Hey everyone, welcome back. It's Veronica Howard. So I'm going to give you a series of videos here to understand the basics of visual analysis. I'm going to be giving you the Miller method. It is very rudimentary. It just gives you the basic principles of how we look at and understand our data. Visual analysis is probably one of the most, if not the most, important skill to take away from this class. If you're interested in understanding behavior analysis, you need to understand how behavior analysts evaluate their data. This is a topic where you really want to spend some time and make sure that you understand what you're doing. If you need additional assistance, make sure that you're reaching out for help. But this is a foundational skill and you want to understand this. You want to be solid on this before moving forward. So I mentioned before that behavior analysts use visual analysis to determine the effects of our interventions. Now we have some general guidelines here and Miller's guidelines are actually very rudimentary and they're very simple to understand. There may be a little bit more stringent and there are more nuanced ways of understanding, but Miller gives you a very, very good start. Visual analysis is pretty easy. Anyone can learn this skill, but it has to be practiced. So definitely make sure that you're using your time here. Note also that Miller's methods are very, very simple and it's a good place to start, but this language that we're going to be using here, this idea of divided and stable, convincing data, determining cause, those terms may be slightly different in everyday practice. So modern behavior analysts use slightly different terms. I'm going to give you those terms so that you understand them as well. And I want you to be able to kind of compare and contrast how those terms are similar. I'm going to throughout here make sure that I'm using Miller's language as much as possible than also trying to translate that into the way that most behavior analysts would talk about this information.


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Education under attack. 1.3 million children affected by targeted raids on schools in Nigeria according to the United Nations. We'll be discussing ways to keep our schools safe. Our plan is to lowest rates in nearly 50 years. It exchanged for $545 to the dollar yesterday. We'll find out why. And the Lagos State House of Assembly passes the Value Added Tax Collection Bill, as well as the bill banning open grazing in the state. Good morning and welcome to the Breakfast & Plus TV Africa on this very beautiful Friday morning. It's a little wet if you check the weather report this morning. But thanks for joining us and we hope that you have a great time with us. I am Osaoui Ngong. And I am Annette Felix. Thank you very much for joining us on the last episode of the programme for the first week of September. The year seems to be wrapping up pretty fast, doesn't it? Absolutely. It's gone actually. I think everyone should start mentally preparing themselves for 2022. For the new year. Right in their new year resolutions in advance. Final quarter of the year so let's have it. Fantastic. Thanks for joining us. I am Annette Felix. And our top trending stories today really is a mixed bag. Good news. Not so great news as well. But let's see where the mixed six are. First of all, I have to have been at home for a while. Students in Kaduna State primary and secondary schools can finally resume on Sunday, September 12th, 2021. And that's after the state schools quality assurance head, Umar Ahmed, released the school calendar on Thursday to journalists. And now listen, there was no mention of a third term in that 2021 to 2022 school calendar. And we know that the People's Gazette is reporting that a source in the Ministry of Education noted and confirmed that there will be no third term. And that means that what will happen is that those students who missed out on the third term because of the indefinite shutdown of the schools due to security issues will be promoted to the first term of the next academic session. And that's when they can catch up with the with the counterparts, you know, they're made. So yes, we know about the security challenges in the north and how it has seemed to cripple academic activities. Some other states like Zanfara have issued a total shutdown of academic activities. Kaduna did the same. It, you know, it was supposed to resume August 9th because of security, but they postponed it to September and now finally September 12th. So yeah, still good news for the students, you know, you're coming back to school. But two things really I must say, people have been commenting about this saying, why don't you have them do that third term? They're vital lessons for them to learn about the books and about the world in that third term curriculum. And that when you say they should skip that because of failure of the government, you're basically breeding the lazy youth that you talked about. Also, it's not just about saying, come back to school. Have you put protocols in place for schools to be safe? What's the guarantee that students would not resume and the bandits have laid siege for them Sunday, September 12th, waiting to swoop them from the schools and into Vance and into the forest? So what are the security measures? I didn't see that, you know, the plans that the education head director general there went on to say, but I guess we can only just wait and see. Yeah, you know, so I'll start with agreeing with the last point, you know, it's important to know if the schools are safer. If Kaduna State is safer now, you know, now that you're inviting us, you know, these young ones back to school, what moves have been made in what ways are the schools safer? I mean, what ways have they improved on security in architecture in the state? If nothing has changed, then you're basically bringing them back into harm's way. I personally have never, you know, subscribed to the idea of shutting schools down because, you know, for me, it felt like, yes, it might be, you know, important, you know, because of security concerns. But I always felt like it basically told the story of the bandits winning or the terrorists rather winning, which I never wanted to see. I wanted instead to see that the Nigerian government won the war against insurgency and these terrorists and kidnappers and whatnot. And so shutting down schools felt like victory for them, for the terrorists, either because of those who are anti-Western education or because of those who are really just criminals and chasing people out of the schools. But of course, I still have to understand that desperate times call for desperate measures and for, you know, the situation that Karnas said had found itself at that time, they had to, of course, keep the kids at home to, you know, protect them. But also, the third term that has to be skipped, once again, desperate times call for desperate measures. And so in order for these kids to not be left behind, you know, in the school clock and school calendar, when the counterparts in other states across the country are moving into a new class, moving into, you know, third term, they would still be struggling with, you know, first or second term. I guess this is, you know, what is necessary and the educational system would have to find ways to make up for the third term that they are missing, you know, in the new session and find ways to, you know, inculcate some of the knowledge that they should have learned in this time. I'm sure that there's one or two who are celebrating their third term because, well, less stress for them. But it's left for the state government to do what is necessary, the education system in Karnas state and all around the north, because the other schools, the other states who still haven't sent kids back to school would have to make the same decision. What's the plan for protecting the students or the pupils when they're going back to school? And also, what school calendar are they going to be working with when they finally go back to school? It's entirely important to ensure that, regardless of whatever calendar they're using, the most important thing is the safety of these young ones and their teachers and, you know, everyone who is concerned with education in those states. So we don't continue to have a repeat of these incidents. Really, you have hit the nail on the head though, Sarah Gay. Let's get down to what seems to be like a good news for Lagos state. Lagos state, the Lagos state House of Assembly, have passed two crucial laws regarding their security and their economy. They passed the Value and Attacks Collection Bill and the Bill Against Open Grazing. Recall that the government of the states, Governor Babaji Desong, who had earlier this week presented those bills to the House of Assembly. And yesterday, Thursday, all 40 lawmakers were present. They gave their vote on the bill. You know, they approved it. And the speaker of the plenary, Mudashiro Basah, who presided over it, went on to describe this as a historic feat for Lagos state. And you know that, you know, the issue of the killer heads, men, criminal heads, men, whatever name they have been tagged have been a source of, you know, frustration for a lot of Nigerians. And not just in the north, we've seen other cases in the south as well. And how that seemed to have affected the prices of food in the market because farmers have been unable to go to their farms to conduct their business. Its impact on security as well. And how much of a heated topic it's been in the Nigerian polity. So, still refers back to the southern governor's meeting that from September 1st, they would begin to put steps in place that legally criminalizes open grazing in the state. We've seen Lagos do that. Now Lagos joins other states like Benwe, like Aikiti, like Ondo, to criminalize open grazing. We've seen other states in the north as well. Not necessarily passing a bill, but the government making a declaration that open grazing is banned and that the movement of cattle interstate and within the state is prohibited as well. We've seen Kaduna, Katina, and Zamfara take such moves. And also, the other side regarding the economy, the VAC collection bill. We know how much of a row that really has generated too with the river state governor seeming to lead that conversation by challenging the legality of the federal land revenue service going ahead to collect value at a tax on behalf of the state government. We know the ruling was that the Benwe state government has the constitutional authority to collect VAT in the state. How that generated controversy as well. So many other states, Amino Masari going ahead to say that no, shouldn't be. Something that I was saying it should be. But Lagos has taken a stand. They have passed it. And now what this means is that Lagos state should begin to be able to collect value at a tax, generates more revenue for the state and move the state forward. I threw this question to one of our analysts on the press one of these days, asking if this really was a test of true federalism. If this really was going to put Nigeria on the path of the evolution of powers and restructuring with all been clamoring for. Because when states begin to sit up to say, I want to take charge of my finances. I want to be totally responsible for my security. When states begin to take such moves that that really is an embodiment of the federal of federalism principle of federalism. Each state being autonomous in some way of being able to control what really happens in this state. So that's what's happening in Lagos. Once again, Lagos State House of Assembly have passed the bills to collect value at a tax and that and also to prohibit open grazing within the boundaries of Lagos state. So a couple of points that I will point out. For me, I first of all thought it was going to be so, you know, in the build up to this because Lagos contributes. You know, I believe more than 50% with regards to FIR's collections nationwide. In the build up to this, there were, you know, people who had pointed out that Lagos was a very, very important state, you know, with this controversy and how the tides will turn because of what it contributes. But there were also the concerns that in the midst of all the, you know, yes, you know, they are excited about being able to generate more money for the state and how much development that, you know, that amount of money will be able to bring into Lagos State. Every state government is always excited when there's more money in the conversation. So in between that, you know, that and of course governance and some of all of that, there's still politics. And the reason I'm saying this is because there were still fears that the Lagos State House of Assembly will be watchful over, you know, pay very close attention to the body language or want to hear first from the national leader and from a governor of Lagos State, before going ahead, you know, with this, because it's a very, very vital, it's a very, I mean, politics wise, you can't rule it out.  