Welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankarayesh academy, displayed on the list of news articles selected for today's analysis and the page numbers in Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore and Thiruvananthapuram editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes and the time stamping of the news articles are provided in the description box and the time stamping for the benefit of mobile phone viewers has also been provided in the comment section. Now let us move on to the first news article. This news article talks about the preparation and the dry run or the rehearsal of the lander and robotic rover of the much expected second lunar mission of India and the first mission of ISRO of landing in any celestial body. The parts of both prelim syllabus and main syllabus in which the analysis of this news article is marked in the display here, we have been reading a lot of news related to ISRO's mission of Chandrayaan too. But the news that has appeared in today's newspaper has certain new elements in it. We know that Chandrayaan too is ISRO's second mission to moon and it is the first mission of ISRO to demonstrate soft landing on any celestial body. As we know, Chandra means moon, Yan means vehicle, so Chandrayaan means space vehicle to moon and Chandrayaan too means India's second mission to moon. The article says that in this mission there are four components, they are the launch vehicle which is geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle mark 3, then the orbiter, then the lander which is named as Vikram and the robotic rover which is named as Pragyaan. This robotic rover works by artificial intelligence and by using solar power. So the name of the lander is Vikram and the sensor system in this lander is called as hazard detection and avoidance system. This system is critical part of this mission because these sensors should read the terrain and should find the right landing spot on the moon. So the success of the soft landing mission depends on two things, one, the sensors should correctly guide the lander to a safe site and secondly the fuel in the lander should not drain till the soft landing at the safe site. So if the soft landing happens as planned, India will be the fourth country in the world to demonstrate soft landing on moon after United States, USSR and China. And after the landing on moon, a robotic rover will come out of the lander and will move around half a kilometer for 14 Earth days. In lunar terms, it will move over the surface of the moon for one lunar day. The news article states that the life of the robotic rover is just one lunar day which is equivalent to 14 Earth days. And with respect to the orbiter, the expected mission life is one year. On 10th July, we saw that the full rehearsal for the mission was conducted in the Satish Davan Space Center in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. This news article has some special information with respect to the facilities to test the landing and the roving. Now know that ISRO's satellite integration and test establishment is in Bangaluru in Karnataka. As the name suggests, it takes care of the assembly, integration and testing of all communication and navigation spacecrafts and Bangaluru is also the headquarters of ISRO. Even before 10 years, the ISRO had been creating a lunar terrain testing facility in ISRO's satellite integration and test establishment in Bangaluru. For creating the lunar terrain, it required lunar soil or the soil from moon with all its features, texture, lunar temperature, low gravity and same amount of sunlight as on the moon. The lunar terrain test facility is important because in Chandrayaan 2, ISRO is going to demonstrate soft landing of its lander on the terrain of moon and also a robotic rover has to move on the surface of the moon. Moon is known for weak gravity in comparison with Earth. It is estimated that the gravity in moon is just 16.5% of the gravity in Earth. That is, moon's gravity is one-sixth of Earth's gravity. To create the lunar terrain, an option was available that was at high cost of about $150 for one kilogram of simulated lunar soil from the United States. In present exchange rate, it comes around Rs. 10,000 for one kilogram of simulated lunar soil from US. When we say simulated lunar soil, it means the soil that is prepared to have almost same properties of the lunar soil, that is, soil from the moon. This option was costly and the requirement was around some 60 to 70 tons of soil. The article says that the UR-Rau satellite center, which was earlier called ISRO satellite center has actually bought a small amount of simulated lunar soil from the United States but a much cheaper option was actually explored by the scientists. There is a certain type of rock called as anorthosite rock. It is known that this type of rock matches with the lunar soil in terms of composition and features. But where this rock is found so that it can be transported to the lunar terrain test facility. The geologists have reported that this type of anorthosite rock was found in few sites near Salem in the state of Tamil Nadu. If we take anorthositic rock, we can find plagioclase as the dominant mineral. It is said that they are plutonic rocks with over 90 percentage of plagioclase. When we say plagioclase, it is the name of a group of feldspar minerals that form a solid solution series ranging from pure albite to pure anorthite. Plutonic rocks or igneous rocks that is solidified by melting at a great depth. Many soil samples brought back from moon by space missions of other countries have significant plagioclase content. That is one of the reasons why anorthosite rocks are used for terrain testing of moon. This project therefore has saved ISRO almost some 45 crore rupees because had they imported simulated lunar soil from United States, it would have cost around 70 crores. But now with the indigenous resource, the project was completed almost within some 25 crore rupees. The news article says that these challenges were not there when ISRO was carrying out its first mission to moon. This is because that was that is the first mission to moon was an orbiter mission. But Chandrayaan 2 is orbiter, lander and rover mission. Using the anorthosite rock, the lunar terrain test facility was developed according to the requirements to simulate the lunar terrain and a full rehearsal for landing and roving has been conducted recently. And the news article also says that while carrying out the test run for the rover, the rover's weight was artificially reduced to simulate conditions on moon by using helium balloons. Helium filled balloons actually float on the air and by connecting with rover, the weight of the rover is reduced. Helium is used for this purpose because helium balloons can actually float. And that is because of its property that helium is lighter than air. If you take the first mission to moon, the Chandrayaan 1, its data showed evidence for water in the exosphere of moon and on the surface of moon and also in the surf surface to the level of depth of 10 meters in moon. But Chandrayaan 2 is expected to help in arriving at firmest conclusions on distribution of water on moon surface and also at surf surface level as well. Then