A very good morning to you. You're welcome to the breakfast on Floss TV Africa. My name is Roman Paulson. And my name is Nyam Gul Aghgagi. Today on the show we'll be looking at the headlines as usual, but we'll have a hot topic which is a team who touted to be the opposition alliance against Geneva ahead of the 27th election. That will be a hot topic this morning. We hope you will be a part of the program. So today I woke up really really sad because I saw a news item on some of these blogs where a second army officer or soldier was berating the governor of Lagos State for doing what he did. Now Lagos State governor or any other governor is the chief security officer of the state and he saw someone committing a crime. Yes, he may have used some words that we would say a governor should not use, but it doesn't give an army person, not even a high ranking one. A young guy, like a young man. The first one came out and condemned it and said that who born you well? You're telling a governor who born you well. And then this one again this morning that I woke up to see. And I'm just sad that our society has gotten so low, so lawless because no matter the uniform you're wearing, a governor of the state no now. Aside from the fact that it was even the governor that did that, there's a fact that you're promoting lawlessness. You are supposed to be in the army, you're supposed to uphold the law because you're supposed to lead by example.  In fact the words that he used, I can't even use them. I was watching it and I'm like how did we get here? How did we get to the point? First this person is older than you, in age, in ranking, in everything. And then you come and you start to speak like this. And then he talked about civilians and the word. I'm sure people would know what word they usually use when they try to talk about civilians.  And I'm like wow. It's really disheartening. I know he raised some points. Yes, we agree. In fact part of the NSAS protest was the security people pay them better. But they were the same ones that were used to stifle the NSAS. Sorry for another day anyway. But he said how much would they even pay them? These people sacrificed themselves. Like if they were in the North. He was even talking about if they were in the North. Yes, we know that the soldiers or security people in Nigeria they give their lives, they give everything to protect us.  You signed that you can give your life for your country. So it doesn't make you or give you the right to break the law as you want.  I think the excuses he was giving was very flimsy. And he's like what if I want to go down the road to buy something? If you want to go down the road to buy something you follow the right route. Or the road is bad and all that. So if it is bad, is it bad on one lane? Why not use the other? Or didn't even close the lane and say okay everybody. Because you know there are times that they have to fix some lanes. And they say okay they try to divert traffic. You know use this way instead. There are always signages. And the road that I saw. That road wasn't bad. It wasn't bad. There was no traffic, nothing. And then you're telling me that how can I go and turn. The turning is very very far. You're expecting me. Are you above the law? It's the pride for me. You feel like you're above, nobody can talk to you. But I just hope the mentality is the mentality for me.  The crime, I would call it the crime, is big enough for this person to be sanctioned. Yes I agree. Because if they begin to do that and others look at them and say okay they have gotten away with it. I can do it too. There are things that they will do that will go beyond just talking on social media. And they are wearing their uniform. So they are not scared. They are wearing their uniform and doing what they are doing. Saying the kind of things. People are not fished out and sanctioned or jailed or removed or something. Because when you begin to talk about the authority like that. Telling them, telling the authority, a governor that you are above him because you're wearing a uniform. Then there's a problem. Right. There's a problem. Anyways let's go to our top trending stories this morning. IP, MAN, NFP sale promise, no fuel price increase. One against panic buying. Yes the independent petroleum marketer's association of Nigeria. IP, MAN and the Nigerian national petroleum company limited. NFP sale have won Nigerians against panic buying and dismissing reports of a planned hike in the pump price of petrol. Also called premium motor spirit PMS. According to reports, fuel marketers clashed with the Nigerian national petroleum company limited. NFP sale over whether the government was still paying subsidy. The development triggered claims that the commodity will now cost 1,200 naira per litre due to the cessation of under recovery of fuel costs. However, IP, MAN's public relations officer has dismissed any suggestion of a plan by fuel marketers to increase fuel price. According to him, there has been no signal from NNPC directing fuel price at the pump to be increased. He appealed to the public to stop panic buying and labeled reports of a planned fuel price hike as just a rumor. Earlier the NNPC all told Nigerians not to panic assuring of no imminent increment in the price of the fuel. The NNPC all also refuted claims of a clash with IP, MAN insisting that a subsidy has been entirely removed on petrol months after President Bollatini will pronounce the development. Tenable had in his May 29 inauguration said the 2023 budget made no provision for fuel subsidy and that it was no longer justifiable. The declaration now saw petrol per litre jumping from 184 to over 600 naira in several parts of the country. The removal of fuel subsidy also came with the attendant economic crisis with food inflation moving to an all time high. The implementation of subsidy removal has been a subject of controversy with the World Bank saying that the NNPC was not transparent about the financial gains from it. All marketers are also threatened to raise the price per litre of petrol over fluctuating and skirts of foreign exchange used to secure the essential commodity. When I saw this, I actually panicked as well. I did not panic buy, but I panicked and I'm like, are we going to 1,200? I mean I remember when I used to fill my car with about 10,000, 12,000 and it's full. Now I have to fill my tank with 45,000 naira and this is at the rate of 600, right? Like 6 something. So you're ready to be filling in for like 100,000? 100,000? How much am I making in a month? That's the question. And then I have to still pay salary to my domestic workers. I have to feed, I have to pay rent, I have to save. And we're talking about investments yesterday. So how do I even save a chunk of that money for investments and then still buy fuel for over 100,000? That's what I thought. I was scared. You'll buy a bicycle. I'll buy a bicycle. I just have to learn how to ride. What a wonderful time it would have been if we still had bikes in Lagos state because other people would have resorted to that and save fuel because there's always someone who can't put in a tank to get to your destination. Or at least we would have had these regulated okadas that we used to have that were banned also in Lagos. But you know, I do not understand what Ytman is saying. On the one hand they will be saying fuel subsidy has not been removed, landing subsidies and all that. And when it comes out to the point where they are saying the fuel might get to 1,200 Naira, they are saying it's a lie. NNPC has not directed. Who is NNPC? NNPC is supposed to be a private company sort of because that's the whole idea why the name change and everything, even though Kairi was still maintained as the managing director or something. I don't understand why NNPC still has to be like the regulatory body because there's a regulatory body for this oil, for petrol, for whatever you're talking about in the petroleum industry. It is not NNPC. So why is it that they will still say NNPC has not said and NNPC is the one that will be making pronouncements and telling us whether the price will go up or come down and all that. I do not understand what is going on in that sector. Whatever they are telling us, I know that they are not being transparent. Transparent? Just like what the World Bank has said, they are not even being transparent with what they get from it and the gains that they have. But please. If it does get to 1,200 Naira, I bet you there's going to be a lot of problems in Nigeria. I don't want to use the word world or revolution or anything but there is only so much people can take.  Maybe you go home once in a month. So where do you stay? That's the question. And when you stay wherever you're going to stay to even work there, what would you eat? Because everything will go up. So you find out that if you're earning let's say 500,000 Naira, you're spending 450 Naira just eating and transportation alone. How do you even pay your rent? You have not paid your rent. You have not done. If you have kids. If you have kids and all that. You've not bought clothes for them. You've not bought clothes even for yourself. Take care of your family. There will be a problem because so many people will resort to other means of getting whatever they need to get. Because we have a problem already that there are people like when I was coming this morning or anytime I'm coming. I find a lot of young boys especially just sleeping by the roadside. These people do not have a farm that will go to. These people do not have anything that they're engaged in that will give them money and subsequently give them food. So most times they're even hustling. They're trying to park your cars. And then sometimes they steal. They steal your side mirrors. You blame them. How man must work. Like they say you have to eat. So while you're calling them criminals on the one hand and while you're calling people who will resort to criminality to feed themselves. You force their hand. You're asking yourself why did they get into that. But we already know why before even they begin. So why are we not addressing it? Even 1000 Naira for fuel. I know they're selling it for 1000 Naira in so many places now. Yes. Yes. What? Yes. No please. Because it's not everybody that has their... So I know black market like if you're buying from yes. Yes that's what I'm saying. They have access to filling stations and all that. So you have to buy from black marketers and it is up to 1000 Naira and we know what that is. So if it officially becomes 1200 Naira or even 1000 Naira, you can imagine how these black marketers will be selling. And black marketers are usually in villages where there are no filling stations. Yes. Yes. Eventually these villages are the ones that produce the food that we eat. So in 2024, tighten your belt. Everybody you'll have to tighten your belt. Hmm. May the Lord help us. Amen. So the federal government extends free train rides till January 7th.  