That's why we're still emphasizing on the independence of the arms of governments. There should be free of influence from external parties.  So I felt, you know, that there was going to be that, you know. And so it's interesting to see that between when the governor, you know, presented the bill and when it was signed was so quick, was so fast. And it's very, very good to see.  You are governor for a reason. You appointed governor for a particular reason, and that is to govern and to ensure that you can, you know, completely be in charge of the affairs of your state. And that includes generating money for your state. And when they make these statements, do they understand that if a cow costs 2 million Naira, who exactly is buying these cows? There are still some of the people in the southern states that are buying these cows for 2 million Naira, because that's where they can afford it. And where is the tax going to be paid for the sale of those cows? They're still in the states where, you know, they're complaining about. So at that point just, I really don't know how they put these statements together, where these ideas come from. But another thing is governors who are complaining about the value-added tax are the same governors who have large numbers when it's time for elections. They have very, very large numbers, shocking numbers, and populations when election time comes. How come they've not been able to convert that population that they claim to have into money? How come they've not been able to convert those millions of people that show up when it's time for election? Why don't those people work and pay tax? So you have these numbers, and yet you still are not able to raise any money in your state, internally generated revenue in your state. You're instead continuing to clamor for the federal government to continue to feed your state while you're governor for 8-0 years of the lives of members of that state, or the indigenous of that state. So there is that also. But something else that we shouldn't forget is the conversation concerning value-added tax. Yes, the narrative seems to be going mostly towards northern governors who are opposing it. But there are certain people who are quiet. And that is some southern states and some southeastern states that have very, very embarrassing, internally generated revenue also. And so whenever, because I heard the FRS has also approached the National Assembly to put value-added tax into your exclusive list and some of all of that. I don't know why they're fighting for it. But we should be very, very watchful that if ever the National Assembly has to make that decision, they need to third of National Assembly of the states rather to give a go-ahead for that. That's 24 states. There is some southeastern states and some southern states that might swing the other way because they know that since the times that they've been governor, they've not been able to do anything concerning internally generated revenue. If you look at the IGRO map for all 36 states across the country, you would still see, yes, it's a larger number of northern states, but you would still see some southeastern states and some southern states there in the very, very bottom barrel of this figures. And it's really, really embarrassing. Let me bring out the details for you. On the Nigerian Tribune yesterday, we saw that a story was published. You said River State got 4.7 billion Naira. Out of 15 billion, yeah. Sorry? Out of 15 billion, yeah. Yes, out of 15 billion Naira VAT. Cano received the same, but it generated 2.8 billion Naira. So that really is all we're saying. You generate lower, but you're getting almost the same from the others who are generating higher. But the point I was making here is, yes, the northern states, you know, majority of them, maybe except Cano, with regards internally generated revenue, a lot of them are embarrassing. The figures, you know, that the Gerrit annually are very, very embarrassing. But in that space, there is still some southeastern states and some southern states that have pretty much the same very embarrassing internal Gerrit revenue every year. And those are the states that we really should watch out for and where they would really stand in this conversation, because they're basically not generating anything. And if you take value out of the tax away from that, they're in trouble. So yes, it might seem like it's, you know, northern governors who are speaking out against this, but I think we should also be very watchful at some of those southeastern states and see, or southern states and see how they, you know, what position they take. Okay, interesting way to wrap that up. Let's quickly now go to Imos state and southeast in general and to review what happened yesterday. The governor of Imos state, Opposite, had been teasing for the president's arrival that was scheduled to hold on Thursday. And the whole controversy surrounding that with the IPOB declaring a seat at home order saying the president is not welcoming the southeast and all of that. But, you know, we know that it went ahead to dare the president to come, but the president did come. He arrived at this Bakwe airport in Imos state at around 9 a.m. yesterday and he was received by Opposite and Dave Omai, head of the governor's forum. And, you know, some other leaders in the south, we can see him there basically exchanging pleasantries with southeast leaders. But really the bone of contention here is about if the seat at home order that the IPOB declared was successful. Because we're seeing very reports on the news media. I mean, look at how Sahara reporters is describing it. Sahara reporters headlines about the story says breaking, Buhari arrives in Imos state as residents comply with IPOB's seat at home directive. The vanguard is describing it this way. They say Buhari's visit shatters IPOB's seat at home order in Imos. So what really is it? But what we can do is take a closer look at some of the major cities in these states and see what happened. And from the reports we gathered and the seat at home order recorded partial compliance in places like Onitsha, Oka, Newe and Enugu. But in Imos state, some people actually came out. Some people were banners coming out to line the street, welcome the president. But of course you would hear whispers saying these people are members of the APC. These people were probably paid. All these whispers and reporters definitely come up that they're there so that they would not embarrass the governor. Nobody was out there to welcome the president. But really that's what it is. The president visited Imos state. The state's government and security agencies had assured Nigerians that the security there would be heavy and heavy it was. The president visited Imos state. He felicitated with the people. He commissioned quite a number of projects. Let me look at some of the projects that he commissioned in Imos state. I saw one that you pointed out. Sergi, you want to take you from there? Yeah, I'll eventually get to the project. But I'll start with, you know, great to see. I think I can see on screen Bishop Imano Chukuma. I think he's in the Anglican Diocese, head of Anglican Diocese in Enugu state. Really interesting personality. Great to see him. I miss him actually. But anyway, so yesterday it was filled with a lot of controversy. And yes, there was still a seat at home. All the people that I spoke with in Enugu state, most of them didn't go anywhere. Actually a lot of them didn't go anywhere yesterday because of the same seat at home order. In Imos state, it was pretty much the same thing. Yes, I'm not going to jump and completely agree that crowds were rented or people were paid to come out. But there's always, in Nigeria, there's always that possibility. But I think it's also important that we know that even in the Southeast, there are still APC members. There are still people who support the government and who will come out anytime when APC is doing its campaigns. They are still APC members. The whole of the Southeast is not completely filled with ABGAU, PDP or any other party. There are still APC members who would like to also show their support. But did people like to sit at home? Yes, businesses were open. The spokesperson, I think of the Imos state government, I'm not sure who it was, said that the market people, the leader of the market, rather decided that in all of the presidents they said they're going to shut down markets, which I personally don't believe. I think that the markets just didn't open in Imos state yesterday and everyone actually did stay indoors. What this means is it's not a very, very good look once again. That's one of the reasons we brought up that conversation with Ucho Kuku, the deputy president of Ohanazeh, Indigo, worldwide. And I was asking him what Thursday would look like. If people like to really do sit at home, if they don't come out, what does that say concerning who really controls the ears of the people of the Southeast? And so that's how it turned out yesterday. Another thing is with regards to security that was necessary in Imos state yesterday because of the president's visit. And that also paints a terrible picture of what they expect and the way that the president has handled, uniting the country and his relationship with the Southeast. If they had to bring that many, because I saw the convoy, video of the convoy, if they had to bring that many security agents just to be present at Imos state where the president was visiting, that's not a very, very good picture also of what the president's relationship is with the people in the Southeast and also because of the security challenges that Imos state has also had with the ESN and the likes. And yeah, I guess with the IPOB. Doesn't also paint a very good picture. The president's tailor was also called to question. Some people said it was a very likely abacare who made his pants. And that was just a funny side of the whole visit because yes, those pants looked very, very bad. The ESN needs to pick up that tailor and lock him up for a while. They look terrible. But that's just on a lighter note. The project, and I said this yesterday that I personally didn't agree with a president moving from state to state to commission some of the most basic things that normally should be there. A tunnel, drainage, is what the president left Abuja to, you can imagine, to go commission. So let's call it a tunnel because that's what it called. I saw the plaque or that thing. It was called a tunnel. That's what the president went to commission. And that's the kind of thing that I feel that we should put in the past in Nigeria. Should they have not been there? They should have died in the 90s. 10 administrations ago? Exactly. It should have ended in 1999 or 2000. That's the last time we should have seen people going to commission projects. There are people, there are governors in Nigeria who work, build bridges, build whatever infrastructure, and nobody is going there to cut any ribbons. There's a very, very embarrassing moment in Inigo State where the governor, the part of the road, I think it was a sinkhole that collapsed. And so the road... I remember that picture. And he, after they finished fixing it, went and cut ribbons, because they fixed a little section of the road that had collapsed. And it's embarrassing. So it's pretty much the same view that I have with the president leaving Abuja to Inigo State just to go commission a little tunnel, a drainage tunnel. It's unnecessary. And it costs taxpayers money. It costs millions of Naira yesterday just to make that trip possible. So those little angles here and there that I think are important to point out, there's also pictures. I think the same Dick Tiger Road, the vice president in the past, I think in 2019, also had been there to commission the same road, but now there's a tunnel with the road that the president now have to come and commission. It just doesn't make any sense why we do things like this in Nigeria. That trip for me was not necessary, except there's a totally different reason why the trip was made. I don't know what you're saying, Osirige, but all I know is that the president said word for word, verbatim, that he's impressed with the projects of Hopu Zodimba. All right, that's fine. You can't say anything about that. That's fine. All right. Let's take a break here. We've told you really about the top-trending stories in Nigeria. Kaduna State's primary secondary school popes will be resuming on Sunday, September 12. And we told you about Lagos State passing two important bills. They've passed the anti-open grazing bill, and they've also passed the vat collection bill in Lagos, and also the President visited Emo State yesterday to quite a shutdown city in Emo. And let's take a break here. Then we'll take a look at the papers on the press.


