Yeah, that would be better. Yes, they can see you. I have another talk on a similar topic. So I'm going to speak about PDE, which is a code package that Andrea Chappellotti and I and some others from the Kazenski group at Harvard University have been developing over the last year or so. All right, so in writing this code, our goal, we want to compute transport properties. Something that's really central to the focus of some of the things we do in the Kazenski group. So we want to compute transport properties, such as traditional things like the electrical conductivity when we apply an electric field, or when we apply a thermal gradient, the thermal conductivity or thermal electric effects. Traditionally, these kinds of calculations have been done using the Boltzmann transport equation. So to set up the Boltzmann transport equation, we look at how the particle distribution function labeled here as F changes in respect to the supplied field. So we want to consider contributions such as if we apply an external force, we get some term like this, or changes due to a thermal gradient, as well as changes due to particle collisions. In solving the Boltzmann transport equation, we want to consider the point at which the system has reached equilibrium. And we want to linearize the Boltzmann transport equation. And then we can, in the formalism of FIDI, and the formalism we're interested in solving this problem in, rearrange the Boltzmann transport equation into a matrix equation. So here we have these force and diffusion terms going into this vector B. And all of the contributions related to particle scattering going into the scattering matrix, which we have labeled here as A. So to attempt to solve this problem, what we're interested in solving for is this solution vector, the delta F term, which is related to the out of particle, out of equilibrium particle distribution. And we can use that to calculate transport properties, transport coefficients that we're interested in. So while this problem is set up in a nice and easy to look at way, it is a, it is a difficult computational problem to solve for lots of reasons. Certainly we've seen in the last talk also about the calculation of particle interactions is difficult. The calculation of the scattering matrix is computationally burdensome. Additionally, the scattering matrix can be very large. And you have to come up with a good computational framework to solve the problem. So we have done this by writing this code, which we have called FIDI. As I said, it's been an effort in the Kaczynski group over the last few years. We have named it FIDI because it is a package of phonon and electron-Golson equation solvers. And the goal of FIDI is to offer basically a range of BTE solvers, which vary in cost and accuracy to suit the specific needs of your material transport problem. We have written it to be extremely high performance computing oriented. We have focused a lot on making sure it is a parallel as possible. And we've also implemented GPU capabilities. And additionally, it is written in C plus and we have done this to provide sort of a suite of objects which are useful to add future developments, basically. While I can't get into every single thing that Phoebe can do in the content of this talk, sort of an overview of the contributions to transport coefficients that we offer, I'm going to show here. So we are able right now to calculate contributions from electron-phonon interactions as well as phonon-phonon interactions. And this gives us a pretty broad range of the contributions to transport properties that we're interested in, as I listed on the first slide, are electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and CVAC coefficient. Additionally, we have some sort of special features. We can also output electron and phonon viscosities, which are relevant hydrodynamic systems, and can calculate contributions to the transport coefficients related to the Vigner distribution. In addition to this, we have what's called the electron-phonon average approximation, something that has been developed by Boris Kaczynski in the past, which can sort of do accelerated electron-phonon calculations. So the overarching way that Phoebe works, we first perform some calculations using density functional theory, density functional derivation theory, to calculate the electron and phonon properties, and any interaction matrix elements that you need to do the calculation. And then we go and calculate scattering rates. We fill in the scattering matrix and we use one of our solvers to solve the BTD and find the resulting transport coefficients. While that setup is similar to other codes, we are also doing something that is familiar. We're using this electron-phonon vanne interpolation procedure. So something that we've seen before, but we take the electron-phonon average elements in the course grid. Currently, we're using quantum espresso to calculate them. You do a vanne function calculation. And the critical step is going to be taking these electron-phonon matrix elements, transforming them from the block space where they're calculated to the real space vanne basis, and then back transforming them to an arbitrary mesh of wave vectors, so that you can converge brain zone integrations, which are required for the scattering rates on very fine k-point meshes, so a familiar process. You say, okay, the workflow, the electron-phonon calculation, this is similar to other codes of what is different. Why did you do all of this to write Phoebe? The first point we want to make is this full scattering matrix approach gives us access to some BT solvers, which would otherwise not be possible. We're doing these calculations for phonons and electrons. Basically, every feature we have can be done for both in the same way. This is nice because it allows us access to thermoelectric predictions of things like the figure of merit, where you also need the phonon contributions. And additionally, there are some transport properties where you need information both about phonon transport and electron phonon transport, so like phonon drag or the thermal conductivity of metals. Additionally, as I said earlier, we are focusing a lot on making sure that this code package is as high performance computing oriented as possible. So we've written it in C++, and one of the things that that gives us access to is some really useful libraries for acceleration. The library we have really leaned on is called COCOs. Basically, what this allows us to have is a performance boost throughout the code, as well as GPU acceleration. And it allows us to have this basically, regardless of the underlying hardware that you want to run the code on. So COCOs handles all of the interface with the architecture, all of the optimization related to architecture, and we just get to write one piece of code that works on everything. Additionally, we have some comments that are important about the way we have fixed the gauge in our DFT calculation when we do this phonon interpolation. It makes it so that we hope in the future, although we're currently interfaced with phonon espresso, in any DFT code where the phonon function and electron phonon matrix element information was available, we could perform a skate fixing procedure and also interface with other codes. So just a few slides on this as it is an important point for us. If we can return to the electron phonon matrix elements, we notice a problem when we want to do this interpolation that is sort of tricky. When you do a calculation in phonon espresso, the gauge of the wave function is essentially a random number. So that means that when you do a calculation with 2090, you're not dealing with the same wave function that you had when you did the density functional perturbation theory calculation. And this means that you can't just interpolate the electron phonon matrix elements in a simple way. You have to deal with this gauge problem. So there are some different workarounds. So one which has been used by other codes is after you have calculated the changes to the potential and the volume function information, you can recompute the electron phonon matrix elements. But what we have done which is a little bit different is we have initially selected a gauge at the start of our DFT calculation and then used the same gauge in the further parts of the electron phonon calculation. So the modification we have made. So the first thing to look at the standard workflow of quantum espresso at each step in what we would need to do to calculate the matrix elements, there is a different gauge basically. So the gauge used in the SCF calculation, the density function perturbation theory calculation, and SCF2 upon A90, it's different. And this is because quantum espresso is computing the wave function on demand and we have different gauge information at each point. It leads us to this gauge mismatch problem, which we have to address. And the way that we have done this, we have applied basically, we ship Phoebe basically with a patch to quantum espresso that you can apply. And what this does is when you run the very first SCF calculation, we write information about the plane wave coefficients that contains our gauge information as a reference. We save it only for the irreducible k-points. And then when we run further calculations, we read that information in and we rotate the irreducible k-point plane wave coefficients to whatever other points we need to perform the calculation. And what this enables us to do is that at the end of the day, we do not have to recompute the electron phonon matrix elements on the full k-point mesh. We can just use the ones which were done for the irreducible mesh. So this is a nice way that we get some additional acceleration in Phoebe. All right. So to return to the sort of workflow, we comment that we perform our DFT calculation with this fixed gauge. Then we can proceed, take in our matrix elements, calculate our scattering matrix, and to solve for our transport coefficients to just cover kind of the basic range of solvers that we offer in Phoebe. We go from the constant relaxation time approximation to the absolute bare minimum where you're not even relying on this electron phonon matrix elements or anything like that. We offer this electron phonon averaged approximation solver that just uses the coarse electron phonon matrix elements and does not do any additional interpolation, but still get some pretty accurate results for the transport properties. We offer the traditional relaxation time approximation solution. In this case, our scattering matrix is just reduced to basically the diagonal of the matrix, and we can save some memory by holding it down to that. Then we have some exact solutions to the DT. So a traditional iterative solver, as well as a variational iterative solver, which gives us better convergence, is guaranteed to converge. And finally, we have the relaxant solver, which is useful in some specific cases. So in the case where you have perhaps a hydrodynamic system and you want to know about the lifetimes, you really have to go with this one. Now that we have established how we're doing these calculations, what kinds of calculations we offer, we wanted to show one example case that we used when we were benchmarking and checking through all of our capabilities. So we ran the ScuderDite cobalt entomonide, which is a relatively large 16 atom unit cell. We, because we have calculations of the sievek coefficient conductivity and contributions to the lattice thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, in the same code, we can make a full prediction of the thermoelectric properties of the material. We here have versus temperature, the lattice thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, sievek coefficient. We can see that they have really nice agreement with the experiment in black and that in this particular case, we didn't get a significant change between the RTA and iterative solvers. We can also take a look at if we vary the doping concentration of the material and look at the electronic properties, so the mobility, the conductivity and the sievek coefficient. We can see again that if we compare to the experimental points in black that we're getting these really great results and we have a lot of confidence in what PD can do at this point. Again, we can use it to come out with the entire thermoelectric figure of merit, which is something that we're particularly interested in doing. All right, so having shown what PD can do and how it does it, I also want to make a comment on our computational performance. Here we did some benchmarks with a convergent electron phonon calculation for gallium nitride and we did this for both CPU and GPU capabilities. We find that basically we have ideal scaling when running on CPUs and the line on this plot to look at is especially the calculation of the scattering matrix, which is a dash line. It is the bulk of the calculation that we have to do is the most expensive part, so this is the thing to focus on. And we can see that for the red line without GPUs that we have basically just a following of the ideal scaling line. So as we go up a number of processes, we're reducing the time in that way. We are additionally proud to say that when we do this with GPUs, so for this case up to 64 GPUs, we found that we could have the same kind of nearly ideal scaling and that we found approximately for this calculation, one GPU gave us the same kind of acceleration as about 100 CPUs. And for one last note on computational performance, some of the way in which we get this performance benefit is by accelerating the interpolation of the energies and matrix elements.  