My name is Janet McLean, and it is my great pleasure to welcome you this evening to Professor Joanna Manning's inaugural lecture. Professor Manning undertok her BA Aquılladankola hon formula of honan TLB here at Auckland University where she excelled across a range of subjects from criminal law, tort law, contract law, to administrative law. She received a host of prizes, including winning the coveted Start Shield. After postgraduate study in the United States on a Rotary scholarship, she worked for some time as a crown prosecutor before joining the faculty at Auckland. Her strengths in both public and private law continued to show through, a nda tawt a range of subjects from tawt law to administrative law combining her teaching with bringing up three children and serving for a time as lay member on the medical practitioner's disciplinary committee. The latter was her first foray into medical law which would subsequently become the area in which she distinguished herself and established her scholarship nationally and internationally. It's an area in which she's able to combine her broad legal expertise with a deep interest in moral questions, compassion and a sense of justice. She's also become legendary in the faculty as knowing a huge range of medical procedures and symptoms in some detail and though as a good tawt lawyer she would never hold herself out as giving medical advice she would um she can always recommend who not to go to for medical assistance. Professor Manning is an exemplary colleague, academic friend and professor of law and I now invite her to address you. Thank you Janet for your overly generous remarks. I got a text from my younger middle son earlier on today saying good luck for your inauguration as president tonight mama but I do feel privileged in having two very dear friends and longstanding colleagues to both introduce and to close my lecture tonight. Thank you both. No mai, haere mai, welcome to Your Honour, the Dean, my colleagues, my Cartwright Collector friends, some of whom are here tonight. Here's a recent photo of them. In particular I want to acknowledge and dedicate my lecture tonight to Linda Williams. She's the one in the middle holding the flowers. We were celebrating her new year's honour this year in recognition of her enormous and tireless work over decades on behalf of New Zealand health consumers especially women. It was Linda who alerted me to this rather worrisome topic that I'm addressing tonight having learned about it, she had learned about it from attending ethics committees and DHB committees for years on behalf of the Auckland Women's Health Council. Thank you for your work Linda. Welcome also to friends, to neighbours, to my biking buddies and family and thank you all for making the effort to come out tonight. Tonight is the longest night, the darkest night of the year and it would have been easy to stay home in front of the fire. I know that I was very tempted to do so myself but it is a real privilege to present this lecture, to give this lecture in front of one's peers and family. So I thought I would take a moment to introduce you to some members of my family, some of whom are here tonight. Here's my wonderful mother Prue with my father Jack. Around the time of my birth she sadly died prematurely in 1992 and she would have loved to have been here, as Janet and I have often discussed because we've got sort of similar mothers, that she would put on the dog if she was here tonight. And here's me and my older brother Bill who should be here but he's always, he's legendary in the family for being late. I'm the angelic one and he's the one with the family ears and here's the great architect my father Jack of whom I'm incredibly proud with his biggest direction in Wellington and Jack and the downpipe, that's the outrageously expensive downpipe that he designed for us which nearly brought our marriage to an end and the photo was taken by my dear friend Judy Druck who's in the audience. What else have I got to show you? Here's husband Tony who does not want to be acknowledged, I don't think he's here tonight, oh yes here he is. And much loved, three much loved but rather wayward children plus one of their partners. I've been blessed with encouragement, support and love from all of these people and since 1986 wonderful supportive colleagues who just keep getting better and better, more impressive and more professional every year it seems and here's a photo of them last year. They are the true taonga of this law school. Thank you to you all. In 1978 the UK Royal Commission on Compensation and Civil Liability known as the Pearson Commission had this to say of volunteers and medical research. We think it is wrong that a person who exposes himself to some medical risk in the interests of the community should have to rely on ex-grasha compensation in the event of injury and yet nearly 40 years later that's actually the position that most injured participants in medical research in Australia, New Zealand and the UK find themselves in if they are injured in medical research and because the information about the compensation arrangement in place for the clinical trial that subjects receive in many instances is inadequate it's highly likely that they only discover their financial exposure after they're injured and they make a claim for compensation. So a bit of a roadmap that looks an awful lot and I stand between you and a drink so I hope it won't be too long but first of all I'll explain the difference between biomedical research and ordinary medical care and we'll look at the incidents of research related injury. I'll make the ethical argument in favour of a societal moral obligation to compensate for research related injury and argue that no fault compensation is the best ethical response. Then we'll do a brief survey of the three jurisdictions in relation to both publicly funded that's taxpayer funded clinical trials and commercially funded pharmaceutical funded trials look at the recommended information about the compensation arrangement in place that potential subjects are given in each jurisdiction and finally outline some remedial and reform options but it's important first to appreciate the difference between medical research and ordinary medical care each has very different goals ordinary medical treatment aims to benefit an individual patient the doctor weighs the potential risks against the benefits of an intervention and recommends a tailored regimen are only where the benefits outweigh the risks for that individual in contrast the sole goal of clinical research is to benefit future patients the aim is not to benefit the current research subjects so even in therapeutic research where the medicine is being tested on patients who have the condition that the medicine is being developed to treat and so there's a possibility that they might derive a personal and individual benefit the aim of the clinical trial is not to benefit them if they do benefit that's a secondary and an incidental lucky outcome it's not a game a goal an aim of the research the pharmaceutical trials industry in new zealand is big estimated at 45 million dollars per annum in 2001 and growing the aim is that it should generate 240 50 million dollars per annum by 2020 in 2011 government was concerned that New Zealand had lost its competitive advantage as a good place to carry out clinical trials mainly to Australia and it took various initiatives one of which was streamlining the ethics approval process to improve the environment for conducting clinical trials in New Zealand since 2012 it's estimated that about 50 000 New Zealanders have participated in clinical research and in 2016 about 240 applications were made for ethics approval for intervention studies most for studies funded by pharmaceutical or medical device companies and of course overwhelmingly they are approved societies interests are advanced by ongoing medical research and people's participation in it the greatest benefit is obviously to future patients who suffer from disease or injury through the availability of a constant stream of new and improved medicines which have increased life expectancies improved quality of life and reduced rates of morbidity but the population is a whole benefits from advances in knowledge medical and scientific knowledge even if a particular medicine turns out on balance not to be beneficial and it is not brought to market all new medicines have to be tested for the first time on healthy people after which they're tested on smaller than larger groups of patient volunteers before the medicine can be registered and marketed so these advances in medical treatments come at a cost to a minority of research subjects who suffer research related injury we're all aware of the highly publicized notorious cases of deaths and catastrophic injuries the french bial disaster last year which left one participant brain dead and five others critically ill and then of course the so-called elephant man clinical trial the north park study in 2006 in which six healthy men took a new medicine in a