Welcome to lecture series on advanced geotechnical engineering course module 7 on geotechnical physical modeling lecture 7. So module 7 lecture 7 on geotechnical physical modeling. In this particular lecture we are going to discuss about modeling of capillary rise phenomenon in centrifuge and the respective scaling loss and the earthquake modeling. And how these scaling loss can be verified with an especially a technique called modeling of models. So modeling of models will be used for verifying the scaling loss or the scaling relationships which are actually deduced from the new phenomenon. So in the previous lecture we tried to understand the scaling loss for time of seepage and we also deduced based on the governing differential equation for the consolidation. We deduced also the time of consolidation and we found that the time of consolidation is 1 by n square times that of in the prototype. So this could be justified as the distance the pore water has to travel the centrifuge has to be reduced by a factor n compared to an equivalent prototype. And the pressure head driving the seepage flow is same in the prototype and centrifuge model but is applied over a distance down by a factor n. So these two combine to result in accelerating the consolidation time in the centrifuge by n square that means that this particular explanation it elucidates why the scale factor for time in centrifuge modeling is 1 by n square times that in prototype. The distance the pore water has to travel in this centrifuge model has to be reduced by a factor n compared to equivalent prototype. So we have actually reduced this distance by 1 by n times but keeping the pressure head constant. So the pressure head driving the seepage flow is same in the prototype as well as in the centrifuge model but this is applied over a short distance reduced by a factor n. So these two combine the explanation for the accelerating the consolidation time in centrifuge by n square. Now let us look into the scaling laws for centrifuge modeling of Kepler arise. The Kepler phenomenon has been very well investigated because of its relevance in environmental engineering problems and problems concerning polluted behavior of soils. So when you have got a pollutant transport in the soil and relevant to some environmental engineering problems the Kepler movement is very very important. So basically our aim is to look into the scaling laws what is the Keplerity height in a centrifuge and what will be the Kepler rising velocity that means that the rate at which the Keplerity height once in comes in contact with water and what will be the velocity of the movement of the water in the voids of you know soil and what will be the Kepler rising time in you know what is the time which actually takes to raise from a point at which the in contact with water to a certain level it depends upon we all know that it depends upon the type of soil and its gradation. So the assumptions basically we assume that prototype soil and prototype fluid are used in the model in the model fluid. So that means that we actually are using the prototype soils and prototype fluids as the model soil and model fluid and the characteristic microscopic length which is you know described by the particle size d 10 of the soil and the density of the fluid and surface tension for the fluid particle interface which seems to be independent of g level and are the same in model and prototype. That means that the detail in model and prototype that is effective particle size which is also called in environmental engineering problems is called as microscopic length, characteristic microscopic length also called as characteristic length and that is assumed to be same in model and prototype and the surface tension which is the you know for the fluid particle interfaces the fluid property and assumed to be identical in model and prototype and then you know when we use the same model fluid as that in the prototype then the mass densities of the pore fluid in the model and prototype are identical. So with these assumptions and connecting to the fundamentals of capillarity then we can actually deduce the scaling loss for the capillarity height first and then capillarity raising velocity and then time you know capillarity raising time. So the here in this particular slide it is assumed that all the grains are assumed that they are interconnected with you know thin tubes you know having certain diameter d and these diameter d is nothing but d it defines the pore size or the pore diameter and assume that this is the water level and from which the water level raises to this level and this hc is the completely saturated zone or a and in capillarity situation what will happen is that there will be a certain zone it will be completely saturated and above which there will be some fringes which are actually developed and they remain in partial saturated state up to certain distance and so we actually have two heights one is you know completely saturated you know capillarity height other one is certain zone above that is remains in a similarly partially saturated state. So whatever the scale factor we deduce we assume that you know the both the you know these terms which we said that completely the capillarity height in the completely saturated zone and capillarity height in the partially saturated zone will follow the same you know stability. So we can actually write the capillary suction as T naught which is nothing but the surface tension into pi d and then this alpha is the angle between the you know the made by the water film on the you know the surfaces of the glass tube and that is nothing but the surface of the pore surfaces but this alpha is equal to 0 if you know it is a clean tube but if a contaminated tube then alpha is not equal to 0. So for clean tubes alpha is equal to 0 so here what we can write is that capillarity section is nothing but T naught into pi d cos alpha. So this component what we have taken is the component and divided by the area that is nothing but the pi d square by 4 gives the capillarity suction. So we can write uc as 4 T naught cos alpha by d when for clean tubes or a non-contaminated soil and alpha is equal to 0 then uc is equal to 4 T naught by d or 2 T naught by r. So you can see that as you know the d pore size is actually small the uc the capillarity section will be very very high that means therefore clays the capillarity section will be very high. At equilibrium so what we do is that now when the water reaches above the water table because of this capillary phenomenon the equilibrium is nothing but the equilibrium between the surface tension forces and the self weight of the water column in the capillary tube what we assume. So this tube is nothing but you know the interconnected pore voids when we align them in a line and having approximately assuming that the diameter is d. So the T naught into pi d is equal to pi d square by 4 into hc gamma w so when you simplify this what we get is that hc is equal to T T naught by r gamma w.  So for getting the scale factor for capillarity in model and prototype capillarity height in model and prototype and we assume that hc z, hc z is the z which is actually when they when is a height you know when the water is taking when raising with depth z. So the z is actually different from here the hc z in model and prototype is equal to when we compare these terms like 2 T naught by rm rho wng because here in model it is you know it is nothing but it is n gravities and in the prototype it is which is nothing but that this is rp into rho w into g divided by T naught into m this is in p. So now we assume that T naught in model is equal to T naught in prototype and when we actually have the same soil skeleton as that in the prototype then rm the pore radius will be identical then you know by looking into this and mass densities are identical in model and prototype with that what we get is that the scale factor for capillarity height is 1 by n times of that in the prototype. That means that if you are having about 50 centimeters of capillarity height at if you are for a given soil and if you are actually testing in a centrifuge at 50 g we will actually get about 1 centimeter of capillarity height. So this particular you know hc hc zm by hc znp is equal to 1 by n so this is attributed to increase in the weight of the capillarity fluid within the capillarity tube by n. So this particular you know the reason what why we have got this one is attributed to this particular fluid becomes heavier at high gravities so because of this you know the increase in the weight of the capillarity fluid within the capillarity tube makes the capillarity rise reduced by 1 by n times in a centrifuge model. Now after Soga et al. 2003 so here the pressure and saturation profiles in prototype and centrifuge model are given. So in the prototype or a field situation if you look into it so we have got the height h and you know this d that is the depth of water table so below the water table what we see is that rho w gd that is the hydrostatic pressure here. So above this the water column you know this particular this column this is actually the suction which is nothing but rho w g into h –d so this is totally h so this is nothing but h –d. So this is you know here – rho w g into h –d so this is the in the you know suction at this level. So here what you look is that up to this is the h c z completely saturated then in here you can see that there is a decrease in the water saturation in the prototype. This also could be attributed to the series of you know the evaporation and precipitation which actually takes place. This actually also makes the water table you know the capillarity water depleted in the portion close to the at that is what we call in the Vodos zone. So this is the point where the air entry head takes place and then you know it actually depletes to this level. So if you look the similar situation in normal gravity so if you look now this so called h is now h by n times and d is d by n times. So again the hydrostatic pressure is rho w into n g into d by n so because of that here what we have got is that rho w gd which is actually identical to that of in the prototype. Similarly the suction is nothing but minus rho w into n g into h minus d by n so here again the suction is also identical. So if you see the water saturation profiles in a centrifuge model n g model and in a prototype they are analogous what you can see is that here you have partially saturated zone is actually commencing here also and this is the portion where you actually have you know the completely saturated capillarity zone and above that what I said is about the fringes development or it is also called as a fingering actually takes place in this particular zone. So if you look this into the this particular case simulation of prototype into 1 by n times in a 1 by n times but at normal gravity that is at 1 gravity. So if you look into this actually has the hydrostatic pressure which is rho w g into d by n so this is the pressure is low and again similarly the suction is also minus rho w into g into h minus d by n the suction is also low. So if you look into this here the water saturation profile in a 1g model is drastically different from you know the what we actually get in the prototype wherein this is actually due to as the less weight of water is required to be lifted so the water you