Yes, perfect. Not everyone knows this. Thank you Madam Chair and thank you for the committee to carry my testimony. I think it's past five minutes. It's a pretty simple bill. I have an amendment that I'll hang out afterwards. So House Bill 1265 is an act permitting municipalities to adopt a system of approval voting. All approval voting is allowed to vote for more than one person. In the way that this bill is written, it's allowed you to do that at the town level or the city level, both in the primary election and in the general. So let's say you have your local race. There's more than one person you like. Maybe you think that person doesn't really have a good chance of winning. It removes the spoiler effect. So to take it to the presidential level, this bill, by the way, would not be for presidential elections. So let's say you like, let's say Representative Pearson loves Ralph Nader, right? But you also loved John Kerry, right? So maybe you vote for John Kerry because you don't want to vote for the Green Party. But then you think, you know, if you had an approval voting system, you could then vote for Ralph Nader and John Kerry in the presidential election. And what ends up happening, you know, as a Republican, you know, in the presidential race, we had Romney as the nominee, but a lot of Republicans weren't a big fan of Romney, but they voted for him because they thought he had the best chance of winning. So all this does is it creates a much more efficient system that we currently have where the person who's actually the most well-liked is the one that wins versus people psychologically voting for the person they think has the best chance. The way I've written this bill too, it's not a mandate. So it doesn't force any town or city to use this kind of voting. It just gives them the option. So I personally would say it's a good thing, but they don't have to if they don't want to. And then the amendment is, it just rewrites it a little bit, it would say, so right now the way that the bill is written, I just didn't cash it until at the end of the filing period, the way the bill is written now, it's saying that the top two go to the general. That's not as efficient as saying you vote in the primary, the top person in the primary then goes to the general. So you can vote as many people as you want in the primary, that top person then becomes the nominee. So that's all the amendment does. That's your proposed amendment. What's that? Your proposed amendment. That's the proposed amendment that I have, yeah. And I would also recommend to have another amendment that would just give some specific instructions of what the ballot is supposed to look like as well, which I am going to include in here. So I would actually not vote for this bill in its current form. I want those amendments. Would you pass the amendment? My pleasure. Anybody have a question? Thanks. Please ask Hardball. Thank you, Representative, for taking my question. I don't know if this is for you, but anywhere in the United States. I believe there is at least one place. We actually have someone here from the Center of Election Science, so maybe he can answer that. I'll be testifying in a minute. Yeah, I'll take that kind of question. So not in political elections, it's easy. Why don't you wait and we'll ask the question. For the questions, we'll represent this. Thank you for your testimony. You're welcome. Thank you. Carol? Thank you. So I've passed out the most of what were the frequently asked questions on the Center for Election Sciences website because I was not aware that someone from that Center was going to be here. But that gives a lot of basic information about what is approval voting. And there are several private organizations that use approval voting. The New Hampshire Liberty Party uses approval voting for the election of their co-chairs. The Libertarian Party in certain circumstances uses approval voting for elections of certain officers. There's a straw poll just over the weekend that the Libertarian Party of New Hampshire conducted, and that used approval voting. The major benefit of approval voting, and I know that several of you on this committee are election officials in your various municipalities, is it completely removes spoiled ballots when someone either intentionally or accidentally votes for too many candidates. Current statute says that if they vote for too many candidates and you cannot determine the intent of whom they intended to vote, that's a spoiled ballot. Overvote, the entire ballot is rejected. With approval voting, you don't have to worry about that because then you can say, well, they mark a circle for candidate A and candidate C. They both get a vote. Representative Schlein mentioned Ralph Nader, and that reminds me of the election recount in Florida back in 2000 to where people were looking at the ballots and trying to determine if it was a pregnant Chad, a hanging Chad, a full-blown Chad. Which one of the Chads did they intend to vote for? Well, with approval voting, you don't have to worry about determining which single candidate they intended to vote. If it appeared that they intended to vote for multiple, every candidate for which a vote was cast winds up being counted. And there's a question about, and not asked necessarily by this committee, but generally asked of how approval voting lines up with one person, one vote. And instead of thinking of, well, somebody might vote for more candidates than somebody else. Well, there are a lot of multi-member districts in New Hampshire and somebody might wind up bullet voting for one candidate instead of voting for up to five or up to seven or however many they can do. But no one would argue that someone else's vote weighs more. So think of approval voting as being able to vote either yay or nay on each candidate that's up for election. So it is completely in line with one person, one vote. And it's a much more efficient form of voting and you don't have to worry about those four ballots for that wasted vote. And I'll raise the vote for Robert University and a board member of the Center for Election Science. So Representative Science Bill is to allow, not require, cities and towns in New Hampshire to use approval voting. It's a simple thing. I think they've explained it, but I can say it again in one sentence. You can vote for as many people as you want and whoever gets the most votes wins. Under the current plurality system, you know, the current voting system called plurality voting, if you vote for more than one person, that vote is actually thrown away. It's counted as a spoiled ballot and not counted. No, that's a problem when there's more than two candidates. Say we were electing the best founding father and George Washington is in the lead over Thomas Jefferson. But then Alexander Hamilton comes along and starts to get some more fans. Well, under plurality voting, Hamilton ends up splitting the anti-Jefferson vote, actually helping his worst rival. So with a plural voting, you have the right to add a vote for Hamilton without taking one away from Washington. So that ends up giving a more honest and reliable view of who the strongest, the most popular candidate is and it makes campaigns more about the issues and not about second guessing who's more electable. And really has the more reliable, I mean more predictable, basically. It's really who's most popular and not just this sort of second guessing matter. So it's an old idea. It's been used in Greece from 1880s to 1920. It's been used in many places but it was really started to get studied from a theoretical point of view in the late 70s and since then it's been used by more private organizations and studied by theorists like me. In my own research, I found that people who had a chance to use approval voting actually rated it as simpler, easier, and more fair than the people who used plural voting in that same study. And it can use the same ballot format and the same election machines that we use today. So what I'm saying is New Hampshire towns and cities should be able to have the freedom to use this better voting system and New Hampshire voters could have the freedom to approve as many candidates as they want. Thank you. Any questions? Other questions? Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you for your testimony. Now on the FAQ that Mr. Perry handed out from I think your organization's website, it says under highlight it says tends to elect more moderate winners. I was wondering if there's any evidence for that or proof of that or it was all just... So for instance in my own research I did a study where I had people on the internet vote for candidates. I gave them money depending on who won so I could decide who was the more moderate candidate because I would set up more people in the middle and people on either end I would deliberately assign them to those groups. And approval voting did end up electing the moderate candidate. I actually had a map and it elected the candidate in the middle of the map more often than plurality voting. So that is something that research does support. