at the numbers are. So, with the sentence reading now, the applicant will investigate the installation of solar panels to determine if feasible. That's a reasonable condition to leave in there. I think so. Okay. One question, John, is the roof of your building likely to be structurally adequate for panels in any case? Yeah, we went through that on the first design and it's not a big deal to have the trust system engineered to allow for that. So, we would probably do that, whether we did it or not, just a matter of some extra loading on the design of the panel, of the design of the trusses. So, it's not a big deal. Andrew? Yeah, I mean, I just like, the applicant is encouraged to investigate. I mean, again, it doesn't seem to have teeth and even as it's proposed, I guess we would expect John to be able to furnish some sort of proof of reaching out to somebody. I don't know. I mean, I get the spirit of it, but I just don't want to get some John caught up in some legalese here where he made a phone call and that doesn't honor this appropriate. I'm wondering actually if it would be, it sounds like it might be acceptable to John if we said that the roof structure shall be designed to accommodate solar panels and just leave it at that. And if whether he decides or some future owner decides to put the panels on, at least it's ready for that. Kristen? Christine? Solar ready. You just said the words, but in different order. It's a solar. I had those words in my head and I wasn't sure whether that's actually enough of a known term to use as a shorthand. John, would you be okay with us insisting that the roof is adequate for installation of panels? Yeah, so I'd be fine with that. Thank you. So this will read the roof. Structures shall be designed to be solar ready. I would be more explicit that it will be designed to support the installation of solar photovoltaic panels. Johanna? I don't know whether this needs to be in the conditions but we wanna make sure that not only the roof structure but also the electrical panels, like essentially the whole structure just needs to be solar ready from all systems, including the roof and the electrical system. Is it prohibitive to switch out a solar out of panel when you decide to put up, it seemed like it's prohibitive to ever replace the roof structure, but you could replace an electrical panel when you're ready to do your panels or your solar installation. That's true. Okay, so scratch the electrical panel but leave the roof. John? Yeah, just to explain that, the owner's panel in the building we did last year and the owner's panel that's being designed for this building are a three phase 208 bolt panel and very acceptable to any solar array and system that they have. It was no problem adding it to the three phase panels. So should not be a problem. Thank you. Okay, so this seems like a good place to put in whatever condition we want to about coming back in 18 months to look at the parking issue. And I wonder if Nate has come up with the wording that we may have used last time or not. Can you just still hear? Yeah, sorry. It's funny, I was looking at one other SPR decision but I actually haven't found the language as being a condition. It may have been something that was discussed but I don't see that it was actually formalized as a condition. I think that was my memory as well. Yep, that it was discussed during the public hearing that it wasn't actually made a condition. Right. Maria? I'm fine with that if that was how we kind of left it because I can't remember. I was trying to dig through all our old packets to find this approval for the previous project and I can't find it here. But that's on point. So I just found it, there was a few, there was an amended SPR, there was two right SPR, isn't it an amended SPR? So on the amended SPR, sorry, it was on 2020-05. It said the applicant shall come back to the planning board at a public meeting 18 months after the issuance of a certificate of occupancy for the new building to review the parking plan, the number of spaces provided and to examine whether the six potential reserve parking spaces shown on the site plan should be put to use to meet the parking needs of the tenants. So I guess there is a, there was a condition to that effect. You wanna put in a condition to that effect here? Yeah, I think that would be useful. Okay, so Nate, can you email me, can you email me that condition and I'll include it? Yeah, I'll get that in a minute to me. And am I right? We don't really have any reserve parking areas anymore. I assume the ones that were in the original building site plan have been preempted or otherwise occupied and this new plan doesn't have any identified. Mr. Roboleski did identify two spaces during the June 15th meeting that were north of the main parking area, sort of just to the west of the building that was built a couple of years ago, but there were just two spaces there. And then there was this other plan showing shadow parking towards the front of the building, but I think that people may be reluctant to put in that parking. I did send that plan to Nate and Pam earlier in the meeting, which I think is why that my screen froze and I was left out of the meeting for a while, but I don't know if you wanna bring that ghost parking plan up if Nate can bring it up, but you'd have to stop sharing the conditions in order to do that, wouldn't you? So I don't know if we wanna go back to that, but I will put in the condition about parking and what should be, so I guess the question is, what would be the solution? If you go back and look at it in 18 months, what are you gonna do about it? You've got these two spaces. I guess I assumed that the primary purpose to come back was to educate the board about how what we've approved is working so that we have information for future reviews. I mean, if Maria. Yeah, like a lot of board members expressed concern about the percentage of compact spaces and about whether, what compare some shadow parking proposed, like whether those are gonna be needed. So those were the two pieces that were questioned, I think during those comments. I don't have any others. All right, well, we'll have to look at the wording that Nate just read and figure out how we can make it best suit this current situation. Are there are the two spaces that you remember at the sort of north end of the main parking area still available? Yes, they take away from the green space up there, but they are still available, yep. Would it be reasonable just to reference those and stop there? I think you're right that I at least would be reluctant to insist on parking in the front, in the south side of the house. Okay, yeah, I will reference those. All right, shall we move on to the affordable conditions? Yes. And I wonder if Nate would mind reading these conditions having to do with affordable units because he's the expert in affordable housing in our small department here. So this product has trigger inclusionary zoning and so Article 15 of the zoning bylaw. So these conditions have become somewhat standard when projects include affordable units. So most of these will be repetitive product to project. Things might change in terms of the actual number of units or bedroom counts, but in terms of how it's organized, it becomes a standard format. So Commission 15, at least 12% of the dwelling units, three units shall be and shall remain affordable in perpetuity and shall be marketed to eligible households whose annual income may not exceed 80% of the area median income, AMI, adjusted for household size as determined by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, quote, these are the affordable units. Sugged to approval by DHCD, the affordable units and the remaining units shall be eligible to be included in the town subsidized housing inventory, the SHI as maintained by DHCD. Article number 16 as defined by Article 12, definitions, the zoning bylaw, affordable housing units are units which may only be rented or purchased by families or households whose annual incomes adjusted for family size do not exceed the limit for the maximum annual income for low-income families or households, 80% of the median income for Amherst as calculated by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development or any successor agency and are eligible and countable for the purposes of the Commonwealth's 40B subsidized housing inventory or its successor. 17, with a total of 23 units proposed, a total of three units shall be affordable, units as defined by Article 12. These affordable units shall include and usually in this section, we might enumerate the bedroom sizes. So, and the inclusionary zoning says the units would be comparable in size, bedroom, count, material and design as the market rate units. So, typically it'd be a proportional rate. If there's ones, twos and three bedrooms, we'd have a proportional rate of affordable bedroom sizes as well. I don't know if Mr. Robleski has spelled that out, but if he has, maybe he could state what it is here. Yes, John. You're muted. I believe we designated and the numbering has changed. So, I'm not sure what the number is right now, but yes, one of the first floor units on the center or the east entry door near the laundry room, the one bedroom unit there is an affordable unit and also the ADA unit. So, it's very accessible to the laundry and direct access from the outside and so forth. Then upstairs in the northeast corner, there's a studio apartment that I think we've indicated is affordable. And then on the third floor, a one bedroom in the northwest corner would be a one bedroom. All right, sure. So, this condition, thanks John, this condition read. These are four units to include one studio unit and two one bedroom units for total of three. Do we still have 23 units total or I thought it was 24 or 25, but maybe not. I went from 27 and we lost four units by eliminating the third floor and the studio next to the office on the first floor when we made the whole first floor in the front office space. So, we went from 27 total units residential to 23. Okay, thank you. Okay, and the second part of this condition reads if the total number of units changes, the applicant will be required to return to the planning board for a viewing approval of the change, including a change in the number of affordable units. Condition 18, the affordable units and 80 units shall not be segregated from the market rate units and in accordance with article 15 inclusionary zoning of the zoning by-law, the affordable units shall be dispersed throughout the development and shall be comparable to the market rate units in terms of quality of design, materials and general appearance of their architecture and landscape. Condition 19, the applicant shall submit a local action unit application to DHCD under the local initiative program, enter into a rental regulatory agreement with DHCD in the town and comply with all DHCD requirements. So, I was to ensure that the affordable units will be included in the DHCD subsidized housing inventory for the town. Number 20, the affordable units are to remain affordable in perpetuity. Subject to DHCD approval, this requirement shall be included in the regulatory agreement. The affordability requirements shall remain in effect in perpetuity, even if the requirement is not included in the regulatory agreement or if the agreement is terminated. Number 21, affordable units shall be marketed and rented to income eligible households in accordance with the DHCD regulations and guidelines for the local initiative program, the guidelines, which require the approval by the DHCD of an affirmative fair housing marketing plan. The costs associated with the development and implementation of the marketing plan, including advertising and processing for the affordable units shall be borne by the applicant. Number 22, subject to the approval of DHCD, a qualified agent shall be engaged by the applicant to administer the initial marketing and lottery for the affordable units and