This was considered the most significant day because it's in this day, humanity was first reminded the simple laws of nature are not permanent restrictions. If you're willing to strive, you can go beyond that. Adiyogi, for the first time expounded the entire science and technologies through which an individual human being can rise beyond all limitations. This time, the sun begins to move southward in relation with this planet, which is best for receiving grace. Predating all religion, the idea of transcendence was first brought to the human race on this day.


If Apple got in trouble for a racist faux pas during a press release, would it be a case of Mac vs. PC? With holiday shopping on everyone's brains, it's time for my annual reminder that modern tabletop games are the perfect gift idea for almost anyone on your list who doesn't hate fun. Cards Against Humanity is one such popular party game, which is branded as sort of a more risque version of apples to apples. It's sort of a slot machine for creating the most tactless, insensitive, discriminatory jokes imaginable, and then removing the discomfort usually associated with making those jokes by placing the blame squarely on the nature of the game itself.  Now to be fair, offensive humor can be a fantastic force for raising awareness of real social issues. It can be poignant and thoughtful and galvanize us to change things for the better. But it can also be used as an anesthetic to deaden that awareness, to comfort us that, for example, racism is just a fact of life and we shouldn't feel too bad about that. After all, we're laughing, right? Talking about discriminatory or deliberately offensive speech, like that in CAH, is often framed as a discussion of political correctness, or PC. A term which implies that the whole point of any such discourse is ultimately political, to establish the most bland, generic, inoffensive face possible. Many have begun to campaign against it, saying that direct advocacy for politically correct speech has become nothing more than offense for its own sake. And unfortunately, there are some behaviors that PC advocates are historically prone to that make it difficult to dismiss that criticism as totally baseless. There's a definite trend among those advocates of picking fights, not just with neo-Nazis or racist politicians, but with each other. There are two theories in social psychology which make this supposed internal conflict make a little bit more sense. The first is social dominance theory. According to SDT, there are certain groups which our culture has marked as being okay to oppress, certain demographics which we feel more comfortable talking down to or bossing around, and others which we feel less comfortable doing the same to. That social bias doesn't just vanish because somebody decides that discrimination is bad. That gut feeling dictated by our culture of who can be successfully bullied is just as present in social justice warriors as it is in CEOs or presidential candidates. And unfortunately, those people who most benefit from egalitarian thinking, who have experienced systemic discrimination firsthand, tend to be on the lower end of that hierarchy. And guess which side of the PC debate they generally fall on? For that reason, according to SDT, PC advocates are prone to vehemently correcting each other, more so than they are individuals who belong to more traditionally dominant demographics. That's not great. Second, there's construal level theory. According to CLT, the psychological distance between someone and whatever it is that they're thinking about determines how abstractly or concretely they think about it. So in CLT, if I live in a comfortable suburb and I'm thinking about bare grills roughing it in the wilderness, I'll think about more abstract things, like rugged individualism and connectedness to nature, whereas if I'm actually camping, I'll be thinking about more concrete things like how there's no good firewood and, oh God, what if there are ticks in my boots? And it might be the case that for people who are interested in egalitarianism, the minds of neo-Nazis and overt races are so far removed from what they're used to that they can only be thought of as abstractions, maybe as symptoms of some underlying social disease. Whereas fellow social justice warriors are close enough that every single concrete detail of their behavior is ripe for criticism. If you would do everything that I would do except for one tiny thing, it's very easy for me to get on your case to fix that one thing and overlook all of the stuff that we agree on. Whatever the psychological justification, the internal conflict among advocates for politically correct speech makes it easy for their opponents to simply dismiss them as noise for its own sake. After all, if you were on the outside looking at a group of people who regularly tear into each other for relatively innocuous, linguistic, or behavioral oversights, why