All right, welcome back everybody. This is the second lecture. We're just getting ready to enter into the new heavens and the new earth. Before we do that, we are trying to answer some questions. So, any thoughts on why God, I mean, how Satan could possibly deceive people? Who've been in the millennium? They've experienced everything and yet they get deceived. How could that happen? Any thoughts, please? Go ahead. Is it a question or is it a comment on an answer? Yeah, I was just thinking about that question that you asked, Pastor. I think it's the same way even Adam and Eve were deceived. It was the perfect world, yet they were deceived. Yeah, and as it says in 1 John 2 16, the lust of the flesh, the pride of life and the lust of the eyes. Maybe, yeah, maybe it could be. So, yeah, Satan might be using the same tactics. Very good, very good. You know, so this is quite interesting that even though you are in a perfect environment, there's an insulate us from deception, like we have pointed out. Adam and Eve are in the garden of Eden. You can't get any more perfect than that. And yet they got deceived. Or to go back, you know, Satan or Lucifer was in the glory of God. He was living in the presence of God and yet he was, he deceived himself, self-deception. So we have these two precedents, St. Lucifer in the presence of God, Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden. They were deceived. Now, the trick that Satan used in the garden of Eden is he questioned. You know, did God really say he questioned, made them question the word of God. And that could very well be his tactic, you know, get people to doubt everything they've been, the word that they've heard. You know, hey, did Jesus really say there's new heavens and new earth coming? No, that can't be. Did Jesus really say you're going to be part of the New Jerusalem? That can't be whatever. You know, he can cause people to doubt the word, just like he calls Adam and Eve. And same thing, you know. I see the other comments, Kennedy says, because people have the free will of choice, exactly. So I see Prabhakar's common desires of human could be the human desires or some common to play, because you hear this thing and then you, the enemy usually targets our desires. Okay, but the environment doesn't insulate us from deception. You know, the enemy can bypass that environment and you can make us question the word. And that's where deception starts. Say your question, please. We can take it up now before we go forward. Thank you, Pastor. So I have no issue with Satan deceiving men. I mean, if he could do it in heaven and do it in the garden of Eden like with Ragusa, he can do it even in the millennium. My only contention is, who are these people that are being deceived? Because I'm asking myself again, okay, yes, I agree, anyone could be deceived, but those who have been raptured and will come down to the earth to rule with Christ, they are in a glorified body that is not corruptible. So I'm wondering, should they still, would they be part of those who will be deceived or do we have it? We're not sure or certain who's going to fall into this category. So next time, yes, I can believe that those who lived in the tribulation period, right, and then entered into the millennium, yes, I can agree on that. But some of them would die, and I believe they will also be resurrected in glorified bodies. So would they still be liable to sin, even in that glorified state? That's kind of where my contention is with this. Yeah, very valid question. I think the answer is that in Revelation 20 verse 8, where he says that Satan would go to deceive the nations, which are peoples. So the people who have already entered into their glorified bodies, they are in their perfect state, so to speak. That means they know Christ even as they are known. So they will not necessarily be deceived. But here he says he goes out to deceive the nations, referring to the peoples who are born during the millennium, because the nations are taught by the saints. So the saints are already saints. The only glorified bodies, they already are shouldn't do that. So they are being taught. The saints are teaching the nations. So I don't think, as far as my persuasion is, I don't think the saints will fall for that deception because they are teaching people. They are administering the kingdom. So they are involved in that process. I don't think they would. And just going by Revelation 20 verse 8, he deceives the nations, deceiving the peoples who have not yet entered into their glorified bodies. So that's how I would position it. But like I see Anita's comment that Adam and Eve were in their glorified state. I mean, they were in the perfect state and yet they were deceived. I mean, that's a valid argument. But my persuasion is that the people who are going to be deceived would be the nations and not the saints. Yeah. Although we don't have like a chapter in verse to back it up, but I feel that would be a right understanding. Christopher, your question please. Thank you, Pastor. Yes, thank you, Pastor. I mean, I think this is, I mean, my kind of feel about this.  And I'm just thinking that, you know, in the history of, you know, when we see in the Old Testament and even during Noah's time, when God felt that, you know, it was important in his view that, you know, the world could get totally destroyed by the flood, except for a few people like Noah and his family. And in a way, this is history repeating itself, you know, during the tribulation and bringing the world into a state where, you know, there is even no devil for 1,000 years and yet man is corruptible.  And so that is just one side of it. And then I think the other side of it is that I just feel that, you know, that the love of God is so immense that he has just given us, you know, this, in a sense, very simple way to salvation except me.  So I just think that even though it stands from this evil nature of human beings with or without the devil, it's still sort of, you know, this life, this imperfect kind of life that God has created has also given him that opportunity or given us the opportunity to see that, you know, that immense love of God. This is more an observation rather than that, you know, a static answer to your question. All right.  So, yeah, that's, that's fair enough. Just keep in mind that in Christ, he's perfecting us, right? In Christ, he's brought us to this spiritually, he's perfected us.  I'm talking about those of us who yielded to him, was surrendered to him. He's at work in us, perfecting us, right? Okay. Thanks for sharing those thoughts, Christopher. So, you know, so we were just having a little discussion on that end step where Satanist believes for, you know, at the end of the millennium, deceives the nations, he gets convinced, he's able to get a lot of people, you know, to join him. He goes on as one final attempt against the city of God and God intervenes, destroys, you know, fire came down and devoured them. It says Revelation 20 verse nine. So then Satan is once for all bound, cast into the lake of fire, and then Revelation 20 verses 11 to 15. That is what we call as the great white throne judgment. A great white throne. This is the last and final judgment. And this is not a judgment of the saints. Okay. So don't confuse the great white throne judgment and the Bema seat judgment. The Bema judgment is the judgment of the saints. That is the believers which takes place in heaven. And it is more of a judgment for rewards for believers, right? For the works that they have done in serving God and his kingdom. That's different. That's called Bema seat judgment based on second Corinthians chapter five. But this judgment Revelation 20 is called the great white throne judgment. It happens at the very end of time. It's like the last thing every human person is going to see. At this great white throne judgment, Revelation 2011 to 15, I'm just summarizing it. It says every person who ever lived will stand before the throne of God. They're already separated, right? That means those who have already believed in Jesus are on one side. So it's not judging them because they're already made their decision to Christ. Then on the other side, you have all those who ever lived who did not receive Christ. His names are not in the book Lamb's book of life. And the Bible says they were all sent.  Revelation 20 verse 15. So this is the final end. Then what is going to happen and I'm just going to move a little quickly now just to finish chapter 21 and 22. We, although the Bible doesn't say it, the, the saints, the believers, those who are saved are going to be taken out of the earth. And the earth is going to be this renovated or changed with fire. So second Peter chapter three was 10 to 13. Maybe we can read that very quickly. Second Peter chapter three. Somebody could read that for us. Second Peter chapter three verses. Let's turn there. Second Peter chapter three. Yeah. Versus 10 to 13. Somebody can read that for us please. The day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night in which the heavens will pass away with a great noise and the elements will melt with fervent heat. Both the earth and the works that are in it will be burned up. Therefore, since all these things will be dissolved, what manner of persons ought you to be in holy conduct and godliness. Looking for and hastening the coming of the day of God. Because of which the heavens will be dissolved being on fire and the elements will melt with fervent heat. Nevertheless, we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells. Therefore, beloved, looking forward to these things be diligent to be found by him in peace without spot and blameless. Okay. Thank you. Think about this. Peter is telling us what's going to happen. This is like the day of the Lord. This is the last, you know, there are many days of the Lord referenced in scripture. Like we mentioned in the very beginning, the introduction to this course. And this day of the Lord is the day, the final day, the Great White Throne Judgment Day. Right after this, Peter says, everything is going to be run away from melted with fire, with great heat. So there's going to be new heavens and new earth. All everything ever done will be dissolved, gone. Right. So Noah's time, I think somebody mentioned it, that was a flood. This time, everything's going to be dissolved. There's going to be new heavens and a new earth. Now new heavens, what does that mean? Does it mean just the atmospheric heavens surrounding the earth? Or does it mean the entire universe? You know, the Bible doesn't state very clearly. But my persuasion is it just includes everything, earth and heavens, meaning this entire universe with all its galaxies and billions of stars. And God's just going to change everything. Right. It's going to make new heavens and a new earth. So we're going to be taken out of the way. God's going to run away and everything. And then, Revelation 21, verse 1, John says, Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth. For the first heaven and the first earth had passed away and there was no more sea. It's amazing. It's like a complete change. Genesis 1, 1, in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. This entire universe, the galaxies, stars, everything. Revelation 21, 1, and I saw a new heaven and a new earth. So my persuasion is that everything Genesis 1, 1 talks about has been being brand new by the time we come into Revelation 21, 1. Everything is gone. Brand new. And then he says, in this new earth, there is the Holy Spirit, new Jerusalem coming down. That means heaven moves to this new earth that God has created or God brings into being. And in this place, he describes this in Revelation 21, there is no more tears. There is no more crying. All the former things have passed away. Revelation 21, verse 4. And he says, verse 5, I make all things new. And it is in this place that we are going to be with the Lord for ever and ever. Some of the things, and you can read Revelation 21, 22, some of the things that we can see about this great city is very interestingly, you know, the, you know, John, interesting thing in the book of Revelation is the colors he sees, he tries to describe it in terms of the colors of precious stones.  