Save your applause for you haven't seen nothing. Yes, I want to show you a CD-ROM a funny idea and the idea was by Susie Taylor He told me I should do a CD-ROM for this occasion here in San Francisco in September 2002 I had no experience in making a CD-ROM. I could design a book But a CD-ROM was something new for me but I had good friends who helped me programming and so and At the end We finished it practically in the last moment before our take off last Thursday What you'll see here today is not the final version It is so-called beta test so you have to you have to be careful with your critics and But we will do our best and we change some of the pages But just this is an introduction that you are not too unhappy what you see You see it is Normally in a book you have in front of you the pages and you can find out what is wrong or not In a CD-ROM you have to finish all the whole Section before you can see something It's like computers to see In the old days let's say if you have a problem with your machine Let the press machine you took a screwdriver and a hammer and you could fix it in a few minutes it's a Computer you had other problems. I wanted to mention any name of a company must be careful but Sometimes you get really nervous if this funny thing doesn't work and the same was all the time in Preparing this CD-ROM So I will show it to you now and I have to go down for I need the help of linear. She is the expert in Showing the CD-ROM. Yeah, here we are My voice is not very good. I have not a voice like Peter Castro Maximum leader or one of these Senators from Texas, but I will try my best So let's start the first picture We have technical problems. Just a second. So you see Electronics are perfect and beautiful if they are working and now we are starting with the problem again It worked a half an hour before What's the matter? David Schwab is fixing it right now so So I give you a little more information about the CD-ROM As I told you it's not finished It will take some more weeks when I'm back in Germany and so I think it will be ready By the end of October or mid of October and you can get it from the Kerry library in Retro the Institute of Technology They will distribute this CD-ROM in the USA in Germany. It is a volume build library And in Japan it is the Tokyo library in Tokyo So We're live yeah, you need patient if you use computers, you know So you will get a little Neporello. Oh, yes. Now, let's start you can use this CD-ROM in different ways You can have it as a film running or you can have it also to see Each page by a mouse click now we do it by a mouse click so it saves time and You have not to read all this the lines underneath the pictures. This I will tell you so We will finish this in time before But normally it takes more than an hour, so they must know this Next please so you have seen I am born in Nuremberg and you see here a few pictures of Nuremberg before It was destroyed during the war This is a manuscript done 1938 Nuremberg 1918 as I was born Was not a good place to select if you go come to earth it was very hard to Live there and in 1918 November 1980 We had in Europe since Spanish flu Which killed more than 20 millions 20 million people Just by this Spanish flu more people have been killed by this illness then during the whole World War one on the allies and on the German front Nobody knows is that is such a big difference in the figures that 20 millions killed on this is By this Spanish flu two of my siblings died within four weeks also in 1918 and Next and the conditions in the town, you know November early November 1918 the revolution was in Berlin and also Nuremberg was affected and the Kaiser went away to the Netherlands and The life conditions have been very very bad and the doctors gave Me not very much time for living. They told me my mother even though Live more than a few years for I was in very Bad shape as I was born and I didn't have enough weight as a normal baby had But you see doctors have sometimes wrong decisions So I'm nearly 83 now and all the doctors don't live again next As a pictures of Nuremberg all this building many of these buildings are not existing anymore Those really documents this manuscript to the house. They have rebuilt it again. It was also partly destroyed by air raids This is My first experience in let's say lettering or calligraphy or how would you want to call this? very funny initials But you have to start once Earlier Next is a Picture of my school room which you had in these days not always very kind teachers and and this was a picture As I want to have in my memory of all these cool years next on the left side. There's a Funny alphabet. It's a secret alphabet for my mother shouldn't read everything which I was changing with my brother and with my friends so I had this That ring done and she was really sometimes so unhappy for she didn't know what these notes mean On the right hand side you see some drawings of self-made toys My mother didn't my parents didn't have enough money. So we had practically no toys as Child as kids and but I had good friends and wealthy friends. So we could Play with their toys Normal for me. I've never thought why I have no toys and they have But I had the opportunity and it was fine. Next please In this shoebox shoebox is a electro Kid electrical kid Which I made for myself. You see I had no money. My parents had no money and It gives you an idea As a young fellow who wanted to do something and to use time and was interested in electricity To get along with all these experimental things. So this is the shoebox is electrical kid next and then I Designed also an instruction book for this So this is a title page one of my very first book designs if you take this this way the lettering is not the best so don't Look too careful to this lettering, but at that time I thought it was good. So next please Here you see the instruction book with all the informations how you could what you could do with this simple Simple electrical kid Next please So a patient it comes after a while Yeah, you see I was not allowed to study electrical engineering. So I had to find a way To do something and my parents thought I should become and Lissac refer so I went to all these companies and showed my my Designs and pictures Folio and they said always yes very nice very good But after some political questions, they said I'm sorry. We are sorry. We can't take you Or we had would have problems with you for my father was very much engaged in the trade unions and I had the same name of my father. So we had I had a lot of problems in this case So the last company in the telephone book Company was called Ulrich I went to them after eight months running through the whole city about this and Showed my work and they looked at it and said oh fine nice And the last moment they didn't ask political questions But the last moment they said yeah, but we are very sorry. We have no this geography But if you like you can Become a photo detachment you can start next Monday. I Said yes, so I went home by a bicycle and look in the dictionary. What is doing? What is doing in the job of a photo detachment? So I became a photo detachment is a four years of apprenticeship Next doing this time there was an exhibition a memorial exhibition of Rudolph Koch in Nuremberg He was also born in Nuremberg nine 1876 and there was a memorial exhibition. He passed away in 1934 and I saw his work and I and this changed my life this exhibition I was so fascinated that I wanted also to become a lettering artist I Gained to the library look to books. They had two books which were instruction books for lettering one by Rudolph Koch and one by Edward Johnson the same books is my wife used but far away from me didn't know her and In that time Was the beginning of my let's say career as I also want to call it of lettering What you see here are two Cutouts paper cuts one in gold paper and one in normal paper like paper You have to put all the letters that they connect to get them together If you do it as a paper cut next please and after I finished my apprenticeship as a photo retoucher I went to Frankfurt for Nuremberg was not a good place to live by the political situation in Nuremberg and Frankfurt was more liberal at that time still at that time so I went to Frankfurt and into the Workshop of Paul Koch the son of Rudolph Koch Here you see a drawing of the house some first Nick in the Mr. Red Arrow It was a house building 1360 but destroyed unfortunately 1944 completely you see nothing again anymore of this building the same is here The riverfront of Frankfurt completely destroyed and now with new and ugly houses Next please a Koch Paul Koch was specialized in music printing and so I did some Manuscripts with music notation here Brahms two pages and And also Beethoven these two pages what you can see here doing my time I Went to Frankfurt 1938 during this time I get connection with the type found the Stemple AG through a fellow type historian Gustav Mori and I Showed them some of my sketches of letters and so and so and they found This type which you see here. This is a drawing of the Kirkengaard Fracture This they wanted to do as a type I was very happy my first time they paid me very badly but After a while as I was art director of the same company I told them which was not very fair from you said you paid me such a bad salary for this design and the answer was Yes, therefore we are the better salesman It's a nice answer so next please this is a drawing of the Working table of the punch cutter who cut was cutting Kirkengaard and his name was August Rosenberger so he's a punchies and you see the Tools what he needs for all bigger to make a typeface like next please what you see here is a copy of a manuscript Flemish manuscript just to train my hand and to get Informations how these old fellows of the 16th century or 15th century use the colors is a famous German manuscript the chronic of the counts of Clevee Doing this time in Frankfurt. I did some book design for publishers and also some manuscript for myself That's a binding to this manuscript. They've been done much much later for I wasn't married at that time is good room But what is interesting here is the oval In the center of this page is done with a pointed brush It takes several hours to make it Today with a computer you can do it in few minutes And you can have 20 by the variations of an oval but at that time you had to do all by your hand two pages from these manuscripts now a page from a Sketchbook, which I did during the war. I was stationed in France mostly stationed in France designing maps of Spain and a lot of time for myself and therefore I use this time and Did some drawings watercolors also lettering. This is a quotation by Rudolf Koch two other pages All from these sketchbooks some watercolors here Weimar In which I was stationed first, but didn't see good room at that time the cathedral of Berlin before it was destroyed Just with a fountain pen drawing with a fountain pen pencil drawing of Potsdam Johnson C. Tell us Dishon which our Geographic service was stationed in this building that is a book when he's on the same river in Paris pencil drawing At the most time I was in Porto next to the Spanish border for we had to do something especially Special maps of Spain and cheap rollers. This was our business here. You have a page which is extremely small and You can see the original size in this booklet which line of type did about the subfino This is the original size of this Votation by Hans von Weber Done with a summer wheel pointed pen Quite small things that is only four millimeters in height At large it looks much better a manuscript, which I did also in Porto This pencil drawing now with pen drawings some of the Roy the Roman ruins in Porto again the same the same blast and Here also two other pages I told you and a lot of time. So I made also some Exercises in letters. You you see I don't count how many variations of each letter I did just just for fun for myself some more drawings from the sketchbook Shalom so son in France and The