Kylie Jenner, the youngest of the Kardashian-Jenner clan, was first known for her work on keeping up with the Kardashians, where she showcased talents such as this. Young Kylie had a huge personality. She was funny and outgoing, but it seems like ages since we saw the preteen acting like that. She has since made waves with her controversial lip injections and broke the internet with her new look. What's going on guys? I'm your host Nicole and this is before and after transformations. As always I would love to hear from you guys, so let me know who you want me to document next in the comments down below. You can always hit me up on my instagram page at Stella Nicole. Now let's get started. It's hard to believe this brunette beauty had anything to be insecure about growing up. When looking at older pictures of her, Kylie dressed simple, wearing no makeup and went for a more natural look. Looking back at these older pictures of her, she actually looked her age for once and I must say she was pretty cute. But as Kylie grew up, so did her assets. One of the most talked about topics for Kylie was her lips. Kylie has openly said that the way her lips looked has always been an insecurity of hers.  I didn't think you were going to be a good at kissing, I felt like no one wanted to kiss me. Ouch. Kylie went on to explain that when a guy you have a crush on says something like that, it can really affect you. She didn't feel desirable or pretty and she wanted bigger lips. It's hard to not have empathy for the poor girl. Kylie Jenner made her debut in the spotlight, appearing on Keeping Up with the Kardashians when she was only 10 years old.  Let's take a look at what she used to look like before the transformation happened. Here we have Kylie in 2009 and she was just 12 years old and I'm loving the freckles on her. We barely get to see those under all the layers of foundation she wears all the time, which is such a shame to not show them off. I would die to have freckles like that. Here we have Kylie at the premiere of Project X in 2012 and you can tell she's starting to grow into herself. She has beautiful hair, lips and eyes and she looks stunning without the lip injections. She still looks super natural at this point and very age appropriate. Here we have Kylie at the MTV Movie Awards in 2013. Before Kylie became famous for her curves, she was a lot thinner here and didn't seem to have an hourglass figure. Since that time, Kylie's appearance has changed drastically. She looks like a completely different person. She is now best known for her enhanced lips and hourglass figure, although admitting to having lip injections done, rumors have now circulated on the internet surrounding her new curves. Kylie claims that her curvier look, breasts and bum are simply due to a natural waking and not cosmetic surgery. She states that she used to be 120 pounds at the age of 16 and now she weighs 136 pounds. The internet has also claimed that she has changed her jawline, nose and eyebrow lift. Let's take a closer look at Kylie's face starting with her lips. Although she admitted to having them done, I'd still like to compare her old lips to her new ones. In this image here, Kylie Jenner of the 2014 Billboard Music Awards, this is a start of when people start noticing a difference in Kylie Jenner's lips. Although around this time, Kylie claims she was overdrying her lips, there seems to be way more surface air in her lips now. If you look close enough, you can see a few lumps and bumps which points to the direction of fillers. In this image here, Kylie Jenner of the 2014 launch of Kylie Hair Couture, Kylie stated in an interview that at one point she had overdone her lips and she looked crazy. That's when she decided to change injectors, which in turn made her have a more softer look. I'm guessing by the look of the lips in this picture, this was probably before she had made the switch. Her lips look extremely overdone here and the dark lipstick is not helping. Fast forward to Kylie's lips with the Met Gala in 2017 and her lips appear to look softer and more natural. I really do love her lips now and how they look.  Kylie recommends using Juvederm because it only lasts 3-4 months and you're not permanently stuck with the shape or the filler. Now let's move on to Kylie's nose. Now I've been on the fence about how she got her nose job. Is it just really good contour? There's been speculation that Kylie has received rhinoplasty as the tip of her nose looks a lot more refined and is not drooping as much in older pictures. It has been said that her nose looks pinched at the tip, making her nose look less bulky. Let's take a look at some before and afters of Kylie's nose. So in this image here, the bridge of her nose is what stands out to me the most. It looks a little bit more narrowed and her tip looks the same but it could also very well be contour. Now let's move on to Kylie's jawline. Looking at this image, there's always rumours that Kylie had surgery to correct her jaw and give her a more contoured jawline. I'm on the fence about this as well. As Kylie addresses these rumours by saying, I've always used to love my jaw. I was never subconscious about my jaw but before I got my lips done, my lips were tiny and were more like sunken in. So my chin seemed more pronounced. You really think Kris Jenner will let a 16 year old let me have a cheek and jaw reconstructive surgery? No. I wouldn't use Kris Jenner as so much reference in this case. After all she did build an empire on her daughter's sex tape and although what Kylie says does make sense, she could be lying since she's lied for so long about her lip injections. While looking at these pictures side by side, her chin does look like it has been shaped more and there seems to be a slight contour in the jawline. I don't think it's surgery but it could be feathers which helps create this look or just really good make up. Let's talk Kylie's eyebrow game. Now looking at this before and after picture, you can tell there's a slight lift in the eyebrow. I'm betting Botox because it definitely creates that look. Now let's talk about Kylie's curves. In this image here, Kylie had the 2014 Billboard Awards, Kylie was still looking super natural at this point and nothing really drastically has changed. This image seen in August of 2016, here you can see her breasts have increased dramatically in size. With her very slim figure, it's unlikely it's natural. Kylie is denied getting breast augmentation stating, No people, I haven't gotten breast implants. Everyone is obsessed with that. Truth is, I've gotten older, I've gained 15 pounds and my body has changed. I've definitely filled out. I wanted to show you guys some more images here and I'm sorry but this girl needs to come out already with the fact that she got her boobs done. You can tell in each of these photos that they are definitely not natural. They look great, don't get me wrong, but blaming your perfect boobs on weight gain or that time of the month is not going to cut it. Let's move on to her butt and waist. Here she has a body like any young teenager would have. All natural looking, breasts and hips are that of an average person. So looking at this image here, I want to start off by saying her body looks incredible and it's hard to believe that this was all from weight gain though. I mean she does admit that she never works out ever and if you follow her on snapchat, you know she doesn't eat the healthiest either with all that fried shrimp. Now when we gain weight naturally, it doesn't end up in the places we want to. As much as I wanted to, it sure as hell doesn't.  I feel like this is the route she went because she was openly admitted to never working out in her life and puberty plus weight gain does not result in the perfect hourglass shape. No matter how hard we try or wish. So now let's move on to pregnant Kylie. Now Kylie gave birth to baby Stormi on February 1st and looking at her pregnancy photos she does look radiant and beautiful. Now during her pregnancy she did gain 40 pounds and we do know that since Kylie doesn't work out or eat healthy before her pregnancy, she sure didn't start while carrying Stormi. She does mention that she was craving in and out burgers and waffles. That's a lot different than how her sister Chloe is taking care of herself during her pregnancy. Now Kylie posted this snapchat video one month after having Stormi and her stomach looks amazing. I guess it's a lot easier to bounce back when you're as young as her and having a baby. As for the rest of this body transformation, well we'll have to wait and see until Kylie decides to make new changes to her body that will stir up the internet. Now until next time, this is before and after transformations. My name is Stella Nicole and thanks for watching this video. Let me know who you want me to document next and you can reach me via my Instagram page at StellaNacol. Bye guys. Young Kylie had a huge personality. She was young. Oh my God. Obviously she was young because she's not old. Young Kylie was young and old Kylie is old. Okay, let's do that again. You can also hit me up on my Instagram page at StellaNacol. I f***ed that up. Instagram. Instagram. What kind of accent is that? I don't even know.


