Hey Psych2Goers and welcome back to another video. Thank you all so much for the love and support that you've given us, enabling us to make yet another exploration into everyday psychology. So let's begin. Do you invest too much value into words uttered by strangers? No matter what you do or say, how you act or the decisions you make, people will always have an opinion of you.  Granted, our insecurities and hypersensitivity are also formed due to trauma suffered in early childhood or negligent and abusive parents. Not only that, but social media has also set widely photoshopped expectations of who or what we should be. But if you could stop caring about what others thought, what would happen then? The possibilities are endless. But one thing's for certain, you would feel a lot lighter and happier. So here are six ways to stop caring about what other people think of you. Number one, not everyone cares. Are you too anxious about being liked by others?  The truth is, everyone is plagued by insecurities and they might be too busy to immediately recognize yours. So it's most likely they too are fretting over the same thing.  They're way too busy thinking about their families, work, and whatever else to form a detailed opinion about you. It may sound harsh, but the idea of not having all eyes on you feels liberating, doesn't it? Number two, who do you wanna be? Do you place too much value on others' opinions of you? How important is setting and living up to your own standards to you? The only opinion that should matter to you is yours. The value of another person's opinion should correlate with the nature of your relationship to that person. By allowing others' opinions to influence and dominate your life, you're handing them your power and agency. If you can relate to this, ask yourself, what do you want and what do you like? Are you making these choices solely to impress others? Viewing your decisions through this lens will help you become self-assured. Number three, accept your flaws. Do you strive for perfection? Is it by choice or do you feel compelled? Such a pursuit is fruitless when you're more concerned about someone's perception of you. It becomes damaging to your self-esteem and confidence. Some negative perceptions of ourselves have been ingrained into our subconscious since childhood. Tackling these thoughts can be difficult when you internalize them and operate based on past erroneous perceptions. One way to break free from these shackles is self-acceptance. Self-acceptance is a journey to embrace all of the facets within yourself unconditionally. The journey can be difficult as it requires you to trapeze along the fine line of acceptance and complacency. It serves as a building block for self-esteem and personal improvement. Four, be selective about the things you care about. Have you read the subtle art of not giving enough by Mark Manson? The bright orange book with black bold titles. Like its cover, the book presents bold ideas. On page five, there's a simple but powerful concept. One of the first theories presented states that the key to a happy life is to be selective about the things you care about. This revelation is not new, but reading it helps put things in perspective. Spending your time fretting over the most unnamed things makes you lose focus on what really matters. Five, accept that not everyone will like you. As Jane Austen would say, it is a truth universally acknowledged. In life, some people will like you and others might not, and that's okay.  It's no less than a challenge. It is no easy feat facing someone who has negative views of you, but most of the time that's their mindset and their mindset only. It has nothing to do with you. There will be people who will accept all of you. People who will be supportive and kind. These are the people who deserve to walk with you. And six, take on the challenges. Are you afraid of making mistakes? Do you have a knack for cognitive distortions and negative patterns of thinking? It's an evolutionary trait that was formed to keep your ancestors from danger. However, it often keeps you from going after the things you want in life.  When you surpass your fear of making mistakes and build resilience to the pain that may come from failure, you will be unstoppable. One way to deal with anxieties about messing up is to make a list of all the possible things that could go wrong. This can help create some distance between ideations and reality. It also allows you to logically process possible outcomes and provide solutions. If it feels as though you can't handle the outcomes on your own, you can then ask someone supportive and reliable for help. It's fine to wanna make a good impression on others. In the end, the reason why we all care so much about others is because of our survival instinct. After all, our happiness and quality of life depends on the quality of our relationships. We want to be in their good books so that we can develop and nurture our relationships with them, but learning to dial down that inner self-conscious voice also is important. It allows you to create space for things that matter and can help you lead a happy and fulfilled life. We hope we were able to give you a little insight into some of the ways that can help you to stop putting too much stock into others' opinions of you. Do you have this tendency? Let us know in the comments below. Please be sure to hit the like and subscribe button and share it with someone who cares a little too much about what others think. Hit the notification bell icon to get notified whenever Psych2Go posts a new video. And as always, thanks so much for watching. We'll see you next time.


Our next conversation is called, Restore the Second Chance Economy. This is, I feel like this is so much in keeping with a lot of what Secretary Clinton said earlier and even what Governor Patrick said, just this idea that there should be a way in America in our economy for people to have a second chance, that the long unemployed should be able to come back into the workforce, that people who have been incarcerated should be able to get jobs after they come out. And so I find this a particularly appealing conversation. Reed Kramer, the director of our asset building program, is one of the co-authors of this. Before he was with us, he was at the Office of Management and Budget and somewhere out in the audience is his predecessor, the founder of the asset building program at New America. And Ray Boshara, so if he's here I hope he'll come up to the front, where it's freezing cold by the way. And now I know, I know one is sitting up here. We're also joined by Monica Potts, a fellow in the asset building program, senior writer for the American Prospect. Nicole Austin-Hillary, director and counsel of the Brennan Center for Justice in D.C. and Bernard Carrick, the retired former police commissioner of New York. So this should be a fun conversation. I'll let Reed do more formal introductions, but thanks very much. That was pretty good. Thank you. Yeah, you can get our names up there and we'll get underway here. I'm pleased to lead this discussion on restoring a second chance economy. And with my colleagues Rachel Black and Alita Sprague, we open our big ideas essay that's in your programs by stating that the promise of a second chance is really a signature refrain of the American narrative. I mean it really accompanies this claim that life, liberty and pursuit of happiness are fundamental rights of citizenship and not just mere products of circumstance. And it's that opportunity that really kind of motivates the aspirational climb up the economic ladder. It explains some of the entrepreneurial spirit of America that's led to so much prosperity. And I think while we want to argue that there are no guarantees that risk will lead to reward, we certainly want to make sure that failure, when it does occur, is only a temporary setback and it doesn't become a permanent and a fixed condition. So I think that's really foundational for delivering on this promise of a second chance. And it shouldn't matter where you start out, but you shouldn't be locked in. And here I think I sound like Secretary Clinton from this morning. But really the key is that people need to be enabled to overcome past failures with effort and with ability. And yet we have a situation where really millions of our fellow Americans face really large and often institutional barriers when they're striving to rebuild their lives after hardship. This includes a number of different types of people that I think we're thinking about. It includes groups like the long-term unemployed right now who in many ways are being left behind in the economy. They can't get jobs. They're losing their skills. They need a second chance. It also includes families that have experienced some financial turmoil. We've had the great recession. We've seen havoc wrecked on the family balance sheet. Families have lost homes. They're in debt. We have young cohort of Americans carrying a lot of student debt. They need a second chance. And it also includes those that have experienced with the criminal justice system. Since 1980, we've seen our rates of incarceration quadruple. A new study by the National Research Council is out verifying these rates. This is among the largest rates in the world. And then each year, we have about 150,000 Americans that return to society. But ex-offenders routinely find it hard to get jobs, they're denied work, and they're really prevented in some meaningful ways from re-entering their communities. So for all these groups, we argue that reclaiming the mantle of the second chance society will require a new public ethos where resiliency is encouraged in the face of adversity. And I think we need to look for public policies that can be used to advance social inclusion, economic inclusion, and also root out institutional barriers that end up doubling down on disadvantage in unfair ways. So that's the conversation we're looking to have here. I think we also need to think in meaningful ways about how our policies disproportionately impact communities of color. And that's a broad issue here that I think we can weave into this discussion. So we want to advance this conversation about restoring a second chance today, specifically for those who have come through the criminal justice system. So I'm joined here by Nicole Austin-Hillary, Monica Potts, Bernard Carrick. They all are going to offer their perspective. Just to say a few, emphasize what Rachel said in her introductions. Nicole is director and counsel of the Washington D.C. Office of the Brennan Center for Justice. They're based out of NYU, but six years ago she opened the D.C. office here and is advancing their work on criminal justice, voting rights, a number of things. So we're pleased to have you here. Monica Potts is an award-winning journalist at the American Prospect. She's also a fellow with New America. We've been pleased to have her in our midst. She writes extensively about families in poverty. She writes very humanely about these families. And her recent cover story, the current cover story in the prospect, is on featuring two men in Baltimore who are really striving to put their lives back together after spending time in prison. And Bernard Carrick, former police commissioner and correction commissioner of New York City. And in this capacity, these are two of the largest law enforcement organizations in the world. In 2004, he was nominated to head the Department of Homeland Security. He eventually withdrew his nomination from consideration, and then he experienced the criminal justice system from the other side. And as an ex-offender who has lived within the federal justice system, the prison system, he now argues that that system is in dire need of repair. So really, thanks for joining us. And let me start with Nicole. You know, life after prison. Let's kind of start with zeroing in on some of the obstacles. And how would you describe what some of the more debilitating impacts and collateral consequences are of our current approach to criminal justice? Thank you, Reid. First of all, thank you for having me on the panel today. This is such an important discussion. You know, the interesting thing about when one has to re-enter society after being an incarcerated individual is that every basic thing that most of us take for granted really becomes a barrier from how you get your home, where you live, to where you work, to whether you can take advantage of educational opportunities, to whether you can become a full-fledged member of our democracy by exercising your right to vote. All of these things become very difficult for you to become engaged in. And it really goes against the grain of who we are as a society. You know, we say at the Brennan Center, when it comes to our democracy, the foundation of our democracy is really that it is about providing opportunity and creating equal opportunity for all. But that's really not what manifests itself when it comes to how we as a country treat the formerly incarcerated. In fact, we do ask people to pay their debts to society, but then once they do, we make it extremely difficult for them to become full-fledged members of our communities. And that has a trickle-down effect. Not only does that make it difficult for that person to re-engage, it also impacts their families, it impacts their children from doing anything such as finding a safe home and neighborhood for your child to showing your child what it means to be active in your community and to be actively engaged in your democracy by doing something like exercising your right to vote. So that's really what the overarching issue is that we simply make it difficult for you to become a full-fledged member of society.  