phase one trial and within 12 hours of taking that medicine suffered multi-organ failure and some of them continue to suffer long-term health problems but harm that's never widely publicized is caused to a small number of participants in routine clinical research and so for example in 2012 in New Zealand two men who were participants in separate pharmaceutical company trials suffered serious injury one trial involved a man who was involved in a gout trial who suffered atrial fibrillation days after taking a new gout medicine and to my knowledge he's never worked again the other was involved in an insulin trial testing a new variant of an insulin medicine against an existing medicine and he suffered permanent and very significant neuropathy nerve damage after taking after participating in the trial though there's little recent data on the incidence of research related injury it's claimed to be low in incidence the biggest study is quite an old one 1976 on about 130 000 patients and it showed that the risk associated with non-therapeutic research was estimated to be no greater than that experienced in everyday life i guess that might depend on what you do in your everyday life and that in therapeutic research no greater than that in ordinary medical treatment there are two main opposing views about whether there's an ethical requirement to compensate for research related injury the argument that there's no such obligation proceeds from the principle of autonomy or liberty and it holds that providing subjects have been clearly and accurately informed of the risks of participating in the trial and with full knowledge they've given a voluntary consent to participation their consent constitutes a waiver of any claim for compensation if they're injured but that position i would suggest has been convincingly rebutted for quite some time it's pointed out that disclosure of the risks is not the same as disclosure of a legal right or disclosure of the absence sorry of a legal right to compensation and it doesn't amount to a waiver of compensation the function of informed consent in the in the research setting is merely to authorise research which involves interference with a person's bodily integrity to proceed it doesn't shift the financial burden of injury from researcher to subject the most influential justification for a societal moral obligation to compensate for injured compensate injured research subjects was advanced way back in 1976 by James Childress he argued that because clinical research requires participants to assume a position of risk for the benefit of society and future patients society therefore has a moral obligation to compensate for research related injury and he pointed to these three features giving rise to a societal moral obligation to compensate injured patients i won't read them out but he argued that the moral obligation exists regardless of the possibility that the subject might derive an individual personal benefit from taking the medicine and whatever are subjects are subjective motives for participating because there's uncertainty about which medicine is the best the most beneficial treatment or procedure and the subject still accepts a position of risk for the benefit of society and he included industry sponsored research within the moral obligation because society requires drug testing for licensing and registration purposes there's also a consensus that no fault compensation is the best ethical response to research related injury that it constitutes a special case for compensation without the injured subject having to prove that the researcher or the funder the sponsor was negligent it's well known the poor job that tort law does as a compensation mechanism we've known that since woodhouses powerful report in 1968 particularly in medical negligence cases and tort law is even worse at compensating injured research subjects than it is injured patients and this is for two main reasons there are two main reasons why injured subjects chances of succeeding in a court of law are very limited the most serious obstacle lies improving fault or negligence on behalf of researchers or sponsors when injury occurs it's most often because an unforeseen or an unpredictable risk of the trial product occurs rather than any negligence or departure from the trial protocol by the research team and so participants are likely to experience real difficulty in proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable because unforeseeable events are to be expected in experimental research the second barrier is proof of the causal link between subjects injury and their participation in the trial this can be a real challenge especially for patient volunteers who have real difficulty in proving that their injury was attributable to the administration of the trial product or some intervention required by the protocol rather than the underlying condition progressing or the comparison medicine a side effect of that and the two New Zealand cases that I talked about both manifest this difficulty both pharmaceutical companies disputed that it was their trial drug which caused the injury it wasn't until some three years later and after getting as they say lawhead up that the man in the gout trial was able to achieve a confidential settlement with the pharmaceutical company and the man in the insulin trial to this day has never received any compensation because the company maintains that his injury was caused was was associated with his underlying diabetes rather than their study than their trial drug this despite ministerial pressure being applied to the company to go to mediation and him also obtaining legal representation so tort law almost always leaves injured research subjects to bear the full financial burden of their injuries alone only no fault compensation will adequately protect them for injuries for which negligence can't be established and so that's why a whole series of blue ribbon national commissions and reports have recommended no fault the and international guidelines similarly most notably the famous Belmont report and also the Pearson report which I referred to earlier so let's move to the survey of the arrangements in place of the of the three jurisdictions to see whether the law in each of these countries measures up to the ethical obligation of no fault compensation in the United Kingdom the law is different in publicly funded that's taxpayer funded research trials and commercially funded trials in publicly funded research trials to be legally entitled to compensation an injured subject would have to go to court and prove a legal claim against an NHS funder or an NHS staff member involved in a trial either in negligence or under their consumer guarantees act which is no mean feat as I indicated in the case of non negligently inflicted harm so that's where an unforeseen side effect of the medicine occurs and causes injury the UK government forbids NHS bodies from offering advanced compensation to subjects or providing indemnities to their staff staff or NHS bodies taking out compensation commercial insurance but they are permitted to offer an ex-gratius system in exceptional circumstances within a delegated limit of 50 000 pounds and so in the UK injured research subjects even healthy volunteers in publicly funded trials either have to establish legal liability or rely on an ex-gratia payment what's the position in pharmaceutical funded trials the pharmaceutical industry in the UK has been permitted to regulate compensation arrangements through a system of voluntary compensation guidelines sanctioned by government so for phase one studies these are on healthy volunteers who do not expect to benefit can't benefit from the medicine the member association of the pharmaceutical industry which is called the association of the British pharmaceutical industry the ABPI they've adopted guidelines that require sponsors to put in place illegally enforceable commitment to pay compensation to injured subjects this is achieved through the terms of the participant information sheet and the consent form these are drafted as a binding contract between the sponsor and the subject there are still some problems with these but they're awful lot better than the compensation guidelines in place for phase two three and four trials if you read these compensation guidelines and i'm reliably informed that most patient volunteers never do you discover that they state that a sponsor's obligation to pay no fault compensation is without legal commitment so it's a moral obligation only it's unenforceable by an injured participant the justification for different treatment of phase one injuries and later phase injuries is that the former are considered to be a special group of research participants they expose themselves to unknown and usually greater risks of injury and they don't they expect no personal benefit and so without a legally binding commitment to compensate them for injury the industry recognise that it would be terribly hard to recruit healthy volunteers drug injuries can be very expensive