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Perry. He has written testimony as opposed to the bill. Opposed to the bill as it's written and as was stated by the sponsor who is also opposed to it because in effect what it created is a top two primary system. What I would like to note though is that in the bill where it says the top two candidates they were assuming the top candidate from each primary would proceed to the general election. The general election should also have approval voting because you may also have independence or third party candidates that are on by petition. And the main problem with the plurality voting is it only works when there's only two candidates. When there's more it starts to have either a spoiler effect or other effects. So if the bill was amended to provide for each primary having the approval voting as well as the general election that that would take care of the needs that we have. Should also note that in the case of a municipality that uses nonpartisan elections where they have a primary to reduce the number of voters that probably could be eliminated in favor of approval voting because the approval voting can handle quite a number of candidates without problem. The other comments I had were basically covered by other speakers. I'm glad to answer questions. Questions? Thank you. Thank you Madam Chair, members of the committee. I'm David Scanlon, Deputy Secretary of State. And I just want to point out a couple of things with the spill. Local elections are just that. They're local elections and they're run by the municipality. The state really doesn't get involved unless it's dealing with state election laws that apply to any election. The first item in the bill on line four says a town may, and it's permissive, by ordinance establish this type of system. Ordinances can be adopted in different ways and it's usually done by the governing body. A change like this, how you elect a town elects its officers is a pretty important decision. And my suggestion is that the town, if this is going to be permissible for a town or a municipality to adopt they have an adoption process that includes all the voters in the municipality, not just necessarily the governing body. Second, I'm not aware of any towns in the state that hold a primary, nonpartisan or not. I know that there are a couple of cities that deal with it, but in the case of towns it would be suggested to hold an additional election in their process, which I was going to require some resources to do, but I think that's important for the committee to understand. And then the last thing that I'd like to point out is that, you know, New Hampshire's election is built on the premise of one person, one vote. And if I'm an individual in a town and there's one candidate that I really like to hold a particular office, I'm going to vote for that candidate and probably no other under this scenario. Approval voting allows another voter, though, to dilute my vote because they are taking the option of voting for multiple individuals. So there may be other entities or groups. I'm not aware of whether governments would do this, but they might. I just question the fundamental fairness of this type of voting process. I'm glad if you have any questions. Questions? Thank you. Thank you. Will she please? Yes, ma'am. Is there anyone else that wishes to speak to Vote Bill 1265? Are all the voters to vote for multiple candidates for an office? Representative Green. Thank you for hearing my testimony. For the record, my name is Keith Ammon, representing Hillsborough District 40, and that's New Boston, Mount Vernon, Milford and Collins. And this bill is related to the previous bill, so some of these ideas are going to be familiar to you. The previous bill dealt with enabling municipalities to adopt approval voting, and this bill applies to state-level offices or statewide elections for higher office. I'm going to pass out a card when I'm done my testimony that has some interesting facts about approval voting. It'll probably coincide with the handout that you got. I just wanted to point your attention. In that handout, it addresses the diluted vote concern that some people raise. So I'd like you to pay attention to that. Approval voting, it sounds kind of like a foreign concept. I learned about it maybe four or five years ago, and I was surprised that I had never heard of it before. And you've heard previous speakers mention that we currently use plurality voting, which means you get to vote for one choice. That voting system isn't in the Constitution. It's not required by our state or federal Constitution. It's just the way things have always been done. And I think it's good from time to time to time to reexamine the way that things were done, and maybe we could find a better way to improve. So approval voting, this is how I understand it. This is what makes it easy for me to understand. You've probably filled out a form on a web page. And sometimes there's multiple choices in whatever answer you're filling out. And some places on the form, maybe you have three circles, so three different options. And those circles only let you pick one.  So that's similar to plurality voting. On other forms on a web page, there are checkboxes, where you get to check off as many as you want. That's approval voting. And so let's say a thousand people all filled out that form, the plurality voting option, you would add up those, you would count those votes, and you'd come up with a number. With approval with the checkboxes, you'd also do the exact same process. And you would come up with your tally, and you'd be able to decide who was the winner. So I hope that makes it a little more clear, checkboxes versus circles on a web page. If you think about where we are nationally, politically, there's a lot of discord in the country. Politics has gotten very polarized, with both sides are shouting in their echo chambers, and they're not listening to the other side. And sometimes it's the simple rules at the bottom that create outcomes later on that you might not anticipate. And I think plurality voting is contributing to this discordant and disarmament, because people feel somewhat disenfranchised. And I'll give you some examples. This is a common saying at election time. People will say, I'm voting for the lesser of two evils. The lesser of two evils. Approval voting eliminates that. There is no lesser of the two evils. You get to vote for what you want. There's also dirty tricks that happen in politics, where money on one side will give money to a spoiler on the other side to dilute the vote.  If we had approval voting, that wouldn't matter. It would have much less of an effect. I see approval voting as allowing people to have more choices, allowing more ideas to flourish in democracy, in the platform of democracy, because more people will be heard and have to stand on their own merits as opposed to gaining the system by trying to cut the knees out of the other guy. So, with that said, I'll take any questions. Questions, representatives? Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you for your testimony. I guess my issue or confusion is that at the end of the day, we're still going to get to a general election where there's a Republican candidate versus a Democratic candidate. And in that scenario, I don't see approval voting being of benefit unless you have people that are voting for both the Republican and the Democrat. So I guess I don't see the impact on the general election. I can see how it will impact the primary. But when it comes to the general, I don't see how this will fix our political system. So I agree that if you had, where I would be voting in the general, it doesn't make, and when you had it at the primary, it might not make a lot of sense. And a previous speaker on the last bill brought that up with the previous bill, right? There are other parties that run, and they're marginalized now, but if you could vote for the Constitutional Party and the Republican Party, or the Green Party and the Democratic Party, it gives those other voices a chance at the table instead of being, you know, silenced forever. Basically what's happening. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. I was just wondering what you thought the general effect of politicians over the last 200 years of the effect of plurality voting has been on their positions? On their positions? You know, there are stories that, I forget who they were, like Thomas, one of the first presidents to run under my mind is Charlie White, but one called the other, from alphabet in the newspaper, you know, you probably familiar with the story. So there's been contention for a very long time. I think that if people couldn't game the system by trying to split the vote, you know, there's a, there's so many things you can find online about plural voting, where it's, there's a video called Fruitville. I don't know, it's kind of a little bit corny, but, so there's a, two fruits are running, they're both polar opposites. And then a third one runs that's similar to one of them. Those two split the vote and that, you know, the other one automatically wins. And, you know, that scenario plays out in just about every election. Hopefully that answers your question. Thank you. I'm sorry. Thank you very much. Thank you representative. Is it possible that under this system that this bill has been open, that someone that the voters didn't really want to get elected because he was just innocuous enough that everybody just gave him a pass, him or her, and that someone could come out on top because they've got a pass from a great number of people and some of the more opinionated candidates who might have been elected otherwise would be eliminated. Someone who didn't really represent the country could get elected. I just hope that the voters were educated enough on who they were voting for. I mean, that's the case now. If you look at the handout, there's a little chart on the back that talks about the different voting systems. And approval voting actually gives people more of what they want. And it also has the benefit of not being very complicated. It's very simple. There's other more complicated voting systems, but approval voting is very simple and out of all the voting systems in the Republican primary now, there are, or there were, 17, 18 candidates, crazy number of candidates. 