h term anyway thank you commissioner for being here our next panelist is vice president of transmission operations for Pacific gas and electric Greg Lemler Lemler excuse me has been in that job for a while now but he's had almost every other job in the in the MPG&E had various positions in engineering planning maintenance construction project management and his his storied career at at PG&E is is not over and we're we're especially pleased that that Greg chose to last year to have PG&E join our organization his his most recent role with senior director of electric transmission system operations and you know PG&E system is 18,000 miles of electric transmission a lot of it are very high voltages and 960 transmission and distribution substations so he really knows whereof he speaks but the the interesting thing is that that his company is so involved in the evolving western bulk power markets and he may want to say some things about that he's a registered engineer he's an alum of my of my school University of Wisconsin and and he also has MBA so you know a lot of engineers with MBAs I think we we see a a definite trend here but our our next a a panelist is is Mike Skelly who's president founder of clean line energy if you follow the development of big electricity pipelines that has high voltage direct current lines that are interregional in nature and designed to bring renewable energy uh from parts of the country where we have very high quality wind to other parts of of the economy the other parts of the country that is that is clean lines mission Mike Mike was one of the founders of Horizon Wind and was there for a long time he has experience in thermal hydroelectric biomass and energy projects but naturally he he would come home to good old transmission so we're we're delighted that he's that he's here he's he's a noted aim grad and he has an MBA too from Harvard Business School well uh it's my pleasure to introduce Wade Smith I just met today Wade is president and chief operating officer of AEP Texas and the the the this represents a branching out and of of essentially a midwestern big midwestern utility into into new markets he oversees a distribution of electricity for 900 000 customers in central and north texas and as as in that role he he sees all parts of of the grid he was formerly vice president transmission engineering and project services at AEP he's a mechanical engineer uh and uh oh my god he's got an MBA from Abilene Christian University you know I'm feeling sort of inadequate so I'm just going to I'm just going to let this let this go this is an open discussion uh one you can all raise your hands and ask questions but I had the temerity to sort of come up with some with some questions for them to to answer it all seems a little silly right now because um they probably want to talk about what they want to talk about but um let's let's just put this on the table uh how has the role of the grid changed in recent years and and uh do you see new demands on the electric transmission system that are going to fundamentally change your jobs or change the way we think about the high voltage transmission system and um I think that would be an especially interesting question for a regulator too because um well mr chairman would you like me to start well thank you for holding this forum thank you for all attending I'll go just about anywhere to talk about transmission because I've tried to make it the top priority during my terms at the commission because as you probably heard in themes throughout the day depending on how deep you are into this issue it's the ultimate enabler that we have as our fuel mix changes either because of economics or because of regulations transmission allows us to go through that change uh with uh flexibility it's also of course essential to the reliability of the grid something we take for granted but which uh thousands of people work very hard to assure uh little anecdotally 1.2 to 1.4 billion people in the world have no electricity another 1 billion have intermittent electricity so reliability uh is something that they would obviously like something we pretty much have but it's increasingly important uh from health and safety and economic perspective as well transmission can cut customers rates when a congestion on the grid similar to congestion on freeways cost people money because power can't flow to where it's demanded without the cost of a congested grid so it has a variety of benefits the technology is changing some of the people behind those changes are here at the table it's an exciting time but it's still uh it still has its challenges in terms of us expanding the grid which again based on the panel you just heard is perhaps going to be increasingly important particularly in terms of building block three under the clean power plant thank you so I guess I would add to that or perhaps reinforce a couple of the points there and uh this is something that FERC has focused a lot on is the facilitation of market so over the last decade or two we have gone from regulatory construct to where we said okay we got an incumbent utility they have assets they put them in rate base everybody pays for them everybody pays for the transmission and if it's a if the utility makes a great investment then that works out well for the rate payers and if the utility makes a dumb investment that doesn't work out so well for the rate payers and so uh we've gone we're slowly evolving toward a and it's spotting in different parts of the country but we rely more and more on markets and we rely on the markets to allocate capital and to make decisions around resources to a large extent so without a grid that can facilitate the movement of power around these markets don't work very well this is why we have uh I live in Texas we have farm to market roads and uh in similarly in electricity if you want markets to work well you have to they have to come with infrastructure to move power around now many would argue that given the absence of of uh electric infrastructure at a national level one of the reasons we have big differences in value of electricity around different parts of the country is because we don't have markets that are inter-regional and part of the reason for that is we don't have the transmission infrastructure that you need to support some markets but we are slowly moving in this direction more reliance on markets and uh a a recognition I think by everybody in the transmission space that one of the really important things that that wires can do is is facilitate markets and then the other point that that I would reinforce a little bit is as we have built out the grid over the we sort of got a pass on the grid for for some number of years while we moved toward natural gas and the way basically natural gas works is you build a pipe and the pipe goes underground we've got well-established authority to get lots of pipes built and those pipes go to cities you build a gas-fired power plant relatively close to load and off you go so we had a great infrastructure to move energy in the form of natural gas as we look for new options on the energy side renewables are and this is sort of this weird term of art that we use in the wind industry we call it a locationally constrained resource okay which is and we do that with anyhow it seems like a funny term that is only designed for us to understand but what it basically means is it winds out there in the middle of nowhere and you need wires to get it to market so as you as we move toward more slower and more wind we need the wires to get it there and what we've seen over the last decade or so there's been and you saw this in the SPP presentation big actually a fair amount of transmission has gotten built over the last decade a lot of it driven by uh increasing demand for renewable energy so when uh when Carl talked about SPP hitting 13 percent and on days 30 35 percent of their electricity coming from wind that's because SPP and its members have gone about the task of building the transmission system to support those new resources without the grid that would not happen and we see the same thing in Texas where we just underwent a big transmission build out that that i'm sure we'll hear more about um and that is facilitating the integration uh interestingly first of all of new wind but then as uh as new uh oil resources opened up there was actually grid required to get to the to drilling rigs and so on so it supported that now with uh the cost of solar dropping uh almost by the day uh these wires are supporting uh new new uh new solar projects which i think reinforces the point that that commissioner is making about uh the role that the grid can provide in terms of optionality so again the market facilitation and new and new low-cost energy resources are some of the really big trends that we've seen over the last decade and that we think at least in our business that are going to be even more powerful uh over the next 20 years or so so if i could add on to that i think i think the grid is not only enabling everything else that's going on i think it also enables the policies that are coming out from uh either at the federal or state level so for example in california we have a 33 percent renewable goal um that that in essence uh and pgne we're probably 28 29 percent