept first. What's the y-intercept of cos? What, comma what? Zero? Like, it could have been anything ugly. And it's, I mean, 00 is the best we could ask for. But I think the next best we could hope for would be 0,1. That's not bad. What about the x-intercepts? Once again, Carly, I'm going to have to do a list. I'll mention the first one, and then I'll say, how far apart are they? The first one is right there. How many radians is that, Carly? How many degrees? 90. And the next one is six squares, which is pi or 180. Oh, you know what? They're still 180 apart, just like sine and cosine. They just start in a different place. Oh, so x-intercepts. I can either say pi over 2 plus multiples of pi or 90 degrees plus multiples of 180. Which one is correct? If you want me to do it in radians, I'll do it in radians one. If you want me to do it in degrees, I'll give them the degrees one. Which one would you want? The radians one. Cosine and sine. You know what they're like? They're like, if you ever see two siblings who are a couple of years apart that aren't twins, but boy, they could be twins. There's only a few things that make them different. Andrew and Brody. So it's who I used last class. How many of you come from a big family of five or more kids? Not very many. Both my folks do. Which means I got uncles and cousins galore. I got cousins I've never met. In fact, I played basketball and was friends with a kid who told me I was about 21 or 22 before I figured out he was actually my cousin. I assumed he was going out with one of my cousins and that's why I kept showing up at my family gatherings. I didn't know. Different last name and... Big families. And my grandpa remarried after his first wife died into another big family and was like, holy smokes. Related to half of Abbot's room. As soon as you get a big family, maybe you guys can relate to this. In my family, we also have the ugly cousin, the one that doesn't quite fit in. For us, it's cousin Marvin. Marvin was very cool when I was eight years old, but now he's in and out of jail all the time. He's a biker. Where is he? He's somewhere in the Lower Mainland. How many kids? We don't know. What job? We don't know. My family gatherings late on his Harley and seemed very, very friendly. Now I know he was back then. He just seemed very, very funny to a little kid. Tangents, the ugly cousin of the Triggs family. Tangent, unfortunately, is not going to fit in at all. At all. Turn to page 279. Sign and coasts really are as clean Tyler as math can get. Same domain, same range and a nice domain on range. All reels and plus or minus one. Same amplitude and a nice amplitude one. Nice X and Y intercepts. Nice. Tangent. In fact, tangent, I'm not even going to go to the unit circle because even the unit circle kind of breaks down for tangent. Tangent, I'm going to fall back on my most fundamental definition, X and Y and R. Tyler, tangent is what over what in terms of X and Y and R? I'm going to write that over here. And as soon as I write that, there's a problem with this fraction because this fraction can sometimes be undefined, which is why I'm so glad someone asked that earlier. What would make this fraction undefined? When what's zero? When X is zero. Here is my circle just so I can kind of get my bearings. Where is X zero? Right there and right there. Where is tangent undefined? Right there and right there. How many degrees is that? 90, how many radians? Pi over 2. The graph gave me as in degrees at 90 degrees. There's going to be a great big undefined vertical asymptote again. This is how I draw tangent, by the way. Now I also know going around to 270, I don't want to go that way. Instead, I'm going to go this way. It's also undefined going this way. If I go in this direction, Sandaly, how many degrees is that? There's going to be an asymptote at negative 90. This is what's going to give me centered at zero. So negative 90. Always when I'm doing tangent, I almost always will draw the asymptotes first because they're going to be my guide railings. Then, in all honesty, I try and get one more point if I can. Three more is nice and because this is the basic tan, we'll actually get three. Otherwise, I just need one. What would make this fraction work out to zero? What makes a fraction equal zero? Not when the bottom is zero, that's undefined, but when? When the top is zero, when Y is zero, where is Y zero? Right there. What angle is that? This graph goes through zero, zero. Actually, you know what? I don't derive that part. That part I've just memorized. Tangent and sine both go through zero, zero. Then I fall back on one more nice angle, but it's actually not from the unit circle. It's from this triangle here, the one, one root two. What angle is that right there in the one, one root two and since we're in degrees, I guess we'll go with degrees. 45, what is the tangent, the opposite over adjacent to 45? I know that tan of 45 is one and tan of negative 45 is negative one. Those are the two extra points I try and get if I can for my total of three. Now 45 degrees, I'm not really fond of the scale here, but okay, if that's 90, 45 is going to be one and a half squares over where one high and negative one and a half squares over where negative one high. And tangent looks like this. Nothing at all like sine or cosine. In fact, it looks a little bit like this. By the way, that's one complete tan graph. It's not two pi or 360 degrees period. How wide is it? How many degrees is the period of tangent? 