Namaskar. I'm Professor Devdi Purkayastha from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Welcome to my course, Business Fundamental for Entrepreneurs, Part 1, Internal Operations. As part of the course, I'm very happy to welcome a very illustrious guest, Professor Rajan Jaswa, to tell us and share with us a few of his experiences and learnings. Before I hand over to Professor Raj Jaswa, a couple of lines of introduction. Professor Raj Jaswa passed out of IIT Bombay for his undergraduate in 1975. He went on to do his Master's in Electrical Engineering from the University of Toronto and then he went on to do his MBA from Stetson University. He went to become a serial entrepreneur and he actually founded three companies in different capacities and one of the companies went public with a huge multi-billion dollar valuation. He also volunteered to serve on Thai, which is one of the largest network of Indian entrepreneurs across the world and he served as the president of the Thai chapter in Silicon Valley and then he went on to become a global trustee. He is also a young faculty at IIT Bombay's own School of Entrepreneurship and he has been teaching, mentoring and stimulating entrepreneurial students for the last seven to eight years. So it is my pleasure now to hand over to Professor Raj Jaswa for his module. Hi students and future entrepreneurs. I'm so happy that I've been invited to be a guest speaker on this business fundamentals for entrepreneurs course. Entrepreneurship course is something that we started here in 2014 at IIT Bombay and we had the dream that one day all students aspiring entrepreneurs would have a chance to learn the fundamentals of entrepreneurship from what we are teaching at IIT Bombay. So we started this program in 2014 and it's almost 10 years now, a decade and now we are ready to take all our entrepreneurship material and get it to students across India and hopefully one day across the globe. So today I've been given a very interesting topic and just for me this is a natural which is how did I make my journey from just an engineer to an entrepreneur. Now you would say that IIT engineer is a very special thing you know it's a special entrepreneurship special engineering degree and yes IIT engineers are regarded as the creme de la creme you know across the globe today as you know the most wanted engineers anywhere in the globe by any team so but the opportunity for an engineer IIT engineer or any engineer to move on to becoming an entrepreneur is a privilege and you will see that you know once I made the leap from being a engineer working for the best companies in the world general electric cooperation, Intel cooperation when I made the transition or the jump or took the plunge to become an entrepreneur there was no going back I would never ever want to go back to just being an individual contributor in in you know for for any company now I wanted my ideas and my vision to take life and that's what drives entrepreneurs to have their idea their vision take life and start helping people do the job better live better solve their problems better so that's what motivates an entrepreneur and it took me almost 15 years to take the plunge to jump so let's take a look at you know why did it take me so long when it is it's so rewarding to be an entrepreneur and let's then see like what is it that holds people back what helped me back in my journey to becoming going from an engineer to an entrepreneur so basically I'm going to talk about a little bit about my story and tell you how over the last 40 years I I've transitioned from being an engineer at some of the best corporations in the world to then becoming an entrepreneur for 25 years and then share with you kind of the journey what does it take to prepare in order to be a successful entrepreneur somebody that can actually build companies that take a life beyond them right so the whole goal of entrepreneurship is to is to develop a come up with a company and that let let that company which is your creation take a life of its own right so we're going to talk about four important things four important things that every entrepreneur when you have the luxury of having somebody else or working for somebody else what is what are the four things that you need to pull together or the skill set that you need to develop so we're going to talk about the hard skills you know what are the hard skills that you need to develop that are going to be absolutely essential for you as you progress on your entrepreneurship journey what are the soft skills how do you make it easy for people to do business with you how do you make it how do you make yourself somebody that people want to do business with you the art of the deal so what are the soft skills and then we are going to talk about how do you become the master of what of your market the mark the niche market that you want to go ahead and bring brilliant solutions to so we're going to talk about how you become craftsman focused on getting that pot designed perfectly right right so you how do you become that craftsman and then finally you know it's a one-way journey once you jump and take the plunge you can't jump back there is no looking back once you take the plunge and we will talk about the challenges and then we'll talk about about how do you take the plunge and be excited about being on the journey to being an entrepreneur okay so what's my story essentially IIT's hard to get into did a lot of preparation did my agarwal classes we all have to study beyond our normal curriculum in order to become be invited to be an engineer who's going to be educated by the great IITs of India and IIT Bombay is one of the premier premier IITs also so got my BTEC in electrical engineering in 1975 and then decided that you know I needed to get a little bit more specialization and some more advanced education and picked up a master's in doubly at University of Toronto in Canada and a few years later then I started working at GE and concurrently I decided to get an MBA because I decided that you know I wanted to be more than just a engineering contributor in the companies that I worked for I wanted to get the business side of it under my belt so I picked up an MBA and GE generously funded my MBA education which was pretty nice so I was a design engineer GE and picked up an MBA at the same time with my MBA in my under my belt I was ready to move into marketing and I got in I got a job at Intel Corporation in California and I was a product manager for some of Intel's microprocessors for the next six seven years then worked at a small company called Chips and Technologies and I'll share with you in my journey as to what can you learn at a big company what can you learn at a medium size in a smaller company small companies will give you a lot more well-rounded experience because remember as an entrepreneur you're starting from a small small small company right so you need to know what it takes for a small company to come together and then you know took the plunge and from being just an individual contributor even at the managerial level moved on to starting the first company called Optias Semiconductor Company just four of us no experience starting a company no formal education in entrepreneurship that all of you are getting and we just jumped in so many things we did not know and you know we obviously did it better in our future companies but this company what we did have is a lot of excitement and energy because you know there was so much new learning about what it meant to start your own company and run your own business so we ran Opti for seven years we took it public imagine starting a company with no funding and taking it public four years later for a four hundred million dollar valuation and becoming the largest chipset vendor in the whole world in a span of four or five years and one out of every four personal computers used our chips and that was a heck of a achievement and I'll tell you what kind of skill set it took in order to get there then after seven years you know maybe time to try something new internet was coming along Java was coming along the world was excited about this new disruptive technology called the internet and you know met this IIT Kanpur student and we started Selectica and Selectica was a AI startup AI is the buzzword today 20 years later but we were one of the earliest AI companies and we started Selectica and you know we basically built it up to be very significant company in the AI business software business intelligence area on the internet platform and you know took it public for five billion dollars ten times more value