to maintain a waiting list for subsequent rentals in compliance with the income eligibility requirements for tenants of the affordable units. And so, the last few conditions, the town were a part of the regulatory agreement. So we assist the applicant in submitting the paperwork to the local initiative program and the regulatory agreement. We do not take part with the marketing of the affordable units. So it's not something that town gets involved with unless there is an issue. We really aren't supposed to do any of the marketing. So if it's new to John, we can work, Tom Reed is familiar with it and we can work together, but really the town, I think sometimes people think that the town will do the marketing or do the income eligibility review and it's not the town that does that because really we're part of the illegal entity to the regulatory agreement. Our condition number 23 as allowed under applicable law and for no more than 70% of the affordable units, the applicant shall provide a local preference category for those eligible for local preference who in the initial lease up, live in the community, is a municipal employee, works at a business in the community and or has children in the schools of the community or other category of local preference as defined by the state agency providing financing. And this- May I say something about that one? Sure. So this is something that the planning board can choose to do or not do. And you can only do it for the first lease up, but if you think it's important to make these units affordable to people who already have a relationship with the community, this would be a condition that you would want to include. And we have to justify it to DHCD. So 70% is the maximum. So that means that 70% of the units could be reserved for local preference. When they do the marketing, they have a separate pool of applicants that would meet this requirement and be drawn on. But we first have to justify it to the state that we have a need and demand for that 70%. So it's not, we can make it a condition and then we can propose it to the state and it can be a discussion point if we can't meet that 70%. So. So the way this is written, it looks like you could leave it in here and then it's 0%. Right. It just has to be no more than 70. It could be nothing. That's right. And some people think it's discriminatory to have this condition and that you shouldn't limit it to only people who already have a relationship with the town because there may be other people of diverse ethnic groups or whatever that may wanna live here who may not already be here or may not already work here. So this is a kind of controversial condition but we've been including it in all of our affordable developments and in this kind of situation where affordable units are included. So I guess we would recommend that you include it but I'm just saying we do get pushback from time to time saying that this can be discriminatory. I think Doug's your point. So we can have this be a condition but if DCD determines that we don't have the need or demand for the local preference they might say, you know they might say 50% of the units or 0%. So we actually can't, you know, say a percentage and unless we can. Could we say something like for no more than 70% and as, but as a percentage as recommended or endorsed by DHCD. I think the first one. It's unclear here who decides what the percentage is. I think the permitting board sets the preference level for percentage and then it's really the town tries to justify it and if we can't then DCD could reduce it. So we never had a problem justifying 70%. So, you know, every time we have a project we have to write a, you know it's like a four to five page report explaining why we have that and how we can meet that percentage. Well, if this has been working for you I guess I'll stop arguing but I think I don't understand.  And then it's 0% and he's met, you know he's met this requirement. Yeah, yeah, I can see where we might need to reword that a little bit. I mean, you might say something like local affordable units shall be provided at an amount equal to DHCD's endorsement but no more than 70% I think. Then it's DHCD that decides not somebody else. I mean, either that the current wording or double you suggest it would work for me. Okay, I don't know. I mean, John, how do you read that? It's Greek to me at this point. I've never dealt with it. So I would look forward to Nate's help on it I guess or whatever agency I end up handling the lottery and that type of thing. I think Barry has used somebody not familiar with anybody really. So I would look to the town's help in getting through that. So the wording to me, I just don't understand the wording aspect of it. So Nate, I would look forward to working with you on that. I mean, it could be Doug that we just say as allowed under applicable law the applicant shall provide a local preference category. You know, usually say the 70% just because that's the maximum, but. This language was approved by our attorney from KP law when we applied it to the project at 132 North Hampton Road. Okay. So it has been reviewed by our attorney. All right, I'll let's move on. All right, condition 24, the affordable unit shall be identified in an exhibit to the DHCD regulatory agreement. Thereafter, if an affordable unit ceases to count as an affordable unit due to increases in tenant income pursuant to DHC regulations and the provisions of the regulatory agreement, the next available market rate unit with the same number of bedrooms as the affordable unit in question shall be rented as an affordable unit. And so this is actually a good condition. Earlier on, we would actually identify a unit and then we'd say that has to be affordable and sometimes the tenant may become over income or if they move out, they might not be able to rent it. And this allows essentially the affordable units to float, right, to move around the development, which is a benefit to the landlord and to the tenants in the future. Condition 25, the regulatory agreement shall be approved by DHCD and reported at the Hampshire County Registry of Deeds prior to the issuance of any certificate of occupancy with a copy provided to the building commissioner. 26, the affordable unit shall be designated and shown on a floor plan provided to the planning department prior to the issuance of any building permit. In condition 27, the affordable unit shall be available and the tenant selection process shall be in process at the time of any full or partial certificate of occupancy for completed units. However, at the discretion of the building commissioner, a certificate of occupancy may be issued and exclude the affordable units until the tenant selection process has been completed and inspection services has been provided documentation of the completed selection process. The affordable unit shall be occupied at all times only by fall fine tenants in accordance with the regulatory agreement. Okay, I can pick up from here. And I don't think we're gonna read all these construction conditions, but I do wanna read the first one. Final details of contractor parking and other use of the VFW site will be worked out with the building commissioner prior to the issuance of a building permit as part of the approval of the construction logistics plan. And this was wording that was proposed by the building commissioner with regard to Mr. Roblesky's statement that he wanted to use the VFW site for contractor parking. So, and then I don't think we need to read through all of the other construction conditions because they're kind of boilerplate and you've seen them before. So they're typical. I don't think there are any here that are not typical. So that would be the end of the conditions. Great. Okay. So now I guess you can go back to your vote if you want to. Right. So I think Johanna made the motion. I forget who seconded, but we have the motion to approve and approve these findings and conditions. Close the hearing. Is anybody on the board want to say anything more before we vote? Okay. I don't see any hands. Maria. Approved. Tom. Aye. Andrew. Aye. Johanna. Aye. And I will abstain. Four in favor, one opposed. I believe the motion passes. All right. No, no opposed. Right. Four in favor. No one opposed to abstain. Right. And now you want to do the special permit. Right. So why don't we need to do that? John, I see your hand. I just want to say thank you for all your input and working together. And I really do think this would be a nice project for that area of town or any area in town. So it's all about working together and little give and take. So thank you very much. Okay. All right. So we need, let's see. The second, do we, do you want to go right to a motion to, we're going to, let's see. I want to get my wording out again here. All right. So we need a motion to request a special permit or to approve a special permit to extinguish all the special permits associated with parcel 14B-66 and map 14B parcel 66 and 68 BN zoning district. Is it that simple, Chris? I think what you're doing is you're just extinguishing the special permits that relate to 446 Main Street because 462 has already been extinguished. And so I can list the ones for 446 Main Street which were in the development application report. Would you like me to do that? Yes, I certainly would. Okay. So there's a zoning board of appeals, special permit 9527, which was granted to Gerald and Barbara Gidera, a ZBA permit 9270, which was granted to David Artesunian and Mark Peterman, both doctors. A ZBA 9232, which was granted to Gordon and Barbara Fried for a professional office. ZBA 8325, which was a ZBA special permit granted to David Artesunian to convert a portion of the second floor to professional offices. And ZBA 79-57 issued to David Artesunian to establish a professional office and caretaker apartment. So you would be extinguishing those. And I did send them to you in an email so that you could see what the substance of those was if that was of interest to you. But I think they were described in your development application report enough so that you know what they're about. Okay. Thank you for that listing, Andrew. Thanks Doug. I just had a quick question on these conditions, the ZBA 9527, so I guess we're basically saying that any of these that existed will no longer exist. So make sure I'm following that correctly. When you say extinguish that, that's what you mean. I was trying to. Chris, do you agree with that? They would no longer exist except there were conditions that you might wanna consider. And I put those in the development application report and that might be what Andrew was referring to. 9527 had hours of office use for the office. It said to not exceed 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Monday through Friday. And there was another one in ZBA 92-70 which said upon change of tenancy in the office an updated management plan reflecting the new tenants shall be presented to the planning board at a public meeting prior to occupancy. So that means that every time that tenancy changes you would wanna see a management plan. I don't know if that's necessary because the things that would be allowed in the building as non-residential uses would all be things that would normally be allowed in the BN zoning district. But those are two conditions that you might consider attaching to this expunging of previous special permits if you wanted to. Okay, so if we took 9527 out there would be no condition that restricts the hours of operation for the business. That's correct. Okay. Yeah, it sounds like probably a good thing to have in there. I was confused by the language as written here. Is that saying that ADM starting on ADM Monday to 8 p.m. on Friday? No. Or ADM, I mean you can't be open Saturday or and then also like you can't be open Saturday or Sunday. That's what it means, yeah. Okay, yeah. I mean, I don't think that's realistic to have restrictions like that. Yeah, I would agree. Well, I think a lot of those uses that are allowed under the BN now and that 3.35 or whatever the business section is do have hours limitations in that section of the bylaw which I guess would apply right to the BN zoning. That's right. That'd be great. Yeah, I mean, I'm not interested in creating them but I would want to make sure that. Yeah, I think they're all spelled out under each section of different offices, different scenarios. They list so many employees and office hours. So I don't think you really need to put that in there. Chris, you agree? I agree, yep. Yeah, perfect, perfect, thank you. All right, so we won't add any new conditions from the permits that are being extinguished. All right, so why don't I go ahead and make a motion to extinguish the permits that Chris listed and via I guess a special permit that we're gonna approve this evening. So it's a new, so there'll be one new special permit that replaces all the old ones, I guess. Okay, so moved. Andrew? Second. Thank you. Any more discussion here at 9.59? Okay, why don't we go through that? Maria. Approved. Tom. Hi. Andrew. Hi. Johanna. Hi. And I'm an I as well. All right. I guess we already closed the public hearing, so there's really nothing else for us to do with Mr. Roblesky and his team tonight. And again, thank you very much and look forward to moving on with this project and getting it done. