Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the active transport and the sodium potassium pump. Dear students, all living cells spend energy to maintain a transmembrane concentration gradient or difference of various solutes which is far away from equilibrium. This maintenance of concentration difference requires an uphill movement of solutes against the concentration gradient by utilizing the energy of ATP as it is an energy requiring process so it is called active transport. Dear students, the active transport of solutes is carried out by specialized carrier proteins. These proteins can move the solutes against their concentration gradients that is from their lower concentration to higher concentration. The mechanisms through which these carrier proteins actively transport substances are known as membrane pumps. We shall discuss here the sodium potassium pump as the model pump that explains most of the features of active transport. This sodium potassium pump maintains a steep concentration of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This pump is virtually found in all living animal cells. The sodium potassium pump maintains the concentration of potassium ions 10 to 30 times higher inside the cell than outside. It also maintains the sodium ion concentration 10 to 20 times lower inside the cell than outside. Dear students, now we shall discuss the nature and function of sodium potassium pump. This pump is actually a protein which is called sodium potassium ATPase. This protein is an antiport. Antiport proteins couple the transport of two ions at a time. Sodium potassium ATPase is the transfer of sodium and potassium ions to these opposite directions. In this way, three sodium ions are sent out of the cell, while two potassium ions are brought out of the cell. This unequal stoichiometry of sodium potassium pump makes it an electrogenic pump because it involves a net transport of charge across the membrane. This is why membrane potential is generated. Dear students, now we shall discuss the important features of active transport. The first feature of the active transport is that it takes place against substantial concentration gradient. Second feature of active transport is that it exhibits a high degree of selectivity for the substance or ion that transport. The active transport utilizes ATP as energy source. The importance of ATP comes in light when we see that those substances are those metabolites which inhibit ATP also inhibit the process of active transport in the cells. Dear students, the energy of ATP is released with the help of certain enzymes which are called ATPases. Such ATPases are involved with the membrane pumps and are involved with sodium potassium pump as sodium potassium ATPase. These certain ATPases are also specific so sodium potassium ion dependent ATPases are associated with sodium potassium pump. Similarly, the calcium activated ATPases are associated with those membranes which are calcium pumping membranes. Dear students, some membrane pumps, for example sodium potassium pumps, are antiports. Antiports exchange these two types of molecules. For example, sodium potassium pump is an antiport that extracts sodium ions from the cells and takes potassium ions into the cells instead of them. Such pumps exchange ions and do electrical work and also do net flux of charge. For example, sodium potassium pump produces a net outward movement of one positive charge in each cycle in the form of three sodium ions outside and two potassium ions inside. Similarly, ion pumps which produce net charge movement are known as rheogenic. If the current produces a measurable effect on the voltage across the membrane, the pump is known as electro-genic. In this way, sodium potassium pump is the major electro-genic pump of the cell. Dear students, another important feature of active transport is that it is controlled by enzyme proteins because the active transport follows Mekili's Menten kinetics and also exhibits competitive inhibition by analogue molecules. These properties show that active transport is controlled by enzymes.


As we were growing, we were probably told by our parents about bad friends and why we should avoid them. Some of us listened. Some didn't. Hanging out with the guys can be fun. It is way more fun than sitting at your desk all day writing. Why then were our parents so concerned? Why could they not just let us have fun? Some people have already found their answer. In this video, I'll share with you 9 types of people you should avoid altogether. 1. The gossip. Listening to them gossip about other people can be fun. The downside is that they would definitely gossip about you too, if you're not there. People who do this often don't have goals and dreams they are pursuing. They have time to look at other people's lives, compare and analyze them. If you hang out with them too often, you may become just like them. You're better off on your own, really. One bad thing about gossiping is that it requires finding ways to engage an eager audience. It is not out of place to see some of them twist facts to suit their listeners' fancy. They slander people all the time. Imagine telling the gossip a secret and imagine what happens. If you're friends with such people, other people will not trust you because they assume that you are like your gossip friend. Gossips have a terrible reputation, although they may appear to have a lot of listeners. Every listener is loyal until the day his subject is brought up. Avoid such people altogether. 2. The bad listener. Have you ever had a friend who seems to zone out whenever you start talking about something personal? Some people just want to hang out with you because it is convenient. They really do not want to get to know you. They can even call, check up on you, and save you a seat in the class. But be careful, just because someone does all this doesn't make them your friend. A friend understands when he is needed. A friend sacrifices their own comfort for their friends. Friends listen to each other and encourage each other. Every friendship requires a level of emotional investment. If someone is not willing to make any, they are really not your friends. Can you recall a time you had a very meaningful conversation with one of your friends? When you make reference to it, they cannot seem to remember anything. They probably cannot recall because they never listened. Find out if this is a recurring pattern and cut the person out of your life. You deserve people who genuinely care about you. Everyone wants to be heard. If you listen to someone who wouldn't listen to you, it is likely they do not value you as much as you value them. 3. The judge. There are some people whose duty in the relationship is to criticize and disagree with you. Have you ever had an awful day and had a friend try to pin why you are sad to you? If you have, such a friend is a judge. They don't care about how you feel, they must express their opinion on the issue. People of high emotional intelligence are empathetic and kind. They understand body language and can tell when their friends just want a silent shoulder to cry on. Your opinion is important, but you shouldn't give it all the time. Your pregnant friend doesn't need a lecture on abstinence and injured man on safety measures. Judges always make this mistake. You do not deserve to be in emotional chaos because of anyone. Avoid such people at all costs. Friends are supposed to support one another. Friends are supposed to care for one another. Someone who doesn't care how you feel about their opinion doesn't really care about you. If they are not willing to make a compromise on their behavior, let them go. The world is a vast place, and there are billions of people to choose your friends from. Avoid the judge entirely. The last thing you want to do is engage them. 4. The victim. There is a category of people who thrive on the pity of others. You really do not want to be friends with them. They are very self-destructive, like a self-fulfilling prophecy. They believe they are unlucky in life and should be petered by others. They are also seldom driven in doing anything at all. They prefer to be petered then to pick up their lives and make something out of it. According to Mexican professional clinical counselor, Janet Burkey, the problem with the victim is that there is no amount of this behavior that will ever fill the hole in their heart.   Do not try to reason with them. It is pointless. Countless people have a reason from their circumstances and succeeded, but they are not interested. Hanging out with such people can make you develop a perspective harmful to your growth. You can start to feel that the world owes you something when it really doesn't. The victim does not like being alone in their misery. They can also play down your own success and point out weaknesses that may make you sad. They may, in reality, be jealous of your accomplishments. Avoid such people. 5. The Big Tucker The Big Tucker talks a lot, but doesn't take action. He has big ideas that he never executes and he procrastinates every day. The Big Tucker is someone who can make you stall on your plans. They talk about the things they are working on, but never actually work in them. You need people who motivate you to achieve your own dreams, hanging out with a Tucker will give you the exact opposite. Talk is cheap. No one wants to hire people who can talk about their work. They want people who can actually do the job. 6. The Doubter This category of people never believes in any plan or idea just going as planned. They are latently paranoid. They worry about everything. Such people cannot start enterprises because their scared people were still from them. They don't want to quit a bad job. Because they are scared no one else will hire them. They literally crawl through life and never take any chances or do anything spontaneously. You do not want this type of person in your life. Building yourself can sometimes mean investing your income and trusting your judgment. Having a doubter as a friend will not allow you to do that. 7. The Selfish One Some excel in making friends with people to gain something from them. They are usually fake nice people and can go to great lengths to please you, do not be fooled. A person who is friends with you solely for what they can gain will leave you once he has gotten it. The selfish one gets bored when you discuss issues that don't concern them. They spend time with you and ensure that it profits them more. They never do anything without considering the future or present benefits for themselves. You really don't need such a person in your life. They may also lie to you from time to time to avoid making commitments that are not profitable to them. How then can you trust such a person? 8. The Drinker The drinker may even appear harmless from a distance. They do what they know how. Drink. They drink day and night ceaselessly and really seem to have the stomach for it. If you are friends with this type of person, it increases the odds that you may get pressure to have a bottle or two. Drinking alcohol is terrible news for your liver. There are so many ailments associated with long-term drinking. Associating with such a person will make them come to pass. The sad thing about drinking is that it seldom goes alone. It is usually accompanied by women, drugs and cigarettes. If you have a lot of big dreams, you probably should not hang out with someone who you will be within the pub all day drinking. Drinking is not productive.  Avoid the drinker. Sometimes, all it takes is a bottle of beer and a handshake to get you started. 9. The Pretender These types of people live fake lives. They drive expensive cars but in credit and travel to countries they really cannot afford. They have deep insecurity and need to validate themselves by showing off a luxury exterior while dead broke inside. Sounds familiar? Such people are chronic borrowers and seldom pay back. It is not wise to give your hard-earned money to someone else to live a lavish lifestyle you cannot afford if they want the lifestyle so badly. Let them make money and spend it on themselves. Avoid such people.  You are better off without them.  Choose your friends wisely. If this video inspired you, subscribe to our channel. We Love You


Each week we come down here and we cut down the trees that are taking over the wood and try and create a more balanced biodiversity. So the adults with disabilities come down and they cut down trees and clear away nettles and brambles and generally maintain the woodland in a good shape for everyone to enjoy.