to compensate and i suggest that it's an unsatisfactory position for an injured patient volunteer that the research sponsor is faced with balancing cost against breaching a legally unenforceable albeit moral undertaking and on some claims you can quite imagine that the sponsoring company or maybe it's overseas head office could well decide that the costs are simply not worth it so coming to the arrangements in this part of the world Australia their national statement on ethical conduct and human research requires that all clinical trials have appropriate compensation but it doesn't specify what this is to consist of the arrangements for publicly funded research are complex because of their federal state system and i won't go into the technical detail but the bottom line is that public sector bodies conducting clinical trials don't typically put in place no fault compensation or provide insurance or indemnity to support that a subject's entitlement compensation would depend on proof of legal liability in pharmaceutical funded clinical trials in australia and new zealand almost identical compensation guidelines to the uk ones for stage two three and four trials are in place with each government's blessing they were adopted in australia in 1994 because the ethics committees there increasingly demanded that sponsors agree to abide by them but they were introduced in new zealand in 1993 for a very different reason in 1992 government in new zealand passed a new statute governing our compensation scheme and one change was to remove personal injury resulting from participation in a pharmaceutical funded trial from acc cover even though participants in public trials taxpayer funded trials continued to have acc cover at the time government government was looking to reduce the costs of funding the scheme that sounds familiar doesn't it and it also reasoned that since medicines which were trialled on new zealanders the profits would be enjoyed by industry it should pay the cost of injuries in their trials so by agreeing to participate in a commercially funded trial a research subject surrenders their right to acc cover and when it was belatedly realized that these participants were financially exposed government and the research medicines industry hurriedly adopted the uk compensation guidelines and they were put in place in 1993 one major and sobering difference to the uk position however is that the compensation guidelines in place in new zealand and australia these versions apply also to injuries in phase one studies so healthy volunteers who are injured so sponsors in the uk we saw accept a legally enforceable compensation obligation but in new zealand and australia for unexplained reasons a sponsors obligation to pay no fault compensation to participants injured in a phase one trial is also without legal commitment even though the british member association the abpi has accepted and it says has said this in writing that it's ethically appropriate to provide legally enforceable compensation to phase one subjects and it's done so since 1970 on occasion industry associations have have reassured the medical profession and ethics committees but not subjects that despite the without legal commitment wording they would pay out if they had agreed in an information sheet to abide by the compensation guidelines we do in reality pay out presumably the reasoning is that it's not just financial but there are reputational interests and a company will want to protect its investment in its trial product but the problem is that we have no way of knowing whether they do pay out ethics committees are not involved in the claims process and they can't monitor where the claims are paid and the amounts and companies guard the fact of any settlements under the compensation guidelines and the details as confidential and commercially sensitive certainly you can imagine the commercial realities when it's so that a company agreed that it should make some payment in an individual case once the injured participant or his or her lawyer finds out that any payment is without legal commitment certainly the negotiating power would shift dramatically in the company's favour after learning about the difficulties that the two New Zealand men faced in receiving compensation New Zealand's national ethics advisory committee or NEAC warned government ministers in 2014 that it was concerned that some companies may be failing to comply with the requirement to pay compensation to at least ACC equivalent standard and in an expeditious manner so what are the compensation arrangements in publicly funded trials in New Zealand as I said these are covered under the ACC scheme under the treatment injury head of cover without the without the claimant having to prove negligence or fault by the sponsor or the researcher certainly they've still got to prove that causative link between injury and participation in the trial and that can be a real challenge but from an injured subject's perspective ACC compensation is overwhelmingly superior to that under the compensation guidelines the key advantage is of course that it's legally enforceable the amounts are fixed clearly stated in the legislation rather than being at the discretion of the pharmaceutical company importantly they include weekly compensation for lost income which is often not provided under the compensation guidelines and in fatal cases a proportion of the weekly compensation is paid to partners and dependents there's a statutory process and time limits by which claims are to be decided and ACC decisions can be appealed to the independent courts there's nothing like this under the compensation guidelines under these the pharmaceutical company is the final decision maker of the claim remember that's a claim to which it's a party with a financial interest so there's a serious potential for bias and so participants in pharmaceutical funded industry trials are significantly disadvantaged in New Zealand compared to those in publicly funded trials they're dependent on a sponsor's voluntary payment of compensation whereas the latter have a legal entitlement to reasonably comprehensive no fault compensation this i would submit is inequitable and discriminatory since once you're injured in a trial it's immaterial to you where the funding came from the taxpayer or the pharmaceutical company your need lies in proper compensation for your injury at that point so all three countries are wanting in the extent to which their law measures up to that ethical requirement of no fault compensation for research related injury subjects are reliant on x scratch a payment or an unenforceable assurance of payment following non negligent injury the exceptions are publicly funded trials in New Zealand and phase one trials in the uk so let's look at the templates for the participant information sheets so this is the information that a potential research subject receives when they're considering whether to enroll in a clinical trial and the peak ethics bodies in each country have templates of recommended information and wording to include in the information sheets so this is the uk one for a pharmaceutical funded phase two three and four trial remember that in these responses obligation is legally unenforceable i bolded the two sentences there this does at least say that any payment would be without legal commitment although it might be hard for a potential participant to reconcile the first bolded sentence and the second bolded sentence here's the australian health ethics committee committee's recommended wording for a commercially funded trial i've bolded the sentence the purely voluntary nature of the obligation to pay no fault compensation could be made more explicit i would suggest using the words without legal commitment would would be as much clearer it could well be that a reasonable person contemplating enrolling in the trial might interpret that sentence as depending on whether the terms of the compensation guidelines apply to their case rather than the compensation guideline the obligation being voluntary but the new zealand health ethics committee's recommended wording is far and away the worst offender the overall message here is that compensate you wouldn't you don't get a cc compensation but that compensation would be available from the study sponsor instead of a cc compensation if something was to go wrong um there's nothing here to put a subject on notice that a sponsor's obligation is a moral one only that it's without legal commitment which i suggest if you just read that would come as a shock to you if you were injured and went looking for compensation there's even a suggestion in the last sentence that a subject unhappy with the amount of compensation that a pharmaceutical company was prepared to give to you um you could go to court and authoritatively challenge the amount of compensation and a court could make a legal ruling determining the appropriate amount of compensation which of course is totally incorrect um subject to a a wee argument that i'll come to in a minute the guidelines the