180 pi, which means it goes twice as that. It means if I want to draw the next one, I would say, well, the next asymptote is going to be 180 degrees over, six squares right there. Oh, I went too far. Don't try that again, Mr. Duk. One, two, three, four, five, six squares right there. It's going to go through zero, zero in between the two asymptotes. Halfway along, it's going to be one high. Halfway back, it's going to be negative one high. It's going to look like this. Going in the other direction, six squares back, 180 degrees or pi radians. One, two, three, four, five, six, three. Going to be another asymptote right there. Once again, exactly halfway between the asymptotes. That's where it's zero, zero. Halfway to halfway, it's going to be one high. Halfway to halfway, it's going to be negative one high. I guess I'd also have that and that if I wanted to really fill in another half of a wave. Tyler, these points are, these two are really optional because often you won't be able to get that one high and negative one very easy at all. The center point is the key one and the asymptotes are the key one and the shape is the key. Even your graphing calculators have a really, really tough time with this.  It really has a tough time with those vertical asymptotes. It wants to put them in as lines. Sometimes, although you'll notice in the middle there, it figured out it was a vertical asymptote because it didn't put a line right there even though it put one everywhere.  Now, on all of your graphing calculators, when you hit the zoom, one of the options is zoom trig. If you pick zoom trig, it will pick a scale usually from negative 360 to positive 360, negative 2 pi to positive 2 pi. I think there the software knows not to put asymptotes in and mix it. That's what the tandem graph is supposed to look like. You can't trust your calculators here. What was it? Negative 360 and 540 and negative 1.2. 1.2 I think is what we had. The other really big issue is if you're trying to solve an equation. Suppose I said solve tan x equals 3. I better make sure my window is 3 high. Let's make it 4 high. I would solve that by graphing that, if I wanted to check out my graphing calculator, graphing that and then finding where these two lines cross. The problem is my graphing calculator might also think that they cross right there even though there's nothing there. So you have to look at your solutions where you're hovering in the air very carefully. Did I mention tangent was the ugly cousin?  What's your homework? Number 4 and then oh, wait a minute. We haven't finished. We're going to do number 7 together. What's the domain, Kara, when you're done yawning my child? What's the domain of tangent? Tangent does go forever. It is sort of all reals except there's gaps. So rather than say everything that it is, it's easier for me to say what it isn't. For the domain, I'm actually going to say x can't be. What can't x be? Where was the first asymptote that appeared? 90 degrees. How far till the next one? 180. x can't be 90 degrees and then multiples of 180 degrees. That's if we want the domain in degrees. If we want the domain in radians, x can't be, all right, 90 degrees radians. Pi by 2 plus 180 degrees multiples of pi where n is an integer. This may be your first experience where instead of saying what the domain is, we say what the domain ain't. Isn't it easier? What's the range? All reals. That's about the only easy thing of tangent. And because the range is all reals, there is no amplitude. How high does it go, infinity? How low does it go? Negative infinity. What's infinity plus negative infinity? How far apart are they? Two infinity. What's half of two infinity? Infinite. Oh, okay. Yeah, no amplitude. Ah, there is a period though. How long was one wave? Not 360. 180 or pi? We'll do the x-intercept second. It does have a nice y-intercept. Built for 0, 0. Okay. What about the x-intercepts? There are many. Where is the first one at 0? How far till the next one? 180 degrees? Oh, let's do it in radians. Well, let's do it in both. So, x-intercepts, it's going to be 0 degrees plus 180 degrees times n where n is an integer. Although, you know what? They wouldn't write the 0 degrees because 0 plus 180 is just 180. Pi n where n is an integer for radians. Tangent is equal to 0 at 0, 180, 360. Oh, heck, it's easier to do it in pi. 0 pi, 2 pi, 3 pi, 4 pi, 5 pi, 6 pi, 7 pi, 8 pi, 9 pi, 10 pi, 11 pi. Tangent is 0 there. Negative pi, negative 2 pi, negative 3 pi, negative 4 pi, negative 5 pi, negative 6 pi. The last thing I'm going to ask you on your test is the equations of the vertical asymptotes. These red vertical lines, I might want to know their equations. Now, there are many of them. It's going to be easier for me to describe one and then say when the next one appears. Quick math 10 review. What's the equation of that vertical line that goes through x equals 4? And I just told you, x equals 4. That's the equation. What's the equation of the vertical line that goes through x equals 4? x equals 4. What's the equation of a vertical line that goes through x equals 90? When's the next one? How far till the next one? Equations of the vertical asymptotes, 90 degrees plus 180 N or pi by 2 radians plus pi N where N is an integer. In fact, you may notice that the domain what x can't be is the same as the equation of the asymptotes what they are equal to. You can also add 8, 9, 10 and 11 to your homework. And then I promised you guys that I would show you an easier way to remember sine and cosine. I got not really good for tan. How do I do tan? I draw the asymptotes. I know it goes through zero dead center between the two asymptotes. I can usually figure out the asymptotes by saying when am I dividing by zero? That's where the problem is. And then I know it looks like C. But for sine and for cos, can you scroll down to where the answers are? And I think at the bottom of the second page of answers, we've got about a third of a page. Here's how I do y equals sine x.  