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Good night. All right, so it's now 10 o'clock and we'll move on to the next item on the agenda, which is old business. Chris, any old business? No old business, no. All right, looks like we have a couple of at least one new business, temporary zoning under article 14 for permitting for certain uses during COVID emergency proposal to make permanent. You want to discuss that? We have Maureen Pollock who's ready to discuss that. And I guess it would be up to you to decide if you want to hear about it tonight or if you wanted to put it off until the next opportunity would be July 20th. Is it time sensitive? Maureen, is this time sensitive? Hard to say. We would like to, if possible, provide a draft language to the planning board into the CRC in early September. So... How about if you just go through your slideshow and if the planning board has, you know, well, here's a suggestion that we could move through this relatively quickly rather than spending a lot of time on it, but Maureen has put a lot of time into it and so has Ben Breger. And so it would be probably a good idea to hear the presentation. I don't think the presentation takes that long. And then you could give initial reactions and then we would have something to go on for the next round, if that would be okay with you. That's fine with me. John, you still have your hand up, is that your legacy? Yeah, I just wondering the ANR, Christine, is that something that would get done tonight? Is there anything that needs to be done or can be done at the next meeting? I don't think we need it done tonight, but I just wanna throw that out there. We could skip to the ANR, it's pretty simple. If Pam can bring it up, if that is okay with Doug. Sure. So the time is 10.02 and we're moving on to an ANR. This ANR has to do with combining the two lots that Mr. Roblesky owns on Main Street. Currently, they're two separate lots and he would like to combine them for purposes of developing them. And Pam has the actual ANR plan. Yeah, sorry. And there it is. And it's really just getting rid of that property line that's in between the two properties. And what you would be doing is acknowledging that this does not require subdivision approval. It is approval not required. So you'd be authorizing your chairperson to sign on behalf of the planning board that no subdivision approval is required in this case. Does anyone object to my signing this? And we all agree it's an ANR, that approval is not required. Please raise your hand at this time. I do not see any hands, Chris. I think we can. Consider this accepted by the board and I will schedule signing it with you. Okay. All right. And then Maureen can give her presentation. Thank you again. Thank you, John. Yeah, good night. Hi, Maureen. So Maureen, you can do this in eight minutes, right? Well, let's find out. Hopefully. 30 seconds first slide. There you go. So hi everyone. My name is Maureen Pollack. I'm one of the staff planners with the town and we're here tonight to introduce our work of making permanent aspects of Article 14, permanent as part of the zoning by-law. So tonight's outline is going through the background of Article 14, the purpose and goals of these possible zoning amendments, explore making certain aspects of Article 14 permanent, other zoning by-law and procedural changes that would be needed, a summary and next steps. So Article 14 was originally proposed to expedite the permitting of a new and existing retail businesses, restaurants and personal care establishments to more quickly merge from the economic disaster created by COVID-19. Since its adoption, Article 14 has been very successful in allowing existing businesses to continue to operate or expand and to allow new businesses to open without having to go through the public caring process through the ZBA or the planning board as applicable, which can be lengthy processes and has costs associated with that. Article 14 has been instrumental in keeping Amherst businesses alive and some even thriving throughout the pandemic. There's been no issues have arisen from administrative approval of these permits. And there's a lot of interest from the business community, from the CRC and from town staff in making aspects of Article 14 permanent. And so the purpose and goals of our forthcoming zoning amendment proposal is to reduce the lengthy and costly permitting requirements for business types that support our downtown and village centers, encourage business owners to consider locating and incentivize businesses to consider locating in Amherst, support the Amherst bid in Chamber of Commerce in their efforts, take prior practice and effective procedures of land use review boards and make it into standard conditions and ensure properly conditioned approvals and to recognize more impactful uses and alterations for continued land use board review. And so, you know, so planning staff where we would like to review the permit, path and classification of the existing food and drink establishments under the zoning board, under the current zoning bylaw, sorry, and to consider reclassifying these uses that are based on intensity of the use, impact of its surroundings, whether food is served and what is the occupant capacity for these sorts of food and drink establishments under the zoning bylaw and to consider changes to the standards and conditions for each use type as well as changes to the permit pathway for these use types to help streamline the permitting for less impactful uses particularly. And so here is a refresher of what is the different food and drink establishments and their pathways under the existing zoning bylaw. So we have three class types for restaurant and drink establishments. There's a class one, which is a restaurant cafe and lunch room, cafeteria or similar place. And it's allowed by site plan review for new construction and permitted by site plan review waiver requests for redevelopment projects. So for instance, for a restaurant that is now unoccupied and a new restaurant wants to come in as long as they don't need to make exterior changes other than changes to like the window or the doors or the signage then they could request a site plan review waiver. And then there's a class two restaurant bar that's allowed by special permit and a class three, which is a drive up restaurant that's also allowed by special permit.  And there are no known drive up restaurants in Amherst. And so if when I go to the next slide how those uses, those uses I just described in the previous slide, class one, class two and class three they're really based on the following factors our operation whether it's open past 1130 whether alcohol is served or not and it's proximity to dwellings located in residential zoning districts. And that's it, there's no other factors that define those three uses. And so we would like to propose to consider reclassifying those said uses based on the intensity of the use queuing noise as well as whether food is served or not and capacity of the occupants allowed at any given time. And so you'll see so with these bullets here we would want to the first one that we're considering to reclassify would be a restaurant or a bar with food and so food, the food menu would be available at all times. And so that would be one use. And then we would also like to further consider creating a new use for very small establishments in existing buildings. So restaurants with food in existing buildings such as that have maybe 20 seats or less. And we're still working considering what that sweet spot of the amount of seats is if 20 or maybe a little bit more would be appropriate. And the types of examples of existing restaurants that come to mind that would fit that would be like Momas, the Tibetan restaurant or Pita Pocket or Lilly's restaurant. They're all very small restaurants and they already have a kitchen inside and they're ready to go in case a new restaurant would like to come in. And so we would want to consider making it another use for that and seeing if we could make that buy right, for instance, to really help promote small restaurants and businesses and incentivize those restaurants to come to Amherst, particularly for these very small establish very small spaces or restaurants. And then the other use type that we're considering would be a bar with no food served, serves drinks, alcohol only and only with minimal prepackaged food or allows take in food.  And that requirement is actually about providing minimal prepackaged food or take out is a requirement of the Amherst licensing board. So we would wanna sort of keep or be complimentary to their the licensing boards continued requirement so that that was mentioned by the minimal prepackaged food would be a requirement. And then a nightclub as defined by the building code and some classic sort of, you know, characteristics of a nightclub would be low lighting, levels, loud music, dense amount of occupants probably standing and dancing. And there probably wouldn't be tables or maybe even a very minimal amount of tables. And then there would be door opening times that, you know, the majority of people come in the beginning of the night and the majority of people leave at the end of the night. And the last use we're considering is any of the above food and drink establishments with more than 250 occupants allowed. So those would be for larger sort of scale, larger capacity restaurants. We would want to have maybe particular considerations and conditions for those, for larger capacity venues. And then the next slide is to consider changes to the standards and conditions for each of those proposed use types. So the current standards and conditions under the zoning by law for food and drink establishments are very limiting and could be expanded to make the process more clear, predictable, coordinated and timely. You know, the ZBA, the planning board and the building commissioner have gradually built a set of effective boiler or play conditions as part of the approved permit. And staff would like to review those boiler or play conditions and recommend incorporating them into formalized standards and conditions under each proposed use. And, you know, this approach has been implemented successfully for several years. We've built, you know, I've been working with the zoning board of appeals here in Amherst for four years and, you know, we've, you know, gradually have built these standard conditions or boiler or play conditions for restaurants and they keep on getting tweaked in a more precise and they've been really effective. And this approach, you know, was sort of the same approach that we dealt