I am Paul Vixie from Internet Systems Consortium. You would usually have heard of us because of bind, but we also do some security work of which this is an example. I'm going to turn it over to my partner Andrew, who's going to present the first part of the talk. For those of you that maybe saw me earlier today on Meet the Fed, my name is Andrew Freed, retired special agent with Treasury. Closer, louder. Is this better? OK, I don't want to get too overpowering. So what we actually have here is an FBI NASA operation that requires some outside assistance. Those of you that are familiar with, anybody here not heard of the road digital DNS changer? Anybody here who has heard of it? OK, good. So essentially, what happened? This was a very unique situation. The FBI wanted to do a take down of a very large botnet. But the botnet essentially would have taken the internet access away from those people that were infected. And they were concerned that they would break the internet if they just took everything down. So they started a group of people called the DC working group, domain changer working group. And our goal was to try and identify the people that were infected and to provide a notification remediation while at the same time doing something very cool, which is what Paul did. And that was that we usurped their botnet, replacing it with our own DNS infrastructure so that we could continue to provide DNS resolution from the time the FBI took the infrastructure down through to the time that they were quote unquote mitigated. So that's really what we're going to talk about today. And how many of you have actually run an act of sync call on the internet? Yes, no? OK. Well, essentially what a sync call is is you're running a box that's grabbing data from the internet and you're trying to make sense out of all that data. And for those of you that are familiar with DNS, DNS is a UDP protocol which is easily spoofed and that kind of played into some problems we ran into. But essentially what ISC did is we set up a sync call that also did DNS resolution. And what we're going to discuss is how we ran that sync call, the problems we ran into it, and the problems we had trying to fulfill the remediation obligation. So Trend Micro gets first blood on this. They found this first in 2007 and reported it through the usual law enforcement channels. A company called Rove Digital, headquartered in Estonia, had bought some time. They had bought some plug-in slots on the Illurian botnet. But they really were pretty tame. If you're buying time on a botnet that's got hundreds of thousands of victims, there are all sorts of things you might do in terms of key loggers and credential theft and so forth. In this case, they just wanted to get into the advertising business. They wanted to sell banner ads. But in this case, they were going to get their customers illegally. So they changed the DNS resolution path on a couple hundred thousand computers, I guess 600,000 that we found at the start. We don't know how many it was in 2007. So that instead of using the ISP name server or open DNS or Google DNS or whatever had been there before, the infected computers or perhaps the upstream customer presence equipment like your modem, your DSL modem, your cable modem, whatever that is, would use the Rove Digital name servers for all of the DNS resolutions. And again, this was very tame because they could have intercepted all kinds of cool things. Like whenever you visit Gmail or Facebook or your bank, they could steal your credentials. They did not do this. All they did was intercept things like ad.doubleclick.net and other fairly well-known domain names that are used by real ad sellers when they are delivering content to their real customers. And they just had the, they would give back the address of their own ad server. And that gave them the ability to charge for ads and have a legitimate and large customer base and a lot of eyeballs, I guess $26 million was found on their books fairly early on. Now one thing it did do, by the way, is it prevented most of the victims from being able to get antivirus updates. They actually intercepted the calls to the antivirus products and basically null routed them so that from that point forward they weren't able to do any updates which meant that a very significant percentage of the people that were infected by Rove, while not in and of itself was bad, they got infected by lots of other things because their antivirus products were not kept up. So Andrew has mentioned the DNS changer working group. This is a completely ad hoc thing. Don't get the idea that somebody ran down to the courthouse and incorporated a 501C3 to do this.  So we had a couple of law enforcement agencies represented FBI very heavily, also the NASA, OIG, some international folks, the antivirus community, not just Trend Micro, but everybody else that had customers that were infected with this. ISPs, very important in this case because they were the ones that were going to get all the phone calls if we turned it off wrong because of course the victims of this malware had no idea that they weren't using the ISP name servers so if it went dark they weren't going to be calling Rove digital, they'd be calling Comcast or whoever. Security researchers, me, Andrew here, David Dagan, various people that you've seen on this stage before who normally get pulled into this kind of thing, various public interest nonprofit organizations, for example my company, Internet Systems, and some universities who either had the money to do some analysis or were just interested in helping because it was going to be going to look good on somebody's PhD thesis. So generally when an operation like this happens there's kind of a protocol that takes place and the law enforcement would take charge of it, they would investigate it, identify the people who were involved, they would arrest and prosecute. In this particular case they had to go that step further and do the remediation and that's what kind of made this a very unique operation. Now as many of you know when you do a sinkhole or you capture data on the internet, what you're going to see is victim IP information but there's no way for us to be able to determine that John Doe or Aunt Jane is the one that had that IP address. So we had to rely on working with large remediation companies such as like Comrie, Shadow Server, to provide them information that they in turn could relay back into their communities and we also try to notify a lot of the ISPs because the ISPs are able to take an IP address with a date and time and resolve that back to one of their customers and then send notifications out. Go back. So it's important to note we are not in the business of reinventing wheels so there are maybe 50 to 100,000 companies that you could refer to as internet service providers in the world and they know what IP address space they have and if they put it into who is correctly after all the mergers and acquisitions then we can find out too. So we could have said we have all these log files with the victim IPs and let's figure out how to send notifications but we didn't do that. That is a well solved problem. Shadow Server and Comrie would be two examples of non-profit entities. Arbor also has a public benefit side to their operations so pretty much if you can get the victim syslog information to those people they will do a very good job of the outreach it takes to make sure that every ISP who has victims in their network will then get it so we did not try and take on that part we just asked them to join the working group. So the operation was all scheduled to take place initially on November 8th. There was a multinational investigation and on the evening of November 8th arrests were made in Estonia and those arrests were coordinated with takedowns we did primarily in New York and Chicago. I flew up to Chicago to handle the takedown there. Paul was in New York and we had some other people that were dealing with the people and stuff that was in Estonia. They were able to arrest six of the seven people that they had warrants for. I believe one of them, the Audrey Tame, is still at large. So you may have heard of these people before. Est domains was part of another criminal empire and there was a widely publicized Brian Krebs out outing and takedown effort a couple of years ago. This Est domains the EST here refers to Estonia and was at the time before the takedown, before the arrests, before Brian Krebs outed them they were one of the top 10 most profitable companies in Estonia and nobody knew and not nobody, nobody in the business community knew that they were actually a criminal empire in disguise. And here's the example, I can't translate the Estonian but if you look at number one on the list you'll see that they were taken quite seriously in the Estonian business community. So the other interesting thing that we had to do was we essentially usurped their address space and redirected it to our own servers and that's how we were able to put our own DNS servers in the space that they were currently answering. You sirped is such a strong word. So wearing one of my other hats, I am a member of the board of trustees for Aaron who is the address allocator for United States, Canada and most of the Caribbean islands. And I can tell you that we care very much, we Aaron care very much that address space not be pirated. If you're aware of cases where that's happening send us email, if you don't know anybody else at Aaron send me email, we will look into it. But so we didn't really usurp it. In fact what we did is we got a court order that seized the equipment including the router on which these IP addresses were configured and sort of that court order designated internet systems consortium which is my day job as the custodian, as the keeper essentially. So it's not unlike if they had children living with them when they got arrested, those children would have been put into foster care. So their router came to ISC for foster care and according to Aaron rules, if you are transferring assets that use IP addresses then it's okay for the IP addresses to be transferred with the business and with the equipment that uses those. That's how mergers and acquisitions work for example. So yes, we did seize the equipment that used the IP address space. We did not seize the space itself. The space came more or less along for the ride. This was actually some pictures that we received from the operation in Estonia. This was one of the, I don't know if you can see it clearly but it was actually one of the police vans that pulled up to start doing the seizure and processing in Estonia itself. These are some of the agents removing some of the equipment from Estonia and once again, all three of these locations were hit, the search warrants at exactly the same time. So I was the hands on the keyboard in New York City where most of the action went and it took place and yes, I read the day before did some installation, got the new servers working. We all went out to dinner and the deal was we had to wait for the arrests to occur in Estonia before we could go intrusive on their router and actually reconfigure anything because otherwise it was possible that they sitting there in Estonia might see on the monitoring system that all of a sudden their equipment was out of their hands. So there was a nine hour time difference and it really did take until three o'clock in the morning Eastern time, I guess a five hour, six hour time difference there, it's nine hours Pacific. So at three a.m. we finally got the thumbs up, okay, we've arrested the bad guys, you may take their equipment at which time I broke into the router and I wanted known it had been at that time 17 years since the last time I had typed commands at a router. So it took a couple of hours to move the first block of address space and then it took a couple more hours to move the rest. So we started with the New York space and during all that time, Andrew was cooling his heels in Chicago because he couldn't unplug any of that stuff while it was still serving victims. So after we got done in New York, we moved Chicago and once we got Chicago moved, I gave Andrew the okay, they all clear at which point I was due back in Washington DC so I ran for the train and FBI had the unenviable task of actually loading all that equipment into a truck except the router and my servers, but everything else went. So this is what it looked like in Chicago that night, it was kind of a misty rainy drizzly night which is typical Chicago weather and when we got into the co-location facility which was a massive building, this is what the systems actually look