Hello everyone, welcome to rural water resource management course, which is the NPTEL course focusing on rural water issues and how to manage them. This is week seven and we are at lecture three. In this week, we have been looking at the water balance equation, how to construct one, what are the data that gets into the equation. Today, we'd be looking at more specifics on how to solve issues and concerns using the water balance equation. Also, some important concepts will be discussed. The first one is of course the units for water balance. Because most of the time, the complex equation will have different water resources, for example groundwater, rainfall, infiltration, etc. These units might be procured or assumed or estimated from a different entity. For example, ET, we take the crop growth and then using the crop growth, crop coefficient, we understand how much water is needed. And these might trigger a difference in units. So you need to be very careful to normalize across the equation with a single unit. Let's take our example for today. The water balance equation that we have been seeing, which is del S storage or change in storage, the P which is your presentation, we are only looking at the import to keep it simple. Qs are the runoff, discharge coming in and discharge going out. Your ET, which is the plant consumption, groundwater in and groundwater out, which is given by G. The units need to be consistent. Otherwise, we'll be comparing apples and oranges, which means if the units are different, your del S might be too small, miniscule or too big, which cannot happen. You've seen a lot of works that have not normalized and by that time, the data has been published. So be very careful to have the exact units across, not only the quantity of the unit, but also the time, which means what is the unit of time that has been discussed? When I say del S, del S across what? Is it a day? Is it an hour? Or is it a month or annual? So you can pick any day, any time that goes into your equation, but keep that time consistent just between seconds and a year, just between seconds and an hour. You see the unit can change, your magnitude can change multiple times if you use the wrong unit. Usually a rate per unit time, but it's not explicitly given here. For example, when you write it, most people would write del S as millimeters, presentation as millimeters, Qn millimeters, Qr millimeters, ET, G, G out millimeters. Because when we define the water balance equation somewhere, the author would have defined it as water balance annual or daily water balance. So sometimes your unit of time is implicit. It's not as explicit as your parameters. P is rainfall millimeters or inches. So be careful to understand the unit when you have seen the water balance equation. So always good to go back and check, are they doing it correctly? Is it is correctly what you want? If time is common across, it may not be explicitly included. As I mentioned, if time is the only unit across, they won't put millimeters per year because annually they have defined. Let's take an example for water balance. Here, where is the time? It is implicit, which means you have the time here as months. So you have a total of 12 months for a particular year. So you have a particular year and you've taken 12 months. And monthly, these are the parameters values. And for our equation, we have EPT, which is your evapotranspiration together with potential. And then UP, which is your rainfall, which is your ET, which is your actual evapotranspiration. And then SMU, we had it as soil moisture deficit with SMD. And soil moisture utilization with SMU, actual soil moisture, storage, et cetera, et cetera. We're not getting to the units of these or what they actually mean because this is for showing the example of how the units are the same across. The ET, which is a measure of water getting into the plan and transpiring. Consumption, which converts into a gaseous phase and goes up, is in millimeters. So think about this. The phase would also change. The presentation, which is your rainfall, is in millimeters. You have a tube, you can measure it. But your ET, which is in a gaseous phase, is also measured as a thickness, millimeters, not as a volume. Similarly, your ice, for example, if it's a solid, you say soil water coming from your snow melt, which is actually initially was a snow thickness. So you have a millimeter of snow thickness, which converts to runoff, which converts to soil moisture. So to keep that flow uniform, the unit has been kept in uniform across the table. And as I said, you will not have a unit explicitly mentioned if it is a common unit. Here it is month. A quick question is, what was this unit for time? If you think about it, the months have been total, which means added. So all the months have been summed up. So this is the sum of all the ET and some of all your rainfall. Your actual ET, et cetera, et cetera. What you see here is the total is an annual time step, which means the unit time is annual per year. It is not per month as you see here. So let it keep it across. And then we will see how things rearrange, et cetera. Just for the quick analysis, let's do a quick seeing what this actually means, this water balance. So you have total 1,375 millimeters per year, which is the total water a plant needs in a hygienic or good condition, which means an unlimited water supply for a good growth. But the actual precipitation is only 1,134. And out of the 1,134, which is lesser than your plant requirement, not all water has been taken up because some runoff, some go to evaporation on the site, et cetera, et cetera. So you have only 952. So 952 minus P gives you your actual SMU, which is soil moisture utilization, how much unused or kept in it and the deficit. So coming back, deficit is just these two numbers because you have the potential ET, which is the highest, but the actual ET is much lesser. So you could now use a water balance approach to identify what is the soil moisture use? What is the soil moisture deficit? How much should I augment? Or how much water should my groundwater be supplied? This exercise could have been only possible by first normalizing your parameters on a specific unit and also normalizing it on a time unit. You cannot have monthly for EPT, and for this example, January, and then keep it annual for precipitation. It cannot be done. If you have only annual, what do you do? Like the least common denominator approach, you just come back here and say, OK, what is the smallest time that is across the series, which is same? But here if you say precipitation is in annual, then you have to sum everything and only look at this column and row.  Because precipitation is in annual, but here we have the division. So we kept it. If you don't have it, in some cases, you may not have it. So be careful on just using the annual so you can sum it up. But don't divide your rainfall by 12 and put it here. It is not correct because for January, you cannot put an average rainfall which is divided from it or to rainfall. So keep your rainfall. Look at it. It starts very low and then goes up and comes down. All these are tied with the planned growth and the circulation of climate. So here keep it at annual scale if that is the least common time frame that agrees across your parameters. Moving on, meet the source data from multiple organizations. This is another issue or concern. Based on the equations complexity, you may have to get data from different organizations. This happens across the world. It's not only in India or rural sectors. Wherever you go, you will have different agencies monitoring different data. To bring them together, we need to work on some mechanisms or the user has to maintain a table of data and source and pick each source of data and reorganize the units, both the time and the actual quantities parameters unit. Let's take an example for Indian case. The surface water, which is your discharge runoff, is monitored by the Central Water Commission. This is CWC. However, the groundwater is monitored by the CGWC, Central Ground Water Board. In some cases, we have the government data. So IMD is monitoring your rainfall data, which is also government. All these are government agencies. And then there's a government agency which monitors remote sensing data. And the remote sensing can be of groundwater, of surface water, rainfall, ET, you can name it. I'm only naming the parameters for your water balance equation. So it is very important to understand these units and understand the source. There could be some errors in the source, which you need to incorporate, especially for remote sensing data. They will give you some parameters that you need to incorporate to get the final output. So that is also important to read about the data before you incorporate into your water balance equation. Read the source, the methodology, how the data is collected, the units for the actual quantity, as in millimeters or inches or foot, and the time frame, which was collected, the timestamp, temporal resolution we call. Is it per day, per hour, per month, et cetera. For