You're supposed to be on an equal playing field with everyone else. But that's not actually what happens in terms of our policies and what opportunities we provide for the formerly incarcerated. Thanks. And Monica, let's turn to you and your cover story. Tell us a little bit about these guys. And you or your editors called it survivors of the drug wars. Tell us a little bit about the obstacles that they faced and kind of the effort they're putting forth to get their lives back together. Sure.  And he returned in 2007 and he really struggled to do very basic things, least of which was just getting a driver's license. Again, it took him about a year to do that. And without those things, you can't get a job and you can't drive and you can't take classes because you can't get anywhere, especially in a city like Baltimore where public transportation isn't the best, especially in areas like West Baltimore that are very poor. So he moved back into the basement of his girlfriend's house. He had maintained that relationship and he didn't work for the better part of five years. He had very small jobs that didn't necessarily pay very well. He lost them. He didn't really adjust very well to being back in jobs and he didn't really adjust very well to being back in society. He didn't want to make friends. He didn't want to trust other people because anyone who could possibly get in the trouble with the law could get him into even more trouble. So he really withdrew into the basement and turned it into his second kind of prison and it really took him five years to think about what he could do to get his life back on track and he decided to take part in a job training program and so he spent nine to five for four weeks without getting paid in a job training program and really worked very, very hard at it because that's how much he wanted to work in the legal world. He didn't want to go back to dealing drugs even though that would have been easy and it's what he knew and he could have made good money and he had made good money doing it.  I've kept in touch with him since the story was published and he's applied for a number of jobs and he gets to the interview session and they tell him his record is a problem for them and so whatever considerations he's supposed to be given he's just not feeling that he gets that and he goes through serious depression, pretty serious depression I think because of it. Thanks and Bernie, your story is I'd say far from typical but you really do have a new appreciation for some of the challenges of re-entry and a lot of people who are incarcerated they don't enter with they come back without any financial resources or professional network what's your sense of some of the barriers that are out there for the people trying to re-enter? I want to touch on one thing Nicole said and that is the debt to society we term that in inmate a former offender pays that debt the reality is the system doesn't allow that debt to ever be paid a criminal conviction, a felony conviction is a life sentence it's for life it goes on forever you can be an 18, 19 year old young man with a first time nonviolent low level drug offense get a conviction a year and a day in prison that year and a day is going to have an impact on you until the day you die if you live to be 120 years old at what point is enough enough we have to have some resolution to the debt and as the criminal justice system stands today that debt is never paid as for the barriers the national association of criminal defense lawyers within I think the next week or two is going to put out a report a study that has been done over the last three years and that study looked at all 50 states state collateral damage and federal collateral damage 45,000 different elements of collateral damage to former offenders that's absurd some of the things that Nicole mentioned think of some of the things for the people in the audience you come out of prison you are put on probation you are told to get a job if you don't get a job you could get violated and put back in prison so you go out looking for a job you can't get a license so you can't get to a job you can't get a checking account in many places you can't get insurance and I will tell you from a personal perspective my life insurance is in jeopardy my homeowner's policy was in jeopardy mine I paid my bills I've never had a problem with my insurance my conviction has had a major impact on my own things and you have to think 70% of the inmate population in many institutions around this country are drug related they come out of prison they're not coming back to a household a home, a decent home, a job, a family they're coming back to nothing to start from scratch I came back to a home and to a family and it is extremely difficult for me if it's difficult for me those young men and women that are in prison on these low level drug offenses they're getting crucified it is the demise of an entire generation of people and Rita if I may one of the other things that we often do to the formerly incarcerated is once they come out we often burden them with debt something that a lot of people don't know the Brennan Center did a recent report on fees and fines many people don't realize if you owe certain monies say for instance child support and you are behind on that debt once you are done with your incarceration period you are expected in many instances in most instances to repay that debt and often times you cannot get out of the system until those fees and fines are paid so it's really kind of an insane cycle that we expect people to work to pay off the debt but yet we make it harder for them to actually get full-time employment so that is a big issue there's also a big issue in terms of what are we doing to prepare individuals to re-enter their communities job trainings, educational opportunities that once 20, 30 years existed within our prison systems those programs have been depleted in most instances and where they do exist they are minimal and not every inmate has access to them so not only do we not provide opportunities when individuals return to the community we also are not doing anything while they are incarcerated to prepare them to re-enter the job market and to become full-fledged tax-paying citizens and Monica I'm also struck in reading your work how people struggle to kind of access the support systems that are out there whether it's their family systems the community systems or kind of public assistance programs and so what is your sense about how people do that and navigate getting connected or staying disconnected? Well as far as connecting themselves to the programs that the states provide to help them get on their feet again most people are very reluctant to do that for a number of reasons with people who have been in the prison system they actually don't want to be involved in the state at all if they can help it very often partly because of the debt that they can come out of prison with if they get a legal job their wages can be garnished as much as 50% and so the return on their work is actually very very low and there are a lot of different people for whom it's actually hard to get things like the program that was once welfare temporary assistance for needy families people who have been convicted of drug crimes they actually can't access that program for even for families who just fall fall on hard times who maybe are already low income or fall out of the middle class there are a lot of barriers just to finding out about the programs that are out there to help them there aren't many states that do a very good job of just having one office where you can go and someone says these are all the programs available to help you and when they do find those programs one of the things I've heard anecdotally in almost every state that I've reported the case workers that they see first are actually very sort of discouraging of the idea of accessing welfare or food stamps and so there's that extrovert and they already don't want to be there they're already embarrassed that they have to be there and then they have to deal with a case worker who sort of also doesn't want them to get on the program or seems to not want to get them on the program and so those kinds of things are difficult to find out about and they're difficult to educate yourself about and it's difficult to find out what your rights are even in states where people actually do have the right to vote again when they leave prison or it should be easy to access these programs they believe that they're difficult and so they don't seek out help as much as they could there's actually a technological dimension to this as well and I think maybe there always is here at New America but technology and data can be enabling it can also be discounting and especially when past setbacks are kind of available as part of the public record and placed in permanent view it can be very challenging click the button you get someone's record you get their credit history and it can create additional obstacles and so I think we wanted to have kind of a broader discussion about if there are ways of balancing some of the informational transparency objectives with the privacy objectives and so we were talking previously about the process of expungement and how important that is and the challenge that is kind of feedback on that process that problem Sure I will give you one sailing example there is a bill right now in Congress called the Democracy Restoration Act this bill was introduced by Senator Cardin in the Senate and Mr. Conyers in the House this bill would restore the right to vote with respect to federal elections immediately once you have completed your incarceration even if you remain on probation parole even if you owe fees and fines the problem with that with this bill or not with the bill but with this concept is this many individuals once they are done with their incarceration period they don't even realize that perhaps their right to vote has been restored they don't necessarily know what the laws and the rules and regulations are in the particular jurisdiction to which they are returning are so one of the components of that bill is information sharing and providing information and making certain that an individual is given all of the necessary information they need about their voting rights in the particular jurisdiction to which they are returning and we talk about how do we share that information how do we ensure that not only the inmates are getting that information but that the individuals in charge have that information we did a study at the Brennan Center that was called de facto disfranchisement that talked about the fact that when you poll and we did this as part of our study we polled secretaries of states offices in the country to ask them what are the requirements for a formerly incarcerated person having their right to vote restored in your jurisdiction we got myriad responses many of which were wrong so that tells you right there if you are not getting the correct information even from the entities within your jurisdiction that are supposed to have that information that is a problem that is keeping you from accessing the information that you need so we talk a great deal about what do we need to do to the technology and the information sharing so that the formerly incarcerated get