like. These were some of the road digital systems that we actually ended up seizing. So this is what bad systems look like, they look just like good systems in a large building. Hard to tell. So all of these wires were kind of in our way and having been an IRS person that was very fluid and doing seizures, we decided to get most of these things out of our way. I came well prepared but we didn't get a chance to use any of those things but that's what a mitigated rack looks like. So when we left Chicago, they had a nice clean rack, there were none of these wires in our way and the FBI had a bunch of people there that packed the stuff up and carded it off. I think my total time on site was about 28 straight hours. I want to note for the record that to maintain the chain of custody, the agents who did the seizures in Chicago had to drive a truck to New York City in order that they could swear that this really was the same equipment that they seized and they couldn't use a shipping company or an airplane or anything like that. So the name servers we put in were completely brain dead simple, there was no wizardry at all. It was FreeBSD, it was a couple of 1U Intel boxes, multi-core of this and that, running bind and we did put in a little bit of software that isn't in most name servers, it's called nMessageTool which is part of the security information exchange work that we've been doing at ISC in recent years and all that, you can think of it as being kind of like a background super TCP dump thing that makes well-named files containing packets. So we grabbed all the data, all the queries, importantly we did not grab the query names. The judge was rather clear on that point, it was all right with him that we record the victim IP address and UDP port number and whether they were requesting recursive name service, the so-called RD bit and even the timestamp but not what they were looking for as far as the actual domain. That means that if any of these victims were committing some other kind of crime, child abuse, something like that where you could tell by the use of a domain name that a crime had been committed, we would never be aware of that. We just, that would be what they said in Ghostbusters, don't cross the streams. So there was no privacy violated at all. All we knew was that somebody was infected, not what they were doing and we also never made the data directly available to the FBI or any other government entity because they didn't want to have it. There's all kinds of laws about what they're not allowed to have and they aired on the side of not having any of this. So what we gave them was statistics. This is how many hits we had per day, that kind of thing, not who are the victims or how many times did they use their DNS server that day. The actual victim details were only made available to ISPs and the so-called super-remediators like Comry, Shadow Server, Arbor, people like that that I've already mentioned. So we had an interesting thing happen. The FBI had been collecting some data so that when the take-down happened they would send some initial notices out to some of the larger ISPs advising them that they had addresses within their assigned space that was infected. Unfortunately, this is one of the few lessons learned that we had. They sent out data that was like three months old which was absolutely useless and when they sent it out, they sent it out with a paper letter that wasn't email. It was actually the old snail mail with login information for the individual companies or ISPs to be able to retrieve the data but in their infinite wisdom they ended up assigning like a 32 character password all with uppercase L's, O's, zero's, ones. So nobody could make sense out of this stuff and if they spent hours trying every permutation they finally ended up getting data that was actually unactionable. So when Andrew describes the data as being useless, I want to go a little bit further. The taps they did before I got there were of a trunk circuit that contained many VLANs and their other consultant didn't bother to tell them that and so if you ever hear or if you read in the history books that there were six million or excuse me, four million victims and then you hear us say there were 600,000 victims, that's because there were some other IP addresses on other VLANs in the first tap and trace they did that we didn't see because we were properly configured. So the other thing we noticed is that our initial interest was in trying to get victims notified so they could take some end user remediation. What we found out was that most of the ISPs had one goal and that was to not have the customer end up calling their help desk. That was going to cost them money and effort and they didn't want that to happen. So that actually ended up causing this whole operation to get delayed from what was initially going to be four months to an eight month period. Now during that eight months, some ISPs were very aggressive in setting up walled gardens. They did live notifications. They did all sorts of good stuff. We had some that did just bring our email notifications and some ISPs did absolutely nothing. So clarifying one minor point, I want to give you the idea that a bunch of large companies who stand to lose a lot of money can just swing a big hammer and make the federal government change what they were otherwise going to do unless it involves oil leases. So the FBI takes no official recognition of whether an ISP is going to lose money or whether a lot of customers are going to call in and perhaps overwhelm call centers. What they do care deeply about is that there not be a headline that says FBI breaks internet for what they thought at that time was four million people. That was what they were trying to do is keep their name out of the news. So the first court order expires or expired in March and it turns out trying to do something like this in four months where two of those months are the dead zone of American calendar where everybody has gone for Thanksgiving and Christmas was not practical. A lot of companies have what they call a change freeze where they can't make any new configuration changes after Thanksgiving which we were obviously asking them to make some changes in order that they properly remediate these victims and they just said no, sorry we can't start that until January 15th. I wanna ask that somebody get the door closed behind me. So we went to the judge. We said sorry four months wasn't enough and could you give us an extension please and what the judge said was okay I understand your problem I'll give you the extension you're asking for but don't come back, do not come back again. So that turned out to be a good statement because whenever somebody would say is there gonna be another extension do I really have to clean up all my victims by July 9th I got to say well yeah I don't think there's gonna be another extension so you better get it done. So there were two additional surprises to us and that was that we also later learned that some of the malware was causing home gateways like the links as routers to also have DNS changes and what that essentially did was it caused reports of IPs being infected when in fact the victims checked their system and they weren't infected. Or they were macintoshes. Or they were macintoshes which obviously weren't really affected. We also discovered that in the initial stage when we first did the takedown there were no tools available to clean this up. So the only way that people could remediate was to literally low level the machine and rebuild it. That was the other reason this took so long. After about three or four months some tools were really available that really made that a lot easier. So with the stats we had some problems and this is one of the other lessons learned.  But that IP address could be a single host. It could be a firewall with 10,000 hosts behind it. Or it could be one of 20 different IP addresses that one single machine gets in a single day because they keep moving and getting dynamically assigned IP addresses. So trying to deal with the numbers was a little challenging when people would ask us how many systems were infected. All we could say was this is how many different IP addresses we saw hitting us each day. You need to fix the wall here. So the other problem that creeps in when you are trying to estimate a population size is that our sinkhole was UDP based. It was not TCP based. With TCP there has to be a three-way handshake where both sides have to really be able to be confident in the other end's IP address before communication can take place. With UDP that does not happen. There's no state, there's no handshake, there's no nothing. You have one packet that goes out, you have one packet that comes back and it's very fast for that reason. Much less time spent waiting for packets to go back and forth, but you also have much less, actually you have no confidence at all in what is the other guy's IP address.  You have no idea that that address was forged at the remote end or maybe even refers to a part of the network that isn't even live. So on June 16th, the statistics that we were gathering got particularly bad. All of a sudden it looked as though something like two million different victims were all checking in and actually no, it was just one DDoS using randomized source IP addresses. So I get to mention here that there's a DNS firewall capability in BIND now. It's called RPZ, Response Policy Zone. So if you'd like to be able to do in your DNS recursive server the type of firewall and you've been doing at the IP layer or maybe at the email layer, you now can. And we used that feature in these name servers in order to answer differently depending on what the query was. So the real DNS-OK sites that Andrew will describe in a moment, the real ones had some IP address that was in the normal DNS and it was in the normal web and it's just where you would go unless you were one of my customers, one of these victims. Come to my server, there would be a firewall rule that said, ah, you're asking about this name, I'm gonna lie to you now, I'm gonna give you the name that the IP address I want you as a victim to have that is different from the truth. So in the earlier days, we did a config or eye chart. We were able to set up very simple websites that people could click on and get a visual indicator whether or not they were infected or not. So we wanted to try and replicate some of this, same simplicity for the average population and we decided to do this using the BinderRPC feature. Essentially, we had a number of systems throughout the world that were set up and if you went to that website, normally you would see a page that looks something like this. This is the page called dnsok.us and in DNS, it would come up to a specific IP and you would see this screen. If however you were infected and you went to the road digital address space, we would retrieve a separate, this different IP address and you would end up with this page which would say you're infected. Now this is just some really easy DNS wizardry. We did nothing on the systems. There was no JavaScript, no JPEGs that were dynamic. It was just really simple, straight HTML. Yet, we still had somebody reach out to us and say that they weren't infected until they went to our website and that we infected them. So, you know, you never, never... Before we get off this point, I wanna say, this is an extremely low grade, unreliable method and I was embarrassed that we were doing it but it was all we had. So if you can, I don't know if you can read this from the back of the screen. What it says is your computer is using the DNS change your name servers and is therefore probably infected which is to say, if you have a Macintosh and you could not possibly have been infected, you might still be behind some home gateway that got reprogrammed when the Illurion virus was passing through that house. And so we're not guaranteeing that you're infected just cause you're seeing this page. You're probably infected. The same works the other way. We have to say, you're probably not infected on the green page. It appears to be looking up IP addresses correctly. We don't actually know that that happened because for all we know, you are using some kind of a DNS proxy who is correct but only if you're using certain names and without certain local exclusion lists of your own and so forth. So both the green and the red page were extremely unreliable but they helped us get our name in the papers and so I think we'll call it a success. Yeah, one of the problems we ran into is a number of the ISPs decided to do internal redirection which means when they saw any