I'm really sorry that the video is so late this week. I could blame having to do laundry, but that would be a fabrication. I could blame being forced out of my old apartment, but that would be a fiction. I could even blame all the mental energy I've had to expend coming up with new ideas for technology in my new job, but that would be an invention. The video's late. I'm sorry. It's hard to argue that the internet hasn't drastically changed the landscape for liars. Like bait, echo chambers, algorithms tailored to deliver content that will get the most views and shares from specific groups, in many ways it's become exponentially easier to sell certain audiences whatever narrative you like. Many opportunists use this framework to simply invent stories out of whole cloth, abandoning any pretense of journalistic integrity or fact checking, opting to publish outright lies tailored for a specific audience who will spread them without stopping to question their validity. A number of people have used the pervasiveness of this phenomenon to encourage a sort of postmodern power consolidation device, a confirmation bias amplifier, where any and all facts that contradict a particular ideology or narrative are discounted as being made up, or fake news. If someone really wants to believe something, no matter how untrue or warped their understanding of the truth might be, a simple rationalization mechanism has become available. Whatever evidence is presented against their chosen belief may be called into doubt as being fake, misrepresented, or unfairly biased. And to be fair, a large number of news items passed around on social media are total bunk, sometimes with an agenda. Numerous careful investigations by several US departments have made it clear that organizations funded by the Russian government have been exerting some influence on US politics. Now in a decent political thriller this would mean something like blackmailing congressmen, risky hacking, espionage, double agents, at least an assassination, but in this case it was the least sexy political manipulation the world has ever seen. It appears that Russia created several thousand fake social media accounts and spammed American voters with them. Even more annoying is the fact that the spam is, by any estimation, terrible. We're not talking about high quality, slick, professionally designed ads with seductive arguments compelling voters to support certain agendas or plausible-sounding stories faked from trustworthy news sources. We're talking about absurd memes and stories that couldn't possibly be true, stuff that can be disproven in literally five seconds if you've got a browser open. So what's all the fuss about?   Surely nobody's convinced by this garbage, right? Well, unfortunately, human psychology isn't always the most sensible thing. In fact, it seems that our minds are wired to be extraordinarily vulnerable to misinformation in numerous ways. In doing the research for this episode, I expected to find some cute factoids about bias, but man, in the context of trying to maintain a functional democracy in the face of a trend of misinformation, this stuff is freaking scary. Please bear in mind that these facts are true about every human being, including you and me, not simply those idiots who we happen to disagree with. First, let's look at the backfire effect. Psychologists have demonstrated that debunking the practice of dismantling someone's false beliefs by presenting contradictory evidence, although it can be fun, not only doesn't usually work, but is often counterproductive. The mechanisms that fuel confirmation bias make our minds slippery to information that doesn't agree with our preconceptions, which leads to the bizarre effect that when someone says, you know how you believe X, well, it's not true because of Y, our brains end up remembering you know how X, which tends to cement our belief even further. That's right. When someone presents us with evidence that directly conflicts with our beliefs, we believe them harder. Next, let's take a look at belief perseverance. Former studies over several decades have shown that humans are really bad at discounting false information, that they tend to maintain similar attitudes even after learning that some crucial support for their opinions is false. For example, in 2007, Michael Cobb presented an experiment where he supplied his test subjects with some facts about a fictional politician, including that the politician in question had taken a bribe to vote a certain way on some bit of legislation. Obviously, when he asked them to rate the legislator, they rated him poorly. However, later he changed the story, revealing that the supposed bribe had merely been an accounting error by a third party, not relevant at all. And yet, compared to a control group who had received no misinformation, the newly enlightened test subjects, knowing full well that he hadn't done anything wrong, still ranked the politician as being a little bit shady, a little untrustworthy. It seems that even when we learn that certain assumptions are false, the opinions we build with them tend to stick around. Third, let's look at something called the illusory truth effect, although that name could apply to any of these phenomena. There are a number of interesting things that happen in the brain when it recognizes something, when it receives some input from the world that looks familiar. There might be the case that it mistakes that recognition for veracity, which makes us believe things that we hear repeatedly. A very simple 1977 study by Hasher et al. demonstrated this phenomenon in a pretty convincing way. They simply handed out a series of true or false statements about anything under the sun, sports, politics, whatever, and asked their test subjects to rate how likely they thought each statement sounded. Then, every two weeks, they handed out new statements with a couple of repeats from previous weeks thrown in. Every new batch of tests, their average confidence in the new statements stayed about the same, but their certainty in the repeated statements climbed higher and higher. Okay, brief recap. We tend to believe things more when we hear them repeated. We tend to believe things even when our reasons to believe them are disproven. In fact, we sometimes end up believing them harder when they're disproven. And now, we drop that whole, screwy mental apparatus into a sea of deliberately fabricated, outrage-inducing, blatantly absurd clickbait. It sounds stupid, right?  But the reality is, it doesn't matter that the span the Russian propaganda engine has been pumping into Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, and other social media sites is about as believable as infomercial acting. It doesn't matter that it's easily debunked, or that the tiniest smidgen of reflection easily discounts it. It doesn't even matter that we now know that it was, in fact, Russian political span. Human psychology is weak against just such an attack. And the behavior of a statistically significant number of American voters was likely changed as a result. Social media sites are apparently infected with large-scale operations designed to bombard us with garbage, that despite being demonstrably false, will nonetheless color our judgment. In a way, it's an obvious extension of the psychology we've been talking about. Find a tool that keeps us watching, then fill it up with whatever you want us to believe. Manufacturing this crap is trivial, and all it takes is one or two going viral to vastly influence the electorate. There are a few possible solutions I can think of, and I don't think that they're mutually exclusive. First, as many have noted, the free-wheeling, laissez-faire days of the internet where massive content generating social media companies like Facebook and Twitter could exercise no control whatsoever over their platform and who used it for what may be drawing to a close. As awesome as it was when the internet was a libertarian utopia of nerves, it's becoming abundantly clear that some form of oversight and structure must be maintained to prevent abuses of those algorithms and the power they wield. I don't wanna make that sound easy or trivial. The volume of content being produced on social media platforms makes moderation a gargantuan problem, and deciding what stories should count as feasible or not misleading is a sticky wicket, right, for accusations of abuse. But the alternative is ceding these platforms to whoever has the biggest botnet or the most psychologically exploitative stories, and that's clearly not enough. Another possible solution was voiced by psychologist Robert Caldine, whose book Influence has become a hugely influential reference for compliance, that is using psychological tools to compel people to certain behavior. After detailing numerous powerful methods for cultivating compliance in human brains, Caldine closes his book by suggesting that the problem isn't the vulnerabilities themselves, it's the lax treatment of those who exploit them. He notes that all of these psychological mechanisms serve an important purpose of parsing large amounts of information quickly. One of the primary mechanisms acting in the misinformation phenomenon, social proof, is actually a really helpful heuristic for quickly making sense of the world. If other people believe something, it's usually true. That might sound sketchy and it's certainly not foolproof, but if you've ever used Amazon reviews to choose which product out of thousands to purchase, or browse Reddit's hot category, you've seen how useful it can be. For Caldine, the main issue isn't that people sometimes look to the wisdom of the crowd for guidance, it's that a few jerks abuse that system by making some ideas look like the wisdom of the crowd. This is exactly what Russian spammers and fake news power consolidators are exploiting, by artificially boosting the trendiness of certain hashtags and stories. He thinks that the best approach here is to severely punish violations of that mechanism, to really make it sting if someone is caught trying to sell you something with an illusion of social proof. We tend to take such things in stride normally just because it's a fairly common tactic, but maybe stiffer penalties would disincentivize abuse. Finally, let's talk about the hardest solution. Last year, Jonas de Kiersmaker and Arne Roetz discovered a variable that's negatively correlated with vulnerability to misinformation and inability to correct it once discovered. The ability to correctly choose synonyms for certain esoteric vocabulary words. Okay, okay. So the synonym test is supposedly a decent metric for cognitive ability. The skillset necessary to learn, remember, and pay attention to relevant information necessary to solve problems. It's different than intelligence, which tends to be a fairly static quantity through a person's life because cognitive ability can be improved through training. It's not like people with high IQs know a decent synonym for opso math by default. It turns out that people who score high in cognitive ability can be much better at correcting for misinformation, adjusting their beliefs more or less back to the baseline after discovering that they no longer have a good reason to think that way. That doesn't make them immune to misinformation by any means, but it does help them recover more quickly from it. Almost as though learning how to learn allows them to adapt to new information quickly. Unfortunately, for this fact to be useful, we'd have to improve the cognitive ability of a statistically significant number of American citizens. Maybe then we'd have a fighting chance against some of these problems, but it's not an easy thing to do. As much as we might like to imagine that we're not goalable, misinformation plays a bigger role in what we believe that we generally give it credit for. And in many ways, we're vulnerable to it. Do you have any thoughts as to how to fight it? Please leave a comment below and let me know what you think. Thank you very much for watching. Don't forget to blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share, and don't stop clunking.