than Opti and took it you know to take it public for five billion dollars in that day and age is probably equivalent to taking a company public for 50 billion dollars today you know so heck of a success we were regarded as the white hot startup of the day so that was a heck of a run ran that for seven years and then became the president of Thai for four years and then got back into entrepreneurship and started a video streaming company called Dino ran that for five years and then I decided that you know time to start teaching students across the in India first in the US and then in India what is this entrepreneurship all about is it really just black magic is it something that just happens by luck or is it something that can be taught and clearly right now we feel that entrepreneurship is something that can be taught and at IIT Bombay we experimented and we cried so many things and I believe right now we have put together a phenomenally effective teaching program experiential teaching program to help shape the next generation of entrepreneurs as very very right off the bat and we've been doing that for nine years and so you know from being a engineer at IIT Bombay full circle round to back to IIT Bombay but now I'm on the stage at IIT Bombay and I'm teaching the next generation of students entrepreneurship and now through this NPTEL platform hope to have you know tens of thousands and as I hear you know the expectation is maybe hundreds of thousands of students will get educated in entrepreneurship using the IIT Bombay NPTEL entrepreneurship programs okay so what does it take how do you prepare what are the hard skills that are needed and when I think back I think the number one thing that you need to become is an inveterate problem solver as an entrepreneur you face problems of all types small problems large problems different kinds of problems business problems entering problems customer service problems all kinds of problems is what you face you are a problem solver but that as an engineer or somebody who's going through school what should you do how do you become a problem solver how do you become a person who can solve problems night and day and not get exhausted solving problems the reason why I say this is because as an entrepreneur believed or not you'll be solving problems night and day so you better love the job of solving problems night and day so what can we do when we are at school I would say the number one thing is be the best engineer you can be and the best engineer is somebody that not only goes to class and studies the theory but also tries to put those learnings into practice you know go to the lab go after the classes are over go to the lab think of things that you can make with all the education that you've got or the academics that you've got make something out of it you know fool around with all the equipment that is there in laboratories and other incubators and so on and be the best engineer you can be the reason why I'm saying is that be the best engineer that you can be at a school during your school days is that guess what learning to be the best engineer is actually a luxury it is not work it is an opportunity it is not something that you work that you have to do because the professor gave you an assignment it is something that turns you on because it's a luxury you are privileged with all the resources and all the hopes of the country that you will design great products for your companies and then ultimately for your own company and this is the time for you to be the best engineer that you can be learn to be the best engineer that you can be while you're learning to be the best engineer you have to learn to think out of the box because you know when you go into the real world the professor who gave you the assignment to do did not have the answer already figured out when you go into the real world you'll find that for every problem there are a n number of solutions and any of them will do the job but the question is which one will do the job right from a business angle not which one will do the job right from just a technical angle or just from cost angle or whatever but from the total business angle so you have to learn to think out of the box when you face any problem and this is something that you want to experiment and practice while you're at your engineering school or in your other university and essentially you know all of us as one-track minded people so we can think this is the only way to solve this problem but you find five people and tell them how would you solve this problem and you'll find that five people actually figure out five different ways to solve the same problem and then you learn that you know any problem actually has n number of solutions and just because you thought of one way to do it is not the only way to do it and so learn to think out of the box and then how do you develop this personality that attracts problems you want to have a personality that attracts problems and the reason why you want to attract problems is so that you can solve them because you love like there are people who love doing crossword puzzles and you some people it's a lot of work but for the person who loves crossword puzzles it's joy it's happiness it's it's satisfaction so the same way we have to figure out how to attract problems and how do you attract problems volunteer for open-ended assignments organize different events organize field trips organize competitions you know so volunteer for open-ended assignments things that will where the budget is not set the team size is not set the opportunity is not defined but open-ended so that you because that is how the real world is it's an open-ended world it's not a closed-end world where somebody says okay solve this problem and boom you are going to build a successful company no the world is entrepreneurs world is open-ended and they'd how they attack the problem how the solution comes comes together is basically what will define the parameters of your company so basically pick up open-ended assignments because you will decide and you will come up with oh this should be the framework of the of the of that particular challenge that you took up the next thing is that you an in vitric problem solver does is that they learn that resources can come from everywhere and anywhere and you know if they need money to get something done they can get it through the institute they can get it from the department they can get from their parents they can get from their friends they can get it from different institutions and number of places to essentially get resources whether it's money resources i told you about all these different ways people resources equipment resources promotional resources all kinds of resources are available from so many sources and the question is you have to figure out what is the right combination of resources to put together to solve your open-ended assignment by thinking out of the box and doing the right kind of engineering right so you and finally remember you have to enjoy this because tomorrow there's going to be another problem later on there's going to be another problem i mean the problems never stop and if you don't become a in vitric problem solver while you're a student at your institute it's going to be hard for you to go ahead and and become an entrepreneur and you're going to be exhausted instead of getting energy from solving the problems and looking forward to the next problem to solve and having this continuous feeding of energy from solving problems it'll start draining you out and entrepreneurs that are drained out don't last too long as an entrepreneur so first thing in my opinion is develop the hard skills to make your in vitric problem solver then you find out that you know those hard skills don't really make you successful by themselves they're just a foundation ultimately in order to build a company in order to get a purchase order in order to raise money in order to do that you have to do something called close the deal and you've got to learn the art of the deal what does it take to get a deal closed right so clearly things to be learnt what are the key tools there are sales skills have to be developed sales techniques have to be learned marketing skills have to be developed marketing technology and nomenclature and all of these things are to be learned negotiations you know soon you'll realize that every transaction is actually negotiable what you get depends on how good a negotiator you are and then you got to learn money money is what makes the world go around sad to say that as you know you thought money came from your