on an introduction to Hadoop. This is Dr. Neeta Puja, professor in computer science and NG department at Vulture Institute of Technology, Solar Power. At the end of this session, learners will be able to comprehend why Hadoop is required, what exactly is Hadoop and what are the different features of Hadoop. Pre-requisites are the learners should have the knowledge of RDBMS and most importantly distributed file system. Now, what is Hadoop? It is a framework that allows for distributed processing of large data sets across clusters of commodity computers using a very simple programming model. It is an open source project by Apache Software Foundation. It has the ability to store and analyze data that are stored on different machines at different locations very quickly and in a very cost effective manner, cost effective just because it uses commodity hardware. It uses a concept of MapReduce which enables it to divide the query into smaller tasks and process them in parallel. Now, if you see the history of the Hadoop, it was first started with dog cutting and Mike Kaffarela in the year 2002 when they both started to work on Apache Nudge project. Now, this project was designing a system which was designing a search engine which was able to index billions of web pages. So, this is nearly a huge data set. At approximately the cost of such system was half a million dollar in hardware and along with monthly running cost of 30,000 dollars approximately. Also, project architecture was not capable of storing and processing the large data sets. So, in 2005, cutting found that Nudge is limited only to run on 20 to 40 node clusters. So, he joined Yahoo along with the Nudge project because Yahoo had a huge team of engineers who were interested to work on this project. And he separated distributed computing part from the Nudge and named it as a new project Hadoop. So, Yahoo successfully tested Hadoop on 1000 node cluster and started using it in 2007. In 2008, Apache Software Foundation successfully tested the Hadoop to run on 4000 node clusters and it successfully run. In 2011, Apache Software Foundation released Apache Hadoop version 1.0 and today currently we have Apache Hadoop version 3.0 which was released in December 2017. Now, let us see why Hadoop? What are the different features of Hadoop? Today big data has become a buzzword, enterprises all over the world, they are beginning to realize that there is a huge volume of data that is being produced through various sources and this information which is in the form of structured or unstructured data needs to be stored and analyzed. Now, let us see how this big data is generated. We have some facts. Every day, New York Stock Exchange generates 1.5 million shares and rate data. Facebook stores 2.7 million comments and likes. Google processes about 24 pentabytes of data and every minute Facebook users share nearly 2.5 million pieces of content, Twitter users share it with 3 lakh times, 3 lakh tweaks, Instagram users post nearly 22,000 new photos every minute, YouTube users download nearly 50,000 applications every minute and every minute banking application processes more than 10,000 credit card transactions. Now, why Hadoop? Why it has become popular? There are various factors due to which Hadoop has become popular. So, if you see that all the factors have been shown here. So, first factor is the low cost. Hadoop is an open source framework because it uses commodity hardware to store the huge quantity of data and process it. So, it becomes cheaper. Then comes computing power. Hadoop is based on distributed computing model. So, that is it is using multiple nodes processing power to process a huge data set. The more the number of computing nodes, the more the processing power is available at hand. Scalability, it simply adds nodes as the system grows and requires much less administration. Storage flexibility, like traditional RDBMS or data warehouse, no pre-processing of data is required here. It can store as much data as one needs and it provides the flexibility of deciding later as how to use a stored data. So, initially it stores the data and later it provides the flexibility as how to use this stored data. It stores unstructured data like images, videos and free form text. Then it provides inherent data protection, that is Hadoop protects data and executing applications against hardware failure. That is even if one node fails, it automatically redirects the job to other functional and available nodes. As well it uses replication strategy to increase the availability of data, that is it stores multiple copies of the data on various nodes within the cluster as well as across the clusters. Now let us see some of the features of Hadoop. So as you already know it can handle large quantity of the heterogeneous data using commodity hardware. It uses shared nothing architecture that is all the nodes in the system are loosely coupled. They have their own resources, so these systems they are not dependent for anything on other systems. Replication is used across multiple data computers to increase the availability of data. It rather uses goes on high throughput than low latency. It always focuses on high throughput. It complements OLTP and OLAP systems though it is Hadoop actually is neither OLTP nor purely OLAP. So OLTP systems are the online transaction processing systems which have large number of short transactions and OLAP online analytical processing these are these systems are mainly used for the analysis of the stored data. Now Hadoop is not good when there are dependencies within the data. If all data are truly independent then Hadoop works very faster. It is not good for processing the small data sets. It works best with large data sets. The response time is more of course because it has to handle large data sets in batch operations. Now why not RDBMS? RDBMS is suitable for storing and processing large files, images is not suitable for storing large files, images and videos and especially it cannot deal with the heterogeneous data. It is not a good choice when it comes to advanced analytics involving machine learning. So if you see this diagram you can find out that as the size of the data grows and grows it scales up high that is it the whole system becomes very costly to work out. Now we will see the comparison of RDBMS with Hadoop with respect to some parameters. So the very first parameter that has been taken here is the system. So RDBMS is actually RDBMS system that is relational database management system. Whereas Hadoop it is node based flash structure that means all nodes are viewed in a single system image they are grouped into form into clusters. Then second parameter is data. RDBMS is suitable for structured data. Hadoop is suitable for unstructured and semi-structured data as well as structured data. It supports variety of data formats in real time such as XML, JSON, text-based flat files for flat files formats etc. Then the third parameter is the processing. RDBMS is supported by OLTP that is they are the OLTP systems online transaction processing systems. They handle lot number of short transactions whereas Hadoop is used mainly for analytical and big data processing. Choice, RDBMS are the good choice when the data needs consistent relationship that is when high consistency is required whereas Hadoops they are used for big data processing which does not require any consistent relationships between the data. Now as far as processor is considered RDBMS needs expensive hardware or high end processors to store huge volumes of data because it follows the vertical scalability strategy whereas in a Hadoop cluster a node requires only a processor, a network card and a few hard drives. So basically Hadoop is using commodity hardware so processors are of moderate configuration and low configuration as compared to RDBMS systems. Now if we talk in terms of cost, cost in case of RDBMS goes around $10,000 to $40,000 per terabytes of storage whereas in Hadoop it goes to about $4,000 per terabytes of storage. So you can see that there is a very good difference or a large difference in terms of cost between RDBMS and Hadoop. Now you can pause the video, think and try to answer this question. It says Hadoop is neither OLTP nor OLAP purely. So the answer to this question is true. Hadoop complements these systems but it is neither OLTP nor OLAP. It complements OLTP and OLAP. These are some of the references that I used to prepare this video. Thank you.