compensation guidelines aren't named and they're not given to subjects unless they ask for them so i would suggest given that those words without legal commitment are in the compensation guidelines and they are critical for a participant's legal rights they should get a copy and it should be put in front of their eyes and explain to them the chairs of the health the ethics committees in new zealand have written to me to tell me that this template is being revised um to better inform participants that the obligation is voluntary and not enforceable and minister peter dun has told me that this is expected to be completed by the end of september so they don't appear to be in any hurry at the very least i would suggest that if ethics committees continue to approve research on the basis of the compensation guidelines they must insist that researchers and sponsors spell out accurately and in the clearest of terms a subject's lack of any legal right to no fault compensation in the event they're injured so that the issue becomes part of their overall informed consent this would merely ensure that people would go into trials with their eyes open of course and it may well negatively impact on recruitment it would do nothing to address the underlying problem that they've got no legal right to no fault compensation so what responses and options are available to try to bring the legal requirement up to match the ethical requirement the lawyers in this audience will have been whispering to themselves that there must surely be scope for an injured participant to argue that a contract exists between the subject and the sponsor based on the information sheet and the the signed consent form despite the absence of legal commitment wording of the guidelines peter watts is looking incredibly um a scant at this he's told me that he doesn't think this argument holds any water at all but we shall see after all some participants are paid to participate the the usual legal principle is that courts accept that agreements which are stated to be binding in honour only are not legally binding as contracts because the parties don't have an intention to create legally binding relations but where the effect of a clause has been misrepresented the clause excluding legal liability has been misrepresented it won't operate even if it's been signed by a party that it is sought to be bound by it and i would suggest that at the moment the standard text in the new zealand template information sheet doesn't just omit those words without legal commitment it actually wrongly and misleadingly suggests that compensation enforceable by a court would be in place instead of a cc cover if something were to go wrong and so i suggest that injured subjects may have a cause of action in contract or the equitable principal promisory estoppel for a remedy which would have the effect of enforcing a sponsor's obligation to pay no fault compensation it wouldn't be a straightforward claim you'd have to convince a court that the subject actually relied on the explanation in the information sheet and they wouldn't have entered the trial if they had no in the true position the second option are neax ethical guidance and the operating procedures in place put a duty on ethics committees to check that acc equivalent compensation is in place for a commercially funded trial in place of acc cover since research can't proceed without ethics approval it's within the power of ethics committees to make their approval of research conditional on them being satisfied that illegally enforceable acc equivalent compensation arrangement is in place and so i suggest that ethics committees should be fully prepared especially where the risks of a trial are more than negligible to withhold approval of research unless they're satisfied that there's a legally enforceable compensation arrangement in place governments guilty of speaking out of both sides of its mouth on the one hand it wants to encourage the industry and it's put ethics committees under very real pressure to approve trials within very short time frames but on the other hand ethics committees can be very sure that if anything goes wrong it's they who will be blamed for failing to protect patients in response to neax concern that i referred to earlier sounded to ministers uh government officials had this to say to the ministers ethics committees shouldn't be approving trials unless they're satisfied appropriate compensation arrangements have been made the regulatory framework may not be sufficiently robust to ensure the welfare of participants and could be reviewed the third option it's submitted that the most ethically defensible and effective reform option for compensating for research related injury is a no fault compensation scheme operating outside the tort system in new zealand the answer seems pretty obvious and straightforward to achieve to extend a cc cover to cover the small group of research participants in commercially funded trials by removing their exclusion from a cc cover so that they're treated equally with all other research participants in new zealand so far government ministers have been unpersuaded of the merits of this suggestion in the uk and australia they don't have a state funded compensation scheme and so such a reform option would be much more difficult to achieve but a scheme could operate outside the tort system via a private fund administered by a body such as a board and financed by those who benefit from biomedical research there's certainly a valid concern that if the pharmaceutical industry is able to shift its costs of compensating for injuries onto the compensation scheme and it doesn't have to internalise those costs in its financial risk benefit calculus this would blunt incentives on them to conduct safe studies would new zealand be targeted by pharmaceutical companies seeking to conduct questionable trials this is the key policy reason officials government officials advised ministers against extending a cc cover to participants injured in commercially funded trials which ministers accepted but i suggest that there are very effective means alternative means of maintaining appropriate levels of deterrence on the pharmaceutical industry all companies are conducting trials in new zealand are required to have clinical trials insurance if acc cover was extended to industry trials pharmaceutical companies would be simply exchanging an insurance premium for a contribution to the acc scheme via payment of a levy levy rates could be calculated according to a sponsor's safety record and its claims experience as a means of achieving greater deterrence and concerns about under deterrence could also be addressed by giving acc a statutory right of subrogation so that it could stand in the shoes of the injured claimant participant and pursue in the public interest any legal claim that the subject would have had against the commercial sponsor including for example for punitive damages in egregious cases and so in conclusion it's my submission to you this evening that the ethical corollary of the fact that society is the ultimate beneficiary of its members participation in medical research is that society as a whole should bear the costs of participant injuries through the establishment of a central no fault compensation fund in this country we are very fortunate that a scheme already exists the only serious inequity being that it doesn't cover subjects injured in pharmaceutical funded clinical trials thank you for your kind attention stay there so i can praise you and humiliate you when asked to say some words of thanks tonight i insisted on seeing joe's cv she and i started here 30 years ago so i know a lot about joe but she's the classic kiwi understaters so i thought it was i should see her cv and it is a remarkable cv and i the stout shield for instance that janet mentioned i was unaware of her senior scholar as a student but all through life she's been a great achiever and a real trojan when it comes to service both to the university and the community she's not very tolerant of malingoras at the faculty or elsewhere but where where there's genuine need joe will be there she's an incredibly kind person and a doer she's been involved in the community as we've heard some of these things over 20 or no about 20 years of ministerial appointments medical practitioners disciplinary committee national committee on health and disability support services ethics committee she's she's been played a brave role in relation to the cart right matter and she showed the bravery again tonight i think in in the talk we've heard it sounds to me a bit like an economic race to the bottoms been going on and it's time it was straightened out and i think we should all be very grateful uh for for your bringing that to our attention she's been a very popular teacher in the faculty across a range of subjects including key compulsory subjects torts which is just pan tonight of course and she's had a superb research output which is of course a key factor in an appointment to a chair she's performed nearly every function within the faculty including deputy dean and a short spell is acting day so in short you know she's what more could one want to an academic colleague superb academic record a scholar and a contributor to administration she's also a person of unimpeachable integrity rather too much information sometimes but on top of her formal contributions to the faculty one of one of her greatest contributions to those around her has been her sense of humour some of which we've heard tonight she's always making us laugh both intentionally and unintentionally her intentional humour at the expense of people such as i was thinking today yes well collie rick bigwood is like the humour of tony um unrepeatable i'm afraid um as for her unintentional uh humor i made a note that she and tony do a lot of fishing down at fonga power but joe is very good with the gaff back in Auckland as well anyway we've we've had a very interesting and typically intelligent talk tonight and i'm very happy therefore to ask you to join me in rejoicing with joe's wonderful family in her appointment as professor and congratulating her again