there of our of our sources is renewable which is very very important but what we're finding is is that it not only enables the market and the ability to transport power back and forth but we're finding that it's it's also brought a lot of new innovation i would say to to the to the markets and abilities to provide different resources and we talk about storage we talk about a lot of different things but we're seeing at it at the not only the transmission level but we're seeing it at the distribution level rooftop solars we have for example we have over 150 000 rooftop solar customers at pgne uh three years ago we were connecting about a thousand a month today we're at about four thousand a month and we expect that to grow to about 10 000 a month but what we're seeing though at the distribution level is that there's only a certain amount of rooftops uh that can take solar right the take solar panels and that that capacity is going to run out what we're really seeing at the the policy level again to meet that 33 percent and there and and many of you know there's a discussion at the uh at the california legislator rate legislation to raise that up to 50 percent um but we're seeing really to meet that demand it really requires uh wind it requires utility scale type uh renewables to make that happen and we're seeing a lot of our changes and investments in the in the transmission system required to meet and to deliver that whether it's in it's in the rocky mountains in the east or it's uh down in southern california for us with uh where the most the solar opportunity is but it's really uh utility scale that's uh that's that's really going to make that happen and meet those policies but again it's an enabler so the way we look at it at PG&E is the grid is really and we've we've heard it a lot today is really changing from just a you know deliver deliver power from one end of the other integration uh we are really looking at it as a network uh that that enables um all kinds of technology all kinds of uh interconnections there's there's all kinds of different things that we haven't thought about today that are going to be introduced and want to be interconnected to the grid to buy or sell power or whatever it is and we're seeing a lot of that we're getting a lot of requests for different technologies that aren't necessarily uh making it in the mainstream today and i think that as we move forward to me that's the that's the real vision or where our 21st century grid or whatever you want to call it is going is um it to me it's almost analogous analogous to the uh the internet to a certain extent it's it's really a grid that people want to connect to and do different things um whether it's buy or sell power or connect in their their electric vehicle into one area and charge it and then drive to work and and sell their energy from the electric vehicle at a different location it's just giving that enabling that customers choice customers ability to do whatever they want with that system is where we see it going uh and we at PG&E we've actually coined it as you know you've heard of the internet of things we've coined it as the grid of things it's kind of uh you know whatever you want to call it but um it's that's what that's what we really see the 21st century uh a transmission system as well as a distribution system because for us it's all interconnected it's wires and uh that's that's what we see the the vision of the future from that all right so there's always a risk of going last I would like to start by saying I worked one summer for a few weeks in Albuquerque so I have my new mexico connection for those of you that've been here all day I want to go back though to the stuff that's not changing you were asking what's changing I think one of the things that that's really important for us to keep in mind is and and I think we heard it earlier today um the grid really is the underpinning of our american way of life we have to continue to invest in the grid we have to have a robust grid a resilient grid one that can adapt and that is flexible because if you look at at all that it supports for us today it supports our commerce it keeps our food cold it keeps us well lit at night it provides comfort to us it allows our medical devices to function so it's just critical for us and that's something that's not changing and and having a robust resilient underlying grid is just imperative for us so what is changing as you said earlier today we're asking the grid which was built largely in the 60s and 70s in some cases it was built long before that we're asking it to do things today that it wasn't designed to do and it really wasn't intended to do it was originally intended to connect you know neighboring generation stations to improve reliability well we have to continue to focus on improving reliability enhancing that but I think you're right on target the challenge today is integrating and connecting everything else the grid doesn't pick generation we don't care what the voltage source is whether it's a battery or wind generation you're right we're seeing grid utility scale solar connecting to the grid in texas today on lines that were originally built to connect wind and I think that's just the importance the other thing is just integrating the new technologies that we're developing you think of our industry as being a hundred year old industry you know how innovative our poles and wires at AAP we've come up with a new design for overhead transmission lines that will allow us to increase throughput on where we in the past may have had a single 345 kb line we've got a new line that's developed now that'll let us use the same right away shorter towers and and move one and a half or if we want to make it be a a double circuit line three times the power that we could move down that same existing right ways today so to me the challenge is embedding the new technologies and allowing folks to connect to what you call it the the grid of everything the grid of things yeah grid of things it's a new it's a new mantra I think that's a good approach well if you were to uh to look ahead say 10 or 15 or even 20 years we we may see well it's hard to tell what we're going to say the the the things that are being hung on the grid could be quite different some of the uncertainties that are being created by by law or policy could be resolved maybe not maybe they just create more uncertainties but do you have any this is an immensely unfair question of course you know you look at your crystal ball what what what do you see uh uh uh what's the role for the grid is it is it going to change in fundamental ways in terms of resolving some of these uncertainties can we uh plan a transmission system without knowing what all the gadgets are that are going to be out there that people are going to want to use uh i i think kind of suggests that there is a way to get at that issue but it requires a different kind of planning regimen than we have today or maybe even a different kind of regulation i don't know but uh if if you were to uh time travel a little bit what do you think where do you think we need to be in 2000 pick a day at 30 well i i think uh the main thing to take away is that the grid is going to continue to be very essential and i think of it in terms of after superstorm sandy there was a lot of talk of micro grids and you know i hope i'm not offending anybody here but micro grids are great uh but you know it's going to take a long long time for them to be widely dispersed and the ones we have now are for very specialized purposes like princeton that wants to keep tissue samples that are 70 years old cold so they don't lose them you know they are willing to pay a lot more for that in the meantime we're seeing market expansions throughout the country more and more entities are joining organized markets uh and it's been really quite remarkable just in the last couple years and in my home with the pacific northwest which has generally been hostile to it the effort is growing it's not a full-blown rto but it's essentially taking advantage of the efficiencies that are allowed through a larger transmission footprint where the most efficient uh low-cost power dispersed over a wider footprint adds reliability helps consumers it allows those location constrained resources to access the grid because they're the wind is usually blowing where there isn't a lot of people consuming power somewhat similar to solar so in 15 years we're going to have a grid i believe that will take advantage of of uh additional technology that allows us to see into it more frequently 30 times a second as opposed to once every four seconds for example but it will be as important as ever even if we have developing distributed generation and micro grids because those are still going to need to be interconnected great yeah um whatever we do we need to start now because i've you know we talked about yes takes five to ten years to build a transmission i i would argue that uh it takes five years just to get the permits sometimes ten years to get permits so um it we whatever we need to do we need to do it now because it it takes a lot of time to do that i think i think it really gets back to there i mean it's a multifaceted question there's a lot of variables to play here right and i think