The federal government has extended the free rides for commuters on all train services to Sunday, January 7th, 2024. The Nigerian Railway Corporation disclosed days on its official website on Thursday. The pop-up message on the site read, Dear passengers, we are pleased to inform you that the train services will be free of charge from December 21, 2023 to January 7, 2024. As per the directive of President Bola Ahmed Tinibu, the Niger Railway Corporation announced a commencement of free train ride on Thursday, December 21, 2023. For all its passenger services following the directive of President Tinibu, the announcement indicated that the free ride services would end on Thursday, January 4, 2024. This followed the announcement by the federal government of 50% waiver on interstate round transport and free train rides as part of moves to cushion the impact of the high cost of living in the country, especially during Yuletide. The Minister of Solid Minerals Development, Mr Delya Lake, made the development known to state house correspondents at the Asurrop Villa. So we still have two days, fifth? Yeah, I was going to talk about it yesterday that yesterday was the day that they said the free train ride is going to end as well as the 50% slashing twice for the buses. And I'm like, how many people? I think I said the last time we talked about 160-something thousand people that they said, allegedly, benefited from this move to cushion the effects for everyone. And then they were looking for it. They were looking at 5 million people. They have included buses, they said buses. Let me use your word, alleged buses. Allegedly. They were carrying people and then the trains and all that. I was also trying to make a calculation and see, okay, I was asking, I went to Google, I was asking, how do I get from Lagos to Aguja by train? I found out that you don't have a straight train to Aguja. You'll have to go to Ibadon. And there was a discussion I was having with someone who lives in Ibadon and I was asking him, you live in Ibadon, why don't you take advantage of the train because it goes from Lagos to Ibadon? And he told me, if I go from where I live to the train station in Lagos, it will cost me almost the same transport that I'm going to use to go to Ibadon from Lagos. And the same thing when I get to Ibadon, to get from the train station to where I stay in Ibadon, it will also cost me almost the same amount that it will take me from maybe to Ibadon. So things like that make people not to take the trains. So if I want to take a train to Ibadon, I'll have to go to Ibutemeta also. I don't know if they have a train station in Aguja but at least I know Ibutemeta. You go to Ibutemeta and take the train, then you go to Ibadon, stop somewhere in the bush or somewhere close, not close at all to the city center and then you have to take a ride from there or something that will cost you the same amount or just a little less than the amount that you're going to take in a time. So in your mind you're like, what am I even saving? So what's the point? So there will be no traffic going to train stations as much as they should have been if mobility from train station to off-road train station is the same way that it is right now. So if you are giving us trains, give us trains from destination one to two and let every state have some kind of... And then you have this stop and the next stop. I mean that's how it is in like rail... If I can take a train to Aguja. Rail networks, like rail networks abroad, that's how it is. You have this stop, you have Coventry, you have Birmingham, you have Wolverhampton, like you just keep going like that. And so that way it's easier for you. You just know, oh I'm going to alight here and then this is close to my destination. And then once you stop you know that there's something that will take you from there. Yes, yes. Train stations don't have to be like airports where you go to the airport and it has to be designated cars that will carry you. A distance of two kilometres they are charging you five thousand or ten thousand to carry one drop at a time. So things should be done about this and we will take advantage. But if they had put train services in order or the railway system in order as they have been talking about and connected every state, we wouldn't have been talking about the kind of transport fare we're talking about right now. True, true because that would even be easier, that would be more affordable for people and then it's an easier route as well. And trains units even take more people than vehicles do because you know you have like different cabins of maybe about seven, eight. So you can carry as much people as possible in one train but then we're in Nigeria and we just hope that things get better. But circling back to the whole 50% slash in price, the free train rides, I'm curious to know what the numbers will be at the end of the day. I know they had said they were hoping to reach out to five million people. Is it not the same numbers we are talking about? We were talking about school feeding, empower and all that. Now we're finding out that those numbers do not even hold water. There are resting people who were in charge and all that. Meanwhile, at that time that they said they were doing the scheme, there were receipts for all of these people that paid. So how do people manufacture all of this? And then they still found out that that money that were receded for, the monies that were receded for were transferred into some other accounts and all that. So who did they give? Where did they get the receipts from? I just hope that's not the same thing that's happening with this because I've not found anyone who has benefited from a free train ride or the 50% slash in price. And I know that they stated about five transport companies that they were using, but I don't even know anyone. I know for the trains, they must have some people because people use the trains all the time. Even the people traveling into states, people who have probably used some of these transport companies, the bosses now, I don't know anyone that has been able to successfully go there, get 50% off, travel, come back, I don't. So first, where's the 165,000 coming from? Number two, let's see what the numbers are at the end of the day. And number three, I hope it is not a scam. I think it will be 3.5 million, you know. Wow, so under two days, two, three days there were more. Is that why they're extending it for a surge? Anyways, let's go to our final top trending story. This says, largest syringe manufacturer exists in Nigeria. Jubilee syringe manufacturing once regarded as the largest syringe manufacturing venture in Africa as officially seized operations in Awa in the Honor local government area of Aqaibom. The firm which opened an operation in Nigeria's south-south region of Awa in the Honor local government area of Aqaibom State was inaugurated in 2017 by former vice president Yemi Ushibando. Said the decision to leave Nigeria was made following unforeseen circumstances affecting business operations. Owned by Turkish National, Anu Kemal Jubilee syringe manufacturing limited was one of the several industries attracted to Aqaibom State by the governor Udom Emmanuel administration. A memo announcing the exit was addressed to workers of the company. The company had seized production some months ago but officially announced that its operation came to an end on December 31, 2022. Titled Temporary Redundancy, service not needed to further notice, the memo was signed by the company's managing director Akin Uyadiro. It said to it implement temporary measures to ensure the long-term sustainability of the company. The memo read in part, we trust this message finds you in good health. With heavy hats, we write to you today to communicate a challenging decision that Jubilee syringe manufacturing company limited has had to make due to the unforeseen circumstances affecting our business operations. The company's decision to close its factory comes after two years. After it announced plans were underway to export its products to Germany. It also comes less than a year after company's managing director Uyadiro said that the company had secured a credit facility of $1 million. Meanwhile, the manufacturer's association of Nigeria has blamed the current business environment for the continued exit of multinationals companies including the latest departure of Jubilee syringe manufacturing. The director general of the manufacturer's association of Nigeria, Shegun Ajayi Kajir said companies exiting Nigeria had been stretched to a breaking point. We saw GSK leaving. Now there's the Jubilee syringe manufacturing company. You can't even start listing. So what are we doing about our business environment if people are leaving? Within the country, even manufacturers that are Indians or indigenous are also folding up and all that.  But most times we concentrate on the dead fowl and then forget about the fox that might come back again or might still be doing harm to other things. Why would you be going to every country on the globe looking for investors when the ones here are leaving? Who will come? Because that place is not profitable. If everyone is leaving, that says something. If you are at the bus stop and you find people running away from a particular place will you be running towards that place? Definitely not. Even before you ask questions. So people are leaving and this is strange. What it means is the health. Our doctors are going, our medicines or pharmacies and all that are leaving.  Is it medical tourism? Yes. Yes, it was suicide tourism. Now it's medical tourism. Yes it is. What else can I say? They go out and they get better. Some of them live there. They have houses there and they just come to Nigeria to work and go back to where they lived. Because that's what happens. Their families are there. So we now cannot access medical care because we cannot buy drugs. I hear asthma drugs that used to be like for inhaler. It used to be like 4000 is now like 40,000 I don't know.  