But then I want you to put your pencil down, watch me do the whole thing. And then what I'm going to do is say now try it yourself from memory to help. Here's what I do. Someone says to me, hey, let's talk about the sine graph. I go, well, once around the circle, I do that right away. Don't write this down yet. Justin, what does that have to be then? See how you can get that without memorizing it? What does that have to be then? See how you can get that without memorizing it? What does that have to be then? Come on, do the arithmetic. Thank you for not letting me down. I do remember that sine started here. And then I know it goes middle up, middle bottom, middle up, middle. Oh, I add one high and negative one high. I do have to remember that. But is one and negative one, Trevor, fairly reasonable to remember? I think so. And I know it goes like this. And when I connect them, if you all turn your head sideways, what letter does sine look an awful lot like? S. That's when someone says to me anything about the sine graph, this is what either pops into my head or Alex on a piece of paper. I derive it in. It takes me one second far longer than it took me to describe to you. Try recreating that yourself. Hey, what's the sign of three pi by two, negative one? See it? This also, if you're a little confused on the unit circle thing that I've been doing for the alarm bell questions, I also suggest if you don't like the unit circle, you can sketch that in all of one second. And that'll take care of where sine is negative one or zero or positive one and ditch the whole wrong unit circle. I do the same thing. And again, put your pencil down and watch. And then try recreating it afterwards. Do the same thing for cosex. I sketch one period, which is once around the circle, which is two pi. Then it's pretty easy for me. Assar, what's that have to be? Gotta be. What's that have to be? And I know it goes one high and negative one high. And I've memorized, cosine goes through, starts at one, starts up high. And then it's going to be zero, bottom, zero, top. The cosine graph, turn your head sideways. It sort of looks like a C. Not quite as nice as the S, but it sort of looks like a C for cose. I remember. What do you got for tangent, Mr. Dewick? Nothing. Well, what letter does, well, write this down first. This is the best I got, and it's really not much. What letter does tangent start with? Now I'm a T, now I'm a tan. It's sort of a T, if you imagine my body now gone, but the x-axis or the y-axis are sort of that there, which is the tangent graph done with the computer, sort of looks like if the y-axis was the main part of the letter T, kind of ugly cousin. Got nothing, really. So what's your homework? You have a take home quiz and you got a few questions.


Thank you, Victor. Thank you, Mohammed, for inviting us, or for inviting Tomo. I think we might have invited me along, but thanks for letting us present our project. What we'll do today is we'll present some reflections on the nature and use of big data in a big interdisciplinary project. This project is the commune project. It's funded by the INR. It's led by Tomo, by Isabel Segi and myself. And you couldn't have done better, really, as organizer in placing us or in organizing the sequence of papers for this conference because we open the conference and we're closing it. Our project is clearly a child or a sibling of the British project. And what Kampop has done in sort of decades long production of the English and Welsh state infrastructure is very closely related to what we're trying to do, which is both inspiring us and so there's an interesting parallel in the two projects and seeing how starting from scratch to a certain extent a bit later on changes the way in which some of the things we do over time. Okay, so what we're going to do today is very simply try to offer this sort of a set of general reflection on the nature and production of big data in the context of this experience. The first point in what we're going to start with is really to think about how we construct the data and really thinking about the sources that we use or at least present you the sources. We won't have time to really go into the details but obviously any question later we can answer later. The project has really two major components. The first one is the historical administrative units and the second one are the transport networks at least those units. And we will briefly present how we construct those two to start with the the project. So the administrative side of the project emerged from two existing data sets the first one with the administrative history of all French communists in since 1801. Sometimes some people refer to it as the HAC data set or HAC data set was created by Isabelle Segui by Claude Motte and Christine Théry. And the second one is sort of an enhanced version of that enriched with data for the revolutionary period and linked to some points on the Cassini maps and the modern administrative units and that's gave birth to the Cassini website that everyone probably knows about when anyone was interested in French history knows about. None of these obviously have GIS boundaries linked to municipal units and that's really where our project started. What we wanted to see is to be able to represent in space every one of those units in obviously and see exactly where any of them were in a different point in time. The second problem with those data is that they really see the history of communes from Paris. Well, we also have that unfortunately I didn't put on that slide is Victor's your work Victor obviously on the third Republic, which is a first step obviously in the territorialization or the mapping or the or making it possible to map different administrative units in the past. So all this together, it leads to what we call the inner commune data set. And what we are not doing is we're completing those data with archives collected from 95 Department of Archives in France, each time collecting textual and cartographic evidence in order to complete and those data and reconstruct the boundaries. So these, this is really very much the structure the very simplified structure of the data set is certainly not a UML complex UML, you know, scheme that you can see here but at least it makes it clear what it is. And the way is it how is it done well we have over 40,000 communes, you know, between after 18 or 1800 20% of these change or we have roughly over 8008,000 changes to documents in 1801. We have a few thousands more in the in the revolution period but these we don't even know how many were supposed to be in the archives all this year but obviously with the pandemic, we had to revise our plan so we'll figure out the numbers