the article says the Vikram, the lander would be the first ever spacecraft in the world to land at the lunar south pole. Now the meaning is no country has ever landed at the site closer to lunar south pole where India has planned to soft land the lander. Two craters were planned as landing site options. They are manzines C and simpilius N. So if India becomes successful in Chandrayaan 2, then it would be the country that has landed closer to lunar south pole than any other country in the world. So the landing tests were actually carried out in large testbed created in a new R&D campus or research and development campus of ISRO located in Chalakare Science City in Karnataka. The Chalakare Science City is at a distance of some 400 km from Bengaluru. More news updates we may see on July 16 after the launch of Chandrayaan 2 on July 15 in the early hours. The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session. Now let us move on to next news article. This news article is about anthrax. The analysis of this news article becomes part of the underlined areas as shown here in both prelims and main syllabus. The news article states that two persons were admitted to a hospital with symptoms of cutaneous anthrax and they have been tested positive for the disease. When we say that some persons are tested positive for some disease, it means that they are infected by the particular disease. If they are saying that they have been tested negative, it means the persons are not infected by the particular disease after the test. These persons were from Madhagada village in the Arakku valley of Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. And the article says that they bought some meat from a weekly shandy. So when they say weekly shandy, it means a weekly local market. And they have cut the meat and that is the cause for the disease. That is what the article is saying. And officials are saying that after consuming such meat, there are chances for developing or contracting gastrointestinal anthrax. But the persons are not affected by gastrointestinal anthrax. That did not happen in this particular incident. Now this is because according to the officials, the spores of the disease might have been killed due to high cooking temperature. When the persons have consumed after cooking, the spores of the anthrax disease in the meat might have been killed due to high cooking temperature. When we say spore, it is a minute one-celled reproductive unit that can give rise to a new individual organism without sexual fusion. This characteristic can be seen in fungi and also in protozoans. So we will see about this cutaneous anthrax and gastrointestinal anthrax in our analysis subsequently. The officials have also said that this disease can spread even when a dead animal is left on the ground without proper cremation. And that area particularly is likely to get affected by anthrax. And then if grass grows in that particular area and if some animals feed on those grasses, then those animals are also vulnerable to anthrax. If a farmer cultivates a field on the same grass, then the farmer is also likely to contract or likely to develop this cutaneous anthrax through his legs. So what is this anthrax? It is an infectious zoonotic disease. That is, it can be transferred from animals to humans. It is caused by a bacterium called as basillus anthracis. According to WHO, it is a disease that has existed for hundreds of years and it still naturally occurs in both animals and humans in many parts of the world. Cases of related to anthrax have been reported from Asia, Southern Europe, Sub-Sahalian Africa and even also from parts of Australia. Sahal is a semi-arid region of western and north-central Africa that extends from Senegal to Sudan. Anthrax is also called as malignant pastule, malignant edema, woolsotus disease or some documents also called them as rack pickers disease. This anthrax bacteria, basillus anthracis can survive in the environment by forming spores. As we saw earlier, a spore is a minute one-celled reproductive unit that is capable of giving rise to new individual organism without sexual fusion. If you see the most common natural form of anthrax, it creates dark sores on the skin. And that is one of the reasons why it has been named as anthrax because in Greek anthrax means coal. So coal appears darker in color and because the source caused by basillus anthracis is also darker in color, they called this disease as anthrax. It is primarily a disease of herbivorous mammal but other mammals and some birds also have been known to contract this particular disease. Anthrax was a major fatal disease in cattle, sheeps, goats, camels, horses and even in pigs, particularly before the introduction and widespread adoption of effective veterinary vaccines. These incidents of fatal deaths in cattle, sheeps and goats have been seen all around the world before the widespread adoption of veterinary vaccines. And it is said that even now anthrax continues to be reported from many countries as we saw just now. It is reported particularly in domesticated and wild herbivores. And they are saying that most of the incidents are reported from places where the livestock vaccination programs are not enough or inadequate or where such programs are discontinued or disrupted. If we consider human beings, they generally acquire this disease directly or indirectly from infected animals or even due to occupational or work-related exposure to the infected or contaminated animal products. So this occupational exposure to the infected animal products is the cause for the disease that was reported in the Araku Valley Mandala of Andhra Pradesh. This disease is generally regarded as non-contagious. When we say non-contagious, it means whether the disease can spread from one person to another person or from one organism to another organism by direct contact. So we can say that generally it is non-contagious, that is it does not spread from one person to another person. It does not spread from one organism to another organism by direct contact. But there are some records and some research studies which say that there are rare instances of person to person spread also can be seen. So as the news article states, there are three types of anthrax in human beings. One is cutaneous anthrax or skin anthrax. Cutaneous means relating to skin or affecting the skin. That is why it is also known as skin anthrax. Of the three types of anthrax in human beings, this is the most common form and this type has been reported in today's news in the affected persons. It is usually contracted or it is usually developed when a person has some kind of break in their skin or has a cut or abrasion in their skin. When such a person comes into direct contact with anthrax pores, he or she may be infected by this basillus anthracis. This results in itchy bump that rapidly develops into black sore or a dark sore. And after this infection, some people may develop headaches, muscle aches or muscle pain, fever and vomiting. And it is said that this cutaneous anthrax must be treated quickly. Next we will see gastrointestinal anthrax. See it is developed from eating meat from an infected animal. It causes some initial symptoms which are similar to food poisoning. But