Have you ever noticed how dosa looks so perforated or idly too for that matter? What about bread? You've probably seen those large holes inside of it, right? What if I tell you that the holes in idly and dosa and the holes that you find inside bread, they are all made by the same thing? Yes, they are all made by carbon dioxide. Wait, what? How? Well, let's dive a little deeper and find out how can carbon dioxide possibly make holes inside of food. Microbes have done wonders for the dairy industry, but their contribution also extends to idlies and dosas and the entire world of bread. Let's start with our idly and dosa first. The dough for idly and dosa, we commonly call this dough as the batter.  So this is rice and this is black gram dal. This dough or batter is a combination of the rice and black gram dal as we just said and these ingredients, this rice and black gram dal or lentils, they have a load of naturally occurring microorganisms, especially the lentils. Lentils are leguminous plants and these legumes, they have a very special alactic acid bacteria in them called leuconostoc, so you see this bacteria over here. This is leuconostoc. Once these ingredients are soaked, ground and mixed together, we let this batter sit throughout the night. And that is when the magic aka the breakdown really happens. So what leuconostoc will go ahead and do, it will break down all of the starch which is present in this batter and it will break it down into lactose with the help of its huge arsenal of enzymes. So we go from starch to lactose with the help of a ton of different enzymes. Now once leuconostoc has the lactose with it, it's going to go ahead and convert this lactose into lactic acid and along with this lactic acid, it's going to go ahead and produce two more things. It's going to produce ethanol or alcohol and it's going to produce CO2 which is carbon dioxide. Now this is a little different from the way lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid in dairy products. You see lactose can be fermented or broken down in more than one way. In dairy products like curd or cheese, almost all the time lactose is broken down into lactic acid only. There will be no byproducts to that. Here however in idlies and dosas, not only we have lactic acid with us but we also have ethanol and carbon dioxide. And this carbon dioxide, it increases the volume of the batter almost by three times. And you can actually see the tiny bubbles over here inside the batter.  When you steam the idlies or make your dosas, these carbon dioxide bubbles they will pop and leaving behind that perforated appearance that you see in the dosas and the idlies. Now the carbon dioxide is popping. What is happening to the rest of these things, right? So ethanol will evaporate when you cook either of these things. The only thing that does remain is the lactic acid. This lactic acid will improve the taste, the flavor as well as the nutritional value of this entire food. This acidic environment, so lactic acid creates this acidic environment as well, right? This acidic environment also encourages the growth of yeasts. Now these yeasts, they will also aid in the process of fermentation. But this isn't exactly where the yeasts truly shine. Yeasts are the true superstars of the baking industry. They are used to break down the sugars which are present in the wheat dough and to give us a fluffy loaf of bread. But what does this have anything to do with carbon dioxide holes? Well, pretty much everything. Bread dough is made from wheat or flour to which you add a bunch of these yeasts and you knead them with a lot of water to get this dough over here. So we start off with some wheat or flour and to that we are going to add a bunch of yeast. Then we'll add some water to this mixture or this combination and we'll knit them into this dough over here. Now this yeast, this yeast, a very specific yeast is actually used for the industrial production and that is called masacaromyces cerevisia, I'll just quickly write it down. It's called saccharomyces cerevisia. So this yeast and different types of yeasts like this, this one is the industrial standard or the industrial source that we have right now for the baking industry. So yeasts like this, what they are going to do is they are going to break down the sucrose that is present in this wheat dough. So we go from sucrose and this gets broken down by the enzymes that the yeast has and this will end up giving us alcohol, which is ethanol in this case and carbon dioxide along with that and we have enzymes over here. So this yeast is going to break down the sucrose into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide gets trapped within this wheat dough right over here and the bread rises or the dough ends up rising or fluffing up. Now the question is that why is this carbon dioxide getting trapped, right? It could have gone out, there's no issue with that but why is it getting trapped over and over again? So wheat dough, it has these proteins called gluten. Now this gluten is kind of like a bubblegum, it's a very stretchy elastic network of proteins that is present in this wheat dough and it is not porous at all. So as the yeasts produce more and more carbon dioxide inside the dough, the carbon dioxide it kind of goes out in all directions trying to find an exit, right? So all the purple arrows are the carbon dioxide trying to leave the dough but they're still looking for an exit. But because of gluten which is pretty stretchy and it's not allowing them to go out but it's making sure that there is enough room for all the carbon dioxide molecules that are getting produced but never an exit, always more room but they just cannot leave. So the carbon dioxide ends up getting trapped inside with nowhere else to go because the gluten is not letting that carbon dioxide to leave. That is why this bread is going to puff up like a puffer fish. Once the dough has risen to our favoured height or we see like it's pretty much ready, we are going to go ahead and bake it in an oven. When you do that the dough will get hardened completely kind of like a boiled egg, so how the boiled egg hardens up, right? So this dough it's going to get hardened up as well. Now the carbon dioxide pockets will remain inside but all the alcohol which was produced the ethanol all of that will be evaporated away when it is getting baked. So because the carbon dioxide pockets they still remain when this baked bread is done and when you cut it open you will see these large holes inside of it where the carbon dioxide was originally trapped. And it is this carbon dioxide which is going to make the bread so fluffy and airy and light. These yeasts are pretty amazing aren't they? But what if you cannot tolerate these yeasts? What if you break out into hives every single time you take a bite of bread or you end up having some kind of stomach ache or indigestion? What then? What will you do then? Well you can opt for yeast free breads. So in yeast free breads instead of using yeast they end up using lemon and baking soda. This is for yeast free breads. Now yeast free breads they end up using lemon and baking soda. You might ask me this question that hey will we not see the characteristic large holes in the carbon dioxide pockets that we saw earlier? Well absolutely you will because the reaction between the acid in the lemon which is citric acid and if citric acid reacts with the baking soda it will give you carbon dioxide. So yes carbon dioxide will also be produced even if you are not using yeast but only if you are using lemon and baking soda. In that case this carbon dioxide will again once again get trapped inside the dough. The bread will rise and you will have fluffy airy bread once more. Just not having to worry about getting an allergic reaction or a stomach ache. Maybe you should try having one of these breads you know and compare them for yourself and see what they actually look like. Eat an yeast free bread or a normal bread and also try out the idlies and dosas and you will be able to see all of these perforated holes which are made by none other than the carbon dioxide produced in them.


Okay, so can you hear me? It's good. Okay, so I'm Rogerio. I work with a quite of men scientists around the world Including Alex or you do together drink beers But also we study the cause and consequence of extreme disruptions in wheat supply Before up to start we are points to some to some extreme Events that happen in the last decades that actually was in the media. So We start with the what happened in Brazil in 2006. This was actually the lowest production in the last the lowest wheat production the last 20 years in Brazil and this was happy this call it was caused by extremely extremely events basically frost and and very dry conditions and Also low price So basically what happened in Brazil when you have a very light wheat price usually the farmers they don't get the Incentive that they need to plant so they plant much less and then combine with extremely events and you can have very light for the very low productions Second one what happened in France in 2016 This was a lot in the news because France is actually the largest wheat production in the European Union and They also have a very stable production and in 2016 they have they had the lowest wheat production for the last 60 years since they actually they start the records and This was actually they have some projections indicates that they are droughts come to France But these was actually caused by exit the opposite the excess of rainfall and this Really gained media attention and the third one is what we're still living Which was a consequence of the pandemic and plus the Russia and the Ukraine why so that's was the cover of the economist in last year in the last year So here we have the wheat prices may go in this side So here we have the Here we have the wheat price since 1959 to 2023 we can see here that in the less in the first 15 years the wheat price was quite stable Right, you can see here and then we had the first peak Sorry, okay, we had the first peak which was basically caused by increased demand of the soviet union The population was increasing that time and that's where the major grain exporters especially in this time canada in us Second then was again Stable we can say stable for almost 20 years and then we had a small peak here That was basically increased demand in the newly industrialized Asia countries and then Three years of low green production due to extreme weather events At this time already including the soviet union Countries and also us canada and so and then we had another time of Of a stable price and then we had a huge peak That occurred in 2008 You see that was the first price the first time that the price reached was above 400 dollars a ton of wheat And here we was basically A mood basket failure due to extreme weather events so many exporter countries They failed to produce wheat in the same year us canada russia Europe australia all of them they have very bad very bad harvest in the same years and then we had two Peaks here that was both of them russians heatwaves And then we had the pandemic. Maybe you cannot see because but here's the begin of the pandemic and then The war in ukraine. Okay, and then we reached again 450 dollars a ton. So the nice thing here is to compare that actually a pandemic and uh War together had the same impact of extreme weather advantage in 2018 in the wheat price And uh, but why I mentioned brazil and france So I think oh, yeah, but first we can actually divide the things in groups. So we can say economic growth can cause increase of demand right can cause Increasing price basically price is basically a balance between offer and demand