the correct information and we ensure that the people who are in charge of disseminating that information and overseeing voting are getting the correct information and know what they are supposed to be communicating to individuals did you have a comment on the process of expungement and kind of navigating the information that is out there in the public record the one thing I have realized about this system as a whole from where I have seen it at this point is that when you lack money you basically lose your constitutional rights and when you talk about expungement you talk about clemency you talk about things like that for you to accomplish that that takes an attorney the laws are so technical so complex it's not easy for these people to do it on their own so they have to hire somebody to do it if they can't hire them to do it it's not getting done and the reason I talked about the constitutional rights aspect I was with men in prison that were there I believe they were innocent they played guilty because they were forced to in many circumstances they didn't have the money for counsel for an attorney many people could have been given less sentence or filed appeals they didn't have the money to file for those appeals you it's the system it contradicts it's own mission statement and without money your constitutional rights are not what we believe them to be and in today's day and age I just want to comment on the internet issue even with expungements even with clemency a pardon a presidential pardon all of that stuff is not going to eliminate what's on google and employers are going to go to google they're going to find your conviction and that stuff is going to hamper you in future employment and sometimes it's wrong information and inaccurate the information 99% of the time is media driven it's driven by media sources and media sources are not necessarily accurate so that's a problem I guess the issue is whose responsibility is it to respond to that whether it's policing it or creating some resources and support for a broader expungement process I think is a question for the future I've been struck in a lot of this work by the growing bipartisan energy around the issue of sentencing reform and criminal justice reform and I guess I wanted some feedback and perspective on that what do we think driving that is this kind of creating a new is there a common ground coalition that could emerge and where will it focus first will it focus on some of the sentencing issues and how could it use to focus on some of the longer term reentry issues down the line so Nicole what's your experience been trying to talk around this issue across the aisle as of I would say the last several years it's actually been quite positive and I think at the heart of this collaboration is economics we all know that states have been suffering over the last several years state economies are in trouble and one of the things that we know about the criminal justice system in this country is that it costs a great deal of money we spend an exorbitant amount of money to incarcerate people we spend an exorbitant amount of money on prisons and states are getting to the point where they're saying you know what we are not necessarily using our resources in the right way we are using these resources to lock up so many people and we all know that we have this huge problem of mass incarceration incarcerate more people in this country than any other free democracy in the world and states are saying we've got to do something about this that is the foundation of these collaborative efforts so as a result of that people on the right and left are coming together to say we've got to do something to ensure that we are using our resources in a very thoughtful and efficient and effective way so that we are still maintaining safety in our communities but that we are retooling our resources so that we are providing other opportunities like making our schools better making our communities safer so as a result we have a great deal of cooperation that's going on specifically on the Hill two examples I can give to you with respect to the felon disfranchisement issue and restoring the right to vote we have a coalition of faith based partners law enforcement partners civil rights partners who are all working together to try to push forward on this right to restore on this effort to restore the right to vote and you see it even from some unlikely suspects Rand Paul, Senator Rand Paul from Kentucky has recently in the last few months come out and said you know we've got to do something about this issue of making it difficult for the formerly incarcerated to vote so we see it there right now on Capitol Hill there is a bill called the Smarter Sentencing Act that is being pushed in the Senate we have folks from the law enforcement community working side by side with the progressive community trying to make headway with this bill again because there is a recognition that not only are we spending a great deal of money but we are also putting people in jail for far too long the president signed into law back in 2010 something called the Fair Sentencing Act and that is the bill that lessens the disparity between crack and powder cocaine and the Smarter Sentencing Act is going to do this it is going to say for individuals who would have already served their time under the Fair Sentencing Act we want to find ways to get them back into their communities because they've already paid that debt and so we're finding a meeting of the minds in terms of figuring out how can we stop locking people up for too long and get them back out into our communities and get them to be full-fledged members and people who are actively involved because those are the things that are going to keep our communities safer too if we simply put people back out into the communities but we don't provide them with opportunities we shouldn't be surprised at what we find at the end of that process we've got to provide these opportunities and folks on both sides of the aisle are starting to see this yeah the one thing that concerns me when I ran Rikers Island my budget, my annual budget was about $900 million if I had budget issues I had to come up with alternatives to incarceration I had to come up with incentivized good time I had to reduce the bed space in the facilities closed down facilities if possible these are all the things that you look at the one thing that concerns me and this goes back to what Nicole just said a lot of times in these state budgets the first thing to go are programs you cannot keep in mind when you run a prisoner or a jail system your first and foremost concern is security you can't reduce security post there's a mandatory minimum staffing that you have to have you can't touch security so the first thing that goes is programs well, you take programs it's education, it's life improvement skills it's all the things that these people need when they go back into society you cannot lock people up for 8 years 10 years, 15 years you have absolutely nothing and then send them back into society and believe that that's a benefit to society that they're going to be better people they've learned nothing they've gone back into society with nothing so what you've done is you've created an element where they're going to have to revert back to crime to live or they're just going to fade away and run into all kinds of psychological problems as Monica talked about now what's the reception you're getting when you're talking to more conservative audiences I think it's as Nicole said it's coming around on the state level states have to look at this because it's unsustainable we are mass incarcerating individuals it's almost in my mind these days it doesn't even seem like justice anymore and it's unsustainable in the states my bigger concern right now is the federal system the federal system as far as I have seen there has not been a budget reduction in the BOP for 25 years and their incarceration rates have I can't even tell you the amount that it was 25,000 inmates in 1980 today it's 218,000 it hasn't been reduced one year that's a problem we are going to open up the floor for some questions here and involve you as well but before we do that I wanted to ask each of you for some big picture ideas of reform that you'd want to put on the agenda both to reform the criminal justice system but also to promote more effective reentry you touched on some of them what do you want to emphasize for the audience here well one of the things that I've sort of been thinking since I wrote my story was that the prison system is sort of the most robust social program we have in this country right now it's the best funded and it's the best maintained and there's a lot of general support for it and so what I think we're seeing is that all of the problems that people have are flowing into the prison system so we have a prison population where 15% of them have some sort of serious mental illness there's a lot of problems of poverty that can lead to people sort of being involved in the criminal justice system and then the poverty that they experience when they get back out of prison sort of helps them flow back into the prison system and so I think one of the things that we have to think about is that we as a society have to deal with the problems that people have because they're going to flow somewhere and the prison system is not it's not a good system for dealing with most of the problems that people have Sure, there are two things that I'd like to point out one, and this is an easy thing and they've recently been successful with this I believe in Baltimore but banning the box when individuals go to apply for jobs I mean it is not necessary to ask do you have a criminal conviction in your background I'm a former employment lawyer before I came to the Brennan Center and I will tell you the thing that employers will say they are most interested in is do you have the talent, do you have the skills and the capabilities that I need if you have made a mistake and you have indeed paid that debt to society and yet you are qualified for the position that's what employers should be focusing on so this effort around the country to ban the box from employment is a step in the right direction the second thing is trying to deal with funding and how we are spending money we recently at the Brennan Center put out a report offering 15 executive actions things that we thought the president could do immediately using the power of the pen to make immediate change in fact the president said during his State of the Union address this past January that he was going to start trying to use the power of the pen more effectively so we wanted to jump on that and what the trust is that the president require that with respect to all federal grants that go out to law enforcement agencies that they tie those grants to what we are calling a success oriented funding such that if you tie the monies to a specific set of outcomes positive outcomes that then you will see better results if we are simply providing grants to law enforcement agencies and spend it as they will well you are not necessarily getting the results you want however if we tie those grant monies and say that these are the performance measures and within these performance measures we need to see concrete steps that you are taking to for instance reduce mass incarceration you are going to get a better outcome so I think those are two key steps that can be taken banning the box and the president using the power of the pen to say that with respect to federal funding we are going to put performance measures in place to try to ensure that the ways in which jurisdictions are spending the grant money we give them will give us better outcomes to help reduce racial disparities to help reduce mass incarceration I think mandatory minimums and sentencing guidelines are draconian I think especially in the federal system there has to be alternatives to incarceration I think that we have to have the GOP that teach life improvement skills and teach respect and discipline and educate these inmates so when they get back out into society they have at least a small chance to succeed to get a job to benefit their family those are probably some of the most important to me thank you let's see some hands you might want to get on this we'll start in the way back there we're some others I'm wondering do I need to start over? I was saying I write about felon voting and trying to get people to be to really connect with these stories when they