Now the two major kind of myths I think that are out there with regards to the bank reconciliation is one, we get confused of doing the process of making a bank reconciliation and with the actual bank reconciliation report itself. In other words, to do a bank reconciliation, we're going to go to the tab to the right and we're going to go then to the accounting tab over here and then we're going to go into the to the reconcile tab and we'll actually start our reconciliation. I won't go into it at this point, but that's that's the general idea. If you were in the business view, you would be going to in the sample company, you're going to be going to the bookkeeping and then down here in the experts to the reconcile tab. So and within there, we'll start the reconciliation later. But the general idea is that you're going to be comparing if I go back to my balance sheet, what is in our accounts on the general ledger. So if I go into our accounts in here, all the transaction detail in here, we're going to tie out basically to the bank statement. We're comparing what we have on our side to what is on the bank statement. And oftentimes we think about that process as like a bank reconciliation. But the fact that we do that is very important. And the fact that we may not actually look at the report that is generated from that still doesn't mean that we're not we're not getting the value of doing the reconciliation. But what's actually the reconciliation is actually going to be a a report that we're going to have and it might look something like this. We can summarize it, but it's going to have the the the cleared balance, total clear transactions. And this is going to be the balance that will be on the bank statement. And then it's going to have the unclear items, the timing differences items, if there are any, which there may not be if in some situations we'll talk about that in a second to reconcile to the amount that's on the register, the register balance. So that's what we're looking for that that difference. Now you might think if you look at this and so in other words, you might think of it this way, you're going to say, OK, if I look at my if I look at my reports here. For cash, as of the end of February, I've got a 95, 944, 06. If I go to like, this is my mock bank statement, or let's look at it in January. In January, I've got 88, 810, 25. If I go to my bank statement, maybe I have as of the same date, 61, 241, 85 in this case. The bank statement that's given to us from the bank doesn't tie out to what's on our books. Does that mean that our books is necessarily incorrect? Not necessarily. It depends on the situation, right? So now, so what I want to do is reconcile between what's on the bank statement and the books. What should be the difference? We would expect the difference to just be the outstanding items, the things that we put in our system that haven't cleared the bank. Outstanding checks and outstanding deposits. The way we do that is we're going to check off all the detail in every transaction so that we can find the find any differences. And if the differences are legitimate, they're things that we put in our system, but the bank doesn't know about yet. Then we're just going to create those as the out as the reconciling items. It's just a timing difference. So you might say, well, am I doing that whole purpose? Why am I doing that then? If I don't have to adjust my books after I do the bank reconciliation, even if everything's right, is it just to get the cash account correct? No, it's not just to get the cash account correct because remember every other transaction in here, if I go into it, has another side of the transaction. An expense account, the other side was furniture and fixture. The deposit account, the other side was income or something, or the check account, the other side was an expense account. So by verifying not just the ending balance, but by verifying every transaction that went through cash, because cash is the lifeblood of the company, because we're using a double entry accounting system, we're verifying the other side of the transaction as well. And we can see that basically on a flow chart here. So obviously on the vendor cycle, what happens, whether we're on a cruel basis or a cash basis at the end of the day, we expect money to be going out in order to purchase goods and services. If I can verify the transactions of that money going out, it may not verify every transaction in the cycle, because some transactions such as accrual transactions might not have cash involved in them. But it'll give us a pretty good internal control if I can double check those by a third party by the bank. And then on the customer cycle, at the end of the cycle, whether we're on an accrual basis or cash basis, we expect cash generally to come in for goods and services that we provided to the customer. So if I can verify all the deposits and double check them to the bank, then we should be in pretty good shape. And obviously on the employee cycle, we expect money to go out. No.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com with another case of the brand new 2023 Topps Inception Baseball 16 box picker team number three Very big. Thanks to everyone here We're involved in the late-night rally we're preaching. Thanks people bought their spots straight up. Thank you Omar last spot mojo with the rays And then we did that random number block randomizer in the different video, but here's the results So it's a serial number break just for those teams right there Thank you James winning that extra spot. All right. It's a full case break. So let's pop this baby open. Let's see what we got in here Let's go on a monster hunt some boxes stuck in there You can see one two three four five six seven eight boxes on either stack to make the full 16 And good luck. Here we go. There's a Jordon Alvarez 78 out of 150 Jordan Walker back there That you're done will go to Stephen and the Astros The autograph behind Shane Bieber's Julio Rodriguez Nice first box 44 out of 99 Seattle Jeff With the Mariners Jeff W. We got two Jeffs in this break it is But thankfully they were there and they're nowhere near there and that university around the middle of this Right next to the airport close to everybody All right, we got a Corbin Carroll rookie card For Loren and the Diamondbacks behind him is a Nolan Gorman 96 out of 125 cardinals Jason with the cardinals. There you go, Jay I forgot about these guys Pueguero another Pueguero orange to 50 and a Spencer steer There's the Corbin Carroll rookie card And the Pueguero is for the Pirates Pirates are a number block team. So that'll go to Pirates three And that'll be for Greg This looks like a is this a two-hitter or an extra base card? No, it's an extra base card There's one Soto the trade to the Yankees official 124 out of 150. That's still Padres edition Of course Walter with that one And behind Bregman is an Adley Rushman 36 out of 149 Nice three color patch and auto nice RPA a shams and the O's Another box was a Volpe green and a Mets Verlander 31 out of 99 Mets Verlander going to the number block So that's Mets one That'll be for Omar green Volpe will go to Matt Smith Behind Nolan Jones nice silver ink autograph Louise Robert 28 out of 99 Yeah, these cases have been nice Rex There will be another one. I'm gonna post after this pick your team for Think I think these generally fall one per case I think there's a different kind. I think there's supposed to be Maybe four or five of these patch autos per case and one of them's the vertical one Portion mode one anyway white socks, that'll be for Chris C cabral with the white socks Jose El Tuve seven out of 75 Astros Steven Carney behind Arias is Don of greatness autograph Mike trout three out of five Gary picked up the angels straight up Scared money don't make money ladies and gentlemen and Gary All aboard the big hit express Love that beautiful on-card autograph. I like this dawn of greatness design as well Some nice stuff. Congrats Gary and thank you Scared money don't make money ladies and gentlemen be bold There he is congrats Gary. Yeah, don't sleep on these cases of inception We're not we'll look at this. We're not even done with this I haven't done with this case yet. Not even close And then behind Lindor is a George Kirby. Look at that patch 68 out of 99 Jeff Walker with the Ems All right behind Nick Prado is another nice looking patch Max Meyer three color patch and Autograph 32 as 75 Chris parent with the fish. There you go Chris. I like how those colors pop there Miguel Amaya 32 out of 75 That's for the Cubs Cubs 2 is for Chris and behind Jose Ramirez is Matthew Libertor Three color patch and autograph in that portrait mode that is one out of 50 Redbirds Jason The Cardinals halfway through the break got four to four eight more boxes To go there's Otoni gonna go. That's the question on everyone's minds And here's a nice Louisa Reyes Some great color there to 13 out of 50 Like that little bit of gold peaking right there. That's twins And that's gonna go to that's a random number block team. I think that's our first hit for the random number block route 13 so that goes to Minnesota 3 and that'll be for Greg Last pod mojo. Look at that Aaron judge Juan Soto right next to each other The top snow they did Six out of 75 Nolan Jones for the Rocks. That's gonna go to Tristan and there's Nico Horner 55 out of 75 for the Cubbies. That's gonna be a Random number block team. So that's gonna go to Cubs 5 55 out of 75 you can see the number right there And that'll be for James Cubs 5 who's behind Byron Buxton, it will be Vaughn Grissom Lana Braves 236 out of 249 Ed with the brave straight up. There you go Ed. Thank you. Thanks for getting in. There's Ryan Mountcastle. That's numbered Miguel Maya behind at 14 out of 99 for the O's Ashams Orioles and how about some Jordan Diaz? 102 out of 249 someone get him a better pen A's are a random number block team that'll go to A's too. It's 102 out of 249 Chris Four left. Oh, we got an extra hit near folks. The pack did feel a little fatter Extra hit. All right behind Jared Walsh is Zach Thompson 25 out of 75 Rookie Otto for the Cardinals Jason and the other autograph is Tony Gonsolin 146 out of 249 Dodgers are a random number block team Dodgers six James with that extra spot that you won boba chef 69 out of 75 Bryce Turing Russell with Toronto The behind say a Suzuki is George Kirby 181 82 102 out of 125 It's another one for Jeff Walker and the ends Queen 9 Queen 10 say a Suzuki 48 out of 150. Oh, that's a number block team Greg with number eight Walker Bueller reveals a Corey Lee 23 out of 25 Nice little orange parallel a color match Stephen Carney a diamond at the end. What a lucky SOV All right final hit of picker team three behind Boba Shet He reveals a Max Meyer 232 out of 249 Chris parent has the fish. There you go CP with the M squared And there you have it boys and girls really nice break of inception We've got another one loading up picker team for will be loading up shortly So check that out on jazby's case breaks calm need to do a randomizer for the non numbered cards So let's flip back to the list. Let's gather everybody's names here There are gonna be not some non numbered cards for this group of teams Maybe even some rookie cards in there as well. So let's randomize that to somebody name on top after Nine we'll get that as one lot Good luck one two three four five six seven eight and Nine after nine that's for you Chris little consolation prize a stack of non numbered base cards for that set of teams Yeah, Gary congrats get that Julio Rodriguez. Yeah, the rushman Among others and that dawn of greatness three out of five my trout That is nice and Gary got that team straight up as well scared money don't make money ladies and gentlemen I'm Joe for jazby's case breaks calm, and I'll see you next time for the next one