know tries to have you know very high capillary raise it actually implies. So this is not the as realistic as that we observe in the prototype so the capillary model at 1g is drastically different from the one in the from the field condition. But whereas if you are able to model this with identical soil as that in the prototype and identical fluid characteristics as that in the prototype and at high gravities also so what it actually says that the water pressures as well as water saturations are you know identical to those in the prototype though there is a you know the distances are reduced by 1 by n times. So further after having reduced and discussed about the capillary height now let us look into the rate of capillary rise, rate of capillary rise that is the rate of capillary rise. So according to Landau et al 1967 and Bikerman 1970 so what actually has been assumed is that the porous medium is characterized by one pore size and is similar to a very narrow cylindrical tube so that the flowing fluid has a mean velocity. So according to Landau et al to 1967 and Bikerman 1970 porous medium is characterized by one pore size and is similar to a very narrow cylindrical tube so that the following liquid the flowing liquid has a mean velocity. So based on the you know these assumptions and further deductions the mean velocity is actually obtained as r square into delta p divided by 8ht mu w. So the r square r is nothing but the pore radius delta p is the pressure head pressure difference between the surface tension forces and weight forces of the water which is being lifted. So that u is nothing but the mean velocity that is the flow of a viscous fluid in a cylindrical tube due to the pressure difference delta p maintained at the end of the tube. So u is the mean velocity this is the this is due to the flow of a viscous fluid in a cylindrical tube due to the presence of pressure difference delta p maintained at the end of the tube. So h within brackets t is the height of liquid lifted at any instant of time t due to existing pressure difference of delta p. So because of the there is a pressure difference of delta p this delta p is due to the pressure due to self weight due to the surface tension forces as well as the self weight forces of the water being lifted in the so called the narrow cylindrical tube. If that the pressure difference is taken then that is what we get is this height of liquid lifted at any instant of time due to this particular heat the height of liquid being lifted is due to the pressure difference of delta p and which is nothing but the pressure difference due to surface tension forces and the due to the self weight of the column of water being lifted in this cylindrical tube. With those assumptions and discussion and we can actually further deduce this one. So when capillary forces cause a pressure difference delta p at the ends of an iron tube then the delta p what we said is that the difference between the pressure due to surface tension forces and pressure due to the weight of fluid lifted at an instant of time. So here the pressure due to the self weight of the fluid is given like this rho w g into h t into pi d square by 4 this is nothing but the weight divided by area, area is nothing but pi d square by 4. So this rho w g is nothing but the gamma w h t into pi d square by 5, pi d square by h this is the area into h t is the height over which the fluid is lifted. So this is nothing but rho w g h t and from the surface tension forces with h c z is h c is equal to h c z is equal to 2 t0 by r what we can deduce is that u is equal to r square into rho w g into h c z minus h t by h 8 h t mu w. So this mu w is the dynamic viscosity of water by substituting u is equal to d h t by d t and integrating time required to raise the continuous capillary zone h c z can be obtained. So by substituting for u is equal to d h t by d t and integrating this expression the resulting expression then the time required to raise the continuous capillary zone h c z can be obtained by integrating with then the time can be obtained. This time is nothing but to raise the continuous capillary zone h c z. Now so that after integration and simplification what we get is that t is equal to 8 mu w divided by r square rho w g within brackets h c z natural logarithm h c z divided by h c z minus h t minus h t. So this is situation in the prototype. Now in a centrifuge model we know that the capillary heights and any capillary raise with a time t due to the pressure difference is actually reduced by 1 by n times and the gravity level is n times g. So we can write the time in model t m is equal to 8 mu w divided by r square again the pore radius is identical as that in the prototype rho w is identical as that in the prototype. So the term is left like that and n g the g term is changed as n g and h c z was changed as h c z by n natural logarithm h c z by h c z by n minus h t by n minus h t by n. So by simplification and rearrangement of the terms we can look into this expression like t m is equal to 1 by n square by taking the common from the numerator and denominators what we get is that with 1 by n square into 8 mu w by r square rho w g and divided by into h c z natural logarithm h c z by h c z minus h t minus h t so bracket close. So with that if you look into it this particular expression is analogous to this particular expression. So only thing is that now once we take when this is substituted by t then what we get is that t m is equal to t by n square. So here also what we get like in analogous to seepage force phenomenon seepage phenomenon or the consolidation phenomenon what we get is that the time of capillary raise is also scaled by 1 by n square time that in the prototype. So in line with what we deduced in the previous lecture like time for seepage what we deduced is 1 by n square time that of the prototype similarly time of consolidation of a soil also 1 by n square that of the prototype similarly the time for the capillary raise also scaled by say similar scale factor 1 by n square then that 1 by n square times of the time of the prototype. So the t m is equal to 1 by n square into t p, t p is equal to t and which is nothing but which is in the prototype. Now after having deduced this capillary time now let us look into capillary velocity. So as we have defined in the previous in our discussion that u is equal to r square rho w g into h c z minus h t by 8 h t mu w. So what we can do is that we can write for u m as the velocity as r square rho w into n g into h c z by n minus h c t by n h t by n by 8 h t by n into mu w. So now if you compare again if you compare with prototype and model what we get is that the implies the capillary velocity u m in the centrifuge model is n times that of in the prototype.  So this implies that the capillary velocity in the centrifuge model is n times that of the velocity in the prototype. So what we have discussed is that capillary rise which is actually which is in fall in line with like linear similitude conditions where this scaled by 1 by n times that means that if the gravity level is actually increased by n times and the capillary height also scaled by 1 by n times. Similarly the capillary raising time is scaled by 1 by n square as that of the prototype. Similarly the capillary velocity is n times that in the prototype. So after having discussed the modeling considerations of the capillary rise and consolidation and seepage phenomenon let us look into the modeling of the earthquake in centrifuge and what are the necessary scaling considerations are required to be considered. So the need for the earthquake centrifuge modeling or the dynamic centrifuge modeling is closely associated with the nature of the earthquakes in the field and very limited quantitative data exist in the response of soil deposits or geotrache structures to the strong motion of the strong ground motions. So it actually says that you know the opportunity to study the phenomenon of earthquake induced liquefaction has been principle driving force behind the widespread interest in the generating the strong shaking on a centrifuge model. So one of the major attributes of the centrifuge modeling is that the climatic events like these earthquake can be modeled with great accuracy so that the performance of the geotrache structures to these destructive forces can be understood and it is also possible to arrive at the remedial measures and developing a theory and then guidelines so that a properly designed structures are constructed which can actually resist these destructive forces due to earthquakes. So simulation of earthquake geotrache problems in centrifuge has grown significantly in the past you know you can say 2, 3 decades and a variety of challenging problems are being tackled in various centrifuge establishments all over the world. So for this simulation of the earthquake conditions the centrifuge requires a careful consideration of modeling the base motion that means that whatever the strong motion need to be modeled and selection of the model container we will be discussing that when we subject this the base motion in the prototype we actually have the sort of primary waves and shear waves and so we need to have a special containers with non-reflecting boundaries and also you know we actually have to use appropriate fluid in the soil if you are investigating saturated sand and saturated silty sand soils subjected to earthquakes. So these scaling laws are actually deduced for a dynamic models so here this is for a case of a prototype at one gravity consider similar an embankment having the length L and assume that this embankment is subjected to shaking in this direction a dynamic shaking due to perturbance created because of the strong motion. So let this is the time axis this is the x axis let this be the amplitude variation and as a sinusoidal variation and the ap is the amplitude which is actually indicated here in the prototype so considering a motion in the prototype so we can write xp is equal to ap amplitude sin 2 pi fp tp so fp is the frequency and tp is the time in the prototype. Now by differentiating this particular term what we get is that we get dxp by dp dtp is equal to 2 pi fp 2 pi fp into ap cos 2 pi fp tp so here if you look into this this is the velocity magnitude fp into 2 pi fp into ap so then differentiating once again this term what we get is that d square xp by dtp square is equal to minus 2 pi fp whole square into amplitude in prototype into sin 2 pi fp tp so the negative sign indicates that the acceleration acting towards the center of the axis center of the rotation. So here what we have done is that we have taken motion in a prototype which is xp is equal to ap is equal to sin 2 pi fp tp and with that we have said is that by differentiating once we have got the velocity term and acceleration term by d square xp by dtp square. Then here what we have said is that the displacement magnitude from the expression whatever we have discussed is displacement is nothing but amplitude term ap in the prototype and velocity is nothing but 2 pi fp ap and acceleration is nothing but minus 2 pi fp whole square into ap so these are the displacement velocity and acceleration terms in the prototype. Considering a motion considering the motion in the model xm is equal to am sin 2 pi fm tm so this is actually the acceleration term which is obtained by d square xp by dtp square from