right-hand side. This is the Heldereen tower in Tübingen In the southern part of Germany I was stationed in Tübingen the hospital. Therefore I could do this the end of the war Yeah, first I was in Heidelberg in the hospital and then I say Moved us to Tübingen for the American army was coming to Heidelberg This time I was an air raid on Frankfurt and they destroyed my home in there in one of these Suburbs of Frankfurt see how it is how it looks after an air raid Next is a nice text about the situation in Germany 1814 Which means it was the same situation as it was 1945 This was after the Napoleon war and 45, you know what was going on In all these years next is also a drawing of water color done in the hospital it's one of these Insects the insects is the original size is ten millimetres A two point five mill centimeters excuse me next Manuscript which I did shortly after the war. I was going back to Nuremberg for my to my parents For as I you have seen my home in Frankfurt was destroyed this was done on Purple Japanese paper like a version manuscript the binding also of course by Gudrun flexible binding in dark green leather Two pages from the same manuscript with the color phone With some Arabic lines. I learned Arabic during my time in the hospital before I was In a room in which a lot of French soldiers African soldiers have been so I learned from them Arabic There's a nice story about Arabic, but I want to tell it now here You can read it in a book about alphabets. There is a story about Arabic We can go through the next pages for this Books you have here in the library that is Ben engraver fate on Stichel So we can run through quickly. I wanted to wait before the text lines coming out. Let's go next Yeah, they're running out of time and this is a plate all these pages of Ben engraver. They've been cut by August Rosenberger in lead So you see one of his plates the original plates and also one of these you can I think two of these You can see here in the library. They have two of the Rosenberger plates here It's a building so nothing is new what I'm showing here There's other publication done during the war and shortly after the war Lumen I would say flower alphabet next is a binding also by Gudrun, of course and We go through these pages for the original book is also here in the library. You can see so you have to look here All the pages very long, but here you see the English translations put on which are not of course It's a German edition which is upstairs They are hand colored. So you see these are cuts also by Rosenberger and hand colored and she's Butterflies are done with pastel to get this drain of a of a wing of a butterfly Very hard to do and it's not easy Protect this is one page. This is the last page as it's normally say printing from a blade by Rosenberger with a quotation by Leonardo da Vinci and it is for resist design includes four Items to see a description of this anagram as it is called H, C, A, P and F What it means in German, of course on C's design I had the idea to do more on this But I was running out of time at that time where to do some other things and I dropped the idea too bad But too late But it's the next as the end papers of the bloom and I would say Bring it in green color next week Now we are going more to type design quotation by Thomas James captain Sanderson with some quotation by other people the drawing here for Paladino italic Which of course was for metal to see three of the Types next yeah, it's okay Next please The type specimen of Paladino The description of the whole family here on the right hand side Yes, the Paladino page poster done by Microsoft with all the This is the open typeface of Paladino with more than 1200 figures for each version Crazy idea, but they wanted to do it. That is a Cyrillic version of Paladino This is the empty space of Russia. What you see here? Space of Russia coming back to the post of Microsoft In post Bill Gates idea to have a typeface which has every But which will cover every language in using Latin Cyrillic or Greek characters, so we had to do it for Armenian and for all these funny Countries in Russia and in other places and ending up with 1200 characters. It was not a nice job at all And for you see as a normal European you don't know all these funny characters which you have in Cyrillic That's a computer is alive as you know No, it's not your fault. It's a computer Will you start again, what do we do? Yes Sorry, I warned you already that is we would have problems now the first problem is starting But we will get it again. Yeah, coming back to the type designs what you see next after Paladino is the beginning of optima and Optima started 1950. I was in Italy as a tourist and in Florence and in Rome and did sketches of Roman inscriptions and especially in Florence I Was in Santa Croce and was doing sketches from these gravestones in the floor of Santa Croce and I didn't have any paper with me. So I used 2000 liter bank notes and put my sketches on the bank notes. You will see them soon and I think It's not the normal use of bank notes, but it was the only way to get it on paper. You can go in the years Yeah Must be 1950 So optima started in Florence and it was also my first idea to name the face the face Fiorentina that means Florence and But the temple people didn't like this idea And had changed it to optima, which I think is not a good name for a typeface Of such a classical typeface to overdone optima by optima So Beethoven is helping us over to get Oh, yes 46 yes, you can go through now Oh, maybe but I told you this is a test version and therefore you have to see sometimes the same Picture twice is the flower alphabet and if you go in the 70 and you go back Maybe the easiest way Go out and Yes, here you see the drawings for Linotype altars with a mobile which I have in my home Here you see these letters Turning around and the letters are connected with our family. See is our son Christian then we have age and we have G and the end X Y and set that is a mobile always turning. Here's a normal drawing The italic also done for line of time. This is the milieu You see line of type matrices on the edge the other type designed for samples called physical figures Connection with Melior Also, Melior redesigned for the photocomposition machine with some explanations of the drawing and here you see this Thousand milliliter Banknotes with the drawings of optima. This was the start of optima. I discovered these just by accident a few months ago In an Italian book So I'm very happy that I have really the first drawings I always thought my Design which I did for stemble was the very first but here you see it started much earlier next is some drawings here from the crochet and also some inscriptions in Florence and in Rome you said the structure of optima is this Outline little Chinese looking outlines and And specimen sheet of the stemble foundry of the 36 point optima Next please and optima is used here in this country for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington all these More than 50,000 names than this optima. Yeah, boss Yeah, this was some other design for stempels Arabic Two different versions for you. I told you I had some experience in Arabic Not under the best conditions, but I learned quite a lot. It was very interesting to learn Arabic next some Greek characters that is calligraphy Now some of my publications the manual a typographic from 1954 the first one in 16 different languages the second one was 68 with 18 different languages These are so called primavera ornaments what you have seen this is Initials typeface done by my wife Ariadne initials yes, um pages of a Competition liberal forum done in Stockholm by the Royal Library a lot in Stockholm and These are two proposals for Bible pages and here also in Stockholm. I It's a very famous Swedish author Carl Mikael Bellman character like Like Walt Whitman, I would say and he did very funny Songs and so on here. You see it's done like you use red wine. Let's say On a paper nap It's the same idea with The effect of a lipstick Especially for if you know more about Charles Baudelaire, Paris and all this Was a title page here this is Not very good in the reproduction here done on Gray Japanese paper and it's very hard on this paper for it's not died You see it's very it's not sized so it's very hard to To write on but I wanted to to get a possibility to show that it could be done Here as a page also on Japanese purple Japanese paper Done for Philip Hofer in Cambridge, Mr. Sushits Pre-amble of the chart of the United Nations done for the people Morgan library in New York 1960 now some book design book Holika With the woodcuts by Aristide my role Done in the deotema typeface of my wife italic and Roman gitellic is the German text for German is running much longer. So I needed a smaller running typeface and the other face Again going to see if 70 and you can go But you see how much space you need if you make that It worked perfect before we started here It's afternoon, isn't so yes, we tested it three times. Yes So again and you go back and so into the 1970 And go back now here. We are again. This is this Publication done in deotema italic and Roman is woodcuts by My y'all why it jumps again No, so other publications typographic variations here Which you can see also upstairs in the library. They have all my publications and So we can go through this very quickly some more pages Manualit typographical for the 18 languages Some book designs for German publishers using wood engravings by Doree also for this balsak edition. This is the Dust jacket American theater was a whole Serious of books in different colors of the different language countries With the title page and maybe come back to the time page the title page shows also the contents so you have Just an idea to do it next please in addition of zero two in two volumes with a Pencil drawing of zero two this is a Brahms publication about Brahms and This crayon done with a crayon here says four hundred of the young Brahms, you know Brahms novel is Showing this is long beard. It's a 19th century beard Next time you're drawing with pencil of teller all Wasn't a nice fellow at all. You see it very clear here During the French Revolution Then there's a publication a private publication by a German publisher a mint us is Next please is The use of Dio Tima typeface of my wife and this by Casinari said Aquatint illustrations designer artists living in Milano next Now we are coming closer to Jack Stauffacher said Antiqua was a Name within the company which the real name is hunt Roman You see on the third column top of the third column Stauffacher Next to stop our Josephine his wife Then you see also Hunt in the first row so just to show how the letters are connected within words So this and the idea of doing The hunt Roman was by Jack Stauffacher To Mrs. Hunt and she liked to have an own typeface for her own for a private Publications is used now by the hunt botanical library in Pittsburgh Thanks, this is a broadside as a commission for the container cooperation of America in Chicago With different languages with quotations in different languages Also two lingual in German and Italian and Michelangelo sonnet With a translation by Reiner Maria Rilke Here I think your nose is here in done for the San Francisco public library You can see it upstairs the original so you have not to look at here next is a sheet for a Collector here in Santa Barbara who wanted to have a historic type historic letters lettering done this a new quotations, so this is in a style of an historic Typeface and not typeface excuse me alphabet next Unfortunately, not very good to see it is a big sheet and it's or you can see it as the song of the sun by echinaton and It's a six green printed on acetate So you could put it on a window and the sun shines through this was the idea behind this Was very complicated to do to print on acetate now. We are going to the hallmark time this Some sketches for the hallmark actual Done on a sheet. It's a printed sheet of this cross here just To show how the