soon but not yet. What do we do. Well, for the for when communes were simply divided we can use the modern quasi metric precision of the data from the IGN to recreate past boundaries and we have excellent accuracies. In the case of coming merging, obviously we need to find the cartographic evidence of the past boundary of the commune and that's where it gets more tricky. In fact, second rule appeared, we can use scans of IGN maps and our partnership with the IGN make this possible so we just have to obtain the right map and just redraw the boundaries. For the 19th century, and the second, especially the second part of the 19th century we have military maps that we can obtain the same way. In the period, we have to rely on either cadastral maps or material collected from the archives. And, you know, this is what it looks like, we have a map, and we simply georeference it and redraw the boundaries. In most cases, the accuracy is quite good and we always measure it for each one of our reconstruction. But not always, because sometimes there is no map, but we only have a description of the confines of the commune or the boundaries. When a commune was set up and we have to work with this textual document in order to construct a boundary that obviously is not we could not find any documentary evidence for exact its exact position. The result is this. So here you have a commune in 2019 and you have the same commune 100 years earlier. So basically we have for every year in the commune data set, a set of commune, which is related or linked to the polygon that represents its exact space, its exact area at any time, at any point in time. And what's the benefit of this to a certain extent it has almost as an antiquarian aspect, which is we want to have exact boundaries for each commune. Yes, that's true. There's an element of we want this to be as correct as possible. But there's another element is that as we mentioned in his presentation is that obviously by having a set of administrative units at any point in the past. It means that we can link to that set of administrative units, any data created with the units of that period, natively if you want without having to reconstruct to fiddle with the units in the data set other than matching the names. So that's one thing, but more importantly, and that's also point he made is that it becomes possible to link any data through that interface to any other data. And that's in on that's at a basic level. So for example, it makes possible to relate to data set that were that, you know, I give a different data for each commune to assemble. But also, it allows two different set possibility of connection one in diachronic way. So it makes possible the use of time series on those very large data set because we don't have the problem of aggregating different units we can specialize the data so obviously that we can link date data sensors for example for different years and always be consistent in our use of of administrative units. So we have not that we don't have that problem. But also, it's possible in a synoptic way, because we can relate data to any cell to a data to any other cell through the relationship between those points and units through the transport network that we are building. So that means that for each point in time, we can, at the same time examine the set of relation between each point in space, and we can then add a temporal layer to this, we can see how those relations evolve through time. So I'll let Toma now explain how we're building the transport network to give you an idea what it looks like before we go back to some reflections and what that means in terms of the scale and the use of that data. Thank you, Alexi. Get the link is based on the connection of the municipality through the networks of the barrier study. So this is the transportation in the center of my preoccupation. And then we are going to build a multimodal network from 19,000 to 20,020 including waterways, railways and roads. Next is Alexi. This multi source approach will be based on existing data. We have the postal network, we have the Cassini network, and also the French railways developed in the past project. And then for the information that we need to be completely created, we are working on the waterways actually. We are working with a literature and the web site. This is the site website of reference in the waterways in France, and the next year will be dedicated to the digitalization of the roads from the military maps, and but also from the mission maps from the 1910 and 1930s series. These sources will also be used to assign an average speeds, and we have already done this for the pedestrian trips for the stagecoach for the railway travel, and we'll still have not to to make an assessment of speeds over time for cars, tracks, and navigation. And this geographical database will be made up of different unimodal graphs for pedestrians, navigations, rail, and car. And then we will merge all these different unimodal layers into a graph that we will now call the multi graph. And the goal of the semester graph is to connect the different modes with each other for accessibility calculations for the work career study. So this is your time. Thanks. I'm sorry I was already on wine as you can see so probably that's why I'm a bit slow. And the so as you can see we have because of those two aspects of our project we're collecting a really large amount of data. So we have an autographic in order to find the boundaries that could be textual in order to find elements and mentioned administrative element about the commune themselves, but obviously that that is also all those elements about the transport network that tomorrow is so we've very quickly encountered a problem is how to do this, because given the scale of the collection that we wanted to, you know, harness in that project, we really had to think about the best methodology for that purpose. And really obviously when we, we wanted to have to automatize everything. It was, it sounded like the obvious way to do it but obviously, but