would you want to be part of that? Well, the thing is, the justification for politically correct thinking doesn't really have anything to do with politics or offense. It's more about empathy. First, if you are of the opinion that words can't hurt people or that if somebody's offended then they're somehow at fault, a quick refresher. Language is essentially mind control. I am making you think things right now by making these noises. We might really like the idea of a world where we don't have to pay attention to what we're saying, but unfortunately, while sticks and stones might break someone's bones, words go directly into their brains and can do serious damage while they're there. And brains, inarguably, respond to language differently. A lot of the motivation behind PC activism is to make sure that people whose experiences have left their brains especially vulnerable to the harm that words can do can still lead relatively normal lives, despite that danger. It's kind of like making people drive slower in school zones or provide handicap access to buildings. It's recognizing that while some kids are savvy about crossing the street and some adults are capable of using stairs, there are a significant number of both who might require some sort of societal assistance, and we shouldn't make them beg for it.  Now, there's definitely a spectrum to this principle. On the one hand, we want those individuals who are likely to be unnecessarily hurt by certain speech to be protected from that pain. But we don't want to unnecessarily curtail freedom of speech in the process, and we certainly don't want to lash out and cause more harm than we prevent. That's really what the ideology that drives PC activism is about. It's hard to remember that words that are no big deal for us might be devastatingly painful or oppressive for someone else, and to be mindful of that when we choose them so that we don't hurt or subjugate anyone unnecessarily. I think aspiring to that sort of mindfulness is a noble goal, but it does make it questionable whether Cards Against Humanity is the game that you should get for someone. If you'd like some recommendations for some other, less offensive games to give this holiday season, check out the list in the video description. Yes, I own all of these, and no, I won't be offended if you say I have a problem. I'm well aware. What do you think of SDT and CLT as potential explanations for the friction that we see in these communities? Please leave a comment below and let me know what you think. Thank you very much for watching. Don't forget to blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share, and don't stop thunking.


This is TFNN, the Tiger Financial News Network. TFNN headline news update. Good afternoon everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN headquarters in St. Petersburg, Florida. One PM Eastern time on Thursday, three hours left to go in the trading day. And we got markets in negative territory but off of the lows. S&P negative 12 points trading at 27.59. You get the Dow, negative 136, trading at 25,537. Dow had been down more than 300 points at one point, so quite a clawback. NASDAQ down 36 points trading at 74.69. Notes and bonds, higher price, lower yield, 10-year note, up 13 ticks, 122.18. 30-year bond up 23 ticks, 145.19. Got some action gold, negative $2, 1285.60. When you look at gold though, down only $2.  As we start things off, the news of the day, we'll get over there. And the news of the day is going to be the ECB. You had Mario Draghi out there talking this morning with the press conference, the ECB slashing their growth forecast with a pretty dovish statement, dovish forecast and the real number here, 1.1%, they're looking for economic growth in this calendar year, 2019, and that being down from 1.7%, just forecasted in December. So with that in mind, we jump over to the charts. There's your escalation to the downside this morning. I believe they had a press conference that started at about 8.30 AM Eastern Time for the ECB. You saw the S&Ps trade to a low of 27.43. We're now up a solid 15 points from that level, trading 27.58. NASDAQ 100 trading 7,075 had been as low as almost 50 points below that, 7,025. Dow 30, 25,525. Lowes of the session, 25,340. So almost 200 points above that level. Crude oil, volatility as well, 56.66. Check out that gold contract, 1285.61. And natural gas, we got inventories this morning at 10.30. Natural gas pretty much unchanged from that number. Though we're sitting about 286, number came in line pretty close to estimates. Natural gas trading at 284.64. As we wrap up this update, I said currencies were the mover. There's your dollar index. Quite a spike higher right at that 8 AM line. Euro trading lower, yes, 112.23. Yen at 111.61 and Pound, 131.28. Stay tuned, folks. Steve Rhodes coming up. Right now, the Trader's Edge. Dave White live at 2 o'clock. Tom O'Brien live at 3. Have a great Thursday.