If you want to do just a single diagonalization and Fourier transform of your Von A information, it's not going to be really worth putting on a GPU because say you have maybe 10 Von A functions, N and M is going to be maybe 100 matrix elements. Maybe R is something like 100 as well, it's not going to be a huge number. You're kind of limited in the number of parallel threads you can use and it's not going to be worth moving this calculation onto a GPU. However, if you then were to batch over two points, do a whole bunch of these at the same time, you can then take advantage of the kind of number of threads that are on GPUs and get a pretty significant speed up. So we've found that this has been a benefit to us in doing these calculations. And it's a similar kind of thing to what we do for the electron phonon interpolation when we're calculating the scattering matrix and part of why we get this nice scaling and speed up. All right, so to wrap up the presentation and recap what I have just said, we have developed VV, which is an efficient and GPU accelerated code for phonon and electron Boltzmann equation solutions and transport property calculations. It focuses on using a full scattering matrix formalism so that we have access to a comprehensive range basically of Boltzmann transport equation solvers. There's a lot of potential for future developments we feel, and though I don't have time to go into those here, definitely something that can be added is additional scattering contributions. So if you want to add something like electron electron scattering or another kind of quasi particle interaction like this, it's something that you can just add onto the scattering matrix and then use the VT solvers in a similar way. And additionally, we're interested in coming up with more transport properties and other specific effects to study through this code. So then I have to thank the VV team. So first we have to thank Boris who has provided us a lot of invaluable advice and also tremendous freedom in pursuing this project. Andrea is absolutely critical to the project. He has really guided the direction of it. I've been a key participant in the implementations and we've had also Anders Johansson who has helped us out a lot with this co-post GPU acceleration and Natalia Federova who helped us with the EPA implementation. So we have, maybe has been released on archive where you can look at a lot of the details and we also have a website which has extensive documentation as well as tutorials showing you how to run the code. One thing we also wanted to bring up in the context of this workshop and some things that have been discussed recently, even as early as this morning. When we do these calculations we need a number of files from Vania 90. So some lists like this that we have to read in. Right now we are parsing them sort of manually and C++ which you know it's fine it's working but there might have been an easier way to do this and additionally it would be cool if we could have fewer files to read in if there is some way to even post-process this information into a single format that would be helpful to us in using these pieces of information. Okay so then I'm taking questions about anything in the content of the talk thanks so much. Okay so thank you so much for the very clear talk. Of course we are open for questions please use your hand I guess we have already two. Thank you for the talk. Could you expand a bit so it was very nice to have these slides where you compared the features that are different from existing code and so one of the points was this full scattering matrix. Yeah so can you explain I mean what do you mean exactly and how it's not available in EPW. Well so certainly there are some other codes that also have the full scattering matrix like I know Phono 3.5 will do that for the Phonon case as well but definitely we wanted to make sure that this was the sort of central piece of the code we wanted to structure the code around formatting things this way because we felt it was what worked best with the kinds of BT solvers we wanted to implement. So I don't think that's always the case a lot of times I think there's more focus on trying to format things as vectors and save memory in this way. We wrote the code so that you can do that but you can also go to the full scattering matrix and have it not something I talk about but distributed in memory as efficiently as possible and try to keep this calculation you know do a lot of things to reduce the size of the scattering matrix before you do things just a lot of focus on this scattering matrix formalism. Thank you. Thank you for the talk. I had a question about your programming language so most of the in this field most of the lab programs are written either in Fortran or Python and you're using C++ so could you share your experience? So yeah definitely so there were a couple reasons we wanted to use C++ and one of the key reasons was because there were these different kinds of libraries available to us that we felt would help a lot with the acceleration so certainly this code post library is something that has made it much easier because we did not have to write like you know specific CUDA code or something to get the GPU acceleration so that's a that's an effort at Sandia National Laboratory it's it's quite a nice project we haven't looked into it before but unfortunately it's not available in Fortran or things like that so yeah so some of the library interfaces and also we we would really like people in the future to develop this code as well and I think a lot of times people are now having more experience for things like C++ and Fortran when they teach them so okay so we have a few more questions but I have a follow-up question yeah so I wanted to you know to ask you if you can elaborate a bit more on this code post library in the sense that exactly so one of the biggest problem in porting applications to GPUs is not coming up with a clever algorithm but also you know learning how to write in the list CUDA Fortran but then that would only work on some GPUs so you need so there are all these problems that we all know and it seems that with this it's you are sort of solving part of this problem so I was wondering how does it work is it like you know you're calling like a LAPA but it's not LAPA it's something on GPU or because if you need to parallelize a say a for loop you still have to do it no matter if you use a library so so it's something that you can add into parts of the code without disrupting the structure too much it's not quite like open mp but sort of a similar thing where you don't have to write the code in a specific way around cocos other than maybe telling it you know some data structures are meant to be on GPUs or something like that so did they say there are that like tips that you can write a little bit like open mp so it's it's it's closer to open mp that you would write things with up with mpi and communicators yeah I can also elaborate more on this yeah maybe I can elaborate a little bit um it's a little bit tricky to explain maybe you know overly familiar um with how GPUs work but the idea is that you in the code you can write the kernel so the code that is going to be executed on the GPU and the library cocos basically provides a way to compile this set of instructions that you provide in the way that works the best for the current underlying architecture so um it's a little bit different than open mp you have actually actually access to finer uh and lower level control if you need to but if you don't actually it kind of abstract away a lot of the challenges that you would have if you actually would be using CUDA the yeah yeah no the code cocos would actually compile to CUDA if you are using and then be the GPU but it does support also Intel and AMD GPUs and essentially since it's an effort backed by the Sandia National Lab they actually have an interest of supporting all the major super computers that are going to be at least be publicly available in the United States which covers actually most of the vendors uh really nice talk thank you so just two things the files that you said it would be good to package them up I mean I think once uh we move to the library that becomes quite easy because the the state of the calculation becomes extremely well defined and essentially it can be dumped into a file of whatever format you'd like I don't know how urgent that issue is for you no no not urgent but it would be much nicer to do it in the sky so I mean perhaps in the future yeah yeah so once it's library I mean Jerome can maybe they just become very easy to just dump the entire state of the calculation in one go um I'm really interested in the gauge fixing because I think this problem isn't just unique to you this must be something that people face a lot um so first question is I should like to find out more in detail how you do it and and I guess the second is a is a comment for maybe others here as well is it'll be really good if if say the electronic structure code had an option where you could switch it on and it's uniquely fixed the case it had a criterion that it used to fix the case so that every time you ran it you knew it would be in the same case this is basically why we offer this patch to quantum espresso we've just modified routines like c bands to output this information and then read it back in um so it's it is like basically something that you could maybe turn on as an option if it were integrated in quantum espresso uh so so to answer that first question in terms of the gauge fixing what uh specific kind of yeah well we could talk more afterwards we had some great discussion about this uh all the electron quantum people at lunch but we can yeah if you want we can do it afterwards and we can answer more specific questions now so see there is a question online but before that is there anyone okay that's one thank you for the very nice talk and my question would be do you think it would be interesting or also difficult to add the possibility to also simulate the presence of an external field in your transport calculation like a magnetic field or something like that so I I'm working right now on doing some basic magnetic field additions um in in some ways that I've been explored a little bit before but definitely yes yeah I think it should be very possible depending on the method we've talked about different levels of that so an external field certainly yeah for the magnetic field it's it should just be an addition to the scattering matrix that's like one function to apply okay so there is a question from Sergei online does the code allow to refine the k-grid near scattering rate singularity how large of a k-grid is feasible I'm sorry this this is the question does the code allow to refine the k-grid near scattering rate singularity how large of a k-grid is feasible um so in terms of okay so the second question is easier how large of a k-grid is feasible um because we have written this to be extremely parallel as many cores as you have you can distribute it and you should be okay um on the first question I don't think we have this right now though I think it could be very possible um the definition of the k-mesh and the code we could replace it with something else and I don't think there would be a problem there just hasn't been a need for that at this time okay so there's another question from Stepan and when in the preparation it was Fourier transform I guess you do it with a simple Fourier drop not as a fast Fourier did you think of using fast Fourier uh no I don't think so we're just doing it in the traditional funny interpolation format okay anyone else okay so if there are no more questions I think we can thank Jenny again this was let me stop recording now um yes


Ukraine, Abrams' tanks will not be in the current counter-offensive. Defense Minister of Ukraine Alexei Reznikov said that the Abrams' tanks, promised by the U.S., would not participate in the current counter-offensive. During a press conference, he also said that the Ukrainian military had already gone to work with Abrams' tanks. The Abrams' tanks will not have time to take part in this counter-offensive, but our crews have already left for training, the Minister said. He noted that Ukraine has already received modern armoured vehicles from Western Allies, including Leopard 2 and Challenger 2 tanks, as well as various types of armoured vehicles. The preparations are being completed in addition to weapons and equipment. Our military is still to master it. We have received very modern systems, especially in terms of the armoured fist. I remember that in addition to the tank coalition, which primarily includes the Leopard 2 plus Challenger, Leopard 1, Reznikov said. Reznikov added that the equipment has been prepared and partially delivered, but the Ukrainian military is completing exercises on some types of weapons. Reznikov also noted that the armed forces of Ukraine have already received a large number of armoured vehicles of various types, Bradley, Mada, Stryker and C-90. If, in a global sense, in a high percentage mode, we are ready, then the question is up to the general staff, the command, Reznikov said. On January 25, the United States announced the shipment of 31 Abrams' tanks to Ukraine. On April 21, it became known that 31 Abrams' tanks would be delivered to the Grafenwer training ground in Germany at the end of May. A few weeks after that, the Ukrainian military will begin training. According to the minister, Ukraine has received modern weapons, but another important point is to teach our defenders how to use them.