So there's the color of jasper and the color of clearest crystal. So this jasper is considered to be a very clear stone. So there's this bright light, but it's so clear. It's so, like, there's nothing in it. It's just very clear, nothing dark in it. And then he talks about the gates of the city, remembering the 12 tribes of Israel, so they're going to be remembered throughout. Then he talks about the foundations of the city, the names of the 12 apostles of the Lamb, so the apostles are going to be remembered. And then he describes the city. It's like pure gold, clear as glass. In other words, this is something amazing that God puts on the earth. A city that he has built or he puts together.  God himself is a temple. This is verse 22 of Revelation 21. The city has no need for the sun or the moon. So the first heavens on the earth had sun and the moon and the stars. Revelation 21, 1, the new heavens and the new earth doesn't need sun and the moon and the stars, because God is the light of everything. So he says in verse 24, Revelation 21, verse 24, the nations, they walk in the light of God. So that means we people, we who have been redeemed, saints are other nations to refer to here, people from all languages, tribes and tongues. And we are referred to as kings and priests. So we are there in this new city. And then he describes in chapter 22 about a river of life flowing through the city. And you know, we are going to see his face. His name will be on our foreheads. And he describes that the Lord will reign forever in the city and we will be with him forever and ever. Okay, so new heavens in the new earth, a description of this beautiful city, the place where we're going to dwell. Of course, you know, John could only write what he was saying. I'm sure there's a whole lot that he didn't see. He just, just, there's so much more for us in that new heavens, the new earth. And there's no need for the stars. God himself is the light. And there is eternal perpetual life. We are there in the city worshipping God, seeing his face. And we will be there forever and ever. So that's how the Bible, you know, transitions out of this present heavens and earth into new heavens and new what? Okay. So I'm all happy to be in the new heavens and the new earth. We've come to the end of Revelation 22. So we've gone all the way from the rapture of the church through the tribulation, through the millennium, through the great viatron judgment and into the new heavens and the new earth. Okay. So that's a chronology of entire events. So what we will do now is I just leave this time open for questions and anything that we have discussed so far. I know I didn't get into the details of chapter and verse. And what we're going to do in our third year is go through Daniel chapter and verse. We're going to go through Revelation chapter and verse. So we will, you know, read everything and the related scriptures that we were at times cross referencing. So we'll do all that, all that, you know, in detail. But the purpose in this course is to give us a high level overview of the sequence of events. So anything concerning that, please feel free to ask. And the next week we get into our next chapter, which is the signs of the times. So what are the signs that are in the Bible that tell us where we are exactly or close to where we are as far as God's calendar of events is concerned. So we will start that next week. Let's keep this time for question answers. Just feel free to ask questions on what we've covered so far. I have a question for you. The question is in the millennium, are we going to just be worshiping God, having breakfast, lunch, dinner and 24 seven worship? Or will we have work to do during the millennium? Go ahead. Go ahead. Maggie. The Bible says that we will rule with him. So we'll be working, we'll be involved in administrations and all other aspects of governing the nation. Good. Say you put your hand up. Yes, Pastor. Yes, almost the same thing that, like you rightly said, we'll be teaching. A lot of those who came out from the tribulation, so there'll be work to do, but not like the work we were doing before pre-tribulation. It will not be one that will be draining. In other words, it's different this time around, you know, because we are now glorified bodies. And so, yeah, but we will still work. Yes, we'll still work. Okay, good. I see all the responses in the chat. So, yeah, yes, see all your responses. So everyone agrees. We will have work to do. We will be in charge of the nations. We'll be ruling with Christ. Kennedy says too much work. We even have to work double time. Oh, okay. Yeah, so good.  So we have work to do, but it's not, you know, like say you were saying, work that is going to trouble us. It's going to be work that you'll enjoy. Okay. So, you know, God is preparing us for that.  If you go with me to Revelation, not Revelation. Luke 19, please. Look 19. And let me give you the exact verses around 16, 17. Okay. Look 19. Can somebody 16 and 17, please? Look chapter 19. What's the 16 and 17? Somebody can read it. Dan came the first saying, master, your Mina has earned 10 minas. And he said to him, well done, good servant, because you were faithful in very little, have authority over 10 cities. Hmm. So how would you interpret this? I mean, I know we just read two verses from the whole story, from the whole parable. But how would you interpret this? Anybody? I mean, you can read it if you want. You can keep the whole story in mind, or parable in mind. Sir, are we okay to say that this parable speaks about the reward that God, the Lord, would give those who work hard, those who use their talent for the kingdom, and they'll be rewarded when he comes back in his kingdom. So anyone who labored hard and produced more fruits will be given a reward according to what they did on earth. And what would the reward be according to this? A rulership of cities and towns and watch over people. So yeah, thank you, Maggie. So in Luke 19, this same parable, it seems to indicate to us that if you serve the Lord faithfully in this life, he will then give us some sort of responsibility to come in kingdom, to administer that kingdom over cities and so on. So that response. There seems to be a connection between now and the next. Go ahead, say. So sometimes we kind of use that scripture to talk about the righteous and those who never accepted Jesus Christ. But it seems now we're looking at it more in rewards for those who say served faithfully to rule during the time of the millennium. So my question is where does this parable fit really? Because it now talks about the unfaithful servant who did not use his gift and then was thrown into jail. Sometimes we hear people say those are people who will be thrown into hell. Or is that just symbolic of something else? There's more clarity on that. Yeah, so in interpreting parables about the kingdom, God is using stories from our worlds to give us insight into the things of the kingdom. But we shouldn't draw comparisons for everything in the story. We go with the main truth that the story brings out for us. But we don't have to necessarily take every detail. Because the parables are just stories, illustrations from our world. The main intent of the parable is what we must pursue. So the main intent of the parable is this. Your faithfulness in this life to the Lord and to what he has given you, that you're a good steward of it.  Then he rewards you in his coming kingdom. That's the main story. Now, in the natural, as the story is narrated, of course, there is punishment to the servant who is not faithful with what he has been entrusted. So how do we interpret that? Well, we have to understand what the New Testament teaches. So that is 1 Corinthians 3, that if you are a believer and your works are burned up, that means you don't have any works to show. You're still going to be saved. You're not going to be thrown into outer darkness just because you didn't have any works to show. So Paul makes it very clear in 1 Corinthians 3. He says, our works should be touched with fire. What sort it is, wood hay or stubble or gold, silver, precious stones. But if our works are burned up, we have suffered loss. That means there's no reward. But we ourselves will be saved.  We shouldn't get into the details of the parable where the man is thrown out because then we can take many parables and go off in wrong directions. So we interpret the parables. The main message, the rest of it is in the light of the rest of the New Testament teaching. Thank you, Pastor. Thank you. Okay, so the parable of sheep and goats. What does it point to in the end time judgments of God? So Matthew 25, which is the separation of the sheep and the goats. What I did mention is most people position this, Matthew 25, at the end of the tribulation. I wouldn't say most people, some people. Some people position Matthew 25 at the end of the tribulation. Some people position Matthew 25 at the end of the millennium. So there is this, you know, I would say difference, variation. Some people you'll find that they've said Matthew 25 takes place at the end of the tribulation when the Lord separates the sheep and the goats.  