30. And so approval voting, you'd get to vote for Ted Cruz and John Casey. And it would change the discourse a little bit where they're not attacking each other. They're trying to get elected on their own merits. Thank you. For the question. Thank you. Representative Dean McCoy. Thank you, Madam Chairman. This is the committee for the record. My name is Dan McCoy. I represent the towns of Epsom and Pittsfield in Marama County. Just I agree with the previous speakers that approval voting is simply a superior system to our current system. It's not the best imaginable voting system. There are others, but it has this distinct advantage of requiring no new equipment, no training, no special procedures and no computers, etc. All the other even better systems would require computer equipment and more training, more knowledge, etc. to make a mistake with the approval voting system even in our own system it is possible for them to make a mistake and have their ballots thrown out. It's simply a superior system. If we think about the fundamentals of what are we doing in an election? In an election we're making a group decision as to who do we want to hold a particular political office. We're asking you and you and you and you and you what's your opinion of who should hold this office and we're somehow combining those answers to get to make a group decision. Let's use the upcoming primary as an example, the Republican primary. So there's what, 10, 12, 15, I don't know how many candidates on the ballot and let's suppose at the end of the day it's won by Donald Trump with 32% of the votes. How do we know if we see that result? Well, we know 32% of the voters thought that Donald Trump was their favorite, was the one they wanted the most. What about the other 68% of the people? What do they think about Donald Trump? Well, all we know is Donald Trump's not their first choice. Is he their second choice? Is he their last choice? Is it somewhere in between? We have no idea. But with an approval voting system each voter gets to make a choice, albeit a very simple one, about each candidate. So Donald Trump, would that person would he make a good president or not? Yes or no? Casey, would he make a good president or not? Yes or no? Bush, yes or no? Paul, down the line. Like that. So at the end of the day when you see that let's say an approval voting system Donald Trump won with 53% of the vote. We know that 53% of the voters thought that Donald Trump would make a reasonable president and no one else got as many. There was no one else who thought Donald Trump was but there was no one else who was better, had more voters on their side than Donald Trump. But if at the end of the day it turned out to be Casey or somebody else we would know that the most voters think that Casey or whoever it is is qualified to be president would make a reasonable president than anybody else on the list. So we have, in a sense you have a lot more information about what the voters think about each individual candidate with this system than you do with the current system where all you know is a very little bit about each individual. With this system you have more information going in so there's a better decision being made at the end of the day. So I guess with that I'll take questions. Questions? What about one personal vote? Thank you, I seeded this question. So Mr. Scanlon talked about this and in all respect to him I think he simply got it wrong. We have the phrase one person one vote right? And if you look at the history of that phrase it actually has a different history in Europe and in the US. In Europe it was because it was about everybody being involved in the election because in Europe when we started out there was only property owners in England that were allowed to vote and what that meant was especially if someone owned a home in one place and a business property in another place they got two votes. They could vote here and there like that. And so first of all people who were not property owners couldn't vote at all and in some cases people got multiple votes because they owned multiple pieces of property. So the one person one vote phrase was counter to that was saying look everybody should have a vote regardless of their circumstances including women including themselves. So that was what it was in Europe. In the US it was more about redistricting. So one counter example to one person one vote is the US Senate right? The US Senate is explicitly all state we have two senators California has two senators we have a huge advantage in the US Senate compared to California as an individual voter right? So we're very we're not one person one vote in that sense in the US Senate but for every other kind of an election and the Supreme Court requires all state and local elections to be one person one vote what they mean is that each district is the same size. That's what that phrase means in the US that you can't have a district like for US Congress that has three million people when your other district has one million people that's not fair you have to redistrict and make them both two million people you see? So and that was in response to cases where states even though during a census they didn't redistrict they only redistricted when they got an extra representative or lost a representative then they redistricted but other than that they left it the same and the country went through a period when people moved from rural areas to cities and the consequence was rural areas had more representation than cities because they weren't redistricting correctly so that's what that phrase means here there have been court cases about alternative voting systems such as instant runoff and others where people are making putting on their ballot multiple pieces of information like in approval voting and people have challenged them as violating one person one vote and those challenges have not been upheld it's again what if you think about it what you're asking the voter to do is make a decision about each individual on the ballot so that decision could be for or against so there's nothing if one individual happens to like three people and another individual happens to only like one person they still express their opinion in some sense on every person on the ballot they've made an equal decision about every person on the ballot they've had an equal participation in the election so I reject Mr. Scanlon's reasoning on this because it's simply not correct thank you I'm going to chair, sorry following Brett Souza's line of thought I'm seeing you're taken out at Trump or Cruz because they're a strong candidate and then we're going to end up with Militose candidates people that are least objectionable is that what you're looking for I see a strong personality that's going on both sides or Bernie Sanders I don't think that the impetus behind this bill has any, I don't think at any of our co-sponsors I could speak for myself and I was once the prime sponsor of this bill years ago the impetus has nothing to do with who different is going to win elections and in fact I personally think who wins election will be almost identical to the way it is now I don't think there will be a lot of changes certainly not as has been said in the general election apparently any changes and the primary might move around a little bit but the point is it's just simply a superior system and we think we would like the ability of voters to express themselves more than they can now and we'll get better results now I don't think they'll be very different in particular let's go back to the primary example and let's say Donald Trump is the leader and Ted Cruz is number two and the others are somewhere behind that with the current system of voting let's say a voter is in favor of Jeff Bush alright but he has to think to himself ooh do I want to waste my voting for Jeff Bush I really hate Trump so therefore maybe I'll vote for Cruz instead right so we push voters to vote for one of the top two candidates because those are the ones that can win and they don't want their vote to be wasted so with approval voting that kind of consideration goes away the voter doesn't have to kind of pre-judge the election or guess what's going to happen or anything like that the voter can say what he really wants to say which is Jeff Bush but in the same time they can say well I really hate Trump so I'll also vote for Cruz and like that an even better voting system would allow somebody to rank their votes or what's called score voting which is like what you do on Amazon when you vote for a product you say this one's a five that's a three that's a one like that that's score voting that's an even better system but computers training thank you for your testimony my question in the absence of the rankings or the score voting is there still a different weight that's applied to different votes where somebody may only want to vote for Trump and somebody else that may want to vote for three different candidates no yes thank you for the question but we could stay here all day talking about other voting systems that are not in the bill and maybe we should talk about that offline but basically there are if what you get