example, rainfall can be collected per day. So what you should do is in the IMD portal, when you download the data, you should say, no, I want it as a monthly, so that it automatically sums it and gives it to you. Otherwise, you'll have to do it by downloading the data and then making sure you use your tables to sum it up to the least common time frame. Remote sensing data can be one single entity, but multiple data. So what you saw in surface water, groundwater, and also the state water department, which is the PWDs we call in India, have data in focused parameters. For example, CWC is surface water, CGWD is groundwater, but remote sensing units like NASA for the global and US regions, and ISRO for mostly Indian regions, you would find that the data of multiple parameters is kept as an archive in the data piece. Would it be able to replace the observation data? Not possible, but you can work it together. So my point is make your equation, try to see if you can get observation data, otherwise try to see if you can go to the field and collect data. The final step is if you cannot get the data from an organization, if you cannot go collect the data, maybe it's parsley, dine consuming, et cetera, use remote sensing data. All these are accepted norms in the government because ISRO is a government data board. And you can see here how, for example, a climatic event progresses per day. So this is at very hourly or even sub minute levels. It runs, the time runs, and then you have the rainfall pattern emerging. So where the higher rainfall and millimeters, look at the units. All of them are given in your remote sensing data. You have a legend which gives you the units, which is millimeters. The color gives red means, for example, is around 42, 60 millimeters. And the unit is given here. So normally what you do, you take it as an annual stamp, daily stamp, or three-hourly stamp and do your calculations. Here you see the flooding, which is your surface water drainage water or your discharge water. And you put that in your equation for R. You remember R we use for runoff. That is this data. If it comes too much, it is flooding. And so this data was taken for the August 2018 floods in Kerala, which was a very devastating floods, a hundred year flood in Kerala. And you can see the water level depth as meters. So look here very carefully. It is in meters. You need to convert to millimeters. If you find it very hard, I'll give you some tricks how to do the conversions, et cetera. Let's look at some central groundwater estimate type of water balance equation. You have the annual replenishable groundwater resource as 433 billion cubic meter. So in a millimeter you have, and now this is a volume. So you have a thickness and you have volume. The thickness can be converted to a volume by just multiplying across the area. They would have some different methods. Please look at the source and see how they estimate it. So the net annual groundwater availability is 398 billion cubic meters. Annual groundwater draft for irrigation domestic is 245 billion cubic meters, which is one of the biggest in the world. And it is the biggest ranked number one highest consumption of groundwater. Stage of groundwater development is 62%. So here in the three variables are enough to set up a good groundwater water balance. You have the annual 433 on one side and then you have your net groundwater availability 398 and the use is 245. So what is the storage? 398 minus 245 could be the storage and that's what gives you a 62%. And you can also understand from 433 only 398. So approximately 35 million cubic meters is not available, but it gets replenished. So that could be the water that goes into the base flow river discharge, et cetera. So these do give a clear picture. What are the units are not consistent? As I promised, I'll give you the tricks. Go back and convert to a common unit. I would stick to SI metric units so that it is more commonly used rather than the gallons and foot break, those kind of conversions. Convert to a common timing, for example, day month year, most of these parameters are done monthly and then annually. From the month, you can take the seasonal, so which is very smart. You cannot do a year and then come back to seasonal, because the season's water is important.  Sometimes the winter crops is clung with the Ravi. So you can have the two key ones for water irrigation as Karif and Ravi season. If you cannot convert it manually and all through your table or formula like Excel or open source library, open office, et cetera, what you could do is use online open source tools. Just type it in Google meters to foot cubic meters to foot takeer, it'll do it automatically. Do just check it out, but most of the time it is accurate. So do it and these kind of handbooks or something that could be stuck on your reading room when you're doing these calculations. These conversions do help you arithmetically to think about these numbers, how they have been sourced. But most importantly, you should not be wasting putting too much time on each and every conversion because sometimes you can do a small mistake. For example, you say to convert, just multiply from centimeters to inches, 0.394. If you just put 0.0394 in your computer Excel, for example, then the whole table is gone. So be careful with these changes, double check your work. And always compare randomly test one variable, put it in Google and say, for example, 50 millimeters into inches test what it is and then double check, always double check. And it's better to use metric units, not English units because most of the data that you get from online open source is metric, not English. I'll tell you, for example, cricket is in yards, but our road length and the time to get is in kilometers. So you see how it's confusing. We just keep it in meters. We don't call 22 meters or 10 meters for the cricket pitch, we say yards. We say in feet, foot for the height. We could have just kept it in meters and centimeters like they use it for selection committees. So like that, just keep it in one, which is very, very important for your water balance. Moving on, measurements and units for water balance. Let's take our example again. When you do this example, it is as important to also identify the area and unit of study. This has to be the first that you should be doing. Then you look at your data availability units, et cetera.  For example, I'm gonna do it in Chennai and I would like to see what data sources are available in Tamil Nadu and the government so that I could check the data's available. So that's why I started with the units, but then when you focus on your study area, make sure the unit is taken first. Sometimes you have your area and you have different points of observation data, not in your center. For example, this part is your area of interest, but the data is only available here and down. So what normally people do is interpolate the data. For example, IMD, rainfall data. So it is good to understand the data, the units, and then come back to your area of interest. And this area should be very, very carefully determined. Units have to be consistent. Again, the units, the area has to come concentrate with your area in your water balance, so which you should go back here and check. If you're using metric for length, like meters, centimeters, use your areas for as per your metric also, which is square meters, square kilometers, et cetera. Don't jump back and forth, square yards, square feet. You do use acres, right? In irrigation, you see suddenly acres coming up and the hectares on one side. So don't jump back and forth. I normally use meters, millimeters, centimeters, kilometers for length, and then jump into kilometer square, meter square, millimeter square, cubic meters, by area and volume respectively. So the volumes I use cubic meters, area I use meter square and length meters. Velocity, acceleration, all the meters. To keep it uniformly consistent, then you can easily divide or multiply by 10 or 900 orders to get into the other units. The area of unit has to be determined and units have to be consistent. Large scale with small scale, please understand that if you go larger scale, the probability of getting the data for your experiment is high. You'll have more options to get the data. However, if you have a smaller area, it might limit your probability. So make sure if you are okay for the small area and less data by interpolating or assuming from other data. For example, there's no rainfall here and there's no rainfall here. You're not gonna have rainfall here, right? Like some kind of assumptions that you can make. Depending on the distance, you don't have kilometers, but I'm saying 100 meters this side of your area, 100 meters this side of your area, you have observation for rainfall. You can carefully assume that this can also be zero. So those kind of assumptions. Basins, watershed, plot scales, et cetera. We did discuss about basins. What is a basin? What is a watershed catchment? Are you going to those scales or are you doing a plot scale analysis? Be very careful and do make these