That's one, some people do that. Some people do it at the Great Fire Throne Judgment where they already separated the sheep and the goats are separated. And it's the last and final judgment and there's nothing more after that. So there is resemblance, I mean, in both cases, in both situations. But to me, you know, the Great Fire Throne Judgment seems to be the grand finale. It's the last, it's the end. And so Matthew 25 seems to be positioned there and I'm okay with both positioning. I'm not hard and fast on it. But maybe Matthew 25 seems to fit more with the grand finale, the Great Fire Throne Judgment. But you will find that sometimes people position it at the end of the tribulation where people are separated as well. Okay. Yeah, so first Corinthians chapter six verse two refers to the millennium where the saints are judging, ruling the world. Okay. All right. I see several hands up. Let's go one by one. Let me see who, okay, Maggie, Christopher and say please, Maggie. Thank you, sir. I have a question. It's from chapter 20, the thousand years reign of Christ. From verse four to verse six, it says that when the throne came down, those who did not worship image of the beast or had the mark of the beast and those who were killed for the sake of Christ will be raised up and reign with Christ for a thousand years. And the rest of the dead did not come to life until the end of that period. So my question is, what happened to those who died before the tribulation? Look for us now when we pass on or what happened? Will you also reign with Christ or are we staying in heaven and then come afterward after the battle of Magog and Magog? Thank you, sir. So we have been raised up at the resurrected, we get our resurrected bodies at the rapture of the church before the tribulation. We come with Christ. So Revelation 19, the armies in heaven. If you look at Jude chapter one, there's only one chapter. Verse, somebody could read verse 14 and 15, please. Jude one 14 and 15. Jude one 14 and 15. Now look, the seventh from the Adam prophesied about these men also saying, Behold, the Lord comes with 10,000 of his saints to execute judgment on all to convict all who are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have committed in an ungodly way. And of all the harsh things which ungodly sinners have spoken against him. So when the Lord, thank you, thank you. So when the Lord comes, who comes with him? 10,000 of his saints. So we'll be there, right? We'll be coming with the Lord. So this is parallel to Revelation 1914. It says the armies in heaven clothed and fined and white and clean followed him on white horses. Who are the armies of heaven? Jude one 14 says he says 10,000 of his saints are coming with him. So we are coming with him. Right. And then Daniel chapter seven. Yeah, let's take time to read it. Daniel seven. And it's, you know, Daniel seven. And that's us read words 27, please. Daniel seven 27 somebody could read that. Daniel seven 27. And the kingdom and the dominion and the greatness of the kingdoms under the world heaven shall be given to people of the sense of the most high. His kingdom shall be an everlasting kingdom and all dominion shall save and obey him. So you can look up other. I mean this whole chapter, but it's talking about how the kingdom will be given to the son of man. That's the Lord Jesus Christ and to the saints. And they will rain with him. So to answer your question. In Revelation 19 14. The saints thousands and thousands of them are coming with the Lord in the armies of heaven. These are saints who have already been resurrected before. And the tribulation before the tribulation in the rancher. They're coming with the Lord as the armies of heaven. And they will be part of that conquering army that destroys. You know, in the battle of Armageddon destroys the armies of the earth. So they are there with the Lord. They've come with the Lord. Those have died before the tribulation and have received glorified bodies. And then those who have died during the tribulation are also resurrected. And then all of us together rain on the earth. And this is again corroborated by 1 Corinthians 6 verse 2 with Brother Manohar shared that Paul writes, Don't you know that we will judge the angels that we will judge the world. So believers, all believers will be involved in the millennial reign of Christ based on Daniel 7 27. Jude 1 14 1 Corinthians 6 verse 2 and verse 4. Okay. All right. I'll answer your question, Maggie. You're okay. Yes, sir. Thank you. Thank you very much. Welcome. Now let's take the other two. Sayi and Christopher, please. Yes, Pastor. I was just going to maybe just the passage you read, March 8 and 5 where I talked about Jesus separating the sheep and the goats. Could it also just be like a general template of what he's just going to do, pertaining to we as believers and those who receive Jesus, those who rapture, and not necessarily a particular time? And I don't know. Just another way. I just want to look at it. It might not really just be like a particular time that that parable was fixed too, but just giving us a sense of God's righteous judgment in ensuring that the righteous will be rewarded and will live with him and then for those who live wickedly and refuse to accept him, they will be separated. I don't know if that also goes. Yeah. I think that's fair to do that. Not to necessarily position it at a particular point in time, but a general understanding of how, you know, who enters the kingdom and who do not enter the kingdom. And Jesus said, you know, as much as you've done to the least of these, my brethren, you do it to me. You come into the kingdom. So that's fair enough. It's fair to do that. Yeah. Thank you, Pastor. Christopher, your question, please.  And there are some who say that these churches are, in a sense, linked and can be attributed to the church history. So just want to understand, is this valid? And I just put, you know, some of those dates actually in the comment. So, so for example, if he says, you know, 33, that those particular miles and those particular start date and end date would be 33, even when Jesus actually got, you know, send it to heaven. And then 100 actually would kind of put into, you know, the passing away of John, you know, the last, the last apostle of Jesus. And similarly, all the other ones, you know, the next one would be, you know, Smith now, which is, you know, taking from 100 to 312. 312 is when King Constantine actually sort of elevated the Christians and he himself converted to Christianity and, in a sense, also forced people to become Christians. Yeah, so my, my, there's one point with regards to Philadelphia and the Lauditia, which has that, you know, just kind of like to diverge divergent parts, which Philadelphia sort of took the, the, you know, the correct path. And that's why they are, they are led to, you know, the Rapture and Lauditia was sort of, you know, they did not differ, they sort of go more into a liberal sort of aspect. And that's explained by some churches that actually strayed from, you know, the fundamental way of unfundamental truths that are found in the Bible. So you just want to understand it's just valid and something that I've, I've actually just gone through recently in some presentation, you just want to understand if it is valid. Yeah, so people have been doing this for a long time, you know, doing this, but I think we just have to go with what the Lord Jesus said, you know, I mean, if we honor him and honor his word, we should stay with, with what he said. And what did he say? He said, these things, these are things that are, which is offering to, you know, chapters two and three. And then when he begins chapter four, that's when the Lord says, I'm going to show you things which are yet to come. So chapters two and three, very clearly, these are the words of Jesus, right? So very clearly, chapters two and three deal with things which are, and chapter four verse one starts about things which are yet to come. So definitely based on what Jesus said, chapters two and three do not deal with things that are yet to come. So when somebody starts putting these dates, they are actually contradicting Jesus. That's the first thing. They are doing something Jesus didn't intend in his spoken words, right? Because they're outrightly violating Revelation four, one. They are pushing Revelation two and three into the future where Jesus never intended. On the contrary, I think the right approach is to say that, yeah, Jesus was speaking, there were hundreds of churches at that time. In 1998, when Jesus approximately, when the Lord was speaking to John, there were hundreds of churches. And out of that, he is speaking to seven churches, seven specific churches, giving them a message, which is a learning for all of us. And the only thing that's positioned in the future in each of these seven churches is the promise to the overcome, right? And each of these seven churches is, you know, if you overcome, this is your reward. And the reward is always out in the future.  So the promise, the reward for the overcome is out in the future, but the seven churches were there literally. And Jesus himself said, John, I'm speaking to you about things which you've seen, things which are and things which are yet to come. And Jesus clearly states Revelation 4.1 about things which are yet to come. So my personally, I, you know, I've heard about these things, but I do not subscribe to it personally. What I would say is that we should learn from all seven churches and doing something like this is actually just, you know, going against what Jesus said there, Revelation 4.1. It's my, you know, my persuasion on that. But, you know, there are many respect to people who do this. And yeah, if they want to do it, it's okay. It's up to them. Yeah. All right. Thank you, Rohan, for the questions and time of interaction. Appreciate that. We're going to close in prayer. And so next week, we will move into the next chapter, which is the signs of the times. So I'll give you a new PDF for that. And we just go through, you know, various signs that indicate to us where we are. And yeah, that will be our last segment. Let me close up after that. Okay. Can somebody lead us in prayer, please, on that evil dismiss? That was great. Our Father in Heaven, we bless you. We thank you for the times, the time, Lord, we spent, Lord, learning about what is to come. Thank you for how far you've taken us, Lord, in the wisdom that has been dispensed through your Son. Lord, you replenish Him and you strengthen Him. And the wisdom, Lord, to continue this work, Lord, you will continue to pour out more. For us, Lord, who are students who have been learning, Lord, we pray. Lord, you will equip us more and more, Lord, to be good teachers to the body, Lord, to all the people you would bring our way. That Lord will be able to decipher and explain any complexities surrounding the end of times, surrounding the book of Revelation. Lord, help us, Lord, by your Spirit, Lord, to be good teachers of your word to your people. And Lord, to unfold the mysteries of God that people, Lord, do not know and are confused about. As we continue, Lord, we pray, Lord, pour more of your wisdom, Lord, for us to understand, Lord, and to be prepared, Lord, to leave each day, Lord, ready for your coming. We pray, Lord, that for us, all of us, Lord, we will rule with you in the Millennium to come. And above all, we will reign forever with you. Thank you, Everlasting Father, as we go about our duties today, wherever we are in any country, Lord, be with us, protect us from the evil one, keep us and preserve us. Thank you, Everlasting Father, for in Jesus name we have prayed. Amen. Amen. All right. Thank you, Pastor. Thank you. Enjoy the rest of your day. I'll see you all tomorrow. God bless. Bye now. Thank you, Pastor. Thank you. Thank you, everyone. Thank you, Pastor. Thank you. God bless. God bless. See you tomorrow. God bless.