though when you get back to uh the policy and the planning component is that's where it really starts and i think it would be incumbent upon all of us uh no matter who it is that's involved in this industry or has influence in the industry to think about how do we how do we expand the grid such that it's modernized it's more resilient whether it's cyber security or physical security tax i mean it's all of those kind of things as well as interconnecting all of the zones that we know their renewables are whether it's wind or solar we know we know where those areas are and i think we need to think about the regional planning or national planning of that and establish policies that enable that to happen i think it starts with that so i would uh i mean thinking about the grid in 2030 um i think it's pretty clear that we will have a less carbon intensive fuel mix and that means a lot more uh either zero carbon or low carbon energy if you think about it from a national perspective we we are actually extremely well endowed with low low-cost energy sources in terms of solar wind natural gas so we this this country is even from a sort of a global competition perspective we're in much better shape than most of the rest of the planet if it comes to reducing carbon footprint now we got a ways to go but we're from just a natural resource perspective we're in a pretty good spot um if we can figure out how to how to get all this done i think the other big thing that we'll see is more uh efficiency will clearly play a role but uh the most popular high-end car in the country these days is a tesla and so we will place new every time we come up with more efficient things we're going to come up with exciting new things to plug into the wall and that will uh and that's noteworthy because it's it's very very difficult to decarbonize the liquid fuel world and it's very hard to replicate a barrel of oil in terms of its energy intensity but with electricity you can make electricity a lot of different ways through naturally occurring phenomena it's really hard to do that uh to in if you're going to try to make fuel so that if if we're thinking about sort of a 20 30 time frame i just have to think that's going to be part of the equation i think some other things that we'll need to see uh i'm going to call it cooperative planning as opposed to interregional interregional seems to you know get people's hackles up but uh cooperative planning i think needs to take place to address some of the issues you were you were talking about um i think we're going to see a better coordination between the gas and electric sectors appreciate what's going on there that's very important if we're going to to be able to really address the the needs of the country as as there's a bigger shift toward natural gas as a fuel um in many cases it it could be a lot easier to move the electricity than to move the gas and i think we have to look at that and figure out the the right approach on that front you know one one trend that we're seeing uh so far is really the what i call the electrification of the transportation industry you know electric vehicles i think that's uh that's going to become much more of an influence and much more of an impact on our industry than than people realize you guys would be seeing it more than anybody what are you what are you seeing uh we're seeing a lot of it we're seeing um uh we're seeing certain pockets of demand picking up but it's again it's a multifaceted grid and planning you've got renewables you got a lot of different things that are going on from a planning perspective but we are seeing a big increase in in electric vehicles and and it's not only the increase from the load perspective but it's also going back to what i mentioned earlier is customers want the flexibility to do whatever they want with the grid just like you can do with your iphone today right you want all kinds of different things right and we're seeing customers that want to again they want to charge up in all kinds of different locations they want to discharge and sell their power back to us in all kinds of different locations not just one interconnection point so we're seeing a lot of that kind of demand where it's it's again not just a single point but multi-point type activity and so there's a lot i think that's going to be a big impact for us as an industry i think the other thing is going to be interesting to see exactly where it goes is uh you know four quarter one thousand it's really just kind of getting off the ground and and as we see what happens there it's going to be important to have a level playing field for everybody that's playing and make sure that you know we're all following the the same approach generally so that it is a level playing field across the country well let me put one more issue on the table and then i'm going to open it up for all you i know you're itching to ask this panel some questions but one one issue comes to mind we're talking about change is new business models at least three of you are involved in uh an industry i think one of you described it as you know building transmission to connect you know the the the local generation with load and and that was about it now we're looking at a transmission anyway as as more of an enterprise there are new entities out there perhaps a clean line as represented one representative example of a non utility transmission company uh those those business models are changing are changing with joint ventures and spin-offs and and new companies that we hadn't even thought of uh 15 years ago any any observations about where all that might be headed from a from a business perspective i are you guys with MBAs i mean we'll be able to have figure this out i'll start um you know it's interesting because we're seeing a lot of different players in the industry not so much owning the wires in the grid i mean there's a there there are there's utility players and they're coming there a lot of the same players are taking different forms um but what we are seeing is a lot of other people getting into the business for example i don't know if you know this but just the other day google announced uh that they're gonna build a utility grade solar facility and partnership with i think it's first for solar and things like that but they're doing why are they doing it i mean why would google be wanting to get into the generation business well they see a benefit from an environmental perspective they see a benefit from a energy perspective but they're doing it to meet their own needs so i think we're going to see a lot more larger more sophisticated customers starting to do their own kind of thing um and then that to me is another player in in our industry and and another customer that we have to uh we have to meet their their needs well and another one like that you know tesla's working on batteries not just for cars but for you know utility applications that that's another place that you're seeing um i think the other piece that you're going to keep seeing it's going to be technology companies like google but it's trying to get at the meter so that they can work to offer products to you know customers uh at a meter you know one of the things we've seen in texas so most of the utilities there have deployed smart meters that are there so that you know they get 15 minute read increments we don't actually sell to end-use customers they're retail electric providers in texas that do that but they're starting to offer all kinds of different products to you can buy prepaid electricity from any of the retail providers if you want you can have free nights and weekends if you want it's just the different products that they're starting to offer to customers to meet their requirements as well as to address the demand issues that the suppliers have so not to be too contrarian i don't think over the next few years we're going to see a ton of business model innovation on the wire side of things uh traditionally uh the the the new upstarts like us on the wire side of things are typically focusing on hvdc projects or seams projects that go between you know new york iso or um and pjm or uh manhattan to new jersey etc but they're not um we haven't seen a lot and i don't think we're going to see a lot of new companies springing up that are in sort of the competitive transmission realm uh other than existing utilities who sort of recast themselves and and largely in defensive mode because they're worried about some other utility coming in and trying to fish in their pond so they've armed themselves up to to go fish in somebody else's pond uh it's a um and it's it and i think fork went as far as they sort of felt they could in terms of creating uh trans uh competition in the transmission space but um you know you really need to go to brazil or certain provinces in canada if you want to find full-on competitive transmission where uh instead of saying hey you invest some money and uh we'll we'll largely put up with your cost overruns and we will guarantee you a certain rate of return that's kind of the world we're in today other folks who've tried to solve for the same riddle have said okay we've got point a to b here uh you tell us how much you need in terms of revenue requirements each year and whoever's revenue requirements are the lowest