So in this question, it's given that two cars A and B are moving along in a straight line. Car A is moving at a speed of 80 kilometers per hour and car B is moving at a speed of 50 kilometers per hour in the same direction. Find the magnitude, so one, in direction of the relative velocity of car A with respect to B. Okay, so and the relative velocity of car B with respect to A. So what is relative velocity? So our first task draw a diagram. Let's say this is car A. Okay A and this one is car B. Okay, now what is happening? Two cars A and B are moving along a straight line. That's done. Car A is moving at a speed of 80 kilometers. So let's say V and I am writing A subscript A, V A in this direction. And V A I know is V A is 80 kilometers per hour, 80 kilometers per hour and V B is 50 kilometers per hour. Now it's not mentioned whether A is initially moving towards B or B is moving towards A. So let us assume this is a case. Okay, this is VB. Fantastic. Now what? It's only given that cars A and B are moving along in a straight line. Car A is moving at a speed of 80 kilometers per hour while car B is moving at a speed of 50 kilometers per hour in the same direction. Find the magnitude in direction of relative velocity of car A. So relative velocity of car A with respect to B is written like this. V A B. So relative velocity of, this is I'm saying relative, relative velocity of A with respect to B. Correct? So V A B is given by V A minus V B. V A minus V B. Okay, so whatever is the velocity of A minus whatever is the velocity of B. And if you see what is velocity of A, 80 kilometers per hour towards right and B is 50 kilometers. So hence minus 50 kilometers per hour. I'll have to take, you know, both V A and V B are in the same direction. So simply minus. Let's say they were in opposite direction. Then I would have done V A minus, minus V B. Understood? Right now V A and V B in this case are in the same direction. So hence this is 80 and this is 50. So difference is 80 minus 50. Let us say V A would have been, so it's better to also see cases like this, like that. Okay, so V A towards right, V B is right. So let's say if you take towards right as positive, then automatically this will become minus 50. So hence relative velocity would have been V A minus V B, 80 minus minus 50. Okay, so that will be nothing but 130. Right, in this case 30. So you've got the difference. So if the velocities are in the same direction, so simply subtract the magnitude. So what is the value guys? 30 kilometers per hour. Now what does it mean? Let's say if V A and V B are same. V A is equal to V B. Let's take that case. In an airplane, you are moving. So your co-passengers are having same velocity like you and that is equal to the airplane's velocity. Now you and your co-passenger appear to be rest with respect to each other. But someone who is in the ground or someone who is on another plane or moon or sun, wherever, he will see that both of you are moving together with the same velocity. So that's what is the relative velocity understood. So inside the plane, the co-passenger is appearing to be at rest with you with respect to you. Correct? Why? Because both of your velocity are same and in the same direction. So hence V A minus V B becomes zero. Okay, so they appear to be at rest with you. But let's say if in the same plane one, you know, you just get up and start moving towards the pilot's cabin, let's say you start moving, then let's say you are A, you are person A. And V B is your co-passenger sitting at the same spot. Then he will see that you are moving away from him, isn't it? Though he's also moving, let's say at a speed of 800 kilometers per hour, which is the speed of the plane. And you also are moving with 800 kilometers per hour when you are sitting on the, on your seat. And then you get up and you started moving towards pilot's cabin with let's say five or one meter per second speed, something like that. Or in the same units we'll have to take, but let's say something. So what will happen? The you will appear to be moving with one meter per second with respect to B. So V B, the person B will see that you are moving away from him at one meter per second speed only, isn't it? Same is the case here guys, right? So hence now someone who's, you know, at the relative velocity of car with respect to B, right? So the B person B or the car B would find what that you are, the A is coming towards you with this speed. Okay? So he will feel that V A or the car A is coming towards car B with this much speed, right? Towards B, correct? Now what is the other way around? V B A, what would a passenger in car A feel about B? Okay? So V B A is simply, you know that V B minus B A. Now what is V B? 30 kilometers per hour. Okay? 30 kilometers per hour. And what is V A is 50 kilometers per hour. Sorry, sorry my bad. It's not 30. It is, it is 50. This one, sorry, let me cut it or let me just undo it. Okay? So V B. So what is V B guys? V B is 50 kmph and minus 80 kmph, correct? It comes out to be minus 30 kmph. What does this mean? Right? So V B or V A will see that V B is moving minus 30 kmph away from him. That means this is 30 kmph towards A. Right? So hence, passenger of A would see B to be coming towards A. Let me use this color. And so hence this is V B A. Okay? So if you are in passenger A's position, car A position, so the car B would be appearing to be coming towards you. Isn't it? With time and eventually you guys will collide. Okay? Because you have a, because A has a higher speed and the passenger B here will see V A to be coming with this velocity towards B, 30 kilometers per hour. Isn't it? So this is what is the concept of relative velocity. So always remember, velocity of A with respect to B is V A minus V B. Okay? And velocity of B with respect to A is V B minus V A like that. So I hope you understood this problem. Now let's go to second problem.


This is a video about the sampling distribution of a statistic. First of all, what's a statistic? Well, suppose we've taken a random sample. For example, we may be interested in the distribution of children in families, and so we have a population of all families, and we take a sample of a few families and look at how many children there are. A statistic is anything we can calculate using only the numbers in the sample. So, for example, if we add together all the numbers in the sample, then that's a statistic. Or if we look at the maximum number in the sample, then that's also a statistic. If we subtract two from each of the numbers and then add up all the answers, we get a statistic. And if we look at the sample mean, the mean of the numbers in the sample, which you get by adding them all together and dividing by how many there are, you get a statistic. And if we look at the sample variance, which is defined like this, you get a statistic. So, statistic is anything you can calculate using only the numbers in the sample. Okay, this begs the question, what isn't a statistic? Well, the population mean isn't a statistic, and nor is the population variance, because these are parameters of the overall population, which you can't know just by looking at the numbers in a random sample. Likewise, calculations that involve the mean and the standard deviation of the population aren't statistics. So if you take the sample mean, subtract the population mean and divide by the standard deviation, that isn't a statistic. And in general, any calculation which you can only do knowing parameters of the population, like mu and sigma, isn't a statistic. So none of the things on this page is a statistic. In general, a statistic is something you can calculate using only the numbers in a random sample. If a calculation requires you to know population parameters, like mu and sigma, then it can't be a statistic. Okay, in this context, it's important to understand the difference between things like the population mean and the sample mean. So the population mean and the population variance are parameters of the overall population. They're facts. The sample mean and the sample variance are numbers that you obtain by doing a calculation with the numbers in a sample. And they're random, because their value will depend on the particular sample that you choose. In general, the sample mean and the sample variance will be close to the population mean and the population variance, and they can be used to estimate them. But almost all of the time, they'll be slightly different. So the population mean and variance are facts, and the sample mean and sample variance are random variables, which can be used to approximate the population mean and population variance. Okay, now the main point of this video is to work out some sampling distributions. And first of all, you need to know what those are. A sampling distribution is simply the probability distribution of a statistic. So let's move on straight away and look at some examples. My first example is to do with Roman coins. And you may know that there were all types of Roman coins, but I'm just going to concentrate on two types. First of all, the denarius, which was a silver coin, and secondly the cistercius, which was a brass coin. Let's imagine that a hoard of Roman coins is found containing only denarii and cistercii in the ratio 1 to 2. And you also need to know that if a cistercius is worth one unit, then a denarius