they say that these symptoms can actually worsen to produce severe abdominal pain, vomiting of blood and severe diarrhea. These are the symptoms associated with gastrointestinal anthrax. We saw that cutaneous anthrax is the most common form of anthrax in human beings. Next we are going to see pulmonary anthrax or anthrax by inhalation. And it is the most severe form of human anthrax. This pulmonary anthrax is the rarest form of human anthrax. And this form of the disease is caused when a person is directly exposed to a large number of anthrax pores that are suspended in the air. And when the person breathes them in, he or she is infected. The first symptoms of pulmonary anthrax are similar to those of a common cold. But these symptoms can rapidly progress to severe breathing difficulties and even shock. So what can be done to prevent or to treat it? According to WHO, control in livestock is the important key to reduce the incidence of getting exposure from the livestock. And they say that anthrax responds well to antibiotic treatment. So antibiotics must be prescribed and taken with medical advice. They also say that there is a vaccine against this anthrax. But it is not approved for widespread use because it has never been comprehensively tested in human trials. This vaccine is sometimes given to people who are likely to be exposed to anthrax through their occupation or work nature. Particularly those persons who work as tannery workers. When we say tannery workers, these are the persons who work in the place where animal skins are processed. And the vaccine is sometimes even given to military personnel as well. But note that this vaccine is not widely available and it is also not recommended for mass immunization. When we say mass immunization means the process of providing immunization to a large number of people. Then this anthrax is considered as an important biological warfare agent. Usually we kill enemies by using weapons. But here they are using this anthrax as a biological agent to kill the enemies. And this is because when it is transmitted through air, through inhalation, it is highly fatal. That is it can lead to death. And when it is released through air, the enemy country may release anthrax pores to the enemy territory where the pores can remain viable or it can survive for several decades. And these pores can be easily produced in large quantities at a very low cost. And they also say that it is easy to weaponize anthrax and anthrax can be easily be disseminated as an orderless and invisible aerosol. So the enemy territory may not identify because it is invisible. When we say aerosol it is a substance that can be enclosed under pressure and that can be released as a fine spray by means of some propellant gas. Thus this weaponized aerosol can affect thousands of people at the same time. The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session. Now let's move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article is about the decision related to a petition by the left-wing governor of Puducherry. The analysis of this news article will be relevant under the underlined potions as shown here with respect to the prelims and the main syllabus. Recently on 4th of July we have discussed an editorial titled as The Primacy of the Elected. The author in that editorial has actually called the Supreme Court to uphold the verdict given by the Madras High Court in regards to the tussle or the turf war between the left-wing governor of Puducherry and the chief minister of Puducherry. That is the author asked the Supreme Court to ensure that the left-wing governor should act only on the aid and advice of the elected government in Puducherry. Earlier the Madras High Court has asked the left-wing governor to act in accordance with the aid and advice of the elected government in Puducherry. It also asked the left-wing governor not to interfere in the day-to-day administration of the union territory. Also the legislative body of the union territory of Puducherry enjoys similar power of the legislative assembly of a state. Though Puducherry is a union territory, the decision taken by the council of ministers and the chief minister is binding on the secretaries and other officials. And the Madras High Court actually rebuked the central government and the administrator of the union territory which is who is the left-wing governor of Puducherry to be true to the concept of democratic principles. So this judgment of Madras High Court was given by a single judge bench. After the judgment by the single judge of the Madras High Court, the matter was appealed to the Supreme Court. In an interim order, the Supreme Court has asked the Puducherry cabinet not to take any important decisions till the next hearing. But during the yesterday's hearing, the Supreme Court has disposed the petition filed by the left-wing governor of Puducherry. It asked the petitioner to first move to the divisional bench of the Madras High Court if they want to appeal against the order of single judge bench of Madras. This very disposal of the petition of the left-wing governor of Puducherry is considered as a victory for the elected government of Puducherry. This disposal means that till any new judgment, the administrator of Puducherry who is the left-wing governor shall be bound by the aid and advice of the council of ministers. And the left-wing governor can only refer a bill to the president and cannot reject any bill. This is based on the judgment given by the Madras High Court. If the left-wing governor has a difference of opinion, then she can have deliberations with council of ministers. But she is expected not to interfere with any legitimate and warranted policy decision of the council of ministers after the deliberation. That is, after the deliberation, if a legitimate and warranted policy decision is taken by the council of ministers, the left-wing governor should not interfere. The Madras High Court also clarified that the legislature of the Union Territory of Puducherry has supremacy over the left-wing governor of Puducherry. This is because there is no restriction to the legislature of Puducherry as the national capital territory of Delhi. The news article talks about two articles from the Indian constitution. They are article 239, capital A and article 239, capital A, capital A. The article 239, A, A deals with the scope and limits of the powers of the legislative assembly and the council of ministers of the Union Territory of Delhi. That is the national capital territory of Delhi. This article restricts the legislative assembly of Delhi from enacting laws in subjects of police, public order and land. That is, the legislature of Union Territory of National Capital Territory of Delhi cannot enact laws in the subjects of police, public order and land. Next, let's see article 239, capital A. It deals with the creation of local legislatures or council of ministers or both legislatures and council of ministers for certain Union Territories. This article enables the parliament to enact a law to create legislature and council of ministers for the Union Territory of Puducherry. But nowhere, this article 239, A restricts the legislature of Puducherry from enacting law in any specific subjects. There