Game of Thrones season one episode seven you win or you die Okay guys, so we studied the map. Okay. Well, I did a lot of studying. I'm gonna impress you guys I know about I know all about like West Rose and so and all that stuff right learned a lot about the geography because I studied it He studied it. Yeah, so learned a lot of the characters names memorized them did my research basically So a lot of people thought then in the last episode I was having trouble falling along I don't know why y'all thought that definitely wasn't at all But I think it was just because I don't recall the names right off the top of my head that people think that I'm Struggling or something. Okay. And another thing is I read the subtitles super. I read the subtitles super hard I notice you always laugh quicker than me. Yeah, and it makes me look dumb, but she's reading the subtitles I noticed that I can't help it like I was always the person who when I was little and went to the movies I would go to the closed capture one I was the only person in there sometimes bro because I started to notice I'm like it just looks like I'm just a little bit slower than you like I just like my reaction times off or something No, you're actually just fine. I'm not sure how you guys feel about it But you guys let me know because it is very important But my assumption just based on everything that I've gathered is we're doing it the way that most people on patreon would prefer Not saying that like our actual reaction is or it's coming out of her mouth But the format in which we're presenting it, right? So I don't think that you guys want us to like pause the episode every time we want to talk Maybe we should maybe we shouldn't you guys understand that we watch these five times in editing and all that So yeah, I don't know about that But I need to address these YouTube people because so many people are getting mad because they're like Well, can we just say that the vibe of our channel was like you're our friend here in our living room And you're watching this with us and like we're not Amongst us we're not gonna pause something and talk about it while we're watching it We're trying to be like kind of genuine in that way And I think that's what makes us different right because I thought we were supposed to just invite you guys in not like stop Everything and like present a show and try to act like you know Because we're really not we're not we have no accountability for that Like we're just like we're not accountability credibility wrong word. But yeah, we have no credibility to be reviewers Yeah, we're just rancid a little bit because the the people are really really passionate about pause and and don't don't give me wrong guys If there's something that we need to discuss that's like a long like, you know, I feel like man We really need to talk about this. I'll pause it.  Yeah, if you offer black couch drop a comment below It's not tracked. But um anyways, it's coming and when that happens, man I have to stand up dodge the mic hit it shake the camera hit the desk hit the pause button I just don't feel like it's like practical and I don't feel like people are gonna appreciate every time I'd Impulsively want to say something out. I'm sitting there Episode is gonna be two hours if we pause every time and like, you know, you guys might love that I don't know. I really don't know but you guys will never get content out But I'm starting to get irritated because it's the tone of the people on YouTube demanding what Typing yeah, yeah, just the demanding like, okay, I have to say you guys are idiots pause it I'm like, bro. You don't have to be some negative.  Yes. Sorry dude So many negative comments about that. Yeah, so I'm starting to think The community it was and then it all just kind of backfired right well, we could talk less, right? That's also an option. We could talk less, but we talk a lot When I was in third grade they call me babbling Brooke. Oh, that's the same time. I was a good reader Okay, let's go. Maybe we'll try to talk a little less. I'll we have studied man. We did our research That's just for the rant on patreon. That's a five-minute rant And I mean I'm watching this stuff like six trillion times when I'm editing it So like I think it's fun to talk to you about some of the stuff I learned like on demand What did I tell you I told him when we were about to say what the episode was I was like It's called you live or you die and he almost he almost said it I knew that I knew she wasn't gonna be right. I was like, let me double-check that West roads over there he's landing in the south the geography What a corrupt place where all the money flows and the birds are everywhere. Absolutely. What is that? Oh That's the airy of course the airy but listen the airy is that the veil is the kingdom Thanks for the comments on that did not understand it. Yeah, plus this is October reads the comments more than me Yeah, that is true But we have someone who is also filtering our comments for everyone who was asking my sister. Thank you for that Oh, yo shout out the wall in the north for John Snow resides In Sam, I like him quite a very underappreciated honor it is to serve on the wall But someone has to do it right. All right. Let's get on over there to SS Is it that? Yeah, that's what's called. There's the dwarf pack Boy, all right, dude, let's go and with the wrong sign And then set up tents so the armies are marching huh no idea are they going? Oh, there's Amy within the full time to be branded an enemy of the crown the audacity Well, that's dark brave man terrible judgment is that no idea.  Why is he talking to the butcher like that? Go on say something clever. It's in bulk. He's getting a leg dear a sag thing Kathleen Stalk took my brother. Why is he still alive? Jerry, I'm next stop speed in through the leg. I can't focus. Why is he still alive? It wouldn't have been clean you spend too much time worrying about what other people think of you I could care less what anyone thinks of me. Yeah, that's what you want people to think of you It's the truth. Well, he did. He's the Kingslayer, right?  Of course it bothers me a lion doesn't concern himself with the opinions of the sheep Oh, I'm giving you half of our forces 30,000 men will bring them to Kathleen Stalk's girlhood home mind her that blannisters pay their debts Wow, so 30,000 soldiers are about to go to Winterfell. Why is it the butcher given him that he's one of us The less our name commands respect if another house can seize one of our own we are no longer a house to be feared So that's her dad. Hey, yeah, it has to be he talked about the mom the family name that lives on It's all that lives on. I really thought that was the butcher. I didn't think he was like an important character at all You're blessed with abilities that few men possess baby. Everyone's a butcher in these times True and you're still blessed with youth. Have you done with these blessings served as a glorified bodyguard for two Kings? One a madman the other a drunk. I mean you could have done worse things I guess your future of our family will be determined in these next few months He could establish a dynasty that will last a thousand years or we could collapse into nothing as the Targaryen state Is that why the lenders are rich because they live in a tent? So they save on castle fees Wow, that's a tough thing if you're dead to say so it's obviously pushing Jamie in a moral Like direction. He's not comfortable going right with how easy he feels so he said bring 30,000 soldiers of Winterfell And show up the Catlin starts childhood home meaning like just bring them to her doorstep So Jamie didn't seem comfortable with that Well, that's not her childhood. Um, if they're going to Winterfell. Well, no, I think oh, okay. Okay. Oh, yeah Because they're there they're in the the veil right neary. No, she's a toly. So I don't know where that is my lady Okay, perhaps it's time to go home. The South doesn't seem to agree with you. I know the truth John Aaron died for do you Lord Stark? Whoa? Is that what you called me here to pose me riddles? Before Jamie would have killed him my brother's worth a thousand of your friend your brother or your lover. Oh So he found out Jamie and I am more than brother and sister. We shared a wound came into this world together We belong together my son saw you with him. Oh, we put it together didn't aim Detective Ned with all my heart no more than I love mine and they're all James Thank the gods. Wow. You've always hated him. I hated him. I worshiped him And when I finally saw him on our wedding day in the set of Baylor was the happiest moment of my life Wow night he called on top of me stinking of wine and did what he did what little he could do Whispered in my ear Liana Your sister and I was a living girl and he loved her more than me when the king returns from his hunt I'll tell him the truth. Oh my lord you and your children I will not have that blood on my hands go as far away as you can with as many men as you can Huh, I think not wherever you go.  Jamie told me about the day Kings Landing fell He was sitting in the iron throne and you made him give it up All you needed to do was climb the steps yourself such a sad mistake. I've made many mistakes in my life But that wasn't one of them. Oh, but it was when you play the game of thrones you win or you die There is no middle ground. She dropped the name didn't she yeah, that was an intense conversation So I'm getting the vibe that she's about to do something. No, that's what I'm getting She's about to do something crazy. I learned that I'll never win not that way. That's their game I'm not going to fight them. That's what I know That's what I am and only by admitting what we are. Can we get what we want? What do you want everything? Everything there is I like him a lot less now wash yourselves. Both of you are working tonight. You want everything there is. That's crazy Well, he basically told us that Catlin sark was actually supposed to be with Ned's brother Look at that broom. That's crazy.  Where's it come from? The Iron Islands? You've never heard where I'm from neither. Trust me my Lord You're not living in the wilderness anymore in civilized lands. You referred to your bettors by their proper titles And what's that Lord? Why what do you mean? Why my father is Bailong Greyjoy Lord of the Iron Islands What's that got to do with you? Father's Lord. How can you be Lord too? I will be Lord after my father. You're not Lord now. No, you you having a go at me Just don't understand how you Southerners do things. I'm not a Southerner You're from south of the wall that makes you a Southerner to me.  Don't know what impudent means impudent.  Bailong Greyjoy The lady is our guest. Thought she was our prisoner. Are the two mutually exclusive in your experience? Bounce off. Chances are I won't be nearby the next time that happens. I'm used to worse than him Oh, I'm used to men could chew that boy up and pit their teeth with his bones Why did you come here? Didn't mean to come here meant to get much further south in this as far south as south goes Before the long night comes. What are you afraid of? There's things that sleep in the day and hunt at night. Why walkers the things you speak of they've been gone for thousands of years It wasn't gone old man. So she's seen it. So she was trying to go south. Oh, wow Man, let's say it's take a thousand-year nap How's he just gonna walk up there like that? Isn't it slippery?  