if you have an increase in demand Or a problem may offer you have you have problems, right? So economic growth is one problem global cries Where we cannot see but we had coveted the war there and the third would be extreme weather events Which affects which the the red points here? Uh, but why I said brazil. So here's what happens in brazil. So here we have two plots wheat and soybean Basically brazil it's a big It produced lots of food They say 20 percent of the populations feed by food from brazil but They do not they do not produce enough wheat and this is the comparison of wheat Which brazil imports and soybean which brazil is the big sex porters So here we have the price in the course of brazil the black line. So we see From 2006 to Then we see actually the begin of the the crisis here the covet and you see that there is a They they lose the value compared to dollar and then we have here In the red the wheat price in the world and the wheat price In brazil in dollar so wheat price in brazil in the currency of brazil and in dollar So and you have the same here for soybean And when you do this line so this line this dash at blue line above The the the red line or it means when you do the price in dollars of wheat in brazil And compared to the world we see That the wheat price in brazil can get up to eight percent higher than in the world and of course this Happens usually you have these peaks after extreme Events affect wheat production brazil as for example in 2006 that affect 2006 and 7 And in 2012 for example And you don't see the same for brazil so basically what happens This disruptions in production supply they cause inflation Improving the impoverishment of the population basically because if you have to spend more money Buying food, right? You cannot you don't you don't spend money in order for example buying clothes Drink beers or doing something else and then you affect the economy cycle Okay, and what do you do with this? Of course we do science Uh And basically our objective is understand the cause of production failures Quantify the future frequency of these events and indicate ways to compensate for production failure Basically, that's what we have done for brazil in brazil We pick uh all the the the calls of that happened that caused 2006 And we project this for for future climate change and you see that in rcp 7.5 here Okay, this is actually i'm student didn't like In in rcp 7.5 7.0 It varies according to the To the economy to to the wheat price as I mentioned before But this event that usually occurs once every 20 years can occur 7 in 75 percent of the years which would be 15 out of 20 years So it's historical occurring you can see historical occurring Once per 20 years, but can increase up to 15 Out of 20 years This uh in france what happened in france in 2016 We were able to quantify all the calls That caused it So we see uh here uh the projections for the calls we have here having rainfall Solar radiation here which in this case was low solar radiation Plant disease and anoxia water logging So we see uh the projections are actually point for increasing in all uh In all the calls of 2016 less But not for water logging for anoxide the final one and this Here we can see that uh The this event is also Expect to occur more often it occurs usually 1 percent of the years which is one out of 400 years But it can happen future up to five up five in 100 years uh, and this actually We quantify the ways to compensate for for a possible exports a possible block in the ukraine exports Ukraine exports 19 million of wheat every year So if they decide to block it They all their big exporters countries they should produce they should plant more 5.5 million hectares of wheat just to compensate The possible block of the wheat there or maybe increase the yield by 0.26 And if something happened if any type of extramural events happen on top of it This can reach 7.8 million hectares And this would also mean half million tons We have here by country, but you have this what also means half million tons of nitrogen And that's it I I would like to show this just to point to this graph because I saw alex and I think also erica presentation that you pointed all the all the impacts that can happen in in All the impacts that that Frost and everything that can can affect many aspects right also agriculture I think to any of them can affect agriculture and this this graph shows what The crop models does the crop models for those who know who doesn't know usually they are very used they are the ones used for for projecting projecting future climate scenarios in agriculture and you see that Although most of them do water deficit and nitrogen deficit only one third of them do water logging half of them do heat less than one third frost And really small numbers of them do storms all the nutrients and so you still have lots of to improve that So that's thank you. Thank you Any question for


Hi, my name is Justin Ramirez. I'm here with CalTV Sports at Levi and Frick Stadium for the women's softball game. Cal women's softball team is 21 and 2 this year ranked number 11th in the nation. They'll be playing Arizona who's ranked 18th at 22 and 6. This will be a good game. The second game of the series for the home opener for the Cal Bears. Let's see how they do this game. The game was held scoreless until the bottom of the second when Britt Vonk hit a two RBI single to score Yasmin Mejia and Danielle Henderson. In the top of the third, Arizona retaliated with four runs of their own by Kelly Fox, Trish Parks, Mo Mercado, and Lauren Young to take the lead four to two. Then Cal came back strong, scoring five unanswered runs in the third, fifth, and six innings to take Cal to victory and coach Dianne Neymar to a 1,200 win. Of those five runs, Cheyenne Cordes hit a go-ahead two-run homerun, a sidewalk slammer in the bottom of the fifth, while also finishing off the scoring with a two RBI single, scoring Kylie Reid and Vanessa Alvarez. And that's the highlights for a great Cal women's softball game. We're gonna go to Nasser Al Reyes for an interview with All-Star Kylie Reid. Thank you, Justin. I'm here today with All-Star player Kylie Reid. Kylie, great win today. Great win for your coach. What were the key points throughout this game that you thought helped lead to victory? We definitely capitalized on a lot of their mistakes. We had runners in scoring position. We clutched up. We got those runs in. It was just a great team win all around. Kylie, last year you set a pretty high bar for yourself being on the All-Pak 12 freshman team and leading the team in hits and steals. What are you doing this year to exceed your expectations? For me, it was really just working in the fall. Practicing is the most important thing in anything. So obviously we're taking that very seriously and we're not gonna come out and play each team differently.  Last year you also started all 52 games. What are you doing this year to stay healthy and durable throughout such a long season? I had an arm injury last year. I was battling that all through season. We're definitely trying to stay ahead of it, trying to maintain it, going to rehab, therapy, all that good stuff. So last year you had a very high batting average. And this year you have another high batting average with a 385. What are you doing this year to continue to bring that batting average high and keeping it consistent? I'm just looking for my pitch every time I step up to the plate.  So I'm just waiting for that good pitch and put the ball in play and make a good play on defense. Nice. So this year your team is starting off to a very, very good start, starting off 22-2. What are you doing? What is a team doing? Your teammates doing to help build momentum toward the postseason? That's for sure a huge thing for us, especially going off of last year. Wasn't our greatest year, but we're just pushing through. We're relying on each other. We all know we have each other's backs. So it's really a team effort this year. All right. So you're on the dance floor. Your favorite song comes on and what's your go-to dance move and what's the song? I'll dance to any song really. Dance moves, have a few of them. You want to show me yours while I do mine? I like to hit that whip in that nae nae. That's all I could do. All right. So everyone's watching shows right now. What's the binge watch right now? For me, I'm on Netflix Hawaii 5.0. Nice. That's the way to go. All right. Last question. What's your favorite thing about Bryce tags? There you have it guys. Tune in next week for the next episode. Thank you.


First of all, na kavizuri sana, nambu 1. Lafuyoni ni niya kwa yaesbana epe na sunfizuri sana. Piai iso nga kwa umpe ni bad, but usfanya evo tena. Sawa. Fanya evi, we have to pink this way on this. Usfanya kumesi evo tena, sawa. But meanwhile, you know you have a celebrity in the studio when the dancers who we were thinking are celebrities also think he's a celebrity.  Thank you. Sale ne. Ni kana bedre shazangu pekiangu, so tumse ideae. It's been long bano, metu weka. Manzena jua. Eh, metu weka sana. Lakin ni, ni mefika final ni. Eh, manzena weka. Umetule isong ya, Valentine amani ni ni? Eh, Valentine atu jatua. Yesbani metu confuse. Tukasahupu li kwa na Valentine. Eh, but eh, but zavalentina zia zikosa. Zadropata ka freestyle keshu, you never know. Okay. Ni ni ni yuku fanyu, fanyu bituka metu, because you ni nice. Doko bigiji, story. I really like to just go to studio, no not atu atu. Uji sumbu yate na production kuba kubua, natu teachers ahadi tochoke sisi, watch out sisi tochoke. Ni ni yuku pateyogu ni ni? I think the passion, ni kitumina pwenda, silezimu ishuku kurap, silezimu ishuku andika, so ni kengetu studio lines, ni lingatu studio ni kandika, ni karekord, tukashu te same day, na tukarilizu. Tuna kuna, tuna kukunyumayako. Mwenyewe kukunyumayako. Yesbani. Eish, Eish. Alafu, lewch na uliza kashu, would you rather have 5 million followers ma 5 million kwa bank? And why? I think the 5 million kwa bank. Haweba. No, no, no. This is a very interesting question, because our medansas, whatewa me kujapama suma, they'd rather have 5 million followers. Now metu arizunia, why? Even Pinstak, but I want you to tell me, mbona do? Onajwa do, do takwa easya kuku invest ma alina iru dia rakatan followers. You can invest in people now, but actually I don't know what to say, I don't know what to say. But do, invest your 5 million lew ma 10 million kwa bank. Eish. No right or wrong answers here, it's just you've given us a very good, well-pushed together answer. Mekupatia, saawa. Aki kufi wuki potei votei na. How many times, hadidini kwa na guest juzi nga mbeve, na ka kufi, kufi masheta, hadidi na kanuliza, kwa ni ni crash. No, I just miss him. And I don't know where he's been, but he's given us music like he's never left. Itabidu many onjusha aka pelaya, you enginesa sa? Actually oka doki na manisha, utachoma en kimero. Inna sound kikuyu. Inna sound same. Uta maliza, wuki bongasana, utajipata kwa giza, nenambugi wata kushomiu jiza, usite wetan ojakam kwa giza, kini teki nanguas. Usiban manwa kisitika rice, shtuwa ban manu zingazi kilan, dinya oning kaadokia, adi mangonga wata kawa idiopia, kwenadena inbi a okaadokia. Ambi ati oni kana ugwe, kana baba kwa reyamono, angadis, angadat, nawadis, nawakas, angadokia usiwa. You don't give a why? Dari, angadokia. Hashtag is fascination. Okay, I follow him, but tell them, if they don't follow him, how can they get you? Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, at Kofi Mashaite, K-O-W-F-I, Mashaite na Daboti, YouTube, subscribe, kwa dapata wkaadokia. Yes, bana, kila kitu pali. One of the fans on Instagram, kwa kofi, kwa gipoa. Onadokia. Sorry, sorry, sorry, Ayad, nimenyamaza. Fanevo.