that's not that simple, because there's a cost to automatization that can sometimes offset the gains, or even outstrip the gains that that they're also linked with automatization. So if we represented a very simply some sort of a diagram showing that relationship. So doing it manually is obviously extraordinarily expensive and time consuming and doing it automatically can be very quick, but the problem is that there's also a cost to validation that could be much higher. And if the data is poor, it could invalidate the entire use of data and therefore that could be completely useless and therefore be very expensive to. So we were a bit faced with that problem where using the existing data and linking it to what we have was, you know, very, very efficient doing it manually was very inefficient and doing it automatically was efficient but not very secure. So we were really thinking about how we could do this. And I'm going to give two examples now in the next few minutes of how we try to do this. I'll give first an example of the kind of data when I saying we're relating data to our commune to our bound to our administrative units I'll give you some examples of what how we extract textual data to do this, and then we'll give you some example about geographic features and in trans for the transport network. I'm going to present here is really the, the consequence of a project that I've been leading with some for a few years with my colleagues in Cambridge Janus that are put us and Oliver done to try to make the extraction of historical data of tabular historical data more efficient that's a project we call a soft for trumsily transcribing historical object with tabular handwritten data. The point is that lots of the historical data comes in forms of table, and those tables, I mean, extracting the text from it, even if they handwritten now is a, you know, is a process that computer scientists have cracked to a certain extent it's not always perfect but it's possible. The problem is that when it's in the same shape of a table, it requires not only understanding the text but nothing the relationship between different bits of the text and that's in terms of computer science is actually more difficult. So I'm going to give you one example here, which I took from the draft military law, the draft military lottery. So in French to lease the tirage, which show consistently between the 1830s and the First World War. A list of around 420,000 men age 20 each year being listed before there was any decision on whether they would join in or not the army so it is a very exhaustive list I mean no one is that you know, no one that I'm going to serve are listed in this in these documents, and I'm not sure whether Leonel would call it a poor source as he said the census were poor source. I mean this one contains lots of different variables name, place of birth place of residence place of residence of parents, height and medical history injuries, whether the person knows to read can read can write. I would qualify this as a rich source but I will want to, you know, make anyone being upset with. So that we will obviously interested in extracting data from this source, and what we did for that we did two things first we elaborate a process of segmentation of data, and then we fit it into this a process of text recognition. So it may be a quick to show you what it looks like but if you have a document like this, we can start first by using some basic sort of extraction of line to try to recognize a basic structure. Then we can annotate those pages if you generally now we are around annotating 40 pages went for a regular table. Then we ask a model of convolutional neural network to try to detect to use that data to detect cells, and we use those cells then by repeating this operation lots of time and correcting itself to create tables which have all their own relationship, and we can extract those fields exactly as you would then work with an Excel spreadsheet basically each box, as its own coordinates, and within those books then we can extract the text using, you know, techniques of called HDR that already are an existence and quite common. And at the end is data that is quite reliable and I am showing I'm not going to go through everything but you could see if you look at the at the endpoint which is the corrected data. The, that the accuracy rate is quite good obviously it's, it will be lower for the last names because they are more variety then can be really really high for questions for like place for places which are obviously much more limited in terms of the number of places. There is a way where we can create data and obviously with the data we have we can specialize or we can project all that data immediately into the communes and the content in which they were produced. So this becomes a very easy because we have all that data that we've produced with the inner commune. The second example I'm going to give you is when we want to use and have this problem of creating data from cartographic material. And then we want the roads, which is what we want at the moment. And we want to work with those it our major maps of these military maps. Well, extracting the roads as segments. First is challenging, but also when you look at the map themselves, it adds other layers of complexity. Those maps are ties and generally they're not stitched together properly. So what we might use in terms of the continuity of segment might be broken. The others vary quite a great deal. There are also lots of different types of line and it's very easy for a computer to confuse one with the other. So you see what I was saying before, in terms of the relationship between automatization and manual acquisition of data and the cost and benefits is something that is obviously needs to be thought carefully. So what are we doing for this where we have adopted a sort of a progressive. We are adopting because obviously this is work in progress and progressive approach to this. We started by doing some road ourselves so that's the, the what you see in the