So the Mux's highest DLC has been out almost a week and to be honest I'm really enjoying it, better than I expected by a mile. It offers some amazing new loot and today guys I bring you my top 5 must get legendaries from this DLC. Has it gone guys my name is DPJ and today I bring you another Borderlands 3 video. If you do enjoy it leaving a like really helps me out and subscribe if you do want to see more. On screen now you can see my weekly giveaway along with last week's winner. To be the chance of winning this yourself follow the instructions on screen now and good luck. So within this DLC there are some amazing new additions in terms of legendaries. Some super unique, some incredibly powerful, others just plain fun to use. Today I bring you my 5 must get legendaries out of Mux's highest of the handsome jackpot so let's get into it. So the first at 5 is the only class mod or legendary limited to a single vault hunter and that is Zayn's new class mod of Seeing Dead. This class mod in reality has opened the doors to so many new builds with Zayn for the simple fact of what this office is something unique to this class mod specifically and thinking about it I'd never think before seeing this that they would Gearbox or 2k incorporate something like this into the game for us a means to chase. What this does is basically activate kill skills via simply shooting at enemies.  This activates them but not only that it applies a further 25% effect bonus to each kill skill applied and it just makes using Zayn even more fun. Arguably the weakest of all vault hunters in terms of DPS but I do feel this changes things for sure. The last event we got the Maliran black site event we saw a great new addition in terms of the antifreeze class mod. That was my goal to class mod for the simple fact of what you could do with that damage wise. That's gone in storage now. This is my new goal to for damn sure. Now this is a random drop aboard the handsome jackpot like all new class mods so good luck in getting one people. Okay so at 4 we have a new Malawan SMG known as the embers purge.  This beast spawns in a lava pool dealing damage to enemies standing within it and it isn't weak either. I counted around 10 ticks and the damages would do basically body shot damage per tick values. The SMG itself is quite the beast without the addition of the lava pool but the added benefits of basically just shooting at enemies and this thing spawn in that random has made me consider putting this thing up there with the best Malawan SMGs in the game on part of the tsunami the cutscene and the kids worth. That's how much I think of this thing. Now this SMG the embers purge is obtained via embers crew challenge. For this you have to locate 5 statues and blow them up. All locations and a complete guide on this you will find within the video description so do check it out if it looks interesting to you. So next up at 3 we have a Torg pistol which seriously surprised me. It's called the Skullville and initially I thought this thing was going to be another novelty item. I mean this thing shoots bottles of hot sauce. What's more novelty than that? But actually guys this weapon stands tall with the most powerful pistols in the game. The variant I have you can see on the screen now is after charts damage output wise. I'm honestly in love with it. The places I normally test weapons as I like to go to the exact spots that where I can give you guys legit facts and stats when it comes to damage they can deal and compare them against each other. Taking this into said places I was surprised that it was basically one hitting absolutely everything. Something I haven't seen many weapons in this game do. Hardly any pistols at all. And for sure it doesn't act like the typical pistol but it does consume that pistol ammo so that's what it is. This really deals damage a lot like heavy weapons in the game which is crazy if you think about it. This is a must get weapon it's a beast and I'm sure you will love it. So the skullville is obtained via much like the embers perch.  Again guys if you don't have this weapon yet you will find a complete guide on this and the locations of all hot sauce bottles within my video in the video description. So check that out. So next up we have what is probably the most powerful weapon in the game now. It's called the iron cannon and it's an otter monster people.  Heavies before this didn't really make much sense to me. Yes they were powerful but DPS wise they were not that great. They just burned through ammo and are just super slow. This however is not like that. Because it's so powerful it seems like it's ammo lasts forever. And the point I don't think there's a boss outside of mayhem 4 that could take all of these things shots and survive tells you this thing is an absolute monster. It's amazing for DPS, it's amazing for taking out bosses and it's amazing for taking out mobs of ads. It's just a great all-round fun weapon to use and this is without any specific builds either which no doubt would just make this thing even more of a monster. Now what's crazy about this is the fact you can literally get this 100% of the time as I'm certain at the moment it's a guaranteed drop which means you can farm for days until you get that perfect roll which suits your build. So the boss to farm for this is the fabricator mark 2 located upon Jack's secret and the handsome jackpot. With a save point right nearby also guys it makes 5 minutes boss who is actually easy to defeat a walk in the park.  Okay so at number 1 and what in my opinion is the best weapon to come out of this DLC and to be honest guys it was a mix up between this and the iron cannon. It is the Loki 7. Now the Loki 7 is a pistol with a twist because what happens is every time you reload this thing you can roll 5 random perks which apply to that next clip and to reload again. So when you reload you will see a quick flash of 5 boxes on your screen each boxes home to a perk. We have a crit perk in that select one which makes every shot no matter where you hit do critical damage. In select two we have full auto kind of speak to itself. In select three we have a random elemental effect. In select four we have explosive rounds and in select five we have a Loki 7 which with every single shot and single ammo consumed it shoots seven projectiles absolutely crazy. Now when these perks come into play is that complete random. You can roll 4 perks 3 perks 2 perks 1 perks or you can roll 5 perks but when you do roll 5 perks guys this is up there with the most powerful weapons in this game. DPS wise I don't think anything can touch this. The thing is just incredible and it also has the design to go with it. Now I've rolled 5 perks at the same time quite a few times fighting off against bosses and it's a lot like what we see a lot of you've seen the stacking damage glitch and things like dilutions call and so forth but it acts like that it kills that quick it's absolutely ridiculous. Now the Loki 7 I do insist you trying to get that perfect roll which fits your build. The best place to farm this weapon is the scrap trap prime who I've already made an amazing farm guide on which well no doubt so you get in this like nothing. It's crazy that video you'll find linked within the video description so do check it out people. So yeah guys these are my top 5 legendos from the moxies heist of the handsome jackpot. Tell me down below what your favourite is so far and why. Seeing dead, embers purge, skullville, iron cannon and the Loki 7. 5 musket items from this new DLC. People on that note we have come to the end of the video if you guys enjoyed it leaving a like really helps out. If you're new around here and want to see more borderlands videos be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video I upload you can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button. But guys thanks as always for stopping by hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next one.