the differentiation what we have got. So what we have got this is the acceleration magnitude term so now consider the similar embankment model with same configuration but it is reduced by 1 by n times lm is equal to lp by n and we consider an element which is actually subjected to let us say this is the with time tm and this is the xm that is the amplitude is measured in this direction so that this is actually subjected to a small amplitudes now which is am which is indicated here and it is at the ng and lm is equal to lp by n. So with that what we have got is we assume that the same motion is actually assumed where xm is equal to am into sin 2 pi fm tm so xm is equal to am into sin 2 pi fm tm. So by using the analogous expression for motion in centrifuge model the following expressions can be deduce. So again here what we have got is that displacement term am and velocity term 2 pi fm am and acceleration term the minus which is nothing but minus 2 pi fm whole square into am. So now what we do is that by the analogous expression what we have done used in the centrifuge model and with that what we have got is that displacement terms as am and velocity magnitudes as 2 pi fm am and acceleration term as minus 2 pi fm whole square am. Now here if the model in the model the linear dimensions have scale factors 1 is to n and then acceleration have scale factors 1 by 1 is to 1 by n that means that acceleration in model is n times the acceleration in the prototype in order to maintain similarity this is possible if the amplitude in model and prototype is 1 by n and frequency is fm is equal to fm is equal to n times fp then the similarity of lm by lp and acceleration in model and acceleration in prototype is equal to n can be achieved. So that means that if you look into it here if you compare absolute displacement in model am and with the displacement term in the prototype then am by ap is equal to 1 by n and then the you know in order to have the acceleration which is to be n times that in the prototype. So when you take this acceleration term in the model that is minus 2 pi fm whole square into am divided by minus 2 pi fp whole square into ap the minus minus sign will get cancelled then with that what we get is that fm by fp has to be n times that of the prototype and when the amplitude is you know 1 by n times that of the prototype with that what we get is that the acceleration will become you know n times that of in the prototype. So that means that here we have to note down that the you know the frequency has to be n times that in the prototype that means that if you are having an earthquake with the frequency of say one heads one cycle per second then the frequency in the centrifuge model at 50 g is 50 cycles per second. So when you have the frequency enhanced by n times what we get resulting time for the earthquake will be reduced by 1 by n times because frequency is increased by n times you know the time has to be reduced by 1 by n times. So if you look into the when amplitude is you know reduced by 1 by n times when the frequency is increased by n times if you look into this the velocities in model and prototype are identical velocities in model and prototype are identical that means that am by ap is equal to 1 by n and fm is equal to nfp with that what will happen is that you will get velocities identical as that in the prototype. So if you are able to have the same motion which is subjected to the structure then what we get is that for the acceleration to be n times that in the prototype the frequency has to be n times that of the prototype and amplitude then will be 1 by n times that in the prototype and for subsequently we have the time which is nothing but tm by tp is equal to 1 by n. So then when with fm by fp is equal to n and am by ap is equal to 1 by n what we get is that vm by vp is equal to 1. So the velocity in model peak particle velocity in model and prototype equal to 1. So the resulting you know these directions implies that the time in model is equal to time in prototype is equal to 1 by n. So the time taken for the earthquake to commence and you know complete will be 1 by n times that in the prototype. So the time in centrifuge is compressed by factor n and frequency is increased by factor n. So this is you know dynamic models you know it is required to be noted that the time in centrifuge is actually compressed by factor n and frequency is increased by factor n. So for example with these scale factors it can be seen that if you are having a 10 cycles of 1 hertz earthquake the duration is say 10 seconds with an amplitude of 0.1 meter in the field can be represented by a centrifuge model tested at 50 G subjected to same number of cycles the 10 cycles but of a 50 hertz frequency that means that the frequency which is 1 hertz is now increased by 50 times 50 hertz earthquake due in the duration of this is about 0.2 seconds having an amplitude of 0.1 by 50 that is about 2 mm. So these are the you know this example states that what the whatever that you know the deductions we have for the scaling loss and with these scale factors it can be seen that the 10 cycles of 1 hertz earthquake with the duration of 10 seconds and with an amplitude of 0.1 meter can be represented by a centrifuge model tested at 50 G subjected to 10 cycles of 50 hertz earthquake with a duration of 0.2 seconds so having an amplitude of 2 mm. So here the duration of earthquake also can be obtained by 1 cycle per second and 10 cycles we can actually get as 10 seconds and with an amplitude of 0.1 meter. So here also 50 cycles per second with of 10 cycles we also get here the duration as 0.2 also we can get from the time which is actually taken in the prototype like 10 by 50 is also has 0.2 seconds. So this is actually example of what we actually have based on the scaling loss for the dynamic models. So here you know based on some discussions some general summarization of scaling loss for static models was given length is actually reduced by 1 by n times area is reduced by 1 by n square then the prototype and volume is 1 by n cube times that of the prototype and pressure is that is stress is equal to 1 and strain is equal to 1 and density that is nothing but mass density equal to 1 and unit weight is n times that of the prototype mass density is identical and gravity is n times and mass is 1 by n cube force is 1 by n square and time for diffusion is 1 by n square. So please note that time for diffusion is 1 by n square and time for dynamic activity like earthquake what we have reduced just now is 1 by n. So we will have to keep in mind that we actually have two different times one for dynamic event we have got 1 by n and for diffusion event like seepage or consolidation we have got 1 by n square. So this is the scaling loss for dynamic models so these are actually summarized here with the stresses and strains are identical velocities in model and prototype are identical acceleration in model is n times that in the prototype and frequency is n times that of the prototype and the time for dynamic is 1 by n times and mass which is actually subjected to this excitation is about 1 by n cube times that is that if you are having very large chunk of mass which is subjected to strong motion in the field that particular structure can be reduced by 1 by n cube and the same structure can be subjected to equivalent to that in the field so that we will be able to get the identical response of a field structure under consideration in the centrifuge model. So if you look into now there is a conflict which actually has been addressed as far as the diffusion time as well as the dynamic events time. So in modeling stability of claim magnets that dynamic test time scale factor of 1 is to n should apply since no seepage of flow or diffusion of what occurs because if you are having a dynamic stability of claim magnets there is a possibility that we will be able to bifurcate these timings with 1 is to n that is you can say that during dynamic event we can actually take 1 by n and subsequently if a long term seepage occurs then long term diffusion occurs we can actually take 1 by n square but subsequent to earthquake any dissipation of excess pore water would be modeled using a time scale factor of 1 by n square. So however the problem arises in the study of liquefaction of saturated fine science where excess pore water pressure dissipation will occur during the earthquake event. So problem here actually occurs is that whatever you know when you look into this there is a deviation from the field event when you know before attenuation of the magnitude of the excess pore water pressure if the diffusion actually commences and this is possible for certain type of soils like sands and silty sands having non-plastic fines there is a possibility that you know the situations they happen in simultaneously in that case we have a conflict of scale factor for diffusion and dynamic events. So in that case you know it is necessary to ensure that the time scale factor for motion is same as that for fluid flow that means that we actually have to say and go with one scale factor so Tm by Tp is 1 by n and Tm by Tp in principle it actually indicates that it is 1 by n square times that in prototype. So if you look into this out of the two times factors scale factors the 1 by n square is relatively faster compared to even the dynamic scaling factor for time. So we actually have to select such a way that you know one time is actually adopted one time scale factor is adopted if the both dynamic events and diffusion events occur simultaneously so that we can actually operate on the particular model so that the results which are the results of the set of this model represent that in the prototype. So further actually two methods are actually possible for solving this conflict one is that reduction of the permeability of the soil by a factory n by crushing the particles to a smaller size. So this was actually you know tried by many investigators wherein let us say that k is equal to cd 10 square the Heisen's formula when you reduce the d10 model n prototype by 1 by root n times there is a possibility that we can actually reduce the permeability by 1 by n times and then increase the gravity by n times so that the permeability of soil is identical to that in the model prototype. But the soil constitutive behavior may get altered in the process hence not desirable. So the scaling down of the gradation is not a acceptable solution because when you scale down the sand turns out to be silt and the silt and sand behavior is actually drastically different as far as the stress strain relationship between the soil is concerned. So the reduction of the permeability of soil by a factory n by crushing the particles to a smaller size and though this avenue is there this is not possible because the soil constitutive behavior may get altered in the process. Another possibility is that increasing the viscous to the fluid in the model by a factory n that means that replacing the conventional fluid that is water by a fluid which is actually having a system of ideal characteristics with that what we can actually see that the increase in the viscous to the fluid in the model by a factory n may actually help in you know possibly to solve for this conflict. But this particular modeling changing of model pore fluid actually valid for fine sands or sands with less amount of silt and not valid for clay soils because it is not possible to you know saturate clay soils with highly viscous fluid pore fluid. Now consider here in this particular slide k is equal to k gamma by mu where mu is nothing but you know kinematic viscosity of the pore fluid which is say in the model.  