Welcome back to the breakfast here on plus TV Africa. Our focus now is in Kaduna state It was grounded on Monday when organized labor started its five-day warning strike in this state On Tuesday the governor Nasa Arafai declared the Nigerian president or national president rather of the NLC wanted for economic sabotage Of course the NLC president Ayubaba has in turn dared the governor It's been a mixture of you know numerous events in Kaduna state. Of course late yesterday We also learned of the sacking of nurses and lecturers. We're joined this morning by a journalist Charles Ideho Who's speaking on these issues? Of course, we'll later be joined by the national president of the NLC Ayubaba, but first of all miss Ideho. Good morning. Thanks for joining us. Good morning. Thank you very much It's been a very dramatic 48 hours in Kaduna state First of all with the actions of the NLC and organized labor and of course the reactions of the Kaduna state governor There's you know numerous You know thoughts on you know this issue, but let's hear from you What's your assessment of what has taken place in the last 48 hours? Well, I think it's quite regrettable and of course if you also look at it It's also avoidable But every five being who he is if you follow every five or it is as the leader of the FCT You know that there's a man that loves grandstanding. He loves a man who wants to always attract attention to himself even for even for the wrong disease so I think Having spent so much time in this in this is life and in government and he understands the working of government That's why I say it's avoidable because first he is pushing for that the issue of redundancy in the government I quite agree with that But there are extant laws that he must follow For instance, he being the governor of Kaduna state today There are laws and processes that put him there So when you also are dealing with a session of the society You must also have a recourse to processes and law before you can take decisions He must also be reminded We're no longer in the military era where you have to use a military fiat When you just wake up somebody who of course is the be all and end all of Holocaust We stand up and make a broke up to say super things remain stand alone that We are governed by laws and those laws must be respected. That's why we're not benign in public So I think as I said that I would also reiterate it That it is Unnecessary and it's also avoidable Okay, but so you know people, you know have also said that the nlc may have taken things too far Do you agree on you know as the nlc within its right to protest the sacking of workers? Well, why is nlc in existence? nlc in existence to protect its workers nlc will not look at a situation where its workers are booed and means the arrests have been put upon They will expect them to to to go see them. I am not a fan of the nlc But on this issue, I think the nlc We have to look at their their their plight.  You said anybody that is 50 years on a boat remain sucked Is that what the law says? The law says it said that you are tamed the age of 60 or 35 years old Whichever one conspires Then you cannot disengage the person you can say because of economic control and all that Then you say once you are above 50 you remain you are sucked And then if from if you are on grade level one to six, you will now be converted to To a commercial worker. It doesn't work anywhere in the world So that's why I said nlc Yes, I mean I don't like them, but on this matter. I think they have not donated that is wrong at all Okay, mrs. Deho, I want us to talk about the The protest yesterday and how thugs were, you know, just Went to the protest grounds and began to carry sticks to disrupt the protest Lots of people have said this are political thugs hired by the government We have no idea as to the facts, you know of that Well, um, what are your comments regarding this because this is something we also saw during the ensass protests when Thugs seem to disrupt a peaceful protest going on Well, that's also certainly that it is not it's avoidable because everybody should have known that anywhere in Nigeria where there are protests At the end of the day, who knows we always find occasion to take over which is exactly what happened yesterday So if exactly if you have told the line of negotiation to negotiate with the leadership on this nlc, this could have been avoided Because even because when a protest starts you can hardly determine Is is is end is end in both cases are you only know palatable? Let's just only what you have also seen a cut nasty, but I think we can see through the part of sanity When each other I can look at it and see his sword But I call this sword in the manner of speaking So it's okay. Let's go and talk so that we look at the issues on the table And look at how we can mitigate the already convoluted Society me and say say that because if you continue to pursue what is possible This is one world that every fight cannot win. I can tell you that Well talking about yes, I can hear you misty those still talking about the issue of thugs You said thugs will always find a way, you know into those protest grounds What do you think they come there just because they want to come there or you know If this is something that was sponsored because my colleague shared a video earlier that he watched About you know, one of the thugs confronting someone else for money. He was promised to go and cause chaos Well, uh, another thing we also look at is this first Every fight being to go knock on the stick it may not be loved by everyone in that state There are also we are journalists Of course, we know we hear a lot of things that why is our ground and all that you almost also know that he has Very powerful interests in Kaduna Who may want to do him in In whatever guys they may just be looking for an opportunity like this for him to play into their hands Such people could also use thugs even the government itself can also be You can't also wave them aside that they are not also also capable in also using Thugs because they could also use thugs in order to discredit any protest So it could go the pendulum could go either either way That's what I'm saying that it was available for the voting pass that I've been sure if you have told the line of sanity to say Okay, let's come and look at all this issue on ground critically Taking into consideration that there is a labor act There's also civil service rules all this thing. There are a stat law that spares out exactly how Labor should be engaged people should be served from their work and the remediation to be paid to them Look at the over 21,000 Teachers that were signed the government in 2017 As we speak They have I understand they have not even received their their What you call the seven some packages So there are so many issues before I reply and if he lost Kaduna said he should go back to negotiation table and then let them begin to negotiate and say how they can Put a stop Needless Well, you described the Kaduna said governor, you know in the start of this interview as grandstanding Um, but you know, I want you, you know to also speak on you know, the his reaction to Protestants seeing that couple of years ago. He supported the nlc and tuc He was part of you know, um a few protests, you know in the against the previous administration He tweeted things like no retreat. No surrender a couple of years ago So, you know, what seems to have changed with regards his understanding of the rights to protest and the use of the nlc in Nigeria Well, it has crossed over to the last part of the divide even us journalists or Some of people who call themselves Activists you realize that once they are on the other side of the of the divide They look at the government the way government is working and then they are not agreeing with the work of major policies and actions and all that It's very very easy for you to start affecting the government. So this is what the others are doing I mean, I can also like him that the game of football or game of are you or the game of draft When you are standing by you are seeing move you will seem Moves better than those who are playing but once you step into the figure of play You see that you don't have to be seeing those moves. So that's exactly what is happening now What has changed that every five was on the other side of the divide. He was seeing things better But now being a player a political actor in this game Now he can no longer see what he was seeing then and he also used the nlc to further his next to further his next If you remember that that time he wanted his This party to be in government So it was okay for him for him to join post-20sc to bring that government Not bring that in the amount of stick anyway, but again now he has Got the money of the people and then he's now in government You see that the pendulum has swung the other way and it's now against him So what has changed is that what he was seeing then he's no longer seeing them because if you are outside government It's easy for you to be the best president or to be the best Governor but once you are there all the problems are not seen will now be Physically and then you now know that The business of government is different from Where you see why you are on the flanks But but why does it seem that when it comes to having negotiations, you know It's a challenge because we know that ayubaba mentioned You know the labor act he specifically mentioned section 20 Saying that the labor act specifies that you know if such you know mass disengagement Will still take place You know the government should have a sit down and consult with labor But they did not do that and then they resorted to their last option which is protest So why do we see it seem to have a government that is so averse to both, you know Dialogue and and and peaceful protest Well, we will look at if you trace the history of where people who became What I call Accidental politicians It is always what they do and if I have been issue has never been a politician Now if I were to be a total better politician I'm sure he will be able to look at how to sit down to know that even right now We are having people being traumatized We are having people who are losing their jobs. We're having people who don't even know where the next man will come So a total bad politician would not go the welfare to fight But if I as we say, you know him He's um He's always the what we call down south here the the gregama But grega in most cases would not not solve certain things like they because there are laws involved There are civil service rules. There are There is this labor act which is in the exclusive exclusive list And I don't find the law that he's putting forward Cannot have overriding power. I mean only the labor act which is in the exclusive list So whether you talk about left or center or anywhere, I don't find this is the one world that he can't win And I think what you should be to do Is to say, okay, you know why for the for public interest Come let's go back to revolution table so that we can continue negotiating and begin to Look at the gray areas and see how they can get those things out A couple of the newspapers this morning reported that the federal government was going to wade into this Issues in what ways do you think the Nigerian government should step in? um to create of course a peace Well first most of the reason the