from the voters is a rank this is my first choice this is my second, this is my third which is what happens in instant runoff or congress set or some of these others there are multiple different ways of combining those to get a reasonable answer and there's theory about what's the superior way and what's not so that's a for another day kind of question aside from the example of this being tried in the last century in Greece are you aware of it being tried anyplace else yes thank you for the question as far as I know only in a lot of different private type of organizations you know I know the IEEE was at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for example uses it for their, to elect their president and their board of directors that kind of stuff but so it's in a variety of private organizations I know Dartmouth used it for a while in their board of directors that kind of thing so I don't know of other public examples but I'm probably not the best person to answer their question further questions thank you yes thank you I'm going to ask people to keep their testimony make it a little shorter and if you have written testimony to just kind of read us some books I'll read the written testimony James Hi so I testified on the previous as I said I'm a doctoral candidate in statistics at Harvard and board member for center for election science so I've definitely got a lot of studying of these kind of issues I want to speak to a couple of the things that have come up one of them is the one person one vote sort of question really this is one person one vote because you get one vote yes or no on each candidate and everybody gets that same power so if a person who voted yes for three people was getting more power than the person who voted yes for one person well wouldn't the person who was voting yes for everybody be getting the most power of all but that's silly right they're not really affecting the results at all in fact you know depending on who's ahead or who's behind you know really the votes that matter are the ones for the two front runners the two people who are the closest to winning and everybody just gets one vote on each of those and so it really is still just one person one vote and on that same sort of question about Rep Susa's question about wouldn't this lead to sort of like milk toast people in my research and in other research that I'm aware of generally the tendency for the like average sort of run-of-the-mill voter is to just vote for one or two not to like spread their vote over every person just to be against somebody that does happen occasionally but it's only when somebody very strongly feels that such and such a person is absolutely the worst candidate and not just like I'd like to see somebody to let's try somebody else so generally the sort of milk toast like nobody really knows who it is candidate in that kind of environment like in theory they could win but it doesn't really happen in practice similarly on the question of whether this is whether this matters for for the general election as opposed to just primary election we've had a lot of talk about how it would improve in this case you know the this year's Republican primary but in the general yeah it's true generally there really are only two candidates who have any chance of winning and in that kind of an election it's not going to really change things what it does is it avoids the spoiler problem if there's a Ralph Nader or some other candidate who comes in and gets a few votes but not nearly enough to win but still actually changes the result even though they were nowhere close to winning but they actually change the result that's a problem and that's a pathology that you can avoid with this kind of election system and it might not happen every year but when it does it's a big problem so I think it's worth having a system that prevents it also you know in this country's history there have been times when there weren't just two big parties it never lasts for very long it always settles down again to where it's clear what the two parties are and what their sort of platforms are but there are these transitional periods every so often when that has to change when that has to realign and this sort of makes that realignment safer, makes it so it doesn't just break down in the middle of that realignment and makes it so even when that's happening you know the most popular candidates are still winning and that really eases that kind of transition it's not going to make it happen if the voters don't want it if the voters do want it to happen it sort of lets it happen in a smoother safer way for the country or in this case for the state so those are my sort of points again I have done plenty of research on this so I'd be happy to take questions right thank you for your testimony in regards to your research what is a one of the mill voter so I mean right I mean I use that phrase but basically what I meant was that the majority of voters generally tend to tend to not vote for more than you know two or three candidates even when there's a lot on the ballot and they generally don't vote for people they've never heard of just because they don't like them for the questions thank you thank you for your testimony that's okay so again for the record I'm representing Sean about 90% of what I was going to say has already been said so I'll make it really quick I'm up here as a representative but also as a voter as all of you are I guess what I want to leave you with is when you're at the ballot box and you're thinking about who am I going to vote for maybe not all of you have this experience but I know I've had this experience where there's someone I really want to vote for and I feel like if I'm going to vote for person X that I'm going to waste my vote and all this bill does is out of the principle that every person's vote gets fully self-expressed I think the the intention behind that saying is every voter should have their say in the political system should be able to fully express their choices in the political system and I know I don't have my choices always fully expressed in the political system when I feel that maybe one of the people that I like the best is not one of the major candidates and I'm going to waste my vote and I know I'm not the only one that has had that experience in life so this just corrects that issue and I think that when something has been done kind of forever and no one really thinks about this you know I never even heard of this system until about a year ago when I discovered it I go wow this is you know even just doing some basic research this is so much more efficient I mean and the outcome is more representative of the people and I think you know if you're committed to that this is something you need to be far so that's what I want to leave you with question great yes yes yes thank you Madam Chair and members of the committee I'm very much in support of this bill and like the approval voting concept many of the things that I have here are already discussed but one of the unique things about the presidential primary is for New Hampshire the voters in New Hampshire are starting the process but it doesn't end here what we do is provide information for the voters in all the other states to make their informed decisions so this gives a way for those voters to better gauge the candidates that are here and running in this state and I didn't call the Secretary of State's office for the presidential primary in a couple weeks the Democrat ballot will have 28 names on it and the Republican ballot will have 30 names on it one other thing that I didn't see was mentioned it's possible for more than one candidate to get more than 50% of the vote but we would still go with the highest vote together because there may be more than one person that's acceptable to the majority of the people I listed in there the website which is also on that card I know the speaker one of the things I did was I did a quick check on I just clicked on Google approval voting and it quickly came up with 6 million entries so if you want to do some more research I'm sure it's going to be very easy to do thank you good afternoon I'm Ian Freeman the New Hampshire Liberty party and as a third party I obviously support approval voting it allows more people to be more accurate in their choosing but I wanted to address a couple of the objections that have come up so far one was Mr. Scanlon who was worried that somehow people voting for more than one candidate would dilute the people who vote for one candidate when in fact the person who does the bullet vote in my opinion potentially has a stronger vote so this is actually something that happens today it was also asked by Representative Suza where else this happens I live in Keen and there's sort of an approval voting process there for some of the primary elections so when Keen elects its city councillors there are like five at-large seats and in the primary if there's 18 candidates for those five seats they whittle them down to 10 the ones for whom you want to see move on and that is a form of approval voting this would just simply expand that to to every race at least that's as I understand it so it is being used right here in New Hampshire right now and if you're voting in one of these primaries and you want to give a strong vote to one candidate you just vote for that one candidate so even though there's five seats that I can vote for if I really like one candidate I just vote for that one person that's called a bullet vote whereas if I vote for four other