bottom left corner and we are digitizing some roads. And then we harness the power of the crowd and we asked, you know, lots of people to scale up our power and do it with us and that's what we did and you know some selected crowds sourced data acquisition. And then comes the point where we are asking whether we can use this in order to feed into a model of machine learning. And we found two way to do it first a simple way where we are just using that data as annotation and training different machine learning models on neural networks to do this. So what we found for us and this is a big problem is how to relate any segment that we've extracted from a set of map to a segment with extracted from another set of map because we are historians after all, and we're interested in understanding how those segments are related to maps, black box you see Co Vadio here works, where we have created a game or Claire lages and I'll go to have created a game that we're using, which allows us to ask people to spare segments, according to from two different sets of map. So that gives us a second set of annotation, which allows us to use a temporal element, a temporal element of the data set so our data at the moment has two, two aspects, one which is for any set of map, a series of segment we use as an annotation, and then we can feed into a convolutional network to try to get better at extracting them. And the second one, which is a pairing mechanism, which we could use also as machine learning in the future, in order to make those segments relate to each other so we could also potentially create time series of transport networks in the same way we are thinking about administrative units. Obviously that has implication in terms of data and the size of the data. So we have a picture special data infrastructure, and this infrastructure is composed of heterogeneous data that we can formalize in a space time tube in the vertical line you have the space with the local to the global, and you have the localities and the European countries on the top of this cube. And for the horizontal lines, the time scale extends from one years to several centuries. And these space time dimensions are determined by the nature of the sources. And in the next slide please. The geospatial data infrastructure is composed. Sorry. These three axes makes it possible to define the three components of this data infrastructure, where you have the data warehouse for the primary sources. And also the HGIS linked to the DBMS for the structure components, and we will use the intensive computing for the calculation accessibility measures, and we will use also simulation exploration and visualization for the analytical network. So this geospatial infrastructure is a gateway to even bigger data. Actually, we have 50,000 special units and we can generate 2.5 billions of pairs. Soon, with the multimodal graph, sorry, we will have 16 different possibilities and 40 billion of pairs will be generated. And next, then for each years between 70, 60 to 19, we will have 6 trillions of pairs that will be generated with our infrastructure. And at the end of the project, we will combine all these measures with economic and demographic data, and it will present, of course, a lot of data. And in the future, through the URI identity field, it also becomes integrated to any other type of linked data, for example, wiki data, sorry, and the historical gets it here. So we should reach the critical size of the big data with this infrastructure. So with our big data, it requires an interdisciplinary approach based on this different discipline represented in this workshop, economy, history, geography, of course, but we need, of course, the help of computer scientists to manage this lack of information. So we need to challenge three main domains. The first one is the data collection. We will need to add transportation data, industrial and social and agricultural services. We will need to add data processing with a high performance computing, text mining, machine learning, and web semantics. And we will add, so we will use the data analysis, for example, of clear metrics, or space time, economically, or morphogenesis of network with the computer scientists. So this is the kind of framework to add data science applied to the digital humanities that we would like to do at the end of the project. So in the next slide, we will talk about the federal approach that we have developed for the dissemination of our data, according to the data management plan. Our data will be findable with data metadata that will be available in the human infrastructure via a list and the cargo platforms. Our data will be also accessible, primary sources will be accessible with the warehouse data database pender, which are developed in the MSH of Dijon, and special database will be probably available with the cheer orchestra platform. And we are working with the University of Heidelberg to develop an history called trip planner available in the open route services. Our data will be interoperable. We designed a conceptual model based on UML and Alexi will illustrate the case of UK in the next slides. And our data will be also reasonable. This is the case, actually, we are sharing our data sets, actually, with economists, for example, Christophe Lebeck in Bordeaux, historians and geographers in Paris, and also physician for the morphogenesis of network that we are working with them. Alexi. You can see that what we have now is developed something that tell us about each spatial units over more than two centuries, give us a relationship between each one of those units in time in space and in time in space. And there are two elements that are perhaps missing in the usefulness of that data and this was a question Lee had when he presented the English project at the start. And I'm sure anyone who's not French or not a French historian here would have about this is okay yeah that's all very good that's really good but what about how does that fit into international comparison. And here a few remarks on the nature