Hello and welcome to this online training module dedicated to the advanced security features of the STM32L5, the Root Security Services, or RSS. It is strongly advised to have already viewed the online training module memory protections. The Root Security Services, or RSS, is the secure part of the STM32L5 immutable bootloader. It is available only when Trust Zone is activated on the device. RSS provides immutable Root Security Services used, for example, to run STM32 secure firmware install solution in an untrusted environment. For more information on Trust Zone and protected memories, please refer to the online training module STM32L5 memory protection features. When Trust Zone is activated, RSS is the secure immutable firmware provisioned by ST during STM32L5 production, along with a dedicated device unique key pair. After reset, this immutable firmware is used as a unique entry point, featuring a set of security services that are available at boot time and sometimes also at run time. RSS includes the necessary features to run STM32 secure firmware install or SFI solution. See following slides. Boot time services of the RSS include non-secure bootloader resources allocation, SRAM, flash, peripherals, IOs, and interrupts. Functions to get or set flash secure option bytes, usable through bootloader. Function to get STM32L5 device certificate and certificate size, also usable through bootloader. RSS also provides services for both secure and non-secure running firmwares. One of those secure services allows secure firmware running in flash-HDP area to safely jump to a given address outside the protected area. All those services are detailed in the next three slides. On STM32L5, the user connects to the device thanks to the communication port supported by the on-chip immutable bootloader. Those ports are the USART 1, 2, and 3, the I2C 1, 2, and 3, the SPI 1, 2, and 3, the FD CAN, and the USB DFU. Once connected, non-secure user firmware can call RSSLibSetSecOB, respectively RSSLibGetSecOB function, to set, respectively get, flash secure option byte register. This function is only available when the device RDP level is equal to zero or open state. The list of secure option bytes available in STM32L5 can be found in the reference manual. For more information, please refer to application note AN5428 for RSSLibAPIs and application note AN2606 for bootloader usage. On STM32L5, the user connects to the device thanks to the communication port supported by the on-chip immutable bootloader. Those ports are the USART 1, 2, and 3, the I2C 1, 2, and 3, the SPI 1, 2, and 3, the FD CAN, and the USB DFU. Once connected, non-secure user firmware can call RSSLibGetCertificate function to get pointer to the STM32L5 device certificate as depicted on the slide. Each certificate is unique per device. Similarly, non-secure user firmware can call RSSLibGetCertificateSize function to get the size of the STM32L5 device certificate above. For more information, please refer to application note AN5428 for RSSLibAPIs, the application note AN2606 for bootloader usage, and AN4992 for device certificate usage in secure firmware install or SFI. Secure hide protection or HDP is an additional protection mechanism within the trust zone secure domain. The code embedded in HDP is executed first, and at the end of its execution it jumps to secure user application. The code and data protected by HDP can no longer be accessed until the next system reset. The HDP area is activated by secure code, setting the HDPEN option bit. How does RSS help jumping outside the HDP area? The boot code embedded in HDP executes after reset. At the end of its execution it calls RSSLibSecCloseExitHDP to close flash HDP secure memory area and jump to the reset handler embedded within the vector table, the address of which is passed as input parameter. This function resets STM32L5 in case of failure, such as bad input parameter failure. For more information, please refer to the application note AN5428 for RSSLibAPIs. Secure firmware install or SFI is a global solution for the STM32L5 series of microcontrollers, allowing secure and counted installation of OEM firmware in untrusted production environment, such as OEM contract manufacturer. SFI is implemented using the secure RSS and the non-secure immutable bootloader. OEM firmware protected by SFI can be stored in the device's embedded flash or encrypted in external flash connected to the OctoSPI. The STM32L5 SFI solution consists in having the whole OEM firmware and the option bytes encrypted with an AES secret key, thanks to the STM32 Trusted Package Creator Tool. This is done during OEM firmware development. Confidentiality of this AES secret key is ensured using an STM32 device's unique key pair, with the private key readable only by the RSS. When external flash memory connected via OctoSPI is targeted by SFI, OEM firmware code must be encrypted with an external firmware and data AES key. This key can be common to all devices, in this case tools could perform the encryption or unique per