We have to blow the horn Why is he alone one blast for a ranger returning two for wildlings? He's no rider. Oh, no This was like some development doesn't is his uncle is has his uncle returned Yeah, that horse is spooked. It must have saw a white Walker He are dangerous to hunt more time with you show me how to be a man. I was never meant to be a father I Do what happened to him? He said they were hunting right got attacked by a boar these fat and drunk I want to see this my fault. It's so much wine. It's my thrust.  Yeah, she don't have a long one there. No Oh my god, it's about to go down right now. This isn't it the show's about to develop. I feel like this is that moment. Yeah I'm scared. You damned fool paper and ink on the table. I don't want to say hurry Ned Oh my god, but he has to tell you something in the name of Robert the house Baratheon first of you know how it goes First his name here by command Eddard Titles Titles to serve as Lord regent and protector of the realm Oh rule in my stead Until my son Joffrey comes of age about that King. Oh my gosh to my rightful heir Oh, is he gonna read it? Is he not gonna tell him? What a dang good guy.  What a hard name, bro Give it to the council after I'm dead. At least they'll say I did this right this one thing You'll rule now.    Oh, he's not he didn't even tell him He just knew we could it that's what I'm saying. He was just too good of a guy He didn't want to give him that torment He didn't want Robert's last thoughts of his life to be give him milk of the puppy milk of the poppy Oh, that must be like a pain reliever. Maybe he was reading from the wine milk of the poppy It's cool. I fold him. No man could have protected him from himself Who gave the King this wine his squire honest boy such a beautiful boy to make sure his grace did not like Refreshment I do hope the poor lad does not blame himself.  See he's stirring the pot I think Because you saw the king was demanding wine. He's like my wine. He's like yeah, but he's a Lannister Right, and I think that that guy's just spread in like paranoia for some reason Oh It's so cool how they have their own language for the show yeah insane definitely wanted to point that out I don't think I mentioned it. They did not order the rings to yeah She's got some convincing to do basically Maybe she's learning that she's not gonna be able to go across the sea with him cuz he doesn't believe in it at all I was about to say maybe that's the very first implication that they're about to have two complete different ambitions My brother was a fool I know but he was the rightful heir to the seven kingdoms Forgive me Kelly see but your ancestor egg on the Congress didn't see six of the kingdoms because they were as right Sees them because he could because he had dragons having a few dragons makes things easier.  I'll rejoin you soon enough. Oh cuz he's gonna go tell beer is something That's why he keeps going away. I realized that when I was editing. I was like this man He was running away the spider senses greetings and his congratulations a royal pardon. You can go home now Whoa, so what does he do does he say or does he abandon ship? I don't know does he believe in the cause I guess because it's somebody banned me man It'd be really hard to want to go back, you know, but maybe he hates it. They're the Dothraki are unpredictable. Yeah He said one tasting your name your first child after me my lady you are from Westeros You have the honor of addressing Daenerys of the house Targaryen Khaleesi of the Ridingman and princess of the seven kingdoms Rise I'd still like to taste that wine. I have a dry red from the Arbor. Let me give you a cask. You honor me, sir They don't trust it. No, they're only in your home. I'm the pray for your return princess. That's all he has Horgan I have a thirst open it. Oh No way he's trying to poison her maybe Varys was cuz he like has connects It looks like and he's the one that said remember. He was like you got it. Yeah, they want assassinator. Yeah, yeah, Paul It would be a crime to drink a wine this rich without at least giving it time to breathe Do as he says oh as the princess command hopefully it's nothing man It's gonna be so awkward if there's nothing wrong with it.  They can drink it you first. Oh I'm afraid I am not worthy of the vintage you will drink. Oh, I just don't know. This is stressing me out, right? Yep, that's exactly what it was.  He came to us rich came to us poor some of you bear the names of proud houses It does not matter. All that is in the past here. We get Sam We are all one house. You're allowed to look happy going to be a ranger What you always wanted I wish I could help you. I'm no ranger. It's the stewards life for me But this food you begin and you this place gives me nightmares in a way I know I would hate to be there a man of the night's watch lives his life for the realm for gold Glory you've all learnt the words carefully before you say them penalty for desertion is death episode one We've seen it those kids were like 15 over there. Do you see that? Yeah Any of you still keep the old gods? I do my lord Yeah, I read if you do you're in you're from the north find a world a mile north of the wall and your old gods too Maybe so I'm assuming the old gods are better than the new ones because if the people in the south like the new gods And that ain't good. I was named in the light of the seventh the night's watches my house now The seven have never answered my prayers. Perhaps the old gods will yeah, because there's like the seven in the old gods We've all been assigned an order according to our needs and your strengths Rent to the rangers some well to the stewards John to the stewards He's not a ranger right may all the gods Is that like for life? Can you try to get that chain you rank up right exactly? Can you prove yourself why you're stewarding? At least he's with Sam. Do you notice John has a different like coat? Yeah, his looks like it's made out of dire war for something. Yeah, and everyone else has that black one I mean it is these things that old man that poor old guy, and he's in the cold Right, you will assist me in the Rookery and library Luke report to one eye Joe in the stables make no comment about his nose John so Lord Commander Mormont has requested you for his personal steward. Oh wow Well, I served the Lord Commander's meals and fetch hot water for his buck but it let change his sheets That's punishment for yourself, too. Mm-hmm. Do you take me for a servant? We took you for a man of the night's watch, but perhaps we were wrong. They did him dirty though He was beating everybody up single-handedly 3v1 and then he gets pushed as a sewer that's kind of messed up This is what yeah, this is one of those hard love from the coaches thing Stewards are nothing but maids. It's not fair fair I was singing for a high Lord at Acorn Hall when he put his hand on my leg I pushed him away and he said he'd have my hands cut off for stealing their silver So now I'm here.  He's like, what the heck? The old man is the Lord Commander of the Night's Watch You'll be with him day and night. Attend him at meetings. You'll know everything. Be part of everything Right here on the Intel He wants to groom you for command I don't know about that Nah He just wants to watch you bathe his clothes I just wanted to be a ranger I always wanted to be a wizard He was so serious He was so serious So basically John in his heart doesn't want to be a leader He just wants to fight and do his own thing He wants to be a ranger A lone ranger Synchronized He named you protector of the realm Give me an hour and I can put a hundred swords at your command And what should I do with a hundred swords?   He's thinking it goes to the air And people are like you can just take that He inspires no love He's not a king I am Hell nah Shooting the shot Stannis is a commander He's led men into war twice He's saying they just need a fundamental life Soldiers make good kings? Change in philosophy Right He's trying to be a man of the people I will not dishonor Robert's last hours by shedding blood in his halls And dragging frightened children from her beds I mean if he wants to be king go do it himself right? Right You will sail to Dragonstone tonight You will place this in the hand of Stannis Baratheon Not his captain of the guard Not his wife To be honest this is a really good thing that Ned knows how to do all this I know Like politician God here comes his pervert My lord protector He snakes in the grass spreading that stuff real quick The king has no true born sons Oh Jeremy Lannister's bastard Throne passes to his brother So it would seem Right Unless There is no unless He is the rightful heir You would be wise to deny it to him And to make sure Joffrey succeeds Right that would start a war right? He's saying it's just not good for the realm huh? Make peace with the Lannisters Release the imp Wedge your daughter to Joffrey And if Joffrey seems likely to cause problems When he comes into his throne We simply reveal his little secret And seat Lord Randley there instead We My price would be modest Ra would have his head cut off Yeah but I don't know He might be right Yeah if you want to see a thousand years of corruption I mean yeah but to save your life Like he's really risking it I won't do it So it will be Stannis War There is no other choice So why did you call me here? Not for my wisdom clearly You promised Catelyn you'd help me I need the gold cloaks A city watch is two thousand strong You know what you want me to do You know it has to be done It's not honorable so When the queen proclaims one king And the hand proclaims another Who's peace to the gold cloaks protect Who do they follow? Yeah The man who pays them Okay so you know how we say that We're seeing war coming Yeah It's very clear what's happening now Well he's saying if the rightful heir Which is Stannis's brother If he becomes king Then it's gonna be war The Lannisters are gonna declare war on them Yeah absolutely Because they feel like Joffrey's the rightful heir According to like And it's gonna be their word against theirs Yeah They're the richest And really like Ned That's dangerous for Ned That's what I'm saying That's what I'm saying I see Littlefinger's side as well Cause that's dangerous By him having honor That doesn't just mean Oh I'm having honor And I'm gonna see it here It means that If he's you know Which inevitably he knows that Soldiers will march to Winterfell And put his daughter's heads on spikes But he's still willing to do it So that just goes to show the seriousness Look at the bleeding eyes I'll bear witness to my vow And now my watch begins It shall not end until my death Wow I shall take no life I shall live and die at my post I am the watcher on the walls A shield that guards from a realm of men I pledge my life for this night And all the nights to come Yenelters boys Rise now as men of the night's watch Let's go I don't know man I don't know how I feel about it yet I guess time will tell This seems like So I guess the idea is This is just a complete waste of time Or either it's extremely serious And we're not sure Okay Well they're painting it as a Complete waste of time But obviously Obviously it's a show And they're not gonna do us like that What you got there Well they might Yeah they might Dang it God be good When the Colossal rides He'll be leashed to the saddle And forced to run behind the horses For as long as he can Oh no When he falls Last nine miles once King Robert still wants me dead Poison was the first He won't be the last He thinks that was King Robert I mean it could have been We'll never leave you alone The last Targaryen Your son will have Targaryen blood With 40,000 riders behind him He will not have my son He will not have you either How easy They're gonna make him run behind a horse They're gonna make him stand up all night He's always gonna be tired He won't last that long Uh oh Wow So he just had like A character like development Oh jeez Motive Okay The halftime switch He's hype I know he just got that long call Too far, too far, too far What is that?    