parents and they will and obviously they took really good care of you so that you got admission to all these schools and you don't have to worry about who pays for your tuition or who pays for your lord lodging or boarding etc but in the real world you are responsible to raise money from strangers now you need to know everything about money so learning everything about money becomes very very important so lots of soft skills have to be developed soft skills in the area of sales marketing negotiations finance on and on and all all the MBA courses that you see online as well as as well as through an MBA program all of these skills have to be soft skills have to be learned and then you find that you know if you are just quiet about how good you are you are going to be ignored you only get you you're just going to be left behind in the dust you realize that if you are going to go ahead and be successful in life you better communicate to everybody as to how good you are how good your idea is how successful you're going to be and deliver and of course the communication skills the effective presentation the debating you'll find that everything requires a back and forth and then you come up with the right answer and convince the other person so debating skills presentation skills convincing skills all these communication skills start becoming very important in order to get your deal to become something that is interesting to to to whoever you want to do transaction with whether it is customers whether it is investors bankers whether it is lawyers whether it is investment bankers whether it is you know all of them you have to do presentation and then you find that you know some of the other everybody likes the way I sell it promote it to present it etc but nobody signs on the deal nobody hands over the money and the reason is there is something missing and that's something missing is called emotional quotient of eq you are not credible you are not trustworthy oh my god how do I get other people to trust me with their million dollars how do I get I had to when we raised our selective data selective IPO I had to convince investors that my company was worth five billion dollars how do I get them to trust me with their money and their future and you know their personal savings and to get them to buy my stock so eq is something that you have to learn to develop and then finally realize that the king is not your great company the king is the customer for your products and services right so you have to have the humility to realize no matter how great a mousetrap you design how great a product you design unless the customer you treat the customer like a king you know with humility with care with the you know not going to succeed so out of the deal is very important and finally suddenly realize that boy you know you've developed the hard skills you've got the soft skills now what you have to become like a craftsman and generate focus be focused on one small niche where you are going to be the best the important thing in life is to be the best it's up to you to decide whether you're going to be best on a big market or small market or whatever market you want but you have to be the best at what you do and you know the world of business is you know is always in a state of change and flux technology can be disruptive it can be a friend or your enemy competition if you're making a lot of money competition wants to come and is sniffing at you sniffing in your tail down your back the competition is always learning then you realize that the people working for you people who are your partners people who are your customers they're not robots they're continuously changing they're continuously learning and then you realize that you know the customer was happy last year with this performance but today you want something 30 faster their needs are continuously evolving they were one more features soon you realize that you cannot rest on your laurels you cannot rest on your success change is the only constant in business and you have to be comfortable with a world that continuously changes under you and an entrepreneur by focusing on a niche market where he is the best in terms of all the functionality all the capability he becomes the master craftsman for his market segment that he defines right so you have to develop the craftsman's focus on a niche market and once you've got the market in your pocket once you've got the soft skills in your pocket once you've got the hard skills under your belt now is the hard thing you have to make the jump or you're going to take the plunge and it is an irreversible change like you know so once you go ahead it can't go back and so there is no looking back for an entrepreneur and you want to be an employee dogs wonderful lives but they eat the same food every day it's always there at the same time and so on but somebody else is the boss or do you want the freedom of a wolf you know one day you'll eat like a king next three days you're going to starve but you know you are it's up to you to decide that you want to hunt or you relax or you want to enjoy the the moon and so you have to decide you know whether you're going to be living a dog's life or the freedom of a wolf and you have to get out of your comfort zone some of us got kicked out of a comfort zone you find that your company led you off or you find that your wife says okay i want you to start a company or your boss says that but you get kicked out of the comfort zone for me it's happened in many many different ways there were times when for some companies i was kicked out of the comfort zone other companies i was tired of the comfortable job comfortable seat situation that i wasn't but either way you've got to be out of your comfort zone where there is risk at every turn and you'll say that you know i'll start a company tomorrow or next year or 10 years from now the time is never right as soon as you become passionate about something that you're willing to give your everything to it that's when the time is right you know don't start a company because if you're not passionate so passion is really what is going to be most important for you and the reason is that as i said entrepreneurs face problems all the time and passion is what enables the entrepreneur to struggle on and persevere on in spite of all the odds because failure is not an option for an entrepreneur they have to succeed you know who nobody else is going to you know save you or pay your salary or or pay your employees their salary if you don't succeed right and ultimately entrepreneurs do it because they enjoy the journey it's entrepreneurs don't work for the ipo they don't work for the mna they don't work for you know basically stock options they work hard because they enjoy the journey you have to enjoy the journey if you're going to be an entrepreneur who's going to enjoy the freedom of wolf and the success that comes from and the happiness that comes from having your ideas take life and creating the company that has a life of its own so wishing all of you the ability to enjoy the journey of an entrepreneur thank you


Education at first for sure is a matter of solidarity. We regard education as a common good which should be available for every European citizen. But education is not only a matter of solidarity, but it is also the one main pillar that helps us realizing the vision of European Spring. This is because education enables people to carry on that vision, to spread that vision and to create new European visions themselves. Therefore we need justice and education in whole Europe. We need subventions in the economical weaker areas. And we need education forums which bring together every member of the educational system to enable them to create education in new forms of education themselves.