device. In this case, firmware is encrypted inside the device. NB. On-the-fly decryption of encrypted firmware stored in SPI flash memories is only available on STM32L56XX devices. For more information, please refer to application note AN4992 for secure firmware install or SFI solutions, or the STM32L5 OTF DEC training module for encrypting and decrypting external flash firmware. Only genuine STMicroelectronics STM32L5 microcontrollers can install the protected firmware via SFI. It can be done in a non-trusted environment or facility. The number of STM32 devices on which the firmware has been installed can be counted inside the hardware security module or HSM associated with the SFI process. See next slide. OEM firmware and the option bytes are encrypted thanks to STM32 trusted package creator tool during OEM firmware development. OEM also uses this tool to program the hardware security module or HSM with its AES security key, its nonce, and a maximum installation counter. An OEM contract manufacturer uses STM32 cube programmer plus provisioned HSM to initiate SFI process and send the encrypted SFI image to the STM32L5 device. Authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality of the OEM internal firmware and option bytes are checked before embedded flash is programmed with decrypted firmware and option bytes. When the external flash memory is targeted by SFI process, RSS can re-encrypt OEM external firmware using an AES key dedicated to the OTF DEC peripheral. Those OTF DEC keys can be globally managed by the tools or they can be device specific. In other words, locally computed using the true RNG peripheral. A mix of both is possible. Secure firmware install to internal flash memory goes as follows. Numerical steps are represented on the schematic. 1. SFI image encrypted available from STM32 trusted package creator. 2. OEM programs HSM with AES secret key. 3. SFI process launch. 4. Device certificate retrieval. 5. STM32 device authentication in HSM. 6. HSM provides the license to STM32 device. 7. RSS retrieves OEM AES secret key encrypted in the license. 8. Encrypted firmware and option bytes are transferred, decrypted, then programmed. The cryptographic engine responsible for the on the fly external flash memory decryption or OTF DEC supports AES standard cryptographic algorithm. Thanks to this standard algorithm, OEM can encrypt external firmware and data on the host before programming to the external flash memory without using STM32 secure bootloader. This slide shows that the secure programming of internal flash memory 1 and the encryption plus programming of external firmware and data 2 could be done in two separated flows. The first flow uses secure bootloader while the second uses the OEM host for programming the external flash memory. Afterward, during each secure boot, the secure internal firmware first copies the AES firmware and data keys in write-only OTF DEC key registers, then activates the OTF DEC region tied to those keys. At this point, the CPU can seamlessly read, fetch data and code from the external flash memory once the Octo-SPI driver has been initialized. This slide represents the sequence where the STM32 secure bootloader handles both internal firmware installation and external firmware installation with a global external flash memory AES key and the help of an external flash memory loader. The numerical steps are represented on the schematic. 1. Create an SFI image with A internal firmware and data including external flash memory drivers, B external firmware and data AES key, and C external firmware and data. 2. Internal flash memory programming as described in the slide before. 3. External firmware and data AES key programming in OTF DEC peripheral. Alternatively, to what is drawn on the slide, this key can be managed locally to the device, not globally in the flashing tools. 4. External flash memory chunk encryption. And 5. External flash memory programming by the user's firmware. Afterward, during each secure boot, the secure internal firmware first copies the AES firmware and data keys in write-only OTF DEC key registers, then activates the OTF DEC region tied to those keys. At this point, the CPU can seamlessly read, fetch data and code from external flash memory once the Octo-SPI driver has been initialized. Please refer to memprotect, flash, boot or trust zone training if you want to know more on those topics. Also, find a list of peripherals related to the RSS and the SFI. Please refer to GTZC, RNG, Octo-SPI or OTF DEC trainings for more information if needed. For more details, please refer to application note AN2606 about STM32 microcontroller system memory boot mode. See in particular STM32L552XX562XX configuration in section 59.1 and bootloader selection in section 59.2. Application note AN5428 about STM32L5 series microcontroller memory RSS services. Application note AN4992 about overview of secure firmware install or SFI. And user manuals for STM32 CUBE programmer and STM32 trusted package creator are also available on the ST website.