gets to build the project and so that particular developer and i'm referring here to brazil in particular gets has to optimize their design they have to build an efficient project they have to optimize their capital structure around that and lo and behold the people who pay for all this the rate payers generally get a dramatically better deal out of a competitive process like that and i know that there's folks at FERC who would like to go there but that we don't have the framework in place at at the state level and the federal level to make that happen but if we think about what a a truly competitive world might look like 15 years down the road i think you probably have to focus a little bit on less on the here and now and tweaking the model here and now in the us but and look at at what the how effective competition is and bringing down costs uh elsewhere elsewhere around the world so but absent this sort of fairly dramatic departure from our current regulatory paradigm it's hard to see like huge changes in the business model landscape on the wire side there are opportunities and we're firm believers in that but it's not a wide open competitive world here in the us i agree first credit and i think this started really when you were there jim the commission's been open and certainly i have been to a variety of business models and there is quite a variety out there in terms of some of the projects over 1000 trying to inject more competition but they're the merchant uh proposals that we have certain guidelines on in terms of how we approach them there are a lot of joint ventures i think of the sunrise project in sandy in the san diego area which was both a utility and and you know citizens energy building a power line we've we've seen again more interest in the concept of of an outside developer joining perhaps an incumbent utility there's a obviously there's ways to go particularly on the interregional which we really didn't tackle in order 1000 and it has a lot of potential but there's such order 1000 fatigue right now that we kind of have to get through this before we i think take on any any big major issues but there were issues i had with order 1000 i didn't think we made the right call overall i thought it had benefits and at least one example of that is when pjam put out their bid for the artificial island which was a area where there are nuclear plants a long time issue that had to be resolved and they got 27 bits in that ranged from i think 157 million to 2.1 billion and then there were three finalists and we haven't resolved it and there will probably be litigation to go but the point is you inject some competition you get the the creative new approaches that ultimately assuming you know ultimately benefit ratepayers and hopefully the reliability of the system as well that's that's very that's a very great answer right questions for this panel yes kurt hi kirk you're on with stan teck i have a question i guess follows on some of the dialogue and conversation that we've had today how do you anticipate the transmission grid being able to respond to consumers non-logical decisions in other words it's hard to make a cost-effective argument for an outie but yet people buy outies all the time and i think we're seeing that now where consumers are making decisions to to buy new technologies and implement new technologies that don't make good cost-effective sense and we need to anticipate where those decisions are going to go in the future so how do we do that and in particular how do we do that when we are looking at the logic model for new transmission in terms of a cost benefit analysis thank you i guess that's a tough question nobody wanted it i think it when you when it really bottom line if you get to the bottom line it's all around the price signals to that consumer or whoever and that customer that wants to interconnect to the grid and it really gets back to the markets if there's a if there's a robust market and there's a price signal or an opportunity to reduce that price i think that's really what the trigger is and i don't we don't we don't have that yet i don't believe in our industry especially even at the distribution level you know customers aren't seeing that level and i think it's really it really boils down to that if we can get to that point where if you want to buy an audio and you can afford it you can buy one i mean that's what we've got to get to yeah so i would question that the premise of the question i mean people buy outies because they like them and it's a i don't have one but it's a you know i've written in them they're nice cards and they perform well and there's a certain prestige associated with them and those are i don't know maybe in some people's view that's not a rational thing but it's i think we need to accommodate consumer preferences rational or not and i think that's what you're getting at so somebody says i want solar panels on my roof because that's cool then what we ought to do is say you can do that uh and you're going to get roughly the wholesale value of that electricity we're not going to subsidize it because you're typically you know you're probably driving an Audi or a Tesla as well with your solar panels so you're in a certain income bracket and we shouldn't subsidize that but if you want to show off to your friends that you've got cool solar panels on your roof then you know we should make that option available to you if i could add to that if i may i think it's all around i i think where we're going with the grid and the grid of things and that kind of uh enablement we the the rate structures associated with really have to match that and they don't today i mean you look at the internet right i don't know what you pay but between internet and cable tv i i think i'm paying about 200 bucks a month a fixed rate and i use it a lot i got unlimited access to it so uh whereas the electric system it's you know you pay on usage so i think we've got to somehow make sure that the rate structure matches uh the you know where we're going with it with the grid just explain that explain that the rate structure yeah no i can't very important i can't no say non-subtle point yeah we don't have enough time i don't think really well that's what i want to build on i'll twist the question a little bit in that uh it was alluded to by michael but we have this like it or not this complex tension between state and federal regulation our state colleagues regulate the distribution side we're at the wholesale level one trend to watch for is those are somewhat converging with distributed generation and there's probably a battle on the horizon related to jurisdiction over some of those power sales but setting that aside uh it's easy for me uh to talk about the retail rate making because i don't have to face the consequences but that doesn't stop me um and the fact is that consumers are not seeing accurate price signals now at the retail level and and i hope they do because i think it'll be transformational will be uh you know every other aspect of our lives we see some kind of dynamic or real-time pricing whether you're going to a sporting event or airline ticket gasoline that you're buying uh you know we're in a new world that's different than 10 years ago on electricity you're paying you know flat rates maybe seasonal rates but the reality is that that the value of that product is is is enormously expensive for 200 hours a year but you're you're paying the same rate you play in the middle of the night and uh if consumers got accurate real-time price signals and it's it's really not about uh the poor getting hurt because they're already paying it arguably they are subsidizing rich people right now uh when when energy is the most valuable so i think we've got great potential that will empower consumers to make decisions that are more rational based on the value of the product and and i think we'll have a much more efficient system however it's going to be controversial and and again that's why it's easy for me to expound on it because i don't have to face the heat great question yes sir let's wait for the mic here and i'm brent nelson i'm a triple a s policy fellow at doe my question is kind of related to your last comment which is i was wondering if you could comment on impacts and opportunities for peak shifting and the impacts that would have on transmission either through demand response or load scheduling or storage our other means some of the product that was mentioning in texas or that's exactly what they're doing the customers don't know that's exactly what they're doing you know but when you're offering free nights and weekends they're really trying to shift their peak you know off to get folks out of the on peak times and get into real-time pricing is really a challenge some places you know folks are really against even having a smart meter which is just an advanced technology installed at their home but i think ultimately it's kind of where you have to go so i can give you a real-time example we right now we have a lot of solar that's come into our service territory especially on the southern end and obviously the best time for solar is in the afternoon we get a lot of it and the load tends to come up our peak is just right around sunset or in the latter part of the day especially in