Yn ymdeithasio yw'r ffordd i'r cymdeithasio ar gyfer hynny, am y gweithio'r ffordd i'r hanes ar gyfer hynny'r adrodd. Mae Stafatio hordd yn ysgol yma'r unrhyw wedi'r drosffordd a'r gyflawn cymdeithio'r disglu. Mae'r pethau gweithio'r gwerth o'r treffor a'r anhygoel o'r anhygoel o'r anhygoel o'r anhygoel o'r anhygoel o'r anhygoel o'r gwaith. o bwysig unig gwbl yn cyfrifio o'r gweithio. Mae'r ddiwylliant yng Nghymru, ac mae'r ddweud o'r Llesiadau Fynghorwyr. Mae'r gweithio o grwpiool yn gweithio'r llyfriddau o'r ffordd, arweithio arweithio, ac o'r rhwngorio, oherwydd yn ffordd o'r gweithio'r gweithio. Mae'r cuirwyddych oedd ymddangos sydd ar gyfer y dda o gyfwyd yng Nghymru, yn 2009, yn cael ei gael ysgolwyr ac ymddych yn ymddych. Ond y gallwn y ddweud yma, yw'r ddweud yma, yw'r ddweud yma i'w ddweud yma? Yn y ddweud, mae'n gweithio'r ffraeg yma o'r ddweud yma yw'r ddweud, mae'r ddweud yma o'r ddweud yma o'r ddweud yma, yn ymddych i'r debyd yma i'r ddweud yma i'r ddweud yma, Give them a full taste of the final publication, a book under the Society of Antiquaries imprint, with an integrated digital component hosted by the Archaeology Data Service that will be free to everyone to write. Ie, kliw'r ddeithas gael y ddysgu'r serdd i'r rhai ddredigr. Yr hyn o'r gweithio'r ddechrau, mae'n meddwl i'r ddweud o'r ddau cyfwyr ddim yn ei enyf, a'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud, er mwyn i'r ddweud. Ond rwy'n gweithio'n ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ddweud. I shall set out the essential character of the Horde, its typology and its chronology, and Tanya will then take over and present the case of what we think the Horde is, viewing its historical and architectural context, and the arguments for why it might have been created and posited. The Horde was found on a ridge of land close to the modern A5 and N6 toll roads, just to the north of Birmingham. The metal detectors to discover it, Terry Herbert, spent over a week with hovering finds before he reported his involvement discovery to the port of antiquity scheme. Then professional archaeologists became involved. Initially, Staffordshire County Council staff dug a one-meter test that is over the find spot. This has expanded into a full recovery excavation undertaken with Geo-Fiscal Survey by Birmingham Archaeology, and they conducted a further episode of fieldwork in 2010. Later, in 2012, Archaeology Warwickshire undertook more surveying, including controlled metal detection, that recovered a small number of further fragments and finds from the Horde. Knowledge of what the Horde contained has changed significantly as the challenging task of cleaning and re-joining has proceeded. From almost 4,600 fragments at the end of conservation, nearly 700 objects have been identified. This was no mean feat, but from the outset the owners of the Horde were committed to keeping as much of its own public display as possible. This often resulted in fragments from more than one object being involved in one location. Whilst the majority of the fragment of relationships were identified by 2014, some objects did not fully emerge until late in the research project, and one of them should be illustrated here. This is the object. This rather strange object is a socketed stand that we believe was a socketed stand for a great gold cross in the collection. It was assembled from over 60 pieces of silver sheet and lead strip, and it wasn't recognised until 2016. This example underlines how the fragility of the silver sheet has caused an inverse relationship between weights and fragment counts in the Horde. The four kilograms of gold and 1.7 kilograms of silver is reversed by the silver fragment count. The silver is far more fragmented than the gold. Whilst many of the objects retain garnets, or more rarely other inlays, there is very little copper alloy, virtually no iron, and only vestigial traces of organic materials, including borne, wood, and wax protein pastes, and glues. These would all have been essential components of the artefact in which almost all the fittings had been removed. The content of the board was thus highly selected, favouring precious leather. The objects were also drawn on time from the possessions of men and the apparatus of war, even arguably the Christian objects. The majority, 80% by object count, are fittings from weapons. Most come from swords, with a small number from sacksies, that is large fighting knives. There are a range of forms and ornaments, some quite new, are transforming our understanding of the weapon, its makers, and its warriorly users. On the basis of the minimum number of poles, that is 74, and potential combinations of other fittings presently, we estimate that something like 100 swords were dismantled. With one certain exception, they appear to be of Anglo-Saxon manufacture, and that exception is this one up here, pole 68, which has animal art that indicates a Scandinavian origin. It may or may not be associated with this strange object here, which is a swordry. Most of the poles take a cocked hat form, and fit within Mae genes-type bec of course scenario, which was in use between circle 570 and 650. A smaller number are round-backed forms, a form that in Anglo-Saxon England was in use in the 70th century. The 98 gold hillcolors include a remarkable 40 pairs. Hillcolors could be tall, like this one, or narrow, and they were fitted at the top and the bottom of the grip of the sword. We also have an array of hillt rings, these fittings here. This example here is very similar to a pair that are fitted to the second boom, the man of one sword. There are over 170 hillt plates in the collection, and you can see again on the diagram on the schematic where these would have fitted. From the form of the plate and from marks left on from fit other fittings on the hillt, it has been possible to say where on the sword they were fitting. And from that we've been able to say something about the number of sets and how proportionate that amount is with the other types of fitting. Unlike the forms discussed so far, the over 100 small mounts are decidedly unfamiliar. Many are decorated with a very fine filigree scrollwork ornament, and it was only after a trip to the British Museum to inspect the so-called Cumberland Hillt of preserved form, but their purpose became apparent. They were made to be inserted into recesses cut into the grip and guards, secured by nails and presumably some form of glue. You can see the extra here showing the nails used only on Cumberland Hillt, and we have similar small nails in the board with these fittings. Also importantly, their association with a sword hillt without a metal pommel in this case implies that the number of weapons represented in the horde is more than the 74 surviving pommels. Some hillt mounts are new forms, so they have a few following parallels. They include pairs and sets of zooborphic form from the grips, like these bird-heading mounts, and this bird mount here. You can see where these would have fitted on the grips. And then there are also sets of these beam-shaped fittings, which it took a little while to work out where they came from, and these too would have been fitted onto the guards. You can see here we have a set of four indicating mounts to the top and the bottom guard of the sword. Most of the fittings come from hills. There's very few fittings from scabbards, and this is a selection of the fittings from scabbards. We have five sets, five pairs of sword pyramids, and these would have fitted somewhere on the scabbard like this, and we also have a pair of these little sword buttons. And beside that, we have just three buttons, which may or may not have been part of sword harness. In some, the sword fittings reveal an array of styles best appreciated from those forming sets, and they indicate unquestionably that sword hills were manufactured as matching suites in the period. The different styles, if you'd like to do it, could reflect the outcomes of different regions or kingdoms. Whilst fittings in gold with filigree wire ornament, like this one at the end here, and with the animal designs in saline style 2 appear most favourite, we also have sets of clozzone fittings, and then we also have, as I've said, the sets of small fittings for a cumbland hilt type style. The clozzone style pommels are most like the pommel on the sapagoo mount on the sword, and the clozzone workmanship of many pieces also finds its closest powers in the same reader assemblage. Cast work is rarer and mostly in silver. Completely new is the style of sword fittings in silver with gold mounts. It is exemplified as shown here by Pommel 76 with its extraordinary double fixed sword ring knobs on its shoulders that are unique in Europe, an associated hilt collar while they date, and then there's a pair of also unique silver guards with gold filigree mounts. As well as gold filigree, the suite also has garlic and glass clozzone, and here is an artist's reconstruction of what this set of fittings would have originally looked like on the sword hilt. The horn contains a remainder of at least one crested helvet, similar to examples from Scandinavia and England, most notably, again, the second loom mount one, but yet more magnificent because it was originally largely gold in appearance and not silver. Nothing remains, however, of an original iron cap, so reconstruction has proved a challenge, and this reconstruction work is undertaken with George Speak. We've been