Hey guys, welcome back to my YouTube channel Daniel Rohtel here. I want to do a video today on how to create an animated lower third For use in Kaden live and creating it using Canva. So yeah, this is a pretty niche software Stack if you will that I'm using if you are using Kaden live. There's a good chance you are using a bunch of Linux But the good thing about Canva I'm sure there's a way to do to create an animated lower third Using a blender or something like that desktop in other words desktop software for a bunch of but I like Canva because it's in the clouds and therefore I Can be easily accessed no matter what platform you are using So what I'm going to do I decided that I'm going to create a little story For this project just to make it a bit more realistic I'm going to create an lower third animated lower third as if it's Some kind of a cooking show about New York City or let's call it a David's Sees New York, right? So the first thing I've done I went on to Pexels and I searched for New York City filtered on videos and I found this random stock footage of Either that Empire Empire State or Chrysler. I think it's pretty impressive for stock footage I must say that's free to use. So I just grabbed this from Pexels. Obviously. This is just for demonstration purposes This is not a real video. I'm even creating here, but this will it's about a 20 second clip so there's plenty of time For us to put up our animated lower third and to have it fade out And then I'll put that video at the end of this demonstration next element I went on to this person does not exist and I Generated a random AI headshot. This will be Dave as in Dave sees New York and just really kind of you know Have a few graphic elements to integrate here. I got a Random clip art picture of the Statue of Liberty and that should be enough for our lower third So what I'm going to do now is start on canva now firstly. This is a free canva account I do have a paid canva for work But I set this up right now just for the purpose of this YouTube video So it's a it's a free unpaid account if you have pro you're able to do transparent backgrounds Personally, I actually like the manual method better But that's just my preference so If you're looking to avoid upgrading for whatever reason then you can do it like this or you can use transparent on pro But I prefer to chroma key stuff So here's how it's going to go down. The first thing is You can Replace the background using the button and just dropped in a box Maybe that was unnecessary, but this is going to be the chroma key layer at the bottom here. So There is a standard color. I looked up green Green green screen color. So I typically use you know Your classical green for chroma keying and this is its color now The important thing is that you want to note the color because you're gonna want to do we'll see later in Kate and live that it should be the same color exactly so that's really important So I'm going to change this gray over to This and as you can see that's kind of your classic Green screen color. It's a bit less neon maybe than some other ones But it doesn't matter so long as you know exactly what shade if you just hit this guy you will guess You will get the color but your results are not going to be as good as if you when we go into Kate and live when we say Hey, this is exactly The the hex code of the color that we want to chroma key out. Okay, so this is going to be a 5-second video and so far all we have is our chroma key layer You can adjust that time. I'm just going to do a 5 second one Just just just to make this pretty simple, but it is going to be animated. So I'm going to go like something like this I'm going to have kind of a lore that it's going to like pop in Like this and I'm going to have put my elements here. I'm going to say what did I want to call my show? Dave eats new This is to NYC. So there's a bit of room for the other elements And now I'm going to upload my other elements into canva Okay, so I've gone ahead now or I'm going ahead upload is in progress and they are now in my canva library So I'm going to put the little you know headshot of our fake Dave Here and of course the only problem with green screening is that if you're going to have green That would be a problem. So you want to use a color that's not going to appear in your lower third Because if there was this exact shade of green and any of the pixels here, those would be chroma keyed out And it would end up looking super weird. So Dave eats NYC Your guide to dining in the big apple. This is clearly just for the purposes of a demo And I'm just gonna you know stretch that out a little bit and finally what did I say I wanted our? Clip art yeah transparent background Statue of Liberty now the reason I wanted to add all these elements was I wanted to do Like animate them in one by one So if you right click on any elements you can click on animate so and they'll give you a little preview. So let's say Dave is gonna like pop in from the left I'm gonna group our graphics and apply the same animation so that they're gonna like slide in at once All right, let's let them do that thing and then finally the Statue of Liberty can be photo flow okay, so now I've gone into Caden live and what I'm going to do is put those two things on the Clipboard now. This is actually really important if you in my experience if you use price prox I edit with proxy clips Normally and my experience it can create problems when you're dealing with animation So I'm actually gonna turn off proxy clipping on both of these things. So let's see firstly we have our drone footage of this building in New York and Now what I'm going to do is put our Animation that we downloaded from Canva on top But now anyone as you know if you work in Caden live Whatever is on the top layer is going to be what comes up and that's gonna obscure what beneath us So what we need to do now, so I'm just gonna crop I'm gonna put the I'm gonna add a little fade in and little fade out. I'm gonna crop our Stock footage here, and I'm gonna just give a little fade on that too And now what we need to do is chroma key I've the green so I'm gonna go for a chroma key basic I'm gonna drag that effect on to Looks like I have two for some reason that's strange Maybe I clicked twice by mistake. All right, and in the preview window We can see basically that so far this is not going to this chroma keying is not gonna work out because we're chroma keying on They're on color so all you want to do is change and this is why I mentioned Using a specific color. I'm going to copy and paste for my clipboard, and that's chroma key That's the green screen and now you can see it's pretty much good So let's just play this see how it looks So one one final thing to say is that you may need to play around with the variance a little bit so what I typically do because it's hard to see on this in the preview window is I pop this guy open in A side window and you just want to toggle this until you can see any green So I just need to turn it up A tiny bit more And I'm sorry you guys didn't see that because it was in a separate screen the one I'm recording But there was just like one pixel worth of green not chroma keyed out or into here and I just got that So that is good. I'm going to render this now and show you guys how that looks and that's basically all there is to it I'm using canva to create an animated lower third And then Making sure that you you note down the color you're using bringing that in to katyn live using the chroma key I just used the chroma key basic Effect and then I set my color key to the exact shade of color I used in canva making sure that wasn't in my graphic element And finally I needed to tweak the variance a tiny bit just to make sure that There wasn't any of the chroma keyed color visible And if you go too far, then you'll go you'll too far in either direction It'll be wrong So you just need to open that in a full screen window and make fine adjustments until you nail it And once you have it nailed, you know, um, it's probably good for uh for different clips approximately Hope this video was useful. Thank you guys for watching more videos for me are coming soon