one of the reason that want to weigh in is that The the oil workers already threatened are going to be down to and you know, yes And that way that way that way affect the whole country. No, just governor's name And then the government itself that is fighting right now to be accepted the government that You look at the economy is not working as the the eternity to be And then you are having this image image image of the government being back and I mean central government I mean if you can't allow that government also sit down and they allow Just a state out of 36 to now be having negative effect on what they are already doing So the way they should come if you call a refile and then incidentally Is an APC governor and then the government has set as APC Governor so they have A course to now say okay come let's talk about let's just trade cautiously so that it does not Become a contradiction that will consume all of us So they have a they have a lot of they have a lot of don't know to play to call him to order And then to make sure that he goes back to what usually happens when there is legal dispute You go for negotiation and not to begin to bring the martial martial laws that are that are irrelevant in today's government Nigeria and can the nlc president truly be charged with economic sabotage Well, and if I the losses is Excoating I mean it's laughable Because if you recall that even when we had the military, I mean join the military era I think there's a specifically about the diagram when you had the Universal he but on letters bonus, right and he got me that I use these military Yeah, and this Strength to say they messed up But the government didn't win you knew I mean you remember like was able to get me where they They can they can run ride road rush all over everybody But they had to pull the pass of peace and they came back and negotiate it. So I don't I don't see what you have done wrong and they're not be slamming him with a Economic sabotage. I have he's laughable. All right. I think we can wrap up here. Thank you very much. Mr Charles For joining us this morning. Thanks for your time. I appreciate. Thank you. All right. We're moving straight to discussing and bringing in now the National leader of the Nigerian Labor Congress a Yuba wabahi joins us after this very short break


Yo, and welcome back to another episode. We shoot film to avoid the feeling of insurmountable existential dread building up to the realization that we are all just royally What kind of introduction was that? Well, it's nighttime and I think we all know some of the most fun You can have at night is with someone else or several other people if you're into that that's right We're shooting high-speed film here tonight with Caleb Caleb has graciously taken some time out of his busy schedule doing pre-production for a 16 millimeter Short film to come and shoot with us tonight the 16 millimeter short film the right terminology or is it more like 16 inch porno starring yourself Tonight we're gonna be experimenting with each other.  I should smack this out of two digital cameras. Actually, I have Just making things worse for yourself. This might be it right here It might be in the magic. These are the settings Yo, what it do? Um, so I realized I forgot to film an intro for the second night So Here it is There we were again out on girls night out round two I was still shooting with the memia seven and the tiffin black promiss diffusion filter Do I look cool? Dude, you look so cool And Caleb was still shooting with his pentax six seven I switched over to portra 800 because I had run out of cinnastill and it was out of stock everywhere again Forget area 51.  Anyway, that's it. That's all we got my favorite shots from this We're definitely the shots from the l ray theater. Um, they just turned out so Crisp and colorful and glowy Tune in for the next video where my wacky antics get us lost in iceland


Everybody forced here ripping two boxes of 2022 bumma draft baseball super jumbo for Jeffrey H. Let's do it Jeffrey We check one thing. It's want to make sure what ships here. So paper doesn't ship everything else will so it's pretty simple Let's do it. Let's go. Let's pull up one of these guys for those one of those Jackson holiday fellas Chris Capuano really got me and topa dude. Yeah, I don't know. What's wrong with Jake? Mine's never liked that mine's only like main players and I can't think of like a big name I'm pretty much out of luck Invicta of Eric Brown jr. Fractures of Mikey Romero, Peyton Palette, Jason Dominguez, Shailen Palonco Blue paper to 150 Jackson Cox Jeffrey if you're watching this back at the end. I'll do a chrome color and auto recap quick one This will take a little while Elijah Green the base purple first bowman chrome tray lip scum the 250 Melton Meyer Pumpquist Fernandez and purple first bowman auto Reggie Crawford to 250 that's pretty solid good start Yeah, I don't really get many of the smaller name guys. I just It's tough and it's trying to pay attention to so many sports and it gets tough with things like that Drew Baker Jason choreo Averson Artega Josh Kassavich light blue to 499 paper denser Guzman green speckle to 99 tray Sweeney Hendrik Acosta Noel Pintar base Yeah, I mean that's the spot where it would have been Yeah, Jeffrey short on auto Okay, so I'll grab a box and wrapper Jeffrey. You'll have to put in a support ticket with tops as you know Sorry about that man. That's a bummer Let's pull something huge to make up for it. Or maybe there'll be just an extra auto somewhere Maybe don't work itself out always possible.  Well, I guess this all worked out because you also got a pretty nice one. I'm next Aqualala first woman auto chase my draw the 90 of 199 okay I was a little uh, I was a little down at now, but now I think I think good think good There you go chase my drop to 199 also hold cow big-time net so there light blue paper Dominguez the 499 Brady house on the speckle refractors and Melton Hassel Hendrick Justin Campbell and First bowman out of Gabriel Rincona's so not only that but there were three autos in that pack alone So you're up an auto right now, I would assume with how this is going this could be a pretty wacky Box here from here on out so it might be inconsistent I Man congrats on the net so Phillips Stewart Jacob Miller yearland confidant on Jackson holiday base Yvonne Melendez there was a term Marj Johnson as well Atomic Invicta Jet Williams Refractors of nor Savino Raffaella Job and first woman auto Kenya Huggins. Oh, he's up the bat Let me change the channel one sec Jeffrey. Sorry, man. I'm sure you understand as a As a car guy to show hey at bat, so I got a Flip over to MLB tonight. Oh He's been very good this year Vaughan. He's been big time this year fractors coffee Luciano Barnett and Cermak Mom see a green coming up. There's definitely a green. Oh, there's a blue refractor Shalyn Polanco out of 150 That means there's a green auto. There's parada Couser Simon Juan Shed Williams and green Reggie Crawford out of 99 first woman auto. What a fantastic box Jeffrey That's a killer box right there 21 of 99 Reggie Crawford With a purple that's we'll recap at the end, but that was a I Was six autos that printing play must have been like an extra there's something up with that pack obviously because you had the You had the one where it didn't have an auto the one had two and just there was like three in the next pack These base cards paper out of the way. All right one more Jeffrey Boyd Ariya Secunia and the lotter. Oh, it's uh, it's full Edward But I'll get to your orders Purple paper to 250 is Clial Watson. It's a netto base in there Fractors of brander Cox Volpe Hernandez my drop in first woman auto Zach Maxwell. Yeah, maybe 20 maybe 30 minutes I'm not quite sure what's up after this Probably not quite 30 It lies your green on the base fractors of lip scone de Andrade Wreckley and Cooper Scherp Jackson holiday base base chrome Refractors Miller Bernabelle Melton Tamar Johnson and Avon Melendez first woman base auto Tamar Johnson base chrome Fractors of Rafaela Vaquero Phillips Lamar King jr. Light blue paper is a Daniel Vazquez the 499 Aqualava first bowman is Alex McFarlane Out of 199. Yep. Take a Rojas nor here Horton. Jayce young blue way first woman auto 61 of 150 Heck yeah, Jeffrey dude some really nice hits coming your way from these couple of boxes Still two packs left as well. Yeah, this stuff. This is a great person right here a lot of big first bowman autos Invicta Brooks Lee refractors Oh and Murphy Eddie's Leonard Cannon and blaze Jordan blue paper is an Oscar Colas the 150 250 Quinn pre-ster Henry Davis Blackjack Beck beavers show ray and refractor first woman auto chase my drop to 499 Last pack one more auto coming up. Oh, yeah, that's right pre-ster debuted today. I Need him to do better. I have a gold first moment. I Don't think I'm trying to keep it Neto, I didn't know he got called up today though until like I got here McFarlane Hughes Rincones Ritter. All right. Let's see that last auto coming up here. Mike Romero sky blue. It's a 499 on the paper Gold first moment Tristan Vreeling Chrome parallel to 50 Nanda's Eric Brown bolts Carson Williams and purple Silas Ardo in first woman auto 250 Good stuff. Good amount numbered hits. Yeah, definitely very good Jeffrey. Thank you again, buddy. We'll get these out to you


trying to get DePaul back to that kind of success. We got a body bucket and one from Davis, who's got all four Bethune Cutman's points. Two players got on the offensive glass. You have to put a body on something. They are trained to attack the offensive glass relentlessly, and you're seeing that early on in this game. That's true. His first points of 2018. DePaul with one field goal in the last four minutes and 15 seconds. They still, even with that, hold a one-point advantage. There's another deep attempt from Davis. And one of the littlest guys on the floor gets the offense of rebound and put back for Maitland. See, that's the difficulty for DePaul, is if they miss, they're only getting one shot. Back-to-back buckets. Now for Malik Maitland. Miak, player of the year last year, almost averaged about 20 points per game, so they got to find an offense in spite of him. And around and around, it falls. Could maybe fill the shoes of Amir Orange. Struce, ringing it up from three. Struce, from the corner, you bet. The position you had to sag on him down on the block allowed Struce to be, like your senior, Eli, diving on the floor. You see, one of your captains doing that. It's going to be contagious. You see, you're the senior, and Struce continues. Eight point advantage, final minute here of the first half. Kane, with a look. Kane, finding Reed, posting up. Back out to Kane, looking for his first bucket. There he gets it. It's a three-point bank. You've got freshman and transfers, and Kane was feeling it a little bit in and out. Kane makes one shot, and he feels like he's on fire. First Division One game. This coaching staff said he'd be fired up. When you got guys with an active motor, they're going to make things happen. Kane out to Struce. One triple pull. I want to say I'd be shocked if they ended up number one but then it's Jay Wright. And he's shown consistently that, you know, he knows how to coach. He's not a flash in the pan. He's going to get his team ready. Well, they had another well-balanced attack in a win last night. Speaking of... You fall asleep. You're going to get Bethune Cookman right now. Is their own worst enemy. Six-nothing run for DePaul in the last two minutes in counting. And a big scoring drop for Bethune Cookman. Cameron chases it down for a second opportunity.