maps. GIS is a very good open source tool to make these maps for your study areas and then collect the data. But I would very carefully taking these examples from notebooks on if the data is available. If so, where is the data? And then my watershed area can be mapped out. Measurements and units, let's continue. Can also be larger scales when estimates are available. It can also show a bigger and clearer picture. However, if you do not have the data, then most probably people go above scale. For example, this is an annual precipitation map for 2008 that we prepared. And within your district, some places did not have rain gauge. For example, I may not have a gauge here. I may not have a rain gauge here, but it can be extrapolated into the district boundary, which AMD also does, to get an assumption of the rainfall. And you could see clearly a pattern. This region is getting rainfall around 674 to 851, whereas this is the driest with 340 to 353, and then yellows and blues, et cetera. So your estimates, if they are available, if the data is available, you can go to larger scale. If it is very focused and you're doing a field study, it is better to locate a smaller watershed area for your study and data units. Similarly, such maps can be made for other parameters to visualize. See, this visualization is a very important technique to understand your water balance. So if I see a map, which is a spatial representation of the data, rather than an equation, I could quickly say that, okay, this is the driest region. And around the driest region is also having less rainfall. So somewhere here that less rainfall, but higher rainfall is on the south of Gujarat. So I can throw these estimates or comments saying that South Gujarat has better rainfall because I visualized your data. Then I can do multiple data sets together to estimate the water balance and storage components. You can also do global water resource maps. For example, this map has been done by NASA to show how the groundwater availability changes across the world. And you could see based on the drainage areas, the basins, they've done these maps. And you could see centimeters equivalent of H2O. And you can see how it changes per month annual availabilities of groundwater resources. And you can see that, okay, red is mostly here and that is where it is more dangerous, the water resources, et cetera. So you could cloud these with your other estimates, be it observation data, be it your water availability data, to get at an estimate, a clear estimate of where you want to take your water balance. How do you estimate unknown parameters? And also if it is at one length, you cannot estimate the unknown parameters, are you okay to dismiss them as negligible? One such parameter is groundwater in versus groundwater out. Many equations you would see that groundwater in is assumed to be the groundwater out, so both of them can cancel. If it is a groundwater study, don't do that. Okay, because groundwater study is to estimate how much groundwater you're pumping and then looking at it in detail. So be careful with what your estimates are and what is your objective of your study. So measurements and units, also the unit for the area is always kept as a watershed. So most studies would keep the watershed boundary because it is easier for estimating the input. Let's say example rainfall, okay? In this equation, you'll see rainfall can be estimated very accurately and how the rainfall combines into discharge very accurately through a watershed approach. If you do not have a watershed approach, it might be difficult because the conversion of rainfall to a runoff is based on elevations, which also gives you the boundary of your watershed base in catchment. So understanding the hydrology flows through the physics equations and also the principle of water flows from high potential to low potential. And here a watershed boundary captures that dynamics from a high potential to low potential. So all this could be managed within your watershed if you know these physics principles and these are driving your watershed boundaries and area, et cetera, et cetera. So with this, I would like to conclude today's lecture and stress on the fact that units are very important for water balance. There are concerns that sometimes you may not have all the data for your water balance equations. For example, BEQ, et cetera, et cetera. So you are allowed to assume some values for your input or output variables, but clearly mentioned that. So that another study person or a researcher can understand how you've got these values and is it credible depending on your limitations. Also it is important to finalize a unit area for the study and normally it is a watershed approach. Or if you have more data you can go for state, district, national, subcontinent, global, et cetera. And when you grow above a particular level, like for example, from watershed to nation, some of these parameters can cancel out. And most of the time you won't have all the data. So be careful on picking the unit for your study area and then based on the units, also make sure you have all the data that is available for your study area and what are the parameter units available and from the parameter units, try to estimate what is a time unit and keep the time common across, keep the parameter unit common across so that you have something to compare and estimate your change in storage. So we've taken all these points and I would like to conclude with this lecture for important points on setting up a watershed, water balance balance. Thank you.


Well, yeah, you know a lot of the fallow syndrome experience at least in South Dakota came at a time when untilage is king and and we know that the mycorrhizae fungi are greatly reduced in tilled systems and that's one thing I've kind of wrestled with the last month or two is in our in our really mature no-till fields We have a high level of fungi and so how far was that set back with a year of fallow, you know Can we still benefit from from what's left there in the soil? And and I tend to my opinion would tend to say it probably is better than if it was a tilled field left fallow And so I think it's it's better. Are we going to see some fallow syndrome? I think we are in some places, but I'm running into Exactly what what Ross Ross mentioned. I mean There's a concern but not not all that much about it. Of course, we know that if we ban some phosphorus We can we can take care of it Antonio Mallorino from Iowa State is saying if you don't have banning equipment on your planter That just increasing the broadcast rate of P 20 to 30 pounds can overcome that as well So yeah, like you said, there's a whole bunch of opinions out there about it Some are trying to make a huge deal out that the sky is falling type thing And and I I'm I'm somewhere in the middle there and I think our soil health systems are gonna show some Resilience when it comes to that I think we might have more of a problem just because the amount of rainfall we've had and stuff It's taking a lot of the oxygen out and stuff in the very Top surface there if you don't have good infiltration and stuff that the water just couldn't go anywhere The whole profile was full and I think might have lost some Biology that way, but yeah, there's there's definitely areas especially, you know, we're Kurt's from Totally different soils than we're sitting with with with the three of us here, but Yeah, lots of saturated soils and and It may be more of an issue there with fallow syndrome then that's where I think we might just from saturation standpoint Not that we necessarily lost some fertility or nothing that was growing there and just took it out that way


All right. Good afternoon. Come on guys. I need some energy. I know this is before a break. All right. Much better. Much better. Hope you're having a great time here at the summit. Yes. Yes. Yes, you are. I know you are. Anyway, you have heard that we have launched the era of quantum utility, right? So in addition to bringing useful quantum computing to the world, we are committed to focused on and have also made great progress in making the world quantum safe. So what does making the world quantum safe really mean? What it means is that we are going to work collaboratively with our clients across the industries and partners across the ecosystem to chart a course for the development and deployment of quantum technologies in a responsible manner. What does then therefore responsible quantum computing mean? It is simply expressed as having an intention to develop and deploy quantum technologies in the most inclusive as well as accountable and transparent manner. That's what responsible quantum computing really means. Now, in order to guide us through this, we have come up with five principles that we wish to apply to see whether anyone is following responsible quantum computing or not. The first is you choose your use cases in such a way that they do create positive societal impact. The second, anticipate potential side effects, if you will, unanticipated side effects of even these positive use cases. The third is