Good morning to everyone, and thank you for being here today. In the paper I'm presenting, I'm sorry, I'm reading, but just to be sure to be in time. In the paper I'm presenting today, I want to discuss some of the results from the analysis I'm conducting of those sequences and plaster materials at the Midger Bronze Age secret site of Erimi-Launi-Tuporaku. I'm one of the leading member of the Erimi Archaeological Project, together with my colleague Francesca that is seated over there. That since 2009 has the aim of studying the role of this prehistoric community into the social, cultural and economic transformation that characterize the Midger Bronze Age period in Cyprus. So it is extremely important to mention that the Midger Bronze Age Cyprus represents an important period of secret prehistory. It is during this period, and especially in its later space, that new social identities, roles and relationships emerged, transforming the household-based society of Charcolytic and Erimi Bronze Age communities into a more complex social system that is typical of late Cyprus urban centres. So why study those sequences? What is their contribution in the analysis of such complex issues as the emergence of community identity and social complexity? Flaws are extremely important. They are key data set of cultural evidence in archaeological context as they offer potential for detecting and interpreting the spatial convention through which economic and social relationships are represented and negotiated during the life history of buildings and settlements. I just selected MicroMorphology as principal high-resolution analytical tool to examine floor-class sequences at Erimi and in this study I incorporated MicroMorphology into a well-integrated interdisciplinary research programme in order to examine and compare results in interpretation from stratigraphic sequences of field deposits with those from microscopic and geochemical analysis of micro stratigraphic sequences. MicroMorphology is coupled with FTIR and XRF analysis as high-resolution analytical tools to examine floor-class sequences within buildings and to analyse materials and technology in floor-class term manufacture and identify spatial and temporal variation in use and concept of space at Erimi. The methodological framework applied in this study is aimed at generating an interdisciplinary data set with which to analyse the study context at different spatial and temporal scale in order to investigate the social, cultural and economic transformation at Erimi during needle-bronzade cycles by analysis of source materials, properties and technologies in the manufacture of floors as indicators of ecology and material engagement, labour organisation and technological specialisation, impacts of activities and events on floor surfaces as indicators of continuity and change in the use of space. Before introducing some of the main results of this research I want to briefly present Erimi which has been selected for this study as it includes a range of key contexts to analyse and reconstruct everyday practices in the construction, use and maintenance of floor plaster within buildings. Okay, the site of Erimi-la-Umporepo was first identified in 2007 as a result of a survey project in the middle and lower ballet of river Quiris in the southern region of Cyprus. From a geological perspective, the study area is included in the circumtrodal sedimentary succession and is characterised by the carbonate sedimentation of the minuscene patina formation which consists of a succession of yellowish moths, throats and limestone. The limestone outcropes correspond to the alvara and calfcala deposit which are local terms for secondary limestone formation. These limestone materials are served together with local calcariots and alluvial soil as essential source of raw materials for the building interest industry in both the recent and the most distant, more of the distant past. Dedicated fieldwork analysis conducted by the Italian Archaeological Project directed by Professor Luca Bonmagheri of the University of Torino has revealed that the settlement of Erimi was organised in distinct functional areas constructed of sloping limestone terraces. On the top of the hill there is the productive area A which has been identified as multifunctional workshop principally designed for dyeing and textile activities. On the first look in terraces is the domestic area B and on the lower southern terraces the cemetery, the area E. The analysis of ceramic assemblage together with regular carbon analysis indicate the initial phase of the settlement occupation during the very beginning of middle Cypriot period and the abandonment phase before the beginning of late Cypriot period. The building technique adopted to construct the settlement with building carved directly into the limestone foundation bedrock contributed to a good preservation of building structure and the positional sequences. As you can see from this schematic graph which illustrates the building technique used in the construction of the settlement building unit functioned as containers that preserved the deposit in situ and prevented them from degradation and dispersion by water and wind. By contrast open areas are and were more exposed to natural agencies and therefore the information we can get from these spaces are much more limited than fortunately. The integration of micromophology with spectroscopic and geochemical analysis provided an effective framework to examine full materials and their manufacture as indicator of technological and social practices at the RIMI. First of all, that suggests that the soft avara limestone was preferred to harder taftala limestone in the production of plaster types due to its greater porosity and workability. Local limestone was mixed with inorganic and organic samples and manipulated to produce diverse road plaster type by means of micromophology. For example, I identified the use of limestone sand on the basis of the sharp and angular shape of inclusion and the occurrence sometimes of an altered bioplast which suggested that the limestone was not subjected to calcination and piling. While the use of organic entities in floor plaster analyzed is testified by the occurrence of more than 5% spherolites that I have identified in some of the plaster analyzed as clustered components and that are possible relict to any movement. In general, the procurement of raw materials seems to be based on local resources and the process of selection and modification of natural materials demonstrate a profound knowledge of the local material properties and an established engagement with the natural environment of the Curis-Bale region. Micromophology's spectroscopic analysis were further applied in this research to analyze pyrotechnological process involved in the production of lime plaster. Preliminary analysis conducted in the field suggested that presumed fire lime plaster are generally harder and less soluble than those produced with unfired lime. Micromophology supplemented this preliminary analysis and revealed that presumed fire lime plaster are characterized by round, natural pores and bugs from evaporation of water content during setting and site micro-abrogates which may pertain to reacted or partially reacted lime. However, this characteristic has not always been detectable in case of incomplete calcination of the carbonate source used for plaster production. So, FTIA's spectroscopy was applied in the analysis of flow plaster and natural calcite sample with the aim of supporting micromorphological analysis in the identification of fired and unfired lime plaster. However, data resulting from this analysis did not provide clear evidence for the pyrotechnological production of plaster at the Rini and suggest that if the carbonate source was heated, it probably did not reach an high enough temperature to transform fully into pyrogenical site. However, because the analysis of lime used in prehistoric sites is of major interest for understanding the technological development associated with the emergence of complex society, I will improve the current data set by conducting further analysis on plaster materials for Merini at the laboratories of the Weizmann Institute in the coming year. Data from archeological plaster will be compared with data resulting from the analysis of experimental plaster that we produced during the 2018 fieldwork campaign. I have to say that it was an interesting and even funny experience. We realized an open air fire to produce quick lime and then we mixed quick lime with different aggregates to produce different plaster time. The analysis of experimental plaster is extremely important as it will provide comparative data to refine the identification criteria from the presence of lime in archeological plaster samples. Integrated analysis conducted at the Rini permitted to identify the occurrence of four different flow plaster types that were manufactured according to specific recipe and applied in buildings depending on their design function. For example, brown sandy clay long plaster were laid on multifunctional working spaces due to their compact microstructure and their hardness. While white safety clay floor plaster were applied in small annexes. The introduction of this floor plaster represented a clear market of the temporal variation in the user space of these annexes which were used as open working areas during the earlier occupation phase of the settlement and turned into roofed spaces during the later occupation of the settlement. The identification of specific recipe in floor plaster production as important implication as it suggests that the production was most probably by workers specialized in building task and the recurrence of these plaster type across the settlement suggests that the production was organized at a communal level. In fact, if the production of plaster was conducted at a thousand scale we may expect to find a specific floor plaster type specially limited to one building or few related buildings. On the contrary, floor plaster appeared to have been produced depending on specific uses of buildings and spaces where they were applied. Finally, floor plaster other than revealing sensible indication of uses of materials and labor organization are highly representative of social cultural convention within buildings. The application of diverse floor plaster types especially during the later occupation phase contributed to enhance the definition of distinct spaces within buildings as exemplified by building as safest. This building was initially organized as large single space and during the later occupation work was reorganized in three distinct rooms by the introduction of diverse floor plaster type as you can see here. The increasing segmentation and the subsequent creation of more private rooms within buildings have been identified and interpreted as evidence of increasing social complexity in ancient communities. As demonstrated by ethnographic studies house interiors are likely to become more ideologically and physically segmented as household members and increasing number of tasks to perform. In this research they identified trends towards the segmentation of building space may be interpreted as manifestation and representation of the functional specialization which characterized the increasing complexity at the RIMI during middle Bronze Age cycles. To conclude the application of an interdiscipline and scientific approach based on integration of higher resolution analysis offered a robust analytical framework with which to analyze floor sequences and reconstruct sociocultural practices and histories at the RIMI. The analysis of the positional sequences as permitted has to shed new light into the dynamic scenario of social organization and development during middle Bronze Age cycles contributing to the delineation of a range of potential avenues for studying evolutionary pathways and sociocultural trajectories by using floor sequences as key data set of cultural evidence. I repeat on with some advertisement and if you you can find a more exhaustive like presentation of data including many other life analysis conducted on floor sequences that are more specific in the paper that has been recently published in the Donor Electrical Site Report. Thank you very much for your attention.