the wintertime well what we find what we're finding is that there's almost too much solar during that time period to where we need load we're looking for load to offset the solar so we don't have to i know the ISO is looking so we don't have to to curtail solar i mean you don't want to get into that situation right so we are we have our helms pump storage about a 1200 megawatt a facility down in that area we now pump during the day which is just kind of those that have been around the industry i mean it was always to run at night and you know it offset the demands of the central power stations etc so the the whole load and the forecast and the and the demands and things of that are certainly changing big time and we're seeing it today and the solar is obviously being very disruptive in this sense and uh hawaii is really grappling with it right now it's the over generation issue that's kind of flipped the traditional peak shifting on its head still most of the country is going to have most of the population until we'll have the traditional peak shifting problem uh midwest east coast unless there's just massive solar penetration but um but it's an exciting time and i think people pay attention to what the hawaii commission is doing will be very informative and then california is not far behind all right so i'm gonna kind of rat out my wife so i'm glad she's not here i've been in this industry for 26 years she comes in one night we you know i'd mentioned that it's going to be a high peak so there's you know it's going to be kind of tight that afternoon so she says so should i not run the dishwasher and do the clothes okay so my wife who i talk about this stuff frequently at home you know there's no price signal at home but it's like well yeah you should she goes so will it be cheaper it's like well no but it's the right thing to do right so let's conserve right now and then we can we can do the dishes later this evening again it's the disconnect it's there and somehow we've got to be able to communicate that to really drive home those programs and methodologies you're talking about Michael no um well my only comment is is uh if i'm gonna ask waited to talk to my wife as well because my wife thinks i have the most boring job on earth and she won't even let me talk about this stuff at all Dan we've got time for one more question then why thank you and as much a comment as a question but there's you saying there's a disconnect at the residential level i want to say there's also i think a disconnect at the market level so if you're trying to run a pump storage plant you put individual bids and offers into the market they can take one but not the other so you're committed to to uh you're committed to pump but you may not have the they may not take your energy or they'll take your energy but but you won't get the energy to be able to pump because those are broken apart plus also the system is set up to give you an incremental uh tax essentially on a losses and which is a surcharge in order because of that but when you're really doing fuel storage and fuel delivery you're paying a tax to to to provide future value you're providing a tax to to return that and that money doesn't go to the generator it reduces it reduces the economic performance of the person who wants to do pump storage so there's uh there's not only disconnects once you get into storage there's a whole set of disconnects that also apply at the market level and i guess if it wanted to be a question what are we going to do about that so let me comment i i think it's not only storage but it's also markets so in california the iso started the energy and balance market to help deal with those those issues this over generation issue and it's actually working and it's working very well by just basically bringing in a broader portfolio of generators we're going into pacific corpse area they've joined nevada others that can help balance that out so markets is also not an option well before i adjourn this this panel i want to thank them for stimulating discussion all together too short i'm afraid but while we're filing out i want to make sure that everybody thinks about giving us giving wire some feedback on today's session you can find us at hushblackwell.com or find me there anyway or you can tweet us at at wires group or you can contact us through our website wiresgroup.com it's been a splendid day we had a great deal of fun we had some great great panelists and you guys were just terrific you capped it off so thank you very much


can deploy a Quarkis-based application to their OpenShift-dedicated cluster. After deploying the application, they can use the Service Discovery feature of 3Scale API Management to automatically import and manage the API exposed by the Quarkis application. To get started, head over to the GitHub repository shown on screen and clone it locally using Git. Next, you'll need to log into the cluster using the OpenShift CLI. You can obtain the login command for the CLI from the user drop-down menu on your OpenShift cluster. At this point, you might want to open the codebase and take a look. Right here, you can see I've the readme open, and at the bottom here, I have a deploy to OpenShift command. So I'm going to go ahead and run that now. But before running that command, I need to run an OC new project command first to give me a namespace in which to deploy the application. Now that I have a project namespace, I can go ahead and run the maven command here to deploy to OpenShift. After a short time, this process will report that it started a binary build on OpenShift. So now you can head on over to your OpenShift cluster, find your project, go to the build section, and monitor the progress from there. Once the build is complete, you can verify everything is set up correctly by navigating to the topology view for the project. From here, you can find the public endpoint for your application and open it. The default Quarkis homepage should be displayed. However, if we navigate to the forward slash open API endpoint, we can view our open API spec. By passing the format equals JSON parameter, we're able to view it as JSON. To automatically import and manage the Quarkis API service in ThreeSkill API management, you'll need to add some annotations and the label to the underlying service definition. You can view and verify that the annotations and labels have been added correctly by going to the service details YAML page. At this point, you can navigate to the ThreeSkill API management dashboard using the shortcut in the OpenShift application launcher. From here, click the new product button. Choose the import from OpenShift option and Authenticative prompted. Ensure that your product and the Quarkis API service are selected in the dropdowns, then click create product. Your new API product should appear in the APIs list a few moments later. Expand the section for your new API and click the active doc link. The active doc page will display the Quarkis API name. Click it and verify that the imported methods look correct. To get started using this API in the staging environment, you'll need to create an application plan as noted here in the ThreeSkill UI. Head over to the application section on the left, select application plans, choose create application plan, and fill in the fields as shown. Click the create application plan button when you're finished. By default, the plan isn't published, so go ahead and click that publish link. To use this plan, you'll need to assign it to an application on an API consumer account. To do that, choose audience from the top menu. Next, select the default developer account. Navigate to the applications list for this user. And from here, choose create application. On this screen, you can choose the application plan you created earlier, and then enter a name and description before clicking create application. Here on the application screen, you can see that there is an API key after being generated. You'll use this key to make secured API calls to your Quarkis API. Using the top navigation menu, return to your imported Quarkis API overview, and click to view the configuration. From the configuration screen, you can see that the example curl for testing in the staging environment now contains an API key that you just generated. You can now go ahead and test out this URL using your web browser or a HTTP client of your choosing. Here you can see I'm testing directly in my web browser and going to the fruits endpoint, and I get the list of fruits back as expected. You should head back over to the three-scale UI at this point and view the traffic analytics for your API. The graph should reflect the number of API calls you've made to the API endpoint during your tests. Finally, you should consider deleting the unprotected public endpoint for your Quarkis API. This was created when you initially deployed it using Maven, since it was useful to verify that the Quarkis application and open API endpoint were working as expected. You can delete this by issuing an oc-delete-route command and passing the name of the route as a parameter. And that's it. You've deployed a Quarkis application to your OpenShift-dedicated cluster running Red Hat OpenShift API management, and you've successfully protected it using the API management service.