He said when my son comes of age But is there an official law? I don't know Lord Renly joining us I fear Lord Renly has left the city So Lord as I'm 50 retainers What if he's trying to intercept that message Yeah probably Cause he doesn't want his brother to rule But they already make Joffrey king apparently So what's the point? He's just gonna start war for no reason Right Oh Ned And the queens already set the president That is King Joffrey now So anything against that is gonna be seen as like Oh Ned An interference All hail his grace Joffrey of houses Baratheon and Lannister Oh my God Look at that little rat And he gets both names Lannister Lord of seven kingdoms And protector of the realm Look at her She changes her hairstyle all the way up Like she isn't looking crazy Right Big brain I wish to be crowned within the fortnight Today I shall accept Odds of fealty From my loyal councillors Sir Barristan I believe no man here could ever question your honour Oh what is Ned doing? Calling him out They might just go to war right here Robert's seal Unbroken So that obviously meant something back then When he had a seal and it was unbroken It was your seal Was someone stole it Lord Edward Stark is herein named Protector of the realm Until the heir come of age May I see that letter Sir Barristan Why do you get to say anything?  Little finger He's not only is he like gross and grungy He's just the worst But listen he told Okay let's say this for the thing That was intense That was crazy There was four times more in that episode Than any episode we've seen so far Yes it was intense Absolutely So where do we start Do we start with like Like what happened just like now Yeah go ahead Um so basically What we just learned is Ned's kind of A traitor now I thought at first like They were gonna take him to the apartments But he's gonna be labeled as a traitor now Oh okay I thought you were about to say He was a traitor technically No no no he's gonna be labeled as one By everybody because It looks like little finger told him He kind of just told him before Dude if you don't do this They're gonna turn on you Like it's not gonna end up good What do you think about that I don't know man You know it's one of those things In hindsight I'll see But right now Ned just feels like If I continue to play this corrupt game And lie and just Continue to just go along to get along Ultimately like in life You can only lie so much You can only do so much damage And so much bad so much bad And eventually your debts will come to A lannister always pays their debt And sometimes Debt can come in different ways right It's not always financial debt Sometimes it can be Just the universe collapsing in on you right I don't know what Ned's thinking I don't know what he thinks his aim is It seems like to me He's just such a man of honor That he knows he's ultimately just gonna die But I don't think that he really believes He can change things Because this whole empire Just seems to be extremely corrupt I'm starting to see the south Is obviously like an evil empire Right and And it kind of seems like The hand of the king It's such a glorified title But means nothing Well they're all just titles that mean nothing They only mean as much as society Jamie was the king's guard But he's the king's slayer too So he's the person who killed the king And he's the guard The protected guard Right and those that are like most powerful Like his own dad right He basically was mocking him Because of the position that he's held He said you served two kings One was a madman And one was a drunk And you know Your son could definitely do a lot worse You know he could just be in a brothel all day But well I'm not Oh god why am I defending Jamie I'm not trying to defend Jamie I'm not trying to defend Jamie Uh basically I don't like the Landisers at all right now I don't like any one right now Besides Ned Yeah Ned only I like Ned, Arya Um the wolves The Sarks The Sarks I don't like the Sarks A lot of people are giving me heck Because I don't really like Sansa But dude I just don't like Sansa Oh yeah I don't really like Sansa Just because you're a young girl I get all that You just don't have to be that way I mean there's plenty of young girls Who aren't gonna be like Oh I'm gonna give them children And be the queen Like you just don't have to do that But she's too ambitious Well she just seems brainwashed Like she seems like Yeah for sure People have been telling her That's what she has to do Do you like brainwashed people No I'm not saying I like her I'm not saying I like her I'm just saying I understand Why she's like that Right But you know there's so much time For her to develop I'm just saying it right now She's just a young girl I'm sure I'll love her By the end of the show But as of right now I'm just calling it like I see it But yeah man basically Ned's like dude I just I know this truth And by the old gods I just have to let it be known I have to share the truth Right And maybe his approach Would be a little You know okay Let me ask you a thought experiment In the comment section Say the rightful heir was Joffrey Right And he knew Joffrey was a timer But the narrative was Oh Joffrey's not really Say the roles were reversed basically And the rightful The guy who they said was the rightful heir Actually was a really good person That Ned thought would be an amazing leader For the people In all the seven realms Right Do you think Ned would still Have that honor Or do you think that ultimately He just once was best for his people And he's just Do you get what I'm saying Like his honor flew into Ned's I think he once Honestly I think he's very old school So I think he once Whoever was given Whoever's supposed to be the rightful So if the rightful heir Is a total tyrant He's okay with that Because he's the rightful heir I just think that's how Ned is I don't know That's what I think I could be totally wrong About his character But what it seems to me Is also what it seems to me Is on Joffrey's defense It doesn't seem like anyone But his mom has counseled him Because even his dad was like I'm not a good dad So it doesn't seem like Anyone's tried to step Their like foot Other than Cersei And like help him out Right Teach him how to be a king And said like he got Cersei Like making him a tyrant Well yeah I mean She's basically the worst Possible role model Yeah I mean she is a Well I mean drunk king dad Out of the picture Always in a meeting And always you know Out doing this thing And then she's just telling Jock She's basically evil bitter She feels like She is the brain She's a narcissist basically And she feels like She does everything And the king's just a drunk Which you know There could be truth to that And so she's basically Living her rage Through her son And she's channeled She's basically ruling the Kingdoms through him She's going to The reason I posed that question About Ned was because If you really think about The motivations That's gonna determine a lot About what I think The future of the show Is gonna be Because depending on That deep motivation Which they have They're very similar But they're two completely Different motivations That could determine What your action would be You know because if you Genuinely only cared About proper lineage Then you know Your actions could be Completely different Than if you genuinely Only cared about What's good for the Because honestly If you're looking at it And everyone notices Ned is good for the realm But he didn't want to Take that position He would rather the rightful Heir do it That's why I know also He wants to go back home Yeah but he's Ned though So he knows People have all this faith In him because of What he presents to people But he knows himself Like any good person Shouldn't like Like if you're a good person You don't want to be King If you're a good person You don't want to be President But he seems like The fair rightful choice In my opinion Like he seems like He would have to Insert the name of the show Play a game of thrones And he knows how That game plays out He knows how corrupt And untrue There's no honor in it There's no honor in that game Because it's all It's the truth is fluid The truth only matters So far as who has power And that's something Search has been very Vocal about And so Ned just knows That he doesn't want To play that game Because that game's not Played fairly And there's no honor in it And he would just And where they seem Like they value things He'd rather be In Winterfell But he's also willing To take those But I don't think He's willing to step up At the expense of war But if he cares He kind of did When he But yeah That's like he did But he didn't Like he wanted to take war To the doorstep But he didn't want To participate in war Like you're right there Just I mean I hate to say it It's easy for me to say But if you're going to Do all that If you're going to live And die by your honor Dude just go Murder that Little rat kid He's not He's posing as the king And he doesn't have Proper lineage And that's what I'm kind of Wondering does he know that Because if he doesn't Then maybe if he finds out The truth That would make him Not feel the same about his mother Because she would A be doing that And B be lying Regardless of how he feels About his mother At this point Because he's already of age And he's already Like tasted kingdomhood I guess you could say If he begins to hate His mother The only thing in the kingdom That's going to change Is the laws against women Are going to be a lot less Stricts basically Cause you're just Going to hate women Basically, right? I mean nothing good Is going to come from that People So I'm going to be the ultimate good To get at my mother He's just going to be worse No I know But I'm saying Would that like Change their relationship I don't know But I guess to wrap things up The thing that I really took away In the end was The little rat was in power For like five minutes The confrontation comes The minute it gets hard What does he do Instead of trying to be Like noble Or talking out Or be any type of king He immediately just results to Kill them all Kill them all Such an easy solution To just kill them all Right I don't know We'll see where that goes I'm going to take them where Oh my gosh That's a whole new thing Which they said They were Everyone has been saying Over and over They're never going to do it Water They're never going to cross the Water They don't have ships La la la He seems pretty determined now Right one minute He's chilling And then they try to poison his Girl And he's like La cha ca La cha ca We will cross the ocean Like Okay I'll rape their women I'll burn their villages So he's basically saying So he's going to go Kill them What a dumb he is Like one thing happens And he just goes But you saw Daenerys Whatever I wanted to call her Danny But Khaleesi You saw her Have a look of like I don't really I'm not riding on that Like she's like Okay cool but I guess his mentality is If someone from across The sea From this mysterious place Can murder my Khaleesi But it was just Khaleesi It was his son too Exactly So his mentality is The only way she'll be safe Is if I conquer the world Basically Right Crazy I guess I don't know We'll see how that goes man That's crazy though But that part was That was some good character Development by him That was just a good Show That was a good episode Right there Alright guys It's been the October's Thank you guys so much For watching If we miss anything Let us know Like I said before I really did go And I studied I just made sure That I recognized People's names A little more Some of them I struggle with Like this area Is that his name The dead guy The whispering My little birds That guy Varus Varus That's his name Varus I'm struggling with that one But his nickname Is also the spider So when you see people Talk about a spider It's him Okay for sure The spider Let's go guys Game of Thrones We'll be back with more Let's go