of the data and how this data can be made interoperable in an international context, and I'd share some element of something that Lee already touched on when he was talking about occupation structure. And obviously, Lee said the code that we use for occupational structure is called PST or international called PSTI. And recently, we've been working on how to move away from a strictly anglo-centric approach to occupational coding to make that data comparable in space and this is something obviously which all the data that we are collecting in our coming project, it will be coded in so this will be also the backbone of our comparable socioeconomic data. So the current coding scheme for PST I'm not going to detail anything. But the idea is that we have a there's a six point coding scheme, which allows to distinguish between different occupation based on a series of markers I'm not going to explain any of this. What we want to do here is that new marker so another eight elements to that code, which would make it I think it was Lionel was making that point. There's a coding system context and time aware. So we'd be able to distinguish between two text trains that are exactly the same, but that means something different because they are from northern France out in France from a different period, etc. So that obviously increases the interoperability. But the problem is, the coding scheme in itself remains a almost like a language that, you know, is only useful when you speak that language. What's more useful is having some kind of reciprocal relationship between languages that would allow those any language to be interoperable with another and obviously economists do not use PST I or some might but it's not the most common language and Lee and I and others have been really thinking about how we could do and build on this to develop a more more sort of fluent relationship between those different languages. So we started with PST developed by Tony Wrigley here in Cambridge and in this different versions and in the project that Lee and Osamu Saito were leading in choice on lead on making that code PST I available for the occupational coding of more than 20 countries around the world. So it's partly linked to Hisco, which is a code that historians have been using a lot, but it's not the perfect equivalence anyway because of the nature of the code. The problem is that if we want to have a new code, and I'm going to skip there, what we want to do is to be able to have coding schemes like Isco like Esco, like all the national coding schemes, like the all the industrial coding schemes also available so that all of this could communicate. And so this is something that we're thinking about and we will probably put in a grant application soon to to develop more where we will have an integrated code which would allow also those elements to be available in different languages or coding schemes. And so that shows also how in the production of big data and the production in a national context also need to think about the relationship of any of the nation national data to other existing data, but also other existing data being produced in different countries of the same way so that they become interoperable and comparable. So if you've not been too long, I can't say I stopped looking at the time, but if you want to get in touch. You can just do it at those links and if you want to use data or if you have any questions and data please just drop us an email will be very happy to chat about it. Thank you so much Esco and so any question that you might have.


Hey guys, my name is Wilson. Today's video is on how do you build a community for your Amazon FBA business from scratch? If you're selling on Amazon, this video is for you. We're talking about basically how do you build asset outside of Amazon?  And only view Amazon as a distribution tool. By you doing that, you can actually not compete your product as a commodity. You can start demanding premiums on your product. You can start demanding brand loyalty to your product as well, which is why it's so important to be able to build a brand outside of Amazon, something that you can own, something in the future that you can sell. And by us doing that, we need to be able to create our own community, people that love and would die for our brand. And today, this video is all about how do you create that community that will love your brand? The way to create a community of die-hard fans for your brand and your product is to first understand your customers, to understand who you're serving to. A lot of times as Amazon FBA sellers, our focus is to rank on page one. Our focus is on keyword. Our focus is to make sure that we have sales velocity. But if you're trying to create a community off of Amazon, it is super important for you to understand who you're serving. Give you an example. If we're selling iDrops, we can easily be selling iDrops to a mother who is working in an office environment seven days a week, or we could be selling this same iDrop to an eGamer who's looking at their screen 14, 15 hours on a daily basis, just because it could be the same iDrops we're selling them doesn't mean that we communicated with these two different customers differently. We need to understand what their pain points are. We need to understand what they're really trying to achieve, whether it be ultra focused, not getting tired for the eGamer, or something that's just to protect their eyes for the mom that is working in an office environment. We need to make sure that we understand who we're serving, and thus we can package the product differently. We can communicate the product differently, and we can understand, we can show the customers that we understand them by understanding who we're serving. That is super important. A lot of people actually skip the step because they think it's not necessary, because they think that the focus is on the keyword research and to rank on page one.  