don't really see the folks that I'm writing about are sympathetic I'm wondering what your thoughts are on how to generate empathy for folks not just for people who may be found to be innocent that get out of prison I think a lot of people connect with those folks but what about folks that actually have like you said pay their debt to society or trying to re-establish their lives how do you get them on board and then also getting society to understand that this really does affect the entire society and not just having a kind of us versus them mentality I'm wondering what your thoughts are on how to get people on board with that should I take that? please and Monica you too all of you so much of what we do when we talk about this issue we focus not only on the policy and advocacy but also on the messaging we spend a great deal of time with our communications people talking about how do we message on these issues because it is important to try to figure out how do you connect with the larger community on these issues and some of the things that we've come across number one the individuals who have actually been successful in reintegrating themselves into the community we've got to start using them as spokespeople people have to be able to see tangible evidence of success stories they can't just assume you know anecdotally that people are getting out of prison and they're becoming active engaging members of society we've got to have those people on the forefront and serve as spokespeople the other thing we have to do is continue to build bridges across the aisle and when I say the aisle I don't simply mean the political spectrum I mean in terms of the faith community in terms of the law enforcement community pull together these unlikely allies and have them engage on these issues I think that's going to be a great way to try and get more individuals engaged on these issues and thinking about these issues and becoming sympathetic to these issues finally the other thing that we try to do is we try to get people to look inward in terms of their own families and their own organizations their own churches everybody within our country has someone somewhere that they engage with who has had some sort of some kind of involvement with the criminal justice system if everyone starts to look at the people that they connect to the people whom they trust whom they value and start to see that yes I know individuals who have had these experiences and yet I see that they are active members of their community and they are contributing in a positive way I think that's also going to go a long way towards helping to change attitudes and mindsets I think about this a lot because it's sort of what I try to do in my work and I choose to do partly for this reason just to humanize them and what I try to think about doing is really showing sort of every single part of their life including the things that aren't so maybe don't seem perfect because I think one of the tendencies that a lot of people have is sort of just to expect perfection from people who especially those who have had especially those who are poor and it's like you've got to just live this super austere life and you've got to work really hard and never have any fun and it's just sort of not the way humans live and so I try to just show I just try to show people being really human and so when I picked Travis to profile part of the reason I did that is because he was actually really funny and really smart and I thought people would connect with that I don't know if it worked but he was he had done bad things in his past he was pretty open about it most of the worst things that he had ever done were really public but he it wasn't all he was and so I try to work on moving past the stereotypes but you know it's a really big challenge because people aren't necessarily going to connect with people that they've never met in real life and whose lives they can't imagine and so I think you have to make them imagine their lives Can we make empathy work or does it have to be a bottom line? I think the key is the message the key is educating the American public educating Congress because I can tell you there are things in the system I've been I've worked in this system for 30-35 years I put people in prison I put people in prison for a long time but these were bad people that did bad things tried to kill me killed friends of mine, partners I seized tons of cocaine and millions in drug proceeds from them but then I went to prison and I saw people with enormous sentences for first-time nonviolent offenses I met commercial fishermen that caught too many fish I met young men that enhanced their income in a mortgage application spending 18 months 2, 3 years in prison and there's lots of them if anybody told me before I went to prison you're going to go to prison and you're going to meet some really decent good people coming from where I came from I would have laughed in their face and I can tell you I met decent good men good family men they made a mistake good fathers they made a mistake and they are damaged forever and it's I think it's all about the messaging it's all about educating the American public these men, these people that come out of prison they're not monsters they're not animals and the problem is and this goes back to what Nicole said you know we put these people in prison without programs without the right life improvement skills the right education they are taught in prison without those things they're taught how to steal, lie, cheat, manipulate gamble and con and fight prison is a training ground for thuggery and criminality is that really what you want back in society it's not it shouldn't be we should be doing everything in our power to get them on the right track when they get out and I think if people could see them for what they are for what they really are if there was some educational I've got to give this one plug because I went to an event last week there is a young woman in New York by the name of Catherine Hoek who created this organization called DEFI and I went to one of her events last week where I watched a man who spent 21 years in prison he's been out for less than 6 months he gave a business a business presentation on a company that he's trying to promote and she took him through this process people have to look at programs like that where where they help these men get back on their feet and get back into society I can't say enough about that program and programs like that people have to look at those and the one thing I came away from walking out of that event was if you, anybody in this audience met that man in prison or before he went to prison you'd probably say he's an animal he's a monster, he's a bad guy but when I saw him standing up there giving this presentation and looking at him really trying to do what he was doing I came across with a different mindset and I think the American public would too if we've got to do something about educating the American public on what the system is what it does and how it impacts society thank you we just have a few more minutes let's ask in the back there Hello, thank you my name is Bonnie Newman Davis and I am a professor at North Carolina A&T State University my question deals with how realistic it is to sort of overcome some of the things we've been talking about today the question of race and the prison system is overwhelming first of all then there's the glamorization of incarceration that we see so much in the media economic engine I think that someone may have alluded to it I was surprised to see yesterday I passed by the courthouse here it's somewhere in the area and I saw nothing but dark people coming out of the courthouse in the case of many, many cities throughout the country and so I also wanted to find out how are some of the prisoners who are released how are they able to overcome some of the obstacles I personally know of someone who was released and seems to be back on his feet fairly quickly so a lot of questions big questions let me just say one thing on the glamorization of prison take it from me I've had people say to me you went to a minimum security camp it's a country club club fed, I've heard all that stuff I have housed some of the worst inmates in the world at Rikers I understand super max max, low, medium minimum security let me say this find the most prestigious hotel in Washington DC go there lock yourself in the bathroom for a year and tell me how prestigious it is tell me what a country club it is there's nothing like the deprivation of freedom nothing I don't give a damn what kind of institution you're in I don't care if it's a minimum security camp or a super max the deprivation of freedom is profound living like an animal is profound eating out of a microwave a tupperware dish you live basically like an animal nobody in this room would come close to living anything like you would live in the most minimum security camp which people call a country club I don't think it's a country club I don't think it's club fed it's prison and it turns people into monsters unfortunately that is going to be the last word thank you very much all of you for coming to join us thank you for being here and thank you we're done


What's this organization been working on over the last two weeks since your last played a game? Well, I think it was a good chance for for our players and our coaches to to exhale a little bit, you know, take stock of what we had done well over the course, you know, the first part of the season. Some of the guys that have been nicked up a little bit give those guys a chance to heal and really focus on getting back to, you know, what we did well previously and emphasize that going into December football. Okay, take that a step further. What does this team need to do better down the stretch? Well, I think first and foremost is take care of the football. We've had a stretch here where, you know, we haven't done such a good job of that. You know, we've, that's been a point of emphasis for us all season, but getting back to taking care of the football offensively and conversely creating some turnovers defensively to try to steal an extra possession here and there. All right, offensive question and defensive question. Offense first, you rushed for 270 yards in your last game. Can you build on that? Yeah, I think we can, Mike.   So I think there's things in there that we can continue to build on. Defensive question. How do you reignite a pass rush that has been outstanding for the majority of the season? I think it's getting back to the details, you know, it's hard to line up against these offensive linemen and Ash Football League, you know, one on one and just beat them down after down. They're too big. They're too long. You've got to focus on the technique. You've got to focus on the details of the rush of the rush games, you know, the pick, how you're going to come around off of that. So just focusing on the technique, you know, individually and when we run those rush games. You saw Jacksonville in week five. So it will have been nine weeks since you last played them. Have they changed in that time? Well, they've played some good football, you know, the record may not show that, but you know, they're in the top half of the league running the football, you know, Lawrence still is an explosive player. Chennaud is extremely dangerous with the football in his hands. Marvin Jones is a big target for those guys. You know, defensively, they're sending a lot of pressure. They're one of the top pressure teams in the league and they got some good players on that side of the ball, too. Allen's having a good year for him up front. Miles Jack is year in and year out, one of the top backers in the league. And Jenkins, a free agent that they picked up in the offseason, has been around the football a lot in the secondary. I want to back up to this past Tuesday. You and I got to be part of something really special. The Tennessee Titans, Mr. Football Awards got to hand them out at Nissan Stadium. For you as a guy who played football in this state, got to be extra special to be involved with Mr. Football Awards. It is, Mike. You know, it's just such a special day for the players, the coaches that coach these young men, the parents. You know, they've got a lot to be proud of. I know their schools are proud of their performance, their teammates are proud of them and so forth. You know, for us as an organization and me particularly, you know, having played here, it's just a special day for us to enjoy with them.