queries going out to the address space it was identified as row digital name servers, they internally redirected. So if somebody was infected and they tried to do a DNS query, the ISP would redirect them to a good DNS server and they would end up falsely with the green symbol. So that was a problem we couldn't get around unfortunately. So operating the Sinkhole, we ran it for 244 days. As data came in because of the volume I do some deduplication because there's no reason to log the fact that a system hit us 3,000 times in one day. And overall from the beginning to the end of the operation that dedupe ratio was probably somewhere around 350 to one which means for every 350 times we saw a system we only had to log it once. Total dedupe points, if you wanna see that number with all the commas is about 1.2 billion records that we ended up having to produce reports for. And inside the United States from start to end we saw about 6.7 million unique IP addresses and worldwide about 42 million IP addresses. With the efforts we did, it wasn't quite as effective as we had hoped but we actually did see some remediation. So when this thing started, we went from about 600,000 systems and towards the end we were probably at about 220 to 230,000. But once again the caveat is that the ISPs had plenty of time to do internal redirection and we may have been seeing the fact that the ISPs were preventing their victims from actually hitting us. I wanna mention that the importance of getting your name in the papers is to get a lot of people to visit your dnsok.us server or .de server or whatever. There were a whole bunch of dnsok servers. And every time a newspaper story would come out referring to this effort and referring to those websites, terrible things would happen to all of our web servers because they weren't necessarily provisioned as well as say the ones that are serving up the Olympics in London right now. But we had no other outreach channel.  And you can see a reduction in the infections small though it was after each news story. So we're gonna get these lessons learned. I guess we have 15 of them here. None of them is you should budget for press releases cause we pretty much feel that the every day is a slow news day and we can always get some reporter to go along with us when we need to get the word out. So all of this data we actually had to make quarterly reports back to the US magistrate that had authorized a search warrant. And you have to be precise because at some point someone could challenge you saying you did your job wrong. Well we constantly had to come up with a disclaimer that we had certain statistics however that may or may not be accurate because external things could prevent us from having the correct numbers. And the example that was the eye chart we just mentioned if somebody went to it and their internal redirection was putting them to the right address but they were infected we wouldn't have the correct number. So by giving advanced notice to the ISPs and having them do internal redirection before some of the initial stats yet it kind of borked the eye chart and also some initial stats. As I mentioned with the FBI if you're gonna send out lots of notices don't send it out with broken links long passwords that you can't decipher and then nobody's gonna be able to read. And once again the passwords they sent out were 30 characters long. It was not something you could cut and paste because it was on paper. And I got one of those letters and I could never get the password to work. You wanna talk about one of the biggest concerns we have from the very beginning is our operation had a finite period of time but we knew that there were going to be hundreds of thousands of systems that are gonna remain infected. What happened to that address space? It becomes a poison space. Yeah, so this is a small problem for the Aaron region and a larger problem for Europe and for the world and for the whole sort of internet. This is maybe collectively a slash 17 worth of space. And that's not very much in terms of internet growth but it's gonna seem like more and more, right? We're out of IPv4 space.  This address space is going to become more and more valuable as we get further and further into the post-apocalyptic days when you can't get new v4 space and we're stranding it. It's scorched earth at this point. So many ISPs have redirected it that if we tried to reuse this space, it wouldn't work. Nobody could actually start a business using this space other than bad guys who will almost certainly set up pirate radio stations on this frequency and attempt to lure some DNS traffic toward themselves. We need a better plan as human society for how we are going to deal with this type of scorched earth. So the other problem we ran into is that once we started creating the data, we had a lot of people hitting us up for requests. How many systems or IPs have you seen from this ASN or how many have you seen from this net block or how many have you seen from our country code? And that actually became probably a 10 to 15 hour a week job for me for the duration of this. So if you're gonna get these operations going and it's gonna be a public interest, you need a plan for having somebody paid to dedicate quite a bit of time to dealing with the ingestion of the data, processing reports and getting them disseminated correctly. Yeah, so all of this communication work that I've described where you're trying to get reporters to help you or you're just trying to put out reasonable web content. And we had a project webpage, dcwg.org. It requires somebody to have as their day job keeping it up to date, making it accurate, doing something with it every day. We made a mistake, made any number of mistakes in this project, but one of our mistakes was to not fund that, not to say, by the way, FBI, in addition to running these name servers, we really think that you need to have an outreach function and you need to contract for that separately. That's probably the most important thing I can think of because what we had was 15 or so of the brightest volunteers that I've ever worked with, but they're busy. They've got day jobs, this isn't it. It's not their job to keep the website up to date. And so fairly often the website didn't say what it needed to say, and then we gotta fix that. So in addition to just a general reporting, we also had to do some analytics and that took additional time. Running your stats for trending and things like that was additional time spent that somebody basically had to volunteer their time, which I think was me. That was Andrew. We learned that it takes like 100 to 1,000 times more time to fix a problem than it takes to create it. And a perfect example of those of you that know Convicker, we still track like well over a million addresses per day that are still infected with Convicker. That's been like four years now, still running. So we mentioned this before. If you're doing something with UDP, whether it's running a normal DNS server or running one of these, Sync Hall, you have to cope with spoofed source forgery. A lot of your queries are gonna be coming from places that don't exist or coming from places who did not actually send the query that you received. And you have to be able to somehow discount those. Not answer them would be one thing, but, and we did some of that, but also not included in your statistics. We had any number of people call us and say, where did these two million different new victims come from on the 16th of June? Well, they weren't there, they were phantoms. Well, that was because it was automated reporting, which we also found was a problem. We noticed the problem with the UDP attack that we saw, probably mid-morning, but by that time, the data had already been adjusted by other companies and automated reports went out to them. How are we doing for time? Well, on that point, the number of ISPs were doing automated reporting to their customers. And when that two million, that blip of two million fake source IP addresses showed up and we reported it, they also reported it. It was automated all the way down the chain and they ended up sending remediation notifications to people who had never been infected, but their IP address had just randomly shown up in the DDoS, so I think automation was a mistake. We talked about the publication of news articles. We got crushed on two different occasions. One day, the DC Working Group site was taken down by something like 70 or 80 million queries almost simultaneously. The DC DNS OK site got like 60 million within about a four hour period. This was running on like a VMware world. Banding with wasn't a problem. It was basically a patchy that couldn't handle it.   It's a problem because it takes time and when you have all volunteers that time can be pretty valuable. And yet, as I think about a paid call center with a script, I'm not totally sure we could solve the problem that way. So basically if you're going to notify large numbers of people, the usual fraction of them is going to want to call somebody. You need to know who that's gonna be. We also had problems with information that was published by the press that was materially wrong. Then we had other people that were bloggers that really went out in left field and said the FBI was monitoring everything they were doing and that generated more emails saying, why are you doing this to us? So all of these things were things that we ended up having to take into consideration from a time basis. We're running out of time ourselves here. So we had partial data coming in because we wanted to strip off privacy data. Well that stripping of data actually made it very difficult, almost impossible for the most part for us to defend against bad data. And in fact, on some of the monitoring we did for bandwidth flows, when we suspected bad data was coming in and we did some subsequent checking, our solution was to basically just totally redact that data because there was really no way to cleanse it. So that kind of bit us in the butt a little bit. And basically that's what we had to talk about. We have plenty, a little bit of time for questions. Anybody have any questions? Yes sir. Louder please. Would DNSSEC be adopted? The question is would DNSSEC have made a difference? And so I've been working on trying to get DNSSEC deployed and I guess defined and deployed for 16, 17 years now. And it's hard for me to believe it will ever be deployed well enough to solve this problem. But there is a theoretical possibility if laptops were running it. Not just your ISP name server where we currently expect DNSSEC to work, but of every laptop, every smartphone, whatever, all the way down the line was running what we would call a stub validator so that your own ISP was incapable of lying to you than yes. I don't expect that to be a ubiquitous mode of operation because it would make the internet very fragile, make it seem like things didn't work very well or everything took longer than it should. So as currently proposed where your ISP uses DNSSEC to keep people from lying to them but then tells you whatever they want you to hear it would not have solved this problem. You sir. Well the question was was a consideration given that the infected machines posed a risk to themselves and others because of the subsequent infections. The strange thing is this was probably the easiest botnet to deal with. All we had to do was shut down the DNS name servers and they were basically out of business. Unfortunately that wasn't something we could do and the ISPs are the ones that really have to govern how they're going to deal with their customers and it was up to the ISPs to determine whether they notified them. Some ISPs actually did drop them, block walled them, some of them sink-holded them. But it was a decision the ISP had to make with a room customer. Let me follow up a little bit.  That turned out to be the signature we use to have Convicker iChart websites because if you couldn't fetch the logo from Microsoft Update then you probably infected that kind of thing. I believe that this is a huge problem because the idea that we're gonna patch things fast enough to keep bad software from hurting us is absurd on its face but it is at least something and it is the only thing we're doing and the idea that you can infect somebody and turn that off. I think it does make the world materially less safe. It may be that we need to rethink patching and we need to rethink the daily regime of reaching out to see if there are new patches and whatnot but yes, a lot of consideration was given there. Anybody else? Okay, well thank you very much and I hope the rest of your evening goes well.