So k m by k p is equal to now if you look into this now k m is equal to n gamma p it is a gamma m changes to n gamma p and then if you are able to have in for vm as n mu p where the fluid is actually selected is n times viscous then so if you are having a water actually has 1 centi stroke of kinematic viscosity and if you are able to replace with n centi strokes that is n mu p into v p by k p into mu p. So with k m is equal to k p and by simplification what we get is that k m by k p is equal to 1 the permeabilities are identical.  So here in this particular case what we have used is that i m is equal to i p definition that is with h by n. So with v m is equal to v p and t m by t p is equal to now is 1 by n times that means and now this particular scale factor what we were actually getting for diffusion event because we are actually maintaining k m is equal to k p and with v m is equal to v p what we are getting is that t m by t p is equal to 1 by n. So that means that the replacement of a pore fluid with a higher viscosity is a viable option for investigating the problems when we have a conflict of scale factor for diffusion and dynamic events. So for example 100 centi stroke silicon fluid is 100 times more viscous than water but has virtually has same density. So here very very important is that whatever the pore fluid which we actually consider model pore fluid which you consider to replace the conventional pore fluid they can have it can have higher viscosity but the mass density of the pore fluid model pore fluid which is actually selected to replace the conventional pore fluid has to be identical. So this is basically required to ensure that effective stresses does not alter that is if you are actually having a pore fluid which is actually heavier then there is a possibility that the effective stresses will get actually altered. So one principle requirement is that the mass densities of this pore fluids model pore fluid and conventional pore fluid have to be almost identical. So with that what you can say that we will be able to have this particular option is valid. So thus centrifuge model using sand saturated with silicon oil and tested at 100 G would have a time scale factor for fluid flow of 1 is to 100 which is same as the time scale factor for dynamic motion given by 1 is to n since n is equal to 100. So if you are actually having this replacement of a 100 centi stroke silicon oil then there is a possibility that we will actually have the identical scale factor for the diffusion as well as this thing. So with this what we physically is happening is that by altering the pore fluid by replacing the conventional pore fluid with a model pore fluid having higher viscosity we are actually making the diffusion event slower. So with that what is actually happening is that we are able to match with the dynamic event and then we are actually going close to the field conditions when the saturated sandy deposit or deposit with sills is actually subjected to some sort of a strong motion. So what are the requirements of the ideal pore fluid in the sense that the fluid shall be like water and Newtonian fluid and it must have the same compressibility as that of water and it must be chemically polar to use along with sills and sands and if the fluid has same density and surface tension as water so that capillary effects will be properly scaled and the presence of different fluid should not alter the strength properties and damping characteristics. So that does not mean that the presence of different fluids should not increase or decrease the strength properties they have to be same and also the damping characteristics have to be same. These are the some of the selected ideal pore fluid characteristics. Now the physical explanation is actually given here in this particular chart for example when there is saturated sandy deposit subjected to the earthquake in the prototype. So you can see that how the excess pore water pressure with time takes place in the prototype. So the variation is which is like this which is shown here but when we have a centrifuge model with water as the pore fluid what actually happen is that the excess pore water raise which takes place because of the seismic disturbance but the dissipation actually commences very rapidly. So this is because of the nature of this Tm by Tp is equal to 1 by m square the diffusion event is actually faster than the which actually happens in the field. So by replacing with conventional pore fluid the schematic flow of the excess pore water pressure variation with the time is actually given here. This is the time which is in the earthquake shaking time. So you can see that this is almost identical to that in the prototype. So by replacing with conventional pore fluid with a model pore fluid having iron viscosity the centrifuge model results are represent closely as that in the prototype so which is actually explained and shown here in this particular figure. So some of the different substitute pore fluids which are actually called as silicon oil. Silicon oil actually has 80 centristokes of kinematic viscosity and row density is almost equal to that of water 4% less than that of the water. And it is also some investigators actually use glycerin water mixers and some laboratories they use model pore fluids and recently for the past one and a half decades people are actually using methyl ether or methyl solylose which actually used in the food dyeing industry as water mixable substance which is used for producing viscous fluids, high viscous fluids. So this is possible here with the methyl ether or methyl it is also called as a metallose and with that desired viscosity range can be actually obtained. The more we will be discussing with the examples from the works carried out by several investigators. So these are the, this slide actually gives that different substitute pore fluids. Now after having discussed about different modeling scaling laws but we need to have way and means of verifying this. So the modeling of models are also called as the modeling of prototype basically is a technique used in centrifuge modeling to ensure that the scaling laws derived earlier are valid. Like we have reduced that time scale factor for capillary rise is 1 by n times 1 by n square times the prototype. So that is actually done by using modeling of models. So this modeling of models is nothing but when you say that gl is equal to 1 that means that g1 l1 is equal to g2 l2 is equal to g3 l3 is equal to gl is equal to 1. That means that here what we have is that we actually have different models which can be done. So similarly in the hydrodegradient similarity method also when you actually have different pressure differences with the different thickness of soil layers there also we can actually have different models which actually represents the identical result of the let us say a particular footing resting on sand subjected to you know so called pressure difference between top and bottom. Similarly here in modeling of models the two subcategories is modeling of prototypes and modeling of models. So in this what we have seen is that where we have got the prototype dimensions are given on the log scale and gravity level are given in the log scale in the vertical axis. So here when you have a 5 meter prototype let us say a footing size of 5 meter is scaled down by 100 mm at 50g. So this is nothing but the dp is equal to 50 into 100 is equal to 5000 mm. So this is directly a modeling of a prototype into a centrifuge model. So when you have a prototype of 10000 let us say a retaining wall of 10000 mm that is 10 meters and when it is modeled by at 100g it is height of 100 mm. So 100 into 100 is about 10000 mm. So this is here we are corresponding at this is at 1g and this is at the prototype dimensions 5000 and 10000. Similarly when you try to look into so we have a when the prototype exist we try to look into the corresponding model and when other case is that when you have when the prototype does not exist what we actually do is that we actually have a three different models each model represent the model of model with each other and then they also represent overall a prototype corresponding prototype identical prototype. For example here when you have 50g at 100 that is 110 centimeter prototype dimensions it is one model. Similarly at 25g with 20 centimeter dimensions it is one model and with at 10g with 50 centimeter dimensions it is one model. But model 1 and model 2 and model 3 they actually when they are they represent a prototype having 5 meter dimensions. So in example here 5 meters. Now this dp is equal to ndm so which is nothing but n1 dm, n2 dm and n3 dm but all the one which is actually falling on this line represents the corresponding prototype in this. For example here also here what we have is that we have got you know at height of say 100 mm and at 100g to 10000 then we actually have got another model we reduced the dimension with we reduced the you know g level increases the dimension when you have increase in the you know decrease in the g level then actually we have increase in the dimensions of the model. So here the technique which is actually you know the technique of testing scaled models at very different levels with aim of verifying the same scaling loss is called this particular technique is called modeling of models. So the modeling of models is actually used for verifying the scaling loss which are actually reduced for existing phenomenon like or for the new phenomenon or anything which is actually being investigated and the modeling of modeling techniques is also used whenever we are trying to model a new physical phenomenon in the centrifuge or and the scaling loss for the one or more parameters cannot be derived easily and one of the this modeling of model technique is also used for you know checking whether the so and so model is actually subjected to the scale factors or not. So as an example let us look into you know this particular figure wherein we have the you know a thick layer of consolidation takes place in a over a 5 meter thickness and both top and bottom we have open layer that is the sand layers then this is at 1g but what it actually speak about the modeling of models is that with a thickness of 25 centimeter in the model at 20g this again this is a model of you know this particular prototype case and when we reduce this by you know another 15 centimeter that means the model dimension 10 centimeter at 50g it corresponds to again this particular prototype which is 5 meters then we reduce further to 5 centimeters increase the gravity level to 100g. So here see model 1, model 2, model 3 they are actually models of each other and but they also individually when they say they are the actual models of a particular prototype. So the idea is that all these three models should have identical time settlement behavior as that of in the time settlement behavior of the prototype. So in this lecture we actually have discussed about the capillera scaling loss and dynamic model scaling loss and then we also discussed about the technique called modeling of models.