How do we survive in Nigeria? And the president is going all around looking for foreign investment. So do you know I was with a friend on Sunday. I think, no, New Year's Day. So we're together from the New Year's Eve to New Year's Day. And we're just having a conversation. And she told me about the Nigerian dream. Funny, I laughed so hard. But guess what? She's like the Nigerian dream is to live Nigeria. I'm like, how can that even be a Nigerian dream? Because I want to believe the American dream is to, you know, make American grades, make wealth. You know, that's the American dream. How can the Nigerian dream be to live Nigeria? And that's what is happening with all of our young ones. Everybody's leaving. The term jackpot is a thing. And everybody wants to move abroad searching for greener pastures. And I'm sure the government officials know this. They know that people are leaving. And that is now the new Nigerian dream. And you're doing nothing about it. You're looking for an investor to come in. Meanwhile, your business environment is not even thriving. Nobody wants to leave or do business in this type of economy. So what are you doing to ensure that people can come and stay and flourish and even, you know, spread the word to other people? Because at the end of the day, even thinking of expansion, right? I'm like, oh, let me see all the other companies that have expanded. Where have they expanded to? I'm going to go there. See, you know, these people investing in places like Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon. And then they use us as the market. Yes, and they use us.  Yeah, you can get the rest of the state and work here. Yes, so that's your target market. But you're like, let me find a base close to my target market because my target market won't let me do business there successfully. So I find a base here and then I get money from this other place. But guess what? They're flourishing the economy that they are currently situated in. And Nigeria is suffering. We're losing out. It's a really, really sad thing. For the longest time, we've been asking what really is a Nigerian dream on this program and, you know, everywhere. Well, I just gave you... I've been asking the question, what is a Nigerian dream? Because like you said, American dream, they start to sell the idea to the children even when they are young. You can live in America, you will have freedom in America, you can flourish in America. America is the greatest country in the world and all that. So it's already in your psyche. It develops patriotism, it develops confidence, self-confidence that so long as you're an American citizen, you're going to be somebody and you're proud to be that. What is the Nigerian dream that we need to be walking towards for the longest time? Not hard. So maybe it is just, but it's not just a new dream, it is the only dream. Because go to the schools, go to everywhere, we need to know what direction Nigeria is taking in the next 30, 40, 100 years. So you begin to sell the idea to the children of building anything.  Okay. I hope that the Nigerian dream is something that will be proud of real soon. Something that will say oh, Nigeria is flourishing and our kids can even stay here and not move abroad and we can grow our economy. I think that's the Nigeria that I would want. But let's go on a quick break. When we return, we'll be looking at what the national dailies are saying this morning. But first, let's take a look at the weather. See you soon.


Welcome to the ITU studio in Geneva, Switzerland, where I'm very pleased to be joined in the studio today by J.P. Morgan, who is board member for the Utilities Regulation and Competition Authority, also known as ERCA, from the Bahamas. So, Morgan, thank you very much, and you've been with us today. Well, it's good to be here. I was here at the beginning in 2000, year 2000 for GSR, so it's... Well, this is, as I said, we're now GSR 2018. So, a few years later, I just want to... I mean, this is what we're looking at here at new regulatory frontiers, being the sort of the key phrase for this one. What in your mind does that mean?  It never seems to stop, does it? We started with the liberalization of the sector, the mobile sector, and this opened up all sorts of things. We've been through 2G, 3G, 4G. We're now looking at 5G. We're looking at all sorts of new technologies that these will spawn. And I think with each change, the technology has been challenging us. It's not stopping at all. It's really on a relentless path. And I think the challenge that we face is how do we, as regulators, how do we, as a society, keep pace with these changes and how do we use these technological advances for good? I think this is where, you know, over the years the GSR has really been very useful. I keep telling my colleagues that the GSR is the only forum I need to attend because it's the one time that I get a forward look once a year in terms of what's likely to happen. And I think that we will have to recognize that a change will continue. And, you know, investments will have to take place. And new technologies are going to bring new products and new ways of life and new impacts on how we think and how we do business. And so how, in your opinion, do you think we can work together to achieve new sustainable investment models, for example? It perhaps is the most distressing question, I think, because let's face it, in the days of the multinationals, or the multilaterals rather, the world banks and, you know, these sorts of, we thought we had the formula, didn't we? Those were the days when the governments owned these infrastructure companies. And that was the model. With privatization, the multilaterals sort of stripped away, fell away. They had their own finance and houses and so on. It has become increasingly difficult, I think, to attract investment that's sustainable because of the inherent risk associated with technology advances. So on the pin in that, I think the regulatory frameworks, the legal frameworks, have to try to learn this, have to try to mitigate, moderate these risks, excuse me, to enable what I would call the non-conventional investors to, you know, to look at this sector. And to perhaps, at the same time, we have to think of new ways, more innovative ways, in fact. In fact, you know, I was thinking about it the other day, where, you know, the investments that go into sobering cables, for instance, the companies, the telcos no longer invest in these companies. It's the content providers who invest in these companies. So that's probably sustainable, I suspect it will because, you know, they will be around for a long time, so long as there's content and there's a lot in it for them, obviously, as well. Absolutely. And so that's one mechanism, as the requirements that are placed on the infrastructure changes from voice to data to content, then I believe the purveyors of these products and services will have to find themselves invested in these technologies to deliver the services that they require.  But it doesn't, I think, detract from the view that I have that, you know, hedge funds, trust funds, all of these, I think, are areas which we will have to explore to see if we might be able to create a kind of risk profile for the industry that will allow these kinds of investments to, you know, to take place in the sector. We were talking to, excuse me, some examples of collaboration in terms of mechanisms for sustainable investment in infrastructure. What about keeping up to speed? What about the technology changing so fast that it's very difficult to regulate, that it's very difficult to know what's coming next and to be able to regulate for that? How can one mitigate that? The regulator, the governments, excuse me, where it starts, have to recognize that they will never be able to keep pace. So the laws, the regulations, all of these instruments that are there to protect society, to protect individuals, have to have the ability to change themselves fairly quickly because, you know, the technology isn't going to wait. And so we, as regulators, and since we are in this forum, have to recognize that the lighter the regulation, the better it shall be, or the better it will be, the lighter the regulation. And in fact, I keep telling my staff, for instance, that, you know, if the day comes that we find that we are an inhibitor to investment, then we're not doing our jobs. And it really means lighter touch regulation. Perhaps you replace ourselves with a situation where we look at outcomes more so than trying to put pressure on these investors to do so and so and so. But they'll do it because it's a highly competitive industry. So we need to, that is to just create that framework where risk is, I can't say low, but risk is low, or at least, and can be anticipated. And the certainty that they need, that the market will be there with something that we, as regulators, can try to promote and stimulate. And coming back closer to home, what's the landscape like in terms of AI and IoT in the Bahamas? It's still a long, still a little way away. I was talking to my colleagues yesterday, after that session yesterday, and we're saying, you know, for the first time, and I've been in this business, this industry for a while, I said, for the first time, I was actually frightened or scared because the possibilities of what AI brings and the possibility that these machines could one day be so intelligent that they're so intelligent that they just grow, they just feed on themselves, developing their own software, for instance, as they grow. I'm actually frightened that we, how should I put it? That if we are not prepared for it as a society, then we could misuse AI and actually use it for the wrong reasons. And then of course along comes the problems with cyber protection and cyber crimes and this sort of thing, which is something I think which will then start to loom as a major issue for us in the next period of the technology development. So it's exciting times, but we can't afford to trade slowly, but we have to trade carefully. In the old days is to make here slowly, and I think this is what I would suggest. Well, thank you very much for joining us in the studio today. We wish you the very best, obviously, with this making hay slowly future that we have ahead of us. And we hope very much to catch up with you again sometime in the near future. It did an absolute pleasure. Thank you very much indeed. Thank you.