candidates for those five seats then they have the chance of feeding out that one candidate so really voting for one person is still a pretty strong thing to do under this system so Deputy Scanlon was incorrect in that presumption so I just want to let you know this is actually in use to some extent you're in New Hampshire already Questions? Mr. Greenup Thanks General Perry Thank you we've heard a lot of testimony about what would happen if this bill winds up passing but not a lot of testimony about the actual wording of the bill and I know that that's the reason these hearings are held so I want to go over the wording of the bill what this does is it makes a very minor change to the wording placed on the ballots they blow the office for example for governor currently it says vote for not more than and then there's another this would change that to just say this many are being elected so for the office of governor there's only one governor being elected for state rep depending on the district there could be anywhere from one to eleven so it would simply state this many is to be elected for the voter instructions it would say make the appropriate mark to the right of your choice or choices and then it strikes out the stipulation that if you vote for more than the number of people to be elected then your vote is not counted and I would dare say that the current system that we have is more violative of one person one vote than what this bill would actually wind up doing is implementing approval voting to where you could cast basically a favorability vote in favor or opposition to any candidate and to sort of put it into a perspective of things that you all do as legislators this afternoon you're hearing three bills dealing with election airing by public officials if you as legislators had to vote on legislation using the plurality system that I as a voter use when I go to the polls you would not be able to say all three of these bills should be passed or two of the three well you obviously would be able to say one of the three but you could not say two or all you would have to pick which one you think is the best that's plurality voting approval voting is where you guys go into your executive and you say one of these bills is good each one of these bills needs to be passed so think of it that way as far as what would actually wind up happening if you wind up passing 8B1521 which is I believe a very good bill and should be passed just want to make one more point and then I'll take any questions there was the question about sort of a milk toast sort of candidate or as opposed to very vocal vociferous candidates one thing that I see as a possible unintended consequence of adopting approval voting is I believe the mud slinging ads would wind up stopping or slowing down and that's because candidates want to increase their favorability rating and you can do that not necessarily at the expense of others whereas current voting you have to sort of push the other candidate down to make yourself stand up but with approval voting you want to make yourself look like the more honorable person so why is trying to be the more honorable person would you start slinging mud that is a very dishonorable thing so I think elections would wind up quite intended here cleaning up a little bit so very good Bill and I do encourage OTP oh and I just got information that apparently approval voting was used in medieval elections of the Pope and the doge of Venice, Greek Parliamentary elections the UN currently uses approval voting and in Oregon and California they use it for ballot measures if there's conflicting ballot measures whichever ballot measure the highest number of votes winds up being adopted Deputy Secretary of State Thank you Madam Chair and members of the committee I just wanted to quickly note a couple of technical issues with the bill in the event that the committee decides to move along first is under the instructions to voters really the only guidance that would be in the statute under this bill is line 21 on page 1 where it says to make the appropriate mark to the right of your choice or choices I don't think that's clear enough for voters to understand just exactly how the approval voting process would work and so I think that would have to be clarified on any ballot and in the instructions that would be posted the second item I'd like to point out is if a voter can vote for multiple candidates, how do you handle writing candidates how many lines do you put what if a voter runs out of writing candidates that they would like to vote for on a ballot how is that addressed so if this were to pass there are a number of probably other things in the statutes as well that would have to be reviewed and cleaned up happy to answer the questions questions could that be skinning going to be a test room is there anyone else that wishes to speak on House Bill 15 and 21 is there anyone on the blue sheet sir


Good morning physics students. We are getting very close to the end. It is Friday, April 24th and you have less than one full week of classes left. And then the final exam. I'm going to be posting a lot more detailed information on a lot of these topics on Blackboards, so make sure you double-check the messages and send me questions. I'm also going to be sending out individual messages to a lot of students in terms of where you're sitting at right now. You've got one last homework, homework number 1213. It's combined together what used to be 12 and 13 and then shortened down into the size of a single homework that you will need to complete on sapling. We'll have one more recitation next Tuesday. You've got a few more pre-lectures and in-class practice problems, and then it will be the final exam. We're also going to have one last short writing assignment, and we'll be giving you more information about that. There's also going to be the chance to earn some bonus points for your course evaluations, and again I'll be sending out information about that. You really need to make sure that you are checking announcements on Blackboard, although I have these video announcements I'm putting on YouTube as well. If you have questions, please send me those questions. Communication is going to be very important as we get towards the end of semester here. I know it's been a long last half of the semester, and you've managed to get through Physics 1 and now almost to the end of Physics 2, so just hold out a little bit longer. Communicate with me. We'll work through this and we'll get you to the end. And if you've got questions, contact me. Otherwise, have a good day and work on the stuff you need to do for Physics.


Hi all you far away first fans, my name is Lisa Bruno and I'm an Objects Conservator here at the Brooklyn Museum and I am looking forward to doing a Q&A with you on Facebook. So first of all, does everyone know what a conservator does or the difference between a conservator and a curator? It's a role in a museum? Okay well what a conservator does is they're responsible for the care and preservation of the works of art in the collection and the kind of training that you do to become a conservator is it's pretty much standardized now in the United States where you study art history, studio art and chemistry on an undergrad level and then in graduate school there's actually four programs now in art conservation in the United States and that's where you specialize into either paintings, paper, textiles, furniture or objects and at the Brooklyn Museum here we have paintings conservators, paper conservators and an objects conservator like me and by objects it means I deal with anything that's three-dimensional. So as you're all members of the museum you know that involves everything from ancient Egyptian objects that we'll be talking about tonight to contemporary plastic sculptures that were made you know two days ago. So it's a lot of variety and that's what I particularly love about the job and so should we get the lights? Sure. We're gonna do a little PowerPoint first and then we're gonna pull out examples of some animal mummies so you guys can actually look at it. Okay now the initial inception of this project to actually study our animal mummy research grew out of a project called to live forever which is actually a traveling exhibition which our curator Ed Blyberg he has a particular knack of going in the storage and looking at objects that haven't ever been on display at the Brooklyn Museum or haven't been on display in a long time and trying to think about new ways to present it to the public. So this exhibition discusses funerary practices from the Old Kingdom to Roman period but he's particularly focusing on how economics played a factor in that so if you were royal what would your coffin look like but if you were say less of means kind of like us what would your burial tomb look like what would your coffin look like what could you afford and that's the theme of the show and I'm really happy to say that it's actually coming to the Brooklyn Museum in February of 2010 so hopefully we can do some programming around that because there were some great objects that really have never been on display here and there were some really interesting treatments and part of this exhibition includes two dog mummies and a human mummy. We actually studied the human mummy for the exhibition. This is Demetrius. He was excavated in Hawara Egypt in 1910 by the British School of Archaeology and so then in 1911 he came direct basically from the excavation to the Brooklyn Museum so this is unlike some objects