is worth four units. First of all, let's find the mean and variance, the population mean, and population variance of the value of the coins. Well, in order to do this, we need to know the probability distribution for the population. And the population consists entirely of the numbers 1 and 4, because 1 is the value of the cistercius and 4 is the value of the denarius. And we know that two-thirds of the coins are the cistercii, the lower-valued coins, and the probability of getting a 1 is two-thirds, and the probability of getting a 4 is one-third. Now the population mean is defined as the expected value of a coin. And we work that out by multiplying each possible value by the associated probability and adding up the answers. So the expected value of the coin will be 1 times two-thirds plus 4 times a third, which gives us the answer 2, so that's the population mean. The population variance, var x, is equal to the expected value of the squared value of the coin. Take away the square of the mean. So that's going to be equal to the squares of the possible values times the probabilities. Take away the square of the mean, which is 1 squared times two-thirds plus 4 squared times a third. Take away the square of the mean. And that also happens to give us the answer 2. So in this case, both the population mean and the population variance are equal to 2. Okay, now let's move on and find the sampling distributions of some statistics. Suppose that three coins are chosen from the horde. We'll need to work out all the possible samples. So one possibility is that we get three cistercii, which we can write 1, 1, 1. The next possibility is that we get two cistercii, and then afterwards a denarius, and we can write that 1, 1, 4. And we can carry on listing the possibilities, bearing in mind that we should write them in a systematic order to make sure that we don't miss any out. So the next possibility is that first we get a cistercius, then a denarius, and thirdly a cistercius, and so on. 1, 4, 4. 4, 1, 1. 4, 1, 4. 4, 4, 1. And 4, 4, 4. Okay, having done this, we can find the sampling distribution for the mean value of the coins. That's the sampling distribution for a sample mean. Okay, well here are the possible samples. And let's divide those into categories. The first category will have one mean, the next category will have a different mean, and so on. In fact, the sample mean for the first category will be 1 plus 1 plus 1 over 3, which is obviously 1. The sample mean for the next category will be 1 plus 1 plus 4 over 3, which is 2. For the third category, it's 1 plus 4 plus 4 over 3, which is 3. And finally, when you get 3 denarii in a row, the sample mean will be 4 plus 4 plus 4 over 3, which is obviously 4. Okay, now we know the possible values for our sample mean. We need to know the probability that we get each of those values. So first of all, what's the probability that we get a sample mean of 1? Well, that happens if we get 3 cistercii in a row. So the probability will be 2 thirds cubed, and that's 8 over 27. What about the probability that we get a sample mean of 2? Well, that's more complicated. First of all, there are three ways of getting a sample mean of 2, as you can see. And the probability of getting it in each way is going to be the square of 2 thirds times 1 third. And that's because we need to get 2 cistercii and 1 denarius. So the probability of getting a sample mean of 2 is 3 times the square of 2 thirds times 1 third, which is 12 over 27. We can find the probability of getting a sample mean of 3 in a similar way. That's going to be 3 times 2 thirds times the square of 1 third, because again, there are three ways of getting it. We need to get 1 cistercius and 2 denarii. And that probability is equal to 6 over 27. Finally, the probability of getting a sample mean of 4 is the same as the probability of getting 3 denarii in a row, which is the cube of 1 third, which is 1 over 27. Okay, so now we found all the different possible values of the sample mean, and we also know the probability of obtaining each value. So that means we can write down the probability distribution. Here it is. It shows the possible values of the sample mean and the probability of obtaining each possible value. And this is, in fact, the sampling distribution for the sample mean. So that's the answer to the question. Okay, now let's work out the sampling distribution for the median value of the coins. We need to look at the possible samples again. In the first category, the median is 1. That's obvious, because all the values are 1. In the second category, the median is also 1, because if you take any of those samples and write them in order, you always get 1, 1, 4. And so the middle value is 1. In the third category, the median is 4, because this time if you write them in order, you get 1, 4, 4, and the middle value is 4. And obviously in the final category, the median is 4. So now we can see that there are two possible values of the median, 1 and 4. Let's work out the probability of each value. Well, the probability that the median is equal to 1 will be the sum of the probabilities we worked out earlier. The probability for the first category is 8 over 27, and the probability for the second category is 12 over 27. So the total probability, i.e. the probability of getting median of 1, will be 20 over 27. In the same way, the probability that the median is 4 is going to be 6 over 27 plus 1 over 27, which is 7 over 27. Okay, so now we know the possible values of the median, and we also know the probability of getting each value. So again, we can write these in a table, showing the possible values of our random variable, and the probability that it has each value. And this is the sampling distribution for the median. Okay, let's look at one more example quickly, and this is going to have to do with travel by Eurostar. Suppose that 80% of travellers between London and Paris make their journey by Eurostar, and we look at a random sample of 10 people who've travelled between London and Paris this year. Let's define the random variables x1, x2, and so on up to x10, i.e. one random variable for each passenger, as follows. Let's say that each xi is equal to 1 if the i-th person made their last journey by Eurostar, and zero otherwise. So what we've got here is 10 random variables, and each one is equal to 1 if the person travelled by Eurostar, and zero if they didn't. Well, the question is, what's the sampling distribution of the sum of these random variables? Well, this looks very complicated, but in fact it isn't, it's a bit of a trick. If you think about it, what you get by adding up these random variables is simply the number of people who travelled by Eurostar. And so what we've got here is a binomally distributed random variable, because we're looking at the number of successes in a sequence of trials. The trials being the people, and success being that they travelled by Eurostar. So the sampling distribution here is the binomial distribution with parameters 10 and 0.8, 10 because that's the number of trials, the number of people we're interested in, and 0.8 because that's the probability of success, success being that they travelled by Eurostar. Now, do you remember this because you see questions like this fairly often? Okay, well now we know the sampling distribution, we can ask questions about probabilities. For example, we can ask the probability that the sum of our random variables is greater than or equal to 9. Well, we can do this by adding together the probabilities that it's 9 and that it's 10. And the probability that it's equal to 9, according to the binomial formula, is 10 choose 9 times 0.8 to the power of 9 times 0.2 to the power of 1, which is equal to 10 times 0.8 to the power of 9 times 0.2. And the probability that it's equal to 10 would be 10 choose 10 times 0.8 to the power of 10 times 0.2 to the power of 0, which is simply 0.8 to the power of 10. So the probability that the sum is greater than or equal to 9 will be 10 times 0.8 to the power of 9 times 0.2 plus 0.8 to the power of 10, which turns out to be 0.376 to three significant figures. Okay, that's nearly the end of my video on the sampling distribution of a statistic. What you have to be very careful to understand is that on the one hand you have a population with facts like the mean and the standard deviation. And on the other, when you take a random sample of numbers from the population, you can do a variety of calculations with these numbers to produce all sorts of statistics. So statistics are randomly produced. They're random variables, which depend on the particular values that happen to be in your sample. And because they're random, they will have a probability distribution associated with them. The exact probability distribution that you get will depend on the calculation that you do with the numbers in your random sample, and also on the distribution of numbers in the original population. So each statistic will have its own probability distribution, depending both on the nature of the statistic and the underlying population. The probability distribution is called the sampling distribution, and there's lots of fantastic maths to do in working out what the sampling distribution of any particular statistic is. Okay, that is the end of my video. Thank you very much for watching. I hope you found it useful.