given special permission today to show the reconstruction of the helmet which will be officially released to the public tomorrow, so keep an eye on the papers for this. The surviving structural parts include two-section crest piece and a pair of silver-gilt cheek pieces, both decorated with complex style to anamart. The crest would have held a horsehair or possibly feather material, a feature that was not found on any of the other helmets, a parallelist from the early medieval world, but which is well known on their ultimate models, Roman helmets. There is also a curved silver band around the base of the helmet, which contained a stamped-gilt silver sheet showing meaning worries. Here is the style of two-anamart from the cheek pieces. Many other designs have been reconstructed from the well over one thousand fragments of the diamond-pressed silver-gilt sheet, including ones again in anamart, style two anamart, and most strikingly, figal seams of marching, riding and dancing aristocratic warriors. Arguably, this is now the grandest of the known cresting helmets. It presents a symbolic narrative embodying religious beliefs and probably, possibly, dynastical origin legends. Surely, we can do it whilst fit for a king. Many of the over twenty large mounts in the hall fall sets, and most of them are heavily inlaid with garments. Possibly they are made from a single workshop. Some could come from ostentatious military parade gear, as suggested here, like a saddle. In the case of this mount, little inset mounts, each of which is decorated with a little filigree serpent. Then we have these two pieces from a silver set of mounts with the yellow decoration, again imitating cross-eye, and with a pair of eye-shaped mounts. We suggested this as fittings from a horse's eye. However, it must be stated that the function of many of these large mounts remains uncertain. Most unexpectedly, some of the large mounts reveal ecclesiastical treasures created for and by the first and second generation of the early Anglo-Saxon Church. The inscribed strip has been subject to much debate. The yellowed text on the obverse here, and a slightly different rendering on the reverse, comes from the Book of Numbers. In Richard Gaineson's translation for our publication, shown here, Moses's invocation of God's protection for the Israelites in the wilderness spoke them when the Ark of the Covenant was raised up, takes on a new ferocity. His endorses the hypothesis that the strip was part of a cross, mounted on a relic reshine, designed to be taken into battle. Provocatively, one feasible reconstruction, for one set of cross-eye fittings with eye-shaped mounts is as fittings for an Ark or a house-shaped shrine. Gaineson also argues that there is nothing to oppose the seventh-century date for the inscribed strip. Also, significantly, the technical similarity of this flattened, de-shaped boss at the end of the strip is so similar to one on the lower leg of the Great Cross, to which I shall turn next slide. It suggests a similar at the shared origin. The Great Gold Cross, found folded but reconstructed to a height of about 30 centimetres, could have been both carried into battle processionally, or it could have also functioned in a stand as an altar cross. Based on the Roman Cross' grammata, in gold, its gold and blood red would have recalled the cross of victory that played a major role in the elite reception of Christianity since Constantine's vision at the Milbian Bridge in the fourth century. The Anglo-Saxon dream of the room also describes just such a vision. The portent was all covered with gold, beautiful gems appeared at the corners of the earth, and there were also fire upon the cross beam. The accomplished integration of fluid-style tomb animal decoration and red garnet bosses that symbolise the wounds of Christ with the mound of gold gothler at the base of the cross is remarkable. Moreover, one analogue motif from the arm of the cross has been shown to be a copy of one that decorates the rooms of maple wood cups in the southern boom mound of one burial, a burial co-indated to surface 620 to 640. Cross and inscribed strip, therefore, made date from about or just before the mid-seventh century. So, two like this remarkable sub-conical mound, the mid-column and disc-mount on top, but is linked with the cross, artistically sharing very similar style to analogue. Leslie Webster argues that it is a bishop's headdress. A realisation of seventh-century Anglo-Saxon conceptions of Jewish high priest's headgear has also portrayed in the image of Ezra in the co-dex of Anglicanus. Typological analysis has thus taken a subway towards establishing the character of the hall. But to explain how it came into being and why it was buried, we must first establish where and where it was made, where its objects were made. The concept of object biography or life history has been apparent in archaeology for some time. But it is particularly commended as a way for considering how halls were formed, the reuse of the objects within them, within them, and looking at their deposition. The Staffordshire Hall is producing enormous range of information about its production and about early Anglo-Saxon manufacture in general. Most significant for this lecture is the evidence from the filigree of the close eye work. The filigree dominates the hall. It decorates about 60% of its objects. But whilst much of it compares well with artefacts from Kentish Southern England, atylical forms point to significant production beyond this area. This is an analysis undertaken with need work field, with an extensive knowledge of filigree in the early world. The ultimate inspiration for these filigree fittings, collars and poles, may well have been earlier 6th century fittings that we find on Scandinavian sorts. The close eye, by contrast, especially the zoomorphic designs within the close eye, as well as the mushroom and arrow geometric cell patterns and the use of gold-lidded surface, are all technical and artistic details that are best found out in East Anglia, notably in the South Pole. Indeed, the distribution of the 15 gold and gold garnet poles and hill fittings that are now known from outside of the hall, which this map shows, suggests that much of the material in the collection could have emanated from Anglia in areas north of the Tendons, including from the Kingdoms of East Anglia, Lindsay and North Anglia. A study of where repair and modification of the fittings was also a consideration when putting together the catalogue. Every object was assessed for a consideration of its wear and repair and modification. For example, wear patterns on pommels and on the tips of fittings, showing that these are the areas on a sword that seem to be most vulnerable to wear. We suggest that this probably reflects swords being worn habitually at the waist as a piece of costume, and that this is the result of the hilt of the sword rubbing against clothing. On the whole, it was found that the differential degrees of wear on the fittings correlated with the chronology of the objects and their suggested typology and style. Given the rare typological character of most of the objects, the absence of coins and as yet insufficient material with which to conduct absolute scientific dating, the animal art that decorates much of the collection has proved to fundamentally to establishing the horde chronology. Only animal art has long been used in animal sex and archaeology to date artefacts and context in general. Salim style one, shown here, occurs on just two fittings, and it's an art of the later fifth and sixth centuries in England. In fact, this pair of hilt colours with their highly disarticulated style one may well be the obvious objects in the collection. In comparison, objects with the following style, Salim style two of the later sixth and seventh centuries, occurs on 140 objects in total. My research proposes that the two distinctive forms of style two known from Anglo-Saxon England that are seen in the horde reflect chronological rather than regional difference. And to summarise simply, the early form of the ornament of style two comprises highly abstract legless sewer wharf creatures. These are very strange creatures. You have their jaws, their heads, and these serpent-like poins. Whilst the later form is counter-intuitively comprises more recognisable quadruped animals, I dated these two forms of style two by comparison with animal art objects from graves found across Europe, which are also stated scientifically all by poins. Taken together, the chronological argument identified four overlapping phases of production in the horde. The