Alright, so today we are going to continue with this chapter, kinetic theory, you remember we had covered it in the last week, we have covered the entire chapter, the coverage was mainly catered to the school requirements, today we are going to see that how it is different for the community level preparation. So you may see that there will be questions that will not only take the concepts from kinetic theory, they will be like you know you can't tell that this question belongs to kinetic theory or thermodynamics or thermal properties of matter, there can be lot of questions of that nature also which mix all the chapters together and come as a problem to you. So we will see a couple of those kind of questions also. But before I start giving you questions my own, let me check like have you guys done the assignment, did you find it difficult, easy, moderate, how it was? It was easy, okay so you have any doubts, do you have any doubts from it? One doubt what is that? Question number 14, oh everyone has that doubt, alright is there any other question other than 14, anyone? Question number 14, this one, okay yes I remember it was there on the group, nobody replied to Anusha on the group, you can do that, probably nobody was sure about the answer that's all. So let us see how to do this, if a piston is moved in so as to reduce the volume of a gas by half, keeping the temperature of gas constant, so basically what is happening is that there is something like that, okay this is close from here, then this piston which was here earlier has been brought to there, okay. So if the volume is half, keeping temperature constant pressure will be doubled, so temperature is the same, same temperature so isothermal, if it is isothermal what I can tell about the velocity of the gas, velocity or the speed of the gas molecules will be, speed won't change, right, because the kinetic energy is 3 by 2 kT, kinetic energy depends on temperature, okay, since kinetic energy depends on the temperature, if temperature is same, kinetic energy will be same and hence the speed will be same, so speed will not change, okay. So why the pressure is doubled on the vertical wall over there, that is what we need to answer, alright, so momentum change per collision is doubled while frequency of collision remains constant, momentum change per collision, momentum change per collision won't be different because the velocity is same, so with water velocity hits the wall, with same velocity it will bounce back, right, so A is definitely wrong, B will also be wrong because momentum change per collision, oh sorry, momentum change per collision they say it is constant, momentum change per collision both are increased, so A and C both are wrong, all of you understand that, now what about frequency of the collision, is that doubled, is that doubled on the vertical walls, on the vertical side walls, number of molecules per unit volume it will increase or not, N by V it will be doubled, same number of molecules will be in a lesser number of volume, lesser amount of volume, so number of molecules per unit volume will increase, so you know pressure, you have derived it 1 by 3 N M to V square, you remember this all of you, okay, so basically N is increasing but here none of the options talks about number of molecules per unit volume changing, okay, so we need to see force, what is force, do you remember that expression for force, force divided by area we have taken volume, force is 1 by 3 N M V square into area, this is what it is, right, now over here there is, this is number of molecules per unit volume, so force is equal to, see we cannot have two variables, A is also changing, right, on the side walls whatever the area has become half, all of you understand that, so it will be 1 by 3 number of molecules N divided by the overall volume to M into V square to area, okay, so N M and V square they are fixed, area divided by volume is changing, right, area divided by volume has become what, area divided by volume has become half, no, no, half, how it is doubled, yeah sorry, V is V by 2, yeah correct, correct, V is V by 2 and area number of molecules is same M V square, area of cross section over here, this area, no, we have to take the side area, side area also, side area becomes half, right, A by 2, side area has become A by 2, so the volume, pressure can't remain same, right, because volume has become half, some trick we are missing here, oh, this is, this is N is total number of molecules divided by the new volume it is, the new volume is V by 2, area is A by 2, area is A by 2, so force, force will remain same, okay, so we can see here the force, all of you, force remains same, all of you understand, force remains same, type in on the side walls, the force will remain same, now pressure is what, pressure is force divided by area, area is A by 2, okay, so pressure will become double or not, pressure is becoming double because area is becoming half, not because of any other reason, so that's why option D, clear to everyone, now let's take up few questions that are not so direct, you put it, whatever doubt there is, you have to directly write down the doubt, don't say that I have a doubt, then I'll ask you, okay, tell me the doubt, what causes frequency of collision to increase, the velocity increase, when velocity increases, then only number of collisions, you have to see the derivation, how it is derived, okay, look at the derivation, things will be clear, what are the derivation, M into V is the incoming momentum, so total change in momentum is 2 MV, we had to multiply with the rate at which it is colliding, how you get rate at which it is colliding, N dN by dt, right, how you get rate at which it is colliding, you have to find out number of molecules in a volume of A into V into delta T, N, so delta N by delta T, we have done this derivation, this is equal to A V into N, this is the collision frequency, A V into N, fine, see A is becoming half, number of molecules per volume is becoming double, so A is half and N is double, so delta N by delta T remains same, it doesn't change, okay, you can't solve it theoretically, okay, it is not history we are studying, we are studying physics, you need to solve it like that, okay, then only answer it, all right, answer these questions now, focus here, Otto was not even listening what he was saying, he was busy solving these questions, okay, everyone, which of the following parameter is same for the molecules of all gases at a given temperature, all gases, can I say speed, no, because masses can be different, kinetic energy doesn't depend on the mass of a molecule, it is simply this, it is the kinetic energy, not the speed, okay, this kinetic energy will be equal to half mass of the molecule into V square, mass of the molecule can depend on which gas we are talking about, okay, next one, a gas behaves more closely at idle gas at low pressure and high temperature, okay, very nice, good start, this one, energy of a given sample of idle gas depends only on its simple temperature, which of the following gas has maximum rms speed at a given temperature, which one will have whichever has the lesser mass of molecule, which one has it hydrogen, okay, kinetic energy is same but that is equal to half mv square, so that's why, these are very simple questions, don't worry, will increase, some of it you can answer by using chemistry concepts also, states of matter is done right in chemistry, so you can use those concepts also, first one, for an, now it is about P n rho, do we know this equation P is equal to rho RT by n, do we know this, so for an idle gas, this is the situation and if for the same density, if I get two different temperature, if density is same, pressure is proportional to temperature, so T1 is more than T2, so clearly option A, why it is D, all of you understand, first one, T1 is greater than T2, how this comes, by P into V is mass of the gas divided by molecular mass into RT, so P is equal to m by V RT by m, so m by V is density, so rho RT by m, so you need to modify the equation in terms of what you want, P n rho only, fine this one, root mean square at absolute temperature is proportional to under root T, no it is a mean square speed, it is not RMS speed, it is not root mean, it is just a square mean square, mean square it is, so root mean square is proportional to root T, mean square is proportional to square of that, okay, I hope things