applied with Edward Heath Edward Heath most famously was named to Joan on a number of occasions and the thing that Joan had which I'd already become aware of but I asked her about it when I met her because I'd heard what appeared to be a scandalous rumour about Edward Heath and that was when he was said to abuse children obviously former British Prime Minister when he was said to have abused children he was said to have used something like a mechanical prosthetic hand because he didn't want to touch them himself so he touched them with this kind of prosthetic hand I asked her about that she said yeah that was that had been told to her independently by these children so she compiled the reigns list Joan is now dead but I met her and I trusted I can't tell you about the veracity of the reigns list a lot of very famous people from the world of acting celebrity media these are very well known people and far be it for me I don't want to create more victims than we need to inaccurately naming people as doing something creates a victim of somebody who may have nothing to do with it so I'm always reluctant about that Joan compiled it on the basis of independent reports of children who said that these people had been involved in their abuse and it's available online and it's scary to think so your whole outcome all these paedophile rings Epstein from Prince Andrew to Glen Maxwell do you just think it's a world wide thing? I do children are a currency the sexual abuse of children is a currency and we know that the secret services have for decades used children secret services covered up for Cyril Smith covered up the abuse of Cyril Smith that was going on we know that the secret services I've talked with agents who have told me this there's an agent in paedophiles in part of several actually including ex-cops and they were quite catagoric that one of the things that the secret services do is they have blackmail pictures of international politicians with children and they have these images and they blackmail them because that's how they can get support for various laws whether that's war or other laws and children are the currency and I'm in no doubt that that happens and has been happening for a very long time so going forward for the future watch our plans then you're going to keep fighting that's the major one so watch our plans well, oh gosh the thing is James is I'm not a big planner and maybe again that's my background do you know what I mean I live in the moment some people call me a commitment phobe in fact I call myself a commitment phobe because I do have difficulty planning huge times in advance because I'm here now me and you are here we're all here together and we're creating this and this becomes an entity in its own right so I try generally other than obviously I have to have dates for meetings but I try not to think too far because I like to be present it's really important to me and I do believe in that because I know how important that is they will be able to pick this up but there is an incredible atmosphere between you and I because it's real and it's real stuff and you can feel it that's spiritual that's spiritual that's one of the things I like about you because you're not just talking about the people who's dead now Ted Heath, Jimmy Saville they all get mentioned probably nearly everywhere that people kind of discuss these kind of topics but you talk about the people who are still alive to this day oh absolutely and we must there's one politician and of course I'm not suggesting I'm not claiming at this moment that this man is a pedophile but this is a man who has a history of being in places where he is covered and that is Keith Vaz and Keith Vaz is an extremely influential Labour MP who has been on various standards committees and Keith Vaz was involved with Lord Janna who was now dead and who was accused of abuse of children in Leicester care homes and they have this thing called Parliamentary Privilege which I talk about in pedophiles in Parliament so people feel free to find the film and you'll see what I mean so Parliamentary Privilege is basically where politicians can stand up in Parliament say whatever is they want to and questions cannot be asked and then it goes down in Hansard and that becomes the official record Lord Janna stood up in Parliament said these rumours of me being involved in the abuse of children they're awful, they're heinous all went down in Hansard of course and then Keith Vaz stood up and supported him because Keith Vaz was very good friends with Lord Janna's son when they all came from Leicester so this is a continuation of politicians, Keith Vaz we know was exposed on the front pages of having a taste for young Eastern European men but what we've yet to see, Keith Vaz was also somebody had contacted me because they'd put they'd done a petition about Keith Vaz this person lived in Leicester they did a petition to local Leicester councillers saying there is enough information on Keith Vaz allegations of potential child abuse that he should be investigated Keith Vaz was also one of the people that when the Edward Heath investigation started Keith Vaz took it upon himself to go after the chief inspector of Wiltshire Police who was carrying out the investigation, yeah why what business is that of yours mate Edward Heath wasn't even in your political party he was a Tory, what's this business of yours so Keith Vaz we know rather a lot about him certainly in terms of his sexual taste but there was also a Sun headline right and this is an open secret the Sun headline was about a politician who had a taste for young boys that they called ragamuffins and everything and the open secret was that Sun headline was about Keith Vaz, right so the point is this is somebody who is still running around in Parliament extremely influential and completely untouched by all of this and so I think it's absolutely I'm not claiming he's a pedophile I'm saying that there are sufficient rumours that they should be investigated, there are sufficient rumours this is somebody who sits on standard committees telling the rest of us how we should be conducting our lives right, so no I'm not I'm not, yeah I'm all for exposing anybody who's involved in child abuse, right, dead or alive but everybody goes after the dead ones because they obviously can't speak back there's no comeback no comeback at all whereas me I am prepared to stand in a call of law with any of them any of them, right whether that is oh who was the obviously there was the sorry James, the thing is I could do so many cases that sometimes the information just Harvey Proctor Tory politician he was loads of headlines in the 80s about how he was into spanking young boys and everything he portrayed him as a pervert and everything he was the one who was accused by Nick who was now inside after this guy Nick had come out and said that he'd watched Harvey Proctor killer boy in all manner of stuff like this well, so Nick is now inside because they said he was lying and everything and that killed off all the allegations about pedophiles in Parliament again that's in my documentary but Harvey Proctor is a perfect example because when you start to look through the records and look at to Harvey Proctor called a press conference right so he was accused of stuff be called a press conference which is quite an extreme response in a very very flash hotel and and he had his kind of like day in the press conference and and any allegations were him with dismiss but when you start to look at what was and wasn't allowed in court you have to start to worry because when they'd done a search of Harvey Proctor's home for example they had found school uniform with blood on it that never made it to court so stuff like that so somebody's like stand up and say I've been accused of being a pedophile and I will not have it and then everybody believes him and gives him a book deal and everything else like that but then there's this other stuff that you find in police files so to me I can't let up I can't let up what do you think happened to Joe Dando because with the information I get that she was going to expose pedophile rings high people and the music industry film people were still in the TV game to this day that she was that was a hit out now because she was going to expose a lot of big names that of course is the story that is the story whether it's true or not I will say to you as we are currently investigating actually and we've been given new information on Joe Dando which I can't talk about because we really need to get this legal in a very serious way but if what I've been told is true and when we release it it's going to change the landscape the official story is absurd what did they say? she pissed off some Serbian or something you'd come to her doorstep I mean none of that makes any sense if you look at the people who were around when she was found that was very curious right for example her friend who is a TV producer who lives two streets away happened to be in her street that day and I'm not making any allegations about her friend I'm just saying I don't think it was even necessarily portrayed about her friend being involved in TV but there's a lot of strange Clarence Mitchell who became the McCann's spokesman was one of the first journalists on the scene reporting from Joe Dando's death right so it's often the same people all again do you know what I'm saying and these stuff is curious to me when it's always the same people swimming in the same bowl what about Michael Barrymore stuff because I speak to Sue and Terry I know Terry's not well now he's back