Hi everyone, it's Kenneth from VS Code. Today, I'm here to talk about the new GitHub pull request extension that we have made in collaboration with the GitHub team. Over the past many months, we have been busy collaborating with GitHub on enabling a rich pull request experience inside VS Code. Today, we are announcing the public preview of GitHub pull requests, which is a new optional experience that you can install as an extension for VS Code. The extension allows you to authenticate and connect VS Code to GitHub. It allows you to list and browse pull requests from within VS Code. You can review pull requests within editor commenting, where we also added markdown support. We are also enabling a more natural PR workflow within editor checkout that enables you to use rich language features, such as go-to-definition and IntelliSense. Lastly, we are enabling a smooth terminal integration that enables the UI in VS Code to coexist with the Git CLI. GitHub pull request is a new type of VS Code extension. It's powered by a new set of APIs we have baked into the core VS Code in order to enable code reviews and commenting. But enough talk, let me show you how it works. All right. So what I have here is the Insiders Edition of VS Code. I have a folder open call pull request demo, which is a node application we have put together to actually demonstrate this new pull request experience. The new thing you have here is that if you go to the source control section in VS Code, you'll notice that we now have this new viewlet here called GitHub pull requests. What you can see in this viewlet is that you can see some categories of pull requests that are available for me to browse. There's one category here called waiting for my review. So I can expand this category, and what you'll see here is that there's actually a pull request on this particular project that is waiting for my review. So I can go expand it, and what you see is that I can get a description of what this pull request is all about, but can also see that the fav icon in this PR is deleted, and I can see that there's some index that JS has been modified. But what I do here is that I just clicked on the description. So what I'm presented with here is an overview of this particular pull request. I can see that it's named like update route titles, it's something about the route tiles being simplified, and I can see Rachel here in my team has been adding some feedback, or adding a comment of some of the changes she made. So I'm a bit curious to know more about the changes she made, so I can just go out here and I can open up the route index, the JS file. What I'm presented here with is a diff editor that is just giving me a nice overview of the changes in this particular pull request, and I can see she's been adding a comment that this is too generic. You know what, this is kind of the same experience that I have on GitHub, and I think this is cool, but we can also do better. So if I go back to the GitHub overview page, what you'll see that we have here in the top is that we have this new button called checkout. This workflow enables me to check out the pull request by checking it out locally on my computer, and then enables me to do an in-depth review of the code. If I click it, what you'll now see is that it's now checked out this particular pull request. I'm now in a review mode, and if you go down here to the bottom, you can kind of see my branch selector has changed. It's now checked out that particular branch for the pull request. And what's cool is that we now also see a new view load here in VS Code called changes in pull request. Here I kind of have the same description page I had before. I can kind of see the changes, but I can also see the commits that's inside this particular PR. And down here at the bottom, I kind of have a new panel that we call the commons panel. This panel gives me an overview of all the commons that has been added in this particular PR. And I'm a bit curious just to see more about Rachel's comments, so I can just click here at the bottom. What you see here is that I'm taking straight to the index.js file with Rachel's comments shown in line inside my editor. So you know what? She's asking, this is too generic. I actually think this looks pretty good to me, so what I can do is I can just add the comment, and bam, I just added the comment straight for my editor. But the key thing here is that because the source code for this particular pull request is checked out locally on my computer, is that I can also start taking advantages of someone like the code intelligence. So if I scroll up here in my code, I can kind of see that some of my variables here are kind of grayed out. So you can kind of see that request is declared, but it's actually never used. I can see here that there's a variable here called product ID that is never used. So what I can do here is that it's not strictly related to Rachel's changes, but I can add a comment and saying here looks like product ID isn't used, maybe remove. And if I can fix my typos here, then you can see here that I've just took advantages of like rich language features inside my editor, and I can now apply that knowledge straight on my PR. But overall, I kind of think that, Rachel's changes looks pretty good, but this deleted fav icon out here makes me a bit worried. Like, I don't know if this is like kind of having some impact on the code. So what I can do here is that I can go to the integrated terminal inside VS Code, and I can actually run my application. I can validate that things are working. So it's a node app, so I can just do a npm start. And what we are actually seeing here is that my node app, when I run npm start is crashing, it's not working. And if I look at the error here, this error is actually related to the missing fav icon. So this is somehow required for the app to boot. And this is interesting because if I just reviewed this outside of my editor, I would not have been able to catch an error like this. So Rachel probably just like, she deleted this by mistake or something, but I should let her know. So what I can do is that I can go back to the description page. I can add a holistic comment on this pull request and saying, looks like the build is broken. Deleted fav icon by mistake. And you know what, I can just say like, I will request some changes because this doesn't work. And bam, I just requested some changes. That's now being sent to GitHub. So now I'm kind of finished with my pull request here. So the way I can exit my review is that I can either go up here and click the exit review mode button. But because I'm kind of a terminal kind of guy, what I can do is that I can just go straight down here to the integrated terminal. And I can just say git check out master because I just want to go back to the master branch. And what you see here is that I just checked out my master branch, but VS code was kind of picking that change up from the CLI that you saw. You now see that the comments panel down here is gone. The changes in this particular PR viewlet is gone. And I'm just back to my regular master branch and I can continue my work. And this is kind of a nice way for me to finish my code review. I don't need to leave my editor. I can just use the tools that are always used. That was the demo. Today we are announcing the public preview of GitHub pull request. It's a preview, so we need your feedback to make it better. You can find it in our marketplace, so please try it out and let us know what you think on GitHub and Twitter. We're really excited on bringing code reviews inside the editor. And on behalf of GitHub and the VS Code team, happy coding.