is no restriction for the legislature of Union Territory of Puducherry. And therefore, the legislature of Puducherry Union Territory is having broad and wider powers while comparing with the legislature of NCT Delhi. We will have more updates when the petitioner moves to the divisional bench in Madras High Court. The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session. Now let's take the analysis of next news article. This news article is about the UN resolution with respect to sexual orientation and gender identity. The relevant portions of syllabus in prelims and mains are here with underlined with respect to the analysis of this news article. The news article talks about a UN resolution. And this resolution was on the protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Now know that the resolutions of the United Nations are formal expressions of the opinion or the will of the UN organs. Now this particular resolution was the resolution of Human Rights Council of United Nations. The Human Rights Council is an intergovernmental body within the United Nations system. It is made up of 47 UN member states in which India is also included. These states are responsible for the promotion and protection of all human rights around the globe. Also know that the Human Rights Council replaced the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights. This resolution states that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and in rights. And it reaffirms that everyone is entitled to all the rights and all the freedoms assigned in UDHR 1948 or the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. And these rights and freedoms should be without any distinction of any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin or with respect to property or birth or any other status. It is under this resolution the Human Rights Council of UN has decided to appoint an independent expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. This appointment of independent expert is for a period of 3 years. The independent expert has been mandated or given authority to act through the Human Rights Council Resolution 32 bar 2. The mandate is to assess the implementation of existing international human rights instruments. This has to be carried out with attention to the ways to overcome the violence and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. The next task of the independent expert is to raise awareness of violence and discrimination against persons on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. And then also to identify and address the root causes of such violence and discrimination. The independent expert has to engage in dialogue and has also should consult with the member countries and states and other relevant stakeholders. Now these stakeholders include UN agencies, programs and funds, regional human rights mechanisms, national human rights institutions. For India it is National Human Rights Commission and civil society organizations and even academic institutions. And the independent expert has been asked to work in cooperation with states and this is to encourage the implementation of measures that contribute to the protection of all persons against violence and discrimination that are based on sexual orientation and gender identity. And the independent expert has to conduct, facilitate and support the provision of advisory services, technical assistance, capacity building and international cooperation with respect to preventing such violence and discrimination. This will be in support to the national efforts made by the member countries to combat such violence and discrimination against the persons. And the independent expert has been asked to report annually to the Human Rights Council. This resolution on the protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity was voted by 47 states of Human Rights Council. Among these 47 countries, 23 countries voted in favor of resolution, 18 countries voted against the resolution and 6 countries abstained from the resolution. India is also one of the 6 countries that abstained voting for this resolution. Abstaining means formally declining to vote, that is they will neither vote in favor of the resolution nor they will vote against the resolution. So, this is India's stand with respect to the recent resolution. Now, India declining from voting for this resolution has attracted criticism from human rights activists and human rights defenders. Now, this is because this resolution has come after the Supreme Court has struck down the part of section 377 of Indian Penal Code that was used to criminalize the people belonging to sexual minorities. They are criticizing that even after the declaration of Supreme Court or the judgment of Supreme Court that has told the section 377 cannot be used on sexual minorities for consensual adult sexual relationship. The central government has not voted in favor of the resolution to protect all persons against the violence and discrimination. Prior to the Supreme Court verdict with respect to section 377, the particular section in Indian Penal Code penalized and criminalized the individuals with homosexual orientation in India in the name of unnatural offenses. And with respect to abstention, this is not the first time for India to abstain from voting for such resolutions that are adopted to protect the persons against such violence and discrimination. Even in 2016, India has abstained from voting on the appointment of independent expert to protect persons against such violence and discrimination. The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session. With this, we come to the analysis of the next news article. This article is about digitization of manuscripts. The analysis of this article is relevant in prelims levels under current events of national importance and also in history of India. The discussion can also be linked to main levels in GS paper one in the area salient aspects of Indian literature. The article states that the Oriental Research Institute or ORI has taken steps for digitization of its collection. It has nearly 70,000 palm leaf manuscripts and paper manuscripts in Sanskrit and Kannada. When we say manuscript, we mean a book or a document or even a piece of music that is written by hand rather than in a typed or printed form. It is said that it may take about two to three years for the entire collection that is available in Oriental Research Institute to be digitized. The Oriental Research Institute is a collection or a repository of 40,000 palm leaf manuscripts. See, the palm leaf manuscript is one of the oldest medium of writing in India, especially in southern India. The palm leaf manuscripts are manuscripts that are made out of dried palm leaves. They were written in ink on a rectangular cut and cured palm leaf as you can see in the news article. Each leaf sheet has a hole through which a string can pass through and with the help of it, the sheets are tied together to bind it like a book. Therefore, a palm leaf text would typically last for a few decades and it will take about 600 years before it completely decays. The Oriental Research Institute consists of or it enshrines or embodies the ancient Indian knowledge system. It covers