Hey everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft, thank you for watching my tutorial today. I'm going to be showing you how to make these slimline cards, concertina cards, trifold cards, it's entirely up to you what you want to call them. Slimline cards seem to be all the rage at the moment, lots of people are using them in their card tutorials and on Pinterest and on blogs and things like that so I thought I would do this style but in a slimline version. So the envelopes I've got here are your pre-brought DL size and these will fit an 8x4 card inside of them. So I've done these two here which are from one sheet of 12x12 so for anybody that wants to get two cards out of one sheet then you can do this size. This size I'm going to write in my blog but I actually did it during the Facebook live and I'll link that below as well but the measurements for all of that will go in the blog. Today I'm going to show you how to make this size which is using your A4 paper or your letter size paper. So how these work is you just open them up and they will be displayed like so. So you then get to really see those three panels and I've used all these gorgeous flowers and embellishments and papers from the latest Papercraft Society kit and then on the back you've got space there to write your message. So this one just says on the front wonderful friend thanks for everything and then these ones here I've got happy birthday all these toppers are in the kit as well happy birthday sending wishes your way and then this one here is warmest wishes on your birthday and again you can see how they open up I've got some of them I've used my embossing folder on the middle one here that one there I've done pattern paper on all three panels you can put panels here as well it's entirely up to you and then all of the embellishments and detail I've used Nuvo drops the buttons come in the kit I've used glossy accents on the berries there there you can just see it hitting the light which looks really nice there's lots of texture so a really nice one very tactile and I've used the the bow there which I actually didn't use during the live and then it wasn't till I was tidying up I realized I had the ribbon in the kit so you those of you that watch the live you'll also see that I've added the ribbon there as well so very very easy to do so let me show you how to make them okay so those of you that have got the kit this is the card making magic when I was doing the live this was still available so this is a subscription kit so you subscribe to it every month it's a different designer every month but then after they've all gone out they do have open stock so as I made this tutorial there was still open stock available so hopefully for anybody that did want to get it you'll still be able to but they do sell out pretty quickly you do get this in a big box and then inside you have your three pockets and you get there's ink cubes that come with this one as well and you've got topper pieces you've got dies you've got stamps there's just so much and I also made the shadow box card so anybody new to the channel I'll link it up here it's a beautiful project lots people have been doing that one and that was using the supplies from this kit so I've gone ahead and coloured and cut all of the flowers for this one which are there now I'm down to the last kind of larger pieces of the pattern paper because you can see I've used a lot across those three cards so I managed to get this piece here and then I've used some gold card from my own stash but you do get a beautiful linen rose gold and gold card stock in the kit as well so you have got that there to use and this is the card stock colour that comes in there as well and then the cream is my own so for this one here you'll want a piece of 10 and a half by eight along the long side so along that 10 and a half you're going to score at three and a half and at seven okay nice and simple just those two score lines then what you want to do along the bottom right hand corner here you want to come up three and a half inches so whatever the width is of these you know three panels so they're three and a half each that's how high up you'd come so on the 12 by 12 each of the panels are four inches so you come up four but again that will all be wrote down in the blog a little pencil mark then what we're going to do is we're going to cut from that pencil mark all the way up to this top left hand corner okay so now we've got that card shape and then you're just going to fold that score line so it's a valley and then this one so it gets so mountain and then we've got our concertina trifold card so I'm just going to rub out that pencil mark okay so now we want to do our matts and layers so I've got all of these pieces here so for all the mat layers so I've got the gold pieces here so I'm going to have one here one here and one here if you want to do these ones then you can do you'll also want one for the back but we'll do the measurements for that in a moment so this is my mat layer for this back one and this is a piece all of the widths are the same so all the mat layer widths are three and a quarter then the length of this one is seven and five eighths then you'll want six and one eighth and then four and five eighths okay and then what we want to do is on this one first of all so this is going to go in the back here so we need to cut this top right hand corner away so what you want to do is come down the side here by one and three eighths I'm just going to put a little mark with my pencil because it's the gold cardstock and then I'm going to cut from that marker up to there so I'm just going to leave that one in there for a minute because I can do these all at the same time then the next one is going to mat this one here so this time I want to come down this side again one and three eighths of an inch so I'm just laying my ruler down and then again one and three eighths trim that in a second and then this one is going to go here but again I want to come down again now on this right hand side so that one and three eighths so that you come down the same on all of those pieces like so so now I'm just going to put them all through my trimmer okay so now I've got my mat layers there for the back one you want to cut the same size as this gold one here but you want to then come down on the left hand side so on that one you came down on the right hand side but because it's now on this side you need to come down on the left hand side same that one and three eighths and then you can stick that one on there so I'll do that in a moment and then I've got my mat layers now so I've got this pattern paper that's going to go on the front one the embossed piece is going to go in the middle one and then I've actually gone for the cream again on the back one because you can see when you decorate it you know it does get really full and you cover a lot so I think these will look quite nice against the planar pieces so for this one here the width is the same on all three so this time it's three inches this one is three by seven and three eighths then you've got three by five and seven eighths and then three by four and three eighths and then again you want to come down one and three eighths on this one here it'll be on the right hand side so again I'm just going to grab my pencil so and then this one I want to come down on the left hand side and I've already embossed it and this is the embossing fold it's just one from my first collection and it's the confetti one and it I just slowly like that one so one and three eighths okay so again I'm going to go and get them all cut and stuck down okay so there are all my mats and layers stuck down and the back's already there as well next I'm going to finish it off with the decoration so I've got my hot glue gun ready and I'll just show you so I've used the stamps here I'm just going to put it on the back there you can see so I've used all of these flowers here and all of these leaves and I think I've done yeah I've done some of them as well this is beautiful this is the stamp that's on the shadow box really really is lovely it's a real favourite stamp at the moment lots of people are kind of talking about this within the craft stash kind of facebook page and stuff on how much they love it all the different designers from the magazines have been using it as well and then there's the die so you have the die to cut that large one you've got the die to cut the flowers that I've done you've got the berries here and I'm going to be doing a tutorial with this very large wreath die in a you know in a few weeks as well so that will come up onto the channel and then I've got a few bits left over but you've also got doilies in here toppers which I've used quite a lot of within these cards and then that's the linen card stop that I spoke about I keep all my scraps all together as well you've got that gorgeous rose gold there and then you've got this one but I'm going to be using the rose gold and some more of the purple card for the wreath that I was just showing you then so that's going to be my next I tried to do three tutorials using each kit so um and I'm a little bit behind with the Olga one because I've only just received it and that's actually box nine so I'm going to be going kind of backwards a little bit but um you'll see them coming anyway so you've got your buttons here I've got all these pieces I've got my sentiment and I've also got my bow and then for the nouveau drops I've used this one here which is called mustard gold really really nice you can just see it there just think it worked really well with this collection and then for anybody that is not familiar with glossy accents this is what I use here and it will give you that lovely shine on the berries there or wherever you decide to put it and then for the colors that I've used to stamp everything so these inks here I've used the harmony quick dry I've used the orange the bordeaux and then for the green I've done the frosty jade so they've all been stamped that's been stamped in the frosty jade but then when I've used my color pencils to color it in it gives you that no line coloring effect so if you don't want the harsh black lines when you stamp then if you try and stamp something within the colors that you're going to color it in then it you know you just get a much softer effect so that's that and then also the colors that I used with my pencils here these are our taser pencils I use the olive green the pumpkin and the passion fruit red so I know lots who've got them those colors the real earthy tones go lovely with this collection so I'm going to go and follow this one here get this all stuck down get my sentiment in place finish it off with the nuvo drops and then I'll show you the card at the end you want this to always be put down on your card because this needs time to dry so I've done the nuvo drops already and I'm just kind of I kind of move it around a lot of people ask about how they get a nice clear finish you know I kind of squeeze it out and then I'm just move around what I've just laid down really sometimes it might come out quite cloudy that's just because it's thicker but it will just dry clear people do use this as a adhesive I don't I just purely use it to add some nice effects to my cards when they're finished so it's great for underwater cards you know you can use it to make like little bubbles or just little kind of ripples in the water I use this a lot so it's a great kind of medium to have in your stash but now if I bring that up you can see I don't want to move it too much because those nuvo drops are still drying but you can see the shine now on the berries from that glossy accents and then nice big blobs of nuvo drops there on the buttons and in the centres of those orange flowers as well finish it off with my sentiment and the bow you would have seen all the mats and layers I've stuck the back on as well but I don't want to flip it over but that's the finished card I think it's absolutely gorgeous it's one of those ones when it's pulled out you really get to then appreciate all the lovely flowers and all the decoration that's on there and then it just all folds nice and flat and will fit into those envelopes so just bring over these ones again so that's the two 12 by 12 so if you do want to get two out of your 12 by 12 then check out my blog for all the measurements