represent the capabilities as well as the limitations of quantum computing. In other words, don't overhype, right? And the fourth is we want to be intentional about being consistent and transparent in making decisions. And finally, we want to build an inclusive ecosystem that represents the diversity of the world at large. All right. Now, while we believe in these principles and we are committed to doing this, we fully recognize that others outside may not be. One such classical case where this may happen is with the application of quantum computing to break encryption. Now, let me double click into that and talk a little bit more. As quantum technology advances, we find that the extended problem of prime factorization, which is what the modern day cryptography depends upon, becomes a solvable problem with a quantum computer. So when a cryptographically relevant quantum computer becomes available in the future, one can apply Schwarz's algorithm to solve the problem of prime factorization in a matter of hours. What that means is there are two key things that it leads to. One is that the cryptography that we rely on for all our digital communications, including the cell phone, including the WhatsApp that you have and text messages you send is all likely to be vulnerable or even be broken. That is a reality of the existential threat. The second is even more concerning, if you will, in that there is this notion of harvest now and decrypt later. What that means is bad actors can exfiltrate data today with absolutely no means of decryption. But they'll sit on it for several years and then when a quantum computer of sufficient scale and capacity becomes available, they can apply that to decrypt the data that they exfiltrate it today. Both of these are problems that need to be solved. So what is being done to solve them? In 2016, NIST announced a competition inviting submission of algorithms that cannot be broken by quantum computer as well as classical computers. We submitted a set of algorithms for that along with others and there were 80 plus submissions. Fast forward to last July, four algorithms were selected around which standards are going to be built and three of them came from IBM. We didn't stop there. We continued to come up with new algorithms that are somewhat special purpose and submitted three more for consideration called Oil and Vinegar, Mayo and SQI sign. So we have continued our work in that progress. Now, while we have been doing this, the US federal government and some key agencies have continued to publish certain guidelines. So NSA published the CNSA 2.0 guidelines that called for national security agencies to be quantum safe by 2034. They laid out a very clear schedule as to when what needs to happen in order to achieve that. The US president issued executive orders and national security memorandums that called for government agencies to become quantum safe and also asked them to submit an annual inventory of cryptography on an annual basis. Now, in anticipation of this and responding to this, we created a quantum safe roadmap and also a set of technologies to support our clients in their migration or journey towards becoming quantum safe and we announced this in May of this year. Subsequently, we also released a technology capability called IBM Quantum Safe Explorer. I'll talk about that in a minute and even show you a demonstration of that. We released that in October. So we are working diligently to provide technology capabilities that will enable our clients to not just start this journey but continue this journey and also maintain the level of cryptography on an ongoing basis. Now, all of these have been done not in a back room, lab situation or scenario, but in our work with existing clients. There are a number of clients here who have been part of our initial set of clients and I will call a couple of them out as I move forward at the appropriate time. So the bottom line is these were capabilities and ideas that were tested in the field and our response of solutions was a reaction to that. Now, earlier I talked about working in collaboration with industries and industry consortiums and ecosystem partners, right? Consistent with that, in 2020 we announced the open quantum safe consortium, right? We have been an active participant of that and it has pushed the boundaries on open quantum safe quite a bit. Next, we are an active participant in the NCCOE as it's called the National Cyber Security Centre of Excellence and we were also the first to announce an industry consortia in the telco space called the post quantum telco network. And we announced that in collaboration with GSMA and Vodafone and a shout out to Luki Bitsen from Vodafone who is here who has been a tremendous partner, not just in driving this, but in collaborating with us. Thank you, Luke. And we're also a partner, you know, or a leader, I should say, driving two of the four world groups in the post quantum cryptography coalition led by MITRE. I also wish to share with you that we are close to announcing a couple of other consortiums in the payment space with NACHA in North America and emerging payments association of ASEAN in the Australia space. So we are expanding from telco into financial services and payments as well. This is the industry play that we have been sort of talking about. Now I started with what is responsible quantum computing called out what the potential risky use cases there is with respect to shows algorithm being applied and breaking cryptography and laid out what has been done in the last few years to get prepared for addressing that challenge. Now to go a little bit deeper into the specific technologies that we have developed approaches and technologies that will help clients migrate through their journey to becoming quantum safe. Now, again, all of this was based on the work that we have done over the past year or so year plus in a way with various clients and we learned a lot from that. So we created a three stage approach. One of the common problem that we saw first was that almost all of the clients didn't know comprehensively and completely where all cryptography is being used within their enterprise. I'm not poking fingers at anyone but I'm pointing out the reality that keeping track of every little cryptography usage within the enterprise is not part of what people do now and they don't have a good handle on that. So discovery of cryptography and creating that inventory of where cryptography is being used becomes a very important step and that is step one. And we have a tool called IBM Quantum Safe Explorer that helps identify that or discover that. And as indicated earlier, I will have a demo of that for you shortly. The second stage is having discovered what you have. You have to augment that with what other cryptography that may exist that you observe in the actual execution of the system in the network. So observe is about observing the dynamic cryptography exchange by looking at traffic that goes across your network and using that information wisely to prioritize what do you go after first and how do you sequence your operations of remediation such that you're quite effective. I talked about the harvest now and decrypt later problem. For example, if you know what your critical assets are, crown jewels as they are called, if you know what your crown jewels are, you want to protect them first. And that's prioritization. Plus, observe is also about observability so that it is not a once and done kind of a solution. But you can apply the capabilities of observe to really observe on an ongoing basis so you can continue to manage the problem in real time as well. The tool that supports that is IBM Quantum Safe Advisor. And I will show you a short demo of that as well. The last piece is around transformation. So having discovered and prioritized the work that needs to be done, how do you go about beginning the transformation of your cryptography in the application and infrastructure to support what you need to do? That is what transformation is all about. And we have a tool called Quantum Safe Remediator, which is a collection of codified best practices and patterns that we have observed in the field and recorded that and that we can apply today. So you don't have to wait for standards to be announced sometime next year or published, I should say, sometimes next year around the four selected algorithms. You can begin that work today to prevent yourself from being caught in this harvest now, decrypt later issue. Now, earlier I talked about calling out certain clients and thanking them. Here is where I'd like to call out the excellent support that we have had and then we learn together in this exercise is Customs and Border Protection. They have been extremely supportive and they actually exercise. I know, you know, CTO Sunil and Dagmiz are here in the audience and the team is there. So a shout out to you guys. Thank you for your support. They exercise all three of these, right? In a limited manner, of course, but they have gained a lot from this, so did we, right? So this is how we experiment in the field as well as learn from that and begin to sharpen these products, right? So now let me move over and begin to show you a demo of the Explorer as well as the advisor. So I start off with the Explorer and I indicated that the Explorer is about discovering cryptography. It discovers cryptography in static code. It discovers cryptography in your software programs and some object code as well. And it creates an inventory and this inventory is created in the form of a cryptographic bill of materials. It is a standard that we have created that is going to be part of the Cyclone DX 1.6 version, if I remember right. And it's going to be published as a standard for folks to use. So it's critical that we create this inventory in a standard form that others and other tools can also consume. So what it does is it has three modes of operation. One is a VS code developer view, which is what I'm going to show to illustrate the capability of this tool.  