type could be Also for hallmarks a textura hallmark textura drawings and the final Type done for photo composition. This was done at a trickstool next time. I guess free written letters for a Christmas card and Executed in Kansas City on parchment now at this time during my time this hallmark we had some ideas to Get book production Let's say a little more organized and to find ways to reduce Is it all it which is normal in big companies to reduce? Secures for the publications so we figured out and I figured out with some new ways of concentrating with some special This is a bit to get a production done in the program. So you had to put together different kinds of Designs and you get out maybe a design which is In this within a series very easy to produce therefore a standard size for the for the Publications yet only one format so you had not very much varieties in the type area as a pictures you could have free at that time and Just save only to get it more and more Done as a Regular production so all my goes the first who are into it was interested in typographic Computer program not computer typographic programs computer programs was later This is now my connections with it This is a cut-in aluminum and Was connected with my Gaudi Award 1969 at it. This is the entrance At it with this beautiful design by Joseph Albers Yeah, my connections also with it with type Metal type still this metal type at that time and This was done for Ben Lieberman in New Rochelle, New York Then the lay of the case the California case. I think it's called He is design which I did for hallmark which never was used Some ideas about calligraphy next to this next please now you see some of these Yeah Funny way of doing calligraphy not with a pen this is scratched into the surface of Prepared panel and I scratched it with a Steel Cut like a broad edge pen.  I Did several of these huge huge panels not very small The one here is a quotation by False standard. This is a Greek and and German Quotation by plateau This is a tricky thing of my American Programmer he wanted to do to show his talent. Why not? Maybe we will change this a little but it gives you an idea of what you can manipulate in these days So this is a normal panel I'm seeing Lettering or calligraphy done on the Japanese gold paper It's real. This is what is how you call this? What's called? Gold leaf. Yes a gold leaf. It's not easy to to write on gold leaf. You have to find out a way That is so Hard that it doesn't normally take the ink, but you find where you have to find ways think That is one of the secret trick number five Yes, other page is a quotation by Laotzi Then the same ones on silver leaf But silver leaf took the color, but not the gold. I don't know why it's the same material. It's also metal This is a big one with Also all scratched into The surface of surface was first white and then it overpainted with black and then you scratch it out and you get the white letter This is done with oil paint not with Other are all done with tempera, but this is done with oil paint sentenced by Yerchi Lake, which is Very hard to translate 2019 Some fraud sites, which I did during my time with IT Here a letter to Gutenberg signed by Alexander Lawson and Proven and myself we wrote to him and tell him or want to inform him what's going on This is new techniques in digital type And then next to this is a quotation A quotation about Photo lettering what you have to remember if you do something in photo lettering done for Edward Rohnsall in New York who was an inventor of photo lettering in 36 and this was one of His birthday presents, which I did next a poster done for IT my typography computer programs This is a Yeah, a layout or diagram For instruction if you are starting with Calligraphy or with lettering and if you have problems How far you can go and what you have to make if you go back. There's an English translation also See if you get confused you have to go back to your base and also This gives you all your help, but you need it's the same in your computer You have also on top help the same here for calligraphy Next is now we are here in Stanford This is the oiler design Which was the idea of dr. Donald news who is here with us tonight for today and He started to have a typeface especially for mathematics in Roman Greek practical and one characters in Hebrew This is the drawing for this You just see how complicated it was in these days to do one character likes it Back to a W and then the right hand side. You see all the characters of the oiler Fund I had a Commission from the government of Nigeria the two new typeface which could be used by the different tribes and Nations within like Nigeria 400 languages they have and they want to get out Language or let's say letter forms alphabet, which could be used by all of them Besides the Arabic the north is Arabic. That's the south is Roman and and For all these dialects, we had to find out a solution and what you see here is the school book Alphabet and Everything was finished and there was a coop in Lagos and say quit all these cultural ideas and Stopped everything and now they have the same disorder as it was before All the different languages I have their own alphabets Special characters to the Roman alphabet. What you see here is also Three-dimensional cutting in your aluminum and you see here in the middle of a computer component board included in this little Sign it's not little. It's quite big. I was saying something I did in plexiglass and it is illuminated from The bottom and so you have a very nice reflection inside these plexiglass Letters let us have a sickness of eight millimeters Next please now we are closer here to California this is one of the very first Apple computers Which I did which I received from Steve Jobs and That's the first time day. I could use it. I made a design just you see it But it didn't work. It was the first Design I did I was nearly finished and sense a bomb appeared Everything was lost and I was so unhappy my first experience with a computer. I Was so unhappy that I couldn't eat anything the whole day my wife could Ask my wife so go back to normal things that is Not to computers too much. This is a Renaissance Roman with different kinds of characters and diggers and for scan graphic company in Hamburg needs them Using this type with the old version for a keep sake touring a Conference in Tokyo the lettering the Japanese is done by What is his name? Shinohara Aita Shinohara Next please this I did also for a Japanese company Desk diary with some calligraphy inside also for a Japanese collector who was a Fan of rake and he wanted to have a rake quotation in German for pages of Instruction book There's one in English French Spanish and German now you see the kaleidoscope picture and Sado Rebo formula with all these There's mystery Inside what does it mean the whole thing there are lots of of Descriptions and one of one of them I wrote and there was a site here It was used also for a puzzle by the Royal Society of Arts in London. So you see it's not an easy puzzle my wife is specialized in puzzles But this is as he told me it's very complicated to do British British Did a Program called HC program for you a way w in Hamburg This is a description of the English version and How it works and you see on The one side good back needed two hundred ninety characters to get his perfect a Columns for the 42 line Bible, but we don't have 290 characters so we have to find other ways and so we figured out to stretch and Do to manipulate a little the characters you don't see it But you see on the second column which is this done with the program said it runs smaller the whole and you have Not more than two I've made it first and So it was quite complicated. I don't have to talk too much. Let's go This you may know it was an exhibition here in in the library This is also done with dr. Knuth 3.16 Bible text illuminated and Done with Calligraphic pages from Kelly give us all over the world. I Think you saw here the original designs in San Francisco This is the broadside in which I was working several years It is a homage to life needs Who is the inventor of the dual and binary system which you use today in all your computers? Nobody knows that this was done in the 18th century already and This is a description how it works and the sources of the whole thing. He was really a great man This is William Morris and this is ideas about air pollution and This could be written in these days, but this was done 1839 you can't believe what he has foreseen the conditions which we are which we have around us today the same in Calligraphy this other was done in in type Was done for the exhibition in Texas Now we are closer to the end. This is a publication poetry through typography and Published by Kelly Winnerton press Kelly is here in New York City. Yeah, I think you have fun on Display upstairs of these two pages from this publication. This was a Funny idea of some friends. I did some cues and they said can you Do more than only 10 I think I can do some more. So I ended up with 50 quotation from your Declaration of Independence part of the Declaration of Independence by Jefferson In the collection of Jerry Kelly Then we have here some of my logo designs in all the years put together different publishers This on the right hand side only for one publisher to find the best solution The last one is what we what he did what he Take was taken Next week the same here. You're on the left-hand side for the Nuremberg National Museum Also different variations just To find the best solution Also here so you see some American companies here This the queue was for a company for the organization in Washington DC and below is The logo for the champion paper company Next please. Oh, let me can't go back again. So to Help the Californians in the center of the left-hand side. You see the logo for the Stanford library Friends of the Stanford library as yeah Next please This is a subfino Leporello, which you can get here we have here some of these Which you see the different drawings Alphabets of the subfino with legal chairs and all kinds of things and you see I think on your and your Locations which you have here also a lot of use of tapfinos It is it's one of the drawings sketches or ligatures What's up, you know Next please And here you see Drawings the final drawings It was started with several hundreds of characters and then after a while we had to cut it down to four Simple alphabets, but it's a long story. I wanted to talk about it. It's either way you can read it on this little booklet page which Shows all my type designs in all the years from 1938 with killing cut you have seen it till 1980 1998 and now we are on the end you see two designs for some covers of Publications one was for the Chicago and the last the other one was for the kind of which Charity did for the grow your club in London and in New York Can you get now the music? Oh, yeah, you see these are something that we have worked on but Just to show it now. It's a description of the Music which is used here for the CD-ROM done by the epic trio a very famous trio in Germany This is a description of the epic trio and shows all the titles of the music which was used during the whole story Beginning with Beethoven ending up with Felix Mendelssohn-Badolty Between here now This is the end of the story with all the names of People who are involved in this CD-ROM by the bunch of people you see and