different disciplines and one of the objectives or aim of this institute is to collect, preserve, collate, edit and publish rare and valuable Sanskrit and Kannada palm leaf as well as paper manuscripts of our country. Manuscripts are nothing but manual scripts. These collections are part of India's heritage. Hence, it adds to the understanding of our history and also it throws light on various aspects of art, culture and literature. It was established that is the Oriental Research Institute was established in 1891 under the University of Mysore. Now you may think why we are discussing an institute which is not a national institute. Now it is because the institute preserves one of the important manuscripts of Indian history and that is Kautilya's Arthashastra. Now Arthashastra is a book that is written by Kautilya who is also known as Chanakya. It is a work on Indian polity, economics, military science, business management, administration, civil law and governance. It also mentions about gemology and metallurgy. When we say gemology it means the study of precious stones and metallurgy is the branch of science and technology that is concerned with the properties of metals and their production and purification. If you see Arthashastra you can also find the depictions of training of elephants, horses for warfare and it also describes taxation policies. Some experts say that it very clearly elaborates the taxation policy that has to be adopted in a country. This Oriental Research Institute has the oldest extent or the oldest existing copy of Kautilya's Arthashastra. It has a complete palm leaf manuscript of Arthashastra of Kautilya in Grantha script. Grantha is the name applied to the script that was used in Tamil Nadu for writing the Sanskrit language. The word Grantha denotes a literary work in Sanskrit. This palm leaf manuscript of Arthashastra of Kautilya was discovered and edited for the first time by Dr. R. Shamasastri who is a well-known scholar and librarian of this Oriental Research Institute. And in 1909 for the first time in the world, this work was published. The publication of the work brought the work of Kautilya to the public domain and this publication actually brought international acclamation and recognition to this Oriental Research Institute. Now the key factor that is driving the digitization exercise was that the palm leaf manuscripts and paper manuscripts are susceptible to deterioration and degradation over the number of years. So in a course of time they might become extinct or be lost for the future generations. If it is not preserved, so if it is not preserved properly, it may become extinct or it may not be available for the future generations. In addition to this they are saying that frequent handling of manuscripts by scholars and the exposure to the light and heat, these are some of the factors that contributed to the deterioration of these manuscripts. And because of many years the manuscripts could also suffer discoloration and or it can get affected by fungus, termites, etc. These are some of the reasons why they are carrying out this digitization exercise of manuscripts available in the Oriental Research Institute. With this we come to the end of today's the Hindu news analysis. Now let us move on to the final session of practice questions discussion. The first question in which of the following missions was the moon impact probe carried out. So the answer for this question is option B, Chandrayaan 1. Chandrayaan 1 actually carried out a moon impact probe that hit or made an impact on the lunar surface closer to lunar south pole. So it is not Chandrayaan 2. Option C is talking about the recent mission of Israel, one of the private mission that was launched with an aim to soft land on moon's surface but failed. So the option D, Mangalyan is the Indian mission to Mars that was launched in the year 2014. And the correct answer is option B, Chandrayaan 1. So that Chandrayaan 2 aims to achieve soft landing on moon's surface particularly in the location where no other country in the world has till now conducted soft landing in the lunar south pole. And note that the Mars Arbiter mission or the Mangalyan has been awarded space pioneer award for the category of science and engineering for the year 2015 by the US based national space society. The next question, consider the following statements, they have given two statements and are asking which of the given statements are correct. First statement, the legislature of union territory of Puducherry has wider powers in enacting laws in comparison with legislature of national capital territory of Delhi. We know that this statement is correct because the union territory of Delhi or the national capital territory of Delhi cannot enact laws in the subjects of police, public order and in land according to article 239 A.A. of Indian constitution whereas there is no such restriction for the legislature of union territory of Puducherry. The second statement, section 18 of government of union territories act of 1963 allows the legislative assembly of union territory to make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in state list or concurrent list in the seventh schedule to the Indian constitution. The statement is correct. So the correct answer for this question is option C both one and two. The term anthrax recently seen in news is related to which among the following. Is it a vaccine? Is it an explosive material? It's a sweetening agent or is it a zoonotic disease? We saw that anthrax has also been used as a biological warfare agent. That doesn't mean it's a explosive material. So the correct answer for this question is option D zoonotic disease. Anthrax is a zoonotic disease that can transmit from herbivore mammals to human beings. We saw that there are three types that is pulmonary anthrax, cutaneous anthrax or skin anthrax and finally we also saw about gastrointestinal anthrax during our analysis. So the correct answer for this question is option D zoonotic disease. This question is also with reference to anthrax. They have given three statements and are asking which of the above statements are correct. The first statement says it is a neglected zoonotic disease. The term neglected here is conveying the meaning that these diseases affect mainly the poor and marginalized populations particularly in low resource settings. And zoonotic means those infections or diseases that can be transferred from animals to humans. We saw that anthrax is a zoonotic disease and yes it is a neglected disease and neglected zoonotic disease are a subset of neglected tropical diseases. The first statement is correct. So that means option D can be eliminated. The second statement says it is also known as rack pickers disease. So this statement is also correct because we saw that anthrax is also called as malignant pustule, malignant edema, wool sorters disease and also some documents also refer this disease as rack pickers disease. The third statement, so the second statement is correct and the third statement it can be prevented by the vaccine basil kalmat geran. Now this statement is wrong because this particular vaccine is a vaccine for tuberculosis and not for anthrax. So the statements 1 and 2 are correct. So the correct