You want to run a batch program that points to the GitHub repository and say go through that, find out all the cryptography and create an inventory, please. That's what the command line interface or CLI interface accomplishes. The third is, okay, I've done this. Now, how do I manage this on an ongoing basis? For that, we provide an API interface that you can integrate into your CI CD pipeline so that every time somebody does a commit, an automatic scan occurs and you have a report of what you need to get from a cryptography standpoint. So it is not just about discovering it once, but also about managing it on an ongoing basis. So simply if I go and scan this program called fund portfolio analysis, you will see on the lower right-hand side some stats begin to appear. And let me make this window a little bit so that you can see. So now it has completed the scan. And there you go. It discovered 32 artifacts. This program had both C++ and Java code. We currently support five languages, C, C++, Java, Python, Dart. And it can also scan JAR files. We are currently working on C sharp. And next in line is Node.js and ABAP. So we have the ability to add languages at a regular basis depending on the client's need. So we discovered these number of artifacts. And let me just highlight the ones in Java. So you have seven from a library called Bouncy Castle and 12 from another library called Crypto Utils. This is what you discovered. You can go in and see where is this coming from. All of a sudden you find that there is code that pops up in the window above you and some red highlight appears. This is exactly the line where the scriptography is used within that program. So we are able to pinpoint down to the line where the scriptography is being used. So in case you need to know more about that or you are looking for remediating it, you know, it's taking you directly to the area where you need to focus on. In addition, you can also go in and say I did talk about C-bomb or an inventory being created. And you see that the C-bomb gets created here as a JSON file, which is nothing but a JSON expression of what the inventory looks like. So what we have done here is we scanned a software program, identified all the cryptographic usage. There's a number of other stats that I'm not showing you and other features, but just to get the point across that we have the ability to scan languages, extract cryptographic usage, document it and create the inventory, which is required for the CSO in the organization to get a comprehensive view of where all cryptography is being used. That's what this accomplished. Now one thing I'd like for you to remember is this point I called out about 12 different artifacts that are being used in Java, sorry, 19 being used in Java and 12 coming from a library called CryptoUtils. Let's hang on to that thought and then let me go back to this slide. Can we go back to the slide please to talk about what advisor is? So I talked about Explorer being the static view. That complemented with the dynamic view that comes from Advisor is what completes the picture. So the comprehensive picture comes from adding the static view and the dynamic view. Advisor takes data from six different sources and puts them together in an intelligent manner for you to draw insights out of. The six sources are standard network scanning information that you currently have from your network monitoring tool, whether it be Nessus, Tenable Nessus or Qalis or Rapid7 or whatever your network scanning tool may generate. So we know the data that's running across your network. The second is your configuration management database or CMDB database. The third is the asset database that you have that calls out all the assets that you have including the endpoints. And the fourth one is the provisioning database. So we know what's being provisioned where. And two other sources which are the Cbomb file from the scanning that we just completed and additional metadata that this Explorer tool creates about all the other goodies that I didn't show you. So these six things put together is what gives you a comprehensive view. Now what problem does this solve? This solves the problem of a CISO not having a comprehensive view of what's happening in cryptography across their enterprise. Now with that thought in mind, let's switch over to the advisor demo. Let me make this a little bit bigger. All right. Good enough for now. Right away you have a dashboard where you can show your selected set of metrics that you would like to track and that's what is shown at the top. So you see a number of metrics. What is my Cypher suite strength? How many endpoints am I managing? And what are the various TLS protocols that I'm running? What version of them am I running? And how many different libraries are being used by my developers? All these are interesting things. And this graph that is half visible is about the cryptographic posture. How many violations did the enterprise encounter in the month of January, February, and March? So you see a significant drop month after month after month. And the story here is that they started implementing policies to manage cryptography in the December, January time frame and slowly you find that people are adopting it, following it, and it is decreasing now to a stage where you are now at a very small number in the month of November. So the idea is the CISO has a view of what's happening across the enterprise, can create policies that will help address the hot areas that they want to address. One of them could be I don't want any more use of TLS 1.0 or 1.1. Or they may say here are the set of libraries that are allowed. Any other usage need should not be permitted so on and so forth. And on that point, I do want to call out that this fund portfolio analysis application that we just can appears here in a compliance violation for applications. If we drill down and look at that, you find that there are 12 instances occurring. And these are the 12 instances that we saw in the crypto utils that Explorer called out saying there are seven from Bouncy Castle, 12 from crypto utils. And the policy states that Bouncy Castle is the recommended library. The crypto utils that used is not. Therefore, it is trapped as an exception here. And not only that, you can take action on it and say go create a ticket and send it to the ticketing system and make sure that we are able to manage that in real time. Real life demo as you see. Anyway, you'll be able to create a ticket and send it to the user and they can take care of handling that. So the bottom line is, advisor gives you the dynamic view and together you have a comprehensive view of what's been happening in the enterprise. Now, we didn't do this in isolation. We did that, you know, working over the past year with a dozen clients in six or seven industries. And these, at these clients, as I called out CBP, we delivered tangible, quantum safe solutions going across the discover, observe, and transform stages. That's what this is about. Now, talking of clients, I'd like to invite for the next session here. This is a client panel discussion session. And leading off that discussion is the IBM quantum safe public sector leader, Charles Robinson. Charles, thank you. Good afternoon. My name is Charles Robinson and I work for the IBM quantum team. And I've spent 30 years working in the intelligence community and a DOD in the national security community. And we have a treat today. We're privileged to have a gentleman who spent most of his career working for one of the largest telecommunications companies in the world. And I want to introduce to you today Brian Miles. Brian. Hey, Charles. Hey, Brian. How are you? Good. So I prepared some questions for you. And I want to start with something fairly simple. Okay. Introduce yourself and your role at AT&T. Yeah, so my name is Brian Miles. I've worked at AT&T for a couple of decades now. Been in cybersecurity for about six years. And I spent about five years working on the quantum security aspects, trying to learn quantum. And really that started off with a little, like kind of almost a little side project. And the last couple of years I've been working