and then they're the slightly smaller ones using your a4 or your letter size paper so hopefully there's something you know for everybody because they're the most common sizes that people will have in their stash so I will share all the links below like I said hopefully there is still open stock of the kit available if anybody is interested in it but you can make these cards using any lovely flowers and papers and that that you already have so thanks for watching and as always I'll be back again very soon with another tutorial bye hi everybody if you're still watching you have found the hidden giveaway within this tutorial I haven't done one of these for a while but the lovely Susan from mixed up crafters our group she reached out to me she actually received two of the recent papercraft society kits this is kit 11 this is the one by Christina Griffin the one that you've just seen me use in the video and she said would I like to use it as a giveaway so what I thought I'd do is I'd do it as part of a youtube one now a couple of little rules that you have to follow you have to be over 18 you have to be subscribed to my channel and you have to be a UK resident and the reason we've kept this for the UK only is because the post is all increased in the UK and for sending stuff outside of our borders is just so expensive and Susan will be posting you know paying for this one herself and you can see you know it's a it's a decent size and you get lots of stuff in here if you want to see the unboxing I'll just link it up here so you can just get an idea of what's in there but all you need to do to stand a chance to you know win this is just comment below papercraft society literally just put papercraft society I will then go through all of the comments take away all the ones that want you know for this giveaway and I'll select a winner with the random generator app and I will announce it and you've got 24 hours for when this goes up so it will be at 12 p.m. BST on the 26th which is Wednesday so tomorrow and then I'll announce the winner and Susan will get this posted out to you so good luck and yeah see you soon


So, good morning and welcome back to NPTEL lecture series on Classics in Total Synthesis Part 1. So, we have been discussing many total synthesis and today we will discuss one of the classical total synthesis of a natural product called Langefolin. So, this Langefolin is a seschiterpene as you can see here it is a hydrocarbon and it was obtained from pine resin as an oily liquid and the name itself was derived from where from it was isolated, it was isolated from your pine species called Pinus Langefolia. So, that is why the name was given as Langefolin and if you look at this molecule from synthetic point of view the major challenges are first of all it is a tricyclic compound 1 and it has 2 quaternary centers, it has 2 quaternary centers and 3 chiral centers and what is more important was here there is no functional group other than the double bond, only you have a double bond as a functional group other than that you do not have any other functional group and as it is a hydrocarbon again not only isolation of this molecule but also synthesis of this molecule is quite difficult because of its volatility. There are 3 total synthesis which I am going to discuss today on Langefolin and the first synthesis I will talk about is reported by E.J. Coray and then second synthesis I will talk about was reported by Opulsar and the third one was reported by W.S. Johnson. First let us start with the total synthesis reported by E.J. Coray. So, how did he do? What are the real retrosynthetic disconnections he has cleverly used to make this Langefolin? So, if you look at this molecule obviously the first retrosynthesis first disconnection should be to introduce the double bond and it is easy is not it? So, you can easily think of making this double bond as the last step that is if you can have this ketone if you can synthesize this ketone then it should be possible to do Wittig reaction or you can add a Grignard followed by Dehydration should give the natural product. So, now the next problem is you have one functional group sometimes when you look at a natural product if the natural product does not have a functional group then what one should do is you should introduce a functional group because always you need a functional group in the product so that you can use that functional group as a handle for further disconnections as well as functional group transformation. Though this particular stature has a functional group that is carbonyl group but still Coray felt one functional group is not sufficient it is better to introduce one more functional group. So, that is how he introduced another functional group which is also a carbonyl group and the reason for introducing another functional group is if you look at this the relationship between these two carbonyl groups are 1,5. So, when you have 1,5 di ketones which I am sure you would have seen in synthesis of Wieland-Mischer ketone and other enones it can be prepared by Michael addition reaction. It can be easily prepared by a Michael addition reaction. So, here I have given a numbering so you can see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The way I have given this numbering was I am going to redraw this molecule as well as do a disconnection. So, the disconnection is suppose if I remove this if I disconnect this bond what you will get is this one. So, now you are going to generate an anion here that will be enolate that enolate will add to this double bond. Basically it is a Michael reaction. Now you have a 6, 7 few string. So, whenever you want larger ring or medium size ring one reaction which you can think about is ring expansion reaction. Say normal rings are 5 membered and 6 membered. So, if you want to go beyond so one can think about ring expansion. So, what Coray thought? So, let us start with 2 6, 6 few strings. So, you can see here one 6 membered and another 6 membered. Now he wanted to carry out a ring expansion reaction to get 7 numbering. So, what he thought if you know he wanted to use a well known penicol, penicol rearrangement and the problem with this diol if you have this 1, 2 diol and if you want to carry out a penicol, penicol rearrangement if you want to carry out a penicol, penicol rearrangement then this tertiary alcohol only will be protonated. This tertiary alcohol will be protonated. So, what you have to do for the ring expansion you have to make the secondary alcohol. You have to make the secondary alcohol as the leaving group then the 7 membered ring formation is possible. And this can be easily obtained from Peele and Mishir Kit. So, when I discuss the real synthesis I will talk about how this ring expansion was thought and how he successfully could do it. So, his synthesis actually started with Peele and Mishir Kit. It is a racemic one then the ketone you have 2 ketones one is the 6 membered ketone other one is a enone. Between enone and ketone one can selectively protect the ketone with ethylene glycol in the presence of acid. So, now you have protected the 6 membered ketone here. So, now you can carry out the Wittig reaction on the enone. So, simple Wittig reaction gave this exocyclic double bond with a methyl group. So, the stereochemistry as you know it is a mixture does not matter. So, next step is the dihydroxylation you have internal double bond and an external double bond. So, one could selectively dihydroxylate the external double bond with osmotic oxide. So, now he has got basically the key precursor for the ring expansion in 3 steps from known Vela Mishir Kitone. So, now the key problems which I mentioned that is you have to do the ring expansion. When you want to do the ring expansion as I said the protonation will take place only at the tertiary alcohol. So, if you use any acidic condition for the rearrangement to take place then ring expansion will not take place. So, what you have to do you have to go you have to modify. So, what one can do is if you can make the secondary alcohol as a good living group secondary alcohol as a good living group then this bond can migrate, this lone pair will come here and this bond can migrate that will lead to the formation of 7-membered ring. So, that is what he did. So, what he did was he took this diol and then made the secondary alcohol as a good living group. So, by converting that secondary alcohol into tosylates. So, now you have made the tosylate then it was easy. So, he treated with the perchlorate in the presence of base like calcium carbonate then as I said this bond migrated and gave the 7-membered enone. So, now if you look at this enone the double bond is still not in conjugation. The double bond is not in conjugation. So, for the key intramolecular Michael reaction to take place for the key intramolecular Michael reaction to take place first this double bond has to come here then you have to remove the keto. So, what he did first he removed the keto to get back the keto. Now the double bond was isomerized with triethylamine and he did you just isomerize the double bond. So, that gave the key precursor for the intramolecular Michael addition. Now, if you look at this molecule. So, we have to draw in such a way that you can see that this carbon is closer to this carbon. So, that is very important. So, I draw this in such a way now you rotate this you rotate this by 90 degree you rotate this structure by 90 degree. So, now you have this structure this structure I ask you to visualize like this bicyclic system. If you look at this bicyclic system you can see here this is this is the cyclohexanone the cyclohexanone here is written like this. Now, this hydrogen is alpha you can see that is then this methyl is alpha S. Now, you have the 7 ombre ring S that is beta you have the 7 ombre ring. Now, when you look at this molecule you can see carbon X is near to carbon Y that is the beta carbon of the Evo. So, this tells that from this confirmation you can make out that it is possible to carry out an intramolecular Michael reaction and that is what in the did and treated with strong base it generated anion and Michael reaction worked very well to get this bicyclic calm. So, now you have got the core structure. So, with two carbonyl groups so 1, 5 diketone and as you know what needs to be done is you have to introduce one more methyl group and remove this carbonyl then you have to do petic reaction on this carbonyl group. So, these are three things left for the completion of longifolding. One introduction of methyl group, second removal of the carbonyl group, third conversion of carbonyl into a double bond. So, first it was easy to introduce the methyl group with a very strong base sodium titl group then quench with methyl iodide. So, you could introduce the methyl so the dimethyl group was put in proper place. Next you have to remove this carbonyl group selectively in the presence of other carbonyl group. So, between these two carbonyl group and this one is sterically you know hindered. It is sterically hindered position. So, it is easy to protect the other carbonyl group. So, it was protected as diethane derivative and as you know when you have a diethane derivative you can reductively remove so that you can get the corresponding CH2. So, before that the carbonyl the other carbonyl was reduced because that should not interfere in the removal of diethane. So, once you reduce the ketone to alcohol then the diethane was removed with sodium and hydrogen and to get the CH2. So, now what is left you have to oxidize the secondary alcohol to ketone then convert the ketone into double bond that will complete the total synthesis of lunch fully. So, that is what he did. So, treatment with chromium trioxide oxidize the secondary alcohol to get the ketone. So, then the Wittig reaction actually was not successful. So, he has to do the other method that is normally you can use either Grignard or organolithium species. So, he tried methyl lithium addition to this ketone. So, that gave the tertiary alcohol and that was treated with thionyl chloride pyridine to get the exocyclic double bond and that is how he completed the total synthesis of lunch fully. So, if you look at the synthesis reported by Coray, this synthesis started with the commercially available and well known Veylon Mishir ketone it is a bicyclic compound and the key reactions which Coray used were intramolecular Michael Michael addition and the formation of 1, 2 diol first formation of 1, 2 diol selectively on one of the double bond followed by rearrangement ring rearrangement of the 1, 2 diol to get the 7-membered ring. Overall, he took about 15 linear steps with an overall yield of 2.8 percent. So, that is quite decent considering the natural product and this was the first total synthesis. So, now we will move to the second total synthesis which was reported by Wolfgang Opulser in 1978 and he used a very, very interesting photochemical reaction followed by group fragmentation as key reactions to construct the core structure of logifoline. And as usual the first disconnection was same as the case of E.J. Coray that he disconnected the double bond and the ketone can be easily converted into the double bond using methyl lithium and followed by dehydration and this ketone again you can see he introduced another ketone like what E.J. Coray has done and the next step is the one which he literally you know is different than what E.J. Coray has done. Now, his idea is to use a grub like fragmentation. So, if you see this tetracyclic compound his idea is so if we do the ring opening it is like push-pull system when you open this 4-membered ring that will lead to the formation of 7-membered ring.  