Hey guys, Shaber1000 here. Today, we're gonna make monkey breakfast. We've got biscuits and gravy here from Mountain House. Let's check it out. Okay guys, today we've got, I've had these before, she's never tried them. Yeah. I think I had the spaghetti ones and the beef stroganoff or something like it. Stroganoff. Stroganoff. So you just, you just have boiling water and you let it set. This is biscuits and gravy, buttermilk biscuits with gravy and pork patty crumbles. Okay, now the ones I did have of these were pretty good and they're pretty pricey. This was like seven bucks. No, it was like seven bucks. The other stuff was like eight bucks. Yeah, and these, well, these are almost seven. This is like 6.95. But it got it one more. You know, it tells you here, here what to do and how to do it.  Now, it says carefully add one and three-quarter cups of boiling water. Okay? So what we're gonna do is I got one and a half cups in here. In our little handy-dandy team maker water boiler thingy. It says for thicker gravy use one and a half cup boiling water. So that's why I put it in there. It makes your gravy a little thicker. Oh, this is two servings. So what you do is when you pour your water in here, that's getting hot already. So what you do is stir carefully and close zipper optional. After four minutes you can stir again. But, so you just pretty much put it in there. You add your boiling water. Stir carefully and close zipper. So that's all you got to do. So let's open this up right here. I was going to take out our little thing. Don't eat the skies, okay? Yeah, I'm positive. I just haven't been allowed about five minutes before you got home. Don't eat it. I'm gonna show you. What it looks like inside there. So this is coming to a boil, which it should shut off when it's ready. So anytime water boils, it's two hundred twelve degrees. That should be enough. So flip that up there and We're just going to dump it in here carefully as it says. So can you see? What I usually do is I add a little bit and I mix it up some or monkey informed me. She was hungry. So Because she thought I was going to do this this morning. I was waiting on her. She's waiting on me. That's what I can do real quick. So let's stir it up a little bit. Leave it set. What it's the eight nine minutes. So let's give it eight minutes. Interesting. Alright, let's close it up. Alexa Set timer for eight minutes, please. Eight minutes starting now. We'll be back with you. Well for you, it'll be just second, but for us it's going to take eight minutes. So hang tight. Alexa stop. Okay guys, it's been eight minutes. Get my glasses on. For those of you that don't know, I used to work at an eyeglass factory that made these things and I fell into a vat of the lenses that polishes them. Yeah, I made a real spectacle out of myself. I had a real good job though working at that light switch factory. It paid good and everything but the work was off and on. But we're full of it today. Okay, there we go. We've got a mucky mess. Do you want a plate? Sure, let's dump it on a plate. Good idea. Alright, I'll see some pepper in there unless it's little bugs or something. When you're out and about in the woods, it don't matter if it's bugs. We was going to try maybe next time was going to try these what were they like nutrition bars? Real thick big. Oh, yeah, they were for emergencies. Yeah, emergency rations. They had a shelf life of five years and one of them the manufacturer date was December 2018. But so Smells good. I can smell it. Yeah, it smells like I can smell the the biscuits and the the Shit Yeah sausage, okay, well and this is supposed to be for two people Well, it's two servings. Oh, it's two servings. So Uh, like that would just to us would be just one serving. So Yeah, so you would need to eat two for one each. Yeah, it says two servings But that not two people see a lot of people get that mixed up And no, you know, they'll think it says two servings. Well, it doesn't say two people because everybody's different Serving I think is is considered like a cup So if you look at this I mean think about it. This was Let's just say seven dollars because I think it was like six ninety five All right, so three dollars and fifty cents per cup Pretty expensive especially and and the other food And the other food is the same way I mean it's two servings And it it was like let's say nine bucks because it was like eight ninety five or something Yeah So you're looking at four dollars fifty cents per cup Pretty expensive. Yeah, you could probably make it yourself and then put it in A container and and take it yourself. Yeah, it's only it's only just a little less than five ounces Yeah, so, you know, I mean you're not even gonna have to kind of food there That's a lot of money. Yeah when you look at it. Yeah, that's why I told you I've tried these before but I never bought them a lot And it's just too expensive. Oh, yeah, I mean it's great for camping. Yeah, but what this is really good for is like day hiking Yeah, yeah, that's what would be more like it people that take off seven o'clock in the morning Yeah, you know, then they can have their lunch at noon. Yeah Uh, it's great for that and and it is good to have a couple around in case Like natural disasters. Yeah, like let's say Hurricanes, tornadoes, whatever Was the zombie apocalypse I'm not sure How I mean, I'm sure it'll last for a very long time. I won't say forever, but It doesn't really say on here. So if anybody knows, please leave it in the comment below Best by February 2049 So that's 50 years right there, right So I mean, you know, 49 can you imagine 2049 50 years now if I wasn't already 50 years old, I would buy one of them put it up And get back with you guys on that so monkey you want to do the honors You can have that let's get you up here. She's hungry Yeah, I'm 12 degrees That's pretty good. Not