first consists of relatively few objects, mainly in silver during the sixth century. These would have come from heirloom swords, and the fittings had affinities with objects from kens in Scandinavia. The vast majority of the collection, however, comprises objects in gold. Horde phase two is characterised by the filigree fittings, by the use of early style two, and by Cumberland hilt style fittings decorated in this role. It is dated to about 570 to 630. That's the date of the manufacture of these objects. Horde phase three is marked by the garnet croissant, and later style two used. It starts perhaps around 610, and it lasts up to about the mid-seventh century. Finally, the few silver items with gold mounts and a dense form of interlace representing an early insular style we've placed around the mid-seventh century. From this we have concluded that Horde was probably deposited between 650 and 675, and I shall now hand over to Tanya. So what does this all mean? Theologists pretended to interpret cords in a binary manner, either as economically valuable materials that were hidden for safe keeping, but for some reason not recovered, or as objects committed permanently for ritualised reasons to engage with the supernatural, as gifts for the gods or as accompanents for the dead. Studies informed by modern archaeological theory, as recently and implicitly outlined by Richard Bradley, suggest, however, that hoarding practices were far more complex. The structuring and the motives behind hordes, a horde biography, so to speak, may be revealed by combining detailed analysis of their intrinsic contents with the examination of the extrinsic context in the ground and in the landscape. Much has been third from internal evidence about constituent character of the Staffordshire Horde as Chris has just outlined. To repeat, in its material, art and symbolism, it belongs to the pinnacle of 7th century Anglo-Saxon masculine and martial society. It represents the powers, secular and spiritual on which kings depended. Yes, it was in fragments, deliberately dismantled and selectively assembled. Unfortunately, external evidence relating specifically to the hord's context is limited. So our model biography depends more on historical and archaeological knowledge of the late Roman and early medieval worlds that engendered the horde and which would be abyserbated by our fellow contributors of publication. Whilst the artefacts can be compared generally to finds elsewhere in high status contexts, there is nothing that completely matches the horde's combination of multiple weaponry, precious material and fragmentation. Certainly not among the well-known princely barrels of late 6th and early 7th century England, or even the war sacrifices of South Scandinavian wetlands of the 4th to 5th centuries, or in the abundant corpus of treasure hordes, whether from late 4th to 5th century Britain or from the 4th to 7th century England, Europe and Scandinavia. In fact, the diversity of these near-contemporary hoarding practices rather than the supply of later managers forces us to consider a range of models, especially given that hordes in general are rare in the late 5th to 7th century England. So how did the horde come together? We suggest that the savage horde was buried at some time in the 3rd quarter of the 7th century. At this date, its findspot lay wither in the territory of Mercia, the marches, or hordes, the last major Anglo-Saxon kingdom to emerge into history, but not yet the power it would become in the 8th century. According to the not always consistent pages of these ecclesiastical history and the later historic Britonum, Mercia was born of protracted warfare waged by its pagan king, Pender, often in alliance with Welsh kings and mainly against Anglia neighbours to the east, in particular Northumbria. The 650s seemed to have been particularly turbulent with the deaths of Pender at the Battle of the Wingways at 655, and a year later the murder of his recently converted son, Peoda before another son, Wolfhair, was eventually restored to the throne. Wolfhair and his brother Evelwet then enjoyed long reigns, the continuing expansion of the kingdom through Wolfhair but particularly to the south. We've also suggested that the objects in the horde mainly came from areas controlled by Anglia kings, most of them, as Chris said, Lindsay, East Anglia and Greater Northumbria. Mercia itself laid a cultural boundary between Anglians and Britons as expressed by Firlish Barrow near at least the new run and by the incident of metal detected fires. The first act of settlement is evident in the middle Tread Valley from the late fifth century onwards and in the 7th century the Peak District is characterised by which Barrow burrows there is nothing to suggest that the mercians were manufacturing prestige equipment in the way other kingdoms were. The objects in the horde have been bought into Mercia but how? Circulation of movable wealth was fundamental to building and maintaining early medieval policies. Here in the Ohan Nicolai is the rendering of Royman's 1990 model. Just as in the late Revan Empire the material forms a life history of treasure and the context of their gifting or exchange embodied hierarchical relationships of status and obligation between giver and receiver. Less like the Revan Empire however early Anglo-Saxon kings paid especially on warfare to recoup and supplement their stock of treasure and thus to maintain the system. We imagine that both pitched battles and raids on rival seats or monasteries could have delivered booty compensation payments and tribute which would underlie the horde material. The weaponry in the horde was probably made in elite workshops for circulation among leaving members of royal retinues. Some of the items represented by the large mounts like putative saddles could have played a role in a lines building between dillustins. The ecclesiastical treasures might have been gifts to or products of churches but they and iconic items like the helmet are unlikely to have circulated widely if at all. Given the date range of the horde objects they must have joined horde cumulative and probably episodically but we cannot specify exactly when or how each individual item came to form part of treasures nor how they then entered Mercia. Nor, without better historical evidence can we assign their final gathering and subsequent deposition in Mercia to particular events in the past. There the circumstances leading up to and beyond the battle of the Wingways provides several provocative and opposite general models. Or, towards the end, the assemblage underwent extensive damage with fissings systematically if crudly stripped away. Evidence of knives used cut or lever and tools like tongs to pull off pommels is widespread amongst the material and it's likely that this was the work of Smiths who also would have had the skills necessary to select out only the precious metals and it's noticeable that there's very little guilt copper alloy. One explanation for all this is that it was part of a regular process of precious metal control. De-commissioning goods in order to recycle their war materials is a new object for a new round of circulation. But if so, the job was only half done. It's possible that some of the missing fittings might already have found their way into a crucible but the items that were retained still included garments and other material. Such a functional explanation also overlooks the extremely selective character of the objects. Supreme symbols of the power of a king rather than a random or sensible sample from a royal treasury. The alternative is that according to an ideological act a deactivation of the object's symbolic agency perhaps as part of the defeat of humiliation of a political rival or because the materials actually perceived as tainted and too dangerous to be kept. The apparently gratuitous removal of an arm of the cross pendant and what one might say was the effective defacement of the helmet might support this argument. Of course, recycling might also have accommodated such pendants but if so, that task was interrupted by unknowable events leading instead to burial. Alternatively, burial has always been the intention. So finally, we turn to the context of burial and sadly this is where we have least evidence. Only 13% of the fragments have no locations and then only to the one meter grid squares used in the excavation. There's spread over something like 215 square metres under entirely within or even on top of the plows soil but the distribution does suggest a core area of about three to four metres of square. The mixture of small