are clear, I will put next question here itself, first one, the pressure of a gas kept in a isothermal container is 200 kilo Pascal, if half the gas is removed, the pressure will be what, I mean naturally you will tend to think that it is half only because P V is equal to n RT, it is an isothermal container, container temperature is constant, it is a container volume is constant, number of mole will become half, so when n is equal to n by 2, P2 will be equal to P1 by 2, okay, so it will be half, so 100 kilo Pascal, this one next, the RMS speed of oxygen molecule in a gas is V, if the temperature is doubled, temperature is doubled, okay all of you, should I launch a poll for this, should I launch a poll for this, take this poll for the second one, so this is what you guys have selected, let us see, so we have a temperature doubled and we need to find out the RMS speed, so the kinetic energy will become 2 times the earlier kinetic energy, 2k it will be, right, so 2k will be equal to half of m into V square, right, earlier kinetic energy k was equal to half for molecule it was 2m into V naught square, do you all understand these two equations, earlier kinetic energy was k, now because temperature has doubled it will become 2k, all right, now when you divide these two equations, you will get 2 is equal to V square by 2 V naught square, so from here V is equal to 2 times of V naught, so velocity will be 2V, correct, majority of you, so object equations are over now, do these, I will do, I will go to the next slide, put it over here, okay, equal masses of air are sealed in two vessels, one of volume V naught and the other is 2V naught, first vessel is maintained at 300 Kelvin, other at 600, the ratio of pressure in the two vessels, so equal masses of the air, it means number of moles are same, okay, so V have PV is equal to, I mean it's, I think it's a direct application of ideal gas equation, so P1 into V naught is equal to nRT naught and then P2 into 2V naught is equal to number of moles same into temperature is 2T naught, so clearly P1 is equal to P2, okay, so P1 is equal to P2, so these are simple questions, okay, this I will skip to this one, diatomic means what, everyone, what do you understand by diatomic, it's a highly conducting thing, it makes sure that there is no difference of temperature between the two sides of this separator, okay, it basically ensures temperature remains same on the both sides, that's all, aura got it, it's a simple question, 3 is to 1, everyone, it slides here so that this portion of the volume, this is V naught by 3, no, sorry, this is V naught by 4 and this volume will be 3V naught by 4, you might have got this, the ratio of the volumes are this, right, temperature on both sides are equal, T and T because our diatomic wall temperatures are equal, number of moles, they are equal or not, both sides, number of moles are equal, right, so P into 3V naught by 4 is equal to NRT and P2 into V naught by 4 is equal to NRT, so from here you'll get P2 to be equal to 3 times of P1, okay, I think straight forward anyone has any doubt quickly type in, we'll go to the next question, I have to quickly find something difficult enough of these direct ones, let's do this first, condition for equilibrium is what, condition for equilibrium, everyone, pressure and temperature should be same throughout, she just got it, others, okay, Pradhyun, Auro, also got, anyone else, Aruvi, Aditi, so we have TA into V, PV is equal to number of moles, number of moles are not given, let's say NA to R into TA, okay, so we have over here, NA is equal to PA into V divided by R into TA, similarly NB is equal to PB V divided by R into TB, okay, and at the end, when they mix and attain equilibrium, total pressure is let's say P, the volume will be 2V, now gas can spread into V volume and number of moles will be NA plus NB, R into T, this one, so you can substitute the value of NA plus NB over there, P into 2V is equal to PA divided by RTA plus PB divided by RTB into RT into V, so V will get cancelled away, R is also gone, so you have this relation, straight forward like this, to this, yes, temperature in terms of P0, V0, the final answer for this, let me see, yes P0, V0, in terms of that you should get, okay, P0, V0 by 2R, many are getting that answer, temperature we have to find out when V is equal to V0, so we should get a relation between V and T, so I have to write pressure equals to NRT by V, it is one mole, so N is 1, okay, so RT by V is equal to P0 divided by 1 plus V by V0, whole square, so just put V is equal to V0, you will have RT by V0 is equal to P0 by V is equal to V0, so P0 by 2, temperature will be equal to P0 V0 by 2R, okay, fine, now I will give you a question myself, suppose you have a situation in which there is a heater at T equal to 0, at T equal to 0, the spring in its natural length, spring in natural length, okay, the initial pressure is P0, initial volume is V0, okay, the heater supplies heat of delta Q, all right, assume that the spring get compressed, spring get compressed by an amount of X, okay, it is a slow process, spring get compressed by X, when you supply heat delta Q, you need to find out the final temperature of gas, initial temperature is also given, initial temperature is T0, okay, and area of the piston if you want is given as A, okay, find out all walls are insulated, do this meanwhile I will find out some other questions, no one, anyone closer to the answer, okay, I am waiting, the hint is you may have to use first law of thermodynamics, all right, we will do it now, everyone focus here, so we have first law of thermodynamics delta Q is equal to delta U plus the work done, W, fine, so delta Q is given to us, delta Q is given to us, delta U is how much, delta U is N, CV, delta T, what is W, how much is W, W is integral of F DX, right, the gas is pushing this, right, and it is a slow process, so the gas force should be equal to KX only, whatever the spring force is, same force the gas should also apply to slow, slowly it is pushing it, okay, so integral F DX is KX DX integral only, whatever work gas does, it is stored in the spring as its potential energy only, so delta Q is equal to N, CV, delta T plus half KX square, okay, now just straightforward you will get the value of delta T, delta T is equal to delta Q minus half KX square divided by N CV, right, where N is equal to P naught, V naught by RT naught, this is N which you can substitute here, okay, CV should be given to you of course, if I tell you it is mono atomic, what is the value of CV, if I write it as mono atomic, CV is equal to what, all of you, 5 by 3, 5 by 3 is gamma, CV is 3R by 2, CP is 5R by 3, gamma is CP by CV, all right, so there is a way you do this question, what do you mean PDV work done, PDV work done is derived from F DX only, okay, pressure on this wall is what, pressure on, the pressure is P, so force is P into A into DX, okay, so P into A becomes your force which is KX, okay, one more question, probably I think we are finishing up the problems quickly, so after couple of question we will start some other chapter, meanwhile write down this question, you have a tube, you have a horizontal tube like this, okay, tube of length L, there is a tube of length L which is closed at both the ends, it contains ideal gas whose molecular weight is M, molecular mass, molar mass is M, it is rotated by angular velocity omega about the axis passing through this point, axis passes through that point and this entire rod is rotated like that with angular velocity omega, okay, assume that temperature is constant and uniform, you have to find out, you have to get the pressure, okay, just a second, assume P1, P2, P1 denotes the pressure at the free end and the fixed end, okay, so you need to find out relation between this pressure, let's call it as P1 and pressure over here, P2, between pressure over here and pressure over there, what is the relation you have to find out, okay, all of you understood the question, do this, clear, do it now, anyone close to the answer, should I wait, should I give a hint, okay, here is the hint, you do the mechanics also here, okay, mechanics won't leave you, take a small element at a distance of x, okay, the hint is draw the free body diagram of this, this small mass that you have taken at a distance of x, draw the free body diagram of this mass, okay, now try it, clear to everyone, should I discuss, anyone close to