So, yeah, I'm David Ehrle, you may know me from previous LCAs, I've pretty much given similar talks. I work at Red Hat in Brisbane, I've been there quite a while now, unlike Keith, I'm not giving up graphics tomorrow or last week, but my talk today is about a technology that sort of caught me by surprise last year, sort of like mid-last year, called DisplayPort MST, which stands for Multi-Stream Transport, and it's pretty much involved in a whole load of devices that, when I initially saw this idea, I went, oh, you'd never use it for that, but well, everyone did. So, the two main things that this technology affects are 4K screens and lots of later laptop docs. How I actually started working on this was quite accidental. One of the local, I work in the Red Hat office in Brisbane, but most of my management and all that is done through the U.S., but the local IT guy in the office walked in one day and my cubicle was like, oh, someone from around here, and he goes, how come this laptop doesn't work with two monitors when I dock it? I don't know. Well, could you, could you have a look? So I said, I'll have a quick look at this, it can't be that hard, I've heard of a problem, silly. So he went, because they had actually bought some of these laptops, some of the docs, and tested one monitor plugged into the dock, and went, well, it's fine, we'll give it to users. And then someone plugged in two monitors into the dock and it just mirrored, and they couldn't, was like, why isn't this giving us two monitors? We've already given it to people, please fix. So I looked at the, went and dug into a little bit, figured out what was going on, and realized, I came back to myself, it's probably going to take about six months maybe, and he was like, what? We've got to get these out to people now. I was like, yeah, you pretty much have to have made a whole networking stack to get this working. I was like, okay. So I said, well, I'll start doing it now. I told my boss a couple of days later that I was actually starting on this project, and it would probably take the next six months and ruin all the other projects I was meant to be working on. But since it seemed important that we should have this stuff working, Red Hat has customers apparently, who knew. So yeah, keeping them happy is more important than doing my other projects that I like. No, Virgil, hence why the Virgil talk has not been given this year. Just a quick intro to the area, history of like display technologies. I'm not going too far back. I'm not talking, like, I'll start at VGA. No need to keep going further back. But VGA was like probably the most sort of successful of the display technologies that's been around. It was like analog based. It did everything for analog monitors. People were quite happy with it for many years. But things happened to go digital. There's no point in having an analog signal in your loop when everything is digital on either end, especially with flat panels. So along came DVI. DVI started out as those four little pins in the cross are actually a VGA port. And the rest has some pins of the VGA port and a whole set of digital channels. So it was like an evolution of VGA. You could get DVI that was just digital. You could get DVI that had digital and analog transports. And you could get DVI that was just analog, which was actually VGA. But I don't think anyone ever shipped that in a product. It was a standard. It just wasn't in the products. DVI was good also. It had sort of extra pins. So they put two digital channels into DVI. The second digital channel started being used for a thing called Jewelink DVI, which was only certain graphics cards would support this. And it was for big monitors. At the time, big monitors usually meant Apple, I think Apple 30 inch, Dell 30 inches, that sort of monitors used Jewelink DVI, 2560 by X, big numbers. For the time, not big numbers now. But DVI sort of got remodeled and put in a different shaped connector with only one link in it called HDMI. And that was done by a different consortium of people because it's the computer industry is not the same as the entertainment industry and everyone likes their own standard and everyone likes to charge money for different things. So HDMI came along. HDMI is one of those things where you have to pay the HDMI people for using their connector. Their cables cost $70,000 million. If you buy them with gold plating on either end, even though they're the same cables that cost $5. But it was a good scam and people are still running with it. It's good call. And around the same time as HDMI, DisplayPort started coming out probably a bit later, but not too much different. But DisplayPort was the sort of computer industry attempt to come up with a new standard. They went a lot further. HDMI is pretty much DVI with a different plug and then adding features to it and making it, you know, more stuff for TVs and stuff. DisplayPort was like throw everything out the window. And we'll sort of pretty much start again with a cool socket, cool plug. And so here's a nice picture of what the sort of way DisplayPort looks. You've got a receiver and transmitter. And between them, you've got a big, large link, main link. You've got an OxyH channel and a hot plug interrupt. The main link consists of four up to four channels. And the four channels can have different data rates on them, depending on what you need. So the original display link data rate was 162 megabits a second, along with 270 megabits a second. So each channel could do that. And then you could have four channels. So that was quite a good bit of bandwidth. The DisplayPort 1.2 spec has up that to 540 megabits, which is called 1.2 high bit rate. And there's another one coming in DisplayPort 1.3, which I'll mention later on. But the idea was, depending on what you plugged in, you didn't need to bring up all the channels. It's kind of like a sort of like PCI Express similar, like you have a number of lanes and you don't want to use all the lanes. So this was the same thing. You'd have some monitors would only need one channel, some monitors would only need one channel at the low bit rate. Some might need two channels at the low bit rate. There was also some silly things to spec. Didn't quite say like, well, if a monitor could do it with either two lanes at the low rate or one lane at the high rate, which one should I pick? And it seemed like some people picked one and some people picked the other. So there was actually some little incompatibilities even after they'd specified all of this. But the main link pretty much transports all the data. It's got like the video data in it. It's got audio data in it. And a few other little things at the time were, but mainly it's just video and audio in it. OxyH is a control channel. So it's just your standard way of signaling between the two devices to set everything up before the data starts flowing. I'll talk a bit more about what goes in there. And then there's just a hot plug interrupts so the receiver can ping the transmitter and say, wake up, I need you to talk to me and the transmitter will send a request. The OxyH channel is one megabit per second in DisplayPort 1.1. But in DisplayPort 1.2 they added a new thing called FastOxyH. Again, I'm not even sure how to support this. It's optional in the spec. But it can go at 675 megabits a second, megabytes a second. So the reason that is they're actually using that mode to put USB over. Because why wouldn't you? I'll get to something even stranger. Actually I probably haven't got a slide below and mention something stranger later. So yeah, the idea was that you can stick USB over this FastOxyH channel and you're life will be much happier because you'll have one cable to your monitor and all your USB will go over it and all your display and all your audio. So that was the original DisplayPort. That mode was called DisplayPort 1.1 is called the single stream transport. There's only really one stream going across it. It's going from your transmitter to your receiver and there's one of each. The things that came out on that you'd rather have a direct DisplayPort to DisplayPort connection. You could have a DisplayPort with a converter on the end. The converters would do then DisplayPort to VGA, DisplayPort to HDMI, whatever you wanted. You also had two classes of converter. There's a standard part of the standard called DisplayPort plus plus I think. Which some of the pins could swap into DVI HDMI compatibility mode. So you get a converter that just was very simple and it would just make it pump HDMI or DVI out. But it could only do single link. So if you had a dual link monitor you have to get an active converter and there was a bit of confusion around that area as well with our active converters and passive converters and some of the active converters needed power and some didn't. Kind of messy. The spec also specified a bunch of random things. I don't think I've ever actually seen like repeaters, replicators and switches. I've probably never actually seen them in the real world but they were all specified by the spec. So this OxyH channel is where most of the control channel, a lot of the fun things are done. This is pretty much, it's like a register space in the receiver that the transmitter can request read write out of.  It also has a secondary I2C transport on top of it. So for compatibility with old monitors that needed like EDI, well not all monitors still use it but EDI, DDC, CI all of these other interfaces that run over I2C. Instead of trying to redo those all with OxyH they just made an I2C sort of simulation on top of the OxyH channel and all that sort of worked out pretty well. We had a handle on all of this last year and it was all going really well. But then along came multi-stream transport. So what is the multi-stream transport? They pretty much decided one transmitter, multiple receivers, they take that transport link that we had those that link that we've got, split it up into a number of individual blocks so there's 63 blocks on the link. You can assign those 63 blocks into different virtual channels and then you can point those virtual channels to some receiver block. So there it was, well we've got this large bandwidth link. I want to be able to run two, three, four X number of monitors and things off the other end of it. How this is implemented I'll get a little bit into it but I get a technical after this slide for a couple of slides just to show you how awesome I am but otherwise it's not too bad. But it's mainly there's they've sort of layered a whole messaging system on top of a bunch of the DPCD register space.  