So, now you can see there is one double bond here and another double bond these 2 should undergo an intramolecular 2 plus 2 cycloaddition to give this tetracyclic compound. And this can be easily obtained from this you know this is same compound this can be easily obtained from this cyclopentene carboxylic acid. So, his starting material is quite simple and in few steps he thought he can easily achieve the synthesis of large poly. Now, let us see how he really executed his retro synthesis in the synthesis of large poly. So, he started with cyclopentene carboxylic acid and treatment with thionyl chloride converted the carboxylic acid to acid chloride and this acid chloride upon enamine reaction. Enamine reaction with this particular enamine derived from cyclopendron. Cyclopendron on treatment with morpholine will give this enamine. This enamine upon treatment with this acid chloride basically what you are doing is you are doing the acylation reaction. You are doing the acylation reaction next to the carbonate. So, once you have this 1, 3 diketone. So, this is 1, 3 diketone is not it 1, 3 diketone and this 1, 3 diketone you can selectively enolize. So, what he did he not only enolized but also protected the enol as CBZ. So, CBZ is a good protecting repress for MH2 and OH. So, now he protected that enol as enol OCBZ. The CBZ is nothing but benzyloxycarbonate and that can be easily cleared under hydrogenalysis condition later. Whenever it is required, you can use hydrogenalysis condition to clear that BZ group. So, this can be drawn like this as we have seen in the retrosynthesis. So, the 2 plus 2 cycloaddition work. So, when he tried this intramolecular photochemical 2 plus 2 cycloaddition reaction. So, which we can also call it as DMAO cycloaddition reaction. So, this reaction work well. So, exactly as planned he got this tetracyclic compound. So, now what is left is to cleave the protecting group. The CBZ should be cleaved and then followed by graph fragmentation should give the servant number tree. So, it was cleaved under hydrogenalysis condition.  So, as you know hydrogenation it will cleave the benzyl and then carbon dioxide will also will go and you get the corresponding OH. Now, this will open up to give the 1, 5 like this. Again as he planned the 2 plus 2 cycloaddition DMAO cycloaddition work well and also the ring expansion the graph fragmentation also worked very well to get the core structure. Now, if you look at this tricyclic compound this is the core structure of longevity. So, what is required is this should be converted into dimethyl group and this should be converted into CH2. So, it is easy. Now, you do a vitic on this particular less exposed carbonyl group as you know this is the other carbonyl is slightly hindered. So, it is easy to do a vitic reaction on the less exposed carbonyl group. So, you get the double bond then you do the cyclopropanation. You do the cyclopropanation on this double bond to get the cyclopropane. Once you have the cyclopropane as you know you can hydrogenate to introduce the dimethyl group. Cyclopropane is converted into the dimethyl group. Now, only 2 reactions are left one this hydrogen. This hydrogen should be converted into methyl group then you have to remove the carbonyl group. So, simple treatment with LDN methyl iodide. So, that is the only place it can go. So, methyl group was introduced then as reported by Coray do a methyl lithium addition to the ketone to get the tertiary alcohol and then treat with thionyl chloride pyridine you get the corresponding double bond and that is a natural product. So, that is Langefolin synthesis. And if you look at the synthesis reported by Opalser it started with commercially available cyclopentadiene 1 carboxylic acid. But what is more important was 2 key reactions which actually assembled the natural product core structure quickly one was D-Mayo photochemical 2 plus 2 cycloaddition reaction and the second was graph like fragmentation. Overall yield was 23% which is very good and the number of steps taken to complete this molecule was 11 steps. So, 11 steps with a overall yield of 23% is really very, very high. So, this is one of the best synthesis of Langefolin reported so far. Now, we will move to the third synthesis which was reported by W.S. Johnson. Actually here his total synthesis based on his 70-petre observation of his polyene cyclization. Johnson has reported several polyene cyclization which is like biomimetic cyclization he was inspired by nature's many cyclization. So, he has developed many biomimetic cyclization. So, during his report when he was working on this polyene cyclization. So, he was trying to cyclize this particular E9. So, his idea is this OH will be a good leaving group. So, then this double bond will migrate and this will attack and finally, a nucleophile will neutralize the positive charge generated here. So, when he treated this with Stani chloride what he got was as expected this cyclist product. So, the mechanism is simple as I said the OH was protonated. So, now the water is a good leaving group and followed by migration of the double bond and the triple bond. So, you can get the bicyclic compound. So, bicyclic compound with a vinylic carbocation. Now, the Cl- which is formed in C2. So, can attack and then get this bicyclic compound with a exocyclic double bond. Okay. Interestingly, in addition to this product, he also got another product. In addition to this product he also got another product. So, that product is like this. That product is like this. So, he proposed a simple mechanism for this. So, first it forms the vinyl carbocation. So, before the chloride attacks, before the chloride attacks, what happens? If you redraw this molecule, if you redraw this molecule like this, you can see here. So, this is the five-umbal ring. Okay. You can see this is the five-umbal ring and this is a seven-umbal ring and you have exocyclic double bond with a carbocation. What he proposed was this double bond if it migrates and neutralizes the vinylic carbocation. Okay. Then what you get is this carbocation. Okay. Now, once you have this carbocation, simple attack of water on this carbocation should give this compound. Okay. Now, if you look at this structure, if you look at this structure. So, this is a core structure of longevity. This is the core structure of longevity. So, then he thought by choosing proper starting material, it should be possible to synthesize large-poly using this serendipitous observation. Okay. So, with that, he wrote a proper retrosynthesis as usual. The first disconnection was to have the carbonyl group and this can be obtained from this internal double bond. Okay. So, through functional group transformation which I will discuss while talking about the total synthesis and this in principle can be obtained from this alcohol. So, if you look at the previous slide, so this is what is the intermediary. Okay. And now, if you look at this, this can be obtained from this cyclopentenone with this appended side chain. Okay. So, this can be easily obtained from this substituted cyclopentenone. Okay. This cyclopentenone can be easily obtained from cyclopentenone and aldol reaction with acetone. Okay. So, that is the starting material. So, he started with this compound, then carried out a 1, 4 addition. Okay. 1, 4 addition with this derivative. Okay. After the 1, 4 addition, the resultant enolate was quenched with acetyl chloride. The resultant enolate was quenched with acetyl chloride to generate the enol acetate. Okay. Or in other words, the enolate was trapped as enol acetate. So, after trapping the enol acetate, if you want to generate the enolate, what you can do, one can treat with methyl lithium. So, methyl lithium will attack the acetate and generate the lithium enolate species. Okay. Then when you add bromine, that bromine will be quenched here. So, that is what happened. So, first you generate the lithium enolate by treating with methyl lithium. Then you add bromine. You introduce the bromine next to the carbonyl group. So, once you have the bromine introduced next to carbonyl group, one can easily introduce the double bond through elimination. So, it was easily done under mild condition. So, now the key starting material is thread. So, what you should do? You should reduce the carbonyl group selectively to get only the allylic alcohol, not fully reduced compound. So, LAH reduced that enone to the allylic alcohol and that set the tone for the key Lewis acid mediated cyclization to get the longifold in core structure. Then it treated this compound with typhloracetic acid and as expected, we got this carbocation and that was quenched with water to get the corresponding tertiary alcohol. So, this compound is very simple. You can see already has a dimethyl group. You have to remove this hydroxyl and somehow you have to migrate this double bond to here as well as you have to introduce a methyl group. So, it was very easy for him to synthesize the core structure. Now, his challenges are remove the hydroxyl group, push the double bond to exocyclic and introduce a methyl group. So, these are three more things to do in the synthesis or longifolding. So, first he removed the hydroxyl group with zinc bromide and sodium cyanoborohydrate. So, that was done easily. Next, he has to migrate the double bond. So, that was done by treating with para toluene sulfonic acid. He reflects to get the exocyclic double bond. Now, you have exocyclic double bond, but how will you introduce a methyl group here? It is not straight away possible from the double bond, you can introduce a methyl group. However, it is possible if you osanalyze or if you cleave the double bond to ketone. So, with tritinium oxide and sodium peroiodic acid, he could get the ketone. Once you have this ketone, the next step is to introduce a methyl group, LDA and methyl iodide. You introduce a methyl group and followed by like Watt, Coray and Opalser has done. Add methyl lithium to get the tertiary alcohol followed by treatment with thionyl chloride and pyridine. So, he could accomplish the total synthesis of longifolding. So, if you look at the total synthesis of longifolding, though it was reported 1975, he started with simple commercially available cyclopentanone which upon aldol reaction with acetone, it gave two isopropylalanine cyclopentanone that was used as the key starting material and what is important was the serendipitous observation during the polyene type cyclization to give a minor product was used as a key step to construct the tricyclic compound in one step. One step formation of the tricyclic compound using this polyene type cyclization was the key step and overall his synthesis was achieved in 11 steps and with an overall yield of 26.6 percent. So, the overall yield of 26.6 percent is very impressive and all the three synthesis are really unique and classical in nature and these three synthesis reported in 60s and 70s considered as real classical total synthesis. So, with this I will stop here and then we will discuss more total synthesis in the next class. Thank you.