answer for this question is option B, 1 and 2 only. This question is with reference to United Nations Human Rights Council. In the first statement they have given two statements and are asking which among the above statements are not correct. So the first statement it is responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe. We know that this statement is correct and that is one of the main purpose of existence of this Human Rights Council of United Nations. Since this statement is correct and they are asking which of the statements are not correct, the statement 1 should not be in the answer. In the second statement India was elected as a member country from January 2019 for a term of 3 years. This statement is correct because we saw that the council is made up of 47 member states including India that is from January 2019 for a term of 3 years. The council's membership is actually based on equitable geographical distribution with respect to 5 areas. They are African states, Asia Pacific states, Latin American and Caribbean states, Western European and other states and Eastern European states. If you take African states and Asia Pacific states, totally 26 seats, 13 seats for African, 13 for Asia Pacific. 8 seats goes for Latin American and Caribbean states, 7 for Western European and other states, 6 for Eastern European states. And India was elected as a member country from January 2019 for a term of 3 years in this Human Rights Council. So the second statement is also correct and India was elected last year in the month of October 2018. So both the statements are correct, so the correct answer for this question is not both 1 and 2 but neither 1 nor 2. Option D is the correct answer. For daily updates and content on civil services preparation.


So, the next talk you're going to hear is by Jakob Römming on GoTV. The next talk is from Robert Tumic, Jacob Eason, artist, designer, engineer, and community builder from Copenhagen. And Jakob Römming from Copenhagen, who came here from Sweden and calls himself an old media artist with many talents. They won't present their own... Media artist name, Media Kützler, which is centered around automation, creation and loss of control. A sub-excited person who deals with robot music, who deals with loss of control and creativity. Thank you. Thanks for inviting us. Thank you for the introduction. I'm not so sure about the overlord part, but let's see down the road. Yeah, I'm Jakob. And I'm Go280. That's my artist's name. I do a lot of music with old computers. I have a kind of shared passion for old machines. I normally don't do music, I'm not specialized in music. One movie that I've made in the video lounge at one tonight, which is kind of investigating rare earth elements. And I'm happy to be here because it's kind of a new project. Is this something different? Yeah, I mean, we're very happy to be invited here because it's kind of a new project. We've been working on it for about six months and it's a very open field. And we're not sure where exactly we want to go with it. We'll figure it out along the way. So it's important for us to stress that this is artistic research in the sense that it's not a field, but a field in which we're not specialists. And we're really excited to be in a place like this where so many don't know people than us and we're really hoping to somehow start a conversation with you guys in some space for Q&A. But also we have a standing outside and we'll take a little bit of a question and answer and tomorrow we'll take a second robot and a drum machine. We're very welcome to come and have a concert. Yeah. Okay, but so we've worked together for a very long time. Okay, but so we've worked together for about ten years and it's the first project that we did together. It was done on the screen and the main square of the computer. And basically an old hockey game for the computers that we manipulated it. So while you play it for the stories itself and it's getting better and better. But it still works, you can still play it and it's still fun. And when Anders says that we've been working together for ten years, it sounds like we're this kind of... We're working together for ten years. We're not working together for ten years. We've seen each other in the last half a year more often than the whole nine and a half before. We live in different cities. We meet only when we work together. This is a different project that we made from 2013. One of the performances at opening the Transmediale in a exhibition of the Transmediale. We had open fax lines. People could fax in different content to us and we were basically... People could send us dysfunctional orders and that's why we created this dysfunctional work environment to sonify them at the same time. So the faxes that came in, we tried to process them and I tried to... The faxes that came in, we tried to process them. Which was very difficult. But this is another project called Data State. It's kind of the same vein where... This is an old police station that we're sitting in. People fill in forms with what kind of... And then I get something like five minutes to make this song. And what kind of songs they want. And then it's there. I had a few minutes to design this song and give it back as a floppy disk. And that's an example of such a desire for music. So that was quite difficult as well. Which wasn't easy either. Yeah, I guess we like to punish ourselves. Yeah, we like to punish ourselves with our art. And I guess kind of falling in this tradition of scripting ourselves and working within some kind of script. Like some... I don't know if you call it fluxus or whatever. But like kind of... Giving off controls to some other system or... You can roll up on the script or on other systems that have power. So, like most people, I guess we're fascinated about robots. But we're also a little fan of... I don't know... There's a lot of emotion connected with robots. And mostly it's also... I guess at least personally for me it's been a kind of frustration because there's a lot of frustration that's been coming. There's a memory coming. I think the robot that's on the summer movie, you actually got a robot. And we got a possibility of pulling around with a robot basically. And we grabbed that possibility without maybe completely knowing what we were heading towards. So we had ideas. Here are some of these ideas. A small mini-residency at Copenhagen floating hacker space called Ilotron. Yeah, we basically... This robot is called the U-Arms Swift Pro. It's this kind of easily hackable robot and we were just... We have this week... So it's actually a robot arm. We have a week to be able to talk to this robot so basically what you're seeing here is a keyboard controlling this little laptop on the left. That is then controlling the robot arm. We have some serial commands to code. The robot arm is basically just kind of replicating the key presses that are under the steering wheel. This is an extended arm somehow. Very elaborate prosthesis. Yeah, elaborate, but then on the other hand it has only one finger. Yeah, so this is Commodore 64 computer that I mentioned before from our 1980s. And the software is called Devmon. It's a new software. It's not old software, so you can really do