getting answer, understood, got the answer, understood but didn't get the answer, okay, I will discuss it now, so listen here, this is the small dm mass that you have taken, this is dm, okay, so this dm mass will experience pressure from this part of the gas and pressure from that part of the gas, which pressure will be higher, what do you think, right or left, right or left, everyone, p1 is higher or p2 is higher, that's a guess right, whatever you're telling me is a guess, whatever you're told is a guess, now tell me logically which one should be correct, p1 or p2, logic, what logic you will apply, what logic you will apply, should this you can't answer both sides, are you getting it, only two options are correct, first you answer left and now you're telling right, so which logic will you apply, which logic, no one, Newton's second law, Newton's second law you have to apply, which direction is the acceleration, which direction is the acceleration, no forget about compression and all, which direction is the acceleration, for this dm, is this acceleration or not for this dm, which direction it is, on the left direction centripetal acceleration, all of you, what is the acceleration, omega square x, okay, so net net this side should be the acceleration, so which pressure should be higher now, right hand side pressure should be higher, isn't it, do you all understand this now, p1 plus you can say dp, everyone is understood, now apply Newton's second law, how you will apply Newton's second law, p1 plus dp minus p1 is equal to dm omega square x, okay, so dp is equal to dm omega square x, now what to do, everyone, now what to do, everyone now what to do, how many variables there are, pressure, mass and x, can you solve this, oh sorry, you need to multiply by area here, this into area, area into pressure is force, so that's why, so dp is equal to dm omega square x by a, yeah, clear Anusha, integrate, how will you integrate, there are three variables, p, m and x, how you integrate, you have to use idle gas equation here, so p is equal to, p is equal to RT by m, you remember this, so RT by m, so I will get density is equal to mp by RT, I have written density in terms of pressure, so that I can find out dm, which is rho into the volume of this, which is how much, if this is dx, the volume is adx, so dm is rho into adx, so that is mp mp by RT to adx, okay, clear, till now it is clear to everyone, this is equation number one, this is equation number two, whenever gas is there, you have to use idle gas equation somewhere, okay, all right, so we have, I will write both of these, so if I write dm like this, mp by RT into adx omega square x by a, then a and a will get cancelled away, and you can see here that the variables are only p and x, do you all see that, I can write it as dp by p is equal to m omega square by RT into x dx, okay, so I can integrate this from 0 to l, and the pressure will go from p1 to p2, dp by p integral is what, everyone, what is dp by p integral, lnp log p, so log of p2 minus log of p1 is equal to m omega square l square by RT, so I will get ln of p2 by p1 is equal to m omega square l square by RT, so you will get p2 by p1 is equal to e to the power m omega square l square by 2 RT, okay, so p2 is equal to p1 e to the power m omega square l square by 2 times RT, let me check the answer, yes, this is what it is, all of you understood, everyone understood, type in, there is no such formula, no, you are saying p1 is equal to p2 plus rho gh, you want to use that, but then here things are accelerating, it is not, no, no, no, don't create theorems, are you getting it, do not create theorems your own, even that equation which you are telling me Pascal's equation, variation of pressure with height, that is to only when the fluid is at rest, okay, or at least there is a constant acceleration, here even acceleration is not constant throughout omega square x, where x keeps on varying, so do not get into adventurous thing, put your imagination in solving numericals, don't on the spot come up with certain theory, okay, for that years of research is required, then only something you can say that we can use something like that, clear, right, everyone, let us, now what Siddish was saying, let us take something like that, so you can use that thing which, Siddish you get this one right there, here you can use it, whatever you are saying, suppose you have a container, okay, you have a container of height h, area of cross section is a, a uniform cylinder is there, okay, the pressure on the top of the cylinder is atmospheric pressure P0, P0 is a pressure, you need to tell me total mass of the gas inside, total mass of the gas inside, assume that temperature is fixed, T0, okay, do that, and it may not be very obvious, you need to assume variation of pressure with height, this is only for shortage, because he asked something like that, I mean everyone can solve it, no, that is not correct, P, what is P, P is not given to you, should I give hint, hint is you can solve it just like that, little bit of integral is there, another hint is take P is equal to P0 plus rho g h, should I discuss dm is density over there into a into dx, density into volume is dm, okay, so if you can integrate this, you will get total mass, but the problem is area is constant, but density is not constant, so can you get density as a function of x, can you do that, this is density in terms of pressure, okay, rho is equal to MP by RT, but do we know pressure as a function of y, can I find out pressure as a function of y, what I can write, pressure as a function of y, what I can write, tell me, all of you can you tell me, can I write this like that, P is equal to P0 plus rho gy, can I write like that, is this correct, is this expression correct, all of you type in, this is not correct, density is not constant, very good, density is not constant, so how can you take like that, but in a differential form, is this equation correct, that dP is equal to rho g dy, is this correct, this is correct, here I should write y, this is y dy dy, so dP is equal to rho g dy, so I will write dP is equal to, now can you solve it like it's interesting now, I have written all the possible equations, it's just solution now, mathematics is left, no one is getting it, no one, okay what you do is that, using this equation first and second equation, get pressure as a function of y, can you get that, so dP is equal to rho that is mP by RT into g dy, so dP by P is equal to m g by RT dy, so 0 to y and pressure will go from P0 to P, are you able to understand what I am doing here, any guesses why I am finding P as a function of y, everyone why I am finding pressure as a function of y, how does that help me, so this will give me P is equal to P0 e to the power m g y by RT, I have got pressure as a function of y, so I want mass, I want this, so using this I can get the density as a function of y, which I can later on substitute in this equation, which one in this equation later on I can substitute, I can get the density as a function of y by using equation 2 and this equation 3, so density will be equal to m rho which is this entire thing m P0 by RT e to the power m g y by RT, so we have finally got density as a function of y, which I will substitute over here and integrate from 0 to h to get the total mass inside the container, everyone understood this type n, is it clear to everyone, this is how it will be in J advance, okay this is how it will be fine, so I guess the problem practice for the kinetic theory of gases, I was wondering whether you have lot of doubts, so I thought entire class will go in that, but then good that all the doubts are cleared, do you have any other doubt from any other assignment, we can discuss that also today, any other assignment you want to discuss anything, but RBD, RBD assignments are all fine, no doubts, no one has any doubts from RBD, okay good, if you want I can discuss RBD assignments, you don't want any discussion of that sorts, my question is Pradyun, have you attempted it, if you have attempted you should have doubts about the questions that this is the question, you will not say discuss entire DPP, okay that is not doubt, which question, so if I scroll down will you be able to identify your doubts, let me do that, so only Pradyun has doubts, everybody else is very sure about entire rigid body dynamics, so probably we don't need a separate problem solving on rigid body.