Hello everyone, this is Ahmed Dan of AhmedDan.com. You're watching one of my Australia travel videos and today's videos is the third installment of the Great Ocean Road road trip in the Great Ocean Road playlist. In today's video, I'll be sharing my journey from Lauren to Port Campbell. The Great Ocean Road, one of the world's most scenic routes, offers the stunning coastal scenery leading to the famous 12 episodes along the southwest coast of Victoria. There will be more Australia travel videos coming up. Forget about subscribing to this channel, forget about liking this video. Thank you for watching and I'll see you shortly.


economic recession but then recovered quite smartly and others such as Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand to a lesser extent Malaysia that have had more trouble bouncing back but there is good news there that many of them are starting to turn the corner now. Japan for example I think has seen significant rise in its recent GDP. Malaysia went down by 7.8% GDP decline in the first quarter of 2009 but then saw 4.8% increase the very next quarter and has seen strong growth since then. So generally I think the crisis part of this major recession has passed us. The real difficulty now is to make sure that there's a smooth exit for the macroeconomic policies which we're going to take in response to the crisis and to make sure that the recovery path is smooth and doesn't have we don't have a double dip. Most people I think think there was a second dip that would be smaller than the first one but it's better to have none at all unlike ice cream where it's always better to have two dips. So we're not we're not out of the woods. The challenge really is to and I think this was reflected in the ATHEC agenda as as as prescribed by the leaders in Singapore in November that the recovery be balanced inclusive and sustainable and just a word on what the how those are defined as discussed among economic policy makers in the region. Balance really refers to the macroeconomic piece that we need to see excess saving economies adjust. We need to see excess investment economies adjust and have a model which is is then sustainable over the long run for economic growth in the region. Often when people talk about sustainable growth they're either talking about the environment or they're talking about balance growth. The balance is definitely a question of macroeconomics. Inclusive is also very very vital. I think you all talked a bit about trade politics in the United States this morning. The short answer is that trade politics in throughout the region are back three letter word or four letter word. There really there is no economy in the Asia Pacific region which does not now have serious questioning in its domestic politics relative to market opening and deeper and faster economic integration even as leadership in almost every economy in the region understands the importance of that and the key how that is key to a rapid economic recovery and sustained growth difficult. In that environment it's very important that all of us be stating to our domestic economies and to one another the importance that growth is inclusive. That groups, individuals and types of corporations and sub-populations within each economy which have not experienced the benefits of economic growth that is resulted from regional economic integration need to experience those benefits more meaningfully and so we need to really pay attention to that going forward and sustainable referring to the environmental piece. Climate change is going to have an enormous impact on the Asia Pacific region in particular. Of course it's a global phenomenon and it's not going to have exclusively an Asia Pacific impact but it is going to have a major impact and we need to prepare for that now and I think that the leaders of the region recognize that and intend to take steps in that direction. The US-Japan economic relations that just walked in when Mike said the word that the discussion was depressing. So I'll try and be upbeat. I think in fact there's a lot to be happy about in US-Japan economic relations if you take a very broad view of the overall situation of where we are. In 2009, Japan and the United States exchanged the equivalent $550 million in foods and services every day. That's five, you know, how many of you have seen the Austin Powers movies? So we're always making jokes about you know how we're making announcements in the government that we're going to have an initiative that is one million dollars and you know the joke being that it should be a billion but in this case $550 million is actually a lot. If you think about it every day that's a lot of trade. The economies are trading rapidly. Trade is a proportion of GDP is increasing globally in the United States of Japan and that economic relationship is getting deeper and deeper. Our corporations are intertwined to the extent that it's almost pornographic. The enhanced cooperation, here's an example, which is we have signed and hopefully will implement an open skies agreement which will allow American carriers to get into Haneda to allow future slots or increased slots at 90 to allow all of us to get back and forth a lot easier. It is possible to make to have concrete achievements in US-Japan economic relations. We are in lockstep and closely communicating. I have to be really careful here. Is there anyone from Treasury Department in the room? Okay, I said the word fiscal. Our fiscal and monetary policies actually are cooperating, our policies are cooperating. We're cooperating very closely on those policies and it's been really a model. Japanese government's handling of the of the this economic crisis on micro-economic policy has been very skillful. They've had a lot of practice but it's been been really a model for how to handle an economic recovery and the United States is cooperating extremely closely with Japan. That has not always been the case in the past. The Japan has introduced a new growth strategy. Some of the details have yet to emerge yet to emerge but from a first glance it seems like a very sensible and well-thought-out growth strategy that can help achieve some of the changes in restructuring the Japanese economy that would be beneficial to everyone concerned. We have a very acute and shared interest in greener and more sustainable growth. US and Japan are taking a cooperative and strong leadership role in the Copenhagen process. I guess we can now call Copenhagen process. Next year we'll call it the Mexico City process but we're working very closely on that and in extremely forceful fashion our official development assistance policies are very much in parallel with an emphasis on food and agriculture, maternal and child health.  US and Japan are major participants in the recovery of Haiti now in Chile in the war in Afghanistan. Our global cooperation is extremely vibrant and important. I could go on. The fact of the matter is that the US and Japan economic relations, if you broaden them beyond the question of why haven't we done an MTA yet, are really very very strong, very very cooperative and we're achieving an awful lot. Just to mention some problem areas because although the very delicious lunch was paid for by JETRO, I'm paid for by the US government. I need to mention these. Japan Post is really important that this not result in a major irritant in US-Japan economic relations. The decision about whether Japan Post is a private company or a public company, that's for Japan to make. But as any changes are made in how that organization is structured, it needs to result in a level playing field for all the financial services firms involved. Automobiles, I think you might have gotten a sense this morning about the importance of this issue in the United States. There's not, and I want to tread carefully here, but there are not enormous problems in the automobile area between the US and Japan, but there's always the potential for serious trouble and I think we need to be, keep an eye on the sector and make sure that issues are handled extremely well and then we still have the beef issue. It's now T-minus, what was that, 2003? Again, up to approaching seven years now without a scientific approach to beef in Japan and it's been a long time. So the Asia Pacific trade agenda from the US perspective, there's really four items, only one of which I play an important role on, but I'll just mention them all out loud, that the United States is focused on as we think about what we want to try to accomplish over the next few years in the economic realm in the Asia Pacific. First is the Trans-Pacific Partnership. I think you've heard a bit about that this morning. It's a significant trade initiative. We're cognizant of the fact that the participants in them are not all the largest economists in the world, but it's a realistic initiative and an important potential platform for region-wide economic integration by approaching the free trade agreement at a high standard and using what we will refer to as 21st century approaches to trade issues and then having an inclusive agreement which is a difficult agreement to achieve but then a significant agreement once it is achieved is an astute approach, I believe, to the economic architecture of the Asia Pacific region and an important answer by the United States to other alternative approaches and ultimately I think it's going to be difficult but ultimately optimistic that this is an approach that's going to work. Second of four issues is US China economic relations. We could go on for days about this but there are significant challenges in this area both in the macroeconomic realm and in the behind the border barrier area as well as at the border barriers. We've got an enormous structure now established between the US and China to address these issues. That is working okay. We hope that it will work better and we'll see faster results, more significant results in the months ahead. The third is the US-Korea free trade agreement. I think the region is waiting for the United States. I'll anticipate the question on this. I will admit that the region is waiting for the US to act on the chorus FTA. I think we can. As the President has stated we're looking for the way forward on this agreement and I think we will find a way forward. And the last is APEC, my