Hey what's going on guys welcome back to another video. So in this one I'm going to show you a Shopify print on demand store that's currently for sale and it makes 140,000 US dollars profit every year. If you don't know what print on demand is basically it's a different form of dropshipping so it works exactly the same way in the fact that you don't see the product you don't touch the product and the supplier ships it directly to your customer however the only difference being is the type of products that you're selling.  So once you get the sale you issue the order with your supplier and they make they print the product to demand and then ship it direct to your customer. So this all I want to show you today is called just like Bob. Before jumping to it just some background information the site age is three years the average monthly profit is $11,615 and it has a very healthy profit margin of 61%. The asking price currently on the auction is $5,000 however they have set a reserve of a very significant amount of $400,000. I don't think they'll get that much typically when you're valuing a business it's anywhere between sort of one to two years of the annual profit. Let's take a look at the numbers then the exciting part. We can see for the most part like sales are pretty consistent throughout the year so if we go all the way back to over a year ago to April of 2022 they did a modest amount revenue of about $10,000 with a profit of $4,000. Results have been pretty consistent like I said with kind of like a slight increase of anything and then obviously with a massive spike as you come into the Q4 months with the best month profit-wise being November of 2022 just gone of a little bit over $30,000 profit since then a natural kind of decrease which is expected but even still the business has returned to pretty profitable operations with February so just a couple of months ago doing a revenue of $15,000 and a profit of nearly $13,000 so not bad considering if we scroll up to the top we can see as the business will do a small amount of CS customer service as well as just monitoring the accounts most of their time is spent on releasing print orders with the suppliers and SEO so approximately 10 hours per week. I don't know of many professions out there where you can earn $140,000 working just 10 hours per week so not a bad return on your time invested. What's interesting opportunity-wise is there's a huge opportunity for expansion into other countries as they only have marketed towards north of America so being dropshippers people who start online businesses the beauty of a business like this I will show you how you can pretty much replicate this business in almost any country in the world and if it works in North America the chances are it's going to work wherever you're watching this video from as well that being said then what products are they selling what product is generating this level of sale so if we jump onto their Shopify store just like bob.com if you guys want to go and check them out feel free to do so and do your own research they're having an issue with their image at the top here but if we scroll down they've got a really nice kind of how does it work so if you're new to print on demand essentially this is how it works. So step one is you submit your order by selecting a number of people you want to include in your portraits your chosen background and upload reference photos so you just take a selfie of yourself basically after that they have artists which will create a draft of your personalized portrait you'll receive an email linked to a few and basically sign off the proof sign off the design and once you've done that then you will receive a final high quality version of your artwork through an email link so they're selling literally just a digital product here but obviously once you've got the artwork they are going to bombard you with the upsells of having it printed as well so we'll actually jump back into the information and show you the average order value is $76 if we head up and if we come back and head it into their best selling product so this is purely just for the portraits this is for a digital product this isn't to have it printed if you go for one person inside restaurants you can skip the line for $25 which is quite expensive but simply for a simple portrait then it's $50 the average is $75 which would lead me to think that the majority of people well the majority of people do in fact bump this up to either two people a different backdrop I think these are all $70 by the looks of it or perhaps even go on to have this printed on a canvas whatever it may be and shipped out to them if again we go back to the information what I want to show you is the products and services used so use Google Analytics they use Shopify and they use Printify if you want to start your own print on demand business these are the guys that are kind of leading that space so if we jump on to the Printify website this is their catalog these are the sorts of things that you can get printed so all I've done at the top here is put out so you can see all the different kind of canvas sizes or image sizes you can even have things printed onto jackets if you want to start a clothing brand or backpacks you can even have it printed onto a bikini if you want to do that or shoes they literally have endless combinations of print on demand products that you can sell what's also brilliant about this is if you want to go ahead with the artwork if we have a look at the target markets you can find printers that work for Printify in all of these countries which allows you to offer local shipping so US to US Canada to Canada UK to UK so on and so forth which obviously allows you to offer a better service to your customers before we move on just very quickly just 20 to 30 seconds of your time I want to make you aware of the free training I've just got done recording it's 100% free won't cost you a single penny all I ask is for your email address and that is so I can send you this this is my own personal handpick selection of 194 profitable product ideas for 2023 if you want to get yourself a copy of this and watch a training where I will show you how to build and launch your very own online business and start making sales in less than 21 days I know that sounds like a bold claim but trust me I've been able to help hundreds if not thousands of people do this so make sure you check that training out once you've done watching this video head to the description down below and it will be the first link you see thanks so basically in summary what these guys are doing is they are jumping on the back of the well-known animated TV series which is Bob's Burgers it's obviously a very popular series people love it they want to get themselves printed into the cartoon so it's almost like they're part of the series have been in the series and again I think where the majority of their sales come from will probably be gifts if we just jump back into the sales information we can see there's a massive spike around Q4 which leads me to believe it's one of those perfect presents that if you have a friend or family member and you're not quite sure what to get them for Christmas but you know there's a certain particular TV series that they love you could always get them a portrait in that same style two things though number one I am not condoning the copying of this business I would never recommend anybody do any of that I do these videos purely to give you the ideas so you can put your own spin on it and be unique and be original you don't have to follow Bob's Burgers of course there's so many different animated series out there that you can use if we do a simple google search for 25 greatest anime animated shows of all time all of these shows probably have a big enough audience for you to have a big enough customer base to make some very significant money from so it could be SpongeBob SquarePants characters that's aimed towards children or it could be King of the Hill I know which is another popular one if we go down towards the top Daria or Futurama again a massive massive TV series popular across the world and of course number one it had to be it which is The Simpsons let's jump back to the Shopify store then we can see the charge in $50 that's purely just for the digital print let's jump on to Fiverr because obviously most people probably won't have the skills watching this video to create an image or put somebody into an image as a certain character so you can go into Fiverr and you can pay somebody to do it for you basically so once you get the order on Shopify you approach your designer you send them the image they create the image they send it back to you you send it to the customer to have them sign off on it so simple search on Fiverr for superhero portrait depending on the quality you want you can obviously look in any way between sort of five pounds for a very basic one all the way up to this guy that I found who'll do your basic print which is in a similar style to what these guys are doing for 24 pounds what I also want to show you is if we jump on to the social media pages so this is the Facebook page 7k followers etc etc however what I want to show you is the fact that they are pushing this website here so what villain would you be let us know so we can add them to our catalog check us out I just like villain be sure to let you know hey everyone big news our new website just like a villain if we jump on to their website just like a villain we can see they are pretty much using the exact where they are using the exact same business model however the theme is different instead of selling portraits in the style of bobsburgers they're selling portraits in the style of different villains so super side super side super side squad joker wanted posters they have their dog with this mug shot which they call a mug shot which I think is a nice approach and obviously have all these different characters from popular tv series that sort of thing so with that being said I think I've shown you everything I wanted to have shown you everything behind this business I've given you the business model given you the theory behind how you can do it now it's up to you to think about the kind of tv series that you watch and that you enjoy that you will have fun building a business around approach different designers and the main thing being basically is just to get started as soon as possible you don't go to naught to being one of the best overnight it takes time but the most important thing is that you do just get started and over time you will develop you will be able to offer a higher quality piece and you will be able to build your business and put it in a position that these guys have been able to do with this and with that being said I'd like to say thank you for watching the video I really do appreciate all the support on my channel any comments questions videos suggestions anything I can help you with at all just post a comment down below I read every single one so we'll see it and I will of course reply to you make sure you subscribe if you enjoyed the video because I release new ones every Monday Wednesday and Friday thanks again guys I'll see you in the next one on Wednesday cheers