bad Does it taste like yeah, it does like that's good and gravy really? Yeah Probably not as good as mine though, is it? Not as good as homemade as the guy That is pretty good. I don't know what you have at it. So oh we can share She's right. It does It does taste almost as good as mine Hmm You know for what it is it's pretty good to me You can make your own ahead and save you a lot more and have more. Well, you can get that That dehydrator And you can make your own spaghetti and stuff like that, right? So Instead of investing something like this if you're going to need me needing a lot of this though I would invest in a dehydrator Make moon food dehydrate it right put it baggies label it Put it up and show from you. I mean when you think about it, that's very expensive If you imagine having a family and trying to buy one for each person That'd be crazy. Well, it's not the it's it's four like outdoors Like for camping and stuff, but still you know, it's not something I would use all the time Well, even for us. I mean if we took a bunch of these with us Hmm.  Yeah, and you know, so that'd be No, this was only seven, but it's eight for food for Okay, nine bucks nine bucks for one meal. That's $18 for one meal You almost got to eat on that and you're only going to get one portion really because we Quite big portions. We're not little tiny people All right guys, so it's good. It's good. But is it worth the money? No No, no, absolutely not. No, I mean if I bought one or two just to have just in case You know an emergency fine Yeah, but you know how lab It wouldn't ask because you know, we just want something quick and easy when we get home at night or something We need it But yeah, I would invest in a dehydrator and make my own that's exactly what I would do Okay. All right guys. Well, thanks for watching. She bears myth man legend. I'm gone Mikey says she's out for now. Bye y'all. All right. Bye guys. Take care


If you're not thinking always about how men and women are interacting differently with the production, distribution and consumption processes, then you don't really understand how economic policies are going to play out. It's become very fashionable to say that yes, we are conscious of the impact of gender and how it's cross-cutting and it's all of these things, but a lot of this is actually tokenism, not really translating it into content or real change in how you address policies. So let's begin with this whole issue of migration. There's a very strongly gendered pattern of migration now and it's something that has taken many countries, both the host countries and the origin countries, unaware because there was this whole assumption that migration is male dominantly and that there are relatively few women who migrate only for work. That's not true and it's highly gendered, but where there are lots of women going, they dominantly work in the services sector, in care, broadly defined domestic work, nursing and so on, but also in the entertainment sector. Men dominantly work in manufacturing and construction and then to a lesser extent in services. Now what this means is that this has actually significant implications for remittances, something that hasn't really been absorbed by the policy makers who are dealing with these kinds of international flows. Women migrants send more back home in remittances as a share of their own income than the men migrants do. However, men migrants earn more and so they may send more in absolute amounts sometimes, even though they're sending a smaller share of what they're earning, but where you have dominantly women migrants, you find that the pattern of remittance sending is very stable. It doesn't change with the business cycle in the host country and this is unlike, for example, when there are dominantly male migrants, because male migrants in construction and manufacturing especially are immediately affected by a downturn. They lose their jobs or they get reduced wages and they're much less able to send money back home. So we found that in periods of very, very significant economic shock or major downturns, the global financial crisis for example, Mexico, Pakistan, Bangladesh, countries that have sent dominantly male migrants, you see a big collapse in remittance income and that was a significant macroeconomic shock to those sending economies because remittance incomes become a very important part, not just in the balance of payments, but also for dealing with a whole range of other macroeconomic circumstances inside the country. But countries that sent dominantly women migrants, Sri Lanka, Philippines and so on, found continued remittance in flows. With significant macroeconomic impact, despite the significance you find that still migration policies both in the sending country and in the destination country, they are still completely gender blind. That is to say that they really don't recognize the specific difficulties that women face. So now in the Philippines, because it's so dominant and so major, they have finally realized that it's important to look at the specific constraints and issues faced by Balik Bayan by the women migrants, but it's taken a long time to happen and it's still not adequate. Migration policy is gender blind at a significant cost, not just to the migrants themselves, but to that sending economy. When the destination countries don't take account of the specific conditions of the women migrants, they're undermining that whole process on which their own accumulation process depends. When you cut public services, it's a double whammy for women. You are denying many women employment or reducing their wages, but also you are dramatically affecting the unpaid labor that women have to do at home simply to make up for that slack. So fiscal austerity, which typically involves cuts in social spending as one of the first and early things to