You were really tough on yourself. Take me to the most frustrating part of the season so far, for you. Take me to that moment. I mean, I'm still salty from this last game. I feel like I really didn't play to the caliber and the standard that I wanted to play. And so I don't think it's really a moment. I think it's always, I'm always salty. But I'm always out, out looking as well. Because I'm salty because I hold myself to the standard that's gotten me here. I'm salty during the season because I, like I expect the most from myself. And you have to as a competitor. Because if you don't, then who else is going to push you? Nobody.  No, no. No. If you ever tell me to lighten up, like, that's an insult to me. Like, what do you mean, lighten up?  Are you kidding me? Like, we're trying to win games. You know, we're trying to do it at a standard.  Don't be as hard on yourself. That's like, when people tell me, hey, calm down. Like, no, I shouldn't calm down. I got to be better is what I got to do.


Hello and welcome to the session. The given question says, a loan of rupees 11000 has to be repaid in two equal annual installments. If the interest is charged at a rate of 20% per annum compounded annually, find the amount of each installment. Let's start with the solution. Let us denote a loan of rupees 11000 by the principal P and we are given that the rate of interest is equal to 20% per annum. And we have to find the amount of each installment. So let us denote each installment by x and this is what we have to find out. Now a loan of rupees 11000 has to be repaid in two equal annual installments. So let 2 rupees x be paid at the end of first year is equal to P1 plus and this implies that x is equal to P1 plus 20 divided by 100 into P1 which implies that x is equal to P1 plus on cancelling we have P1 divided by 5 which further implies that x is equal to 6 divided by 5 P1. Therefore P1 is equal to 5 divided by 6 into x. Let this be equation number 1. Now let P2 be the principal for the amount of rupees x second year and we have on following the similar steps as we have used to find P1 we get P2 is equal to 5 divided by 6 whole square into x. Let this be equation number 2. Now the principal P will be equal to P1 plus P2 and P is 11000 and P1 is 5 divided by 6 into x plus P2 is 5 divided by 6 whole square into x. So this implies that 11000 is equal to 5 divided by 6 plus 5 divided by 6 whole square is 25 divided by 36 into x which further implies that 11000 is equal to taking LCM which comes out to be 36 and then solving it further we get this and this implies that 11000 is equal to 55 divided by 36 into x or x is equal to 11000 into 36 divided by 55 which we get on cross multiplying. Now cancelling 11 into 5 is 55, 11 ends are 11 with 3 zeros, 5 twos are 10 with 2 zeros so x is equal to 200 into 36 and this implies that x is equal to 7200 rupees. Hence the answer is amount of each installment is equal to rupees 7200. So this completes the session. Hope you have understood it. Bye and take care.


It is the QT Pi RP2040. It has the USB-C connector on there. It has the Stem-AQT connector on there, the little cast-alated pads.  It's fast, but it's also got so much more flash memory on it. We've got eight megs of flash that you can put a lot of libraries on it. I have the Adafruit MIDI added to there. I have the drivers for this display. I have the display IO drivers for shape and text. I have the Nunchuck driver to use. We Nunchuck, like this guy right here. It is the QT Pi RP2040.


So last weekend you had this first presentation exercise where each of you talked for a few minutes and it was all recorded. So how did you people find it? Had you done any such exercise before? And since you had evaluated everybody else in the group. So in general how did you find all the others? Because you can never find faults with yourself, you can always find faults with others. How did you find the others? Anyone remembers what score were there? So there are 6 items with 1 to 3 marks. What was the average score like? Anybody remembers? Okay, so today what we are going to do is for proof editing we are going to do one major exercise. So that exercise is a one page printout. We will be giving distributing that to you along with a red sketch pen. Because even though last time we had discussed that you should use a red pilot pen. How many people have got a red pilot pen? Nobody has got. Only one person has got. So sketch pen is a bit too thick for marking. But the marking seems prominent where it cannot be missed. And why we have to use the reading so that it becomes visible again black background. Because all other lettering is in black. So red cannot be missed out. So it is standard practice in proofediting to do all markings in red. You have to sit according to the sitting plan. I hope that is clear. Because this exercise will involve group action for which we will have to hold the group together. Okay, as everybody got the heat and pens, anybody who hasn't got, okay, so we start the exercise. Though this is not double spaced but there is enough space between lines. Okay. So everybody has got this. Authors has proofreaders. This is the title of the write up.  First you mark in situ that is where the error occurs, just above that. After you have gone through, you again go through that you have not missed any errors. Then you mentally divide this into two halves, left half and right half. And whichever are errors in the left half, you mark against the lines have been numbered. So you mark the total against that. Similarly, mark on the right. So you will get two columns of digits, those you total. And at the bottom it is written left, right and total. So finally you total full number of errors. That is the exercise. So you can start. The first thing is you have to identify the error and mark them. Marking as per the standard is not important. As long as you can identify the error, finally you will learn the marks. So do not keep on referring to the marks. So you will waste time. You should be able to identify and count the error. That is the first exercise. Later on you will find that these marks are actually convenient. So I can see most of the people are gazing up somewhere. I think everybody has finished that. Those who are still working on it, please just put your count on your paper. Whatever you have so far, not a single try anymore, just put that count. That is not important. But what is important is whatever you have done so far, just count the left and right and put the count there. If you have followed the process properly, that means wherever you mark in C2, you also mark the error on either left or right mark. And then just count the total number of errors that you have found so far. And put that count below in the space provided. Okay. Now in the next five minutes, you just swap your papers with your neighbors. Your odd numbers, you just do a three-way switch and look at things which your neighbor has done. You have to convince your neighbor that the mistakes that the neighbor has not found out are actual mistakes. And be convinced otherwise. That's the whole point. So what is important is you consolidate your learning by discussing with your friend. Swap the papers quickly. Don't hold on to your paper. It's not a contest. So don't worry if your neighbor finds out too many mistakes, more or whatever. You are spending too much time in the act of swapping. The idea is after swapping, you read that correction done by your neighbor and comment on that. Whether you find any more errors or your friend has found more errors. The act is not about swapping papers, but about reading the swap papers. And you need not sit quietly. You have to talk to your neighbor to point out where ever errors are found. This is a discussion session, by the way, not an individual assignment. You talk slowly but you must talk. You must discuss. Hello. No more notings are to be made on that paper, by the way. You don't have to modify anything because the submissions must remain the original submissions done by individuals. The point is you may use another piece of paper or notebook to note down any additional errors or whatever it is. This is not an opportunity to modify your submission. But this is an opportunity to share your thoughts with your neighbor. So do that. And on a separate piece of paper, you may just write the count of errors that you did not find but your neighbor found. And the count of errors which your neighbor did not find but you found. And another third count where both together found errors which none of you had found earlier. That's the whole point of this discussion. You're not supposed to write anything on that paper, I see. Oh, you didn't write your name at all. My God. How do we? I didn't. Ah, this is, I think, silly. But there are some people who have forgotten to write their name. So name and roll number ought to be written somewhere. Please return back the papers to the original owner of that. Everybody has done that? All right. Now people who have found between zero to five errors, please raise your hand. Only between zero to five, not more than five. People who found between six to ten errors, please raise your hands. Eleven to fifteen. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen. That's okay. This is an approximate count. We'll do the count later. Sixteen to twenty. Twenty-four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen. Twenty-one to twenty-five and twenty-six to thirty. How much? Twenty-two. Okay. About thirty. Between thirty-one to thirty-five, anybody? One, two, three, four, four. Anybody more than thirty-five? Four. Four. Four people. Anyone who has found more than forty errors? One. Anybody who has found more than forty-five errors? No. More than thirty. Since you are the loner, just tell us the number of errors you have found. Forty-nine. There is like statistical intervals we have taken of five errors. And we can plot a histogram. You can see the mode is over here. Thirty-one is the maximum number of people found. And distribution is unsymmetrical. Because at the top it suddenly drops off. But on the lower side it goes here. So any guess what are the actual number of errors? The actual number of errors is fifty-two. We have a model answer sheet which probably we will discuss next time. We will put up the model answer sheet on the web. Actually, why do we need their submissions now? We don't need them. The statistics is what we wanted. Because I would like them to compare their answer sheet with the model. That they can do at home. So all that you need to do is no homework. But just for the sake of curiosity for nothing else, locate the differences between the errors that you have found. So please carry this paper back with you. So that on the screen you can compare it. And actually try to pay attention to errors which you missed. And reason why you missed them. That's the whole point. Fine. I wanted to discuss the details of what this course is going to unfold. But I will do that next time. Because we are already at the end of our time. Thank you so much except for those two friends who should come and identify themselves and write their names here. Thank you so much.


So one of the biggest misconceptions musicians have about merchandise is that they think about it like any other product or even worse like it obeys the rules of music marketing itself. But music merchandising has its own rules and the weirdest thing we see in this day and age compared to days before is you can see music artists where their merch is doing a lot of converting new fans as they become a fashion brand people who are barely fond of their music well done just because the fits look good and it ends up spreading the word about the artist music and funding their musical endeavor but whether you have zero or 10,000 fans and want to sell merch to them let's remember that one merch is a walking or standing advertisement for you that shows that a person endorses you so if someone is willing to wear or display that merch in their social media or walking down the street it's getting more people to see you as someone they should know about selling merch and doing what you can to make sure people get their hands on it is one of the best and easiest ways to get the word out about your music and the extra effort is often rewarded with that and you get the reward of money which let's be honest isn't always the case when you're putting out music. Merch is also one of the more lucrative ways to fund your music and it definitely beats streams so enabling it to fund you is crucial but the second misconception is the myth that merch costs tons of money to make which is an obsolete idea now that POD aka print-on-demand technology has made it so that you all you have to do is upload a design and you could begin to get paid for what you do with no money down so don't get it all worked up that it's going to cost you tons of money down since the only upfront cost is making a good design which many people can do themselves and here's the thing we live in a society that is shallow as it has evidence by the 10 million memes that exist in this world that mock that people wear merch of ours they don't even know well that's a thing the fact is merch is both a virtue signal meaning that fans will wear it to show others they love the music and they're part of the culture around this design and they want to meet other people who do even if they don't know three songs from the artist and you know this is the guy who has tattoos of his favorite musicians documentaries tattooed prominently on his body because i want to make sure no one who loves the 1975 can ever miss out on the chance to hear me go incessantly on and on about them at a bar but while merch can be signaling you're a part of a club a lot of people are trying to just look cool and this is good news for you even when you're an unknown artist since if you make great designs you could sell merch even when people have yet to become super fond of your music and may even think it's borderline trash and i say this is someone who's run merch lines that have sold hundreds of thousands of items i mean there's even articles written about merch lines of bands i've managed here's the weirdest thing though is one of the weird things people say about modern musicians is they're more of a merch line than a band well that's because if your merch game is good well a lot of people will wear it despite the fact that they may not be enthused about your music i mean let's go back to the 1975 they're my favorite band i have a tattoo of them and i don't wear their merch much despite this uh video because i don't love the band's designs but if they did better ones i'd wear more but i wear tons of merch from this band honey whose hat i wear in every video who i don't love as much as the 1975 but they have great designs so here's the funny thing musicians do and you should really listen right now because this is a concept that will help you a lot in life if you recognize and fight against it so there's this study called dunning kruger and it basically says that when you're a dumbass you think everything looks easy and even though you haven't studied a subject much you feel like you got it figured out already but when you're super smart you realize that people can be experts to such minute detail all sorts of small subjects and it's important to talk to experts so i'm going to tell you a bunch of knowledge i know as someone who has literally run merch companies that have sold hundreds of thousands of shirts and when i talk to so many of you you think this stuff obviously must not apply to your genre or you think you clearly know better because well you're part of that dumbass equation in the dunning kruger thing but i'm here to tell you i know this because i've worked in it for well over a decade and had a lot of success selling hundreds of thousands of units so please listen so let's first talk about the number one way to sell a bunch of merch even when you have a few fans just as a great song is the best marketing tool that makes all your marketing go easier a great merch design does the same in fact there's nothing that beats a great merch concept at moving units but so many musicians either put no effort in designs or think trying hard is for losers or really can't be trouble to put much thought into it but here's the reality if you're out playing shows or people see your merch and it looks good more people will buy it just remember every time you're selling one you're selling an advertisement for someone else to buy it but if you just go in ms paint and do the comic sands it's not going to work out well you need to research what the rest of your community does and put out quality merchandise that matches it or really exceeds what other people are doing and this is often by doing tons of drafts and working on ideas and designs and studying other people until you've really latched in and figured out what your audience would want to see from you and giving them sick designs that they would want to wear i'm going to be frank that can often mean drafting 10 20 or even 50 ideas before you have one that's really going to do numbers i should say this there's room for cheaper merch