So there's four of these buffers and you can send these types of messages up and down the the tree and you can send broadcast messages and a number of other things. Here's an example picture from the spec which I've nicely cleaned up and put it to a nicer picture. I hope you can read the line down the bottom you probably can't it's behind the things but I'll say it out anyway. But the idea if you look at this picture is you've got two source devices you've got five branch devices you've got like five syncs sitting all off them the numbers are they're called the port numbers so the source one looks out at zero port it sees branch two so the thing at the end is say if sync one relative to source two so source two wants to send a message to sync one it looks at it's zero port then branch one's second port and branch two's second port then branch tree's first port and that's how it sends a side band over the oxy-h it starts at the top and gives it a an address so every device in the tree has a GUID a global identifier it's a 128 bits yeah 128 bit number and nearly every device I've gotten you I've had to program that into it at start when I connect they generally don't have anything in them the spec says the only time it needs to be initialized is if you have a device that is both a display port device and a USB device some property of the USB device needs to show the GUID the same as some property of the display port device so you can match them up otherwise the OS has to assign random GUIDs to all the devices the main use for the GUID is to avoid loops you can actually plug these things back into each other and the whole idea is that you should detect that and not try and send messages the wrong way or have messages going around in circles each of these devices at the bottom you probably just see a <IP_ADDRESS> line that's called a relative address so you want to send a message to someone you need to know his relative address you stick stuff into a buffer with that address on the packet on it and off it goes to the guy whoever wants to sit at the end one of the things I have not built something that looks like this I don't have enough devices in fact I think everybody got like source one and maybe two other levels and even then that was quite hard and messy to get working in terms of payload and bandwidth management you have to manage the bandwidth as I said it's cut into 63 slots you can have up to 63 virtual channels probably not so useful to have 63 of them but that's how many you get the way it works is they have a number called a payload bandwidth number if you take the number for one lane at 162 we get a bandwidth number of three these are like just a for four lanes at 540 you've got a bandwidth number of 40 so the idea is every one of those 63 slots at this rate you need three pbn so you have three by 63 at one 162 at four 540 you got 40 by 63 so as an example this mode a 1920 mode by 1200 mode at 60 hertz with 30 bits per pixel this is the example given in the spec requires 689 pbn so you gotta say well that's not going to work at one lane at 162 and so how many I should have divided it out on the screen but yeah divide 689 by 40 in your head and you'll get the idea of how many of the 63 slots you're going to need and that is science for that monitor and the next monitor you need to do another chunk of slots and this worked really well if you hadn't got big monitors but I will get the why this is a problem later but that's that's sort of the basics of what mst is it's like a layer over display port that cuts up the display port transport into 63 bits unless you address individual devices on the end of it again those try those slots can be used mostly for video but there's also audio sideband stuff that you can stick over to do the audio transport yeah usb still goes over oxy-h just to give you a quick example of somebody what the protocol looks like I won't go into too much details on these are not that interesting unless I say I'm the only person outside of display port that has read them um and whoever reviewed the patches but uh link address so yeah there's an address discovery so you've got your resource something has plugged in you get a hot plugged interrupt you got to go find out who's there so link address pretty much is in a you send it out and wait for all the answers to come back and you find out how many things are in the tree um connection status notify and resource status notify there are things you receive from back up the tree to say something's changed so if further down the topology somebody unplugged a hub or a monitor gets turned off you'll get a connection that status notify to say something's changed reconfigure things to suit that change resource status notify is if the bandwidth requires something changes so maybe something something I actually don't really know when you could you know this is going to be maybe a hub get something else plugged in or it goes into a lower mode or something in that case you get a resource status notify saying I used to have this much bandwidth I've only got this much now or I used to have a small amount I have more now it lets it dynamically change uh enum patch resources is a way that you go okay I want to get a connection from my source to that sync how many pbn's can I get so what what what bandwidth exists in the system right now for me to put on that just to check that when I get a mode if I need 600 pbn's and there's only 400 that link I can't give that mode to the user so it just allows you to block cases that you know you can't fit into uh allocate payload is okay I think there's enough bandwidth reserve that bandwidth for my channel and clear payload id table is when oh oh something's happened bad everything reset just nuke the tables so they're they're pretty much the data set up in the the discovery stuff there's not a huge amount of messaging the sideband message protocols kind of messy there's like two different CRCs involved in it you got to split the messages up into small chunks and some of the messages are quite long the spec is kind of badly written like hard to sometimes interpret whether it should be big ending or little ending of exactly where things go and because I was writing this against hardware I had not really much knowledge of and I'd know examples for took me quite a while of just sticking numbers in hoping something came back eventually something did I think it was about two months but about that time the mst these are more like so you've got device down to three that's a display port device and you want to talk to it just like it was locally so you can do ask it to remote dpcd so you can look at its registers remote dpcd read and write you don't I don't tend to use them I don't think I've actually had to use them at all so far in this in way of written this remote i-squared c-read and remote i-squared c-write you want those because you want to be able to get the things like the edid display id all these you know things that happen over legacy i-squared c-buses so they're quite useful things to have use them a lot and then we've got power control so you can say turn yourself off turn yourself on because you can do that locally with the oxy-h channel as well so that's sort of like covers the bones of the spec the spec is not a public spec either which is a bit of a problem you have to be a member of visa I'll say no more about my membership status because I probably get in trouble but I have a copy of the spec and I am limited from the copy I had a copy of a draft copy of the spec looking somebody gave me a real one because the draft had quite substantial differences in the number of areas which confused me for a while but that's the sort of basics of it there's a bunch of code in the Linux kernel it's not actually a huge amount of code yet but there's a bunch of code in the kernel if you want to interest it in it join visa no don't actually just talk to me or talk to anyone else there it's definitely a it was an interesting project to start to take on from scratch I had no idea about it before the guy dropped the stuff on my desk and Nick it was it was quite interesting but so that was the problem why is this being used what was it for I originally heard of this spec the idea behind this a few years ago I say about two or three years ago in the play port first came out there was a promise of daisy chaining that was all we ever really heard about those oh you could plug a monitor into your computer and plug in another monitor into the monitor and it would make things easier and we had some customers who were like oh we've got like three monitors on our desk and we'd rather not have to run three cables down around and underneath things can we do at one that was the only sort of promise I'd really heard about it I hadn't really talked about how is this going to be used so that's why I was so surprised when this turned up in laptop docks because why it just seems like why this why does this make sense in laptop docks seems like a lot overkill and to be honest I still think it's overkill but hardware yeah wires it basically all it does is it reduces the number of wires going from the dock from the laptop to the dock from if you've got a vga port and a hdmi port on your dock or vj dvi whatever combinations they all require their own channels and wires this allows them to run essentially I'd say a display port set of wires so like six wires true and then they've got a smart device in the dock and then that smart device actually calling it smart it's probably not a great idea they have a they have a device that claims to be smart in the dock those things are again it's written by firmware guys so that explains the level of how smart it can be it locks up a lot and the only solution is to power everything off guess how much fun that was so but laptop top manufacturers love this because it saves them wires and that makes them happy so it showed up in pretty much everyone's I think all the the novos all the dels I've seen it in like three or four places now all the docks are using it and it kind of makes sense now you go okay well you've got the display port plugs in your dock and you've got your vga and dvi and they're all just one display port and then the from the laptop's point of view it's much simpler and the dock just has a little bit more smarts in it so it was a that was interesting and I've sort of accepted that's the way things are going to be from now on another area was called these things called mst hubs again I heard about these about three years ago but they have not we'd never been able to buy one we've been like can I get an mst hub oh people would announce them like AMD were big into the of trying to ship these a few years ago and you just couldn't get them but the idea behind these was if anyone's seen like AMD's or ifinity the putting six monitors onto one graphics card solution where you you know they end up with six mini display ports you know sockets on the back of a card it gets a bit cramped on the back of the card well the idea that AMD had was we'll just put one or two mini display port sockets on the back of the card and you can buy two of these little hubs and the little hubs will then break out to three display port adapters and you can plug in your six monitors it's one card that way that was it was a good idea but again these took so long to come to market eventually when I started looking at the things the docs I went oh well I may as well try and buy these and I actually managed to buy two different ones one of them is a later model that seems to be semi acceptable the other is actually it seems to be an older model because they've used two hubs one to get three ports they got two two port hubs and just sort of cascaded them so it's like yeah we obviously got the quick to market design but really crap but again you see these all over the place no you don't see them over I've got two so yeah I'm sure no one else in this room has ever seen one but maybe some day you will and they like work but yeah they were mainly an AMD type thing they're not really much you Nvidia are probably useful on as well in a way but AMD are doing it with six scanouts so they're crazy not much use so the other place these also showed up in was 4k monitors now