with the recently approved accessory dwelling units. The zoning board of appeals has approved many of, many ADUs or they were once called assessor. I forgot what they were called before. Oh, supplemental dwelling units. And so the ZBA, you know, were imposing these conditions on a routine basis and that we're working effectively with planning staff and enforcement services. And so those were some of the specific recommendations that were put into the accessory dwelling unit by-law that were based on ZBA decisions, as well as, you know, comments from, you know, the CRC and the planning board and members of the public. But that was a really effective way of working with that zoning amendment proposal last year. And that's sort of a similar approach that we would like to consider for this proposal. And so we'd like to consider allowing restaurants and bars, restaurant and bars that serve food to be permitted by cyclan review. And for smaller restaurants with food in existing buildings with a very low capacity such as like maybe 20 seats, plus or minus that, we would like to explore whether we can make that a by-right use to help really encourage and incentivize small business owners to come to Amherst into these spaces that already exist and just need perhaps some minor adjustments to fit their particular brand or what have you. And then the second use would be a bar with no food served. And, you know, that's a higher capacity or higher intensity use that may involve noise levels and thinking about queuing outside. And so that we would like to suggest that that would be by special permit as well as nightclub and establishments with more than 250 occupants allowed as those are becoming higher intensity uses that may have impacts to the surrounding properties and what have you. And so we would wanna allow that by a discretionary special permit with specific conditions for that particular development. And so there would be, as part of this work here, we would need to explore other zoning by-law and procedural changes such as amending Article 11 to detail the administrative approval decision and to consider how to publicly post administrative applications and associated decisions. You know, a great way I think that could be effective is utilizing our new permitting system, which is called OpenGov. And I think members of the public can currently log on to that and see what permits have been filed with the town and look at decisions. So using existing technology to be more transparent for members of the public and to utilize the town of Amherst website and using those both together as a way to educate and inform the members of the public about applications and decisions in general, but here in particular for these zoning amendments proposals and to explore Article 5 accessory uses such as seasonal outdoor dining and live or prerecorded entertainment, we would want to explore that as well as with this project and see how those could be consistent with the proposed permit path for these restaurants and bars. So we would like to explore that. And then let's see here. So in summary, you know, Article 14 has made it clear that more uses could be permanent successfully either administratively or by site plan review. It's important to note that Article 14 does expire in six months. It expires at the end of December of this year. And this is a great opportunity to improve the permitting process for restaurants. And Amherst's large student population and recent development will continue to support these establishments in our downtown and village centers close to residential areas. And so we're trying to find balance and having reasonable oversight into high-intensity uses such as bars with no food and nightclubs and to support economic development in our downtown and village center. So, you know, making, you know, smaller restaurants, you know, be approved by site plan review or extra small be approved by right if possible. And so, you know, we would like to receive feedback from you. We presented this exact presentation last week at last week's CRC meeting and they gave us positive feedback about this proposal. And their only suggestion was for staff was to also consider proposing new temporary uses such as like special events such as like weddings and cheese tastings and seminars and art and craft pop-ups. There currently is no permit pathway for those types of things. So unless a special permit or site plan review specifically says this farm can have weddings or this, you know, grocery store can have cheese tastings. For example, there is no permit pathway. And so we would like to provide opportunities for, you know, pop-up events that are, you know, that are well-managed and are offered maybe, you know, a few times a year and to explore what kind of permitting would that be required and look at all kinds of factors. We could talk about that at a future meeting. And then we would also need to draft proposed changes to section 3.3. That's where all the uses are provided in the zoning by-law and those standards. And to draft minor related amendments to article 5, which is for accessory uses as well as article 11, which is regarding administrative approvals. And we would like to ideally return back to both the CRC and to hear the planning board with draft amendments in early September. And so I thank you. And please let us know what you think. Thank you, Maureen. Chris, was this exact presentation in our packet? Yes, it was. Okay. I knew there was at least some of it in there. All right. So do you want us to put this on an agenda for a meeting before early September? Or. Or not, I guess. If you want to discuss it, you could, you're probably all too tired to discuss it now, but. I don't think we want to discuss it now. Board members, based on what you've seen, do you want to discuss this or do, should we just wait till September when Maureen comes back with some actual. Proposals. I'm inclined to wait till September myself. One thing you could do is if you have particular suggestions based on what was in your packet or what you saw tonight, you can email me or Maureen or Nate with your suggestions. And we could incorporate those. Okay. And will this material be shared with our two new members? We can do that. I think one of whom has been attending this evening, but. Yeah, he's still here. So. All right. Thank you, Maureen. Good work. All right. So the time now is 1023. Is that the end of new business, Chris? Yep. All right. Are there any other ANRs? No. Okay. How about applications? Anything we need to know about? There is one new one that I was made aware of. See. We should have asked Maureen to stay. So this application is going to go before the ZBA on July 14th. This is four 85 Pine Street, which apparently for a very long time, like around 40 years, it's not going to be a non-conformance application. So. However, there is no official record of permitting for a multi-family. So it is being presumed to be a pre-existing non-conformance. Currently, this property is under agreement to sell. So. They are looking to rectify. The lack of a permit. So a duplex is allowed. In the RN zone by special permit. So that is what this applicant is seeking. Here is the property at four 85. There would be no changes. Other than to do some remodeling into the building, but my understanding is that there is not going to be any changes. All right. Thank you, Pam. You are welcome. I personally don't see the need for this to come to us. I see Tom shaking his head in agreement, essentially. So unless anybody raises their hands, why don't we. Consider, you know, we'll let that one go. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. We did receive an application from archipelago for a building up on Olympia Drive. We received the beginnings of the application back in March, but this past week they kind of completed the application. So you'll probably be seeing that sometime in August. But I think it's a little bit different. I think it's more a, I think it's 65 units of a, what do they call it? An apartment style dormitory. And it's similar to the building that's already up there on Olympia Drive. It's just, it's different architectural style, but it's, I think it's a nice development. Okay. Thank you. All right. Funding board committee and liaison reports. I can't remember the last time that I know I missed a meeting, but the, I mentioned that the high school track had come before the committee yet. If not, I'll just say that they did. And the committee voted in favor of supporting that request for, I believe it was $800,000 or very close to that number. The only other update I have, I know we have some new folks coming on as just, I've been contacted asking about planning board representation on CPAC. So I suspect with new members, we might look to reevaluate where people are going, but just put it out there that, that we have that decision to make. That's it. Yep. All right. Thank you, Andrew. Tom, anything on DRB? No, we have a meeting coming up in the next week or so. All right. Janet is absent. Chris, anything for CRC? You want to tell us? Oh, just that the CRC spent quite a bit of time reviewing. Maureen's presentation and they were very enthusiastic and supportive of the direction that we're moving in. So, okay. All right. Reportive chair. I guess I have two items. First is. Maria. I really want to thank you for being on the committee. I think we're really going to, I'm going to really miss you. And I think we all will. I have the same thing to say to Jack, but he's not here to hear it. So thank you for your service. Thank you, Doug, for turning the torch. This is not easy task. You're doing, you're doing fantastic. So thank you, Doug. And thank you to all the board volunteering your time. I know how valuable time is. Just thank you so much for volunteering and. Thank you. Continuing the good work. So I hope you, I hope you drop in and give us public comments now and then. I think until 1030 at night. Oh my gosh. And thank you, Chris and Sam. You guys have undying patients and energy and Nate as well.  I know I can't. Yeah. Thank you enough for all your trouble work too. Yeah. Good luck. All right. And I guess the other thing I wanted to ask Chris was, we're going to need to. Vote in new officers and make new committee. Assignments. Do you think it, we should try to do that. Right. You know, early in at our next meeting in July, or should we wait a month or six weeks and. You know, have, have the vote after. We've been together a little while in your experience. Is there any pro or con either direction? No, there isn't really. I guess I would suggest to wait until. Maybe your second meeting in August. Because then you will have been together for July 20th, August 3rd, and August 17th. And that might be a good night to have the elections and reorganization. If that suits everybody. Oh, although I think some of you are not going to be here on the 17th. Tom. Is that right? This is not. And maybe Johanna. So maybe we could do it on August 3rd instead. All right. So maybe, maybe at our next meeting, I'll just ask when people are going to be absent between now, between then and. And then we'll see. The first meeting in September. And we'll see what makes sense. Okay. So that's really all I had. Chris, you have any report of staff. No, I just wanted to thank Maria and say what a great person she's been to work with on the planning board. She's been a faithful, a tender of site visits and faithfully signing decisions and faithfully attending the planning board meetings and. I think that's a really, really a good person to work with. So thank you so much, Maria. We'll miss you, but I hope we'll see you around town. Okay. All right. The time is 1030 and. Unless anybody wants to prolong this, we are adjourned. Thank you. Thank you for, thank you for sticking with it all. Yeah, everyone. Bye, Maria. Bye, Maria. Thank you. Thank you everyone. Bye. All your service. Bye. Good night, Mr. Marsha. Good night, Pam. See you soon.