I think Finns overall can't be very provocative, but maybe just to say to begin with, why do I comment on these things? So I'm going to draw on being an economist. So I have that nervousness that Miles said, so I'm just going to touch upon that. It's actually anxiety from my part concerning the sustainable development goals. I left the bank recently, as mentioned, and one thing that I have done during that time of having fun, of not being a manager in the World Bank has been, I've done a report for the Finnish Parliament, which is called Results on the Ground with the question mark, which is an independent review of Finnish aid. So I think that is probably the reason that Tony and Fin invited me as a respondent. So I'm going to comment from those perspectives, sort of being an economist and thinking that way, and then the experience partly in the bank, but mostly regarding one bilateral donor. But then bringing in what has been said in these three presentations. So just first about the sustainable development goals, and as I said, to me they created anxiety because MDGs is really something I lived with in the World Bank, and I can say that they were not initially but quite soon taken as real goals, and they shaped behavior and action. So I would answer Richard M saying that my experience was they really had an impact. They were goals. But I do think this conference gave me a good point. I mean, okay, Joe Stieglitz, my former boss, one remote, talked a long time. So people take various things from him. What I took from him his talk yesterday, actually the question session, where he said that these sustainable development goals are norm setting, they are attitude changes. Then they come to countries and countries kind of reflect them in one way or another. I took that and I want to keep that because it totally lowers my anxiety because they are not the similar way the goals that you actually modify all your action as a development agency.  So then I'm much more at ease because otherwise, there are just so many. And I remember having been again in the World Bank, I remember when the poverty reduction strategy papers, the PRSBs came. And I had been on the, I was a Uganda economist in my first job in the bank, and the PRSB was really cooked up in Uganda, but it was nothing to do with PRSB. It was their own poverty program. There was never even a dream that it would come anything. When it became a PRSB, Uganda already had their own poverty reduction action plan then and they were done. But when PRSB came, the World Bank created a handbook for it and it had 1000 pages. And I mean, it was supposed to be about ownership. So the World Bank wrote 1000 pages to say how it should be. So in a way, those memories kind of resonated when these SDGs have been discussed. But at the same time, even during this conference, there is a huge strong positive feeling. I mean, yesterday, the former president of Finland and Joe Stiglitz, they said they are the deep form of democracy. Wow. So in a way, I'm really glad that Joe mentioned that norm setting, and then they will influence countries in various ways. Because had I been in charge, but I wasn't, and the whole country, all those countries will sign to them. Then you sometimes think, because the chief economist of the US aid said, US is big time into this. Now you mentioned China is big time into this. Oh, you start thinking maybe there's nothing in it because everybody can be big time in them. So had I been able to choose just very briefly, I would say, I believe that societies need to choose their own goals. I tend to believe that decentralization is better. Decentralized goals create better accountability, and there needs to be accountability lower level than just the whole globe. And perhaps the third point about there is that there is scarce effort internationally. It has now been made this very widest you can ever make it, all sectors, everything and all countries. Another option would have been to focus on those global bads. Let's say like fragile states, Syria, Middle East, Yemen, Afghanistan, things like conflict, for instance. So anyway, that's about what I wanted to say in terms of the SDGs. And then the aid policy. And I think it was interesting when Richard Manning said that multilateral, bilateral systems are not ready for that. I would like to ask, is China ready? Is that model much better? Kind of because I mean that China thing is so super interesting. And so you could ask whether China is ready. Also perhaps on the China paper, I'm jumping a little bit, but sort of leaving the SDGs and kind of talking about the aid policy now and trying to make the link to them and to your papers. I did tell, so China papers are interesting. I learned that the Chinese, from your paper, I learned that the Chinese actually learned the way of doing natural resource back contracts from their own aid that they received from Japan. That was very interesting. The whole public entrepreneur thing is of course very interesting. I think one thing from your paper, obviously, I would love to see numbers. I am dying to see some of those numbers. Actually, what does this mean? Especially for someone who has worked a lot in Africa. Then I was maybe the last kind of way of framing these points is how ready is then a country like Finland? So, OK, Richard Manning said it's an outlier. It's an outlier, maybe, in the fastness of them cutting the aid program by 40%, just like that. And in a way, when I looked at the aid program after 30 years, I had not looked at the Finnish aid program at all. When I looked at it, the cutting was not yet there. This last year, Finnish aid was 0.6%, so it was a considerable amount. So, a few points about that. That was a review, and I work with my former boss, the madams, to some degree, on it and myself a lot. But when looking at it, the aid thing is a few kind of observations on that. The Sustainable Development Goals, the leadership of the Finnish aid and in a small country, the UN is really important. UN is superbly important here in Finland. So, all the leadership of the Finnish aid program were busy working on the Sustainable Development Goals. That's for sure. And I would actually say that they probably spent far too much time on that. Because then when parliament says, hey, foreign office, we are not really quite confident in your reports because there is nothing negative, everything is going smoothly. And there was quite a bit of swing among parliamentarians, certain parties to be quite anti-distinct. And then they say, OK, results, where are the results? So, when entering this aid program, small bilateral aid program, not a mini program, but relatively small, there is just hardly any evidence on results. So, that was like the one observation that I had. And then, well, how do you then deal with this massive SDG thing if you need to measure that because the data problem is already very big with the MDGs in many countries. But most importantly, to bring the measurement and results to the policy. Some of the other features that I found was fast policy shifts, a lot of fragmentation, a lot of wanting to address every agenda. And maybe a foreign office does that. But then that was especially from the civil society support and multilateral support. And you want to be attending every area. I think the SDGs just enlarges probably that area a lot. Maybe the final point is because my time is up, is to say that I see based on particular this work on looking at the aid program, I am more and more seeing that aid will be very important in the so-called fragile states. I got convinced during that process. And it's not only about the aid spending, but obviously the aid spending. Many of the Finns don't have to worry about the poor in Brazil. I buy that argument. And it one needs to move there. And the problems are really hard to tackle in those countries. So I think that's how I saw that thing. Maybe you are already, I'm over time, but there was one other issue that struck me a lot. There was so much talk about something called policy coherence. And I understand what it means. It means how does your trade policy affect, how does your agriculture policy affect. Very important. But so very little concrete anything on that issue. It's like to me, as a practical person, it's just talk. So that, thank you. Well, thank you very much and I think, you know, your intervention was very provocative and very straightforward and clear message. Thank you so much. And before opening the floor, I'd like to, I have a request from the Korean delegation that Mr. Kim, president of COICA, would like to have short intervention.  But you have the floor, please. Thank you for giving me the floor. Among many other issues, one of the interesting presentation is China's role. Of course, many are curious about what, how and Chinese are doing business. There are some critics say that we don't know whether China is doing ODA or China is doing their own, pursuing their own strategic interests and people are confused. And there have been a lot of opposition when AIB was pronounced and then initiated. There was some views in the West that China's role is very positive in terms of helping and filling the gap. There were views that the Chinese increasing role is threatening the pattern and morality of ODA from the Western traditional point of view. We have seen the presentation with very careful interest by Kerry. And when you describe the creative destruction of a finance industry, I would like to ask some more explanation why you naming the Chinese role in financing in ODA or in their strategy. Network and entrepreneurship, whatever. Why you are naming this creative destruction that we are very much interested with the key point for us to collaborate with Chinese in the development world. Thank you. Okay, President Kim, thank you very much for your comments and question to I think Richard Kerry, to Mr. Richard Kerry. And I'd like to open the floor and please identify yourself and then make comments or questions as briefly as possible. And firstly, maybe. Justin. Well, Justin Lin from China. And first I'd like to comment on these three presentation and also the discussion for a very good framework to understand the issue of ODAs and foreign aid and so on and also especially Richard Kerry. His presentation had a very good summary of the thinking and the policy and the evolution in China. And I have one comments and one question. One comments maybe related to Mr. Kim's comments on China's foreign policies. From what I see, the purpose of AIDS is to improve the well-meaning of the recipients. And no matter how you achieve that, what's the purpose that you give AIDS? It can be political, it can be humanitarian and it can be commercial. But at the end, the judgment will be whether you really improve the well-meaning of the people. And if you forgot that, then the AIDS may not serve the purpose. It may be just talking or it may be just serving the purpose of the donors instead of the recipients. And in that regard, yes, today, a lot of AIDS in China is in the firm of some kind of commercial arrangement, certainly with some kind of consultation. But here is that as long as it serves the purpose, it should be welcome. That's my comments and I certainly like to have your reaction from the panel whether that is a good criterion or not. That's one thing. And secondly, in terms of SDG, MDG, and so on, there are many goals, but should we give some kind of priorities to give on goals? Fundamentally, it's to improve the well-meaning of the people. And to improve the well-meaning of the people, I think we need to make the development inclusive. And if we want to have inclusive goals to create a job would be the most important way. And as we discussed the things around in, we have different goals and we put some kind of ranking and to see how they directly link to the job. If they do not direct into the creating of the jobs, then they should be given a rank. And if they can directly link to the given creating job, they should receive higher ranks. Otherwise, we know resources is limited in any country. No matter if it's donors of money or the budget in the recipient country. And if we do not have some kind of priorities, they may be pursuing too many things at the end not being achieved. So that's my comment. I would also like to have the response from the panelists. Okay, thank you. And I guess. Gratia El-Katisha from the City University of New York. Thank you very much for very interesting presentations and your comments. And I work in countries coming out of war or other crisis. And I found Richard Mann in a graph on the low income countries very interesting because the