So today we'll talk about updating and modernizing our clock drivers. My name is Chen Yu. I'm currently a kernel developer for Google working on the Chrome OS platforms. I started out as a hobbyist working on all-winner ARM SOCs back in 2013 and I've spoken a bit about bring up and maintainer experiences at ELC. So disclaimer I've worked a lot on the clock common clock frameworks but I do not consider myself an expert. So unfortunately the maintainer for the clock framework had to leave early. He's not around. So some background. So back in the day every platform would implement their own resource management and everyone would have their own APIs and so some of the developers came up with a common API for drivers to use and this is the clock API. You use it by including linux slash clock.h and this only specifies an API. So the actual code backing this is implemented by each platform under their own machine drivers and then later on there was this clock depth lookup code which gave you some sort of API to look up clock resources and then in 2011 there was this beginning of the clock common clock framework which basically implements basic clock types like dividers, muxes, gates, multipliers and initially this was done with one clock per device node. So you'd have one node for a multiplier, one node for a multiplexer, one node for a divider, one node for a gate and this unfortunately loaded the device trees a lot and you'd spend a whole lot of CPU time parsing your device trees and normally clock hardware would have like multiple clocks fitted into one register and so you'd also have like node address conflicts within your device tree and so later on the clock maintainers have asked everyone to move they've evolved a common clock framework notably they've asked many platforms to slowly move to the common clock framework from their own custom stuff they've moved everyone from having like one device node per clock to one device node per clock controller IP block there has been work to separate the consumer side from the provider side so you'll see struck clock for all consumer APIs you'll see struck clock hardware for all the provider APIs and then as more and more platforms move to device tree the global clock lookup stuff has been less commonly used and this has more or less been deprecated so now we have like a more efficient clock lookup through device trees and also recently well maybe three or four years ago there was a new way to describe your clock tree it used to be all purely based on strings you'd match your parents based on strings and now there's a way to specify your clock parents as local clock parents either through the device tree or through internal pointers so what's wrong or what can like what's what the existing drivers so a lot of times drivers are upstreamed and they are forgotten about so most of the time developers will upstream a driver and then when it's working they'll just move on to the next platform either the newer newer stocks or the newer newer architectures or anything other times if they're hobbyists or they're not full-time or something like that they might have burnt out they might have quit their job and no one has replaced them so you'll have drivers that aren't really maintained and then there are situations where there aren't any real-world users of these drivers within the community within the upstream Linux community because these drivers are actually used downstream with an LTS kernel or used with Android used with BSPs and so even if they do run into problems they might not really report them to us and there's like maybe a disconnect between the actual users and us as a community also early on a lot of drivers have assumed that they will always succeed which kind of makes sense if your clock driver does not exist your system will most likely either crash or it won't be functional um it kind of works poorly with deferred probe because they don't clean up resources and the second try you will always have something that will fail and most clock drivers if not all are not written to be modular to be loaded as a module so trying to unload a clock module a clock driver module will likely cause the system to just blow up again that kind of makes sense because like the clock driver is the most essential part of the system so unloading the clock driver really doesn't get tested also as i mentioned the there was this move to separate the consumer side from the provider side but the provider side still has these old struck clock APIs and a lot of drivers are still stuck with that and it's been deprecated for like five years so we have around a thousand invocations in the kernel tree for the old APIs and around 600 for the new APIs so clearly there's still a lot of stragglers but documentation and guidance around how to migrate your drivers why you should migrate your drivers is quite lacking which is unfortunate also previously there was only one way to describe your clock tree you would specify what your parents what your clock parents are using clock names string-based clock names and that look up would basically look up through the whole system so if you had hundreds of clocks in your system that would take some time last year someone proposed hashing the strings for faster matching which would be nice but at the time i thought that the that wasn't the real bottleneck so we'll talk about this later so in 2019 steam board added pointer and device tree based look up for parents if you have an internal clock parent you can describe them directly using pointers to their data structures if it's external you can describe them through the device tree you can list your the input clocks for your certain hardware block using the clocks property and um in your driver you can reference each different entry within that property to describe your parent your clock parents and that is a much more efficient way than trying to match against the whole table of clock names within the system so what should i do or what should we do to improve our clock drivers um so first of all we can clean up our drivers as i mentioned a lot of drivers assume that they are they don't have to do cleanup they always succeed they are probably initialized early on instead of using the proper driver model so a few things that we can do is like move the clock drivers to the proper driver model using platform devices platform drivers add proper error checking and error cleanup in the error path and also add remove callbacks they may not be exercised but it's uh it's a good thing to actually write them and then you can actually check if it makes sense and also we'd like clock drivers to migrate to the new uh clock provider apis which start with clock underscore hardware underscore register so there are a lot of instances where you have to migrate automated tools will help said or coconut those will help out and um by migrating you are really helping the clock maintainers to essentially deprecate the old api and get rid of it also you can switch your parent references from strings to internal to local clock references again either using pointers or using device tree lookups and if you're using device tree lookups try to use indexes instead of strings because strings also uh string matching even though it's just for the dt device tree entries that will still be slower than having indexes and it used to be that indexes weren't stable but now with the newer yaml based device tree schema the ordering is fixed so i don't think there's any issues with using indexes for this purpose so what have we done for for our work um so i've been working on the media tech clock driver for maybe the last six months we've added removal code and cleanup code error checking for the whole media tech clock driver library they have one library essentially a collection of functions that they use throughout their uh all their so c drivers um and we've tried to clean up at least one driver so that it uh it it's now clean and it sets an example for um the media tech engineers to follow and so as we clean these up there are newer drivers also are much more cleaner and they have fewer issues so unfortunately they still have like 10 to 15 older drivers that we have to clean up um that's going to be a lot of work we've also migrated their driver to the newer api um which involved a massive patch set uh rewriting basically all the function calls um i think this was originally like 12 patches with um bisect uh bisectability issues between them because we had uh the way we structure structured it was we had one patch for doing all the automation automated rewrites and then that would miss them some things and then we do have another patch to basically cover all the missed cases and that would result uh help with the reviews because you had all the many parts and then you had the handwritten parts but that wasn't uh really bisectable so afterwards after everything passed review then we sort of squashed everything and then sent that to the mailing list and then unfortunately that resulted in a patch that was over the size limit of the clock mailing lists so yeah splitting the the patches also helps with like sending patches out and having them actually readable so the next part we were doing um it's basically switching to local parent references were possible um i've gotten this to sort of work right now but it's not really cleaned up i have like uh unstage changes for like 10 plus files right now um and i was expecting like improvement to the probe and boot time but unfortunately that didn't really realize itself um a bit of analyzing uh i found that actually the real bottleneck for the clock drivers probing was actually um checking each clock name to make sure that this clock name when registered is unique in the system um so that's done for each clock that you register and unfortunately the media tech systems they have like 600 to 800 clocks within the system and that that really eats into your cpu time um so basically that's what we've done so far um in the future we plan to do a bit more um first of all that duplicate clock check thing we'll try to move to a hash table for for the whole system so that should massively improve the lookup time but it might blow the system a bit more also steven mentioned that maybe we could do something like have drivers opt out of this duplicate name check because the names are really only used if you're using global lookups now if you're not using global lookups then maybe you could opt out but it's more of a platform decision and also we could consider like dropping all the clock names and have something auto-generated but that doesn't help with the uh the custom names help with debugging so when you