Climate change seems to be the biggest subject that everybody's talking about these days. But how come everybody's forgotten the basic fundamental questions? Hey there, NJBrew22.com here with a basic general interest vlog. And today's subject is about climate change or what they refer to as climate change in the media world. And I have some just basic honest questions about climate change. I'm sure it's been covered in a million other places, but I just want to put together some basic questions that everybody should be asking instead of getting hung up on the politics of it all. So I'm just curious why the climate change has become such a main topic at the forefront of all discussion. Almost nonstop. And I suggest everybody who's interested in this subject dig deep. Go back in the history and look at what's happened and how much it's been talked about over the years and how it's changed over time and the societal changes that are happening as a result. And you might start seeing some answers there. Who benefits from this whole big fear? Is it really about saving the planet or are there people financially benefiting or politically benefiting in other ways? And another question is, this is so simple. Like how can you trust these people who claim that all these bad things are gonna happen when meteorologists and scientists in the weather field can't even really predict the weather three days in advance accurately. I look at my 10 day weather forecast and I try to make plans and it changes. Like six days later, it was supposed to be sunny. It's raining. On the days it was supposed to be raining, it's beautiful out. If they can't figure out that, there's no way we could trust any scientist to tell us that we're gonna be flooded in 10 years. I don't know, it just seems, and they're talking about 100 years from now. I mean, what do these people know? They're gonna be dead.  And what about all these climate fears that happened a few decades ago? They were predicting another ice age. It was on the cover of Time Magazine. They were peddling that fear, probably to sell heating oil or something like that or insulation. I don't know. I mean, there's always somebody benefiting from these general scary global fear tactics. And it's also been proven that the data that they've been using for all these predictions are false and like people are poking holes in their data and finding that they're fudging information just the same way they fudged information in that seven continent test about eating fat. And then they told everybody, eat more carbs.  So I don't know. It just seems like everybody has an agenda and they'll do whatever it takes to get that agenda moving. So, but I have a question for anybody that's old enough to remember, you know, 10 summers ago or 40 summers ago or any weather pattern. Like for us, like every summer, winter, spring and fall have been sort of the same. Have you ever wondered that? It's been kind of the same. Like you have some summers. Like if you can roll the summer of 97, that was hot. It really wasn't hot. It was, they had a, maybe there was a two week heat wave perhaps that might have been a little bit unbearable for a little while.  But when you average out the nighttime and daytime temperatures, it's sort of the same every year. A degree more, it doesn't really, there's no real drastic anything.  And like some winters are more snowy than others and you might have a cold wave, like the polar vortex. It's all kind of just hit or miss. Like it's like a roll of the dice at the roulette table. Ah, yeah, or we're not roulette table, the craps table. You might get some good runs and bad runs and that's just basically how it works out. And another thing that I find fascinating is that the mainstream news are people aren't really talking about how the solar cycles and the sunspots affect the weather. And I think there's more correlation to these solar cycles than there are with human intervention or human cause with garbage and plastic bags. I don't know. It just seems that they're overlooking like the most basic thing, like the big fireball that's heating our planet is kind of overlooked. And this is the most bothersome thing for me. It's like all these talking heads and analysts and politicians, they talk about climate change or we have to do some kind of climate change. They're talking about it as if it's a done deal and it's like absolutely like reality. And the way they speak bothers me.  And they don't expect anybody to question them or ask questions like I've been asking in this video because they just, they're using it to push an agenda or to scare people into spending money on something they don't need. And that just, that's the biggest bothersome aspect about this whole climate change frenzy that we're all in. And a very, very interesting point is if this whole Armageddon is definitely gonna happen, right?  But if it's really gonna happen, how come all these people aren't moving away from the coastlines with their beachfront properties and so on? The whole coast of the entire country is just packed with people living there and enjoying the high life. You know, wealthy people usually, but they're not running to the hills or the mountains. Do they not believe in climate change or are they just talking about it? Do they ever look in the mirror and say, man, I feel stupid, I live right by the water and I'm liking posts on Facebook about climate change and I'm not doing anything about it. I'm just still living here. What are you, suicidal? I don't know, it seems weird. And the insurance companies, if you think this climate change was so real, they would stop ensuring homes that are certainly going to be destroyed by the big tidal wave that's gonna hit them tomorrow. But they're not. So that kind of like pokes a hole in that whole big thing there. And of course then there's the whole, we have to recycle our bags and use less, we have to use electric cars, but they don't realize that we have a massive military and there's like airliners going around and they don't seem to realize that it's not that, everybody's polluting.  And lastly, like the Americans are talking about this climate change and all this other nonsense, but they don't realize that there's China, which is, I don't know, three or four or five times bigger than America and the India, which is I think, I can't remember the same size or even bigger than America now. They're polluting like mad. And smoke stacks and like our efforts are like 1% of the rest of the world. So until the rest of the world gets on board with this whole climate change fix, our efforts are fruitless. They're useless in fact. Everybody's wasting their time. And people don't realize that they don't look at each other.   And don't they just say, okay, let's just not do it until everybody's like on board with this save the planet nonsense. That's it. That's all I have for this video. I just think it's important to keep the conversation going with the ludicrousness of this whole topic. And no one can answer these questions. They redirect and they kick the ball down the field and point fingers and they say all sorts of things, emotional trigger statements that don't really help. Now nothing's changing. Everything's the same. So that's it. Hit the like and the subscribe and I'll see you next video.