The article examined the potential benefits of using alternative, high-efficiency sources of heat and energy for a multifamily residential building in Wroclaw, Poland. It compared the energy efficiency, cost, and environmental impacts of various heating and hot water systems, including those powered by renewable energy sources such as solar panels. The analysis found that the most efficient and economical solution was an alternative system based on highly efficient heat pumps supplemented by a photovoltaic installation. However, this solution has both technical and legal limitations, and requires higher initial investments than other options. This article was authored by Abdraman Ulsebrey, Christof Samansky, and Bartosz Michalak.


their students, today we will learn about different type of culture media for bacteria and their uses, preparation of nutrient broth medium and nutrient agar medium, microorganisms require nutrients and certain environmental conditions for their growth, culture medium provides all the nutrients required for the growth of microorganisms, a culture medium is basically an approach solution to which all the nutrients required for the growth of microorganisms have been added, culture media can be divided into different types based on consistency, composition and functional use and application, on the basis of consistency culture media pre-types, solid media, semi-solid media and liquid media, solid media in addition to all the nutrients required for the growth of microorganisms, it contains a solidifying agent, the most common solidifying agent is agar, it is added at a concentration of 1.5 to 2 percent, agar is a polysaccharide that is extracted from a seaweed, it is inert, it has no nutritional value, it solidifies at 42 degree centigrade and it liquefies at 98 degree centigrade, a solid medium has physical structure that allows the growth of bacteria in physically informative or useful ways in the form of flakes or colonies, solid media are used for the isolation of bacteria to study colonic characteristics and for the storage of bacterium, different types of solid media include nutrient agar medium, gloria, butenai, agar medium which is commonly known as lb agar and mccongee agar, in semi-solid medium in addition to the nutrients, the agar is added at a concentration of 0.2 to 0.5 percent, it has soft custard like consistency, it is used for the cultivation of micro-arrophilic bacteria and to study the motility of bacteria, examples of semi-solid media include mannitol motility test medium and semi-solid nutrient agar medium, liquid media are also known as broths, these media contain only nutrients and not traces of any solidifying agents like agar, in liquid media the bacteria grow uniformly producing turbidity, liquid media are used for the perfused growth of bacteria and in the fermentation studies, examples of liquid media include nutrient broth and lb broth medium, on the basis of composition, culture media are divided into two types, synthetic or chemically defined media and non-synthetic and chemically undefined media, chemically defined media are prepared from purified ingredients and their exact composition is known, example of chemically defined media include glucose salts agar, chemically undefined media contain at least one component that is not completely purified, characterized or is not consistent from batch to batch, such media often contain yeast extract, beef extract or enzymatic digestive proteins, examples of chemically undefined media include nutrient broth, nutrient agar and lb agar medium, dear students now we will study about different types of culture media based on functional use or application, we will study about basal media, enriched media, collective media and differential media, basal media are basically simple media that sports the growth of microorganisms that do not have any special nutritional needs, such media are used for the isolation of bacteria in lab and in sub-culturing processes, examples of basal media include nutrient broth medium, the composition of nutrient broth medium it contains peptone 1%, yeast extract 0.5% and NaCl 1%, the pH of nutrient broth medium is set to 7 for the growth of bacteria, peptone and yeast extract provide nitrogen compounds, amino acids, vitamins and other nutrients required for the growth of microorganism, while sodium chloride maintains the small concentration in the medium that is similar to the cytoplasm of the microorganism, second type is enriched media, enriched media are prepared by the addition of extra nutrients like serum, blood and egg yolk to the basal media, these media are used for the growth of mysterious microorganisms, examples of enriched media include blood agar and chocolate agar medium, blood agar is prepared by the addition of 5 to 10% sea blood to the blood agar base, while chocolate agar is laced or heated blood agar, selective media contain inhibitory substances that inhibit the growth of some bacteria while allowing the growth of other, selective media are agar base that are used to isolate different bacteria in labs, various approaches used to make the medium selective include the addition of antibiotics, dyes, chemicals, alteration of pH or a combination of these, differential media are also known as indicator media, differential media distinguish one microorganism from the other that are growing on the same plate, differential media contain indicators like dyes or metabolic substrates that give different colors to the colonies of different microbial species when they utilize or work with these compounds, macaunkey agar and minotaur salt agar are both selective as well as differential media, macaunkey agar selects program negative bacteria, it contain bile salts as well as crystal violet, these compound inhibit the growth of most of the gram positive bacteria, the peptone that is the pancreatic digest of gelatin and meat and calcium peptone, these provides the nitrogen sources, vitamins and other nutrients required for the growth of microorganism, sodium chloride maintains the osmotic balance, whereas lactose is the carbohydrate source in the medium and neutral red is the dye, some of the bacteria utilize lactose and these are known as lactose permenter, lactose permenter bacteria give red color colonies, red or pink colonies, while lactose nonpermenters give colorless colonies, when lactose permenter utilize the available lactose in the medium, they produce acid, the acid lowers the pH of the medium and the neutral red dye turns red, examples of lactose permenters include E. coli and C. capsiola species, whereas salmonella and shiella are lactose nonpermenters and they give colorless colonies, the second selective in differential media is mannitol salt agar, sodium chloride at a concentration of 7.5% selects for the members of the genus stryphylococcus, while this concentration is inhibitory to most of the other bacteria, the peptone and beef extract provide nitrogen compounds, vitamins and other nutrients required for the growth of microorganisms, mannitol is the carbohydrate source and phenol red is the dye, when bacteria ferment mannitol in the medium, they produce acid, the acidic byproduct decreases the pH of the medium and the phenol red turns yellow, so the mannitol fermenters give yellow colored colonies whereas nonpermenters give no color change, stryphylococcus aureus is when it all fermenter and it give yellow colored colonies whereas stryphylococcus epidermidis is a mannitol nonfermenter, now we will prepare 100 ml nutrient broth medium, post starting the preparation of the medium rinse all the glassware with distilled water, wear mask and gloves to avoid inhaling of the powder and to avoid prolonged skin contact, nutrient broth medium can be prepared either by adding individual components as we have discussed earlier or we can use premixed dehydrated media, in today's experiment we will use premixed nutrient broth medium, first of all check the lot number and the expiry of the medium, carefully read the directions given for the preparation of the medium, the pH of the premixed dehydrated media is adjusted by the manufacturer, so that after the medium is prepared the pH matches with that given on the label specification, for the preparation of 100 ml nutrient broth medium we will weigh 1.8 gram of nutrient broth powder, now I am going to wear mask before weighing the powder, place a small piece of paper on the weighing balance pan, press the tear key to zero out the weight of the paper, weigh 1.8 gram of nutrient broth medium, mixed dehydrated media are extremely hygroscopic, so immediately close the lid of the container after weighing, add 1.8 gram of nutrient broth medium to about 60 ml of distilled water, with the help of a cleansed glass stirrer, mix the powder, when the powder is completely dissolved, raise the volume up to 100 ml with distilled water, table of flask with the medium name and date, transfer the medium to the pre-labeled flask, cotton plug the flask, cover the flask with aluminum foil, 100 ml nutrient broth medium is prepared, for the preparation of 100 ml of nutrient agar medium, 2.3 gram of the nutrient agar powder has been added to 60 ml of distilled water, the volume has been raised to 100 ml, as the medium contain agar it needs to be heated and agar needs to be dissolved before autoclaving, heat the nutrient agar medium till boiling, nutrient agar medium is used for the preparation of nutrient agar flades and nutrient agar slants, for the preparation of the slants we will add about 7 to 8 ml of nutrient agar medium in each test tube, cotton plug the test tubes, cover the flask with aluminum foil, cover the flask of nutrient agar medium with cotton plug, cover the flask with aluminum foil, place the test tubes containing nutrient agar medium in a beaker, 100 ml of mannitol salt agar and macon ke agar have already been prepared according to the instructions given by the manufacturer, after the preparation of the media all media need to be sterilized, for sterilization place the media in an autoclave and sterilize at 121 degree centigrade 15 psi for 15 minutes, after autoclaving place the test tube in slanting position, keep the tubes in the slanting position till the medium solidify, after autoclaving pull the nutrient agar medium to about 50 degree centigrade, add about 15 to 20 ml of the medium in individual petri plates, always heat the mouth of the flask before pouring to avoid contamination, undisturbed till the medium solidifies, when it all salt agar and macon ke agar plates have already been prepared in the similar way, if the plates will be used later, seal the plates with parafilm at condensation of the moisture on the agar surface and place at 4 degree c till further use, turn nutrient agar slant in a zipper bag and keep at 4 degree c till further use,