Good evening, those of you tuning in to Go Mustang Sports, I'm Brian Hodges here with coach Dominic Dawes after an 8-4 victory here in Reisterstown.  I think it's big for everybody, right? I think what was big for us is that I think every time that they scratch and claw to get back in it, we kind of put a dagger in their hearts and I think that was the biggest thing. I mean the eight goals are great but it's the biggest thing is the first playoff win in program history and that's one to build off of. It was certainly a good game for both of you and it was your first program win but also a first playoff game for Kenny, how important is it for him to get his win right off the bat? I think it's good just for confidence and get some experience, get the nerves through them and all that because as you go on here further it's only going to get tougher. Now you've prevailed against Newman and now your next test is Wilkes which we've seen has been a very different test, those two very different teams. How do you approach this going into next week? We just got focused. We got tomorrow to kind of rest and recover and then Friday we get after it. Friday Saturday it's a first to three point series. For us it's just to try to learn from our mistakes and then the pass with those guys they can team, play hard, they play fast and we're going to have to play the right way. We're going to have to play with discipline and let's play off hockey. Well good luck to you both. Congrats on the win and thank you for your time.


Live from Las Vegas, Nevada, it's The Cube. Covering Knowledge 15, brought to you by ServiceNow. We are on, welcome to The Cube, special presentation here live, ServiceNow, Know 15. It's The Cube, it's our flagship program. We go out to the events and I start to see from the noise. I'm John Furrier, we're still looking at angles. I'm the coach, Dave Vellante of wikibon.org and our special guest, John Cleese. Distinguished professor at Cornell, we just learned, no one knows that, but apparently that's true. Writer, comedian, thought leader, and it told about it. A doctor, I'm a doctor, doctor of laws. Doctor? And what else am I? I was offered a peerage, but I turned it down because I had to be in England during the winter and go and vote in the House of Lords, so I said no to that. And I also turned down a CBE, but I would love to have an OBE, but not in order of the British Empire. I'd like to have an out-of-body experience. Well, you're not a thought leader anymore, you're a futurist, that's the new trend. The futurist is the buzzword. No, I'm not, I'm very much living in the past. I don't like the future, and I don't think much of the present. Well, you're here speaking at the CIO Decisions. What do you think of all the CIOs and all the geeks here at ServiceNow? What's your- I like geeks because they all like Monty Python. You know, about three-quarters of the speeches I do are to software people, and I usually tease them, you know, I ask them how many Star Trek episodes they can name and whether they got a T-shirt with Moore's equation on it or this kind of, whether they wear a black backpack to formal occasions. So I get a whole lot of geek jokes. But they all like Python because they're extremely smart, and as you know, people who like Python are astonishingly smart. So how do you tell smart people from people who aren't smart? How do people that are not smart? What did you say, do you like Monty Python? I love Monty Python. No, I didn't, I didn't, I didn't. I love Monty Python. You think, doesn't like it, doesn't get the joke. You've talked to a lot of software people. In Vegas, do you like Vegas? Enjoy Vegas? Vegas. Plus Vegas. You see a show while you're out here? I can't get over this place. Why people spend a lot of money to come here so that they can lose what money they still have left? I really don't get, you know, I mean, do they come here because they think that the casino owners are so rich because they want a lot of money gambling at other people's casinos, you know? The only good thing about it is the food. Did you bring your wife with you? Which one? No, I didn't. She wasn't feeling well, so she's gonna join me in New York because I'm going on to New York, and this weekend, we are at the Tribeca Film Festival, Robert De Niro's, and we are having a Monty Python retrospective for really smart people. What's the weirdest thing that's happened to you in the tech community here in Service Now? What, any highlights? Not this visit, but the last visit when I arrived at the hotel, and I can't think which one it was. Venetian, I think, and the guy at the counter recognized me and said, are you listening? Yes, I'm tweeting away. I tweet, I'm tweeting away. He has got rude that way, but.  Tweeting away. Welcome to the queue. Do you have a Twitter handle? Yes, of course. Now, shall I start it again? I was coming here to Las Vegas, right, I was staying at the Venetian Hotel. You got any phone calls you need to answer? Hold on, let me check. And I arrived at reception and the guy said to me, Mr. Cleese really like his shows, Monty Python, Faulty Towers and all of that. Could I have your autographs? I said, sure, I'll write him an autograph. Then he says, could I have your credit card for extra expenses? And I gave it to him and he said, I'm sorry to ask you this, but do you have any identification? It's true. So are you tweeting and like live streaming? Am I what? You're tweeting? Am I? Let me get a handkerchief. Do you have a Facebook page? Facebook, I've heard of Facebook. That's for people who aren't important enough to get in the gossip columns and newspapers, right? So we have some fake Facebook questions from the crowd. You might have to ask some of those. Somebody wants to know what the airspeed velocity is of an unlaid and swallow. Oh, I think they mean after. I used to know this. I used to know this, 1971, and I could have answered that. Pass, pass. You're lucky. All right. Are you back with us? I'm back. I'm just going to the questions. So the question on my Facebook page is, what about this Cornell study about the curse, double curse of incompetence? The double what? Curse of incompetence. The double what, she's saying? Curse. Double curse of incompetence. I don't know. Good question. Good question. I know what you're talking about. There's a great guy there, a professor called David Dunning. And he's one of the most amusing and entertaining guys I've ever met. And he's spent his career studying how good people are at knowing how good they are at things, what he calls self-assessment. And what he's discovered, which I absolutely love, love is that in order to know how good you are at something requires almost exactly the abilities that it does to be good at that thing in the first place.  And that explains the planet. Better than anything else I've ever come across is that there's a lot of people out there who have no idea what they're doing, but they have absolutely no idea that they have no idea what they're doing.  That's why the planet doesn't work. So, honestly, they don't know about Monty Python. What? They don't know about Monty Python. They're not smart enough to know. What do you mean they don't know about Monty Python? He's a very smart man, David Dunning. He's very smart. He's also shown, oh, it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter. So, what did you talk about, the CIOs? When you were talking to the CIOs. CIOs. The chief information officers. Well, what was interesting was that they were quite receptive to what I was saying, which is so counter-cultural. You see, I think we're living in the nadir of our civilization. I think as you wake up in the morning, that sound you can hear is our civilization cracking. And it's because of technology. Because nobody talks to anyone anymore.  I mean, we all know this. I'm not making a clever observation, but it's insanity. You know, when my daughter was 16, she would get together with all her friends, but instead of talking to each other, they'd be emailing or texting everyone who wasn't there yet. Do you see what I mean? They never actually got... Texting selfies. What do they do when they get together? Just to continue to talk to each other on their phones? It's a completely vacuous, vacuous civilization with the celebrity culture at the heart of its rottenness. Hollywood. So what effect do you think that has on the human brain, creativity, things that are...  They think now that the kids have less good social skills. And the point about human beings is that we've always been good at technology, you know? In the 13th century, when we were in the Holy Land slaughtering Muslims, we were still able to build beautiful cathedrals. You see what I mean? So we can build things and put men on the moon. The only thing is we can't get on well together. So which is more important? The answer is getting on well together. So we're now giving kids all the things that stop them from acquiring social skills. It's beyond mad, but that's people are after money. And so they will always do things and always come up with excuses why what they're doing is actually good for the world. So it's all about that. What about the Hollywood situation? You mentioned in your speech about when you were creative, when you were younger and the process you went through, what's the state in your mind of the Hollywood culture? I mean, they do a movie about Korea and then Sony gets hacked. It's all a bit crazy, but I wrote two film scripts about 10 years ago because I thought to myself, can I make a living writing film scripts? And I did an adaptation of a children's book by Roald Dahl called The Twits. And I wrote something for Jeffrey Katzenberg about cavemen as an animat... Who are you talking to? He's saying we only have one minute. That's Greg. That's Greg. Stuart. Oh, okay. I can't be bothered to go and talk to you for one minute. I have so many fascinating things to say that... Thanks. Thanks for that. Thanks, Greg. You're fired. Greg's fired. The guy's going to lose their job if you walk up to say good. He's fired. He's fired. He's fired. He's fired. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. If you don't see that, it'll be over. Okay. That's a note. It's a wrap. Say goodbye.