Okay so good morning to all of you so today we will be continuing our discussion on deriving the conservation loss so we will again revisit some aspects of the momentum equation derivation and from there we will continue and complete it and then look at the derivation of energy equation okay so let us look at the momentum equation the derivation today first let us consider the control volume in rectangular coordinate system so now we have to apply the Newton's law which says that the force vector is equal to the rate of change of acceleration the acceleration times the mass so which is essentially required to balance all the forces which are acting on this control volume and we already have expressed the total derivative of velocity in terms of the partial derivative so we will equate both sides okay so let us just quickly try to summarize the forces which are acting on this control volume so essentially you have the normal stresses let us put our coordinate system origin as x y and z okay so we have the respective dimensions of this control volume as ? x ? y and ? z the we will start with the body forces the body forces acting are gx ? gx ? gy and ? gz okay so these are the volumetric forces so the acceleration so this is the force per unit volume so that therefore you have the gravitational acceleration times the density and of course when you put these forces for the entire control volume you have to multiply by the control volume to calculate the net force on this control volume similarly when we look at the influence of forces as we discussed there are two kinds of forces one is your volumetric force which includes of course in our case the gravity number two are your surface forces okay so these surface forces can be split into two categories one is your pressure force and the other is your viscous forces which include your normal and your shear stresses so coming back let us include all these forces on this control volume so let us begin with the normal shear stress you have ? xx acting on this phase on the left hand side on an explain and on the right hand side on the explain you have ? xx ? d ? xx by dx ? x of course this is the stress and to get the force you have to multiply by the corresponding area of cross section so I am going to show only the forces in two directions otherwise it becomes too cumbersome on this control volume so you can extrapolate and include the forces in the third direction also similarly we have ? yy okay and ? yy this is ? x ? z this is ? yy plus d ? yy by dy into okay so this is going to be ? y x okay similarly you have the normal stress in the z direction now coming to the shear stresses now these normal stresses act in the direction of the area normals okay which point away from the surface so if you include the pressure forces which also act normal but they are compressive in nature okay so the pressure forces act in this direction okay and now the representation that I am using for ? okay xx this includes my pressure force and the normal shear stress okay so this is the complete stress tensor that I am using to denote both the pressure as well as the viscous shear which is acting normal to the face okay so similarly I will go ahead and include the viscous shear acting tangential to the faces now if you look at the notation as I said the second index here okay the last index corresponds to the direction in which the force is acting and the first index is act denotes the plane on which the force is acting okay so if you want to for example say I want to calculate what is the shear stress acting tangential to this X plane on the left side okay so let me say that this force is acting in the downward direction you can also say the force is acting on the upward direction and you will get up get to the same result but in our case we will say that this is acting in the downward direction so this will be T so the last notation index should be Y and what should be the first X okay so corresponding to that now this force should cause a turning moment in the anticlockwise direction so this counterpart on the right hand side should be pointing upward okay so this should be TXY plus D TXY by DX ? X and once again this is a stress you have to multiply by the corresponding area so on and so forth so similarly if you consider a stress which is acting tangential on the bottom surface so we will indicate this as T can you say what it should be T Y X okay and similarly on the top so now this will cause a clockwise moment okay so this should be T Y X plus D T Y X by DY ? Y and this should be multiplied by ? X ? Z okay so similarly you can fill up the other stresses so totally if you put all these stresses together in a tensor form you expand the tensor you actually get a matrix and these are the elements of the matrix you have the normal stresses which include the normal viscous stress as well as the pressure so this will form the diagonal elements of this matrix and you have the tangential viscous stresses which act the off diagonal elements ? X Z and this is this is your T Y X ? Y Z ? Z X ? Z Y ? Z okay so there are totally nine components so you have three normal components and six tangential components out of the six so we I will quickly show which are the other components acting on these faces and you can fill up fill the rest so you have already two denoted here so the other will be you can take case where it is acting this way on the top surface and this should be what ? Y Z right and you can also take a plane which is in the Z direction the Z plane and you can talk about force which is acting in the along the X direction so this should be ? Z X okay and you can also have the same Z plane you can have stress which is acting tangential pointing in the Y direction so this should be ? Z Y and what else so you have 1 2 3 4 5 so one more so you can look at this left and right plane so you can have again a stress which is acting in the Z direction right on an X plane so this will be ? X Z okay so this completes all the six viscous stresses acting tangential and the three remaining normal stresses which are acting normal to the surface areas so with this we will go ahead and calculate what is the net force acting on this control volume okay so we know the force acting on each phase so we have to say this for the forces which are acting in along the positive XYZ directions are the forces in the net forces in that particular direction okay so we will calculate the net force which gives you the left hand side part of this Newton's law so let us calculate the net force in the X direction okay so if you balance these forces in the X direction what should be the net force of course you have your gravitational force okay per unit volume if you multiply it by the volume of the control volume that will be the net force acting on that control volume and what should be the other shear stress terms plus d ? xx by dx okay plus d ? yx by dy plus d ? zx by dz and of course this has to be multiplied by ? x ? y ? z right so similarly the forces in the other directions now you can fill them yourself so the thing is this you know your if you look at your notation you can see that the force acting along the X direction will have the stress pointed in that direction and of course you have the gradient of these force in a particular direction in all the three directions okay you have in the X direction Y direction and Z direction so those have to be also accounted for okay so similarly if you look at the net forces acting along the Y direction you have ? yy by dy plus ? ? so what should be this term right here xy by dx plus d ? zy by dz so this should be the gravity in I am sorry this should be in the Y direction and this should be in the okay so this this of the net forces acting on this control volume faces and we have also expanded the total derivative so let us equate them before we do that there is one more thing which I want to indicate that although there are six of these viscous forces which are acting tangential out of that we will use the identity that the forces ? xy should be equal to ? yx and similarly ? xz should be equal to ? zx and ? yz should be equal to ? zy okay so this will reduce the number of unknowns from 6 to 3 okay so why this is required I think I leave this as an exercise for you you can check you can take the case of two dimensional control volume okay you can balance the forces and you can see for yourself that for example in this case you have ? xy acting here you have ? xy plus d ? xy by dx into ? x and bottom you have ? yx in here you have ? yx plus d ? yx by dy into ? y now this of course you know the dimensions of this are ? x and ? y now if you want to make sure that there is no rotational movement on this control volume okay that comes from the fact that the acceleration if you reduce your ? x and ? y as ? x and ? y go to 0 so the acceleration of this the angular acceleration that we are looking at should not go to infinity okay so if you denote the angular acceleration so this is your angular displacement and if you denote your angular acceleration as I am going to use the notation here as d2 yeah a by dt2 okay so this should not go to infinity so this condition can be satisfied only if there is no imbalance in these forces so that that should be possible only under this condition only if your ? xy is equal to ? yx there will not be any imbalance which will rotate the fluid motion okay and therefore at the limiting case where your ? x and ? y becomes a point the angular acceleration should not go to infinity so under this condition this has to be satisfied and which means that there is no rotation to this control volume cost by the imbalance of the forces okay if you also implement that I think now your number of unknowns in the stresses come down to totally six instead of nine and we will expand the forces and equate them to the total derivative the total derivative we all know that we can write your du for example by dt as a partial derivative with respect to time plus the spatial derivatives like this okay so on so forth for the accelerations in the the other directions as well now so this is converting the Lagrangian framework to an Eulerian framework so if you equate them to the corresponding forces in the direction we can write this as so we have already mass into acceleration mass can be written as density times the volume okay so we can cancel the volume in both the sites so we will have ? du by dt should be equal to this term for the balance of the forces which is ? gx okay now what I am going to do is I am going to take out pressure from the notation ? xx and retain only the normal component of the viscous stress okay so I am going to say minus dp by dx correct plus d ? xx by dx plus d ? yx by dy plus you have d ? zx by dz so on and so forth in the other directions I think you can fill in the blanks yourself so you can equate that to the summation of the forces and now we are going to have to introduce some kind of an approximation to equate the forces in terms of these shear stresses we have to rewrite them in terms of the known quantities which you are supposed to calculate and find out which are these velocities okay so the velocities are the quantities which you fundamentally calculate okay whereas the stresses are something which you do not know okay so we have to equate the stresses to these quantities which you probably know after the end of solution and so that is therefore there has to be a relationship invoked to equate the to relate these stresses in terms of the velocity so that is what we are going to invoke this approximation as a Newtonian fluid okay so one of the important so far we have not invoked any great assumptions right we have considered all the forces we have made sure we have balanced them properly we have not neglected anything we have not made any fundamental assumption here except that we are working on a Cartesian framework but now the first assumption is going to be that we will take consideration for a Newtonian fluid and or a Newtonian fluid so we have to write down the relation between the stresses and the corresponding strain rates okay so these are given for a Newtonian fluid in the following manner so your normal stresses sigma xx you can write your pressure plus your normal viscous stress that is your tau xx which is written in terms of two coefficient of viscosities okay so I am going to use the symbol lambda for one coefficient of viscosity in fact it is usually called the second coefficient of