average aid in those countries is 10%. Some of the countries I work with, the average aid in the first decade after the crisis goes higher than 50%. The situation is very different. And what I have observed in that is that the way aid and foreign investment and remittances and all that has taken a completely different turn from what it used to be. For instance, in Afghanistan, the issue of the largest untapped copper mine. In Latin America, we discussed how the foreign direct investment package was unpackaged in the 80s and 90s and so forth. Here, the situation is very interesting because China, for instance, they packed, they have a whole package that includes aid, it includes security, and it brings foreign direct investment all together in the same package. So it's very hard, for instance, for the Canadian firms or the American firms or the European firms to come and compete because these countries provide the aid and the security separate from the foreign investors. So this is something, I mean, I don't have an opinion of whether it's better or not, but it's something that has changed the landscape in these countries. With regards to the millennium development goals, my experience in these countries is that many times they divert. I think we heard how, for instance, unemployment was not a big issue in the millennium development goals. And what I have seen is that many of these goals have diverted resources from employment, which is what you need in these countries, towards some of these goals. I'm not saying the goals are not important, but I'm saying sometimes they diverted resources from really sectors and areas in which there was a large need for aid. Thank you. Okay, thank you. And gentlemen over there. Thank you. Steen Anderson from the NIDA. And thank you very much to the excellent panel for a very good overview. I think my question is for Richard Manning. Now, talking about, we've talked about the post-2015 agenda and now we've had all of these different factors, creative destruction, a plethora perhaps of development banks, et cetera, more bilateral drives rather than multilateral with various donors. So Richard, do you have in your head or could you sketch out what is the post-2015 model then of funding flows, if you will, concessional and semi-concessional flows in the future that might have a chance of actually delivering to the SDGs, especially in low-income countries? I hope you wanna share it with us. And of course, with some degree of realism, can we hope to achieve that because we could probably sketch an ideal model but with your knowledge of all of these different trends, et cetera. What can we hope for? Thank you. Okay, thank you. Very challenging question. But I don't like to compete with your lunchtime but we have some hands over there. So please, you know, weigh over there. The last row. Yeah, I'm Darryl Sequera, an environmental ecologist based in Finland. I'm sorry for the confusion in my mind which might be very simple for to an economist, which is, we use the term aid, aid policy. But I'm not clear in my mind where we separate the 0.7% that governments have pledged to give as aid from the total amount that's given as aid, which we seem to be calling aid, which to my mind seems to be commercially oriented investment, either soft loans or hard loans, but loans. So where do we exactly draw the line and where do we consider what is humanitarian and what of that humanitarian investment can be given as a commercial investment? Those are a question that arise in my mind. And adding to that is very often we find that these so-called aid packages are actually tied to exploitation of the natural resources in the recipient countries. So that's actually very, very profit oriented and it might not be efficient in terms of raising the well-being of the local population but more raising the well-being of the donor agency. So those are the questions that arise in my mind. Thank you very much. Okay, thank you very much. And the next, you know, next to the gentleman. Hi, I'm Michael Barwitz. I'm the chief economist from the Global Fund. So first of all, it's interesting not to hear any discussion about private philanthropy like the Gates Foundation, who not only provide direct aid transfers but also have huge influence on the multilateral system. They're now one of the largest donors, for example, to the World Health Organization, have huge influence over the multilateral system and I haven't heard anybody even mention them. In fact, I think they're actually more currently more influential than China. And the second thing, having worked in a lot of countries, including China, I think the issue around aid transfer is not just about giving money to poor countries. It's also about knowledge and technical assistance. And I think that discussion has been left out of this because I think particularly for middle income countries, they have a lot to learn from OECD countries and how that's organized to try to address some of the challenges that they face that have already been addressed by some of the developed countries is something I think that's really weak in the international architecture and that the international system is not well organized to provide. Thank you. And the last, you know... Oliver Morris, the University of Nottingham. It's a comment that from your combined experience, any of the three of you could respond to. In many respects, China's approach to aid is very similar to the traditional donors' tied aid practices that I'm sure you all remember from the 1980s and earlier. And I can... I remember well the economists, NGOs, politicians, and I know it was within the DAC, the kind of the build-up of persuasive arguments that tied aid was not the right way to deliver aid. Should we be going back to those arguments and subjecting Chinese aid to that type of analysis that many of us did in the 1980s? Okay, thank you very much all. And well, the basic thing is it is very hard to respond to simple questions. But we will try. I would like to ask speakers to respond maybe two minutes each. And well, please ignore that. Thanks. Well, I'll have a crack at perhaps the easier ones and leave the difficult ones for my colleagues to answer. First of all, on Justin's question about job creation and decent work, when I was speaking, I mentioned that the arrival at these sustainable development goals had been a very consultative process. And it was very interesting that after health and education, which came at the top of the list, as you would expect, what people said, which came into third position, was decent work and jobs in the surveys that were done around what civil society wanted out of these sustainable development goals. And if you think about it, that's not surprising because younger people leaving school, leaving university clearly need jobs. But also people at the other end of the employment scale, people who are into their 50s and 60s where there's no social protection scheme, where there's no retirement funding for them, they need to be able to keep working. So I think it's unsurprising that decent work and job should feature so strongly in these sustainable development goals. And my assumption is that now individual countries will reflect those sustainable development goals in their plans going forward. So for example, in Ethiopia, their new growth and transformation program has a lot to say about job creation, employment creation, etc. And I think that your point with which I completely agree is that aid should basically be to support the well-being of recipients. You can't just go in and do it as you know as well as me. You know, you have to get behind a strategy that's there and you have to support what governments themselves are saying. Just a couple of kind of random comments on other points perhaps. We didn't say anything about private foundations. That's absolutely right. They have become increasingly significant, particularly over the last 10 or 15 years and it's not just the Gates and others. Private foundations within Africa, within India, within other parts of Asia, their roles as well have become increasingly significant and I think that's really important. And I also agree with the comment about we should be creating partnerships actually, technical assistance partnerships where the flow is not just one way actually. This is not just a North-South flow. I think there's an awful lot that the North has to learn from the South through development to some of these partnerships. And the final point perhaps for me just to comment on about this tide aid. Yes, I mean I do think you're absolutely right that we have gone back to that discussion and debate, but I think Chinese aid being tied is not as potentially distorting as Northern aid was distorting and Richard and I dealt with this quite a lot back in the 1980s where the distortions were huge frankly. I think that where goods and services are produced at much lower cost than the differential and therefore the skewing that you get through tying aid would be smaller, but we've certainly got to keep it in our sights I think. Thank you very much. Just on quick comments. Just on one point the RIPFA raised, you quite rightly referred to policy coherence and we all fall on down on this and I think the area we need to focus on particularly is these days less trade than tax. I think that's a very important agenda in that area. Justin asked about what are the priorities within all this and I think that my answer to him and also to our Danish colleague, I'm not going to give you the answer to the world in 30 seconds, but things have to make sense at the level of the recipient country. And as I said, if you're a middle income country, aid is fairly small, you can cope with money that is targeted for one particular purpose that's important to the donor. If you're a very poor country and aid is 50% of your GNI or whatever, you can't do that and I appreciate the way the Global Fund for example is now looking at what it does more in the context to what's going on in the health sector generally. It's entirely the right approach. So we have to listen very carefully to our recipient countries, the implemented countries and overall we mustn't distort their priorities. Otherwise you don't get ownership and you don't get results. If Finland wants results, donors should be clear about what they want to achieve but these achievements are not going to be theirs. These are achievements of the countries and donors have to sell to their publics that we are co-investors in let's say improving the quality of female education in Bangladesh and we don't have to prove that we Finland did exactly this within that. Attribution gets ridiculous at some point. You've got to be a contributor to an overall process within which you'll come for what you're doing and the thing makes sense in the point of view of the recipient country. And when you think of what's the model for development assistance in the SDGs, the point I would put to you is what's going to make sense for Malawi or a country like that? What kind of mix of special purpose funds, general funds, loans, grants, makes sense at the point of that country? And we could have a long discussion about how to do that. As I used to say in the DAC, if you visited the world from Mars you would wonder why Earthlings made it so complicated to do something on which they all agree. Everybody agrees we need sustainable development. We've now got the SDGs to measure this. Why can't we find some better ways of doing this? I think what I've learned in my experience of trying to do this is that donors will not achieve this. It's the recipient countries, the implementing countries who have to lead the process. And I think we have to turn the telescope around and look at it from that point of view. I do think there are issues around this whole tide aid issue. As I've said already, there's not a fan of this using aid-to-win contracts approach that I and others were involved in doing in the 1980s. And I think that the two things that work against that are, first of