Hey there, Chad Banger here for High University Libraries. We're doing market research on restaurant consumers or people who eat at particular casual dining or sit down restaurants. You'll definitely want to look at Media Mark Reporter or MRI. This video is going to show you how to use Media Mark Reporter to find consumer demographics of people who eat out at particular types of restaurants, as well as people who eat out at specific brands of restaurants, for example, Applebee's or Chili's or places like that. Once again, this video shows you how to use Media Mark Reporter to find demographic information for restaurant consumers. So here you go. So when you arrive at the homepage for MRI Plus or Media Mark Reporter, you'll notice there is an existing user's login box here. If you've never used MRI Plus, you must go over here and register for free right here before you can use it. Do not try to log in here with your Ohio email address because it won't work. You'll register for free here. Definitely use your Ohio email address, but use whatever password you want. Here I'm using my Ohio email address, but I'm using a non-OhioU password just because I like to change my OU password periodically. So I'm going to log in as me. Again, you want to log in as you after you register right here. So I'm going to log in as me. And once I log in, I'm going to actually ignore everything on the page right here and go directly to Media Mark Reporter because that's what I'm primarily after for the market research, consumer demographic information for the restaurant market. So I'm going to click on Media Mark Reporter. It's going to take us to a page like this. If you scroll down, use the Accept, all right. And you get to a page like this and you're like, what in the world do I do now? What we're going to do is click on the Fall 2013 product because it's an academic subscription. It's one year behind the regular information. So we have, this video is made in the first of the year in 2015, so we have Fall 2013 data. So we'll click there. And so now you can go down and look for information on your topic. So I'm going to go in and I'm just going to search for Applebee's, okay. That's a restaurant, a casual dining restaurant, sit-down restaurant. I'm going to do a search for Applebee's and you can see they actually put Applebee's in leisure sports category, okay. So now we found Applebee's. We found information for people who, who eat at Applebee's, okay. The way you read this, this says of all adults who bought, this is all adults bought it at last six months at Applebee's. So people have eaten at Applebee's in the last six months. So what this tells you, it says of the total adult population in the U.S. of 235.5 million people, alright, 55 million of them are projected to have eaten at Applebee's in the last six months, which is 23.7% of the, of the total adult population, okay. This column here is going to remain the same whether we're looking at Applebee's or Hardee's or McDonald's or whatever, because this is the base population here, okay. What's not going to remain the same is the projected all the way over, okay. So here we see of those who bought at Applebee's in the last six months, okay, 9,000 of them were aged 18 to 24, okay, so that's pretty cool. Now what you can do here is in order to identify your core customer, I'm just going to use the age bracket here as well, I'm going to say of all those people who ate at Applebee's in the last six months, let's scroll down, I'm going to find this percentage down, okay, and this is big right here, okay, so I'm looking at percentage down, 19% is higher than 16, then 17, 17, 14, okay, so it says of all those people who ate at Applebee's in the last six months, 19% of them were aged 25 to 34, so that tells me just based on this age category right here for Applebee's that that is the target market right there, that's the ideal consumer is the 25 to 34 year old for Applebee's, not so much for the 55 to 64 year old crowd, right, there's a little bit of difference there, okay. As you scroll down you can see there's all kind of information down here, household income, right, looks like the upper middle class are definitely the consumers of primary consumers of Applebee's there, okay, and you can scroll down you can see other house information, home value, all that kind of good stuff, okay. Now if you want to find additional reports on the restaurant market, you notice this is in category here, leisure sports, let's go back and do a new database, fall 2013, here is leisure sports, and here we have family restaurants and steak houses, okay, and then we have general information on who eats out at family restaurants and steak houses, there's your Applebee's once again, same information, okay, and if we scroll down here's like Bob Evans, right, and if we go down here is Chili's Bar and Grill, things like that, okay. Now if you want to we can compare Chili's Bar and Grill to Applebee's to Cracker Bar or whatever, all you have to do is click on Chili's Bar and Grill, add your reports, this is one of the reasons they make you log in and create an account, let's do that with Carabas, add your reports, all right, and we'll scroll up and let's do Applebee's because that was our initial one, we'll do that, add your reports, so what you can do now, if you go up here and click on view report list, this will give us all the information we have there, if we want to and click on spreadsheet, and this will generate a spreadsheet with us that we can open in Microsoft Excel, and so once you open your report, once you'll see, for example, here we have the 18 or the 25 to 34 crowd, excuse me, let's see, according to this, this is Chili's, 21.3% of those who ate at Chili's are aged 25 to 34, again that's pretty substantial there, here we have Carabas 21.4%, so it looks like the 25 to 34 market is pretty ideal for all three of these restaurants, so you can find common alley and trends in a report like this, as well as differences in different restaurants and things like that, okay, now if we had changed this and looked at maybe Bob Evans, Bob Evans might skew to a slightly older crowd, so we could look at the same kind of information in a variety of restaurants and kind of identify demographic trends based upon restaurant preferences and things like that, so yes, MRI is a great tool for looking at demographics and consumer trends for particular products and activities, you can use it not only for restaurants but for lots of different other product and consumer categories. Hope this video helps you, should you need more help, look for the contact link on the business blog, I'll be glad to help you and when I can't take care and good luck with your research.


Bowen et al. s article examines the challenges of implementing research evidence in healthcare settings. The authors suggest that researchers must be more responsive and humble when conducting their work and that they should approach research in a way that is oriented towards serving others and learning from them. They argue that researchers should adopt a posture of humility which involves being open to new ideas and perspectives and recognizing that knowledge is always incomplete and subject to change. Researchers should also strive to be responsive to the needs of those who are affected by the research and should actively seek out feedback and input from those involved in the research process. By embracing these principles, researchers can better understand how to use research evidence to improve healthcare services and outcomes. This article was authored by Katrina M. Plumondon.


I remind members that social distancing measures are in place in the chamber and across the Holyrood campus. I ask that members take care to observe those measures, including when entering and exiting the chamber. Please only use the aisles and walkways to access your seat and when moving around the chamber. The first item of business is general questions in order to get as many people in as possible. Shortened succinct questions and answers to match would be helpful. If a member wishes to request a supplementary question, they should press the request-to-speak button or indicate so in the chat function by entering the letter R during the relevant question. I call Kenneth Gibson. To ask the Scottish Government what its assessment is of the impact parental smoking has on child poverty. Minister Marie Todd. Reducing the use of and harm caused by tobacco products is one of Scotland's public health priorities. Given that smoking is more prevalent in our most deprived communities, in particular where there is a greater risk to children and young people from exposure to second hand smoke, we have set specific smoking cessation targets for our cessation services, which are focused entirely on those communities. Eradicating child poverty is a national mission for this Government and we will set out further action to deliver at the pace and scale required as part of our next tackling child poverty delivery plan, published in March 2022. Kenneth Gibson. I thank the minister for that answer. Billions of pounds has rightly been invested in protecting people from Covid-19 and yet smoking remains a huge killer also. Year on year, with 9,332 deaths in Scotland directly attributable to smoking in 2018. Given that smoking disproportionately impacts the most deprived households and taking into account the health and financial costs to families, what more will the Scottish Government do to help people to quit smoking, enabling them to improve their health and financial circumstances? Mr Gibson makes a very good point. Reducing health inequalities and increasing healthy life expectancy are priorities for the Scottish Government and smoking has been the primary preventable cause of ill health and premature death for many years. The Scottish Government published its five-year strategy raising Scotland's tobacco-free generation in June 2018, and the action plan sets out interventions and policies to help reduce the use of and the associated harms from tobacco in Scotland. The plan focuses on the inequalities within groups of people that smoke, prevention and reduction of uptake of smoking among young people and providing the best possible support for those people who want to give up. The Scottish Government has introduced a 2034 tobacco-free target. Our aim is to reduce smoking rates to 5 per cent or below by 2034, creating a generation of people who do not want to smoke and are protected from the harms of smoking. The tobacco control action plan 2018 continues our work on protecting children from taking up the habit of smoking and creating a tobacco-free generation by 2034. In addition, anyone who wants to stop smoking can contact the free NHS stop smoking service, quit your way Scotland. The free help line provides advice and support and can direct individuals to local support services to help people to find their own way to stub out the habit. To ask the Scottish Government what action it has taken to implement the recommendations of Scotland's drowning prevention strategy. The Scottish Government takes the issue of water safety very seriously and welcomes the drowning prevention strategy when it was published by Water Safety Scotland in 2018. I thank Clare Adamson for her contribution to the strategy and our continued support to Water Safety Scotland, which has a linchpin role in the area. As she will know, the Scottish Government continues to provide funding via Rosba to support the operation of Water Safety Scotland. Additionally, this year, the Scottish Government has worked with partners to support a number of water safety activities and campaigns. We also work closely with Water Safety Scotland and other partners to support the recommendations in its drowning prevention strategy and initiatives that can help to raise awareness of the hazards around water and reduce deaths from accidental drowning. On 11 August, I convened a meeting with a range of key stakeholders to drive further action around delivery of the drowning prevention strategy. I will be convening a follow-up meeting later on this month. I thank the minister for her response. We were all shocked and saddened at the numerous reports of drowning fatalities in Scotland, including my constituencies. We send our condolences to all those affected. It is wonderful to see Rosba and Water Safety Scotland developing a host of educational resources in school. The UNCRC article 24 enshrines the right to access education and information on the prevention of accidents for children and their caregivers. What steps will the Scottish Government take to ensure that article 24 of the UNCRC is realised for children in Scotland and that water safety education is promoted across our constituencies? I am grateful that the relevance of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child has been highlighted in the chamber by the