this also took me by surprise because well monitors just a monitor but the problem that people were facing trying to get 4k monitors to market quicker than everyone else and get them into like a specific price was there was a there's a piece of hardware in the monitor that they couldn't get fast enough no what was the reason Intel chips well that was one reason yes one reason okay I'll give that reason the next time but they basically had there's two I'll give it in a second there's two in the monitor so they ended up putting there wasn't enough bandwidth to sort of like draw a full monitor off one clock off one scanout from the chip you needed they decided well we'll just use two so what they did was they split the monitor into two logical I suppose panels one on the left-hand side of the monitor and one on the right-hand side of the monitor and each of these are 1920 by 2160 high and then you add them together and you get 4k you're happy so well the other reason that Keith has just given I'll actually say it a little bit on it the bandwidth requirement for doing one monitor is over the clock limit for a number of Intel graphics chips and that would mean that you couldn't use these 4k monitors with a lot of hardware that people want to use them with so it made sense to try and just split it so there are the two sort of reasons the hardware has caught up you can get 4k so there's two types of 4k monitor on the market at the moment and this is why it gets annoying that's why 4k is going to be a bit of a pain support and there's single stream 4k monitors you get those from Acer and Samsung I think are the two ones I've seen the Samsung like as a 27 inch 4k monitor I got one when they plugged it into my laptop and it didn't work and then I plugged it into the laptop that I thought was identical but it was a model up from that and it worked fine so it was like oh clock limits you can't run this monitor on any laptop that's not heavy was essentially it was like pick up a brick it works pick up a laptop you actually want to use it doesn't work and some guy in my office had bought one of these to use with his laptop but he had like an x240 and he was like yeah it's never gonna work just go back to your old monitor and you can get the multi-stream versions the multi-streams are the double panel ones they come from I think Dell were first and I'm sure someone else is doing the same thing I just I've just got Dell because Dell gave me some for two months in May and it's still on my desk so they haven't asked for it back and after watching this I'm keeping it for a little while longer but so how does this work in terms of display port and MST what when you plug one of these in you end up getting two a hub with two ports with two connected devices on it there's a concept and MST of physical and logical ports so laptop docks would have physical ports hubs have physical ports these have two logical ports there's no real difference from the the point of view of the kernel but it's just it's information you get the port start at a higher number so you get two of these ports and they both report EDIDs and they both report EDIDs of 1920 by 2160 as the preferred mode and when you plug that into your standard Linux box generally what happens is it comes up with two monitors with like not only line number but it also gets them the wrong way around out of the box nearly always so it's quite frustrating but what happened at the same time was I plugged it into a Windows box and it did the same thing so I was like well some of these Windows drivers suck so they obviously hadn't caught up either so it was like at least who I'm doing just as crappy as Windows is a good starting line so what was required to make this better and it's still an ongoing process the idea was it's called monitor tiling they there's a protocol called display ID v1.3 again this is not part of the display port spec so someone had to lend me a copy of this as well it's a separate spec that again consortiums makes no sense it's a replacement for EDID that I think AMD may have started a few years ago and the idea was instead of just making EDID enhancing it let's just write a whole new display protocol and stick it on a different I2C address and make monitor manufacturers put it in and I wrote the spec and I started writing and then I started probing the I2C and going no there's nothing on this address on the I2C what's going on this display it says it needs display ID v1.3 and then I realized somebody actually went after a while had went oh nobody's gonna do this computer industry is insane but it's not that insane that they're going to replace this protocol that we already use so what they actually end up doing was we won't use all display ID but down in appendix like b or c there's like a this tiling specified extension and it's a display ID extension so what they did was they took the display ID extension wrapped it in an EDID extension and stuck it on the end of the EDID so it was hidden away down the end of the in an extension block so it's like why but don't ask it's like yeah there's a special EDID extension byte called display ID and then you have to open that up and pass the display ID protocol inside that and then you get the tiling information out the tiling information is IAM tile 0 it's an x and y value of where you are in the full setup how many monitors or how many tiles are in the setup what size your tile is and some information about bezels and stuff for those sort of cases where you like have a big six monitors with big bezels between them and you want to specify that sort of thing I currently ignore a lot of the sort of corner cases of this because it's painful and I have no bezels so and no one's giving me a monitor with bezels so if someone wants bezel support they know where to find me but uh this is this is protocol it wasn't that hard once I figured out where it was and what to do with it but we I've I've implemented most and I think I've just merged some of that into the kernel but that's the basics of protocol just to go on to where are we from like how does this Playport MST work with hardware side so you got your standard this is I'm pretty much x86 only I'm not really sure what's happening on ARM I don't think anyone supports on ARM yet Intel have MST Displayport MST support from Haswell onwards and it was all the Haswell laptops with the docs that were the first one to do this and cause all the pain then Intel make you make make these market differentiation things and they've got three streams of Haswell there's like ULX, ULT and normal so ULX can't do the high bit rate Displayport rate but it can do MST ULT I think can do the high bit rate but can't sustain the clock over it you can't use all of it just for one image you can split it up amongst things and then the normal one can do everything so I had a I've got a Lenovo T440S which is a ULT machine and I have a Lenovo T540P on my desk at work which is like a full Haswell so it could run the 4k monitor single stream at the high bit rate and work fine because it could clock out enough information but the pretty much the same family of laptops this one can't frustration cause the T540P has a numeric keypad so that implies it's a large brick you know it's why you need a numeric keypad don't know but it's a brick so yeah that was annoying so that's why MST monitors probably exist because Intel do things like that and restrict the clocks AMD have had actually support for this since Radeon HD 6000 series which goes back a few years it's Northern Islands was the family name back there and like I dug out a Cayman card I had I think I've had it maybe three years maybe four years could even be a little longer and stuck it into my desktop and wrote support for it and plugged two 4k monitors into it and they mostly worked I was like it's not perfect but for a couple of weeks work it was like oh wow that's really old hardware and it mostly just works probably because AMD did a lot of work on specifying DisplayPort MST Nvidia only got on board around G4 6000 time NVD9 I think is the family name but Kepler so many specifiers but yeah so from G4 6000 on I think pretty much Nvidia support it they all have different limitations Intel can only scan out three different things so no matter how many things you plug in you can only have three different images most radians can scan out six and most videos can do four so there's different ranges of how much things you can plug in at one time and get away with seeing again it's going to make purchasing decisions painful but that's why you buy support from Red Ash free ad time so driver status I first worked on the i915 for this because that was the laptop I had and that's what Red I needed for internally and we've so I had to get it working for the docks we merged it to the kernel for 317 I think it was we added I've been adding support for the tile stuff only just got merged it's in it's in DRM next right now yeah I don't think it's been merged yet it's in DRM next for the next merge window but I could be wrong I'm only a DRM maintainer so I even forget what I'm doing AMD I actually have patches sitting on my machine I'd be meaning to send them out but there's still a couple of small corner cases I'd like to fix but it mostly works it mostly works with the monitors when I've got one of the hubs plugged in and I plug in some crappy old Dell monitors I found under my desk they don't work very well at certain resolutions they work and some they don't so a bit of a pain Nuvo Ben Skag sits next to me I've given him the hubs he played around like he's got an implementation that works because he wants to clean it up as well and we had some I think he's waiting to me to get the radio unfinished so he can just copy what I did so we'll probably hopefully get that soon in terms of binary drivers FGRX and NVIDIA both support the MST stuff the tiling stuff is actually something that we're all working on not all I say all NVIDIA are interested in us working on it and nobody knows what FGRX does because we don't talk to those they don't talk to us but overall what does it mean for the rest of the stack so this kernel support is all sort of there now well the problem is that we try to hide these crazy monitors in the kernel everyone back I went to Chicago about six months ago talked to Key talked to Linus everyone's gonna hide this in the kernel hide this in the kernel it's crazy you can't let people see the fact that it's two monitors but I know Windows hasn't hidden this I know MacOS probably hasn't hidden this and then I went and tried to hide it and spent probably two weeks three weeks hacking away going I gotta hide this but there was no nice way to hide it I tried my best I think I tried twice on two separate occasions to go from scratch and do it but there's just so many when you've got a limited number of hardware resources and you tell a user space policy making thing at the end of the subenvironment that you have that many hardware resources and then you try to start to hide them after the fact it gets very confused it just doesn't understand when I say I've got you can scan out three things and then you try to scan out two things and then you take all its resources and it doesn't know what to do there's a number of other cases like page flipping and stuff is really hard to get right when you're hiding stuff in the kernel so you try to didn't work moved on try to get it fixed