So in Russia, they have a saying, nobody talk about how they make their first million dollars. I'm gonna tell you how I made my first million dollars. And I'm gonna show you how I made my first million dollars, both gross and net profit. And there's a big difference between these two. You'll hear a lot of marketers talk about how much money they made gross, but that doesn't mean they took it home at the end of the day. And I'm also gonna go over four strategies for you to keep as much of that income as possible. Now, note that I'm not a financial advisor. I'm just a dude who's good with taxes. The first million dollars I made gross was between 2013 and 2014. I earned over $1.3 million. Two years after I had started my business, I made my first million dollars. And in that time period, I made roughly 50% net profit. Still not a millionaire yet at this point, but well on the way to becoming one. Now, the way I made this money was two ways. I was running a little ad agency. I was doing work for clients and earning about $1,000 per month per client that I was managing their Google and Facebook ads for. And then I was also doing affiliate marketing, which actually made me the majority of my money during this time for a gold investment company in the financial services niche. Again, people were doing moving parts of their retirement over to gold. And I would make a percentage of whatever they decided to move over. Now, my first million dollars net was made the following year. And this is in 2015. I earned $2.7 million gross. Gross means that's the total amount of money that I made. It's not the money I kept in my pocket. And that year, I also put in $755,000 profit in my pocket. So you add that all up. And this became the first year that I was a millionaire. I had over a million dollars in the bank. It was mine. And if you're on that path, if you've done it, congratulations to you. But this is everybody's goal. And this was almost purely through what is known as affiliate marketing, where it's your marketing, other people's businesses, and you're earning a commission if you can sell their products. It's similar to realtors, insurance agents. Really, most many professions out there, if you insurance agents, they sell insurance and they get a commission. Realtors, they sell houses, they get a commission. Same thing, but I'm just marketing products on the internet. Whatever it is, supplements, backpacks, t-shirts, whatever you name it. Specifically, I was marketing supplements. I was marketing nutraceutical supplements that helped people build more muscles. And for the gals, it helped them have better-looking skin and lose weight. So I had a couple different supplements. I was marketing to earn this money. And I was using Facebook ads to reach people. So that's how I was able to scale a business, because I had something called leverage. And in any business you go into, you want a degree of leverage, so you can scale things up very quickly. Now with this YouTube channel, I have a degree of leverage, because here I am spending whatever it is, 15 minutes of my own time. But thousands of people around the world will watch this video.  Because earning $1 million, earning $3 million in a year, is not going to happen if you don't have a degree of leverage. And starting an internet business is a fantastic way to get started. If you want to learn more about affiliate marketing, there's a link in the description. I have a training course if you want to learn more about that. But I'm going to go into the four ways that I actually kept this money, because making money is not as important as keeping it. Nobody, really, earning money is meaningless if you spend it all. The goal, to get rich, you need to keep it. Not just earn it. Now, the ways I was able to keep the money, there are four different methods I use to not pay all of my money out in taxes. And one of the major ones is $240,000 a year in retirement accounts. Most individuals here in the United States are only able to put aside $24,000, about a 10th of this, because they are in the system and they're doing what they think society tells them to do. Whereas I'm able to write off $240,000 a year off of my tax bill and put that money aside for safekeeping because I'm using what's called a deferred benefit plan. And I'm using that to put aside a lot more money than most people are able to. Now, so going back to this example, when I say I put aside $755,000 in profit this year, I also put aside a quarter million dollars, tax-free, into retirement accounts on top of that. So that is added to this. So it adds up to about a million dollars in profits, right? I put a quarter million in my retirement accounts and I have $755,000 in cash. Now the second tool that I use to not pay as much money in taxes, and you might be thinking, John, why are you talking about taxes? You're supposed to be talking all about earning money. Well, again, I'm talking about how I made my first million dollars profit. It's important to keep that money, okay? Taxes is understanding and being able to keep your money and not pay as much in taxes is the single biggest correlation I see among wealthy people that I am friends with. Actual wealthy people who have multi-million dollar homes, who have private jets, who have boats, who have exotic cars, understand how to keep their money. They understand the tax laws of their particular country. So this, when I am focusing on this, I'm focusing on it for a reason because you need to know this if you are going to get ahead in life. Otherwise, this money that you are earning, whatever it is, $666,000, that will be cut in half. And you'll end up thinking, the whole year you think you're earning all these profits, but all that money is going away because you focus simply on earning and not on keeping. And I have lots of videos, if you wanna learn how to do affiliate marketing and how it is, the specific tactics, I have lots of videos, I'll have my editors link to them above so that you can start going out if you wanna learn how to do affiliate marketing. Now back to the second thing here, and this is called research and development, and you can get a tax credit for research and development. If you are doing activities in your business that are not necessarily profit producing, for instance, if you are paying for programming work to be done on Fiverr or Upwork, that can be expensed. And again, I'm not a financial advisor here, so don't take anything I say, it's all entertainment, right? But that can be expensed as research and development because you're not sure if it's actually gonna work out in your favor to earn you money. It's coding. The third tool to reduce your taxes and keep that money that you're earning is called accelerated depreciation. So just to give you an example of accelerated depreciation, any of my computer equipment is accelerated depreciation, meaning if I spend $5,000 on my computer, I can write that all off in the first year off of my taxes through a measure called accelerated depreciation. Typically, people don't write any of these things off, but you can with accelerated depreciation. The other way you can use accelerated depreciation is you can actually buy, you can buy a private jet. Let's say it's $5 million, you put 20% down for a million dollars, you can write $4 million off of your taxes for buying a private jet. So it's almost like it pays for itself and you don't even have to put that much money down. And rich people do this all the time with artwork, with yachts, with exotic cars, with private jets, with multifamily housing. All of these categories can be, you can use accelerated depreciation, but they're relegated to the rich and the super rich to use this tactic. They don't let you know about this. The government doesn't encourage anybody to know about the tax code, because again, the world would be crazy if everybody is rich, but you are. So I hope you take action and leave a thumbs up on this video if you are learning something and make sure to subscribe to my channel somewhere down below if you are interested in more marketing content and success and all that sort of stuff. The fourth tool to write more stuff off your taxes is donations. Now if you give money anything to donations, I know many of my followers are Christians here and believe in tithing and donations are a great way. You can just write those off your taxes. I forget up to a certain amount, but all this stuff is great and it just reduces the amount of money you have to pay. And it was through a combination of working hard and earning money using my online business and also saving money that earned me my first million dollars and made my life a lot different from where it was before. So I hope you enjoy this video and if you're looking forward to more killer content, we're coming out, we got a new office here. I don't know if you guys see it all around, but we got some cool stuff here. We're gonna be making it look a lot nicer for you all very soon and I'm excited to bring you into my new space. So talk soon, have a great day.


We will start our plenary session on Eastern Europe, South Caucasus and Central Asia facing the Ukrainian war. I'm really happy to moderate this session because it's the first time, I think, that we have at the WPC the participant from post-Soviet countries. And I will come back on this definition of post-Soviet countries. I'm very glad to introduce Olga Rozhka, Chief of Staff of the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova, Roman Vesilenko, Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, thank you to be here in person, and Lasha Darsale by Vizio, First Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. The Ukraine is the first victim of the Russian aggression, but other neighboring countries are also suffering from shocks at different levels. I think about the flow of migrants. I think about energy pressures by Russia. It should be noted that a great part of Kazakhstan gas pass by Kaspian pipeline consortium through Russian territory. There are unresolved conflicts in Transnistria, in Moldova, in Abkhazia, and South Ossetia, in Georgia, and there are many Russian speakers in the north of Kazakhstan. As we can notice, we didn't put in the title of this panel post-Soviet states. We preferred the long version Eastern Europe, South Caucasus, and Central Asia with three countries, each represented here from these three geographical area, because three decades after the fall of the Soviet Union, the question lies about the coherence of this space.


Okay guys, today's the day. I'm gonna tell you everything that I learned from the number one coach in real estate and Because I've officially started my third book. I want to give away more copies in this video of my second book What's up everybody Ricky Krooth here welcome back to my channel today I want to get into what I've learned from the number one coach in real estate That's right. The number one coach in real estate. I want to share everything that I've learned From this person before getting all that I want to answer a couple of your questions on Instagram Here's a question from dragonfly social. She wants to know if basically It's okay to go after when you're circle prospecting to go after the email address Even if they say they have an agent as in offering to be their backup agent You know like what if something happens to your agent or what if you you know, what do you be okay with? You know me being your plan B as an agent and I think that's fine You know if you if you get into those situations and you fill it you want to go after the email address Perfectly fine. I I I want you to do that So I encourage you to do that if you feel the opportunity is there go for it get that email address Here's one from Jamie underscore Aguilera He says how do you plan on having a 10 million dollar a month calling every day? Absolutely, how else are you gonna build business? How are you gonna create business? How else are you gonna get out there and stir the pot and find out what people want to do how you can help them so on and so forth You have to make contact you have to call you have to talk to people sure social media internet's great But I think the internet social media and all these things should just be used as a pivot to get to the Conversation once we get into the conversation now we can really find out a what's going on how we can help them and be Is there a working relationship? You know do we do we fit? You know and that's part of being a great salesperson the great agent is being able to Get along with just about anybody, right? And not holding grudges not holding things personal not letting people get under your skin just letting things go and Making everyone feel comfortable So that you can help them accomplish what they want to accomplish So I made a goal a couple weeks ago. I'm gonna close 10 million dollars within a 30-day period at some point this year, so I'm gonna bust my ass to get there I'm gonna make so many calls, and I'm gonna just stir the pot so much That my goal will be to have 10 million dollars in closed volume Within the 30-day period at some point later this year, so yes I'm gonna do it by Calling and just stirring that pot and seeing what I can come up with so thank you guys for the questions on Instagram I'm still answering every single question on Instagram, so if you have anything or need anything That's the best place to get me. I normally return them within a 24-hour period of time And I just appreciate you guys so much So let's talk about everything I learned from the number one coach in real estate So, you know, I've been selling real estate for 17 years and I've had a lot of ups and downs