some really amazing stuff with it. And what you're seeing is basically the robot inserting nodes in a loop that's running. With only one finger. Yeah, I'll push. So with this kind of first video prototype we got a book to do a lot of stuff. And we got invited to this Algomec Festival in Sheffield to come to this Algomec Festival in Sheffield. They make algorithmic, mechanical stuff to play raves. So we had to work a bit on that. But we managed to get the robot to a state where it could load songs and in order to know the lead voices and stuff up and down and basically in the end it actually could play kind of full sets like we played half an hour or so or the robot would play. And I guess because we were still... We were doubting if we could pull it off. We were a bit doubtful if we could do that. You were there too and you played together with the robot. So head to head. You were mostly just kind of filling in little extra things. Yeah, so it was more like Anders trying to keep up with the robot or playing on top. So the robot has a little camera on it. That's why you can sometimes see my face. On the other screen you can see... I'm just going to show what's going on. Just to see what's going on. Yeah, so I mean this experience of... Yeah, I mean this experience of... I mean this experience of... That the robot already... After just a couple of months of moving around was able to basically could reduce ourselves to technicians setting up the robots and then... You know... I don't know, that kind of started some things That was kind of emotional. And we got invited to play at the internet base and I kept doing the lounge music. The chill out area. So we basically took the challenge to let the robot play the check note. So we basically took the challenge to let the robot play the check note. And we got invited to play at the internet base and then we just kind of hanging out in the bot. You see in the video I guess... We have a lot of time to have conversations with people, kind of like the future of the future. Yeah, pick our jobs or whatever and it's like, this kind of, I'm imagining at least there will be a lot of these jobs that kind of hang out in the future. Yeah, and for this one we actually put a lot of effort in making the robot does a little bit more dynamic, like just staying for so long and making it more diverse for its own purpose. So I think now we sort of knew what it was supposed to do, we saw what the robot would do at some point, and we were surprised, it was almost magic, like a robot just worked. It was a very strange feeling. We still do the music, the songs, but the robot forms our songs, so the song just becomes something new. Which is a weird mix of, how it was a bit scary, sort of, a bit of anxiety, a bit of fear, a bit of joy. Yeah, it's a weird stuff. And on top of that I mean we're talking a lot about electronic music and how electronic music makes stuff minimal and off, basically it's kind of shut up and just repeats long enough We both have a tendency to fill in too many notes, maybe for the mainstream techno or something. But the robot is like super cool, you know? We wanted something that is not quite mainstream, but the robot makes really cool music. A little bit longer. Yeah. Okay, let's... And let's listen to it. Play a switch first of all. Yeah, so I guess it's also important for us to say... The Commodore is a good place to start because it has keys and you can press the buttons. And the Chaos Pad is also really good. And the Chaos Pad is also very good with one finger. So right now we're more like thinking about drum machines now. Thinking about drum machines now. One finger. With one finger to operate. The musical... I don't know... It's kind of dependent on kind of one finger push interaction. At the moment it is also important that the one finger presses the different buttons. Take some of all the choices out of... But it still takes a few options. Yeah. So it's not to say that this is only a C64 or a project or something. We can imagine doing things with this robot. Yeah. Yeah. So now we're here. And we brought two robots. And one like we said for playing. And one for hacking. And one for... I mean, we really encourage you guys to come and... I mean, most of the coding we're doing... ...is relatively banal. It's more like kind of... ...generic code based a lot on rats. So as we know that there's all this neural network AI... ...looming rats at making music. So if there's some people out there... ...that kind of want to know how to... ...maybe read what the robot has already done... ...or... ...with the basis of what the robot can do... ...we'd really like to talk with you... ...and contact you. Yeah, I mean, we have really good training data as well. We have really good training data. So I mean, I have... ...because I used these old computers for so long... ...and the files they saved... ...it's all like self-contained source files... ...or whatever... ...and they're really, really small. I think... ...yeah, I checked my folder earlier today. It's like this... ...for 20 years of... ...everything... ...and I have all the work files and everything. So... ...and then, yeah, we just realized... ...I found out in... ...you know, feeding some neural network.  Yeah. I mean, we'll see. Or maybe it doesn't work. Yeah. You know, jam with the robots. You know, it's just a good word. I don't think we will, but it's... ...it would just be really fun to...  Yeah. Back home. Yeah. Come tomorrow. There was a 10-minute sign, so I'm skipping a fast... ...but tomorrow from 11... ...we're coming back. The gig starts at 9, I think. Yeah, and we'll play around. The robot will play around for two hours. So probably starting a bit slow, but then... Yeah, yeah. Yeah. There are questions. Thank you very much, both of you. What kind of cool robot are you? Okay, there are about 10 minutes for questions. There's the first one. Could you follow a bit more why you chose... ...a simple robot because like the symbolism... ...or the systematic aspects of it... ...and contracted you to using such a simple system... ...as opposed to all the huge and cool software solutions... ...that would be able to automate... ...the music and all these things? Yeah. No, I guess... You already made music on a Commodore 64. Yeah. And we're not that soft, guys. You mean specifically the robot? Why wouldn't you choose a robot? You're talking about software, right? That's what you're talking about. Yeah, both that and why don't you just build a software interface... ...where you just like... ...the signals ride to the Commodore like they do? Yeah, exactly. Yeah. Why would you just like get the signals ride to the Commodore... ...like there's software solution... ...that would be used in such a mechanical... ...simple... Now, because it's a completely different feeling... ...from a robot arm... ...you know... ...something invisible... I guess to add also that we're not... ...we don't really know what you're doing, right? I mean... ...the robot because we thought the robot was cool... ...the robot because we thought the robot was cool... ...the robot because we thought the robot was cool... ...the robot because we thought the robot was cool. And then it turned out that it was actually kind