Hey, Wolverine. All right, are we taping? Yep, everyone hear me? All right, so I guess we're going to get started. So last year at the conference, it was my first blender conference and I was kind of terrified of y'all because I thought I was going to be this sort of poser walking amidst the ascended gods of the blender community. And you know, it turned out I was right. You guys are just amazing. And it was a little bit intimidating. But as I've started to get to know you all, it's just it's mind blowing how down to earth everyone is and how friendly and just everyone's talking about what they're doing these amazing things like it's no big deal. And I wanted to give a special thanks to Vibran for making all of our other presentations look absolutely horrible compared to its awesome tree simulator. So yeah, thanks for that. So last year at the conference when I was terrified, Tom approached me and he asked me if I'd be willing to share what I was doing. So at the open stage talks, I showed this video and I sort of hinted at the idea that our company was building a new cloth engine for blender and we might be releasing it back to the blender community. And I feel like I kind of owe everybody an explanation as to where we are. So this is basically an update on our progress. And this is a video I showed last year. This is our awesome rig in our cycles render of this dress and so on. So a little bit about me. I am a simulation engineer at my company and I discovered computers about 2006. I discovered that they could do more than save text documents. And before that, I was a plumber for most of my adult life, so lots of pipes and things. In 2006, a friend put blender on my computer and a few months later I did my first render basically. And somebody said, wow, you should do this professionally. So I started thinking, oh, maybe.  But could also be used for rocket powered motorcycles. It can also be used for deadly evil robots. And also, well, for a lot of kittens. So the kittens actually worked out really well for me. Having the kittens in my portfolio landed me a job in architecture. And that's a true story. I don't know exactly how that worked out. So now I pretty much spend all of my time doing this. Yes, very exciting. And this is actually, I mean, the reason this looks so much like real code is that I rendered it in cycles. Okay, so where are we at now? Okay, Gerber technology. It's in Connecticut. Ooh, there's my building. This is where I walk in the door every day. Connecticut, where I'm at here is basically in between Boston and New York. It's about the same distance drive to both of those. Hopefully most people have heard of Boston or New York. I hadn't until I moved to Connecticut. Gerber is a global leader in fashion and textiles. So they have products for manufacturing and for designing clothing and a lot of other things related to fabric, aerospace fabrics and this kind of stuff. And, you know, this is their website and some of their advertisements. They're probably best known for their gigantic scary machines that have a reciprocal cutting head and they will cut everything from silk to, I think I've heard rumors of cutting bulletproof glass with these machines. I know they'll cut Kevlar. So really impressive machines and the software that runs them is basically what I'm working on. More specifically, I'm working on their 3D solution. I forgot my notes on the way here this morning, so see if I can remember where it was that I was going. So we decided to use Blender as our platform for 3D development. And in case anyone is wondering why, I would just say why on earth would you not want to use Blender? It's a 3D development environment. It's a huge tool set that's already available and you have compatibility with so many different kinds of software that's out there already. And you have this awesome group of people who will just do stuff for you because they're awesome. But more specifically, we wanted to leverage a lot of the tools that were already there. So we had this one client in particular creates a lot of sporting goods and a lot of sports wear. And we were trying to sort of get them on board with us with our new 3D product. So they wanted to see the garments that we could generate in our Accumark software with a character on a bicycle. And it was one of those, we have to do this meeting right away, quick throw some together. So I went in and in a couple of hours using the bullet physics setup, I made this character that can ride a bicycle. And so to do the animation, it's a lot easier to just drive a bicycle over a course than it is to actually go through and hand key this kind of stuff. Not only that, but it was an excuse to do something really funny and really cool. I actually used to race mountain bikes and I'll tell you, I could never do the kind of stuff that our avatar Jill here can do on a bicycle. It's really impressive. But we made this really cool video where we rendered this with trees and all the stuff after we did the animations. And it's kind of fun video game that I made in an hour. So there's that too. So another interesting thing, as we're going to these different meetings with a lot of these really big names that you've all heard and a lot of you are wearing clothing that our clients manufactured with our stuff right now. Sometimes the thing that actually seals the deal for us is that we're using Blender.  How's that going? What are you doing? And they say, well, we're using Blender and they're like, oh, really? Well, yeah, we'll sign up because they already have people on staff who are their resident Blender experts. So in this weird way, Blender has sort of gone viral in the manufacturing industry. I mean, to the point that it's just like everywhere and I don't know if everybody knows that. So there's all these extra opportunities for careers in Blender because of its applications in manufacturing and stuff that you're probably never going to hear about. Unless you've happened to travel in those circles. So we started out using Blender, the internal cloth engine for our beta version of the software. And I actually have a video here of the beta version of our software. So this is all pattern design related stuff that the dressmakers and clothing designers will use. And we don't have a whole lot of time, so I'm going to skip a little bit here. But you position the fabric pieces around the avatar and then see at some point we get to the good part. Start simulation. So it launches Blender and in our beta version, like there was all these problems with the intersections where it was sewing together. So we actually shrunk the avatar down really thin and inflated it back up. So there was all kinds of jokes going around about the inflatable avatars. And it kind of worked, but it was kind of crappy too. And it got us past our beta release. And so the kinds of problems that we ran into with using Blender's built-in cloth simulator. And we go to the Blender cloth fail files. We needed to have collars. And if you've ever tried to work with the bending springs in Blender's built-in cloth simulator, you've probably noticed that the bending springs are not very strong, even when you set them really, really high. And you can do some things if you set the grid size down really small. You know, you have like really big polygons, very little detail in your mesh. You can subsurface it after the fact. I do, you know, like paper or something. But if you want to have a fine grid and bending stiffness, you pretty much might as well forget it. So in another thing you'll notice about the bending springs. When you get to the point where you have really stiff bending springs defined along here, if they flip the other way, well, the bending springs will now hold on the opposite side. So the angle could be positive or negative. And there's nothing to say one or the other if it happens to flip. And that's because of the way the bending springs are calculated. Let me go into wireframe. And so you have a point here and a point here that define a vector that is a bending spring and all of the bending springs are calculated that way. So there's really nothing to say which side of this spring this sort of origin point needs to be on. So we knew we needed a way to get around that problem. Another problem with Blender's built-in cloth engine is that I don't know how to use this laptop. The collision system requires on a margin. So if you want reliable collisions, you need a larger margin. And there's a point where it actually becomes unstable if you have the margin too high because it distorts the mesh too much by making assumptions about what a mesh would be shaped like if it were larger. So that's kind of a problem. And if you set the margin down, let me see if I can find my collision settings. Well, then you get the object that goes through the collision or the cloth goes through the collision object and it doesn't correct itself. And if you've ever worked with the cloth modifier to any extreme level or done anything really interesting with it, you've probably run into this problem. So we knew we needed a better static collision model for external objects. The other problem that turns out to be really interesting but incredibly difficult to solve is the speed of sound problem. And it's basically how quickly forces can propagate through some kind of a substance. And it holds true in the physical world just like it does in simulations. So you'll notice that on the far end, this piece of cloth is not moving at all even though there's all kinds of stretch happening in other places. And that's because you get bending springs that are stretched out up towards the one side where it's pinned. And so these points are needing to move. But once it moves, then you have stretch at the next adjacent point. And so that knows it needs to move. And this stretch gets sort of propagated all the way across the thing. And as a plumber, if you put 200 feet of pipe together and you hit it with a sledge hammer on one end, there's a split second delay before the other end actually moves even with something like cast iron pipe. So everything has its own speed of sound in the real world and everything does in simulations. Also, it just sort of works out that way in the simplest models. So we knew we had to solve that problem. And another interesting thing about Blender's self-collision model is it's using points with a distance defined around the point, which mathematically speaking is essentially what you use to define what a sphere is. So here I have this mesh. The bottom plane here is pinned. It's all one object. And it's using just self-collision. So the top part is a fairly fine weave mesh. And the bottom part is just four vertices in a plane. And this is what the self-collisions do in this situation. It makes these interesting spheres. So I don't know if you knew that about Blender's self-collision model. And if you... I won't take the time to do this here, but if you have a couple of planes that really only consist of a few points or if you have a couple of planes that happen to be staggered, well, there's this space in between these virtual spheres where another sphere of the same size can easily pass through. So if you get a mesh that's slightly staggered, it will basically just pass right through itself without doing anything. And that really didn't work for what we were trying to do. We were obviously needing to solve this self-collision problem.  