in the home I speak to Sue quite a lot who lost her son at Michael Barrymore's pool would you think the situation with that is Sue who was married to Stuart Terry's the father and it's Stuart Lubbock that is a scandal you know that S6 police have reopened that obviously they've got a new investigation of that now with a reward they're clear somebody there knows what happened to Stuart right I think what happened I mean that Channel 4 program I think was quite compelling they came back with a lot of answers to the outstanding questions that had taken place and that was because they've been this clearly what had happened to Stuart was he'd been anally rate with something I mean something at all fall had happened to that poor lad you know and we know that Barrymore left the scene we know that there was some clearing up of the scene there were certain things that were left behind that forensics later felt that may have been instrumental in the abuse and the attack on Stuart and I think there was like a poor plunger and they did obviously Barrymore's people and everything they were fighting this off and they said things like that Stuart had experienced his injuries once he got to the mortuary and all stuff like that not a doctor not a mortician but to my knowledge the body cannot become injured once it's dead do you know what I'm saying because it's no longer alive to respond to that injury body can't bruise after death do you know I don't think so unless somebody is going to watch this and go no actually I can give you this case that happened in Ontario in 1640 do you know what I'm saying but to my knowledge how Stuart was in the mortuary is how he arrived that occurred before he died and I don't think Michael Barrymore has ever really dealt with that head-on I know he says he has and ITV have constantly tried to rehabilitate him into the public again and he said it's fucked and I think he knows information that he may be too scared to do I think it was him that killed him I don't think so I think he knows what happened to him I think Stuart was held down and I think he was raped and he's died by that because he might not have just been raped by somebody's penis and that's the thing internal bleeding or something what was the cause of death I think it was something like that it was internal I don't remember exactly because Sue's amazing man Sue's tearing they've been fighting all this time to get their answers I believe the truth will come out in February no March March 20 years so isn't it time now you know and they've been allowed to maintain this silence that little group right all this stuff kind of just boggles my mind how law can allow you know you were there this man died in a very brutal way right how can law just allow these people just to just get on with their lives you know what I'm saying yeah it's crazy but hopefully they get answers because they are good people just before we finish up would you like to finish up on anything yourself I think so it's been lovely having you there I really enjoyed this conversation my absolute pleasure for anybody that's maybe a survivor or getting through the struggle it's maybe been abused and they're looking to turn to someone what advice would you give for them it's very very difficult I mean there are always survivor groups online and it's very difficult again if you'd have asked me this a few years ago I'd have regored off a list of survivors groups to send people to but bit by bit as you start to explore there and you start to explore where people are coming from it's very it's harder to start to recommend to trust I actually don't know how to answer that I mean put it this way if there's somebody watching this and they are so desperate to relieve something then please feel free to email me and I will endeavour to help to put you in touch with somebody who could help you because I do do that I do put survivors in touch with good professionals that I can vouch for good psychiatrists, good psychologists or just a decent councillor but a lot of the groups now are problematic because you just don't know where they're coming from because you don't know whether they've actually some of them have been set up to infiltrate the movement and create more problems or whether they are genuine helpers one awful position that we're in where people who are claiming to be helpers are now subject to all this suspicion but that's what the world has done to us Sonia, pleasure It has been an absolute pleasure Thanks for coming on and telling your story and getting your knowledge out there It's very much appreciated, I wish you all the best for the future Stay strong and keep fighting


David Navarra scores a big win against Neal's grandeurless and moves to six and a half going into the penultimate round. He joins us in our studio in Gibraltar. David, a crucial win today in round eight. Give us your thoughts. Okay, I was surprised by Neal's opening choice because I expected him to play rather E4, E5. As he often played it against stronger opponents, but probably he had chosen a different approach for this tournament because he had already played E4, E5 against the Wesley Saw, who is very strong. Okay, I was sort of surprised, so I decided to surprise Neal's intern. I played a Sicilian with Bishop A4, which is a rare but fashionable line. Okay, Neal reacted normally, but the White had a pleasant position and I know Neal tends to get into time troubles sometimes. So I deviated from his preparation very early to let him sink. And I basically followed a game, Bartel Navarra from the Polish League from autumn 2018. And okay, there were some minor differences, but I followed the same plan. I made almost the same moves as Mateusz did. And okay, Bishop D1 was also his idea, by the way. We analyzed the game from the Polish League. And okay, it worked better than I had expected because Bishop D1 was designed to protect the Knight on F3 among other ideas. And this worked extremely well after Bishop F8, Bishop F4, Knight E5. So Neal's probably missed something and then I got an advantage, but it was not that easy because I could have transposed into a rook and opposite bishop and game with pawn up. But as White would be able to control the B file, it would probably be close to tenable. So I played differently, but I missed something at one moment. I probably should have played Knight E2 instead of rook Cb1 because then Black could have attacked my F4 pawn by giving a check on H4 and playing G5, I think. So I was sort of lucky and then it became winning for me as Black's Knight was very poorly placed as well as Black's other pieces. And I calculated a way to victory, miscalculated once in it because I spotted this idea with Knight B6 and King D7 only about two moves ahead, which was late. But luckily I had a way to victory, C8, Knight C5 or Knight C5 who was not strictly necessary probably, but it was clearly the best and then it was over. Interesting. You say lucky, but you make your own luck on the chessboard. Now you gave some very interesting insight on what happened in the opening. I have to ask you that you were not expecting him to go for Sicilian today, but did you have this idea in your mind that if he did, you will play Bishop A4 or did you decide that over the board? I had this idea, but I had two other ideas as well. So I decided over the board. I was also considering playing something like Wesley Sordid and I also had to one more option. And one of the big reasons for going into this was that you wanted to play against one of Neal's weaknesses of taking too much time. I hoped I could exploit this. In fact, he did not play that slowly today, but he missed a pawn somehow. And I mean, I had some practice in this line and I have analyzed it not so long ago, so I was still able to remember it more or less. And okay, if Black reacts adequately, it's fine for him, of course. But it's better than it looks, this Bishop A4 move. It looks like a loss of tempo, but in fact, in many lines, the Bishop retreats from B5 through D3 to C2, and now I did not need to play Bishop D3, so it makes some sense. I'm sure a lot of people are going to check this line up. Now tell us, after winning the pawn, David, at any point, did you doubt your advantage or the conversion of it? I mean, when I played Rook Cb1, it was probably not a great move. And then instead of Rb8, Black could have given this check on H4, after which he would have got a counterplay. I don't know if it really works, but at least it was undesirable for me. Coming into this round, what was your approach for today? Were you going to play aggressive and take your chances or a safety first approach? I wanted to play for the win because I might play the last two games with Black pieces. Hopefully I will not, but it might happen and it's very hard to win with Black pieces on this level. So I wanted to try my luck and I succeeded. Today, in fact, we had the sad news that Kramnik announced his retirement. I'm not sure if you knew about this or heard about this before the game. What are your thoughts on this or how do you feel about that? Okay, it's his decision. Of course, it will be a loss for Chess because he is a great player who has produced plenty of very good games and it's a pity. I understand that he was probably disappointed by his latest results and he has already achieved almost everything in chess. Okay, it's up to him. It's a pity, but the news starts to come and that's how life goes. Thank you so much for sharing your thoughts. He will definitely be missed by the chess world. All the best for the remaining games. Thank you very much.