do, is directly something that impacts on an increase in unpaid labor and in a decline in the earning capacities of women workers. Why then is this such a constantly chosen option? Why is it that governments always, whenever there is a fiscal squeeze, one of the things they do almost immediately is cut down on these things? Ultimately, it's because they can. It's because they are cynically aware that unpaid work within families and households will take up that slack. And so it's not really that this is genderblind. This is actually, unfortunately, quite gender aware. But it's not just spending policies. It's also regressive taxation policies. Thankfully, right now there is a little bit of an impetus to bring back more progressive taxation on higher incomes and assets. But in general, the shift has been towards value added taxes, taxes on intermediate goods, which adds to all other prices, and which then disproportionately affect women. Why disproportionately? Surely it should just affect the whole household. Why women in particular? Women are the ones who are responsible for actually provisioning for the household for making sure you have enough of this or that. And when prices go up, they are the ones who are forced to cut corners to reduce their own personal consumption to do various other things that would somehow allow the household to meet their requirements. We know that women owned micro enterprises and small enterprises are even smaller than those of men. And they are disproportionately affected by things like that by value added taxes, which require you to be much more formal, which require you to have access to a whole system where you can get rebates. And typically they cannot whenever monetary policies are tightened and access to credit is reduced. Women are at the bottom of that ladder in terms of access to credit. So when banks feel the strain, they start cutting from the bottom of the ladder. So they get much more chances of exclusion. All of this is of course bad for women, but it's not just bad for women. It's a very, very political choice to choose particular types of revenue raising and particular types of expenditure on which the burden falls on this group. Of course, within that group, especially on women in poorer families, but broadly speaking, women in general. What's extraordinary is that we find that this continues not just for national governments, but even for the international financial institutions. Even during this current pandemic, which we are observing has got created economic devastation in many parts of the world, both advanced and developing countries. Around 91 loans have been negotiated with the IMF with 81 countries just in 2020 because they're all get stressed. They're all fiscally tight. They all have balance payments problems. It turns out that 76 of those agreements involve very significant cuts in public expenditure. Deep cuts to public health care systems. Can you imagine in the middle of pandemic cut the health care system? Cuts to pension schemes, wage freezes for public sector workers, cuts for education workers, cuts for health care workers like doctors, nurses, teachers, cuts for benefits like sick pay. This is what the IMF is still requiring poor developing countries to do. In some cases, they have said stop the cash transfers for those unable to work and increase the role of regressive taxes, value-added taxes. Those impact women much more, and yet we find that the IMF is encouraging governments to do all of these things that will have a disproportionate impact on women and will really make women bear that burden of the adjustment. Everybody knows that it's much better to be a formal worker than an informal worker.  It gives you increased social protection. I mean, it seems to be a no-brainer that we would want more and more formalization. But it turns out that it's much more complicated. The way many of these policies are designed, especially in the developing world, ends up working against women workers. How is that? So first of all, there's a very big difference between formalizing enterprises and formalizing employees or workers. You can formalize enterprises. That is, you can say you have to subject yourselves to regulation. You have to register yourself. You have to do various things which allow us to tax you as you should be taxed and will enable you to get bank credit and other government benefits and so on. That's the idea and that's why governments really prefer formalizing enterprises. We know that women-run enterprises have many more difficulties than men and the costs of the formalizing would make many of these women-run enterprises absolutely unviable. That's what we've seen that when there is a drive to formalizing women-run enterprises are much more likely to drop out altogether and basically stop existing. But also it doesn't mean that you are really benefiting the workers, even the ones in that formal enterprise. It can get away with manipulating the labor laws to really provide those workers very little protection and that is what has happened in many, many countries. But also women on the ground, let's say street vendors, formalizing also makes you much more prey to over-regulation, to various kinds of local level corruption, various kinds of things that actually make it impossible for you to function or raise the costs of your functioning because you'd have to give bribes periodically to the local functionary in adverse labor market conditions. That is to say where there's too many workers chasing too few jobs, which is what is the case right now across the world. If you're just going to try and formalize even workers, it can often go against you. So in India there was a plan to insist that women workers should get maternity benefits. And of course that's ideal, right? It sounds good. Why should women workers not get maternity