on that full time now. And I'm leading the crypto agility and crypto inventory efforts within AT&T. Awesome. So what does it mean for AT&T to be committed to security innovation alongside of technology progress? And how does quantum safe figure into that responsibility? Yeah, so there's a, as far as commitment, I see commitment starting to show up, I think, across a lot of companies, a lot of enterprises, especially ones with critical infrastructure. The federal government has issued a number of memorandums and joint statements and some other guidance that's, I think, helping with that. For example, the NSA, CISA, and NIST just published some joint guidance on quantum readiness and kind of the path or the steps you need to take for your migration to post-quantum cryptography. Outstanding. And I know we have some individuals in the audience from CISA. And so we appreciate you guys getting the word out. What led you to start your journey in quantum safe cryptography now? Yeah, so there's a number of reasons. It's going to take many years. This is a huge problem. It's just going to take a lot of work, so it's going to take a long time. If you just look at SHA-1 as an example, you know, that was an algorithm known to be vulnerable for a long time and it took over a decade for that to finally get deprecated and kind of worked out of common use. So that's definitely one big reason. It's also going to take a village. It's not a small team within a company that's going to be able to do this. It's going to affect a lot of your network infrastructure, your applications, if you have IoT devices. I mean, there's a lot of different things to consider. So it's going to take involvement from a lot of people across the enterprise. So that's going to take some time. That's also a reason to get started now. It's getting costly. So some recent reports somewhere in the neighborhood of $170, $180. Is the cost per record breached? You know, that in itself doesn't sound like much. Now start multiplying that by the millions of potential records that could be breached by a cryptographically relevant quantum computer. And that starts to become a big number. We don't know exactly when it's going to manifest itself. You know, what's the timeline?  You know, we just don't really know. There's a lot of indications suggesting that maybe, you know, more in the five to ten year range, but we don't really know. But that's another reason to start now. Finally, the whole harvest now decrypt later problem. You know, that's the first quantum attack. It's a two-part attack. That first part is happening now and it's been happening. At least there's some indication it's been happening for a number of years now. So since not all data has a shelf life, it's very important to start securing the more sensitive data and the data with the long shelf life sooner versus later. Outstanding. I agree. You know, it's best to start now sooner rather than later. So what opportunities do you see in terms of cybersecurity modernization, cryptographic agility and crypto bill of materials, etc., that AT&T is planning for and ultimately executing on quantum safe transition? Yeah, so as far as opportunities, one of the, I guess right off the top, opportunity to transform a cybersecurity infrastructure that's decades old at this point. We've kind of kept adding to it and adding more features and different types of security to it. But the original concept is decades old at this point. So that's definitely an opportunity. Quantum is providing that impetus to make those changes. Having a good visibility of your crypto estate is another key point. Putting the C-bomb or the cryptographic inventory in place and just getting a good visibility into where all your cryptography is at, who owns it and what exact cryptography is being used across an enterprise is a big thing. And quantum is providing an opportunity for that. There's been a lot of work towards looking more at risk and risk quantification. I think around business in general, but it's specifically around quantum. I've seen here lately. So being able to use a risk-centric approach to prioritize your work efforts, I think that's another opportunity that's coming out of this whole programmer problem. So I wanted to ask you, how do you see AT&T in the entire industry making progress in this space in the coming years? So those opportunities, of course, crypto inventory is a big one. I see a lot of security solutions that are starting to emerge. There's a lot of vendors out there, and there's a number of different technologies that are starting to kind of bubble up as getting to the point of being commercially viable. So those are good things. The opportunity to build crypto agility into our IT infrastructure, that's a big deal. I think that one of the things I think comes out of that is not only from a security perspective, but we've been, a lot of companies, carry this technical debt just over the years of just not having the IT budgets to deal with some things and maybe some older systems and that. So I think this presents some great opportunities to get rid of some of the technical debt, retire some of that older technical debt, and hopefully crypto agility and having that agility in place and automation helps minimize future technical debt. I love that concept of technical debt. Most of the systems that we use in this country has been layered upon for many years. And so this is an inflection point opportunity to change the security posture of those systems. I love that concept. So finally, I want to ask you, what advice do you have for others who are starting to think about their own quantum-safe readiness and transformation plans? Yeah, so just, I think one of the things that, frankly, help does, I guess, get a good foothold is awareness. I think just awareness across an enterprise is a big thing. There's starting to be some awareness, but it just, you know, there's a lot of different companies I talk to, a lot of different people. It seems like awareness is still lacking in a lot of ways. I mean, obviously here we're good, but you get outside of this room and there just isn't the awareness there needs to be. So I think awareness is a key thing, and that's not just of leadership. You know, it's also different stakeholders within the enterprise. You know, people over different business units and things like that. And also the workforce, you know, it's going to take a village, so making sure your workforce is up to speed and understands what's coming and why it's coming. I think those are all things. And, you know, one of the benefits that can come out of just awareness alone is, as just in the normal cycle of things, these tech refresh cycles, having awareness across the company, you know, maybe somebody says, oh, I got to replace this platform over here. I should look at a quantum, you know, secure, quantum safe replacement as I worked to upgrade that. So I think those are all good things. Mitigation strategy and having a roadmap. The mitigation strategy being more of the, kind of the, I guess, the North Star, kind of having, here's where we're at today, here's where we want to get to, kind of use that as your guiding North Star to make sure you're focused on the right things. And then the roadmap, you know, this is going to be spread out over a number of years. It's going to take a long time to make all these changes. So just mapping it out year by year, kind of having a good roadmap of where you're going as we saw with IBM earlier today. And then the C-bomb, you know, we talked about the inventory and the crypto bill of materials. If you don't know who owns it, what cryptography is being used and where it's at, you know, it really, it limits your ability to really move forward in a post-quantum world. So that's absolutely paramount. And then finally, supply chain. You know, there's, I think pretty much all companies have a lot of suppliers, right? So if you're not working to secure your supply chain, you're kind of missing, you know, that's a big segment of your security profile and security posture. So I think it's really, really important to start having the conversation with your suppliers and ask, you know, just ask, you know, to see their quantum roadmap and their recent visibility as to whether they're prepared or not prepared kind of thing. Yeah, Ray mentioned that we work with many clients from a quantum safe perspective. And we're appreciative to have the kinds of partnerships that can make the impact. And I want to thank you, Brian, for working with us. And we really appreciate the partnership with IBM and AT&T over the years. Brian Miles. Thanks, Charles. So I will close. And I want to thank Ray Harry Shanker for that illuminating technology brief on the quantum safe technology capabilities. The one thing I will share with you is a concept that my colleague, John Moselli, has often said to me and that is, don't panic, just plan. Although there may be a complex transformational journey coming down the path, you have partnerships and capabilities that can help. And with that, I just want to thank you for your time.