fragments, especially of silver in the 21 soil blocks which were reportedly removed from a two metres square area could represent the filtrate at the base of a pit but the plowing that finally disturbed the treasure had removed all evidence of context and the only indications of the items might have been put into containers or perhaps into bags are the folding of some objects and a single fragment of textile. The horde lay at the northern end of a ridge of land that's the Dash Line and that was the area of the excavation I showed you from the last slide. And everyone photographs have revealed some sort of circular feature at this point which is the width. Geophysical survey have captured two concentric rings in the same place which were identified in excavation as naturally occurring ice wedges but which have been suggested could have supported some sort of distinctive vegetation. The horde lay between and over the ice wedges. There is nothing else in the field that has been observed to indicate its use until its enclosure in the 19th century. The only other evidence of Anglo-Saxon activity is a dismount from horse harness in the art style of our horde phase four. The distance of the two located fragments from the horde itself suggests that the mount was probably not part of the horde but either a casual loss by some contemporary visiting horsemen or a deliberate but separate deposit. The last clues to the horde's meaning lie in its topographic location. On the one hand, this seems peripheral. Environmentally, the area was part of cannot chase exploited for its wood and heathland resources but marginal to agriculture until the 18th and 19th centuries. Culturally, as we've already seen, it was on the fringe of early Anglo-Saxon penetration. Physically, it lay between several small folk territories that became incorporated into the Kingdom of Mercia. The Pempercerta to the west of Hampton Chase, Wednisfeld, a Royal Estate to the south west, and the Tomaserta to the east, where Mercia's Bishop Road was founded in 669 at Lichford Field, and later, of course, Townloth was developed as a secular centre. On the other hand, the site overlooked Walklead Street, the major road in the road leading from southeast England into Wales, and it is near its junction at Wall with Wricklead Street, the route from Mercia into Northumbria. The site was thus eminently accessible and perhaps had been marked by a distinctive better station that had not been quite identifiable. Yet it was also liminal, it was out in the landscape, exactly the sort of place which was used in prehistory for ritualised deposition and in the early Middle Ages for assemblers. There are then multiple possibilities for exploring and explaining the Staffordshire Horde, as well as many uncertainties. I've been able to give you only a glimpse of the arguments to date, and we're fully aware that they leave considerable scope for further debate, questions and more research. In the end, it is actually impossible to say why the Horde was treated as it was, but our two leading suggestions are these. It was an assemblage of royal treasure in transition between decommissioning and recycling, but where completion of this trajectory has been arrested by unknown circumstances, leading to a final deposition. Or it was the deliberate and permanent removal of royal treasure from circulation for political, superstitious or religious reasons. Thank you.


What's good Joshua Ross back again with another video so one to kind of let you guys know I'm kind of under the weather. So if I sound a little bit congested in this video I'm not at a hundred percent, but I definitely wanted to get this out to you guys as soon as possible Because I definitely wanted to talk about The spoiler side of things from the recent Mortal Kombat movie I'm gonna get into the good things that I liked about the movie I'm definitely gonna get into the bad things that I felt definitely brought the movie down But for me overall, I enjoyed it. I know a lot of people Didn't really like the movie as much, you know And then there's also a lot of people that did like the movie. So it's I've seen like 50-50 like Split decisions, you know, some people hated the movie Some people thought it was the best Mortal Kombat movie we've had so you know It's it's really up to your personal taste, but I do think anyone has a Mortal Kombat fan I still think they should at least check it out for sure So let's start with some of the bad things on the spoiler side of things for this movie First and foremost Cole Young being our main protagonist He's a he's a descendant of Hanzo Asashi aka Scorpion and I'm gonna be honest with you I don't know why he was the main protagonist I honestly thought and I think a lot of people that I Have come made this comment Even some people I know personally they thought Johnny Cage would have been the perfect person for Us to get introduced as the main protagonist It sucks Johnny Cage is not actually in the film Like they set it up for him being in the later films next film if they make one but he's not in this film which kind of sucks and Cole Young he's He's generic. He is literally a creative character if Mortal Kombat had a creative character system That's what Cole Young is insert moves insert dialogue. He is He's bland. He's boring. He barely has any dialogue.  He is he he really Isn't really useful In the movie the way they go about characters having their powers they call it. I want to say it's Arcania Arcana. Yeah, Arcana. I think that's how they pronounce it Arcana. That's how they I Guess you could say, you know find a way to Make sense of how these characters have powers and they call it Arcana And you have to unlock your Arcana in order for you to get the powers or whatnot now We meet up with Sonya blade. She doesn't have any powers, right? And there's a reason why I'm bringing this up She doesn't have any powers, but she can hold her own in one-on-one combat Cole Doesn't seem like he can do that at all Now I'm gonna lie to you so there's been situations where his Arcana hasn't shown up and he's gotten so and killed Aka Kun Lao he ends up getting killed Kun Lao saves his life and ends up Getting his soul taking my sing song saying soon and I'm just like What I was so confused. I was like Kun Lao is a character that actually was liking in the film I like this, you know his design the way he's introduced You know I'm saying they kind of fit to come like the games like he's a little arrogant You know I'm saying but I like this character I wish I could have seen more of them But he ends up getting killed off because he had to save Cole goofy eyes, bro That was annoying not gonna lie to you Cole is a detriment to this film and Not nothing against the actor is just he's a detriment to this film for the simple fact that he does nothing All the other characters around him are more compelling and interesting than he is and he's kind of like the damsel in the stress Until he gets his powers and let's not talk about when he gets his powers Dude's armor look like a wicker basket, bro Literally his armor looks like a wicker basket. He can redirect Like a tax like the energy from a tax you can redirect it which is cool But his armor looks kind of lame He doesn't get his arcana into his his family is in jeopardy, you know the cliche stuff Um He ends up defeating Goro Mind you, he couldn't feed somebody in the underground UFC match But he defeats Goro because he gets his arcana in just a nick of time and he kills Goro It was a nice fight scene, but it was just one of those things like Goro is like a top tier Mortal Kombat Opponent and he's get he basically gets destroyed by wicker basket man like I just If they would have made Cole a cooler character gave him some type of emotion He wasn't playing slate. I think we would care more There's nothing wrong with introducing someone into the franchise as a surrogate person for the audience to follow along That doesn't really know anything about Mortal Kombat But honestly, I think you could have went with Johnny Cage. I think it would have been much better So yeah Cole definitely is the low point of this movie and should not even have been a character if they weren't gonna do nothing with them The selection of characters that ended up using really wasn't that that prominent Unfortunately, they didn't really have too many characters on both sides than at the realm side in the earth realm side It was just kind of lackluster Because you had to Luke Kane to come loud as expected But you didn't get Johnny Cage, like I said at the beginning Johnny Cage is not in the film You get raiding and that's cool You get scorpion and sub zero the classic ones, but you know, they even get you get reptile You know I'm saying he he shows up for a little bit But I just felt like they were kind of lackluster on both sides. So I'm like I said I get This movie takes place right before The tournament so I get that they're trying to you know build up for the tournament I'm sure more characters will get involved But as is being the first showing for this rebranding of this like a reboot of this this franchise It was kind of lackluster not gonna lie.  