look at the clock table you will know like which clock you're actually trying to debug instead of some random um id that's generated by the clock core and um also the all the following um points are basically wish list items from steven so we'd like to improve the documentation around the clock framework uh the clock core currently doesn't have much documentation it has some kernel doc attached but there's no overall design documentation that explains like what you should implement in your driver or how each function how callbacks are used how the overall code flow is so we'd like to improve the kernel docs and maybe write an introductory document that explains basically everything also steven asked that people um add more k-unit tests to add coverage i know max seems already doing a lot of this so if people would add more test cases to cover their use cases that would be nice and there's also an issue with the get parent callback that um it currently returns unsigned u8 and there's no way to signal errors and also there's this limit that you can only have 256 parents which seems like enough but who knows um so yeah maybe rewrite this to return a pointer directly that would be nice that would be enough a massive undertaking for the whole clock tree yeah and also i think this one is the uh more realistic one and that actually um helps with things there currently are like multiple ridge map clock implementations there's one for qualcomm there's one for media tech i'm guessing there are more and they all they're they're basically basic clock types like gates dividers multipliers muxes that are backed by a ridge map however um because of like subtle platform differences you'll have multiple implementations so we'd like to look at all these implementations try to merge them and promote them to the core so not everyone has to like duplicate all the code and steven also mentioned that there's this um prepare lock issue that is basically one big block around the clock core and right now um it will block changes to unrelated clocks say you're changing the speed of the clock rate of your gpu that would likely block any other changes to maybe your sd card or your display pipeline and so the idea is to try to make the locks more granular um to or to make it just affect the subtree that's currently being modified and also lock tap lock that uh complains about deadlocks when you're using the prepare lock and then uh with clocks on some slow buses um there's this issue on if the prepare lock is uh used first versus like if a ridge map is used first and you can get into situations where one part of the driver grabs the prepare lock and then grabs the lock for the ridge map and another another part of the driver grabs the ridge map first and then grabs the prepare lock then you have a deadlock um so that's about it for for today any questions i know it's this has it's sort of more like a plumber's talk rather than a elc talk so um so the question was that uh the response time for clock patches right now is uh abysmal and um is there any plan to have a co-maintenorship of the clock tree or something else um i've slightly talked to steven about this um personally i don't think i have the bandwidth to co-maintain everything um and i think uh what steven is now doing is mostly uh having platform maintainers do the review work for the platform drivers um i think merrick has uh has an issue with he's trying to get something merged into a clock core and is basically being ignored yeah yeah so um unfortunately uh there are two clock maintainers on the list uh mike is basically too busy to do anything um steven is sort of overworked so i think we do have to come up with some sort of co-maintenorship either informal or formal like reviewing each other's patches some something like that yeah any other questions um right now it oh so the question was can we get off get rid of all the clock uh the name-based lookups for clocks um i think right now there's a fallback path for uh clock get to fall back to global names and there's also a fallback path for the clock parenting lookups in the clock core and so to get rid of all the clock names uh name lookups i think we would have to like get everyone to update their clock drivers to at least have local references so you could get of get rid of all the names in the drivers yeah and then ideally you'd have uh device tree lookups in all the peripheral drivers that use the clocks um any other questions so the the statement is that um dropping all the clock names from the the driver core would likely cause uh the newer kernels to not work with the older uh device trees yes i believe that would be a problem because um even when i'm rewriting this uh the the clock drivers the media tech clock drivers they they don't have proper device tree references to each other so they have three or four clock controllers within their system and between them they pass like 10 to 15 clocks and right now they're all based on name lookups and so if you have an older device tree that doesn't describe all the clock relations and you run it on a newer kernel that does not do name lookups um it will basically break because the the downstream um clock drivers don't know uh what their parents are they can't do reparenting they can't set calculate the rates that sort yeah so i think we can eventually get there but it's going to take a lot of time minutes or hours later doing good okay so the right so the statement was that uh rockchip has these uh clock references that are done by name only because the the clocks may appear much later um and we are depending on the clock core to um essentially know when the new uh that that parent appears and then tie it into the existing clocks and yes that is a problem that we've also seen on media tech um essentially they rely on a certain um ordering of their drivers and um the clocks appearing the the clock the clocks can appear out of order and you want them to be able to be tied together essentially and um sometimes it may it might not work when you are using device tree to describe them because then the device tree uh forces either a certain order or you get circular dependencies which right now I don't think the the clock core can actually resolve properly yeah any other questions I think we're running way early is it any me right oh so the statement was that uh christoph is it yes so uh statement from christoph is that he worked on uh getting trying to get rid of the paralog uh big big lock uh six or seven years ago and it was just an rfc series and surprisingly it hasn't moved forward yet uh I guess it's a lack of reviewers and contributors yeah um are there any questions from the virtual attendant attendees no okay any other questions or we can wrap this up are we no okay well thank thank you for your time


NeoChat is an application you can use to chat through metrics. As an example, all internal KDE discussions happen on the KDE Matrix instance channels and you can use NeoChat to participate in them. Today, NeoChat is announcing their third major version and I do really mean major, even though it's a pretty new application, the amount of work that's been done is impressive. The first new feature you can easily see all messages are now into bubbles, the standard for an NeoChat application, and this makes it much easier to visually parse them and their order. I think this change alone will bring NeoChat appearance to a whole new level. Then there's a whole new chat bar, which is the component that lets you write messages. It was completely redesigned. It now allows you to nicely see what you're editing if you're editing a message or what you're replying to when you click on the reply button. You can also attach an image and see a preview of it before sending with a nice edit button and crop, flip, etc. Then typing slash will pop up all available commands in a room, which is particularly useful. And speaking of commands, you can send custom reaction by using slash, react, blah blah blah. It will look like this when you actually use it. Oh, and of course, you can still react to messages using hertz and stuff. To be honest, this is my favorite feature. And since it's easier to edit messages, you might want an easier way to trigger the edit mode. Now you can just use the up arrow to switch to the last message you wrote and edited so that fixing mistakes is much easier. Also, if you try to open a matrix link with your browser, the links starting in matrix, blah blah blah, it will now actually open up in NeoChat, saving you the time of copy pasting that link to NeoChat. Also, if you are using a notification system that supports quick replies, like in Plasma, every time you get a new message, wait for it, wait wait wait, you will be able to quick reply to it just from the notification pop up. It's super useful to give a quick reply to a private message when you're working on something else entirely without having to bring up NeoChat again. Then look at what happens if I type fireworks and send that emoji. That's right, we'll get actual fireworks to pop up in the application. And it even works if I type in snow with a very snowy snow coming up from the top. This might be the sexiest new feature of NeoChat. But there's more pretty stuff. I can't show you this one, but if you run NeoChat on a phone, which by the way, you can, context menus are now implemented as bottom drawers, which are very pretty. Next is the new UI for switching accounts, and I don't have multiple accounts right now, but if I had the switcher would appear to the bottom of the room list. Switching accounts is a feature that NeoChat had from D1, but now there's a whole new UI to do it. Then there's a bunch of bug fixes and minor improvements, like touch scrolling is more smooth, joining a room will make it open right away instead of on restart, etc, etc. In just three months, NeoChat did a giant leap forward in terms of usability and, you know, being one of the prettiest KD apps. And all of this is just the new stuff. There's also the cool old stuff, like being able to explore room and pretty much anything in the context menus that really show that, yes, this can be used on a phone, but it's fully flashed and featured on a desktop as well. And if you haven't already, you should really, really go check it out. Bye.


But it's low carb. I see here you got two grams of net carbs on very low carb very high protein Your typical oatmeal might have in the serving this size might have six or seven grams of protein There are some other competitors. They're sprinkling in some other protein Maybe bumping it up to 10 grams. This has 20 grams of protein because those are all oat based. They're oatmeal based Oats a grain