all, obviously tide aid is less of a problem if you're internationally competitive. And China does have some international competitive process itself, which helps to keep the cost down. So maybe from that point of view it's not so bad, but I worry in the Chinese case, as I worried in the British case, that companies get too powerful in all this. They have their own reasons to get to point A and they will talk to the operating agencies in the recipient country. They will cook up a proposition. They will flog it to the Ministry of Finance on the one side and the aid donor on the other side. This proposition will get through, even if it's not the best thing to do, if loan money is involved that could be a thoroughly bad decision. So again, it's the recipient country, the finance people, the people at the centre have to be empowered to fight against people in operating institutions who have their own reasons to push particular things. A link to that. I was the first DAC chair to visit China and the two things I came away from, I was very much at my own, a lot of what China is doing. The two things that China needs to think about are two words. One is sustainability. If you put in a lot of capital investment, will it be maintained? And secondly, transparency. Can people see what you're doing? And I think particularly in these natural resource linked exploitations, I think China needs to think about both those things quite carefully. With technical assistance and knowledge, Michael's quite right about that. I learnt a lesson when I was at the DAC which was that I didn't know much about the OECD, I knew quite a lot about the DAC, but I think the OECD is actually a fabulous institution. It's a great collection of people in the OECD countries who are focused on the same issue, are struggling with the same problems and want to learn from each other. And what we need, and the OECD is gradually itself pushing in this direction, we need a properly organised international and not less than learning transfer system and OECD type, bringing together the stakeholders who know about the environment and how you manage waste. All these issues we're all struggling with. The problem is it's difficult to do that with 180 countries. It's already proved quite difficult to do it with 30 or so. But I think we need more intelligent models of how to do that across the world. And of course it's not just learning from the OECD countries. There's huge learning to be done from China, from India, from all sorts of countries as well. I think that's it. Thank you. Well, Ritva, is China ready for the SDGs? Well, Xi Jinping will be in New York on 28th of this month. His speech, I think, will be really quite fascinating here. Given the number of Chinese initiatives that I was showing up on the slide there, how will he put that whole story together? Now, what China is bringing, in my view, very fundamentally is the transformation idea. It's bringing the Lewis model. It's bringing a model that will generate jobs, will generate trade and investment in jobs, employment, a dynamic economic process which will bring well-being to millions of people over this period of 15 years. So, China is bringing that ambition to the table. Nobody else really is bringing that ambition. So, China is, because it's becoming a bigger part of the whole global economy of the development business, it acquires an interest in performance and in the effect of development process. So, it's moving way, way, away from its support of liberation movements. It wants now to support performing governments, dealing with some very risky cases Zimbabwe and Venezuela. So, it's in different kinds of discussions with them. The whole non-interference principle is, in practice, it's being modified quite significantly. So, that is what I take on that. What are the numbers? Well, you can look up various websites, but there's a very big discussion between people who are trying to estimate these numbers, aid data based at William & Mary sending up satellites to look for Chinese projects from satellites, etc. But I can direct you to some of these numbers. I'm not saying the numbers because in the sort of group that I work with, we sort of agree not to mention these numbers because headline numbers are often very wrong and we spread misunderstandings. But what I should say about Chinese aid packages, these resource for infrastructure packages, what China's doing is attaching the repayment of the loans to the resource receipts as they come through. But the actual package covers a whole wide range of activities in infrastructure, social development and so forth. It's not just the resources. China is organizing its supply chains, that's what it's been doing, but it's doing it through these diversified economic packages. When you look inside them, you'll see development packages. Now, what the other thing that China is saying is it's creating these new regional initiatives, we want to work with other people. So that's the question that was asked. Here are these Chinese packages, how can we part of it? It's difficult to be part of them. China is now saying we want to work with others. So that's the frontier for the next few years and it's not going to be totally straightforward, but it's a new approach. So on a quick discussion, that's what I would say, that China is now saying we want to work with you. And that's whether China's aid is on its own interests or is it aid, is it a welfare transfer, they have got to trade an investment in aid model and trade and investment generate benefits, that's how we all operate. So that's what China is trying to do, is trying to develop those dynamic economic processes. On the question of the Global Fund and the Gates Foundation, I'm actually working on a Gates Foundation project at the moment and I think the Gates Foundation has done a fantastic job and I would say that they are also a global public entrepreneur. They're doing a lot of things and they're doing issues together and find answers and engage people. On coming back to these Chinese tight aid packages and whether we should go back to the arguments that we went through earlier, Oliver, read our paper in the Journal of International Development last month because that's what we went back and did. I'm absolutely impressed with Richard Manning that for China, sustainability and transparency are two big frontiers and really important for them to address in everybody's interest but their own in particular because building up unsustainable loan portfolios is not in their interests and transparency if you want to work with others, you have to be more transparent. I think China and the OECD have just signed a memorandum of understanding why because China wants to learn from the OECD and wants to learn about things like integrity and climate change and environmental standards and Richard at the IDS in our Rising Powers and Development Program we are trying to promote this learning in emerging countries and other developing countries and OECD countries as well. Thank you. Thank you and I think last response. Two messages. What did I learn on this? So and trying to look into the future on the basis of this and maybe the other experience I've had. So let me say this, looks like China will change the aid industry and aid finance and hopefully China will change according to those sustainability and transparency rule so that China changes others and changes itself as well. I think that would be very good and could happen. I think that's really very good because I do think countries do want business collaboration. They do want like I again coming from Finland what do they want to do with the little country Finland technology related things. That's very good because I do think we need some of those other instruments not just the grants grants should go to the poorest countries and especially fragile states and then one needs to go forward and think how to deal with that issue of knowledge because if you just become a poor country like agency the knowledge thing doesn't flow so I didn't learn during this seminar it remains as a question how to then do that knowledge exchange. Thank you. Thank you and before closing Miles you know singled me one question is not answered. Just 20 seconds because I don't think we've answered the point about the 0.7 and how much of that will go towards climate change environment etc. My assumption is that over the next 15 years there will be less aid spent on bilateral programs and that will focus very much on the fragile states and increasing proportion of aid will go to support global public goods including climate change and environmental issues but clearly we don't want all aid to be spent to support environment and climate change issues more than that I think it's quite difficult to pass it up at this stage. Okay thank you Miles and everyone development aid policy makers I believe right now they face well you know they have opportunities but they face a lot of challenges and policy making needs evidences based on the robust research and in this way we count on new UNU wider members and we really count on new and we need a lot of evidences to support new I mean kind of revision of policies and we had a wonderful panel marvelous speakers and respondents and please join me in applause to wonderful panel thank you so much


why is she crying already? already! hey guys so today we're going to be watching a movie that surprisingly has been requested. i've seen it commented once. so today i'm going to be watching a movie called beautiful creatures and the reason why i wanted to do this movie is because it is one of the few like teen book adaptation films from that like 2013, 12, 14 type of era that i have not seen. i also wanted to do it because i feel like no one knows about it but everyone knows about it. you know? like i feel like everyone knows about beautiful creatures but like nobody has really watched it. it's kind of in that same category as like i am number four and the mortal instruments like those movies of that time were just like they did not hit the mark like they were supposed to and they were made to be. shout out to Squarespace for sponsoring today's video.  Squarespace gives people a powerful and beautiful online platform from which to create your website. With Squarespace you can make your website look professional and stylish all at the same time. Squarespace allows you to link various social media accounts to your website so you can post simultaneously to all accounts. You can use Squarespace mailing list feature to get your message across to all the people subscribed to your website. Using Squarespace email campaigns features you can make your email stand out and unify your voice across your website and brand. Go to squarespace.com slash trend level to get a free trial and 10 off your first purchase. There will be a link in the description box so make sure you go check it out. Thank you Squarespace! Pennywise tees. He went to sleep with his shoes on? I can guarantee he does not have a southern accent in real life. South Carolina. Yippee-ki-yay. Big boom. Their town is so small they literally don't even get the sun there. It's kind of crazy. When you live in a small town and you don't have the sun anymore, what is it? Is it a cloater? Is it one of those fancy cloaters? Or is it a pocket watch? Or is it a... no it's shiny. Sometimes I'm Billy Pilgrim. I'm literally not even listening to his narration right now because he bothers me. His voice bothers me. Okay there I said it. You know what?  I get to make fun of his voice. That's just how it works. Okay? His voice bothers me. I could tell it's not real. His voice is not real.  Jesus. She's in this movie? How did they get her in this movie? Oh it's um um she was in the vampire academy and she was not a part of five feet apart.  I know her. Just us. Oh that would be just heaven. Sure. Oh my god her lip twitching. That was great acting. It was like really convincing. Kind of scared me. Girls I'm telling you this right now. See I mean everyone thought they were crazy. They said oh you're just some Christian Bible thumping weirdos but turns out they're right. She's a little witch dog into that witchcraft witchery satanism. She's a witch burner at the stake.  