if a lot of your fans are poorer teenagers well having a low ticket item that isn't on the best planks can really help your sales so not every piece of merch needs to be your piece of resistance of art but there are some things that do help sales a lot one using good blanks which if you're just blank shirts if you don't know what i mean or whatever type of merch you're selling you know brands like canvas or the good quality gilded ones or any of those that start to knock off the american apparel style you will be sure to have more people buy it since music fans buy a lot and take note of the higher quality stuff that looks better on their stories when they're trying to make that e-girl fall in love with them it's not gonna happen and two making the design a real banger that looks really good and here's what i mean like i said one of tricks point never aren't even in the top 50 of my favorite ours but when i saw this fit i had to cop it because it looks amazing duela lipa is great but i would wear 20 more charlie xcx shirts before hers but let's be honest this is a look and the spice girls really only have two great songs but when i saw this bootleg that matched up choking victims classic record cover for no gods no managers and the spice girls well i had to have it thereby proving my point shallow people like me who care about looking cool will buy your merch if the design is sick even if you're not their favorite band so think about what you would think is sick and make designs around it but that was a perfect time to take a quick break before the next tip and teach you about a tool where you can actually sell merch directly from your link in bio and where you can easily and quickly create and sell digital merch for your fans koji is the first e-commerce platform purpose built for social media with tons of apps for selling products digital and physical to your fans koji is totally free to use and customize and you could be selling merch in minutes no website or Shopify type platform needed for physical merch i'd recommend koji's sell physical products feature just add an image description or price and boom you've got a merch store in your link in bio it works best with non-sized merch like hats posters pins stickers signed photos you get the idea but don't stop at physical merch use koji's sell digital products feature to add digital merch items for your fans as well the possibilities here are limitless you can sell digital vip packages printable album art and posters printable sheet music desktop and phone backgrounds song books album liner notes ebooks about literally anything your journey as an artist for example or short pdf guides to teach fans inspiring musicians the things you've learned along the way you can easily make a lot of these items in canva or even repurpose some of your existing artwork and designs for people to buy download and print at home koji also makes it easy for musicians to sell lots of other stuff too like bonus audio tracks live recordings or sample packs with their locked audio feature or sell photos and videos to your super fans with koji's locked photo or locked video features you can even sell custom video or audio to your fans with shout out or audio inbox just like cameo right from your link in bio trust me you need to jump on koji you'll thank me later so head to the description or to with koji dot com that's w i t h k o j i dot com but really click my link in the description or start selling with koji today it's easy and it comes with the world's most powerful link in bio for musicians built right in literally what are you waiting for okay so let's say you solve the first part of this problem you got some great looking merch and i can't impress the poly use enough since i know some of you think you know it all and this what i'm about to say is not going to make a difference but trust me i have seen it putting a good-looking person in your merch and photographing it hanging on them in a way that gets people horned up sells more merch than anything aside from a great design on a great blank when people can envision themselves looking that good even if they look nothing like that model it sells more merch and that tiny bit of effort to take a picture of someone in that merch truly improve sales sometimes between 10 to 50 percent in my experience and i'm not kidding you i've literally taken two hours to switch merch stores over to irl photos from mockups and watch the money machine go okay so that the next thing we need to do though is acknowledge there's like so many people competing for your customers dollars there's regular fashion brands then there's other artists hell even meme accounts are making fire merch and i buy a ton of it so one way to try to encourage people to buy more of your merch is to make it scarce mean use what the kids call drops and only make the merch available for a short time so for example you can advertise a drop happening and say things are only going to be for sale for a week or less now the trick here is you could then move some of the best performing designs to your main store with where you permanently sell them and the designs that didn't do so well can get retired or even brought back later but doing drops creates the feeling of missing out so people are more prone to act fast and buy your merch now instead of thinking about the decision because they know that decision may be made for them when your merch goes away okay so but after we got good looking merch we know how to create demand and pictures of it where do you sell it i truly feel Shopify is the best option and i've explained why in a previous video but let me go deeper since this video is about selling more merch and here's the funny thing while there are a lot of details to upping your merch game the best news i tell every musician is there's a lot of terrible things about being musicians day but the best news is that there's often a tool that could get their jobs done simply and effectively and require far less effort than just five years ago never mind 20 years ago if you work smart you can work less hours and that's exactly what Shopify enables Shopify has really good integrations with printify and printful where you don't have to pay for any merch up front you can do prints on demand designs what i really love about them is as integrations with Spotify and YouTube so while people are enjoying your music and are most likely to be the people who are going to actually want to buy your merch they can see it on your Spotify on your YouTube if you enable it and have it right there staring them down while they're enjoying your music when they could see your sick fits that you have available for them to show everyone how much they love your music and the emotion they're feeling right now and no other merch platform can do that since visibility is a lot of selling merch that makes your merch visible and it's really easy to do and as i explained in my video on Shopify i actually think it's the best platform to build a musician's website which also saves you that money for not having to build a separate website but the other reason i love Shopify is they really make it so much easier to sell more merch since they have easy to use integrations to email people who abandon their cart or email the customers who've already brought from you or retarget with ads the people who've come to your site now i know some of you don't believe me that email is the most effective way to sell merch but yet again i'm someone who's done this before and i can tell you no matter what your genre or demographic your fans are in email sells merch so i want you to repeat after me and realize you don't know what you're talking about if you don't think that's true since everyone i know agrees about this going hard on emails to sell merch is one of the most effective ways you can sell it and truly getting emails at shows of people who are enthused about you or in exchange for rare tracks from your most dedicated fans where you give away an alternate version of them and download it in exchange for an email gets you emails where you can show those fans who most love you what you have to sell and how they could support you is how you sell a lot of merch and truly after everything else is in place there is no more effective way to sell more merch than those people who are passionate enough to give you your email and sending them a picture that looks good of your merch so here's the thing you should now watch my video on Shopify so you get the whole picture which is this video right here so make sure you watch that next if you really want to level up