Is it possible to join aircraft and spacecraft parts together without the need for drilling holes and using mechanical fasteners? Your daily experience with everyday objects should tell you that other joining techniques are indeed available. Just this morning I encountered two classes of joining methods. When I went to the fridge to get my morning breakfast, I saw that my son had left me a note on the fridge using a sticky note. Such a note relies on a layer of glue to cause the paper to stick to the surface of whatever object you want it to. This joining technique of using glue, also known as an adhesive, to stick two parts together is called adhesive bonding. We will revisit the topic of adhesive bonding in a later video. I encountered the second class of joining method when commuting to work on one of the most common modes of transportation here in the Netherlands, the bicycle. If you look at the frame of a bicycle, you see that it is an assembly of structural tubes that have been joined together where the ends of the tubes meet. In the case of my bicycle, the joining technique used is known as welding. Let's take a closer look at what welding is and its use in the aerospace industry. Welding is a joining process whereby two or more parts are fused together using a combination of heat and mechanical force. This heat and mechanical force create the driving force for the two materials to flow into one another, which then fuse together once the joint is cooled. Welding processes create visible weld lines where the joining took place, but what are we left with inside these regions? When looking closely at the section of a welded region, different zones in it can be observed, the weld nugget, the heat affected zone, and the base material. As can be seen from the following section of a weld, it is possible to generally highlight these regions, however a clear interface between them does not exist. The materials effectively fuse together to form one material with local regions where the material properties, such as strength, may be affected due to the welding process. The fusing of material in a weld creates a form of integral structure. The distinct separation of parts is eliminated, which can have many benefits for the structural performance of the part. However, one disadvantage to be aware of is the fact that it reduces the damage tolerance of the structure. We can illustrate this by visualizing the joining of a stringer to a skin panel. If we look at the mechanical fastening and even adhesive bonding, we can see that the stiffener and skin remain as distinct and separate parts. Any fatigue cracks that initiate in one part will be confined to grow in that part. However, for an integral or welded structure, there is no barrier for fatigue crack growth between the skin and the stiffener. Another potential disadvantage to consider is the possibility for thermal distortions. Welding requires a heat source which will melt the weld material, allowing it to fill any space between the parts to be joined. As a result, the fusing of the material occurs when the weld region is still very hot. When the joint cools, the weld will then shrink, pulling the parts together and causing potential distortions in the shape of the overall joint. Such distortions can pose a real challenge when trying to assemble hundreds of parts together that all need to precisely fit. Metals are the most common category of material that is welded, although not all metals are suitable for welding. The extreme heat of the welding process can ruin heat treatments and have an unacceptable effect on the material strength. So we have to be careful ensuring that welding is only applied to those materials for which it is suitable for. Here we see a typical arc welding process. What is happening during this process is that the rod of weld material is acting as an electrode that carries a current. As the electrode is brought near the base material, an electrical arc forms which melts the tip of the electrode, depositing it in a melt pool. As the material is deposited and cools, it forms the weld nugget as the electrode travels along the region to be welded. An inert shielding gas is blown over the electrode during the welding process to help prevent oxidation of the molten material which could reduce the quality of the weld. Laser beam welding is an alternative method for welding metal parts together. The overall process is quite similar to arc welding with the exception of the method of heating used. As the name suggests, laser beam welding uses a high-energy laser beam to melt a rod of weld material that is then deposited in the melt pool of the weld. As the laser beam and filler rod travel along the joint, the material in the melt pool solidifies and cools. As can be seen in the image, the power and intensity of the laser can allow for relatively deep penetration of the melt pool into the base material, allowing for deep welds without the need for creating a notch in the material to be joined. Friction stir welding is another welding technique that is quite different from the previous two. Rather than relying on completely melting the material to fuse the parts together, friction stir welding relies on using friction to heat the materials up until it softens but does not melt and then mechanically mixing or stirring the softened material together. As melting does not occur, lower temperatures are needed in the welding process, opening up a wider range of weldable metallic materials. The friction and stirring action is provided by a rotating pin tool that plunges into the material being joined. As the tool both moves linearly along the joint and rotates, the speed of the material is faster on the advancing side of the weld compared to the retreating side of the weld. This difference in speed results in a difference in the mixing and thus overall properties on each side of the weld. Metals are not the only material that can be welded. A specific class of composite materials known as thermoplastic composites are made of a reinforcing fiber embedded in a thermoplastic resin system. Thermoplastic resins, unlike their thermosetting counterparts, have the ability to melt and solidify, enabling a number of manufacturing options, including welding. Let's take a look at the main welding techniques available to this class of materials. The first welding technique is known as resistance welding. This technique uses a conductive layer, such as a metal mesh, to melt the composite parts, welding them together. Here, we can see the metal mesh embedded between the parts to be joined. An electrical current is applied to heat up the mesh and a force is applied, bringing the parts together. The current is then removed, allowing the mesh to cool and the solidification of the weld to occur. If we look closely at the weld line after solidification, it is clear that the wire mesh used for heating becomes completely embedded within the structure after welding. The second welding technique we will look at is known as induction welding. This technique eliminates the need for embedding a wire mesh heating element by making use of the conductivity of the reinforcing fibers. Not all reinforcing fibers are conductive, so this technique cannot be used for all thermoplastic composites, but it is applicable to one of the more common ones, carbon fibers. Here we see a schematic of the induction welding process. By applying an electrical current to an induction coil, a magnetic field can be induced, which will cause heat-generating eddy currents within the carbon fibers inside the composite material. This heat will melt and fuse a thermoplastic resin between the parts, generating the final weld line. The third technique that can be applied is ultrasonic welding. A huge advantage of ultrasonic welding is the speed at which this process occurs. Welding times can be measured in seconds rather than minutes as with the previous two welding methods. Unlike the previous two methods, ultrasonic welding does not rely on electrical currents to generate heat. Instead, thin layer of resin is used as a heat generator, forces applied to the weld area by a sonotrode, which also subjects the joint to ultrasonic vibrations. These vibrations cause the flexible resin layer to melt as a result of viscoelastic heating and join the two parts together upon cooling. As you can see, there are many processes available for welding. Materials to be joined, cost, and manufacturing constraints can all contribute to what process would be most suitable for a particular application. It may not be the most ideal joining technique for all applications, but it is certainly one to consider in the design of a structural joint.


Hello everyone, my name is Liliana, and I will be talking about personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is when it's a therapeutic approach where you develop a drug or a treatment that is specific for that one person. And I'm going to talk about personalized medicine using the example of the first case of a personalized treatment. And this was done on Little Mila in 2018, so quite recently. So, Little Mila, she was born a perfect, healthy baby. She was very active jumping around on her furniture back and forth. But however, by the time that she was three years old, her right foot started turning inwards. At four, her parents noticed that she was not seeing very well. Then at five, she started having this tumbling movements with her legs, and she started keep on falling. At six years old, she was practically blind. She could not speak so well anymore, and she could not control her movements, and she was having trouble swallowing. Her parents got worried, obviously, and they went to many doctors trying to find what could be wrong with Little Mila. First, they did some brain scans. And on the scans, they found out that Mila's brain is slightly smaller than what would be expected for a girl of her age. They also measured the brain activity, and they found out that Little Mila was suffering from many seizures day and night. And these seizures were getting worse as she got older, and by the time that she was six years old, she was having 30 seizures a day. Traditional blood tests revealed nothing that could indicate what is wrong with Little Mila. Parents were getting desperate. Finally, there was one doctor that he thought he knew what was wrong with Mila. So he took a little piece of the skin of Mila, put it under a very powerful microscope, and looked at it, and he found out that Mila's cells had these dense structures inside of them, and these structures are not normal in our cells. But they are characteristic of a certain rare disease, and in 2016, Mila was finally diagnosed with Patton's disease. Patton's disease, I think the best way to describe Patton's, is to use the words of Mila's mother, where she says that Patton's disease is a combination of Parkinson's, dementia, epilepsy, plus blindness. So it's quite a drastic disease. More on Patton's, it's a rare disease out of the 2.2 billion children that exist in the world, approximately 20,000 suffer from this disease. The fact that it's so rare might explain why it took so long for the doctors to diagnose Mila. It's a neurodegenerative disease, which means that it affects the brain and the eyes. It's genetic. It's a small mutation on a certain gene that makes the cell not able to produce an essential protein that is necessary for the cell to recycle old proteins and old fats. These old proteins and old fats cannot be recycled, so they accumulate in the cell. They form those dense structures that you saw, and the cell will end up dying because it's full of waste. Moreover, there are about 14 mutations that we know cause Patton's, and the one that Mila has is called CLN7.  