viscosity okay so times the divergence of velocity so which in Cartesian coordinate system if you expand it will be like this plus you have your main coefficient of viscosity new okay so there will be a two new du by dx similarly if I go ahead and write the relationship in the other directions you can write the same thing the divergence term will be there as it is plus you have two new into so can you guess what should be Del V by Del Y okay similarly if you write in the Z direction okay so these are valid for a Newtonian fluid and how about the shear stresses okay so the shear stress can also be expanded in a similar form for a Newtonian fluid so let me raise these portions so we have tau xy we have already shown that for inducing no rotational force on the control volume this should be equal to tau yx now that is given as a relation between the stress and the strain rate as this dv by dx plus du by dy similarly tau xz should be can you guess the terms here so dw dx plus du by dz okay good so you have the final term what is the final term you have tau yz tau z y that should be new so this should be dv by for example dz plus dw by dy so this is a closure now we got the closure problem and we closed it using the Newtonian fluid approximation where we are relating the stresses to the strain rates by this okay so this is also an approximation if you work with non-Newtonian fluids then you cannot apply this kind of relationship between that is this is almost saying you have a linear relationship between the stress and the strain rate okay now what are these lambda and new here okay so lambda denotes if you come to this right here so this new as you all know this is your absolute viscosity right so this is also called as your shear viscosity sometimes which you are all familiar with when you say viscosity is the property of the fluid you talk about the absolute viscosity or the shear viscosity now you have also introduced another coefficient here which is the lambda which is actually the bulk viscosity this is sometimes referred to as the bulk viscosity also it is more commonly referred to as the second coefficient of viscosity okay so there is still a lot of debate on the purpose of introducing these two viscosities and what is the role of the second coefficient of viscosity anyway so in order to finally close this you also need to you know that new is the property of the fluid so you also have to introduce a relationship between the lambda and new okay so that is introduced by what is called as Stokes hypothesis so we are introducing approximations one after the other so the Stokes hypothesis states so this is an hypothesis you know it is you can see it from the name you know Stokes hypothesis means you know people have not exactly verified it it is mathematical convenience to reduce the number of unknowns and what Stokes says that if you introduce the fact that three lambda plus 2 new equal to 0 that means your lambda is equal to minus 2 by 3 new okay so this will give you a nice form of the relationship between Sigma and the strain rates convenient to suit your things to simplify a little bit and in fact when we do that we can we can also rewrite we can now plug in for these stresses in terms of the strain rates okay now I am going to rewrite them in terms of the strain rates rather than the stresses so for the X momentum I will replace the derivatives of these stresses in terms of the strain rate so I can say D by DX okay so new into 2 du by DX minus 2 by 3 into ? dot V so which is the divergence the divergence is actually given by this term right here this is the ? dot V term okay and 2 by 3 comes because your lambda is equal to minus 2 by 3 new okay apart from that you also have your du by DX 2 new du by DX okay that is essentially coming from this term right here okay so I am just grouping the terms under the normal stress okay similarly if you expand that in terms of shear stress and write in terms of the strain rates you get D by dy into new so what should be the term so you have your ? XY is equal to ? YX so I can write this as D by dy new into what DV by DX plus du by dy so I can also go ahead and complete the third term D by DZ of ? ZX should be equal to ? XZ that will be DW that is new times DW by DX plus DU by DZ okay so it is a very lengthy expression so this is the X momentum equation so which is coming to a more familiar form right so we started with putting the stresses and now we have invoked the approximation of stokes and the Newtonian fluid and finally we have we are writing this in terms of strain rates so we will simplify one by one gradually so we will write the Y momentum equation similarly you have ? DV by DT so that should be ? GY minus DP by dy okay plus D by DX of can you tell me the term that should come new into there should be is there a two here for the Y momentum what is the term corresponding to D by DX in the Y momentum ? YX right so ? YX and ? X are the same okay so this should be DV by DX plus DU by DY all right plus so D by DY so now you have your normal stresses okay so you have new into to DV by DY minus two by three divergence of velocity plus you have D by DZ you into DW by is it DW by DX DY plus DV by DZ okay so you can write the Z momentum similarly I mean I am not going to do it I will give you a couple of minutes to write down the Z momentum also the same manner yes which has been shown right now has it been experimentally proven at least to be found close to the actual value like this ? found to close to minus two by three new because we can simply accept such a yes that is true well stokes hypothesis has not been proven directly but the final reduced form of the Navier-Stokes equation which should get after invoking the stokes hypothesis is definitely agreeing very well with the experimental data okay so that shows that stokes hypothesis is pretty good now stokes when he showed the hypothesis he did not do experiments to confirm his hypothesis he just proposed base based on some intuition and based on the structure of the Navier-Stokes and later when you use this equation and solve them entirely so you are seeing that you get very good agreement with the experimental data so that itself confirms okay so now I hope that you have completed the Z momentum now what we will do is this is still not the simplified form of the Navier-Stokes that we would like to use okay and as I said we will be focusing on primarily incompressible flows now this this is valid for both compressible and incompressible flows will make introduce another approximation that we will be looking at only incompressible flows so for that you will see that magically many of the terms drop out especially the divergence term should drop out because it satisfies the incompressible continuity equation right so you have your divergence term which drops out from all these equations and you can also group the terms in such a manner so here for example okay if you look at this terms right here okay you can write this as D by DX of DV by DY plus you have D by DX of DU by D by DY of DU by DX plus you will have similarly D by DW by DZ into D by DX so all these terms once again you can take D by DX common and you have DU by DX plus DV by DY plus DW by DZ so that will again satisfy the incompressible continuity that will drop out so finally when you write only the written only the necessary terms you will have ? DU by DT is equal to ? GX minus DP by DX plus ? times D2 U by DX2 plus D2 V by DY2 plus D2 W by DX2 so this will be your X momentum your Y momentum will be so this will all be you in terms of you I am sorry okay so this will be in terms of V okay so I think you can relate and verify the terms once again okay so you should have this term knocked out and then you have D2 U by DX2 you have D2 U by DY2 you have D2 U by so you can take D by DX of DU by DX DV by DY DW by DZ which will disappear so from each of these momentum equations you will have you know you will satisfy continuity here as well as if you group the terms together like that okay so hope all of you got it okay so the remaining terms will just be the Laplacian operator okay so this is the more familiar form I guess correct when you start with the analytical solution of equations you are more used to this form right for incompressible flows we can write also this form in terms of a coordinate free representation you know that is what we want to do if you want to apply this in all the coordinate systems so in a coordinate free representation so we can write this as DV by DT and V is a vector here indicating velocity in any direction that should be equal to I am dividing throughout by row so that will be G vector minus 1 by row into how can I write the pressure gradient del P okay and the term here D2 U by DX2 and so on so forth this is nothing but the Laplacian operator del square and the corresponding V vector so this is a very compact notation which indicates the momentum in any direction that you consider and in any coordinate system you have to use the corresponding the derivative operator as well as the Laplacian operator in that particular coordinate system and you will write those equations in either cylindrical or spherical coordinate system okay so what we will be doing mostly in our course is we will be focusing on the incompressible form of the Navier-Stokes equation and we will also apply this to two dimensional flows so therefore the third derivative will all be neglected okay so that will be the compact form of the Navier-Stokes that will be considering so with this we have completed the momentum equation derivation very quickly let me start the energy equation derivation okay which is more important because you have probably gone through the momentum and continuity in your earlier courses also any question on the derivation but I think it is very clear right you have already done it so it is just a reconformation of what you have learned let us start with the energy equation now once you understand the momentum equation clearly I think the energy equation just follows only you should know the contributions to the energy okay what are all the components of the energy so let me erase okay so when we come to energy we have to be very clear what is the balance of energy that we want to do so once again just like we have a mass balance we will write down the first law of thermodynamics for a control volume so which is nothing but the energy balance okay so what does the first law of thermodynamics say for a open system the rate of change of energy within the control volume should be equal to the net if flex of energy across the control volume boundaries okay so this is a very compact way of phrasing the first law let us expand upon the term if flex of energy so there are many contributions to that so what it says clearly is that your rate of change I am not using notations right now I will introduce the notations one by one rate of change of energy in a control volume should be equal to your energy in or rate of energy in minus rate of energy out okay so this is represented in rate terms so therefore I should say rate of energy right energy which is instantaneous so per time you know in a given time the energy which is basically crossing the control volume boundaries now when I talk about the this is nothing but the if flex of energy right totally so this is your energy flux okay so now this if flex of energy has the following components okay so let us look at first the energy and its constituents you can use the notation E to denote energy per unit should it be per unit volume or unit mass per unit mass okay so that should have contributions from what so suppose if you look at the energy of a system so the total energy has contributions from its internal energy let me call that as you this is the internal energy per unit mass plus you have a kinetic and potential energy terms okay so I am going to put the kinetic energy term here u square plus v square plus w square by 2 this is also these are per unit mass okay so what I am going to do I have not included the potential energy term here because I am going to consider potential energy term under work okay because already you have the forces which are acting on the control volume and they do some work and gravitational force is one of them so I am going to consider that as a part of the work rather than as a part of the total energy contributing to the temperature of the system okay so anyway it will all come in the balance of energy so it is not lost anywhere so