so what did I do expose the tiling property from the kernel to KMS so let user space know this is a tile monitor here's a property with its positioning and all that information in it I got Xorg to pass that tiling property true via RANDR so that desktop environments could find it I hacked up MOTR because I'm mainly working on GNOME because that's what Red Hat wanted I hacked up MOTR GNOME Control Center GNOME desktop package there's a few different places I just wanted to get a proof of concept out and I hacked it up and I was like oh this works quite well you can see the monitor in the control panel it looks like one monitor you can see it in MOTR things maximize the right size so that was a proof of concept so then I went back to talk to Keith Packard and we went over and we're just currently I'm currently reviewing what he proposed as so we still passed a tiling property true but then we allow the desktop environment to create like a monitor so applications don't need to think how do I create a monitor out of these individual pieces they just say there's a rectangle here and there's a rectangle here don't need to start worrying them about the fact that there's subdivisions within those at the hardware level unfortunately this means we're going to have to do fixes in like KDE SDL we'll probably need fixes SDL works SDL works oh I think SDL 2 might need some change in case you only think it's broken yeah obviously no I think SDL 2 will still need because they do strange things like setting a mode when you start games and things like that need to be fixed but there's a few things that it's very messy and I really wasn't happy in the end but it's the best we can do and hopefully we'll get it done soon myself and Keith just going to finish off the render stuff soon and then I'll start getting the desktop environments done and then I'll start wondering how to get it out to customers and other people so future fun other stuff that's sort of sitting out there that when I originally went five came on her started just turned up as well I was like oh 4k's I haven't even really gotten out yet Dell went we're going to make a 5k it's like Gillette add another razor we're good so it's like 5k's better than 4k or you want that six minute abs no so 5120 by 2880 that's a lot of pixels I haven't gotten one yet I'm going to ask my Dell friend they're like two and a half grand apparently so they are on sale but I don't know if you actually get them or they just started go we'll give it to you when we figure out how to make it and the problem with 5k was there's not enough bandwidth in a single DisplayPort 1.2 cable for a 5k monitor so even if you've got multi-stream transport it doesn't matter because there's not enough total bandwidth to do it so Dell monitor ticks two cables and you have to plug them into two separate DisplayPort ports on your machine and it requires four scanners so I know I'm making maybe I'm required two scanners I have to check that it would be really annoying for Intel if it required four but it could do yeah I think it's okay to do half oh yeah probably not probably not fast enough for Intel to do either a half on its own so the 5k monitors also made me have to redo a chunk of code because I hadn't really thought about it enough all of those tiling properties I was sending out have a group identifier at the start so you know if you've got two monitors plugged in these are from the same group these are from the same group I originally did that based off the DisplayPort they were plugged into and then went oh that's not going to work out so well because this can be plugged into all of your DisplayPorts so I had to go back and redo a bit of code for that and I realized the consequences of 5k the Apple 5k is interesting I think the iMac that they've made with 5k in it is they don't it's not cabled for a start so it's directly connected and they put a special display controller in it so it looks like an very large EDP panel from I understand so they've done something very hacky and it's only on a radio and they're not trying to ship a 5k standalone monitor yet because they understand it's not going to work very well Dell of course ship it and hope people buy it so what's coming up to solve that problem is DisplayPort 1.3 DisplayPort 1.3 adds HBR2 which is a 8.1 gigabytes per second protocol so just make it more faster so that's interesting that there's nothing with DisplayPort 1.3 in it yet as far as I know I haven't seen any hardware shipping with it from any vendor possibly AMD will come out at first but it'll be another six months I'd say so yeah 5k monitors probably won't get too successful before then but you never know another feature that's coming in DisplayPort 1.3 is a thing called FreeSync if anyone's heard of the Nvidia G-Sync I think it's the Nvidia call it's basically you variable synchronization so you don't instead of having you're sending a screen full of data you can send updates to pieces of the screen to the monitor and the monitor keeps track of them so you don't have to send it's not like you're scanning out the whole screen 60 times a second and giving it to the monitor you can just send it small blocks and update it updates on the monitor side again this is the Vezer standard I think it's part of the DisplayPort 1.3 but maybe a separate standard as well I unless one of these monitors and one of the cards that supports it falls into my lap I probably won't work on it but like usual things do fall out of the sky when you least expect them one other thing actually I haven't got on here but also I just noticed the other day is USB 3.1 is just being sort of announced and more information has come out about it and you know DisplayPort guys went and put USB over DisplayPort so the USB guys went well we're going to put DisplayPort over USB why not so that's what they did so you can now get USB 3.1 which is a brand new USB connector that's reversible and it will run DisplayPort over it so I'm not really sure what's going to happen there if you start doing you know you like USB and your USB and your DisplayPort it's just crazy so um I'm sure there's other things that will happen in the future that will equally surprise us I'm hoping the rounder work to do the monitor support will help us out because that actually allows for other things that people have wanted to do like display walls and stuff we don't really care about those but it's nice to enable other people to do things when you actually do stuff but it'll be interesting I sort of thought I wasn't really working much on display technologies this year I was wrong so that's my desk at the office and any questions the desk if anyone wants to know so I think oh this was a 4k single stream you can't see my mouse pointer can you can you see can I get it out there no can't do it but the one on the left well actually one of the very left is a really old crappy monitor but that's a 4k single stream monitor that one that's at a funny angle because it's on a weird mount is a HDMI old Dell HDMI monitor and then you've got the T540P the T440S a few Dell laptops sitting holding them up that's a 24 inch 4k monitor that's a 32 inch 4k monitor and the two that are lit up behind they're like old monitors and then that's an old laptop so that's where I have to sit in the middle of most days our office management don't they do off desk audits and they just leave our little corner alone so if anyone's any questions over in front of Mike how long did it take the cable testing guy to test the cables on your desk yeah so we have got we've got this guy come in and do tag and test every few weeks or every few months and he came in about two weeks ago and he walked into our corner and was just like oh probably should have taken it reserve the day because that's my side of that's two desks on my side and Ben's gag sits on the other side and he's got a desk and he's got we've got another desk with other stuff and he's got a desk just got Nvidia cards all over it so we actually have to help the guy so we sat there for like an hour or two just pulling cables out and testing them it was so Dave the multi-stream stuff is only in the new docks so if you've got like I think I'm going to confuse things I've got a Haswell that's on an old dock that was worked with a originally with a sandy bridge Dell but the dock connectors are the same so does that mean the dock wouldn't be using the multi-stream because it's too old to have yeah the dock requires smart so if it's a Haswell plugged into an old dock which I thought they'd change the connector sufficiently or maybe some laptop manufacturers that both set up Dell's latitude ones go back I think three generations so the same dock that worked with a a camera of Sandy Bridge Ivory Bridge still works with Haswell all right so they probably left all the pieces mostly works I've had the motherboard changed three times there's also another area that just reminds me there's another thing called of USB Docks which is a separate project which I also have done work but it's display link is the protocol technology company that does that and they don't tell us how they work and it's all encrypted and I've wasted a few months on that lately just because I don't like them but that's another project where because a lot of USB a lot of laptops are coming with this USB tree docks for the cheaper end and people really want them to work as well so we keep hearing these well intriguing talks every year of how you've managed to deal with a whole lot of craziness from a whole lot of different hardware vendors well after hardware has been released and available to the public do you think you'll ever get to the stage where vendors will give you hardware samples ahead of time so you can kind of deal with it maybe before release well this case like I was I wasn't even in this working in this area when it happened so I was like had been working on the virtualization stuff and I've been I wouldn't have actually wanted someone to give me in advance because I would hope someone else would have done the work if it had been available and you know I asked a few people like are you actually going to do this and it's like oh yeah it's on our list but it was like I only the only reason I actually started this was because red had had the hardware in-house and needed to give it to people in-house it wasn't even for customers at that point like we have customers now but at that point it was internal people need this and supporting the people that work with you is a good way to make money so on that topic we heard from Keith this morning when BigSkit but when Ben finally plays StarCrafts what's going to happen in terms of graphics development new vote development Ben replaced StarCraft with a Subaru and Preza WRX so we're not sure if Ben's going to survive another year to driving that thing hopefully but yeah he doesn't play StarCraft thankfully yes I think he played it for a while and then he realized that driving his car fast was much more important back to that oh I'm now time slicing between graphics and VRT as in I work on this mostly when I feel guilty that my monitor doesn't work properly and then I get tired I'll work on VRT and then I'll work on the reverse engineering project and then I'll get bored and work on old graphics cards because because you need a break any more questions thank you for talking as an appreciation a show of appreciation you can give this oh thank you