that don't have an archaeological provenance he actually has an actual provenance and part of the study he is part of a group of Roman mummies that are called red shroud mummies and that's because they're covered their final layer of linen is covered with this red painted shroud so there's probably about 14 known in the world and they're in all different collections. There are two actually at the Getty Museum and a scientist at the Getty Conservation Institute wanted to study these mummies so they came out to Brooklyn that took samples of the paint. The really interesting thing is he found that the paint was made from red lead and because it was made from lead you could do lead isotope analysis on it which they did with our paint samples was I think six others that they tested and they isolated the source of the lead to be from a region in southern Spain called Rio Tinto which today is a mining region as well which says something about trade routes in Roman Egypt that they were actually getting the source of this paint the lead for the paint from southern Spain but the really interesting thing is that all the trace elements were exactly the same for all of these samples of paint which would lead him to believe that it came from basically the same can of paint so all of these mummies were found at all different times in all different parts of Egypt but clearly they were processed and became mummies at the exact same time in the exact same place which is pretty fascinating so that was one interesting thing. The second thing was there was always a question about his age because when he was cataloged his fame portrait which is this here which is made from a really thin piece of wood had already been removed from the mummy because I think it was removed in the 30s here at the museum and we have a record of that because people were thinking we'll never put the mummy on display so they took the beautiful portrait off and that was on display for several years in the galleries and then the body was actually properly cataloged because of the spelling of the name Demetrius and because it was dirty at that point people actually cataloged him as being female because they thought it was a female spelling of the name and they also cataloged the name at the age as being 89 which our curator thought that doesn't make any sense I mean 89 is pretty old for an ancient Egyptian to live so how old is he really first of all he's a he and how old is he really and so we took the body to the North Shore Hospital and we did CT scanning which is actually a form of x-ray but it's a little fancier in that in an x-ray you look at the entire you look through one plane of the object but the entire object whereas in CT scanning you can actually isolate planes so here we have a cross-section and this is just a little refresher on how to look at an x-ray anything that appears white means it's denser and more radio opaque so this area right here this is actually his body and so the dark spots here are the tissues of his body whereas these are his arms here and here this is vertebrae this is his rib cage and these the doctors at North Shore said these were gallstones which could have had something to do with his death they looked at the body and said it was probably the age of a 50 something year-old man so that was interesting and then when we ended up cleaning the paint surface here the inscription of his age I think is here and it became much clearer that the symbol that was interpreted as an eight in the 30s when he was cataloged was actually five so so that inscription plus the scientific data plus the fact that of all these mummies that have been CT scanned their portraits do seem to be in conjunction with the same age as them so that all seemed to jive in terms of him being that age the other thing that we had to that we did is we did carbon-14 dating on the linens and he died somewhere between 300 BCE and 98 AC which makes sense that stylistically the portrait would have been first century and the carbon-14 dating also corresponds with that so that study is what really got our curator thinking that let why don't we take a look at all of the monkeys in our collection so Brooklyn has about seven humans and over 60 animals and there's a huge variety of styles and some of them actually include coffins like here's an example of an ibis coffin that's on display in the third floor galleries and it's a particularly special coffin because first of all it's made from wood that's been gilt and it has these beautiful mounts of the head and the feet made out of silver and it's actually a very unique object in the history of Egyptian art so when we took an x-ray of this what we find inside is actually you know a mummified bird which indicates to us that it is ancient the other thing and again looking at the x-ray you know that dense objects are radio-picts so it makes sense that the silver objects here are totally they're solid cast but the other thing that we notice is it's not fitting so tightly in here there's this other radio opaque material that's fitting around this and you think okay this is a really special object it was made really well you think the mounts would fit better into the wood I mean maybe not but it sort of makes us think well let's look at this a little closer so we actually did a metal analysis on the silver and unfortunately we found zinc in it which in all the studies that have been done on ancient Egyptian silver zinc is really not a component of ancient Egyptian silver so what does that say there are examples of wooden ibiscoffins that have copper alloy mounts of heads and feet and this just is this is just an example of the problem that can sometimes happen with objects that are collected that don't have an archaeological provenance because we got that ibiscoffin in 1949 directly from a dealer in Cairo so we don't have a history we don't know when those silver mounts were added now they could have been added in the 19th century sort of as a means of venerating the object immediately after it was excavated or it could have been added in 1949 as a way of like making this object more expensive and more special because you know they wanted to sell it to a museum like the Brooklyn Museum now I as an objects conservator my job is not to interpret that my job is just to present the information to the curator and it's I'm so glad that it's his job to actually interpret that but this copper alloy ibis head is actually also on display right now in the Egyptian galleries so another form of animal mummy coffin that's particularly special that we have are metal ones this is a figure of wajid boss which is a protector goddess and when we actually got brought this to the lab we just thought it was a statue at the time we didn't have an x-ray that was powerful enough to actually go go through the object so we couldn't x-ray it we knew that it had had been broken and repaired at the base and underneath like right here there was this plaster plug that was part of a restoration and the problem with the plaster is that it was retaining moisture and what happens a lot with archaeological objects is they've been exposed to saltwater so there's chlorides within the porous body of the object and chlorides and copper react with moisture to form this corrosion product that's called bronze disease which is particularly invasive and I can actually destroy the object so we knew we had to get the plaster plug out there's a lot of bronze disease and we had to basically treat the object so we started excavating and what we found inside were all of these bones which at the time when we were thinking this was just a statue we're like oh what's happening here so we contacted some animal mummy specialists and some other Egyptologists who basically said that they thought that the bones were from this animal which is an Egyptian mongoose called an ik-numan and ik-numans were protective in a way because mongooses kill snakes so it actually makes a lot of sense that a mummy of an animal who was killing snakes would be found within the symbol of protector goddess of Wajid Bas. So I think this gets to the heart of why the Egyptians made animal mummies because I think in the past a lot of people thought oh animal mummies are really just you know someone's pet they were mummified and put into a tomb because you wanted your pet in the afterlife or they mummified animals that could have been useful in the afterlife like something that you would eat and we actually do have examples of food mummies there's a corn mummy that's on display on the third floor but it doesn't actually explain there's a lot there's hundreds upon hundreds of animal mummies that are found in Egypt and they're not all in tombs they're in actual cemeteries and so I think a lot of the ways that Egyptian used animal mummies or their purposes were for more votive and sacred purposes. So in the Ptolemaic period which is 305 to 30 BCE there were actually royal decrees that said you must have these public processions and festivals to rejuvenate me the king of Egypt and so you were sort of culturally forced to participate and one of the methods to participate in these processions and there are Roman writers who write of this is making offerings of animal mummies. So if you think about it we find mummies that are like that beautiful gild ibis coffin and we also have coffins like this in the collection which is much simpler this is just a simple wooden coffin with a crocodile on top which probably would have venerated the god Sobek and when we brought