I think it's only fair to show some of the things that you can do with Blender's cloth engine. You saw the video last year, right before I left for the presentation, and one of the fashion people came to me and said, oh, I need you to do a whole bunch of renders of runway walks with all these vintage dresses and all these layers and bows and everything. And I was like, oh, I thought I was going to work on my presentation, I guess not. So just like everybody else and throwing it all together at the end. So this is one that I did a couple of days ago. Just we're looking at a really stiff fabric. This is all done with Blender's default cloth engine. And, you know, it looks pretty okay. It behaves kind of like the real dress does. I did some interesting things with offsetting normal maps to get those panels in there with cycles. It's always fun to get a chance to play with cycles. This is a much, the bending stiffness is a lot lower. The technical term we throw around the office is it's more drapey. So in case you're wondering what drapey means, that means bending stiffness value. I'm still kind of wondering, but there's another one of the dresses we did. We were experimenting with having an object follow the surface of another object. So this little tie is sort of hooked to the cloth engine. It's not being calculated.  And believe it or not, you can do all of this with the cloth engine the way that it is now. But I've got this object down here, the skirt actually is a static collision modifier on it. And the top piece is overlapping it. It's not using self-collisions. Let me show the close-up of this. Provided I can find it. So I've got something like 140 separate cloth objects with all these little tassels. This weave here is a separate cloth object from the top. And each one of them is using a hook modifier with a vertex parent. And there's a hook modifier with a vertex parent for every point where this weave stuff connects to the upper part. And I started doing some clicking and assigning and thought, well, this is ridiculous. And I wrote a code that put it all together for me, but you can actually do that without any code. So in case you're wondering, you can still do some pretty awesome stuff with Blender's cloth engine. This was when the senior engineers were saying, you can't do anything with the self-collisions and it's horrible. And so my boss said, go and see if you can do something with self-collisions. So I made this using built-in self-collisions. And under the right circumstances, you can do quite a bit with it. It helps to set the quality up. And another trick that I like to use a lot, here's a freebie for anybody who's doing cloth. Since a larger collision margin gives you a better, more reliable collision, if you put a displace modifier on to pull it back visually, then you essentially get the larger margin without having the cloth be spaced away from the object. And then if you can ever do it, or if you have the option of doing it, if you need layers, instead of using self-collisions, divide the cloth objects up into separate cloth objects and use static collision modifiers on top of them. Maybe some of you know what I'm talking about. This is just a default. We generated it right out of PDS and I clicked the convert to cycles button. It turns all the OpenGL stuff into just a basic cycles render. This is experimenting with address form. So yeah, there's a ton of stuff that we've done already. So yeah, gosh, I wish I had more time. Some of the stuff that we have implemented already, we have a different collision model that allows us to do some pretty complicated stuff. This is running in real time, so we're getting some pretty good speed out of it. This is with our custom cloth engine that we've been developing. This is me attempting to use our pattern design software, which I don't really use, and it becomes pretty clear that I had a lot of coffee this morning. And I think you can tell that I've had a lot of coffee this morning also because I'm really impatient. So it launches in Blender and this is running with the cloth engine that our senior developers came up with. I wanted to show you how our collisions are behaving here. So let's get to the good part. We've gotten rid of the inflatable avatar because we don't need it now. So here I am, I'm basically trying to break it. I'm thinking how can I screw up this thing so that the collisions fail and I start warping it all over the place and dragging it around. Forgive me for skipping ahead here. Oh, it gets better. See, right there, it got better. You get to see Oliver. I've noticed after a while of working on these kinds of models, I just, I don't see it anymore. So when the CEO of the software development team walked by and I had basically a naked figure riding a bicycle, he was just aghast and was like, what's wrong? So you can see the collision got really, really screwed up by all of my dragging it around and messing with it and what not. And I thought, oh, that's probably good enough. It'll fix itself from there. And it does. So this is the interesting part and I really wish I had a lot more time but I'll skip a whole lot of this other stuff that maybe you want to come and talk to me about it in person. So as we're developing, I'm wondering, would it be possible to do some of this with Python? Is there a way? What would be the fastest solution? And I came across NumPy and started working with it and one of the first things I tested was just, is it possible to do, let's see, now this is the wrong set. Is it possible to just even read and write the data with NumPy fast enough to do anything like this? So I did a bunch of preliminary testing type stuff just to see if you could do this. And it turns out that if you're just sort of reading the data and you're doing something to the vertices and updating their positions, it bottlenecks at about 300,000 vertices. So you can do quite a bit before it starts to drop below 30 frames a second. That made me sort of hopeful that I could do this with NumPy. I started basically developing all of my tools with NumPy because it's so incredibly fast and because it's Python so I can debug and prototype really, really quickly. So this was a drawing tool that I made a couple of weeks ago for the fashion people. I have this nice fashion marker that appears and goes over the thing and you can draw on this and anybody who knows Blender really well is probably going big deal. The grease pencil draws on surfaces. What's the point? Well, the grease pencil does not generate baricentric coordinates while you're drawing. So I can actually draw on this while it's moving if I want to and it's just dropping new values into these and dimensional arrays and processing it. And I stood here and drew on this for like, I don't know, until I had over 100,000 data points and it was still running at 60 frames a second with no noticeable lag. And being that it's, yeah, that's kind of cool, isn't it? Being that it's baricentric, that basically means there's a relationship between the faces and the points and the points will always move around and scale with the faces no matter what you do to them. So if I go over here and turn this off, go into edit mode, the line moves with it. I can scale it up or down or whatever and I'm actually running this inside a scene update handler and you can't even tell and it's a lot of math because I didn't do baricentric the easy way. I did it the hard way with a lot of dot products and cross products and close points on plane and all this crazy stuff so that it could actually live outside of the face and they didn't have special cases and all. So really quickly, same client that did the sporting goods stuff wanted to see what would happen to a pair of spandex shorts while the person was riding the bicycle, wanted a visual cue of what happens to the tension on the fabric and oh, wrong one. Here I am wasting time. So as we're pedaling the bicycle, we're seeing that, you know, the fabric is moving a lot but it's kind of hard to tell what's going on. So I have this really simple script. It's just a few lines here that does a whole lot of linear algebra and shows you exactly where the garment is stretching and having actually done a whole lot of bike racing, I can tell you that's very accurate. That is exactly where spandex is uncomfortable. Alright, so pie cloth. So this is basically a first iteration of an attempt to do a cloth engine with just NumPy. And this is all happening in Python in real time, running at 60 frames a second. I mean, that's to me that was like mind blowing that it could do this. It's also single threaded. It's also single threaded running on a laptop. So we needed to think about warp and weft and bias, which is with the weave of a fabric it can stretch differently diagonally or straight up and down or left and right. And I was dividing this up and I was thinking about doing elastic and all this stuff and it occurred to me, what if I just read all of the spring information from another object? So I thought, oh, let's make a proxy idea. So if I use my proxy object then I can read all of my spring data off of something else. And so while this is running, turn on a shape key for example, shrink it, make it grow. Oh, the elastic one's kind of cool to show that. And at any point I can just add an extra shape key here and have a new awesome thing that I could animate. Turn this shape key on and now I've got this new thing. I'm sure you animators who are thinking about cloth could think of a lot of cool things you could do with that. Okay, so on the Ben Spring issue, in reading about the best way to do rotations in Euclidean space, I went to these senior engineers and I was like, well, it looks like quaternions are the best way to do it. Can somebody help me figure out how to do quaternions? And they're like, what are quaternions? So I thought, well, it's not that complicated. Technically you are sending the points out into a theoretical dimension in space and rotating them on a hypersphere with imaginary numbers and then bringing them back halfway. And it's fairly simple. So doing that on n-dimensional numpire rays, I thought, eh, should be easy. And I did eventually figure it out, but my brain almost literally exploded in a fireball that would have been visible from space. So what you can do with this though, because quaternions interpolate so well, you can have stability with really strong bending values. So right now I have no bending stiffness being applied, but I can turn my Ben Springs on and it gets really stiff. It's almost like, I like those transparent plastic things or whatever. And of course I can control the bending stiffness and I can map the bending stiffness to a vertex group and all that stuff is actually really easy to implement. So when I go back to my proxy object and I want to do something cool with the bending springs like put a fold in it. Well, I have this nice fold and my angles are signed angles, which if you work in geometry, you know it's more difficult to come up with signed angles, but I have signed angles so I can go either way. Okay, one last thing. Okay, let me go to my modifiers. This is sort of a tribute to Blender. So I have permission to share my NumPy stuff with the Blender foundation. So it's going back. And I have so much more that I could show you. There's some really amazing stuff I've got that I ran out of time for, so sorry about that.