Hi everyone Joe for jaspys case breaks comm coming at you with 2020 onyx futera unique baseball prospects and legends one box Random division break number five All cards insane here, but all cards do ship here big. Thanks to Israel and Don for getting in on the action There are the divs right there. Let's roll it. Let's randomize it. Let's rando it six times four to two for names and divisions one two three four Five and sixth and final time. We've got Israel down to Don McCrae four and two six times for the divisions one two Three and six in final time All right four and two there you go six times six times. We've got the Al East and the Al West top and bottom All right, so Israel with the AL East Don with the NL central Israel with the NL West NL East and the AL Central And Don with the AL West Let's sort by division right here and while you're considering division trades Let's pop open this fresh case of futera so it says futera right here So this must be it this nondescript brown box here.  I'll just roll again And it's four one two three four, so we'll do this box on the far Right. All right, so we'll make those marks right there. So we all know that these are from the same case I'm gonna leave these and I guess next time we'll go one two three four five six on the dice roll All right looks like no trades. So let's just go ahead and print and Rip and let's roll and Eric gets the next five. I mean at this point Eric You may as well just buy the sixth and let me do a personal break for you with five of the six divisions I would hate to see a division that you don't get get all the hits. All right There's everybody right here, and let's pop this baby open Let's see who is gonna get what? All right, so each mini box has a little hit in there a few base cards on the bottom right here Diardo Luciano Manoa Robert Pausen and Christian Santana this nice wander Franco right here 7 out of 15 on that wander Franco Remember we are using top allures that are a little bit too large Because of the shortage top loader shortage. It's finally kind of impacted us So we're going to put those in larger top loaders But we will put blue painters tape right here So it doesn't this cards don't rattle around during shipping But if you take them off to replace it or take it off for whatever reason or if there wasn't one for whatever reason Just be careful just in general and the autograph is gonna be Esteban Floriel Yankees 9 out of 10 on this one and they also use weird penny sleeves here, which doesn't protect protect the right side So we're gonna replace that for you right now There you go. The wander Franco and the Esteban Floriel both AL East both for Israel. All right. Good luck There's a legend right there each row Suzuki Heritage 10 out of 11 Kevin made for the Cubs NL central dawn with that one Joey Bart Wilfred Patino Eric Pena and Julio Rodriguez big Seattle prospect right here reveals a Noel V Marte prominent autograph nice That is for the NL or I'll check that the AL West dawn with that one Seattle Mariners 8 out of 9 nice low number there to get the Julio Rodriguez as well. All right two more Nice. We've got the looks like the 24 karat gold frame back here Mackenzie Gore Christian Robinson Roberto Gompos and Nice Jason Dominguez. I think these base cards themselves Could go for I Don't know someone was saying 10 15 bucks I would it'd be worth looking at all the base cards there if you whoever gets all this AL East And look them up and we've got each row Suzuki moments Wow, so you got the jersey that's right there Part of these peeps piece of each or suit game-worn cleats. Wow five out of nine on that one That's pretty awesome. That's pretty nice Doesn't say What team this is 2014 Suzuki? Where was he in 2014? Well, I think there is a checklist for this too. He's with the Yankees in 2014 they don't assign it to any teams I'm gonna sign it to to New York because that's what 2014 is but let me just double check if maybe Card bar group rate checklist has built a checklist. No, they don't have anything. Let's see if Anyone else has anything No, we're gonna send it to the Yankees That'll be AL East Israel with that one. That's where he was in In the 2014 season All right, there you go. And the next one here Are your base cards here? The rest of these do have their team names Attached there. All right. Noel V Marte reveals an Edward Cabrera lineup autograph For Miami The NL East Israel with that one four out of ninety or four out of nine that is a lot of low numbers Here in this and there you go ladies and gentlemen some pretty Futera unique some pretty unique stuff in here ladies and gentlemen and just a really nice design We've got three more boxes. We've got another one in the store right now If you want to check it out jazby's case breaks calm


So I'm checking, so this shot here, it turns to green, it's normal. It's cool, I think what you need is just a little bit more contrast where you want to feel him moving so slow right now. I think it works because it's the bigger creatures, it might feel more confident and it's just more controlled almost, you know?  It's my typical thing when I record something, it's just a bit... So I like what the dinosaur is doing, so I think my only note would be, like the bigger note is that the cat just feels too controlled and too calm. So he comes down here, cooled here, now I'm confused, so are you... It feels like you change your rotation, right? There are a couple things here. As he turns around here, and again, the head is going through here, I'm assuming? It might just be right behind that thing, but you know, make sure that it doesn't look like it's in the intersection with most contact points on the head. But if he goes this way and is already rolling, you know, this way, then the moment he hits this feels to me like he would do, you know, like a one roll, then it's... Yeah, that impact point, it would roll a lot faster. So you're doing like a 180, but then after this, see how this just slides? This will probably just tear off his flesh here, his skin will be ripping apart, but I think you could be okay with faster turns. Now you might argue because of that, you're not going to get that hit in there. I am aware, I'm curious if it would still be possible, because you're doing a lot of sliding, but at this point, if you do... The rotation point might still be around here, so that the head will be here.  With that, and you got this, you might have the tail here.  It might still be possible, because the main impression that I have here is that the momentum change I'm not buying is that he goes over here rolls and then slides instead of doing a faster roll because of the friction and everything. And then it almost seems like it rolls the other way. Now you might say that's because of the tail slap, but I feel like it would impact him more in the head. And it's a smaller part here, but the bigger mass in the body will continue to roll. It would just kind of twist where the body goes this way and the head goes this way because of the slap. And that might slow down the body roll a bit, but I don't think it would change the overall rotation. Plus you get away from a post like this where it's all just spread out and kind of twins. And then after that, it feels very human, where I feel like this is a human with an elbow here with this other arm out there, you know, getting ready. And I wonder if there could be a bit more of an elbow down. I don't think elbow out on this on animals is not very common. You know, when you have your creature here, front view, elbows don't really go out unless it's kind of a quick move, a slap or something. That's more of a human thing, bringing the elbows just a bit closer. There's something about this pose where you want to make it less humane. And after all this, it feels like it comes in kind of way. It gets ready and has this dip there. It's back and it attacks. And to me, it feels like it would tumble and then like mad scramble to get ready.  And of course, it might not be on the model, but just as an idea of the energy he would do it. He lifts up and get ready. Just something where it's a contrast, where you got this big guy who moves slightly slower, throwing this guy around.  There's so much more energy to him and so much more aggression. Because he's defending and keeps attacking and attacking and attacking. He's still in more wire. So I feel like the energy he ends up with, you know, quick moves, quick adjustments, quick little steps into that. You know? That's kind of it. That's kind of the overall impression. Okay, I understand what you're doing here with this slap. It just feels weird just because the momentum doesn't carry over through here already. And then it's really reversed with the slap. And by momentum, I mean that they're rolling momentum. And again, I feel like the slap would affect this part, part of this neck. And the rest here would go the same way with the green part going this or the slap in your body going this way. Imagine you're twisting out a white towel, you know, that kind of twisting function. Which, again, I'm exaggerating. It's not like you have to do that crazily here where everything gets kind of split in between, but it just was like you want to continue with the main body roll. And I'm just curious, if you do that when that happens, where is your body going to land in terms of the tail? You need the tails here. Is it going to be close enough to hit his butt and that's the chest and then the head? That would be something you would have to try out. Just right now, it just feels forced. It feels like a forced element where, again, I totally approve of the idea.  It's kind of the idea there. It doesn't be forced. Right? Thank you. Thank you.


There's so many great things happening at this event. So many great folks to talk to. And what I really appreciate is that it brings together so many people from around, so many different open source projects, both Linux and beyond, in a way that really looks past everybody's vendor affiliations. The best thing about being here is definitely meeting all the people and going to the breakout sessions and learning what everyone has to say and the things people are working on and just taking little nuggets of wisdom from each talk. It always comes down to the people because the technologies are gonna change from year to year but it's the energy of the people that are fueling those technologies and all the things that you get to learn when you're here and the context you're making and the networks that you're creating, I think is my favorite part. Best thing about being here is not just seeing the people I came here to see or the sessions I came here to see but also having the opportunity to see old friends that I worked on projects long ago with. The closing party is always nice because I'm giving a couple talks so the talks are done and people are a little more chatty and it's a nice kickoff until next time.  Linux Foundation events are always a lot of fun. Angela and her team always make this just such a fun experience and so I try not to miss any of her events. This event is the best event I've ever seen for actually working with my counterparts and actually getting not only the hallway track but getting a lot of the things that I'm interested in around diversity, inclusion, using community methodologies within organizations and then just doing a better job of overall open source collaboration. The worst thing about it for me has been looking at each time slot seeing two or three different talks I'd like to go to and there's only one of me.


Child maltreatment has been shown to cause significant structural and functional changes in the brain, such as reduced volume and connectivity in the amygdala and hippocampus, and increased volume and connectivity in the frontal cortex. These changes are dependent on the type of abuse experienced, with different types of abuse resulting in different patterns of brain change. Further research is needed to better understand how these changes relate to specific types of abuse, as well as to determine whether these changes can be reversed with early interventions. This article was authored by Andres Felipe Herrera Ortiz, Nuri Tatiana Rinsan Cuenca and Lorena Josefna Fernandez Bojón.