this up to the lab to look at it unfortunately it was disturbed like the legit mummy so we're not really sure what was inside but we have another example of a mummy in the form of a cat which would have been venerating the god Bastet that wasn't actually disturbed. So this is something that maybe a more common person could have afforded to use in some of these public processions now when we brought it to the lab the curator thought oh there's not going to be anything inside but when we x-rayed it what we found was this jumble of little bones which you know it says that the first fact that not all animal mummies consist of a whole animal and it's quite possible that it was really a question of economics as to why this happened. So since there seems to be many uses for animal mummies there probably was many different ways to make them but this is sort of the traditional way that people thought that animal mummies and some animal mummies are made this way and it follows the way the human mummies are made exactly so basically you make an incision you do take out the internal organs there is a salt in Egypt called natron which is sodium carbonate which is totally common which kind of will dry out the organic tissues sort of like beef jerky or our rawhide and then if that would then get wet it would start to decay so the next step was actually seal the tissue or the organic matter all in with resins and tree sap and waxes and in the past people thought it was all done with bitumen which is coal tar and I'll talk about this a little bit later on they're finding that it's actually a lot more varied than that and then the whole thing was wrapped in linen bandages so here's an example of an animal mummy that's made in this traditional way this is a cat which is actually on display now on the third floor and it's actually very well preserved very well made it's very tightly wrapped here's a detail the face which when you go down to look at it you have to get in a kid's eye view for this because it's sort of in a big case low on the ground so you really have to get down to see it but the details of the face and it's all painted on so he's particularly beautiful and you can see some staining there which is due to resin that was to preserve the body now I know it's it's he's a pretty amazing one actually well we'll look at some other ones later but so when we took the x-ray we because he was such a specially made mummy we were kind of like not surprised to find a whole cat inside but what we found that was sort of interesting is there's signs of trauma first of all like here's your vertebrae right and there's a little space here where it's not white so that means that there's a little void there and then you've got another vertebrae another vertebrae another one and then oh my god you've got this huge area here that's like gray so there's a dislocation so it says his neck was snapped to kill him the other thing that was interesting is it's a pretty big tooth for a cat so we were kind of what's going on there and we're actually working with a vet from the NYU Animal Medical Center to help with animal identification and of all the studies that have been done of animal mummies of cats and the British Museum has looked at theirs and the Leiden Museum has looked at theirs there do seem to be these two groups there's this wild jungle or desert cat which seems to be one particular type of animal mummy and then there is also a second type of cat and this is the another version of a cat mummy which is less well preserved certainly less elaborately made although this one's also on display in the third floor and he has a fantastic stone coffin that he's associated with so presumably he was also relatively special just not in this high-state preservation as the other one so when we x-rayed this one we also found signs of trauma which you can see here is his little skull that's crushed so these are all breaks here and he doesn't have those big fangs and the shape of the head is a little different so this is the second type of cat which is the more domestic cat and the interesting thing about this is that now at UC Davis in California there is a vet who's doing a study to try to see if there's a DNA link between domestic cat populations of today and animal mummy cat populations of agent-agent so in doing our survey of all of our animal mummies if we have material that we can contribute to the study we're certainly going to do that the problem is is you have to have either a tooth or a femur and if you have a perfectly preserved well-wrapped mummy we're not going to open it up to get that material but we also have less preserved samples in the collection and if in working with the vet if we identify the right kind of material we'll certainly participate so let me show you one last cat sure why would they have killed it it's quite possible that it was either used during one of these public processions or it could have been used by priests at temples that were specifically set up for veneration of Bosted and it just at certain times of the year there would be a festival and they would make these offerings to the God as opposed to these mummies actually be being buried in someone's tomb and actually the second the purpose the votive and the sacred purposes I think is what most animal mummies were made for as opposed to being in someone's private tomb so here's another example of mummy that certainly looks like a cat but when we x-rayed him you don't really find a lot inside I mean there may be this might be a little bit of a bone this other radio opaque material probably stones and this is what people like to call fake mummies and in the past people would think of these mummies as being oh the priest was pulling a fast one on you know whoever was purchasing this and giving them something that they didn't think they were getting but the fact that they're so common and they're in every collection and they're every type of animal mummy you could look at it in another way and you could think well maybe it really is a question of economics and maybe someone could only afford so much money to buy an animal mummy to make as an offering and maybe what they could afford was this and it doesn't really have actual bones in it it just has maybe rocks that were associated with you know the mummification process or something again that's interpretation which I'm very happy that I don't have to do but we're going to move on from cats now the second another animal that was mummified a lot is the ibis and I actually brought this example out to show you so this is one common form of ibis mummification where you have the head of the bird here sort of turned back on its back and then it's the linen is folded in such a way to imitate wings and it's it's actually a really beautiful type of mummification and so when we x-rayed him it you see that it's a whole bird inside so that was you know particularly lovely then there's another form that was used for birds ibises and hawks in particular and this is called a humanoid form and you can see it sort of looks like Demetrius in the sense that instead of having a feyum portrait here there was so it's a wooden head sculptural head in the form of an ibis and it has an elongated body like a human and a little foot part here and this is particularly this is also currently on display in the third floor Egyptian Galleries and has this incredibly intricate pattern of weaving here so when we x-rayed this again we were expecting to find a whole bird and what we find is this and you're like what is going on with this in working with the vet he said this is definitely from an ibis this bone here but this bone here might possibly be from a cat and that was really intriguing to our curator because he's like well did they intentionally mix the ibis bone which would have been venerating cough with a cat bone that would have been venerating bastard again it's it's interpretation it's not part of my job or on the other hand it could just be well the person wanted to spend the money on the elaborate wrapping they couldn't really forward to have a lot of sacred material inside so there's just some remnants that they put inside I don't know it's it's interesting but it's incredibly common in in these animal mummies so another type of animal that was mummified was crocodiles and that would have been venerating the God so back the thing with crocodiles is you'll find them they're mostly small because if you think about it as a crocodile gets bigger and bigger it gets more and more powerful and more and more dangerous so difficult to keep and difficult to kill and that's actually one of the questions is how were these animals killed this is also on display in the third floor it's a very simple wrapping it's basically the dried crocodile under there one layer of linen and then this linen tape wrapped around it and when we x-rated we don't really see signs of trauma like we did with the cats you do see a crack here but because the vertebrae are all lined up this is something that happened postmortem so it could have happened during mummification it could have happened during excavation it could have happened during handling here at the Brooklyn Museum because really it's it doesn't have a lot of packaging around this mummy so when you you touch him you really feel the crocodile underneath and it's a dry and desiccated animal so you move it you know one way the wrong way you can get this kind of cracking so our animal mummy expert when she looked at this x-ray with our vet was like well there's