I've had a lot of trial and error I've had a lot of challenging moments, and I've had a lot of successes and a lot of celebration In my career and I'm just super grateful to be here. I'm super grateful to be talking to you right now I'm super grateful of everything that has happened and I wouldn't change a bit of it I will absolutely go down the same exact path that I've been on To be exactly where I am today because I couldn't be happier to be honest with you there's not anything in the world I would change and because of the way things have went and the dedication that I have and the kind of person I am and the hard work that I know I'm gonna put in from this point moving forward and the hard work I put in up to this point I know where I'm gonna end up, right? It doesn't matter what the market does. It doesn't matter The ups and downs. It doesn't matter Anything, right? It doesn't matter if there's a disruption. It doesn't matter about interest rates. It doesn't matter. Nothing matters I know that I believe in myself that I'm going to get the job done if we have a major setback and Sarah net worth goes down Significantly, right? Doesn't matter because it's not about the money. It's about pushing forward and Making the best out of what you have and always staying positive But I've been through a lot and I've watched so many things I've watched so many coaches. I've studied. I've researched I've Watched all the top producers in my area. I've even studied a lot of the top producers around the country I've read so many articles. I've read so many books and I've basically Molded my business into what I feel is the most efficient way to build your business the quickest the most effective And I just I really believe in it, right? And it doesn't matter about the necessarily Technical things that I do like the actual nuts and bolts the the phone calls what I say so on and so forth I think it's more about Hard work and intense, right? But when I got into coaching, you know I started studying More about the actual coaches because when I was a real estate agent more so and I wasn't coaching at all I was studying mostly just real estate agents what their behaviors are how they operate, you know How they are successful and since I got into the coaching world a couple years ago have been studying coaches And I really been paying attention to You know how they structure their business how they're successful what they do how they do it and When I look at the number one coach in real estate What is very extremely Inspiring to me and motivating to me is the fact that this person Can't have never sold real estate a day in their life But yet become the number one coach in that industry Okay, that to me is incredible and it tells me that anything's possible And it motivates me to think that things that I you know things that I think I can do Right. Um, I believe that you know, I can do some incredible things, right? And I'm pushing to do amazing things but however To see that happen tells me that there's even more impossible things that I could do and it pushes me and it motivates me And I think it's just incredible. I think this person deserves the Hustler of the Sentry Award, right? Who can have never been involved in an industry and become the number one coach of that industry only the hustler of the century Could do something like that and I'm talking about last century too like the 1900s like I'm going to be The number one coach of this century. I'm going to be the hustler of this century okay, so Moving forward Another thing that that I really learned and has really pushed and motivated me is the way that mainstream coaches Operates okay the way that they teach agents, okay? They're teaching every agent the same thing they're teaching agents how to high-pressure people into awkward situations and it's driving clients away right and it is really molded my coaching program into Where it is today, which is I'm not trying to figure out. I'm not trying to teach agents how to figure out what the client can do for the Agent okay, that's what mainstream coaches teach you They're just trying to say hey does this person want to buy or sell if not if they're not motivated move on don't worry about them We need to find motivated buyers and sellers Whereas I'm sitting here thinking the person you're talking to regardless if they want to buy or sell or not Will buy or sell at some point. Why are we going to throw them away? Why are we going to disregard these prospects, right? These are very very valuable prospects and this is how you get to a hundred deals a year as a single agent Like I have for the last five going on six years is I've accumulated so many people on my database who know me and Trust me at such a level because I didn't try to get them to do something, right? I didn't try to handle their objections to to to slide into a possible contract today And I think through that Mindset you end up doing more deals. Okay, because it's now it's more of a volume game Okay, let's see who talks to the most people and can create the most Relationships it's not about the transactions the transactions are a byproduct of your relationship building skills in my opinion Right and the more relationships you put in place with people that are in your markets, right? Every relationship is worth 10 to 20 deals to you This is what agents are missing the 10 to 20 deals part of each Prospect through repeat business referrals and referrals of referrals Okay And if you really think about the referrals of referrals who are going to give you even more referrals because you treat them like family as well Each prospect could potentially be worth 20 30 40 50 or even a hundred deals to you over the life of your career and we're just saying Let's just move on pass them because they're not motivated to do something today Right that short-term thinking and this is what mainstream coaching is all about mainstream coaching is about Let's scare the agents Okay into a situation where they feel like they need us and they have to pay us now Okay, mainstream coaching also does not give away any of the insides of their of what they're teaching agents Right they're holding back information publicly Because they want you to have to pay to get that that inside information, right and to have that inside connection and I think that Real estate is so simple, right? It's so easy. It's so simple It's like poker and I made this analogy on a podcast Earlier this week that it takes you literally five to ten minutes to figure out how to play the game Okay, but it takes you a lifetime to master It's really easy to to realize the nuts and bolts of it when you take out all the distractions There's so many distractions out there telling agents. This is how you do it. This is how you do it No, this is how you do it Okay Now we have AI coming into play and all the companies are jumping on that bandwagon to try to sell agents AI Programs to come to communicate with their clients and get them to a point where they're ready to buy our cell and now we talk to them and I think that there could be some good out of that but I think that most of the industry is just out to try to get agents to pay them money, right and I don't see the intent. I Don't see the relationship building process. I don't see the intent behind what most of the coaches out there are doing And so that's why I'm doing what I'm doing. That's why I'm free That's why I don't charge you to teach you every little thing that I know about selling real estate is My way the best way that's debatable, right? I'm not telling you my way is the best way I'm just telling you this is how I sell a hundred properties years a single agent since 2014 14 15 16 17 18 going on 19 2021 22 23 24 I'm gonna keep doing it While I'm still traveling the world spreading this message trying to reduce the failure rates in the real estate industry My entire mission is to reduce the failure rate by Trying to bring awareness of what I'm saying here. So It's been an incredible journey I'm still learning more and more and more every day and a lot from you guys in the comments when you When you comment or give me feedback or tell me that this is working or tell me this isn't working or this works in your market This doesn't work in that market the different things that are going on around the industry and around the world and Trust me. I'm listening and I'm adapting and I'm trying to figure it all out, right? I'm trying to be three steps ahead of the game to bring you more value and to help you get where you want to go there's nobody in the in the industry that cares about you as much as I do and I think it shows through the fact that I sit around and answer every single question on all the different platforms Anybody that needs anything whatsoever. I take time out of my day And I do what I can to give you the best advice possible And I think that that is really really helping people a lot. I Think if you try to DM just about any of the other coaches or send any Other messages to any other coaches, you're not getting a response or at least I haven't when I've reached out to several of The coaches out there the big name and smaller name coaches even the smaller name coaches It's hard to get a response out of so I just want you guys to know that I'm here for you I want to help you. I'll do anything in the world and It just means a lot to me To see you succeed and a lot of people say well, what can we do for you Ricky? What you're doing all this for us. What can we do for you? And the answer is literally the same every time and it's just that you take something I'm saying and you go succeed Okay, you take my phone script, right? You you take my philosophy of building relationships and you apply to something else You take my weekly email strategy You take the mindset behind losing deals gives you future time back that you can go get five more deals You realize that market crashes are just the beginning of opportunity Because buyers want to buy when it's down and sellers have to sell so there's all kinds of opportunity Nothing changes in terms of our business. We're still out there in the market trying to help people buy and sell property Right the closings do not stop. They continue to happen every day day after day So I know there's a lot of you that have been following me from day one, which would be about two and a half years ago There's a lot of you that have been following me for two years a year and a half a year six months But I just want you to know that I'm watching and I want you guys to keep posting your results in the Facebook group post your results In my DMs, let me know how you're doing what what you're finding works. What doesn't work Comments under these YouTube videos and Facebook videos It means a lot because I'm following your success and there's a lot of my earlier students That that I'm still watching right they comment. I'm reading and it brings me an incredible amount of gratitude To see you guys continuing to push because this stuff doesn't happen overnight Real estate is not an over nothing is an overnight success, but especially not real estate, right? It's such a process or such a steep learning curve It's a really tough industry to break into but it's so worth it It is so worth it and like I said at the beginning of the video. I have started my third book. I'm really excited about it I'm spending a lot of time with it. It's gonna be really really good. So I'm excited about that. It will take me Several several months. Hopefully by maybe the end of the year. I can get to a point where I'm almost somewhat done with it sometime early 2020 I'll release it but in the meantime, I do want to give away some of my second book list the last how to survive every real estate market crash So just please share this video comment below like this video and for your chance to win I'll pick some people out. I'll get your address. I'll sign some books and mail them to you So that's just my way again of showing you how much I care and how much I appreciate you guys If you have read one of my books Please give me a amazon review if you're not listening to my podcast Please go to iTunes or SoundCloud or one of the other podcast platforms and give me a five star review there's a lot of content in the podcast lots of value there and Comment below and let me know if there's a particular video you want me to make if there's anything else in the world I can do for you. Please. I'll talk to you guys soon