So I haven't been doing too good a job writing a blog, so I thought I might try some video. Seeing it on the screen, it looks like it's having trouble with the color or the lighting. That's because I'm in a four-sided yellow tent wearing an orange jacket, and all likelihood. But anyway, we'll go start from the beginning. Chris McKay and Vladimir and Valeri and I boarded the Aleutian and flew down to Novo station. We stayed at the Antarctic Logistics Company, incorporated guest house called the Oasis Guest House, until November 13th. We organized some gear, but Ian and Dale had organized much of it before that. They arrived a little bit earlier. We loaded up trucks, their Toyota Hilux trucks that are adapted by an Icelandic company for use in Antarctica. So we sent the first load of three trucks and trailers, with Dale and Ian, to Lake Untrasee on November 12th. And on November 13th, we loaded up the trucks again. Ian and Dale drove the Skadoos, or snowmobiles, out to Lake Untrasee. And the rest of us loaded the three trucks, so we only used one trailer for gear and one for fuel, and drove out after them in case something happened, which of course nothing did. So the 13th, we spent the rest of the day setting up camp, lots of tents. And on the 14th, it was more setting up camps, setting up science tents, things like that. So we had great weather on the 14th, 15th, and 16th, and we started melting the dive holes, and we got that mostly melted. And the weather turned bad on November 20th, which was Sunday. And by bad, didn't mean cold, it wasn't too cold, but we had very gusty winds, and according to Dale, we had gusts up to 30 meters per second. So it'd be calm and beautiful and quiet, a little bit cloudy, sometimes sunny sometimes. Then you could start to hear the roar of the winds, and depending on where that roar was coming from, 10 seconds later, or sometimes a little longer, you'd have this blast of wind, a wall of wind coming at us. So there wasn't much sleeping that night. And then the next day, we still had windy weather, and it collapsed Dale's tent, which was also the dive tent. And so we sort of cleaned things up for him. And then today, it's still been a little bit blastery, but not nearly so bad. So we set up a new tent for Dale. It's the same type, it's a North Face dome tent. And but this time we rotated it so different parts facing into the wind, and it's a better site, so the tent's a little bit flatter. Besides Dale's tent, nothing much collapsed in the wind. We had to keep tying down tents, tightening up the ties and things like that. Some abraded loose, some just came loose. We lost a windscreen for one of this gadoos, and probably a couple little things that we haven't found yet, but in general, we've weathered the wind quite well. So the weather's getting better. We have a dive hole melted, and we're hoping that we can do the first diving tomorrow. On other science fronts, Vladimir and Valeri have been making great progress on their science. We drilled a hole through the ice above an oxic subbasin in Lake Country Sea, and they've been collecting water, filtering it. Vladimir is filtering water to look at the genetics of the bacteria in the pelagic biomass, and Valeri has done some incubation experiments for photosynthesis in situ in the water, as well as methane generation and methane oxidation in water from various steps. But those don't have to be in situ because the light doesn't matter. So we've done a couple light profiles. Chris has collected some samples for oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, and Ian has the DIC analyzer going, and we collected water yesterday for that in a profile, and he's measured those. The bulk of the water column only has 13 micromoles per liter. I think that's the units of DIC, so it's very low. So we have our first science results coming back, and Chris has been working on the meteorological data. So all's going well for our first week in camp. And I will try to do a better update, and we'll try the video logs since I'm not really writing much. So thanks for watching.


So a few videos back, I made a video where I talked about the number one product from 10 different brands at the drug store and you all seem to love that idea. So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna kind of make it into a little series where we can go through the highest products of each brand, we'll switch up the brands each time, we'll find out what the very best are and what I absolutely love and you can see whether or not there's something that you might like too. We always do talk about what I have on. I have a beautiful red sweater on. It's kind of cut a little bit low. Sweater can actually be turned to the back so this can be your back detail. I would probably suggest that you wore tank top underneath it if you are very modest because this is a little bit lower than even I'm comfortable with and I don't mind that very much but a little bit more. The sweater is very comfortable, comes down to around the butt.  And then I also did pair some very pretty dangle rhinestone and gold earrings with them as well that I just thought went so good together. If you're wondering about any of the makeup, the finger nail polish, the rings, any of that that will all be listed and linked below for you so that you can know that. I also link things in a numbering system, one through ever many we get through today. Next to whatever I'm talking about there'll be the number of it and then you can go down into the description box and there'll be a link next to it with all the information and you can shop that way if you'd like to. All right, let's get into these 10 products. All right, the first brand is ColourPop. And really I could do video after video on ColourPop because I think that they have so many number one products but I wanted to share with you this no filter primer that I have been using from them. This primer is a lovely primer for anybody that has that dry to normal type skin because I've noticed that since the heat came on my skin is super dry this year and I feel like I'm needing a little bit of extra hydration so this goes on with that little bit of hydration but then it does what it's supposed to which is smoothing out any texture, any pores that you have on your skin and also creating a barrier between your foundation and your moisturizer so your foundation doesn't disappear during the day. If you're wondering what to compare it to it's a lot lighter than the NYX Marshmallow Primer. It's a little bit lighter than the Tacha but not by much so it's a little bit lighter of a primer. I'm really enjoying it this winter. Wet n Wild is a company that we did not talk about last time. For me Wet n Wild's number one product will always be the Photo Focus Foundations. Now I think that putting the Dewey and the Matte together is just perfection and that's what I've done today. I put this on with the brush and I put the little paddle that you get inside of here. I just put one swatch of each of it onto that brush and then I mixed them together with the brush as I was putting it on my face and this is so pretty. I feel like this is probably one of the prettiest high-end foundations in a little bitty drugstore bottle. So many times drugstore can be every bit as good. Personally when you get a foundation like this and it lasts all day and it doesn't show texture and you get that beautiful coverage and you can get the Dewey or the Matte. Personally I feel like it absolutely is. And so these two I've worn for years and years and I think that if you mix them together you might even like them better if you just have one or the other. But they're really, really awesome foundations. Last time we talked about Catrice and I talked about their True Skin Foundation which I think is one of the most beautiful hydrating foundations that I have seen in a long time. But this time we're gonna talk about their Hydrating Concealer which I think is every bit as beautiful as that foundation is. This has that same hydration effect but the coverage is just phenomenal. No caking, no settling in to fine lines.  