apparently a theory that if you slit the nostrils of crocodiles they would suffocate and when she said this to us I thought well that makes no sense because you'd have to get really close to the crocodile to actually slit its nostrils and how can you possibly do that and our vet was kind of like no that doesn't make any sense either because they could still breathe even if their nostrils were slit so it's quite possible that crocodiles may have been poisoned as opposed to cats which do seem to have undergone blood force trauma to kill them but the theory is maybe they were poisoned which an x-ray is not going to be able to tell you one way or the other so another important animal that was mummified were bulls and there is a good bull deity called the apis bull that was found in Memphis and it's actually one of the first animals to be mummified in 1300 BC and I am so sad to say that the Brooklyn Museum used to have a bull in its collection but it was deaccessioned in 1950 but it was deaccessioned to the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History so we know where it is and it's in safe care yeah because archaeologically they found that's it's been one of the oldest sites they found they've actually found the site where they mummified the apis bulls and there's these huge stone tables where they would you know eviscerate them and so and it's because of the pottery and other items they find in those areas that's how they generally do the dating so that's that's one way so we have we don't have our bull mummy anymore but we have this little model of a mummy and again this is one of these things where I think it's like six inches by eight inches and so the curators like I don't think there's anything inside but and we're having a technical problem again yeah I think it's maybe if we pause I don't know that one it's probably like eight inches by six inches so it's small and it does have a wooden component whoa what oh the ruler in all the pictures I think is six inches generally yeah yeah some of them are really small but so this on the interior has a pretty giant bone and we are working with our vet now to confirm that it's actually bovine but it kind of gets to the point that maybe a lot of these mummies were votive it's sort of not really unlike in medieval times when little bone fragments from a saint were put in shrines and then put in churches all around Europe I mean maybe this is a similar concept where you don't really need the whole animal you just need a part of the animal or something the animal touched if the animal is sacred enough it could be made into a mummy in this sort of manner would still be powerful and and useful for the purposes of the day so now we can do a little guessing game so here you go you see your ruler hit six inches long so you've got this little object now I did a similar presentation to a group of six graders and Queens at a public school who were studying animal mummies and you know I had said to them you can have food mummies you can have this so they all thought this was a yam how it's pretty creative on their parts actually so come on let's give some guesses what do you think this is a fish that's a good guess a rat that's a good guess corn that's a very good guess any more any more ready it's actually snake which is pretty cool yeah it's a really sweet little object all right the other part of this study that I sort of alluded to at the beginning is the resin analysis the University of Bristol in England was actually one of the first institutions to start looking at resins that were used in mummification and looking at specifically animal mummies to see if it's the same type of resin that's used in human mummification because in the past people would just think they're animal mummies it's like less important than humans they didn't use the same materials and actually what they're finding is the same materials are used the other thing that people used to think in the past before a lot of analysis was done well if it's this brown resin like this stuff here is all like this resinous material it's brown they called it bitumen which is this coal tar and actually what people are finding is that bitumen is really not what this is most of the time it really comes from different tree resins which again can sort of give us information about tree trade routes because you know there are certain cypress trees that may have been in Lebanon that weren't in Egypt but if we're finding cypress tree you know resin on animal mummies that were made in Egypt then it definitely says something about trade routes so we're really happy to be participating in the study with them and lastly I don't exactly know when this is gonna air but the animal planet cable network came to Brooklyn because this is Salima Ikram and she is our animal mummy expert she's actually one of the foremost she's in Egypt yeah she teaches that oh you did you're kidding me well she's famous that's very funny now I met somebody last night who knows her too but she teaches at American University in Cairo and she's made the study of animal mummies sort of one of her specialties she's actually mummified animals now to sort of walk through the process to see how it actually works and she took the producers of this program around to different sites archaeological sites in Egypt the collection at the Cairo Museum and she insisted that they bring them to Brooklyn because we actually have some really some of the nicest animal mummies around and so we spent a day filming and they're also going to the University of Bristol to interview the people who are doing the resin analysis so I think it's coming out in March but I'm not a hundred percent sure and so I would just say you know look at the TV stations for that it should be really interesting okay shall we look at some animal mummies now here's our little fake kitty yeah that's a type of ibis Shelly this is the one that you put out on that Twitter feed that was the fake snake bundle here's our little kitty what's that really a sweet but you can actually see like the linens partially gone there so you can see these are both ibis mummies this is sort of how they're often found in these kinds of ceramic jars just buried in the sand and it would have had like some sort of plaster resin and usually a bowl that would be a ceramic bowl on top and then sealed with a plaster resin


Hey, hey, there you go. My boy Shazam also has a trailer. I'm not gonna do a reaction on it I'm just gonna talk briefly about it. Just an impromptu video, I guess. Shazam is a wonderful character that has been sort of neglected by the mainstream community. Like a lot of people don't really know Like, yeah, you know about Captain Marvel, but you really don't know Right? But I am very happy that this trailer is out. I Will be completely honest with you. I was not expecting that at all because the movie is even further I don't know art pieces or something But no, we got a full-fledged teaser trailer and it is hilarious It is bright colorful and it hits that juvenile Heartwarming wholesome superhero awesomeness really well. I was really excited to see The inspiration being the new 52 stuff with Jeff Johns's Shazam run that ran as a backup feature in his Justice League comic books But also takes cues from previous works from Captain Marvel. I love the idea of You know the foster thing with Billy being adopted and then the whole family and right off the gate, just easter eggs galore you see References to Superman Batman you see Aquaman references all that fun stuff I had a blast with that subway scene and seeing the rock of eternity and what looks like the seven sins And then you see the old wizard and then the whole Shazam thing It's I have been reading about these guys for so long to finally see These characters come to life in such an epic way. It's really special. It's really fun. And I can I can't overstate how Fun the tone of the movie is going to be Obviously, it's just a teaser trailer, but I'm very interested in seeing how Shazam fights against Dr. Savannah, which we did get a brief glimpse in the trailer. Maybe he'll pull some 60s inspired Giant robot or something. I want that kind of cheese level in my movie But if we don't get it, I'm cool with it either way. It looks super fun I love the humor in this and it's not over the top. I don't like quips upon quips upon quips and stuff. This seems to be you know standard Comedy which I'm comfortable with Either way, it looks awesome And I cannot you sort of this mix of the hoodie version with from the new 52 and the classic Captain Marvel, but we sort of got a blend of the two and I love that the lightning bolt Is very crisp and clean and it's not muddled with many special effects and stuff I get the feeling that there's a scene where he where Where you see the emblem glowing and parts of the suit are highlighted as well So maybe when he goes full-on superhero mode, I will see you like a I don't know like a brighter version of the costume or something like a powered-up version Something to note.  By the way, a lot of old-school fans might be upset that it's not Captain Marvel I don't mind at all. Think about it. The word Shazam is so marketable From the hashtags to the toys to the actual movie It's it's catchy and a lot of people are gonna be saying it think about that So yeah, tell me what you thought of the Shazam trailer down below guys is always like comment subscribe Do all that wonderful stuff that you guys know how to do I will catch all of you on our next review. Oh out of focus


Stop it.