He's okay but I know a lot of people felt like he didn't look like Luke Kane and Maybe because we don't really get a chance to get to know the character We just know he can control fire and he you know spawns up a fire dragon, which I thought was pretty dope But we don't get chances to get invested with these characters You know I'm saying so this is also another notch because we get introduced to the characters and then that's it like We don't really get time to really spend with them and and stuff like that Which I get it They don't have that much time to do because this they're just trying to get to the next set piece like that kind of hampers the film in my opinion People you know especially fans of Mortal Kombat, you know saying they know who Luke Kane is and it's like We don't really spend too much time with these iconic characters from the game So it kind of sucks, but we go back to cold boring guys That shit sucks The plot of this doesn't really make sense either for the sense of or for the fact that Basically Shang Tsung is trying to What's the word? Take out the earth realm champions by killing them ahead of time of mortal before they have Mortal Kombat Before that the Mortal Kombat tournament, and I'm just like that They can't even they shouldn't be able to do that the elder God should get involved in the mix because it's like how can they do that? The tournament is supposed to happen Why are they allowed to go to earth realm to kill earth's champions before the tournament happened? How is that even a thing? What the hell's going on the elder gods don't give them no fucks clearly I don't know I kind of that didn't make sense to me the fact that Raiden he's in the movie, but not much The fact that he can banish cool. I mean not cool. I'll shame soon back to the nether realm when he enters in this temple but when I Was getting his soul sucked. He didn't do anything bro. I don't I Don't get that I Don't get that.  I'm gonna talk about that on the good side of things It was short. That's the only only thing about that is this is more of combat You're here to see the fights.   Just mortal combat. So That's the the major thing I can think of just on the on the negative side of things bad side of things that I wasn't really rocking with Now let's get into the good things that the good parts of the movie that I thoroughly enjoyed And I don't think it's any secret to anybody that has seen the movie Kano. It's the best part of this movie Shout out to Josh Lawson who plays Kano. He knocked it out the part He was the perfect embodiment of Kano. I said it in my spoiler-free review He is one of those type of characters that own the role so well I don't see anyone else playing Kano as well as he did like he he has the um, the Hugh Jackman and the uh, Robbie Downey Jr. When they play these comic book characters Or the superhero characters. That's them. They they embody that role so much that it's them And you can only see them playing that role. I can only see Josh Lawson playing as Kano I think he's fantastic.  He ends up getting killed. Uh, for those who don't know The champions are chosen by this little dragon birthmark. You can be born with it or If you kill someone with the dragon birthmark, you become the next chosen champion for earthrealm And Kano has the mark and Sonya blade doesn't you can kind of see where it was going to is alluding That eventually Sonya blade is gonna end up killing Kano, which sucks because He was fantastic any scene he was in he made it 10 times better He he kind of made the pacing of the movie go back go In uh, you know, it was it was more in a positive direction Like when his scene when he was in a scene You was paying attention. You was laughing You was you know enjoying when he was bringing with the other characters around like he owned every single scene He made the pacing fantastic Um And then when he's not in the scene it it kind of sucks, you know And a granted you can say well, he's taken away from every other character true But when you got Cole sitting next to you doesn't really take much to take away from this character Because there is no character there. It's just a blank slate. So Kano was one of if not the best part of this movie um, the first 10 to 15 minutes of this movie Was fantastic. It's the best way just to hype you up for a Mortal Kombat film Um, did it stick to landing? Not so much, but I still enjoyed it though You know, I I I think a lot of people were hyped about the beginning and then they kind of Waved it off towards the end of the film because they just wasn't liking it as much as they thought they would but that beginning sequence Well, Hanzo asashi and sub zero and you know him Hanzo chilling with his family and they him them getting murdered and then he Just killing everyone all everyone that's around him. He's just brutally murdering them thought it was beautiful Him and sub zero fighting at the beginning thought that was beautiful It really hyped you up for the movie and I wish more of the movie had more scenes like that I think that would have been more fantastic and would have fit the Mortal Kombat type vibe um Let's see, um Sub zero as a character. He literally held it down. I'll be honest with you sub zero was the most overpowered character in this movie And he was badass like you could tell Sub zero was that dude like when he Destroyed jack's arms brutal as hell frozen arms And just broke him brutal as hell dude I I like the way he was using his ice powers like he would conjure up some ice Like snow like hail and then he would lift it up and then throw it down when he was hunting cold In jacks.  I thought that was fantastic that whole fight sequence Definitely gave me the video game vibes with scorpion using his combo attacks and techniques I thought that was cool, bro. Like I really wish there was more moments like that Now when the other characters are fighting like melena is fighting once again cold And at this point, uh, song your blade comes in with her powers and she blows a hole through melena's Like chess like her like a stomach area and then she dies. It was a one shot. And I'm just like damn, bro Like I really wish We could have got a little bit more of these fighting scenes, you know I'm saying I feel like the fighting scenes will cut short. So I really wanted more of this.   I thought that was pretty cool. I'm just like, okay There's some good things in this film that give me the video game vibes It's just they're not there long enough. And I think that's my biggest issue with this film Like it's so much promise, but they're not expounded upon the fighting was great The gore in violence was spot on. Uh Natara she's like this weaned creature. I'm telling you man. They they really picked the z team From nether realm of Natara. She's his weaned creature She gets hits with such a dope Dope and brutal fatality this guy actually I think the fate one of the fatalities in mortal combat 11 um where Um cum laude throws his hat on the ground And he was riding the back of her and she ends up sliding while the hat's rotating in the ground and splits her in half I thought that was brutal definitely Definitely sick man. And I like the little one liners that was talking about fatality and stuff like that It was cool. They there were some great things here I know a lot of people are quick to hate on this film But I do think there were some great things here and I do think they did Right by some of the material could have been a lot better for sure But these are just some of the good things I can think off the top of my head and I remember that I enjoy So comment down below. Let me know. Did you guys enjoy this film? Did you hate it? Let me know I want to get a discussion Let's start the discussion down below. And who was your favorite character out of the film me personally It was cano. I hope they bring him back in the next film because definitely he was a He was the best part of this film character wise So I would love your guys opinion appreciate all love and support road to 40k appreciate y'all kicking it with me I'll see y'all next week. Peace