Now that you have identified the people you wanna serve, you need to let them know what makes you different. Why are you on this journey? Why do they buy from you? And that is to determine your brand values and your brand story. So many times, if you're just selling on Amazon, no one really cares for your product, no one cares for your brand. Why are they trying to pay a premium just to support you? They would not do that. It is very different than a brand that has a brand story. If I were to tell you that I recently undergone surgery because my eyes were being too tired, I didn't take care of my eyes, and now I cannot stare at the computer for more than an hour. And I do forgo my career as a e-gamer. That's the reason why I developed this eye drop. So then that way, it can protect my eyes from getting too dry, and that way I can prolong my career as a e-gamer. If I were to have that story behind the eye drop that I'm serving and communicate this story to the e-gamer, that is much stronger as a pole to that e-gamer. That is much stronger reason for this e-gamer to pay 20% premium just to support my cause because they truly understand what I'm going through. Now that's a hypothetical situation. I'm not an e-gamer. I'm just showing you the power it would have to have a brand story behind your product because that's where you're going to be able to have premiums for your product and to be able to demand brand loyalty is to create a story, an authentic story that you can stand behind for your brand story and your brand value. In the section below, I also have different questions that have helped you create your brand story and your brand value and that way you can communicate this to the people you want to serve and in turn create a community that would love your products. So now that you have your customers figured out, now that you have the story behind why people should back you up, the third way to create a community is to give them value. So many businesses out there are looking for that one off kill. They're looking for that transactional relationship to have with their customers.  These are all things that do not promote a community forming. A lot of times when you're able to understand your customers and their desires, you can communicate that to them by giving them value. That value actually changes depending on who you are serving. So for example, for an eGamer, something that is a value for them is resources that would give them better response of time, better focus, better performance, better rest. These are all things that they would truly value and when you can create these different resources and provide these resources to your customers, then in turn they're gonna develop that trust with you and you're gonna be able to nurture this relationship with them, whether it be creating a lead magnet, which is like something like top five superfoods for resting, so then that way you can have better response time. You can create that as a PDF and then that way the eGamers can download it from your website and in turn you can start nurturing them within your email sequence or it could be in a forum, whether it be a Facebook group where they can congregate and share different resources on better response time or it could be a social media. Regardless of where it is, you need to understand where your customers are pulling. Where are they hanging out and you've got to be there. You've got to be leading them within where they hang out and at the end of the day, this will allow you to create the raving fans which would always back you up, buy from you and have that brand loyalty. So there you go. The three ways to create a community for your Amazon FBA business. Number one is to understand who you're serving, understand their pain points, understand the language that you need to speak to them with to gain their trust. Second thing is to have your brand story, something that is authentic to you. Why did you create this brand? Why should they follow you? And the third is to give them value. So then that way they can gain that trust again over and over again to nurture them at where they hang out. Whether it be an email list or whether it be a Facebook group, whether it be your social media, wherever they hang out, you need to be there and give them value. And that's how you're gonna be able to create this type of raving fans. So then that way, you're not just competing on Amazon as an Amazon seller. You're creating a brand that has asset that you can sell in the future that you can scale, that you can have brand loyalty, which is the reason why it's so important to create a community. So many people think that creating millions of followers is the way to go for a community. At the end of the day, it doesn't matter. Those are just vanity metrics. It is so much more important to have 10,000 raving fans that love your brand. And that itself is how you create a community for your brand. If you like this video, subscribe. If you won't have any questions, leave it in the comment section below. Otherwise, I'll see you guys in the next video. That are urgent. So we're, that are, yes. So, not urgent tasks. Switch it off. Switch it off. Yeah, five, right? The five tips. Yeah, the five tips. Fourth is to... Okay, let's redo that. No, you're just gonna just go for it. Okay. Do this. You know what? You were on a roll. I was on a roll, right? You were on a roll.  Okay, now how do you do it? Now how do you do it? One is to have an email sequence. All right, okay. Now, how do you actually do that? Number one. Now how do you do that? And to be able to communicate that to your customers? Still in circles, right? A little bit. But how do you round it off and just talk about the results below? No. All right, that's true. Yeah, yeah, okay, let's redo that. Okay. In three, two, one. So there you go. The top three ways. No. So there you go. The three ways to... The one. Okay. The second point in getting Amazon reviews. Is that good or no good? Or am I just going to circles? I'm sort of going in circles. Oh, people can be influenced by peers to adopt certain behaviors. Okay. Is that, you're going to be able to, oh. Okay, let's redo that. Okay.