Oh I live in a gated community. Well the gate just opens when you push on it so it doesn't even matter. You do not live in a gated community. You do not.  Why is it so filled with grass? It looks like there's grass coming out of the house and we're just gonna pretend that it's really normal for you to just waltz into a house.  Where is the witchery? I signed up for this movie to see witches and I haven't seen one witch other than some glass breaking which kind of just reminds me of Sharkboy and Lavaville in the classroom and I don't know why it reminds me of that but it just does so you can stop yelling at me. But honestly I came here for witches. Where's the witches? Where's the witches bitches? Welcome to suck-ass Gatton gift. You did not get that for her. You found it on the floor. What did you do to him? Why is she crying already? Already! I'm not here to make friends. I'm here to win. ACW, JKD, December 21st, 1863. Dang they're really close. They're like hey um what'd you have for lunch? Tacos? That's awesome. Consider this an early sweet 16 present. Sweet 16. Whoa. Whoa, whoa, whoa. Oh my god did they know each other?  Oh my god or what? It was all a dream? It was all a dream? All of it? The whole thing with his with her with her uncle and everything that was none of it was real? How'd I get home? What are you talking about when that guy hit you already in bed? I'm glad you're getting some sleep. Emma! How did I get here? Why are you shouting? I'm sorry. Why are you shouting? You need to calm down. You need to calm down. If this little pendant is so dangerous why was it so easy to find? He didn't even look for it. He didn't even dig for it. He literally glanced to the floor and said oh my god maybe it's a quarter or maybe it's one of those specialty quarters I want to see and it wasn't even that.  Oh my god. Whoa this is kind of trippy. Whoa this looks like the matrix bro.    They're connected somehow. He's being eaten up by the ground. Oh my god. He's turning into a turning into a central. You know I just hate hot in all the time. Feeling like everybody's whispering about me. Isn't he the one that just got sucked up by like the dark magic and she's like I don't really get it. What do you stop doing that? It's kind of like freaking me out when he keeps doing that because he's not moving her hair like out of her face. He's like going like this. Like he's not moving it. Ew.    Oh my god. The one that was so annoying. Promise me it'll be a really normal awkward teenager date. I swear.  Jark. I mean what did she expect him to do? Take her on a date to a haunted house like party city and like make fun of her the whole time? Pull over ma'am ma'am can you pull over. Oh my god she looks like Alice in New Moon with those red gloves on and those sunglasses and the headscarf and the red scarf. She looks like I was going to see the Volturi now. Where you at Edward? I literally don't even try to make toilet references. They just come out. When I turn 16 I might not even be who I am now. What's up with the turning 16 in witchery? I don't really get it. Every single time someone's like I turned 16. Some magical thing or ritual happens where they have to choose between like the dark side and the light side and it's like okay but like why 16? And the Reverend Stevens I believe. Yes sir. He's got a cane too. I take your little christian hat and I raise you the devil's cane. That sounds like the devil's cane sounds very much of like an innuendo and I did not mean for that to sound like an innuendo. Kind of with the lighting change and like the set change kind of looks like they were setting up a musical. Would have kind of been a little bit excited if they did start singing in their country accents but that didn't happen but I wish it would happen. It's not happening. It's taken from them. Poor things. Some return making. Darling come back. Every single scene is so long explaining explaining explaining and nothing's happening. It's explaining explaining explaining. Here's two characters explaining what's happening. Here's two other characters explaining what's happening. Nothing's happening though. I'm upset. I'm so upset. I remember this actress is she from it's the actress from Shameless. Let me guess we're gonna get another scene of two characters explaining some sort of part of the story again. Yay. Is she gonna explain to him what he's meant to do in this earth and convince him of something. Is it just me or is this boring? Even if her true nature doesn't claim her for the dark the curse will. It's already started. I'm warning you. What curse? I want to know about the curse. When you go on the tea cups with your cousin. Okay. I want you out of here. What is going on? I don't get it. This is not really a fight. They're just kind of doing a little spin game. You know how she will be.  Well finally she did something. I was waiting for some hand-to-hand combat right there because they were just going around on the tea cups not doing a thing. But honestly like they weren't really doing anything to each other. They were just spinning around. They weren't hitting each other. No one was getting hurt in the middle of it. These two girls were just spinning around for no reason. She can make mortals. See think or do whatever she wants. Especially man. Isn't that like the working definition of a bitch? Are they gonna have sex? Which sex? Oh my god. Which sex? What does that even mean? What could that possibly mean?  Final destination six. Stop talking during the movie mate. Stop talking during the movie. That was like on the top. It was like right here. The kiss was right here. Not on the lips. It was like interesting placement for the kiss but okay. Reaching to my pocket.  It looks so real. It looks so real. I don't remember the scene of Final Destination 6 but okay.   Oh a little ritual. I bring you back from the dead. Oh she went dark to bring him back to life. I joined the dark side so you could live again. Just to kill him again? What?  Bitch. That doesn't make any sense. Lena. The cursed pecan with your great great great grandmother. Genevieve Catherine Duquesne. She had the temerity to fall in love with her. I feel like this whole movie has been numb explaining the history of witches and I just don't really think that's that interesting but okay. And in her madness in her grief she used a spell that is forbidden to us.  No cast or may reverse death so she lost her soul. We just saw this. Why are you explaining it when you just spent five minutes showing it to us? Literally we just saw it. We just saw that whole scene and he's explaining it again.   You don't have to retell it. Well you should be at that party Ethan kicking up your heels with your real friends with the children who belong in this town. I'm not much of a four-part unit man. Oh well that's a shame. Well see I made you some brownies I thought maybe I could come in.  Never has been. It's just that girl with her seductive quirkiness. Seductive quirkiness? Someone wrote that. Seductive quirkiness. I'm on your side son. What's a little curse when it comes to true love? Not only did she completely ruin yourself confidence about not getting invited to the party she also tried to kill you. It used to be under Washington D.C. until Nancy Reagan made the move. She just turned into her character on Suicide Squad. She just fully turned into her character on Suicide Squad where she eats the state. That's all that's the only scene I can think of right now is when she's introducing the Suicide Squad. Now here's the real question.  Come on. I know one of you guys can. Let's go. Come on. You can do it. Just try. In these books, hold the histories of the castors from around the world.  This movie is kind of making me upset actually. Book of Moons. I thought you were just going to say the Book of Mormon. Oh my God. The Book of Moons? No. The Book of Mormon. More history. More. Breathing. More. More. Can we move on?    What are you going to eat next? A cucumber? And stare at me? POV. I eat a banana and make direct eye contact with you. Being human is feeling bad.  It's feeling scared and not being able to do anything about it until you don't. I'm kind of liking this guy the more time goes on.  Sex scene.   That's what I like to see buddy. There's not only one way to break the curse. Genevieve used the forbidden spell to give life to the one she loved. Ooh. Break the curse. Has to die.  You gotta give me that death. You gotta give me that mafia. You gotta give me that witch stuff. Yes. The one you have to love has to die. Let's go baby. Let's go.  I was just starting to like him too.  It is God awful. Sounds perfect. I feel like walking and kissing is like a really difficult task. You're like shuffle into the side as you're like I feel like that's not an easy thing to do. I've never tried it. Never tried it. Never done it but by the looks of it they looked like they were kind of struggling. What do you wish for every year that you never get? Got a good good clear noise on that one on that little I thought he was gonna kiss her but he like didn't. He just kind of like did it like a little bit. Snow. Um President Snow from The Hunger Games. You want to see President Snow? That's your wish. It's like the Christmas Drake and Josh movie where they get a barrel cheese and they pretend it's snow in California.  Oh she wiped his memory? For someone you love. For something or someone you love more.  Bitch bars. Don't you love a good confederate flag? Yeah love that. I love it when we can wave our confederate flags freely. That's fun. He's been predetermined by the five elements. He's got one bullet and then the reenactment he's gonna shoot somebody. Bitch my mind.  Where'd you get the where'd you get the big blood from? How when do you find the time to put it there? How'd you know I would shoot you right? I am just a little like this is a little bit over dramatic dude. No one's even filming. She did not even see him before she started screaming. She said no and he was like she was like still round in the corner. Twist. What? Bitch. Bitch that was a plot twist. I was not expecting the uncle to die. Wow.   Oh baby this mortal you think you love you can never be together. Oh no did you ever love me mama? That was just that wasn't on my planner sorry I just sorry I forgot I didn't I didn't put it on my planner sorry about that one. But it ain't all dark and it ain't all light and it ain't all ours.  Ew it looks so bad. That's funny. I could hear the sound. I can hear the bells. Sorry I don't know why I just made a hair spray reference right now. I feel like when like supernatural like sci-fi like fantasy whatever type of what you want to call it whenever they get like a plot and it's just like come into an end they're like memory loss. Like they don't know what to do so they just say you know what memory loss is what we're gonna do.  She cannot hear you. She cannot hear you. What do you mean?   Out of everything that happened in the movie that's the most unrealistic thing that happened and I really don't like it because of that. So that was my reaction to beautiful creatures. I hope you guys liked it. I know this was a book and I know people are probably gonna say the book is so good and you should read the book and you know what I'm not gonna do? That I'm not gonna do it. So yeah sorry.  Sorry. I've already read enough of these books. I read all of the the Mortal Instrument series and I understand how you know this type of genre works. I get it. I understand. Memory loss. New world type of stuff. Anyways thank you guys so much for watching. If you liked the video make sure you give it a thumbs up and let me know your thoughts about this movie in the comment section down below. Make sure you follow me on instagram and twitter at tcawlevel and subscribe so you don't miss any more uploads from me and that's it. I will see you in my next video. Bye!