Hi everybody, I hope that you're doing well. Today I'm gonna be sharing my 2021 plant wish list and these plant ideas actually come from two very cool books. The first one is this one right here. This is actually my grandmother's plant care book. So it was actually published in 1980 and it has many cool ideas that are very vintage and vintage images that I wanted to share with you guys. So this is gonna be the first one. And the second book that I use for my ideas is this one right here. This is actually Wild Interiors by Hilton Carter and this was published in 2020. So it has many trendy ideas and trendy plans for the new year. So yeah, I cannot wait. Okay, so number one is the Watermelon Begonia. This plant is so beautiful. First of all, because it resembles a watermelon and actually I found this plant in both books. So I'm guessing it was trendy in the 1980s as it is now in 2020. And on top of that, it's actually not so big. So it will be perfect for a small space in the apartment. Especially now that we don't have so much plant surface anymore. So I think smaller plants are a good idea. Number two is the Stackhorn Fern. And this plant is also perfect if we don't have so much space in our apartments because you can actually mount it on the wall. I think there is a theme here going on because yeah, we don't have so much space so maybe that's why I'm thinking about this plant. But yeah, this is a beautiful fern and we actually saw her cousin in the conservatory in Toronto when we did the tour. I don't know if you remember. That one was really beautiful too. So yeah, I hope that we can find it. And I'm thinking that maybe if we do find it, we can put it on top of Jan's desk because we have a big wall there. So we could even put three or four, we will see. But it would be nice to just put some plants on the wall there. Number three, I only found in the Wild Interiors book. So in the 2020 book, I didn't find that in the 1980s book and that doesn't mean that it was not there. Maybe it was just not so common those times and now it's becoming more trendy and it's so beautiful, you guys. This one is the Stephania Erecta. I don't know if you have seen this plant but the moment that I saw it, I was like, okay, I really have to put that in my wish list. This plant is so unique. It comes in a potato-like tuber and the leaves are circular and to me, they look like limes almost. It's just such a beautiful plant so I really hope that we can find it here in Berlin. If we do find it, of course I will let you know. But if you have one, make sure to send a picture. I would love to see yours. Number four, and I cannot believe I'm saying this because I always thought that this was not a plant for me because it's really difficult to care for but it's a fiddle leaf tree. Now, this is because since we saw this plant in the Toronto Conservatory Tour, I don't know, it was such a special plant. It really stood out to me. It's a beautiful plant, that's for sure. I think that I just have to be ready for it because it's a little bit more difficult to care for but if you have a fiddle leaf tree and you know some tips about it, please let me know down in the comments and yeah, I would love to hear how has your experience with yours and if you recommend having one. But yeah, this one is for my list for next year. And number five is the Fan Palm. This one I did not find in the 1980s book but apparently it is becoming more trendy lately. And when I saw it, it's really beautiful too. It really caught my attention because it looks like art. It looks like a fan. I love when we find other shapes and textures and feelings in a plant. So how a plant reminds us of something else and this plant really does look like a fan and I think it's so beautiful. So yes, these are my first five plants for my plant wish list. So if you have plants in your wish list that you would recommend for my wish list, please make sure to comment below and I can make a second video about this and we can just share all of our wish lists.  And as always, I will see you in the next one. Okay, ciao.


Now, for Eastern regional auditions, for NCMEA, after you play each of your scales, you need to play an arpeggio. Now, I want to give you a quick primer on arpeggios and get you going that way. Arpeggios are not hard to play at all if you have a plan, and so I'd like to give you a little plan. Now, if you don't know what an arpeggio is, an arpeggio is also something that we will call a broken chord. The reality is it's the first, third, and fifth note of a scale played in sequence. So if you think about our major scales, our one octave major scales, our first, third, and fifth notes of the sequence would be first finger, third finger, and then first on the next string. So what I like to do for arpeggios is play a 1, 3, 1 pattern, and then shift to the next tonic or root. So for instance, if we were playing an D major arpeggio, we would play D, an F sharp, the third note of the scale, and an A, the fifth note of the scale. Then we would shift up to the next D with our first finger and then play D, F sharp, and A, first third and first, then shift again, on up on the D string to a D, F sharp, A, and then we end with fourth finger. And then the pattern is very repetitive and quite simple to do, 1, 3, 1, and then a shift. Now the shift is a shift of a fourth, and that last shift of a fourth is a little longer shift than we sometimes do, so that's where the practice is. The pattern then becomes quite simple. Let me show you this pattern up close. Remain the same for all of the major arpeggios. Let me demonstrate one more for you. Let's demonstrate the F major arpeggio that will be played immediately after the F major scale. This will be a three octave arpeggio, and the pattern is first, third, first, and then we do our shift to the next tonic, to the next F on that string, arpeggio. It's really the same idea, only the third is a half step lower. So we'll be playing 1, 3, 1, and then our shift, but just play a minor third between the first and the third notes rather than a major third. Let me demonstrate a minor arpeggio starting on D, so this will be D minor three octave arpeggio.


Buy yourself one with friends. Oh look at that. That's money. Wow. For all your NRG innovation product needs, make sure you check out driveenerg.com. That's D-R-I-V-E-N-R-G.com. I'm EvilRabbit and we are here on Forza Horizon 4. So we're heading over to uh see what uh this man is doing up in this parking lot. But today we are gonna try and do something that I am not all too familiar with that we are going to try and tackle for today. I can guarantee you this is probably going to be a lot of understeer. This is probably going to be a uh a very interesting day um because we are going to try to do something that I am not too too familiar with. Uh we are going to hop over into the city area and then uh I believe we have a couple wheel spins to do. And then we are going to uh get into this seeing if I can tackle this monster and have a little fun with it. If you guys have no idea what I'm talking about that is all wheel drive, on pavement, a lot of power. We were breaking out the unicorn. So all wheel drive drifting if you guys follow the channel is not something I'm really too familiar with. So it's definitely something that I'm going to want to uh try and get better at. Got some daily payouts that we are going to take. But we got some uh couple wheel spins to start this episode off. I'm going to be busting out the unicorn, ripping through the city, having a little fun with it, trying to see what I can do in it. Uh like I said all the drive drifting is not something I'm uh all too familiar with because of the fact that I'm so used to throwing so much counter-steer I end up countering too much. And then myself out. We're not really getting anything on these wheel spins. But we are here going to mess around with the unicorn in the city. Oh man retro abstract leggings. That's what I needed. So we are on our Logitech G920 with our energy innovations 350 millimeter rim, hydraulic cam brake, sequential shifter, which is perfect because we are in the unicorn. And uh for the grand. So we did not get much of anything with that. So we're going to hop into the unicorn. I know a lot of people already have it but I decided just to buy it recently because uh well I didn't have it and uh I wanted to get it. So for all of you guys who you know are really good at all the drive drifting you know it's it's it's definitely a uh a different demographic than what I'm used to because because you know the uh the ability of not really having a counter-steer is really different to me. This car is definitely a monster. Oh belching flames right out the hood. So we're gonna try and have a little fun with this. Can't guarantee that it's gonna look really any good. But we're definitely gonna try and not hit walls like that. We're definitely gonna give it a try. Try our best to slay some tires in this unicorn on a wheel. I know what a lot of people are probably saying they're probably like man it's probably easiest to drift you know the unicorn with all that power and all that all the drive because you don't really spin out too easy. But you know what it's actually kind of a challenge I think on a wheel to uh figure out exactly where to point it where to go. I know cam block does it all the time but you know I am not cam block I am evil rabbit and uh wheel drive drifting is my thing but we seem to be getting oh as I say that we go right into some dudes front. Seem to be uh not doing too bad if you guys have this car and uh are really good at getting this thing sideways and basically hooning it up Gymkhana style. Let me know down in the comments if you guys modified the tune some or if you just left it. I do love how much power this thing has though. My phone is blowing up right now. I think we should probably silence that. There we go. Quick silence on the phone. So like I said all the drive drifting or power sliding. Gymkhana style. Definitely not an easy thing if you're not used to it. Like I threw the car like it should have been a wheel drive but surprisingly this thing handles somewhat like a wheel drive car. I'm actually very surprised. I know this was the first time I bring the humiporn out in Horizon 4 and it's probably really late because a lot of people already probably have this car out and have done a lot of things with it but you know what I'm usually late to the party sometimes. I like to be my own thing. Don't need to follow the trends too much. This car is a handful. Geez oh man. I wonder if maybe the first person would help. Kerbjack gets a lot quieter when you're the first person. He would think it would have gotten louder but there we go. There we go. That's better. Oh I should downshift and get back on the gas. Stalled the car. So maybe if I want to do all the drive drifting maybe I really need to be in cockpit view because it seemed to be a handle this car a little bit better in first person. Then again a lot of people say you drift better in first person and a lot of people always ask why I play in third person. What am I on a wheel? Well because I don't know. Does this look more entertaining to you watching it this way or watching it this way? I personally would rather watch it third person but this car is just insane. We didn't find this road yet so we're going to go back but I was having a little bit of fun in first person. I thought we were going to test the wall. So a bit of a different pace here today on the channel. A little bit of a hooning in the unicorn. Oh god. You didn't need that box right? So one thing I want to talk to you guys