personal area of responsibility. The US as you've heard of no doubt this morning is hosting in 2011. It's a major commitment of resources and attention from the United States to this organization. It's indicative of the fact that we view it as the primary venue for regional engagement with Asia Pacific on a range of economic issues and we're very hopeful about the potential for APEC to deliver results in the future. Our approach to APEC, like that of Japan, is very much a results oriented approach. We look forward to concrete achievements in 2010, 2011, in the trade area, behind the border area on human security and also in mapping out the future course of regional economic integration in the region. I think pretty much all the membership of APEC is realizing that it's the most important forum for exchange of ideas among the economies of the region about the future path of economic integration and it seems to be working pretty well. It requires a lot of attention and basically I want to tell you that we intend by hosting in 2011, following up on the excellent job that Japan is already doing to try and achieve significant results. Plus you're all welcome to go to the leaders meeting in Hawaii, which I guarantee the weather will be good. I think Nishiyama-san has already mapped out to some of the 2010 priorities for APEC. The 2011 priorities are not ready to stand up here and announce yet what they are. The one key though for the Americans in the room that I'd like to emphasize is that we really need to make sure that 2011 results in clear messaging to the American public about the importance of the Asia-Pacific region to US economic recovery and growth. The mantra that the president starting with the State of the Union address and through the National Export Initiative is going to be trying to push is that exports equals jobs equals growth. Two equal signs there. APEC provides us an opportunity to add one more equal sign which is equals Asia-Pacific. It's a very simple message but it's a message which has not been internalized by our general public. Our general public is fearful of trade agreements. They're concerned about unemployment. They tend to think that cooperative trade agreements between the United States and other nations result to the disadvantage of the United States when in fact close study of these initiatives show that because we are a competitive economy because we've got highly productive, we've got a well-trained workforce and a well-managed economy these actually work to our benefit. Adam Smith was not wrong but that's not believed by the American people and it relates to confidence and confidence in Washington's ability to make coherent policy and confidence in the US economy to compete globally and I think hopefully APEC posting 2011 will make a small contribution to restoring some of that confidence in the American people. So I don't know how long I've gone on actually but we have some time for questions and answers and as Mike said fastballs, curveballs, screwballs are hard but anything's fine. Thank you. Mike. I'll leave you the microphone. Thank you, Kurt. That was perfect actually when we were trying to get it started. On APEC, it sounds like much of the credibility of trans specific trade liberalization is now being invested in the team. There is to focus. Historically one of the important roles APEC has played has been forcing or nudging or pressuring progress in global trade liberalization. Can you say something about how you see the global impact in the context of the stalled, not dead global trade liberalization process? Is there room for APEC to start doing sort of path breaking work defining or being environmentally good to services or tightening up some definitions of rules and borders? The kinds of things that businesses care about, the kind of change that would help to perhaps create some life would help the client agenda for go on. Excellent question. Within APEC, there's something we call Pathfinder initiatives which are initiatives that do not necessarily all of them, they might ultimately have the support of all 21 economies. And I think what you're referring to is can APEC be a Pathfinder in the WTO context can beyond, the easy answer to this question is yes the APEC trade investors meet every year and every year they say go dopa, right? And they'll do that. Eric's laughing, sorry. They will do that and it actually is important that they do that and it has an impact on the pace and tenor and momentum of the negotiations because more than half of the global economy is represented at APEC. But the question is then beyond that can APEC carve out some issues which are related to what's on the WTO agenda and make progress within APEC that then helps move the WTO and I think the answer is maybe. Just to give you a sense of the dynamic of it is there's general recognition among APEC membership that the potential is there to do that. The question is which issues and what are the trade-offs for each of the economies at play between doing that kind of leaderly leadership approach within the APEC context versus saving their concessions or their progress in the WTO context and it's sort of a work in progress. It's tricky to do that. Last year in APEC there was a, as proposed by the United States and ultimately implemented an important initiative on services which this is a USTR initiative and they know it better than I do but it was a significant statement of principles and services trade and was a practical follow-up to try and push the APEC economies in a certain direction on how they do trade services. That kind of thing I think is possible again in 2010 whether we can cross over into the tariff realm. I think it's a harder question and cross over into some of the other technical issues that debate within the WTO. Again, it's difficult that there's some potential there. Just to give you kind of a sense of the overall dynamic I'm trying to be, not to give a definitive answer because I don't know. How do you see the Toyota recall issue? Is it overblown or is it not overblown? Well, it's certainly gotten a lot of media attention and it's a large recall. I kind of view it as a very normal thing to happen. Automobiles are complex pieces of machinery. Things go wrong with them. When something has gone wrong, they should be recalled. That's taking place. People have questions about it. The whole thing seems kind of, I hesitate to say the word normal because it is a big incident and people are very focused on it. A lot of people drive Toyota. I have one built in 1999 which has 156,000 miles on it and it's doing quite well. It does get a lot of attention because it matters to individuals. I hesitate to say it's overblown but also the whole incident has kind of followed the normal course of events as would happen with any other product recall of a complex and important consumer. You mentioned the problem of clear messaging to the American people about the importance of these various activities. Could you comment about the difficulty in acronym and leader meeting overloads? Have we exploded this to the point where nobody understands the American population with any of these individual meetings to meet or to be packed with? That's a good question. In fact, I could respond with a serious background. But if I'm quite good enough to have them roll off my tongue, I wouldn't have worked on the Pentagon yet. If I ever get that chance, I'm sure I'll be trained in doing that. It is a mind-boggling set of initiatives and acronyms. Beyond the acronyms, there's a mind-boggling amount of detail at work. There's something approaching 50 working groups just with an impact. Many of these produce real, some of them don't, but many of them produce real substance and progress in their issues. Either information sharing or capacity building among the economies of the region or in coming up with initiatives that then move you all forward on regional academic integration. But it is complex and it's difficult to follow. Really, it's a question of being... So the acronym problem is a matter for people who are responsible for creating acronyms to then not use them. Instead, be clear about what you're trying to achieve and use the English language or some other more commonly used language to explain what you're trying to do. Now, summit proliferation, that's another important question because there's a lot of them. And as the global community becomes more of a community, there's the number of issues that require really close attention and the leaders of the global community will become more and more complex and it becomes physically capable to get people together. The desire is for a lot of town meetings in this global community or the meeting of the selectmen, whether it's the GA or the G20. The problem, the difficulty for those of us working on international affairs is that most of these people come from democracies, not all, but most of them do and the expectation is they're elected to take care of the people that voted for them and not always spend all their time meeting with other leaders. And so I think it needs to be handled skillfully that it shouldn't always be the first step, but the problem here is we've got to have another leaders meeting or another leaders meeting that will meet forever every year. Pretty soon you can run out of weekends. So it's a problem, in fact, we're cognizant of that. But I think it's also a good sign that the impetus is there to have this number and depth of activities. Can you say what you think APEC is for? I mean, is it a good place to negotiate trade policy? In Australia, we've heard Australians like to think of themselves as initiators of APEC. Is the APEC starting to lose its direction when it's set to vote on goals because it's not the kind of organization that could ever deliver on a goal like that. What are the reasons for this? The organization's stated purpose is to accelerate or advance free and open trade investment for prosperity. So that's a fairly broad statement. And you use the words negotiate trade policy. Trade, yes. Policy, yes. Negotiate, maybe. The trick with APEC is that because it is usually, although not always, consensus-based. That doesn't mean unanimity on every objective, but it does require consensus or general broad adoption by the room, whoever's participating in the room. It makes it a relatively difficult forum to negotiate binding agreements. It does make it a good forum for negotiating non-binding or agreements or statements of principle or to exchange views that result in initiatives that then are negotiated outside the APEC context. And there are a number of examples of APEC initiatives that then graduate into regional initiatives. The most important recent one is the trans-pacific partnership. I think it's very clear to me that if APEC didn't exist, then the P4 would not have existed. Because as smart as people from Brunei and Chile are, I'm not sure they would have thought that there was a constellation of New Zealand, Brunei and Chile in Singapore that had potential to it. But by rubbing against each other in APEC meetings through trade policies together and what was in the interests of each of their economies, they came to the conclusion that, yes, we don't be able to do it. Because, hey, what? Guess what? We'll get everyone's attention. And even though we're small, we might be able to get others to pile in. And they did get our attention. They got the attention of the largest