Hey, this is Brett, and this 2016 Ram 3500 Crew Cab Long Box Dual Rewheel Big Horn is stock number 12693Z. I'm here at Summit Automotive in Von Lack, Wisconsin, your new and used heavy-duty truck and Ram headquarters. This 2016 Ram 3500 has the 6.7 liter high output Cummins diesel, and it's paired up with the heavy-duty Icing 6-speed automatic transmission. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop per the state of Wisconsin inspection process. It has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off, and this truck is 100% ready to go. I'm going to go all the way around in this video, inside, underneath, start it up, and take a look under the hood. Brilliant black crystal pearl is the color, and we shoot all of our videos in 4K, so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now, because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, options, and cleanliness of the vehicle before seeing it in person. And if you like the video and how I do things here at Summit Automotive, that's great because I do these videos each and every day of our new news inventory, and you can subscribe to my YouTube channel in the lower right-hand part of the screen. Click that, and then click the bell notifications, you'll get updates every time we do the videos here at Summit Auto. This one comes with the factory wheel simulators on the steel rims, and it has Pathfinder, HSR, LT23580R17 tires, and in the front we have about 50% of the tread left on them. Framing underbodies in really nice shape. This is a two-owner out of Florida and Tennessee. Framing underbodies in really nice shape. Front fenders in excellent condition, didn't see any dents or dings in there, and the headlight lenses are crystal clear. Comes with the factory fog lights, and the front bumper is in fantastic condition, didn't see any major dents or dings on there, it does have LED fog lamps that somebody has put in there. You get the chrome trimmed grille, and the hood is in very nice condition, I didn't see any major dents or dings on there, looks really good. Passengers side front fender is in very nice shape too, and the passenger side wheel simulators in pretty nice condition, just a couple little scuffs on their scratches, but nothing too bad. Now as you go down this side of this 2016 Ram 3500 crew cab long box dual rear wheel big horn, take note of how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. This thing is in really nice shape on the exterior of this truck, paints in really nice condition. And I take these HD videos, so if you are far away, or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck here, the truck, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here, so when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises, and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make that decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, and that Brett sent you. Back tires have just as much tread as the front tires, actually those inside tires might have just a little bit more. Does have rear airbag suspension, Bilstein shocks, or Bilstein frame and underbody once again, very nice condition, and it's like that all the way underneath. Now once again, if you like the video and how I do things, subscribe to my YouTube channel, the upper right hand part of the screen. Lower rockers and cab corners all look really good, it does come up with factory chrome step bars. So it has the 3M tape on the dually tubs, which keeps it clean of rock chips and everything, and the dually tub itself looks really good. Only thing I saw is one tiny little ding right there, but nothing too bad. Coming around to the back of the vehicle, rear bumper is in nice shape, does have the backup parking sensors and the full towing package, which includes the receiver hitch, 4 pin and 7 pin wiring, comes with a goose neck tailgate on there, that's a Go Industries tailgate, comes with the fifth wheel and goose neck prep package as well, and you do get 7 pin wiring back here for a fifth wheel or goose neck, and the bed's got a little bit of usage on it, I wouldn't say light duty usage, looks like it's been used to pull trailers and stuff, which these trucks, that's what they're made for. And as you go down this side of the truck, just as clean as a passenger side, dually tubs in really nice shape, paint is very reflective, you can see that metal flake in it, really a cool color and brilliant black. And this back wheel simulator is in nice shape as well. Down the rest of this side of the truck, the doors and the cab all look really good, does have the heated fold up tow mirrors, they have built in directional signals, they fold in as well. They're a manual fold, inside the big horn package gives you the gray cloth interior, there are no rips, there are no tears on the seats, they're in nice shape, power driver seat with lumbar, factory floor mats, does have auto headlamps, power windows, power locks and power mirrors. Take a quick look at the back seats, just as clean as front seats, no rips or tears back here, and it does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have, power sliding rear window.  Storage under the storage load floor, and you get in-floor storage with removable bins for easy cleaning, put ice and drinks in there, and clean them out, it's just like you have too many coolers or whatever you want to store back there, and the headliner is in nice shape as well. Child safety locks on the back doors and the bottoms of the doors all look really good on this truck. We'll hop inside, check out the miles, the radio and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior, and see that this one has 50,356 miles, you do get a digital spinometer, compass and outside temperature display, instrument cluster is very nice and clean, comes with the leather-wrapped steering wheel, cruise controls on the right, Bluetooth and information center controls on the left, steering wheel is in nice condition, I didn't see any rips or tears on there, and once again this one comes with the ISEN 6-speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift, this one has the 8.4 3C radio, it does have AM, FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities, this one also has the factory navigation system on it and you can see that that is working nicely, you also have your cargo cam so you can see what's going on in the bed of the truck, and then the backup camera does work even with that gooseneck tailgate on there, so many of all your different apps you can connect it to your Bluetooth phone, really nice radio there, turned out four-wheel drive, climate controls down here, factory brake controller, does have five auxiliary up-fit switches, stability control, toe-haul, factory exhaust brake, and you can turn those backup parking sensors on and off, does have a 115 volt, 150 watt plug-in, and the passenger side, floor mat and seat are in excellent condition, no rips or tears on there, and the headliner is in nice shape as well, you do get map lights up there, power side, rear window button, and assist in 911 buttons in the rear view mirror, we'll start it up and take a quick look under the hood, starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that, I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video, you've been able to verify the quality and condition of this truck all the way around inside out, there are those LED fog lamps, they are super bright, and under the hood we have the 6.7 liter high output Cummins diesel engine base very clean, runs very smooth, once again this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off, and this truck is 100% ready to go, there is your emissions sticker, and I would highly recommend this 2016 Ram 35 100 crew cab long box duly bighorn from a quality and condition standpoint, and to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, scvs, minivans, wranglers, half tons, three quarter tons, one tons, you name it, we got to go to that website right there, summitauto.com, full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations, all at summitauto.com, and if you like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto, number two likes, subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there, click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Auto, in fact in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to my youtube channel in the upper left, link to more Ram 3500 truck videos like this one in the upper right, a link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left, and a link to one of our latest youtube videos in the lower right, click those, check us out, and we're excited to help you with this ultra clean 2016 Ram 3500 crew cab long box duly bighorn with the icing heavy duty transmission, the high output Cummins diesel, thanks again for checking out the video, remember to like subscribe and share on the youtube channel, I really appreciate it, thanks again


Hello, I'm Mike McKee, the Bishop of the North Texas Conference of the United Methodist Church. I'm standing alone in the balcony of the sanctuary of St. Andrew United Methodist Church. But shortly I will have many more people around me. It will be you, the lay and clergy members of the annual conferences we gather for the North Texas annual conference meeting on Sunday evening, May 31st, and conclude on June the 2nd, that Tuesday afternoon. The theme of this year's annual conference is Rooted in Love. What we're going to do is we're going to explore our deep roots as a faith tradition, the Wesleyan tradition, of which we, the United Methodists, are the heirs. At that time, we're going to focus again on what it means to be a follower of Christ in this tradition that is ours, that really has a different way of speaking, talking, and living in the gospel. Not that we are the best, not that we are the most important, but has a distinct emphasis that we're going to emphasize. Joining me and you at this year's annual conference on Sunday evening will be Bishop Gregory Palmer, who is the Bishop of the West Ohio annual conference. He spoke at the Covenant Day for the Clergy earlier in the year, and he'll be preaching on Sunday evening. And I can promise you that we will have a wonderful experience of worship again in this place to begin annual conference. Also joining us at this year's annual conference will be Dr. Philip Amerson. He'll be teaching on Monday on what it means to be a follower of Jesus in the Wesleyan way. Phil is also a good friend of mine, and he was the previous president of Garrett Evangelical Seminary, and he served churches throughout the Indiana annual conference. So I look forward to Phil Amerson being with us as well. It's now time to register. It's time to register for annual conference, clergy, register for annual conference, clergy, encourage your laity, delay members of the annual conference from your church to register. And I look forward to worship with you on the opening night on May 31st, which will be a worship of celebration of great significance. God bless you.