I will leave a video down below where you can look at how I actually do my concealer. It's completely different than what we're taught to right now. It just works for me and it might work for you too but I know that this is kind of shell shop for everybody that sees me put so much concealer on it once but it works. I feel like this concealer again should be held up to high end or luxury standards because it is such a nice concealer in the way that it covers and sets down on the under eyes and doesn't move. It's just beautiful. Give it a try, it's very inexpensive. I think you might really love it. Next we're gonna talk about an eyeshadow primer. Now I really have only used two eyeshadow primers. I'm in the process of trying just about every eyeshadow primer I can get my hands on because I always end up comparing them to the Anastasia Beverly Hills eyeshadow primer which has been my holy grail for years. However, when I did run across this one from Jason Woo this is the prime eye. I felt like this is every bit as good and it really does the same things which is give a base to your eyeshadow that cancels out all of the redness that you have on your eyelid. That's my number one thing. And then of course to make that eyeshadow look more vibrant because you're putting on a little bit lighter of a color and the other thing that it really does is it just grips onto the primer for the whole entire day and you're gonna love your eyeshadow so much more than if you just do a clear one. I feel like an eyeshadow can be so much prettier and more vibrant if you choose something that's going to cancel out the redness that's on your eyes and this one does that job. Also the Wonder Sticks from NYX. Now, I will say one thing about this. These have a tendency to come out very easy meaning that that bullet will come out and I'm not real happy about that. However, if you're really so inclined just take a lighter or something and heat up the bottom of it. Put it back down in there, it's gonna grip again. I love the highlighter on this. I think that it's a very pretty highlighter. It's not intense, which I like too. So if you wanted to put it on your inner eye or if you just wanted to wear it all over your eye for a day, for a very simple look, you could do that. It's very pretty and it blends out very easy. It just is very creamy and I like it very much and then of course the bullet that's on the other end, I've actually used a lot of this one. That is the contour. Now on your hand, it looks a lot more of a muddy contour than it is actually when it gets kind of blurred out on your face and blended out. It gets to be just for me more of a bronzer. So I wouldn't consider this too much of a contour because I like a very, very muddy contour but this one does a good job of being able to do both. Like today I did use it to go up in my hairline to cut out the gels and to cut out the cheekbones. I've actually used this in conjunction with the other side, which is the highlighter across my eyes for a little bit of eyeshadow. This is creamy, it lasts a long time on your skin. I really love what they've done with these sticks. For blush today, I actually chose these two Palladio Stick Blushes. Now Palladio is not a brand that you can get in a drugstore very much anymore. So you have to order these online whether you order them from Amazon or somewhere else but they are so pretty and they to me act so much like the Hood of Beauty Stick Blushes.  However, this one that I have right here, this is a little bit more on a satin color to it and then the other one that I have is the Glowy product. So you can get the Glowy just like the Hood of Beauty. I feel like this feels just like that. It has the same texture as it. It does this beautiful blending when you get it onto a brush or anything else. I actually always usually put things onto a brush and then use a brush to blend out. I just have a lot more success and a lot more control that way. But these are pretty full proof. If you're wanting to maybe layer the one that doesn't have a lot of sheen in it with the one that does have the sheen on top and get a beautiful kind of glow on your cheeks, I think that would be so pretty. They feel very high end and very luxe and I do feel like these to me are they're in their top five for share of products. These are really beautiful and I think you'll love them. I also have been talking for a very long time about the Physicians Formula Rose All Day Set and Glow powders. Not necessarily so much for the glow part because the glow part that you have in here in this pan part that lifts up is kind of almost a Vaseline product. And even though it's pretty and yes it would give you a glow, it's a little bit sticky. And I don't really like that on my cheeks even when I'm looking for a pretty glow. I want something that's going to either be a cream that sets down or I want something that's going to be a powder that sets down anyway. But this powder itself, even though it looks very glowy on my finger and it looks very glowy in the pan, I've used this powder today to set underneath my eyes to go across my cheeks and in the middle of my face to give just an extra oomph. So this isn't a powder that you're gonna use and then you're gonna go, oh my goodness, I'm so glowy unless you overdo it. But if you go light on this and you're strategic in where you put it, it's not setting down your makeup with it, but definitely using it as a finishing powder, I think that you're going to absolutely love this. And then from Neutrogena, very recently a lot of you were telling me about different Neutrogena products and I have to confess that I have never been a really big fan of Neutrogena. But when I found this spray and their one primer that I showed in a previous video last week, this is the Radiant Setting Spray from them. When I found this spray, this spray is different. It's very unique. I feel like I'm getting this very beautiful radiance or this very beautiful ethereal look without getting a glow or a shine or something looks greasy. It's nothing like that. I like this sprayer on it. The Mr. On It is very fine and very nice and I just really have been enjoying this.  And that little bit of radiance is also helping this under eye area not to look so dried out. And like you're the Crypt Keeper, I have been very vocal about my top three setting sprays being very high end Charlotte Tilbury Benefit and the new Mac one. But this one could hold its own in there very easily and I do reach for it every bit as much as I reach for those. So I guess I have top four setting sprays. This is a beautiful setting spray. Think you're gonna love it if you give it a try. All right, gonna get the spectacles on for this part of the video. I am a huge Revlon fan. My number one product that I've always loved from Revlon has been their foundation and these lipsticks. Their lipsticks are so beautiful. I feel like these lipsticks could very easily hold their ground with Charlotte Tilbury and Natasha Genona, Pat McGrath. They're just beautiful lipsticks. So let me just swatch a few of them for you. This one is called Champagne on Ice. This is one that has a pearl in it. It has more of a peachy color to it. The next one is called Primrose. This one has been touted as a dupe for Mac snob and I recently talked about one of Maybellines. That was a dupe for that as well. The next one is called Blushing Mob. This is a beautiful kind of a mid toned pink color that I think is so pretty and really would look beautiful on many different women. And then the next one is actually the one that I have on and this one is called Barrett All. This is just one of those nude colors that paired with just about any lip liner, you're gonna love it. It's just so pretty. I'll actually put a little bit more on right now so you can see just a little bit. Beautiful formula, so silky, so creamy. And I just love the way that they wear. Very hot. Now I'm hoping that all of these will be available because I've had some of these for a long time and some of them might have been discontinued. Most of these are going to be a very satin lipstick, not a matte lipstick. This one is called Pink in the Afternoon. Beautiful, just a bright, spring colored pink that would go either way if you're warm or cool or neutral. And then this one is called Blushed and this again says it's a pearl one and this one is very much like that last one. Just got a little bit of pearl in it. And then the last one that I'm gonna show you is my only matte and this one is called Make It Pink. And this one is definitely a cool tone pink that you would want to wear, that personally I want to wear with a lip liner. It's just one of those very beautiful springtime colors that I love so much. So Revlon definitely has a fantastic lipstick formula and I think if you see a color that you like, you'll love the formula and give it a try. The last company that I have on our list to talk about is Essence and I feel like Essence is one of those hit or miss companies. They have some really, really good products and then they have a lot of deads. But I did a whole entire video on this and if you've been around my channel very long, this is no surprise to you how I feel about this mascara. This is the Essence 24 Bold Volume Mascara. I have likened this many times to the benefit they're real mascara. The wand is a little bit different than that wand, but it's still a silicone bristle brush and I love this. This defines the lashes, fans them out and lengthens them so beautifully. It also catches the underneath lashes. You can definitely build on it and get several coats on but it really makes very long, beautiful lashes. And since my lashes are so light colored or blonde, it's very important to catch every single lash and I feel like that's what this one does. And for me, it doesn't smudge or flake or anything like that. It's just a beautiful mascara that lasts all day and gives me great length, volume, and holds a curl. So that is the last one of the top 10 favorite products from 10 drugstore brands. There are tons of different products that I love so much from each brand. I think this will be a great series for us to continue to go into. I think that you're gonna really enjoy it. It's a great way to showcase what is the best from each brand and for us to be able to compare notes. So definitely if there's anything in these brands that you think are really great products that you love so much, let us know down in the comment section so that we can all hear about that. That's always something that we love to discuss is what's our favorite. So thanks so much for being with me today. I always appreciate you more than you know. Hope everybody's happy, healthy, doing great, take care of yourselves and I'll catch you all in my next video. Goodbye my friends.