And welcome to this quick recap of section 6.4, physics applications. We're going to begin with a recap of the big idea in this entire chapter. That is, in order to calculate a quantity that we're interested in, we can slice it up into very thin pieces, calculate the value of that piece, and then add them all up using an integral. We began by looking at the area under a curve, as in the top left here. In this case, we slice the area under the curve into very thin rectangles. Their width was called delta x, and their height was given by our function f of x. Multiplying those two quantities together, we got the area of one box, and then we used an integral to add up all of those boxes, getting an exact area. In a very similar way, we looked at the net distance traveled by an object with a given velocity, such as in the top right. Plotting the velocity curve, we sliced the area under it into very thin slices. Each of width, which had a thin width, we called delta t representing time, and a height, v of t representing velocity. Because velocity times time is distance, we were able to calculate the distance traveled by this object along one very thin slice. Again, we used an integral to add up all of these slices and get the net distance. We also did this in the case of some physics quantities, such as mass given by density. In the case of this thin rod in the bottom left, we had a variable density given by rho of x, and the volume of a very thin slice given by delta x. In order to find the mass of a slice, we multiplied the density times the volume of a thin slice and got the mass. An integral allowed us to add up all of these slices and get an exact total value for the mass. Finally, we've also looked at these in the case of three-dimensional objects. In the case of this cone in the bottom right, we sliced the cone into a very thin slice in the shape of a cylinder, and knowing both the area of the cylinder's surface and the thickness called delta x, we were able to get the volume of one thin slice. An integral let us add up all of those slices, getting the exact total volume. In each case, we multiplied two quantities that we were interested in, something given by a function and something representing the width or thickness of a very thin slice, and that gave us the new quantity that we were interested in. Now we're going to take a look at some physics quantities that we can use in a similar way. Our first one is work, which is defined as force times distance. For example, imagine lifting a bucket of water a certain distance. If the bucket has a certain constant mass of water, it has a constant weight, which is the same as a constant force. If we multiplied this by the distance that we wanted to lift it, we would get the work required to lift that water that distance. However, if the bucket is leaky, that means that the force, that is the weight of the water, varies depending on how far we've lifted it. In this case, we can't use the formula directly. However, we can apply the same tricks that we saw in the past slide. Imagine slicing the distance that we were going to lift this bucket into a very thin piece. We can call the thickness of this delta x, imagining that the x direction is going up and down in this picture. In this very thin slice, we can imagine that the bucket doesn't leak, and so the weight of water, that is the force, is constant for this very thin slice. That means that we can calculate the work to lift the water just that thin distance. So the work required to lift just this thin slice would be given by the force on this slice, which we can call a function of x. Since the water is leaking, it's a function depending on how far we've gone. And we multiply that by the distance, which we call delta x. Again, we're multiplying two quantities together, force and distance, and getting a third that we're interested in, work. That results in this result below. For a single object, such as a bucket of water, being moved along an object, an axis by a force that we'll call f of x, the total work required to lift that object is the integral from A to B of the force function with respect to x. Here A and B represent the lowest and highest points of our distance. So in our picture, we would go from A up to B. Again, we've sliced something into a very thin pieces, calculated a quantity we're interested in with that piece, and then used an integral to total that up and get an exact value. It's also possible that both force and distance can vary. For example, imagine this sump, which is a hole dug into a basement to collect water. Notice that the sump is not a nice symmetric shape, but rather its size varies from bottom to top. We want to pump all of the water in this sump out, and up to a certain level as represented by the pipes at the top here. In this case, both the distance and the force vary. If we imagine looking at a slice at the bottom of this picture, the water in that slice has a much larger distance to travel than a slice at the top. So the distance varies. In addition, the force varies. At the bottom of this, there's less water, and therefore less force. Whereas at the top of this sump, there's a greater amount of water because the sump is wider. So the force of one thin slice would be greater. In this case, in order to calculate the work done on one thin horizontal slice, which we would call delta x thick, we would have to multiply the force that is the weight of that slice times the distance that that individual slice must travel. And so we have this result. For a continuous object such as pumping water, the total work required to pump it all out is the integral from A to B of the force on one slice times the distance on one slice, dx. And again, A and B are the minimum and maximum distances that we would have to pump this water. Once again, we've added up many thin slices using an integral. Finally, we can look at force, which is here defined as pressure times area. An example where we might work with this is water pressing against the face of a dam. If this trapezoid is the face of a dam with water behind it, we can imagine slicing it into many thin horizontal pieces, such as this red rectangle. Each of the pieces is delta x thick. And on this thin slice only, we can imagine that the pressure exerted by the water is constant. That's because pressure depends on how deep you are below the top of the water, and this horizontal slice is effectively at a constant distance below the top of the water. In addition, the area of the slice is something that depends on how deep below the water we are. Using this, we could calculate the force on a slice to be the pressure on that slice times the area of that slice. And again, adding all of them up with an integral, we get the result that the total force exerted by the water on the dam is the integral from A to B of the pressure of a slice times the area of the slice. Now that we've seen these definitions, let's take a look at some of these in action.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with 2017 Contenders Optic, no 2018 Donner's Optic football, which unlocks 2017 Contenders Optic football. There are a lot of optics going on right here So we're gonna do the mega box give away the last eight spots and then in a separate video We're gonna go Mahomes hunting so look out for a separate video for that But first we're gonna do the break make you sweat it out a little bit Then we'll re-randomize your names and see who's gonna win those spots in the next break big Thanks to this group of people right here for making this happen There's all the teams right there. We're gonna do the break first roll it randomize it two and a three five times for names and teams one two three four and five After five There's everybody here two and a three five times for the teams one two three Four and fifth and final time after five. We've got the bears down to the bills And no trade when those in these little filler breaks always check the schedule folks Not only do we have the schedule so you know, it's gonna happen or what has happened Filler information is also on there. What side breaks we need to do to unlock a main break And there's a shipping tab too, which is relatively brand new the shipping tab We'll tell you What the status of your break is? Is it sorting is it sorted has it shipped out is it still pending? All right, so there's everybody no trade windows here. Let's box these up print this out Adam cupram was gonna try to go to the draft He asked via the jets and would have driven all the way to Cleveland, but none available meaning not as much of a VIP as I hope We got to get you to that kind of VIP sense. You know who I am. All right. Here's the final print out right here Thanks everyone for getting in appreciate it. I mean once again in a separate video will be that quick little two box break Which could yield something amazing? Like a Mahomes rookie auto Pretty nice. All right. I rated rookie hollow Ian Thomas Luke Falk Michael Gallup Landon Collins Duran Payne and We got Kyle Letta Rookie Threads for big blue. It's gonna go to David and the Giants Josh