Book and book chapter citations, how to recognize them, brought to you by the John M. Fowl Library at California State University, San Bernardino. The information in this video applies to all citation styles. Many of the Fowl Library's databases will identify the items in your search results for you, however you will encounter situations where no such help is given. The ability to identify book and book chapter citations as well as their individual parts is a valuable skill that will serve you well whether you are searching a database, filling out a worksheet assignment, or just checking automatically generated citations for errors. What is a citation? The citation is all the information required to accurately identify one particular article, book, chapter in a book, etc. Why are they important? Authors frequently need to consult and use the work, words, and ideas of other authors. Citations clarify for readers where the work, words, and ideas of the other authors come from. Citations also give you the reader the ability to find a particular article, book, book chapter, etc. Let's say that you are reading an article and it contains an interesting quote from a book. You realize that the book will have further information that you can use for your research paper. The citation is the key to finding that book. So this graphic is showing you the elements that make up the different citations for a book or a book chapter. On the left-hand side, book, an entire book. You've got the title of the book, the author or editor, a place of publication, a publisher, and a year of publication. On the right-hand side, book chapter. Since a book chapter is only part of a book, you need the information for the part, the chapter, as well as the information for the entire book that it comes from. And that's why these are rather long. So you've got the author of the chapter, the title of the chapter, the pages of the chapter for just the chapter, and then for the entire book, the same information as the book on the left. And evidently you will find that when you're citing a book chapter, the book that it comes from has an editor rather than an author. Now I'd like to show you some sample citations from three different databases. Each database will display the citations differently, but the same basic elements are always there. To find entire books, your best bet is the one-search database. I've entered my keyword search, and when I do that, I get a drop-down menu, and I'm going to select Books and Media, CSUSB, so I can search all of the books here at the FAL library. And I've got 92 results, and I'm getting mixed results. Remember we have books and media here. So over on the left-hand side, I'm going to come down and limit my research results to books and apply filter. So now we're looking at 85 results that are all books. The first one is an ebook, we know that because it says available online. The second one is in print, and we know that because it's giving a location, a floor location, and a call number. What we're seeing here is the title of the book, the author. And I should point out that 1949 is the year that this author was born, not the date that the book was published on. That date is 2016. Now we're still missing here on this screen the information for the place of publication and the publisher. So if I click on the title, I go to another screen where I can scroll down and find the place of publication and the publisher. And I'm going to go back. For the second item, we're seeing the same information, although we don't have a birth date for the author there. And we can do the same thing. Click on the title, go to the next screen, scroll down, and find the place of publication and the publisher. The one search database not only lets you search books and media here at this library, but also books and media at all CSU libraries throughout the entire system. If you find a book that's at another CSU library, you can request it through our CSU Plus service. And we will try and get that for you. Good to know. Next, I want to show you that same search, but in the science direct database. So I've entered my keyword search and I'm clicking on search. Quite a few of our databases will include book chapters as well as articles. And with my keyword search, I've got over 5,000 results. Again, these are mixed results. And again, down on the left here, I can click in a box and select just book chapters. And I have 987 results. So what we're seeing in the list here is first some of the information on the individual chapter. That's the first line here. And on the second line, which is a little bit cut off there, that's what the three dots are telling us, the information for the entire book that it comes from. We click on the title of the chapter. We will go to the next screen where the information for the chapter is repeated. And up at the top, we have the information for the citation for the book. And what we're looking at here, there's the title of the book, the subtitle, the year of publication, and then the pages for this particular chapter. Last, I'd like to show you the JSTOR database. When I enter my search, again, I get a dropdown menu. But obviously, I don't want to search for an author that's called Tigers India. Maybe title, not a publication name though. I can go with just search for Tigers India if I click the search symbol. And again, I'm getting mixed results. And again, over on the left, I can click in a box for book chapters. And in JSTOR, we're seeing the information for the individual chapter here, the title of it, the page it said it's on. And then the information on the entire book. And clicking on that title of the chapter takes us to the next screen where we can start reading that chapter. And on the left, we've got the information for the publisher of the entire book. So how can you tell one kind of citation from another? I've got three examples here, one of each, the ones that we've been talking about. And these happen to be in the APA Seventh Edition format. For a book, you're always going to have an author, or authors, sometimes an editor, a year of publication, the title of the book, and a publisher. For the book chapter, you're always going to have the information for the individual chapter and the author of that, as well as the information for the entire book. And one of the things to look for is the word in. Notice that the book chapter citation here says, in frontiers of fear. This is the title of the entire book, Frontiers of Fear. Page 39 is the page that the book chapter that we're referencing starts on. And again, you've got a publisher here, Yale University Press. Now if you take a look at the article citation, you're going to see a few things that are different. You'll still have an author, you'll still have a title, but this time it's going to be the title of the article. You will not have a publisher. You will have the title of a journal, here it's Political Geography, and you'll always have at least a volume number, here it's 69. You may also have an issue number. This particular example does not have an issue number. And hopefully that will give you some comparison that you can rely on. For more detailed help with APA, MLA, or Chicago Style, check our workshops on our website. There's a big button here for workshops. You can get to a calendar and see what we're offering, what live workshops we're offering, and register for those. You'll also have access to any that we have recorded. Another good place to check is our collection of library guides. And when you click on that button, the section you would want to look at is the one for Siding and Writing. The end. Thanks for watching.