about is I know a lot of people have been asking about battling on torque drift. Well tonight will be the night. Tonight is the night I will be going live on YouTube and or on Twitch probably YouTube though and I will be broadcasting battle codes for private events to be able to get some tandem in torque drift so you guys want to get online with me and the channel. Get some tandems on the channel in torque drift. Be a part of it. Make sure you tune it in tonight. I'd say probably around 6 37 o'clock eastern time is about where I will be on. I will be on for probably about two hours or so but in that time frame there'll be plenty of time to get battles in with me on the channel. Okay we can go this way. Oh ouch. Sorry Ken. It's okay. Don't worry. You got your new Hoona truck. You don't need this unicorn anymore which I'm super excited to have the Hoonacorn truck. Hoona truck coming out. You know we'll be ripping nothing through the streets as well. Ouch. So that kind of hurt. So we're going to go back in the third person. So one thing I will never do and I will drive because I know a lot of people do it and you know to each of their own ouch to each their own you know it's I will never do drift zones in an all-wheel-drive car especially not a car with this power because I mean yeah if you can get a high score in this car on drift zones more power too because this is uh this is not an easy feat for me. So we're going from this struggling to uh control the car and uh getting used to the steering acrobats and everything that I need to be doing in an all-wheel-drive car. Now let's flip the let's flip the bit head to my rural drive car which I'm comfortable with and see the difference in driving. So all the drive all the drive drifting is uh not uh not my forte but something I am having a lot of fun with doing recently and then we go to this of course this car does not have as much powers and unicorn but as you can see I'm a lot more comfortable when it comes to uh a real-wheel-drive and sliding a real-wheel-drive car.  No uh no bad thing to anybody who enjoys all the drive better it's just to me being able to just rip a real-wheel-drive car through the streets and just have the freedom almost knock that burger sign down to me this is just that much more fun I've been doing this a little bit taking different cars into the street and just uh basically having a little freestyle session in the streets of Edinburgh and uh you can see I'm a little bit more comfortable in real-wheel-drive cars I just take out somebody's bike I'm a little more comfortable in a real-wheel-drive car obviously this car handles super well and I do enjoy this car a lot and it's just sometimes fun to just do a little freestyle and uh just have a little laid-back freestyle drift session in the city by yourself or with friends that's money all right that was sweet so I say I'm having a little fun freestyle and I'm just here just ripping the streets now just tossing my energy wheel around and you know just you know do what I need to do to have fun in this car we're gonna miss that no just have growing this car in the streets here so as you can see brutal drive definitely my forte probably we're gonna make that that was a really that would have been that would have been super awesome if I could have nailed that horribly long ebraic grab so as you can see all-wheel-drive not so good compared to real-wheel-drive but let's switch it up to maybe a little less powerful all-wheel-drive car see maybe if I can handle a little bit less of an all-wheel-drive car a little less power but still a nice car so like I said let me know down in the comment section down below which do you prefer real-wheel-drive or all-wheel-drive I prefer to have audio thank you get rekt so like I said if you guys want to be a part of the channel tonight and you do have torque drift and you guys want to uh get a little uh tandem session with me tonight make sure you come back to the channel tonight and have your phone charged and your torque drift open because we'll be doing some live tandem battles here on the channel and not smacking the walls hopefully we'll be doing some live tandem battles here on the channel definitely going to be super exciting to get a chance to uh tandem with some of you guys and have a little fun have a little uh chat session going on in the chat and everything like that so if you're doing a torque drift or you still want to come hang out make sure you guys check back to the channel tonight for the live torque drift tandem session with subs so this car does not have enough power to do what I want to do so we are going to go back into the unicorn and see if we can't maybe end this episode off on a high note uh didn't turn out as good as I had hoped when it comes to uh all-wheel drive but rear wheel drive as you saw was able to just ride it through the city have a lot of fun if you guys haven't done that do it it's a lot of fun I would like to get a bunch of friends can just do some uh basically follow the leader through the city drift style and uh have a little fun with that I think I think what I'm doing is I think I'm pulling ebrake too much in this car I think I need to more work on just clutch kicks there we go a little less on the ebrake more on the brakes I thought I was going to go that way more on the brakes and the clutch kicking I mean I'm surprised I haven't had this car yet because this car is a lot of fun this car is definitely a monster and a half in fours to seven and in horizon four I don't think it was this hard to control in horizon three but then again I could have been wrong that's better we go oh no no as I say that we lose control of it so as you guys know follow me on facebook twitter and instagram all which found the description box below I have not gotten to your comments I do apologize I try to respond to every single comment that I can get to um so bear with me there's a lot more comments coming through which I do appreciate all the comments that are coming through I love interacting with you guys in the comments unless because that's the only way to interact other than when I'm doing live screens there we go all drive donuts so I think we're gonna end this episode off here today so as always I think you guys come back and watching hope you guys come back for the live stream tonight on torque drift and uh as always thank you guys for watching i'm evil rabbit and uh definitely out this is gonna be bad oh that's your zone yep yep we're out


Welcome back to the channel, y'all. We're gonna make a bow today. My final hunting bow of this year I've built five bows so far this season Half of them have broken and the other half I just don't feel comfortable taking to the woods Some are underpowered and like this one. I love shooting it, but it's inconsistent. And let me show you why this is my Osage Comanche style flat bow. Actually Comanche bows were even shorter than this They were designed to be shot off the backs of horses. This one's 55 inches So when it's strung up, you know, it's it's about chest level to me Which is great for inside of a blind, you know, it's compact everything be good for stocking, but it's instinctual style shooting Shot was way off.    And then that third arrow Will fly like a foot off that takes really really consistent form to be able to shoot instinctual and then when you Get your windage, right? You've got to really know your elevation It just takes a just a ton of practice shooting one in particular bow That is not good enough for me to go to the woods and right now it's just way too inconsistent. So I want to Basically have an anchor point enabled to in order to do that I'm gonna have to make a longer bow. So this one's 55 inches I need about a 62 inch bow that I can fully draw back and get an anchor point either on my nose corner my mouth something Where it's consistent every time and it's not just a snapshot where I pull it back and then just let go a lot of inconsistencies there So this is actually going to be two videos. We're going to take our stave today We're going to get it worked down Into a floor tillered bow and then the next video we're going to get it fine tuned Get it shooting arrows. So let's get our piece of wood and let's turn it into a bow. So first step In making this hunting bow is we got to have a piece of wood, right? So this is a this is a piece of osage that I cut and split Earlier this winter and this takes a really long time to dry. There's You know just depending on the climate It may take eight months it may take a couple of years to dry out completely and you want it to dry out so You're not getting a lot of warping twisting and then set That's why you want it to be completely dry Which this stave is so I had a local boy or give me this And this is osage orange that is dried for two years So first step is to figure out the length that we want and that depends on our draw length which Mine's going to be around 28 inches and that's most people quite honestly on a trad bow I've already measured where I need to cut off the ends There's a knot on one side and I want to be able to miss that knot I don't want that to be at the very end of the bow. So I've skipped ahead of that Already made that adjustment mark my line. So we're going to go ahead and put this Into the vise and cut it. Alrighty Grab our saw Okay, we've got our line here We're going to cut this so we've got a 62 inch bow If you guys have never used a saw like this Japanese pull saw They're awesome Really good at making fine cuts. Okay, that looks good. That is just about as hard A piece of wood as you're ever going to find really the two ultimate bow woods are osage and U pacific U which We ain't got none of that around here, but we got plenty of Osage. It's native to the Red River Valley and This I believe came from Texas All this other stuff I got over here behind me is from Oklahoma Should be right at 62. We're dead on 62 So we're dead on 62 31 is going to be Dead center. So we'll go ahead and mark that So I'm going to mark the center of my bow and then I'm going to take my hand and kind of place it in the middle From side to side. That's about four inches Just go ahead and take the old protractor from eighth grade Put this on here mark this at two and a half inches Side to side from center. Now, there's one thing about this stave that is Different than most of the Osage staves that you get. So I was given this by a bowyer His name is Austin and he had already Worked the back of this bow down to a growth ring. So Woods like Osage Hackberry which is real common around here mulberry of There's a number of other woods That the very dense woods That you'll use where you want the back of the bow, which is the part that faces away from you You want that back of the bow to be one growth ring. So you look at a rings on a tree You know, you count the rings. It's this is just one growth ring. So this is one year You know, this is probably 1994 or something the belly of the bow will work down Through the layers, but it's that back that's really bending away And that's the part that needs to be one layer just prevents splintering from Popping up and that is extremely important on an Osage bow That that's one of the keys that you must follow in order to have a bow that's going to last So Austin actually saved us a ton of time doing that and you can already see This is brown like this is starting to turn brown, which is what it will naturally do But compared to this right here Like this wood is still Sort of yellow next thing I'm going to do is lay out the bow Just kind of use a pencil And lay this out and there's measurements that You could follow and the