member. It is because we attach such fundamental importance to the rights and wellbeing of our children that we have legislated to incorporate the convention as far as possible into Scotland's law. When the Parliament voted in March unanimously to approve the legislation, it was a milestone and not an end point. Work needs to be ramped up to ensure that the convention's provisions bring real-life benefits to our children. That applies to the provisions of article 24, which relates to health and wellbeing, which includes ensuring that all segments of society in particular parents and children are informed, have access to education and are supported in the prevention of accidents. We are not setting off, of course, from a standing start. A lot of good work on education around risk assessment and accident prevention is already being undertaken. We also have the underlying contribution that is made by getting it right for every child programme. We have a very good platform on which to build. With specific regard to prevention of accidental drowning, we will absolutely be strengthening our work with key organisations, including Water Safety Scotland and ROSPA, to identify and deliver the most effective ways of facilitating access to appropriate education and support. Jackie Baillie The minister will be aware of the tragic drownings that have occurred at Loch Lomond this summer. Indeed, every year there are tragedies. Last year, following the tragic death of Ava Gray, I wrote to the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service to ask them to sight a rescue boat at Baloch. It is currently sighted at Nightswood, which is some 25 minutes away, on a good day. I want to praise the work of the last rescue boat, but it is run by volunteers. Loch Lomond is 39km long, so there is a clear need to do more. Will the minister ensure that the location of the Scottish Fire and Rescue Boat is reviewed as a matter of urgency? I thank the member for that answer. As I said in my previous answer, when I convened the meeting on 11 August, a range of stakeholders were there. As you would imagine, Scottish Fire and Rescue were there. I specifically asked Scottish Fire and Rescue to review the location of their assets, for exactly that reason, to look at that going forward. I think that the member is right to raise Loch Lomond, but I think that there is no simple single answer to the challenge of drowning prevention. Things like education—there is obviously a role for signage, for life-saving equipment, and all water can be dangerous. However, the member is right to point out that some locations where the dangers are more significant, and where it is especially important that there is clear warning signage and appropriate life-saving equipment. I will again speak to the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service about that particular incident, and I will come back to the member. To ask the Scottish Government what action it is taking to tackle anti-social use of quad bikes, trail bikes and other off-road vehicles. I am well aware of the risk to public safety that is caused by careless, inconsiderate and anti-social driving. That is why I fully support Police Scotland and its partners in dealing with the misuse of vehicles in an appropriate and proportionate way. Local policing teams are ideally placed to engage with members of the local community to identify where the misuse of vehicles is causing distress to the public. That ensures that in those areas that they can be prioritised for proactive action to prevent future instances and identify and deal with those engaged in the misuse of vehicles. Over the summer, I have been taking surgeries to streets in my community, and I can tell the minister that there is growing concern about anti-social behaviour and the inappropriate use of quad bikes and other off-road vehicles. It is not only a danger to the rider, it is a danger to pedestrians and the wider public. Often the people most affected by that anti-social behaviour are the least likely to come forward with their concerns. Will the minister meet me to discuss how we help Police Scotland to make our communities safe and reclaim our footpaths, parks and our public spaces from the dangerous anti-social minority who are misusing those vehicles? Of course, I will be happy to meet the member to discuss that. On 13 March 2020, I asked my officials to write out to all local authorities in Scotland to ascertain the extent to which the anti-social use of motorcycles and quad bikes is a problem in their areas and if it is a problem how they are addressing it. I am pleased to say that all 32 local authorities replied to that request. I can inform you that the anti-social use of motorcycles and quad bikes is not a widespread problem across Scotland. Six local authorities though did report that they had an on-going problem with anti-social use of motorcycles or quad bikes in their areas. Four of whom said that it was a seasonal occurrence, but I would be happy to meet the member to discuss that further if he would like. To ask the Scottish Government what steps it is taking to help protect people participating in football activities, particularly children and young people, in light of research suggesting a link between repeated heading of footballs and dementia in later life. The Scottish Government wants people to take part in sport and physical activity within a safe environment. We are in regular contact with the Scottish FFA to discuss a range of issues from developing the game to safety issues. The Scottish FFA produced guidance with Dr John McLean of the Hamden Sports Medicine Centre, which has provided clubs and coaches with a robust set of guidelines on heading. They are clear that they do not recommend heading practice in primary children's football, and they have a set of graduated guidelines for when they reach secondary. The minister will be aware of the sad news of the legendary Manchester United football player Aberdeen Bourne in Bred Dennis Law, who recently confirmed his diagnosis of mixed dementia. He believes that repeated heading of footballs might have played a part in that. Policies such as frank laws are an excellent way to ensure people support for people affected by dementia. I ask the minister if the Scottish Government has plans to build on this landmark piece of legislation. Firstly, to note the announcement by Dennis Law that he is suffering from dementia. Obviously, I am very sad about that, but I think that it is great when people who are heroic and have a status that he does in our society stand up and say that they are suffering from that illness and that that reduces some of the stigma and fear for everyone else in the population, so I am grateful for his doing that. In terms of support for people with dementia, we have been very clear over the course of this Parliament that we will substantially increase funding for both the NHS and social care. We are planning to increase public investment in social care by 25 per cent over the Parliament so that by the end of the Parliament we will have budgeted over £800 million of increased annual support for social care compared to current spending. That is absolutely necessary because at the moment in the general population over the eighties face a one-in-three risk of dementia, so we need to remain focused on this and we will remain focused on this. Can I apologise, Presiding Officer? I do not have this to do. Can I apologise to the chamber for that? I was not ready to go there. To ask the Scottish Government whether it will commit to enshrining a rule on the national planning framework 4, where for every new building, 1 per cent of the cost is given to the arts. The Scottish Government will lay a draft national planning framework in Parliament this autumn for scrutiny alongside a comprehensive programme of public consultation. As set out in our position statement last year, NPF 4 will include stronger planning policies to support our creative industries. Can I thank the cabinet secretary for his answer? Will he accept that there is a need for increased investment in our arts and one of the ways that can be done and indeed is being done in many countries across the world is to ensure that there is a per cent for art regime in place through the planning system that enables local authorities and local communities to get the investment that they all desperately need as they do not just recover from the pandemic, but we see new opportunities across our communities. I absolutely recognise the vital role of the arts and culture play in our communities. Indeed, last week I was visiting Dundee Waterfront where we received the transformational impact of the BNA and this is something that is referenced in our position statement that we published last year. Alongside the developments that have taken place in Paisley, another example of Scottish Government investment in arts and culture supporting regeneration. Of course, the Government is committed to taking forward the percentage for our scheme, but this is a complex area that will require consideration. I look forward to Ms Boyack's engagement on that, just as I look forward to her engagement on the draft national planning framework for when it is laid before Parliament in the autumn. Do you ask the Scottish Government whether it will provide an update on its programme for mental health within the NHS recovery plan? Thank you, Presiding Officer. We published our NHS recovery plan on Wednesday 25 August, and we will update on our programme for delivery of those commitments in due course. The plan commits to ensuring that at least 10 per cent of front-line health spending will be dedicated to mental health, with at least 1 per cent directed specifically to services for children and young people by the end of this parliamentary session. The plan also commits to 1,000 additional staff in primary care, meaning that every GP practice will have access to a mental health and wellbeing service. I am very grateful to the minister for that reply. This week, Audit Scotland shared serious concerns about the way in which children and young people's mental health is being cared for across Scotland. Indeed, the number waiting more than a year for treatment trebled in the last 12 months, and yet the NHS recovery plan said that CAMHS waiting lists will be cleared by 2023. Will the minister give assurances to this chamber that the people waiting will have access to the best care, and there will not be young people parked on medication or referred to online interventions as a means of clearing this target? I should say to the member that, so far this year, we have already invested an additional £29.1 million from the recovery and renewal fund into child and adolescent mental health services to help to clear backlogs. Beyond that, one of the things that the Government wants to ensure is that folks do not have to access those services in the first place. That is one of the reasons why our investment will look at the wellbeing of children across the board so that no child reaches the crisis point of having to access CAMHS. I am very pleased that, as we move forward, there will be a much greater focus on community health and digital sources, including cognitive behaviour therapies online, which can help us to achieve that to stop that crisis point from happening. Does the minister agree that supporting NHS recovery with more community and voluntary sector-based therapies for 18 to 25-year-olds will help in preventing escalation of mental health issues for a significant number of young people in the future? What can be done immediately to cope with demands now when escalation does happen? I am seriously concerned that a lack of beds in Lothian for severe eating disorders is denying my constituents the acute life-saving treatments that they need. Can the minister agree to look urgently into the inpatient mental health treatment provision? I thank Ms Hyslop for what is a very important question. We recognise that not all young people need specialist services such as CAMHS, and that is why we have provided an additional £15 million of funding to local authorities to deliver locally-based mental health and wellbeing support for 5 to 24-year-olds in their communities. I assure Ms Hyslop that I have been in contact with NHS Lothian about the concerns that her constituents have raised. I also want to share with the chamber that we have already committed an additional £5 million of resource to support the delivery of the recommendations from the national review of eating disorder service, with the majority of that funding going directly to health boards to increase the help because of an increased presentation of eating disorder requirements. We expect all boards, including NHS Lothian, to prioritise that spend to get it right for patients. That concludes general questions. The next item of business is First Minister's questions.