this is the definition of energy I am going to use so therefore so the initial energy of the control volume will be what so if I know this is the energy per unit mass for the entire control volume what will be the energy into mass so that will be density times the volume times this energy right so row e x ? x ? y ? z right so this is going to be the energy possessed by the control volume at some starting time from which you are calculating the change in the energy after a time ? t okay so the final energy of the control volume after some time ? t want to see what is the energy at that point okay so that will be row e ? x ? y ? z and so how should I so I should use the Taylor series expansion okay if I think that the time is infinitesimally small I can write the Taylor series expansion right so plus d by dt of row e ? x ? y ? z x ? t okay so therefore your rate of change of energy of the system will be your final minus initial so your so that will be what d by dt of row e okay and multiplied by ? x ? y ? z ? t now where your e is expanded into no constituents of internal energy and the kinetic energy in that manner so I can also write this as d by dt of row times u plus u square plus v square plus w square by 2 okay into ? x ? y ? z so this rate of change from no you are calculating at later time minus the initial time okay so yeah if you have energy which is depleted it will be negative if you have energy which is gained it will be rate of change will be positive right okay so this is the rate of energy change of energy which we are balancing on this on the left hand side with the energy flux terms now when you look at the flux of energy the net if flux of energy so you have components of what so what are the things which can come in and leave the control volume so one is the components of internal energy and kinetic energy itself can be carried by advection process okay so you have a flux of your kinetic energy your internal energy right due to advection okay and you also have components of what apart from the components of the energy which constitute the total energy of the system what else can change the energy of the control volume conduction so that is basically a heat transfer process so you can have heat transfer which is happening along across the control volume boundaries you can also have work transfer okay when you talk about energy you have both components of heat and work okay so you have a flex of these also you have plus you have a flex of heat okay now if flex of heat is not happening due to advection okay it is purely a diffusion process or a conduction process okay so plus you have if flex of work and now I how if flex of work is happening already you have these forces acting on the boundaries and so they do some work on the control volume boundaries okay now the contributions of each of this now if flex of internal and kinetic energy is easy to write so I am just going to write it down so can you guess how the structure of the flex of internal and kinetic energy should look so it is like I am saying if you take this control volume you have the flux of internal plus kinetic energy which is entering for example on this left explain and on this side this will be rho u internal plus kinetic plus d by dx of rho u internal plus kinetic into ? x right you have entire thing multiplied by ? y ? z so similarly in this direction you know you can also write this is rho v into internal plus kinetic energy into ? x ? z this will be rho v all right so similarly in the third direction you can write it apart from the flex of the energy of the system a flex of the energy which is coming due to advection you also have the heat transfer so you can say this is probably qx that is the heat flux which is crossing this particular left explain in the x direction multiplied by ? y ? z okay so this is the heat transfer rate in this direction so on this particular plane this will be qx double prime plus dqx double prime by dx into ? x into ? y ? z okay so I will probably raise okay similarly you have conduction of heat in the other directions as well so I am representing heat flux in this direction into ? x ? z will be the heat flow rate or heat transfer rate and similarly you can express this as and also in third direction you can do the same apart from this you also have work transfer okay which you can write it down so work transfer in both the directions okay so now so this is the complicated part of the derivation of energy equation you know you have heat transfer rates you have work transfer rates you have flux of energy everything coming you know into the control volume control volume and leaving at the same time so you have to balance all of them in one single equation so that is why it gets a little more tedious than you know the continuity and x momentum and because the momentum as such is directional so you can very easily balance in each direction whereas here you have to include all the contributions into one single equation okay anyway so we will stop at this point and tomorrow we will continue and this is from the Eulerian point of view we will also do a derivation starting from the Reynolds transport theorem which is completely coordinate free and it connects the Lagrangian to the Eulerian so from there we can reach to the same conclusions okay so thank you so much.


Right, so let's talk a little bit about science funding. So one of the arguments against capitalism that you hear a lot from more sophisticated, if you will, commentators, from economists, from people who look for what are called market failures, problems with capitalism, things that you couldn't do under capitalism without government, is what they call the problem of the funding of science. You know, there's a lot of literature about this. There's a lot of mythology about this. The left has devoted a lot of space, and very few people have counted this argument that, look, today, all the science that we have today is basically funded by the government. You know, government is spending tens of billions of dollars. I mean, I have a number here for just the NIH. The National Institute for Health, I think, spends $43 billion. I read that today somewhere. That's the wrong article. But yeah, $43 billion. Just on biomedical research spent by the government. That's the National Institute for Health. The National Science Foundation spends $8.5 billion on other areas of science. So overall, the government is spending over $50 billion on science. And the argument is, if the government didn't do that, then who would do it? Then basically, it would all be, you know, there would be no science. And therefore, there would be no innovation. And indeed, what they often argue is, look, the internet came out of DARPA. GPS came out of government-funded science. The COVID vaccines, the COVID vaccines ultimately, while vaccines themselves were developed by private businesses, warp speed was government. But more than warp speed, the basic research into mRNA technologies was all basic research funded by the government. So the government should own. The government should, you know, capitalism is dependent. Capitalism could be successful, they argued. Markets could be successful. Technology, Silicon Valley, biotech companies, all they argue, what has happened here? All are basically subsidized by government support for the sciences. And in a free market, there's just no way to do that. There's no way to aggregate $53 billion. It's just too large of a sum to imagine that anybody would be able to fund. Now, of course, this is, I consider, is completely bogus to start out with. And they say, you know, without government support of the sciences, without government support of innovation, without government investment, there is no innovation. Innovation would not happen. I mean, the first point to make about this is that before I'd say World War II, the US government spent almost no money on science and innovation. Almost nothing. I mean, maybe a little bit on some research in the 20s and 30s associated with the military. Maybe some research to university laboratories. But even there, most of the real breakthrough stuff was happening in private corporate laboratories. Thomas Everson was not funded by the government. Right brothers were not funded by the government. And indeed, so how do you explain the massive progress that science made and the massive progress that innovation made in the 19th century and 20th century, early 20th century, before government got involved? Somehow the capital was there. Somehow people invested in themselves or had other people invested in them. JP Morgan famously bankrolled Thomas Edison. Others bankrolled Tesla. And the greatest innovations may be in all of human history in terms of improving human life from electricity to electricity being one to cheap energy oil were all done by the private sector. It was not true that it was government labs that discovered how to turn black muck into the fuel, the fuel, the internal combustion engine, not invented by government research, or to create plastics, as far as I know, not invented by government research. So there is an era in human history where there was massive innovation, massive scientific progress, and relatively little government support. Now, true, it's not $53 billion, but part of the question is, do you need 50, whatever, billion dollars? Do you need that much money? Because one of the things that's true about government support are pretty much anything. It's how inefficient it is. I mean, the current system, I just give you an example as the stat, I hit the stat. There it is. The National Institute for Health of the $43 billion that is provided to research grants to support new science. What percentage do you think goes to young scientists? Now, note that young scientists are the ones that have the breakthroughs. Young scientists are the ones that really are the ones that push the envelope, that discover new stuff, that move knowledge forward. The fact is, for a variety of reasons, the older we get, the more difficult it is to be that creative, that innovative, that groundbreaking. Einstein wrote all of his major pieces. I think it is 20s. I think that's right. Science, like entrepreneurship, like pop music, I guess, is a young person's game. Only 2%, only 2% of the NIH's budget is allocated to scientists 35 years or younger. In other words, 98%, almost the entire budget, goes to scientists 36 years and older. Now, why is that? Why do you think that is? Because it's safe. It's safe. Somebody 36 years or older is probably established, published some articles, well respected in the field, is a known quantity, easier to supervise, less revolutionary. And indeed, you could argue that a big chunk of the 98% is going to science that is just incremental, that is just changing things a little bit at the time. And then the groundbreaking stuff that could be going on is just not going on. It's not happening, because there's no funding for it. Now, a government bureaucracy, this is how it's behaved. When you centralize everything around one entity and it gets to allocate all the resources, it's not unusual that it does a lousy job at it. It's not unusual that it becomes very political, who you know. It's not unusual that they become very risk-averse, that they only fund the big institutions, the famous institutions. They fund, you know, if you've already got a Nobel Prize, it's more likely that you get a grant, even though you're less likely to innovate after you've already got the prize. But it's safer. Once the government, once the funds are funneled through a government institution, it becomes bureaucratized. It becomes standardized. It cosifies. And therefore, the money all goes to older scientists. But it's more than that. The money often goes to scientists working in fields that everybody agrees are good, acceptable scientists, you know, things that don't require big breakthroughs. Thank you for listening or watching the Iran book show. If you'd like to support the show, we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening. You get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to iranbookshow.com.  Also, if you'd like to see the Iran book show grow, please consider sharing our content. And of course, subscribe. Press that little bell button right down there on YouTube so that you get an announcement when we go live. And for those of you who are already subscribers and those of you who are already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.