Rosendon, I guess so We've got Rated rookie judge Edo Smith Going to the ATL Adam cupram in on-card autograph There's a Patrick Mahomes a semi cobs junior bronze Tom Brady Kiki Kuti Logan Woodside So that's Patriots Brady Going to Matthew Shearer Mahomes reaching reaching that status. We're pretty much any one of his cards on not even non-rookie year It's pretty nice. It's actually second year Mahomes, so It's pretty solid for the Chiefs. That'll be for David Razer and there you have it pretty solid break Some nice cards there now. Let's see who's gonna win those spots Let's grab everyone from Hank down to David and everyone in between The decent amount of spots that we're giving away Let's roll it and randomize that list eight times. It's gonna be top eight after eight Good luck one two three four five six seven and Eighth and final time So now from nine on down Sad times very close Sean close, but no cigar Happy times though for the top eight. Congrats. You're in that break 2017 contenders optic football next over Hank David Adam Alec David Jake David Congrats Everybody I did post another two box break of that contenders optic football We got to do two more of these fillers just like we did this time I feel like we can run another one of those back to a night All right, there you go. I'm Joe for jaspercasebreak.com. I'll see you for that Mahomes break. Bye. Bye


The last NFC matchup, the main event to close out the divisional round. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers travel to the Bayou to take on the New Orleans Saints. This could be the last time ever.  The Bucs rallied against a competitive Washington team last week while the Saints made clockwork of the Chicago Bears. Round 3 between the Saints and the Buccaneers this season with the Saints having the 2-0 edge over the Bucs. The Bucs have not looked that great at all. At all against the Saints. This might be their Achilles heel or their Kryptonite. The Saints defeating the Bucs with two or more possessions in each of those games. When week one happened, everybody was saying, oh this offense is a failed Tom Brady. Yeah, he definitely lost a step. But it turned out that it was just because the Saints are really, really good on defense that Tom Brady and that Buccaneers offense could not click in both of those games. But the Bucs you have to question, you have to ask yourself, we talked about this all season along, they didn't beat the Saints in both those games. They didn't beat the Rams earlier this season. There's a lot of teams that they failed to beat that are one of the best of the best or at least in the playoffs. They did beat the Green Bay Packers, yes, but that was the only impressive victory that they had this season and even last week, it was a competitive game against the Washington football team and they got by with only one possession. So you have to question yourself, can the Bucs really pick up that big victory against a superb talented team and this is the week to do it? And what could be the final matchup between Tom Brady and Drew Brees with reports coming out that Drew Brees is more than likely to retire following this season? Let's look at the keys to victory for each team. How can they pick up the victory in advance to the NFC championship? For the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, don't let the score slip away. That's exactly what happened in both of those matchups against the Saints. Listen, the Saints were able to score in the next possession. The Bucs, we can't get a first down, we're just going to punt it. Okay, well the Saints are just going to score again. The Bucs can't get a first down, we're just going to punt it. Okay, well the Saints are just going to keep on scoring and so on and so on. So you can't let the score slip away and how can you not let it slip away? The second key to victory, go for it more often on fourth down. You're going to have to and when I say more often on fourth down, obviously there's those fourth down situations where it's fourth and goal on your two yard line or maybe four down territory around the 40 yard line or so and you only have three yards to go for a first down. I'm talking about if you're on your own 40 yard line and you only have maybe four yards to go, then yeah, you're going to have to take some risks and go for it because you know what happens with Drew Brees and that Saints offense and how your secondary has been lacking and stopping some big pass plays this season. So you have to go for it on fourth down, keep Tom Brady on the field and keep scoring against the Saints. Keep up with them and you'll be fine. For the Saints, their keys to victory, number one, we just talked about that secondary, attack the secondary. Drew Brees has looked great this season and that secondary has been not so great, especially in the last half of the season for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. As a matter of fact, Drew Brees lit up and torched that secondary in that Sunday night game that they had against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. So attack the secondary. That's going to be your key. With Michael Thomas back, you guys should be fine. I believe Triquan Smith is back in the lineup as well, which is actually really good news. And then for the Saints defense to stop Tom Brady, you got to keep on doing what you've been doing the previous two games against them. Pressure Brady with that Hendrickson-Jordan combo. What that means is Trey Hendrickson, who I believe was a Pro Bowl snub with 12 and a half sacks this season, is going to be a good pressure on the edge for the New Orleans Saints, as well as Cameron Jordan, we know how good he is as well. Those two guys have had some really good games against Tom Brady this season. Continue that duo, continue that defensive line pressure and keep on blitzing Tom Brady and pressuring him so that they have to force them to punt and so that the Saints can have possession and keep on scoring. So those are the keys to victory for each team and how they can win in advance of the NFC Championship. But leave your predictions, leave your thoughts and your opinions on this historic matchup and what we can see for the final time, Brady vs. Brees. Who do you guys have winning and who do you guys have advancing to the NFC Championship? Is it the Tampa Bay Buccaneers or maybe the New Orleans Saints?


What's going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards rip in 22-23 Penin Downer's optic basketball hobby six box half case break number 41 pick your team style read off the list of our Names and our teams we've got Brian T. Celtics Clippers Brock tee with the Knicks Christopher J Spurs Magic Pistons Daniel L Warriors the Ward B with the Grizzlies Edmund L Pelicans Edward P. Mabs in Kukai heat Jason G with the Suns Jeff H Bucks Blazers Wizards Raptors, it's gonna be Keith B with the Jazz Christopher D Lakers Matthew K bulls Muhammad a thunder Nicholas S. Hornets Ray V with the Timberwolves Robert S. Pacers Ryan G Hawks Shane W Nets cabs Sixers ship my cards Carol is with the Nuggets Tinsheng S rockets and Vaughn with the Kings. Good luck here everybody and Vaughn has the Kings not even here How's he doing? I'm gonna pull him as Green Keegan married of five. He's gonna miss it. Hello rookie. Nice There's a lime green Fred Van Vleet to 149. It's a Bobby Bobby. How you doing, buddy? Doing well man doing well It's Randall Ben eggs Benedict Cumbermatt's Matherines. Hello, Matt's Christie. What'd you say? I hope I see this guy Salvin Shengyunin 190 on the orange by Donovitch No, I might not be there so There's Terry Easton to 49 on the blue very nice congrats on that rockets a little speck of dust on there Thank you, sir That's both spurs, so we'll just wait I guess We'll end up doing a dice roll on those though by the way Don Mitchell steal a draft AJ Griffin Arabia Isaiah Stewart blue to 49 Siddiq Bay Hello, Alfred Shengyun PJ Washington hollow Keegan Mary rookie. There's a blue at Dirk Nawitzky reigning threes to 49 basketballs Taylor Horton Tucker the jazz THD Nicola Yolkich auto porter hollow. There's Jeremy Sohan. We got a red of Gary Harris to 99 Jane Hardy nice one there for the maps rating threes Dame and another name. They stay in Who'd no hitter alert? Of course the Yankees are getting no hit. This is high on stargazing. It's two pitchers though, so it won't matter Who cares about a combined no hitter doesn't count hollow lights out Lamella Base I don't do it for box one pretty solid overall nice Terry Easton rated rookie at blue We've got Scott a taking a spot in basketball down to six Jeff taking the clippers and bowls were sold out in the next one And Yaakov W with a spot in ten bucks Tuesday down to five down to five guys Down to five on ten mocks Tuesday, I just completely close out of that didn't I? Yep, five to go everybody. We're getting there That means we're down to just 20 on luminaries and cosmic chrome mixer at the end of the night Oh, the trash that needs to hold it You got a whole station of your stuff Markel folks the scorecard the trash my Don Russ card Jalen wills Williams All right now we're gonna do a dice roll one two three left four five six right We'll go for the rest of the break unless it's a gold or lower It's gonna be a one gonna go to left I'll go with a Deontay Marion the spurs. Hello Scotty Pippin Jr. Barry Smith Blue Jane Ivey the rookies to 49 nice one there Chet Holmgren lime green Lou dork 149 Deontay spurs on that one here. I'll show you again dream on green with some of these they have like old all-star games So there's ones for instance of like Hawaii on the Raptors Yeah, so this one is spurs and heat so it's probably from like last year of the year before Yeah, so that one is spurs right there. Yeah, there's some older ones too. Yeah Yeah, no no for sure Walker Kessler for something like I said some of them are gonna be a little older There's orange Kendrick Nunn to 199 basically just reflecting like a certain season Christian Brown nice one there on the rated rookie autographs to the nuggets. That's Denver Well of all and You're Nemlard. Yes, sir Whalers, you know it Trey young Yeah, I grew up in Connecticut. So I forgot to see the whalers, but I Know I would have been the biggest whalers fan ever. There's 279 Moses moody Christian wood hollow I say a Stuart Aaron Gordon to 99 Donnie Come here for a sec. There's something you might like actually.   