So it's quite a fatal disease. But Mila's genetics are quite important, and they are the key for her treatment. So let's go a bit more into the genetic part. All of us have two copies of one gene. We inherit one copy from our father and one copy from our mother. The two copies of a gene system is brilliant, because if there's something wrong with one of the copies, you always have the other copy as a backup. So in Mila's case, she got from her father the common known Patton's disease mutation that is CLN7. She inherited from her father. The father has the second normal copy, so then he does not have the disease. But Mila has the disease, which means that the other copy must have also a defect. But the doctors could not find what this defect was. It was not something that they had seen before. So they went and they scanned the entire genome of the entire family, trying to find where the mistake was. And they found out that Mila had inherited a disease gene also from a mother, where the mother had a very random, rare mutation that they had never seen before. And this mutation causes a splicing mistake that makes the gene not work. So in the end, she has both copies that are wrong, so she is suffering from the disease. Now, what is this splicing? Splicing is both the reason why she's sick, but it's also the reason why she managed to get a therapy. When we usually speak about how genes make proteins, we usually go about something like this. We have a gene. The gene has DNA. DNA has the information that allows the cell to then produce an RNA, where this information is stored in a way that the cell can understand and then produces the protein that it needs. This is true, but it's not exactly accurate, because this RNA production part is actually two pieces. When the DNA is transformed into RNA, the RNA is composed of exans and introns. Exans are the information that the cell needs to produce the protein. Introns are pieces of information that are not important for the sequence of the protein. So the cell can recognize what is an intron, what is an intron and what is an exan. She removes what is not necessary, the introns, puts the exans together to form the correct message that the cell needs to be able to read to produce the protein. This system of removing the not important parts and putting together the important ones is called splicing. So, as the name says, if you have a splicing mistake, then you are not able to do splicing. How does this look like in Mila? So you have the DNA where you have a small mutation. This mutation, when you move it into RNA, it's within the intron and the exans. This mistake here confuses the cell, and the cell can no longer distinguish what is an intron and what is an exan, what is important for the production of the protein and what is not. So when it tries to remove the introns, it cannot remove this one. So in the end, this message does not make sense, so it cannot produce the protein. Now, in the good fortune of Mila, in a way, we know how to fix splicing mistakes. Using a splicing therapy where we use very small pieces of DNA that are called anti-sense oligonucleotides. It's a horrible word for something very simple. It just attaches itself to the mistake and hides the mistake. So the cell can no longer see where the problem is, and it can yet identify that this is an intron and this is an exan, produces the right message, and then it can produce the protein. Sounds quite simple, right? So taking this approach of these anti-sense oligonucleotides, doctors and scientists collaborated to actually produce Mila's drug in one year. Please bear in mind that a normal drug, until it goes to clinical trials, can take at least 15 years. So one year is quite the achievement. How did they do this? In the lab, they started by producing several different versions of this anti-sense oligonucleotide, this small piece of DNA, that could possibly work to fix the mistake, to hide the mistake. Then they tested them in Mila cells, and out of all of them that they tried, they found the one that works best, and they'd call it Milacin, in honor of Mila. Then, just because you can hide the mistake, does not mean that the protein is doing its job. So how did they check for this? They went again to Mila cells, and here you have the normal cells of Mila that produce these dense, black structures in the cells. When they treated it with a drug, these structures disappear. So this tells you that this Milacin, this oligonucleotide, can hide the mistake enough, that the cell can produce a protein that can do its job, that is remove the waste from the cell. Also, they needed to test this drug in animals to prove that this drug was not toxic. So with all of these, they could go to the clinical trial organization, and they finally got approval to start a clinical trial in 2018, January. Again, this drug is made specifically for Mila, so it's a clinical trial for Mila. So there's only one person in this clinical trial. So they started by giving small doses of this drug to Mila, just to figure out if she's getting a bad reaction or if she's getting any side effects. To give this drug, you need to give it within the spine. What you do is you inject the drug between the vertebra of your spine, in the liquid that surrounds the spinal cord. This liquid that surrounds the spinal cord will then transport the drug through the brain and the spine, so through the nervous system of Mila. And there you can reach the cells and do its job. Now the drug did not produce any side effects that they could see, and it was not toxic for Mila, so now that they know that it's good, now they only need to give a maintenance dose every three months. So in this way, Mila cells always have enough of the drug to keep on working. Now the big question, did it work? The report about this treatment and about the clinical trial came out in October of this year, so it's fresh out of the press. And according to Mila's mom, Mila does not slump, she can sit straight, and her arms and legs are not spastic, so she does not have muscle contractions. This means that this drug has improved Mila's quality of life. I know that sitting straight does not sound like a big achievement, but it does mean a lot for someone to be able to sit so that he can get a food, not to be strapped into a chair, for example. Also, another gigantic improvement on Mila is that the number of her seizures and the duration of these seizures decreased by 50%. So by the time that she started the treatment she was six years old, she was having 30 seizures a day. She only had now at the end of the treatment 15 seizures a day. From almost two minutes per seizure she was reduced to only a few seconds, so this is huge. On the other hand, her communication skills, social skills and her motor skills did not improve that much. Also, the size of her brain continued to decrease. This is not so surprising because this is a treatment, it's not a cure. It's there to help the cells that are already there. It cannot, if the cells have already died, it cannot create cells out of nowhere. So it's helping the cells that are there, but if she already lost them, then there's nothing we can do about this. What is the future of Mila? Well, it's hard to say. As I said, this report came in October, so after almost two years of treatment. So, and this is the first clinical trial. She is the only person that can receive this drug. So it's not like we have anything to compare it to. So we don't really know what's going to happen. Oh, the only thing we can do is wait for the doctors to continue to understand and follow up the development of Mila and see how she is responding to the drug and how she is developing in the future. There's no guarantees. So, Mila was the first person to receive a personalized drug treatment. So it's official now. Personalized medicine is a reality right now. What does Mila's story actually mean for the future of personalized medicine? So Mila's drug can only be used by her. So it's not like I can take this drug and give it to someone else. But the idea on how to build this drug, how to go through the clinical trial approval phase and how to give the drug, all of this can be adapted to the next person. And there is about 1.3 million people that could benefit from a treatment like Mila. So this is a lot of people. Also, I do have to say that producing a drug in a year is quite the achievement and it's not likely to happen again. The truth is that they made it in a year because there was a lot of scientists and doctors that just came together, dropped everything, gave their money and their time to produce this drug in a year because Mila was in already a very severe state. But also Mila was lucky because we already knew some things about splice therapies. We already had some ideas on how we could fix the issue. So there's about 30 years of research that are in that one year of production. And some other gene diseases might not be that lucky. Also, medicine, personalized medicine, so medicine for one person is also risky and costly. It's risky because you can only test this drug in an animal and in the person that will receive the drug. This drug is made for that one person. I cannot test it somewhere else. So it's impossible to predict if it's going to help, if it's going to be worse. What is the outcome? So in the end, personalized medicine is a reality. Mila is a success story because independently of how far she has come and even if some of her treatment has not given the fantastic results that we were expecting, still her parents keep on saying that battens is really bad. But in her mother's opinion, battens, for her, it looks like battens has stopped. So she took the risk and it paid off. And it's up to every patient and to the family of the patient to decide if they also want to take the risk. And thank you. Lily, thank you for your splendid talk. Now we will have five minutes for your questions to Lily. So raise your hands if you're interested in anything you might want to ask her. You can wait for the microphone. Microphones for everyone. Nice. Which country was this done in? So it was done in the US. And they paid for that. So Mila's mother, when she was diagnosed with the disease, she started a foundation. It's called Stop Battens Foundation. And with this foundation, she collected some money. Also, so actually the cost of this was not made public. So we don't know how much it cost. But we do know that the mother was collecting money. We also know that many of the researchers gave some of their own grant money to do some of the research that was involved in here. So I cannot tell you how much it cost. But it's not like you're going to get a big revenue like in big pharma, right? Any other inquisitive guests? The Mr. on the third row. Okay, thanks. So just to make sure I understood, this was the first case of personalized medicine in documented history? Or were there some other case? It's considered the first case of personalized medicine because it's the only one that is documented. But there are already some after this trial, there are already at least three other trials that are rumored to be happening right now for other types of diseases. But we will know more when they come out in the future, which I don't know when. So and this was also the first documented case of this type of disease with all these genes combinations or were there also before? So buttons disease was known before, as I said, that are 14 types of buttons and each of these 14 types is unique enough to require their own clinical trial. And there are some types that are slightly more common. So then these have been a bit more research and there are some types that have basically no research at all. On the other hand, the type of millers where she has the known buttons mutation from the father and this splicing mistake, this is completely unheard of. That they know no one else has this. She's the one in a million. Okay, thanks. Thank you. We will have time for one last question. I think I saw one raised hand over there. Don't look around, it was you.  So if they would have sequenced her, both the copies of her DNA when she was born, would they have known that this was there before as soon? And if yes, then would it make sense to sequence both copies of DNA for every child that is born just to see if there is a mistake? Lily, could you please repeat the question? This is actually a great question because it's a big debate right now. So he asked me, so by the time that we gave the treatment to Mila, it was already too late because she had already lost a lot. She could already not speak so well and not move so well. What if they had found out the problem when she was born, then what would have been the outcome? So theoretically, if they had found out when she was born, when her cells were not, there were not that many dead cells, then her outcome would have been a normal child. Theoretically, right? If the treatment goes perfect, there's nothing wrong with it. We are giving the right dose at the right time. Like if you find out in the beginning, then she will be a normal child. And then he asked me, so then should we just scan the entire genome of every child when they are born to then figure out if we can prevent some of these diseases? This is actually something that Mila's mother is actually claiming or she's suggesting that maybe now that genome sequencing, so sequencing our genome is cheap, why don't we just do it to find out if a child has a severe condition that can be treated from the beginning before it's too late. The thing is that this is an ethical debate because if you are sequencing the entire genome, then you're also going to know every single thing that genomically can happen to that child. Is he prone to heart conditions? Is he going to be tall? Is he going to be short? So all of these things. And the question is, do you really want to know that far? Is it really worth it from the 20,000 children that will be better to the other 2.2 million and the price that it costs? It's a great question and a great answer too. Don't forget to look for Lily in the break and don't be ashamed to ask her any further things you might want to ask. Yes sir. Thank you Lily, thank you for your splendid talk. Thank you.