bow years bible kind of shows you some of these measurements, but Because we have just a few little knots and things on the side some some things that I'm going to have to Incorporate into the bow You can't just go through a knot that because that'll just ruin the bow makes it weak I'm just going to sort of pencil How I want the bow to go just kind of visualize it I'm going to use a hard reference with a measuring tape for the The final tapers towards the ends This bow is already about two inches wide To begin with which is perfect So I'm going to come over here Ten inches off this end as well Five inches from there. I want this thing to be I'm actually going to do an inch and a quarter It's part of the fun right here. You just kind of bob Ross this thing Do whatever you feel like Whatever looks natural to you Okay, I like it So I've been using a machete to shape all my bows Which I mean it's works It works pretty good, but one of you Sent me a really special item I didn't even request this This is a draw knife from Kentucky. I don't know how many years old it is It looks like it's a hundred years old Like it's so old that the the wooden handles the original wooden handles are starting to crack and fall off I had the wood glue one of them back together and this is a much safer way to shape a bow So I'm actually going to use this ancient Pioneer tool pretty awesome To make this traditional hunting bow. Let's go do it Let's make some shavings Last bow of the year It's a good exercise if you don't have a bowyer's vice Table situation It's harder concrete Got a lot more power using this draw knife shitty A wrist isn't going to get as good if I'm working out, but I really want to take a lot off this midsection So as I'm working through this I can start to see that yellow wood underneath See the old wood Where it's dried out. This is my first piece of o-stage I've worked on it's Truly been dried out for a long time All right, I got the first little layer of the onion off here got into some of that yellow wood And we're just going to keep ripping we're going to rip on the sides where we draw our lines And keep ripping on that belly until it starts to bend I've been working on this about six hours total I finished up yesterday came back And I started working on it and I've got it To shape to rough shape. I would say it's a roughed out bow If we can get it to bend a little bit so This is the big test right here. We're going to Put it down on the ground see if there's a bend in it You can still feel the the mass of this bow, but it is shaping up a little nicer. So let's put it on the ground Yep, we're starting to get a little bit of bend in there Just barely Just barely but we're starting to Starting to come together. I can already see this is a this is a big problem area right here So I hit this knot right here with the draw knife Not meaning to just got going kind of quick and hit that knot And I don't know if you guys can see it or not But there is a slight propeller twist In this bow. So just meaning You know like a bow propeller The limbs are sort of turning like this and they're going opposite ways Happens sometimes when the wood dries So what I'm going to have to do when I get it Shaved down even more as I'll I'll heat this wood up And then I'll actually bend it with some pressure And get it to to go straight and then we'll finish the full tiller So that'll probably be on the latter part of this video, but right now Let's clean up this knot.  I think it's sharp as a tack It's awesome. I've actually been using this knife quite a bit for Tasks like this on making bows because it's have so much torque behind it How much grip it has It's a really thick blade Heavy blade, but it's just all packed in there And then it's got a really good spine So what I do want to do Little shavings Take little bits off the bow Makes beautiful Beautiful little curls like that Spots is this is thick like this knot goes through all the way to the other side So when I'm tillering it just makes a weird spot For the bow to bend evenly because the thicker spots aren't going to bend as much So it's like having a big wart in there But it's part of the character We'll do our best to Get it to bend correctly I'm going to move on to the other limb Clean it up a little bit and then we'll check our floor tiller one more time Something about working on a bow though is therapeutic in ways feels really good Connects you To the old ways alive man Let's take a look at it. Let's see what we got. I suppose they just tough stuff. We're bending I don't know if you guys can see that it's just barely bending but it's It's good enough to uh really eyeball This is why you need a tillering tree So you can really see the even Even bend I think it's ready though. I think it's ready to start putting some notches in I'm gonna do a little bit of cleanup work Put some notches in Then I'll put a tillering string on it and then we'll see where those bends are right now This is probably an 80 pound bow At 16 inches We want it to be about a 50 pound bow At around 28 inches. So we get a lot of work to do But it's bending. So thanks guys for tuning in to part one of me building my ultimate primitive hunting bow Hopefully it's going to be the last one for a while, but I'll tell you what this stuff Is addicting once you build one You want to build a hundred you want to get them perfect, but you'll you'll never really get there It's just fun trying. Don't forget to subscribe to the channel hit the notification bell And follow me over at instagram as well to see the little tidbits of my life. So God bless you and all of your great outdoor adventures. I'll see you on the next one


The Talmud tells us a very interesting story. It tells us how a certain Gentile approached Hillel, the great teacher, and asked him if he could convert him to Judaism. And Hillel said, OK, but the Gentile said, I have one condition. I want you to teach me the entirety of the Torah while I am in the short amount of time that I'm able to stand on one foot. So Hillel responded with the famous teaching that which you hate done unto yourself, that do not do unto others. That is the entirety of the Torah. The rest is commentary. Go learn. Go study. How are we to understand this teaching of Hillel? So first let us analyze Hillel's words. Let us analyze Hillel's words.  It implies not just what you don't like, what you hate. Example, if I lose a quarter, I'm upset, I'm sad. I feel, why did I have to lose that quarter? But if someone steals that quarter from me, if someone cheats me out of a quarter, even though it's only a quarter, I hate it. It's something that bothers me. What that tells me is that I have a sensitivity to what's just and unjust inside my heart. It's there. It's not something that I need to learn. It's present. And the fact is, every person, every human being, Jew Gentile has this sensitivity to justice and to injustice planted in their hearts. When in the book of Genesis we read how God breathed a breath into man, and that's how man became a living being. What the Bible is teaching us is that God imparted from his goodness into man. And even though many of us are very evil, and there are evil people out there, but even evil people are sensitive to justice, to honesty, to truth, to morality when they are on the receiving end of an injustice. If someone cheats them, if someone is unjust, if someone lies to them, they hate it. That shows that there's something inside of us which is sensitive to truth. And this is true for everybody. This is true for Jew. This is true for Gentile. Now, even the most righteous amongst us are least sensitive to truth, honesty, justice and morality when we are dealing with other people. A righteous person is disqualified from presiding as a judge in a case where he has a vested interest. If he has a vested interest in the case, we are worried that his vested interest will distort his perception of reality, will distort his sense of right and wrong, and therefore he has to recuse himself and move himself out of the case. In short, every human being has within him the sensitivity to truth, justice, honesty and morality, and it's at its peak, it's at its strongest when he's on the receiving end of an injustice. It's the most difficult for us to apply that sensitivity when we are dealing with other people. What Hillel was teaching this Gentile and in turn this individual and in turn teaching all of mankind is that if you want to follow God, wherever you are, if you're a Jew or if you're a Gentile, if you want to follow God, what you need to do is follow that sense of justice that's already inside you, that's already in your heart, and take it at its strongest when you find yourself at the receiving end of an injustice. Use that as if it would be a book to teach you what is right, what is wrong, and apply it to your life. Apply it to your life all the way to the other extreme, to the extreme where it's the most difficult to apply it when you're dealing with other people. What Hillel is actually saying over here is that this sensitivity to truth is part of the human soul, it's part of our makeup, it's something that's inside of us. In other words, he's telling us that what God is demanding of us is not something outside of ourselves, God is asking us to bring out, to develop and to cultivate the goodness that's inherent in our soul. And I use a parable to illustrate this idea. Imagine if you were in a subway station late at night, no one is there, and you're the only one there, you're the only one there, and there's a beautiful painting on the wall, someone must have donated it to decorate, to beautify the subway station. There's a can of black paint on the floor right in front of the painting without its lid, and you have this childish urge to take that can of black paint and splatter it across the beautiful painting. You won't do it. It's not because you're going to be caught, because you won't be caught. The security cameras are off, you're not going to get into any trouble.  And if you ask yourself, why not? You will find yourself answering one of three answers. Your answer will fit into one of three categories, either because you feel for the people that are enjoying the painting, you realize the benefit, the joy, the pleasure, just the fact that they have the beauty of a nice subway station, what it means to them, and you don't want to take that away from them because you feel for them. That's kindness, that tells me, that tells you that you have a sensitivity to kindness inside of yourself. You like kindness and you don't like cruelty.  That tells us, that tells me, that tells you that you have a sensitivity to justice and injustice that's part of your makeup, that's part of your psyche. And then it could be that the reason you're not destroying the painting is simply because it's beautiful, it's nice, it's something that's just so beautiful, how could you destroy something beautiful? And that tells us that you have a sensitivity to truth, truth is beauty, beauty is truth. And each one of us has all of those three powers inside of us. All of those three goodnesses inside of us, kindness, justice and truth. And if we want to follow God, again, whether we're Jewish, whether we're Gentile, whichever path God put us in life, we have to follow what God planted in our heart. And it's not something that's outside of ourself, it's something that's inside of us. Just allow that beauty, that goodness, that kindness and that justice that God planted in your heart as an inherent part of your own creation. Allow it to flourish, allow it to illuminate your life and the life of the people around you.