That's why I Can't take it off camera Hi, I one of my dad's friends lives up in Coventry actually Mellow ball and jaw sorry Walker read to buy or not read orange Tobias Harris to 199 for the Sixers That that might be one of the top jingle of all time. Yeah, it could be it's up there Took it rating threes. Hello, Luca Donnie comes back in Not a technicality. Yeah We made see we donnie made that too. So now I have a yellow and red. Really? Yeah, I gotta keep that handy There's been many people that should have been yellow and red party today Hello Jalen Green. There's Jalen Duren got basketballs I Shade on sharp rookie Larry bird Evan Mobley, I'd say I'm only black velocity Dallin Terry nice one there 39 rookie for the bulls. Hello Steph Curry lights out. Okay, bram another Black velocity this time Chris Duarte to 39. That's one for the Pacers There's that random. We're gonna sleep as well Hello, Cade stargazing Kauai J. Montgrey Marjanbo champ rookie. Hello Dorian Finney Smith. Hello Wendell Moore, Jr. Bryce McGowan's basketball is rated rookie Chris Mullin rain grease Redemption is Jalen Williams rated rookie at signatures. Hello. That's J. A. Y. J. Will J. Will nice one there congrats to the thunder Down to four to go guys. Thank you. Mark L taking a spot in ten bucks. Yes, thunder Ochaic Bajie Ant-man quitting rhymes around Christian Wood read at 299 Josh kitty Brian taken two and Andy taking a couple in leaf best of basketball. We're down to two spots left everybody two spots to go On ten bucks Tuesday basketball Now to one to go just kidding. Thank you, Michael Michael Z taking a spot Who's the one who took it before Michael? I want to thank them as well Brian and Brian and thank you Brian So one spot left everybody just want to go on ten bucks Tuesday And then we just have one break to fill that is it Siakam Kobe white it's been at a Cumbermatch, Mathurin like Wesley pink velocity to 79 Nicola Yovitch our and Devin Booker. We'll go left with DeMar in the bulls Sup on war How you doing, buddy? Washington Sidney Covey milestone Pointa, there's Julius Randall KD elite dominoes Patrick Baldwin lime green Marvin Bagley to 149 for the Pistons MPJ Michael never sling the rock Porter jr. Jeremy Sohan rookie Who MPJ I know Orange Isaiah Mowgli to 199 for the cabs rated rookie Now he is pretty good Jane Ivey He was like plus 3,300 for finals MVP, too. I know a lot of people took that bet Yeah, hollow Max Christie. I think Vaughn was saying that There's a jerry griffin reg barry walker nice color match for the Blazers to 99 Sadiq Bay Sadiq the fruit they Jalen Durin, how ya durin rated rookie hollow autograph nice one there for the Pistons. That's Pistons go Detroit Shaq and Hakeem Keegan Murray orange Canteves Caldwell Pope to 199 And box Tuesday sold out who took that last spot That's awesome. Thank you guys. I appreciate that Chilling getting ready for some first shows go on more 20 to go on cosmic luminaries guys last break of the night. That is baseball eight box mixer Six boxes of luminaries to cosmic chromes No, we don't get it down here. You don't get it down here. Unfortunately Alec Berks and Jared Allen On war was that you took the last spot? Yes, it was. Thank you on war. Appreciate you, buddy Yeah, I'm watching the last one. Let's go last one mojo, baby. You know it Get her after Don War and guys last break of the night is gonna be cosmic chrome and Luminaries mixer everything else is sold out now. Thank you all appreciate that Red is Joellen B 299 for these sixers Hello, Scotty Pippin Jr. Rated Rookie Andrew Nemhart lime green Kyrie Irving to the Mabs to 149 apparently Reinstated he does want to stay with Dallas. We'll see if that's true or not Kyrie Dyson Daniels rated rookie on card auto nice one for the Pelicans See if that's true The Dallas Really, yeah, yeah, I'd be pretty scary Terry Eason, hello Zire Williams Hello, Dirk Nowitzki raining threes I'm ready. It's main Jane blue Michael Porter Jr. 249.   I don't think so Jalen Williams rookie Orange John Walton 199 Barry Smith blue to 49 max troops Absolutely not Hello Donovan Mitchell What am I three? Honestly, I'm lost a baby game in it. No, no, no, what about the Vowntunus Zubby oh, yeah, okay chat home good Yeah, I love guys. It's so fun, baby It's a baby game. Not a bit.  Yogi I went to that No, dude fall guys played it me Matt Donnie and Dillon exactly three baby It's going well Yogi, how are you dude? I Grab my chair and hide on top of a tree Doing good Chris doing good good to hear that you're doing well Yogi Good to you at here bottom of the tree. There's Cameron Johnson line green 149 tray man You've never even tried a fall guys. No, I've seen It's stressful that's cool the rookies Javari Smith, I think you would like it I think you would think that like it's you'd like it in a stupid way. No, Johnny Davis hollow rated rookie That's what I'm saying.  It's a black and a pink velocity rated rookie to 79 Just jump around Christian Coloco nice one there hollow rated rookie autograph for the Raptors That's what I'm sexy Yogi says fall guys baby, too It's more pickets and pickings for your PC.  Okay garbage man. That'd be pretty funny Just play forward and golf and golf. Yeah, there's Devin Vasell to you 79 for the spurs It's so much fun, and I really need to grind to get the rest of that battle pass dude I know I just I don't really care about the like the later parts. I just want to get the last game That's all I care about. I'm like on the page for it now basically Hollow Duncan Robinson Evan Mobley There's seven picket black Pandora's that's Christian Brown really in one break.  Yeah Wendell Moore Bryce McGowan's Orange rookie to 199 Yeah, yeah, thank you Yogi. Yeah, I bought that off Shane actually Shane had the Astros in a random team Jason Tatum to 199 Shane had the Astros in a random team of triple threads a couple months back and I He hit a bee show and I was like, all right, I'll buy it off you and he's like here's a price And I was like sure and then I just took it James Harden and Yoss I got my BG. I'll show you pick a bit before the recap really quick to these two packs Steph Curry elite dominators Yeah, it's pretty sweet Yogi pretty sweet Hello, DeMar and D book I'll stern do a recap really quick. I'll show you after we've got Christian Coloco Dyson Daniels Jalen Duran Christian Brown fairy Eason and Jalen Williams That'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill up next is 42


Have you ever seen this picture before? Full circle, dog pounds, full circle. We're back to the thyroid gland, and there's someone that I didn't tell you about before. Yes, we have follicle cells making thyroid hormone, whatever. In your thyroid gland, you also have little guys called C cells, C cells. And they're found outside of the follicle. So if we looked in our little slide, we could look around and we could find follicle cells, and then we could find these bigger, like blobbier looking, less organized cells. Those are your C cells. C cells produce calcitonin. So let's take a second to go, dude, what does calcitonin do? Produces calcitonin, calcitonin. And calcitonin is the only one that's going to act to decrease. I'm just going to use this one. It decreases calcium concentration in the blood. So how is it going to decrease calcium concentration in the blood? It has one job. It puts the stop sign up to the osteoclasts. It says osteoclasts, you guys are crazy. Settle down. If the osteoclasts are not breaking up your bone, they're not going to put calcium into your blood. That's going to decrease calcium concentrations. Again, necessary only to must maintain calcium homeostasis in a really narrow range. Oh my gosh, it is a good night. Good night. I'll miss you while I'm gone, but not so much that I'm not happy that this lecture is done.