of... ...pathetic, but then it was... That's what she says. So I guess if we... ...known what we know now, we wouldn't have found... ... empleats like this, this project works. So it doesn't want to explore. And again... ...I mean we also really like these old machines, so we acceptable. And again I mean we also really like these old machines, so we acceptable. We really like these old machines and we like to work with the Commodore 64 together. So we really want to press the buttons. Thank you. Micro number two. Okay, hi. How much of what the robot does is pre-programmed and just pre-played, composed piece or how much randomness or computational patterns involved in it? Well, I mean, the bass is always a pre-composed song. And then it's, yeah, what it does is it's, yeah, I mean, it's pretty random, but within some kind of always, we say what notes it should press, but we don't say when, for example, or we say, okay, we can change the rhythm a little bit. We can destroy everything. So, I mean, everything that happens is at least a little bit random. I guess you can say, yeah, more or less everything is actually kind of based on random, but within some kind of logic structure. Yeah, so it's never, it's, there's no kind of direct playback. Yeah, we haven't figured out how to do that. All right, thank you. But like a future challenge is to make the future more useful for the robot, basically, like we didn't really have time to do that. We wanted to be more open and do its own music, more or less. Yeah, so right now it's loading stuff and modifying it. And then we say enough that we can kind of leave it for a week and then come back and see what it's been up to. And I really like this kind of idea of making music for the robot, so that I have the robot and it's one finger because I really have to delete nine fingers and completely different ways. So I have to go to the robot, which I think is cool. Thanks, microphone one, please. Since there is a source code, is it available on GitHub or are you planning to do it? It is on GitHub. It's there, it's there. Yeah, it's there, it's there, it's there, it's there. Thanks, one more tube, please. So is your robot very precise or have you ever had the situation where you just made a mistake and thought, well, it wasn't planned, but it sounds okay as well, I guess, or is it just precise enough that it doesn't happen? In theory, it's really precise. People put print heads on it and use it as a 3D printer and so on, but I mean, this is all the time, we have a kind of a big headache on calibration and so on. Yeah, it bounces into the key we have to kind of restart. I mean, we should start all the time, but we were just having a lot of trouble right now and hopefully it's going to run. But it doesn't have an effect on your creative process. Well, it has some stress. Yeah, I know, but when it sort of messes up, it really messes up and it, yeah, just presses somewhere else, it doesn't work at all and it presses wrong all the time. It has got no feedback, like there's no camera on it or it has to basically just remember all the coordinates. So it's a super fragile system if it messes up. So I'm going to creep out like more than half of the people here, so my question is, have you ever thought about putting the robot in a club and then trying to measure how happy the crowd is with the music it produces and then kind of, so by, I don't know, facial recognition, recognizing how many people are on the dance floor and stuff like that and giving the dance break to the robot again. So making kind of smart music for the masses. I guess the short answer is no, but we have been thinking a lot about putting the robot in the forest and then just kind of releasing it with animals. Or even better, like this kind of the idea of removing the DJ and like having a wall, so that nobody knows it's a robot. Because, I don't know, one thing that's kind of interesting with the robot is that, I don't know, dealing with it, it's like it's a thing, it's an entity, but it's like a animal or something like that that might grow up to a animal that it makes us differently at the world some how and it's, I don't think it relates to animals almost. So kind of bringing the robot into the forest would really make sense, I think. Happy animals. My question is kind of related. Is the robot using any sort of input from what's happening to trigger those random process or for now just randomly triggering stuff? Yeah, there's no input like that. No, I mean we've been talking about writing our own random... We've been talking a lot about random, right? So writing our own random functions, of course, and then sort of feeding something into that but I don't think we're very interested in making it like super interesting. Huh? Yeah, well... Yeah, I mean I don't see the need for all this... I don't see the need for interaction, I think it's actually nicer to have this kind of weird email life and you have to understand it, it's not like understanding us. But I think that if it's by itself, it can trigger it's own randomness by whatever is happening around it or whatever is happening in a tractor that's playing. I don't know that that might happen. Well, not now, but of course it could... But yeah, I think it doesn't really have to be so complex to make me feel like it's somehow a thing in itself. It's just tiny movements, it's like magic to me, even though I don't know much. But it feels like it's enough to just be really a simple system. So the result is amazing. Aesthetically, it's amazing. Thank you. The signal angels, do we have a question from the internet? No. No, that's not the last question from the internet. I think from a performance perspective it's really interesting, your placement, you know, just reading and watching the robot and it also brings a lot of questions and also reminds me of how all the discourse of how the labor is more going towards like the roles of supervision that you're supervising the robot. So my question is, after some time it wouldn't be doing a lot of errors. Would you just sit there like that just wondering about the role of like yourself performing the robot as performing? Yeah, I mean it's a good question because I think you can... Yeah, I mean we could send the robot off to just do shows honestly. Which I think is pretty cool. I would like to do that. But I would also like to jam with the robot. I think that's something that interests me more. I'd actually become someone that you can work together. I think we're showing you were just sitting there was a part where you were just sitting there. And I was saying that this part is actually very like potent. Yeah, because I mean it has all these connotations about robots seeing our jobs and all that kind of stuff. Yeah, I think two. But I guess we're not really sure. I mean for now it's really interesting to sit there. And as long as the conversations we have with people sitting next to it are interesting. Thank you. Thank you. Speaking of sitting, people are sitting here for a while now. Thanks to all of you for the wonderful questions and thanks again. Thank you for this wonderful talk. And yeah, thank you for the wonderful presentation. And with that I would like to say goodbye to the crew of the crew of Crystal.