Hello students, I am Bhagyash Deshmukh from Valchain Institute of Technology, Swalapur Mechanical Engineering Department. This session is on estimation of endurance limit, how to estimate the endurance limit of a specimen and a component that we are going to study. At the end of this session you will be able to use the laboratory method to calculate the endurance limit. The fatigue or endurance limit of a material is defined as the maximum amplitude of completely reversed is that the standard specimen can sustain for an unlimited number of cycles without fatigue failure. What does it mean? Since the fatigue test cannot be conducted for unlimited or infinite number of cycles, 10 to the power 6 cycle is considered as a sufficient number of cycles to define the endurance limit. There is another term which is called as the fatigue life, which is frequently used with the endurance limit. Let us define the fatigue life. The fatigue life is defined as the number of stage cycles that a standard specimen can complete during the test before the appearance of the first fatigue crack. We need to see the rotating beam machine developed by R R Moore. R R Moore has developed a machine to estimate the endurance limit by laboratory method. A standard specimen is shown wherein the minimum diameter is 7.5 which is subjected to bending moment. The specimen is machine polished and it is placed on this machine by R R Moore. Here we can see that there exists a specimen which is under loaded by the weights which causes the bending moment acted upon by these weights on the specimen. Electric motor is used to rotate the specimen and revolution counter is used to count the revolutions that has been seen before the first evadence of the fatigue crack. What happens in this rotating beam? This beam is loaded under the bending. However, the component is continuously under rotation. This is the beam which is under rotation. We can see that this is rotation. It is subjected to counter clockwise direction. This component is subjected to the stress which is a reverse stress. Let us take an example of reverse stress. Here the magnitude is 0 and if I say that it is starting at this location 0, it is going to reach the maximum value. Again it is going to come at 0. Then the value is going to be negative max. Then the value of the stress is going to be equal to 0 and this cycle is going to get repeated. This is the sine wave. The plus end is maximum stress plus on plus end it is considered as tensile and on the negative end it is the compressive stress. That means in one rotation the component is subjected to plus and minus both type of stresses. Therefore, this is called as the reverse stress completely reverse. That means plus changes to minus. The magnitude is say if it is plus 100, it is minus 100. Therefore, it is the same type of stress. Now, what we need to do is let us consider that this component is rotating for one full revolution and this beam that was under bending. Let us assume that this is the beam which is under bending. I need to consider for this for one full rotation. The components side view is presented over here. Let us assume that there is one point at this location. After 90 degree the point has to travel on the top at this location. Then it is going to move again on the down end this location and after full 270 degree it is going to come over here and after 360 degree completion the point will be again this point A which changes to A1. The positions A1, A2, A3 when the component rotates to 90, 180, 270 and 360 degree at the end the component is again at point A. That means it is going to repeat the cycle. For this case I need to check that what is going to happen. At the top most point it is the full tensile stress. That means if I show the stress distribution it is the full tensile stress sigma t and it is full sigma c at this location plus on the top end minus on the lower end it is going to change its magnitude. Then we need to conduct a trial this kind of trials and count the rotations till which the component is going to sustain this load. Then how to draw this SN curve? For drawing the SN curve the specimen as shown in the figure I need to load it as shown right now. On the y-axis I need to count the number of revolutions and on the y-axis it is stress over here on the x-axis it is the number of cycles. I need to take log of it but however let us first see how to plot this SN curve. First I need to load the component up to approximately SUT but we cannot load up to SUT because the component is going to fail anyhow. I am going to load it at 0.9 SUT. I need to take the log of it. I will get the first point over here. At x-axis I need to take the point 3 and it is nothing but 10 to the power 3 cycles. If I take the log of it log of 10 to the power 3 cycle it is going to be equal to 3. Therefore this point I am going to say that it is 3 and log of 0.9 SUT. Similar to that I need to check for the next locations. I need to do I need to load the component less than this load. Then for the lower load I need to calculate the number of stress cycles. Here I am going to get number of cycles on the revolution counter. I need to draw a horizontal line and from the x-axis I need to draw a vertical line. I will get one more point. Then I need to go for the further. I need to lower the stress value. I need to draw a horizontal line for that. I need to check the number of stress cycles that the component has sustained. Draw a vertical line. I am going to get the second point. This is how I am going to get the first point, second point and over here at 0.9 SUT somewhere I am going to get one more point. Then if I go on reducing the load at some case condition starts that the points obtained are parallel to the x-axis. The line if I draw through this it is asymptotic. If I extend these join and extend these points it is going to cut over here. Here if you observe it is typically 6 or 10 to the power 6 cycles and for this case we can say that the stress corresponding to this level over here it is SE. Then what is SE? SE is the endurance limit. SE is our interest, SE is the endurance limit. Now what is the benefit to get this SE? Why to get this SE value? Because in case of the static loading we are obtained these values that means the dimensions of the components were obtained on the basis of SYT or SUT as in case of the requirement. However something has changed the changes in the type of loading. Therefore in fluctuating load we need to change the methodology. The methodology change to the fluctuating load. In fluctuating load then what happens is we need to lower these values SYT and SUT no longer remains the criteria for design. Then what remains the criteria for design is the endurance limit SE. Our interest is to get this SE value. Though in this laboratory method I had shown that the point is this point is around 0.9 SUT log of that. But actually what we need to do is we need to load the component just below the SUT value. If I load it just below the SUT value the component will not break by SUT but it is going to fail by pure fatigue loading. That means we need to attribute this failure to fluctuating load. Hence the endurance limit this becomes the criteria for design and hence our interest is to calculate this SE value. For each component you need to draw this SN curve get the value of SE and then SE upon the factor of safety as per the requirement can give you the working stress under the fluctuating load or the reverse loading in this case. This is what is the outcome of rotating beam machine the laboratory method to get SN curve the method is also called as the laboratory method by RR Moore. Here we get this value of SE for the standard specimen. But our interest is not the standard specimen our interest is to get the SE value for a component to be used in service. Therefore it becomes necessary to calculate the endurance limit of a component. Thank you. We will stop over here. Thank you very much.


Hi, this is Sasha from When I Work. Today I'm going to show managers how to set up job sites on the web and how to use them effectively. To create job sites, select the gear icon and click Job Sites. Click Add Site and add a name for the job site. If you have multiple locations set up, you can assign the job site to only appear at one location or have the job site apply for all locations. You can also assign each job site its own color code using the color wheel. Input a full street address or GPS coordinates into the address field if you'd like your employees to be able to see where they need to be for their shift. This is also important if your company is using the attendance feature for your employees to clock in. Then input any type of special note that your employees should know about this job site. Once you set up your sites, you may tag those to Shifts. Click on the scheduler, create a shift, and then tag it to a site from the Site dropdown menu. Tag as many shifts as you need to the same site or add multiple sites to different shifts on the schedule. Once you tag a site to a shift, you'll notice it appears in the Site section in the Control Panel. When you click on a site name from the Control Panel, you'll see the schedule filter to show only employees working at the selected site. Selecting a single site also makes it easy to schedule other employees at that site. You can also select multiple sites at a time if you want to visualize the schedule for multiple sites. Job sites help indicate a specific place, area, or perhaps a client for which your employees work. This can come in handy for any business that sends employees to specific areas, perhaps a venue or client residence. Do note that supervisors can only edit or delete job sites that are associated to the locations they are tagged to. Only the account holder and managers can edit all job sites across the locations. Lastly, deleting a job site cannot be undone. Job sites can really help your employees know where they're working out in the field and further help managers understand where their employees are throughout numerous sites they may be scheduled.