economy on the planet. So now the initiative has momentum and potential to grow. So that APEC has a definite role in that area. In coming up with agreements that although not legally binding in the sense of a contract and we've gone and had legal scrub and ratified by legislatures, but still significant agreements that result in meaningful forward progress. And in the much more line word, top shop. It's important to have top shops because that's where you exchange ideas. Today's event is sort of one of those. It's important to have events where people exchange ideas and then come up with, oh yeah, let's do this. Let's go forward. This way. My name is Kikuchi and I work for Masaoka and Associates. I'd like to put a positive spin on a disastrous situation perhaps. If there is an Olympics medal for deficit spending, Japan will be by far the gold medal winner and the silver medal will go to the United States. In fact, Japan not only finances its own deficit, the Japanese people, they finance about $6,000 per capita of U.S. debt, which is about 10 times that of the Chinese on a per capita basis. Now this massive debt is growing and perhaps I see no solution. Is there some possibility, say, for a currency union, for the yen and the dollar to merge and the huge deficit would be one? And then we can all sort of inflate ourselves out of it. Perhaps I'd like to hear seriously perhaps your idea on that. Thank you. If you give me a lot of yen, I'd be happy to give you a few dollars and then we could have a good result. Seriously, I think monetary union, and again, I've got to be really careful because I'm not good to talk about anything to do with currencies or exchange rates. But generally, I think every academic that has looked at this in the Asian Pacific region sees it as a prospect that is somewhat distant prospect for economies which are still not integrated to the extent anywhere near the degree to which the economies of the current European Union are integrated to take the step towards monetary union would be beyond the realm of possible at this stage. But I'm just, I think, stating what most academics believe. Asian Pacific region, we've got to think about the region. It's a good region and a bad region, right? It's growing. It's got well-educated people, people who are motivated and tend to work hard. It's got a lot of natural resources. On the other hand, it's got a lot of water. It's got a lot of distance. It's got a range of religions and cultures and so integrating it into a seamless economy which approaches the level of integration and it's currently the case in Europe where these countries have been physically right next to each other throughout their entire existence. It'll be a challenge. I think it'll happen. This technology advances and educational exchanges continue and trade grows that eventually the region will reach that level of integration, but it takes time. Thank you so much. H.C.S.I. This is your fellow at the CSI's from the Central. I want to ask you regarding the U.S. FDA policy. You said that you do those FDA policies as in the case of the recent FDA's that the U.S. has achieved has to be high standard and inclusive in industry-wise. One of the things. But there's been criticism. Just like you said earlier, the U.S. should be more pragmatic in terms of including FDA talks with the other partners like excluding some of the industry or sectors which can be controversial in terms of achieving these. How would you respond to those criticisms? From that, how would you prospect the future of the U.S. and the U.S. FDA policy? That's a good question. As I was walking in, I might refer to the Constitution and the fact that our legislative branch has constitutional authority over trade and by extension, therefore, the design of trade policy must be a cooperative venture between the executive branch and the legislative branch. In that context, we really can't have an FDA approach which would be inconsistent with what we're hearing from Congress. And in order to establish consensus within Congress in support of free trade agreement, the words free trade agreement means that you're really aspiring to accomplish a state of no barriers to trade between however many economies are participating in that agreement. The fairly clear message that we've gotten over the last several decades for Congress is that that means you better get it right the first time and not leave out important things or else it won't be passed. So in that context, I'm a little bit skeptical about the idea that we should be productively thinking about excluding sectors or taking issues off the table as we do FDAs. Rather, what we should be doing is looking for partners who are ready for that degree of integration for partners that are really to tackle their own difficult barriers even as they make difficult demands of the United States and then have these agreements be comprehensive and high standard. That's what works for the United States and there's a political reason behind it. Thank you very much.


city and in the territory on west there's just one way to handle the killers and the spoilers and that's with a u.s. martial and the smell of gun smoke nothing suits the lively pace of modern life better than Pepsi Cola light racing clean tasting Pepsi so think young drink young say Pepsi please and get an extra carton of Pepsi Cola for those who think you can stop them say hello tell you that's Marshall aren't you are you a smart show Oklahoma terrorist no common what a long man doesn't but it won't be anybody I'd recognize I'd face anybody in the world is getting shot I ain't so always wanted to go back it's like to find out for myself but you're making money here miss kitty looks me like you got good business well money isn't everything some people it is can't be to you you just quit a good job didn't you it didn't play much ask Matt and I guess Washington figures if a Marshall doing his job he won't have time for more than one meal a day that's about the size of it evening kitty oh funny he came to work early nothing else to do Bonnie this is Marshall Dylan and Nate Tatum no wait I first drinks on the house well thank you Bonnie should we wherever you say nice meeting you Marshall nice meeting you know there's a man who knows what I want they never was one of her ways to time who's the girl a kitty Bonnie just arrived a few days ago from Adeline he's trying to get a steak to go to California oh maybe she's found the right man that Nate no no I'm afraid not she told me her man's coming from Abilene in the day or so some gambler oh that's all right looks like a good man yeah you're not getting there's something that you might do for me while he's here what's that keep an eye on anybody you think might be carrying a gun after Nate huh yeah what a rotten world somebody stuck his head in hard somebody shooting John tried I don't know all he said was this man had been shot come for you right away yeah the man who was shot what about him it was Nate Tatum just like he said he'd be only one right now we were asking please this one and then he left look Marshall I had nothing to do with this you can't blame me for Nate's death somebody must have followed it come up here looked in the window and then waited for him you keep the shades up of course now these could have heard our voices being unfair Marshall maybe but you're up the long branch mister she run into a little dab of trouble last night doing about that he's right inside the world he didn't mind spending the night in jail tall of course I didn't the man that was killed was a good friend of the Marshalls he had to do something about it and well I was the most available I guess so he locked me up we had to talk about it earlier this morning these of the CBS radio networks in-person program with the word entertainment true there are highly entertaining facets to the program but calling in-person entertainment is like describing the Empire State Building as an office building fact is one day through Friday evenings CBS radio airs on in-person intimate word portraits sketched by artists with highest authority on the subjects they discuss these artists have ranged from chorus girls to former delinquents outraged citizens the winners of windfalls people brushed by comedy or tragedy in-person brings you real stories that have overtaken real people in all walks of life told by the people involved it's more than entertainment more than news it's in-person a program far easier to hear and enjoy than described each weekday evening in person offers novelty and high human interest sometimes tears listen for it here things to be nice to the law and you grow be nice to him and good luck thanks evening Marshall I want to talk to you oh more like I've got something to ask yes I go ahead and I'm not trying to get to California and we're pretty broke right now we need to say how you're working and miles as his job dealing Pharaoh sure of that I want to get out of here I want to get to California now what's that got to do with me miles is a good dealer Marshall they could be a whole lot better if he didn't watch him so close wouldn't take him more than a week going real easy so there'd be no trouble sorry buddy no crooked gambler I could make it worth a while I can't be bought not any way at all to change your mind you know where to find me yeah talking to a whiskey drummer sit up a lot you can do about it oh you can't do that man you got a job here somehow it doesn't interest me very much talk I want the man who killed me he was a U.S. woman mind ever since I was a kid and now I'm going you couldn't send me always a lot of money that's what you're offering for Nate's killer I just didn't tell you all I know he has a lot of things you have to know a lot I can lead you straight to the murderer you don't pay me and the dollar's very often again in the morning he knew where I live I sent him a telegram he came there and he must have heard Nate and me talking from outside the window I see the most jealous man I ever met outside of business of course he wasn't hired to do the job oh I just told you so he waited for Nate to pass that off I get lost well don't you he told me oh let's go get him Pete after me please what do you want when you need brand what do you want when you need brand now what do you get in Kellogg's all brand what do you get in town all brand right you see Kellogg's all brand is the reliable brand that millions depend on for the effectiveness they want it's the real battle Creek formula that brings you more brand bulk in every serving more of the vital brand bulk that helps you keep regular Kellogg's all brand is also low in calories and mighty pleasant tasting you can trust Kellogg's for that the crisp toasted shreds have the kind of good brand muffin flavor that most folks are partial to so next time you're shopping get Kellogg's all brand and you'll get reliability and directed in Hollywood by Norman McDonald stars William Conrad as Matt Dylan U.S. Marshall the story was specially written for gun smoke by John Messon and adapted for radio by Norman McDonald featured in the cast with Lawrence Hopkins Virginia Christine and John Dana Farley Bear is Chester Howard Mcmere is Doc and Georgia Ellis is kidding this is George Walsh inviting you to join us again next week when CBS radio presents another story on guns have a happy habit one day through Friday Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney on the CBS radio network