benefits? Yet when they tried to implement it, it really meant that employers stopped hiring women. They were more anxious to just choose men for whom they would not have to provide this benefit. So you have to think this through. You have to think of a strategy that will provide that maternity benefit, but not that it will then mean that women get thrown out of jobs or not hired for jobs. You have to find a way in which some of that is taken up by the state, some of that cost of the maternity benefit and where women are ensured equal access to the employment even while they are given what is definitely their due. And the trouble is that so much of the implementation of these policies is done by men who are deeply patriarchal. Local level officials, middle level officials, everybody are often very dismissive of women. When you're dealing with very patriarchal bureaucracies, even at the lower level, it's much harder for you to get even that minimum benefit which the whole formalization strategy is supposed to entitle you to. Okay, let's take another example. Another thing that seems definitionally good, afforestation, right? Everybody loves it. It's green, it's desirable, it's necessary. And in many countries, there has been a significant drive for afforestation. In India, afforestation strategies were seen to be very successful for two reasons. One, they actually managed to increase forest cover. I think something like 7% increase over 15 years, which is really very good. But also they were decentralized. They were community based. They were not top down. They were designed to be based on local village forest management committees who would decide about which bits to block off to prevent access so that those forests could regenerate. All of those things were done locally at the village level. So this seemed ideal. This seems like a really good way of dealing with the problem of afforestation, except that then studies were done, Pina Agarwal and others, who looked at the time that women spent in collecting fuel wood. Even in the 1990s and early 2000s, about 70% of rural households didn't really have any other fuel other than the wood they would collect. So it was something that had to be done. Fuel wood was the dominant form of fuel for cooking and all of those other things. Women who were the ones in charge of collecting this fuel wood had massively increased labour time in just collecting this fuel. In some cases it was found that the time they spent every day had gone up from two hours to four, five, six in one case, even eight hours just collecting firewood. So massive increases in the unpaid labour time of women in collecting this firewood because of the way in which this whole strategy was devised. Now you can say, well, unfortunately that's a trade-off. You need to forest this region and I'm sorry if you have more unpaid labour time but it's a trade-off. Well, not really because of course these village forest management committees, what was the norm that it's one person per household? Guess what happens when it's one person per household? The male head of household, the man in the family goes and represents the family. So now here's the thing. What do you need from the forest? You need fodder and you need fuel wood. So the men are really interested in the fodder. They don't care about the fuel wood because that's their wives are or sisters or mothers are spending hours. That's not their problem. In some districts of different parts of India, they actually experimented with having women only village forest management committees and there were some remarkable success stories. It was found that these women only committees also tried to regenerate the forest but they did this in a more flexible way. So it's possible to have conservation without increasing labour time and collection. It wasn't necessarily that the men were, you know, bad. It's just that it hadn't occurred to them. It was not something they lived through in their daily lives. So they didn't see this as a specific issue that they had to do something about and I think it's that absence of a gender perspective which covers so many different aspects of economic policy. I've just given you a few but I'm sure you look around you think about it you yourselves will find so many examples of how having a gender perspective would completely transform the attitude to a particular policy and sometimes you only need a little tweak to change the nature of that policy to change its impact and to give you better outcomes overall.


Stumstake holders have stressed the need to reopen conversations that could produce the needed solution to various ethnic religious, political and separatist agitations facing Nigeria. They stressed the imperative for all concerned to embrace dialogue in the search for needed peace in the Nigerian polity if the country would cement its challenges and take its pride of place in the association of progressive nations. This call was made at the South-South Citizens' Summit for National Integration, Peace and Security. With the theme, we open conversation, we build trust held in Potakat, the river state capital. Declaring the summit open, chairman of the governing council of Nigeria, Institute of Public Relation Mokhtar Sirajro, urged the youth to be mindful of those who found the ember of hate and discord in the country. In his opening remarks, Chairman of the River State Chapter of Nigeria, Institute of Public Relations, and the State Commissioner for Information and Communication, Alinas Nserum described the Nigerian problem as a unique one that can only be solved by Nigerians. On his behalf, the former vice chancellor of the University of Potakat, Professor Ndua Lalley, listed the functions of public relations to include creation, promotion and maintenance of goodwill, stressing that there is need for sustained dialogue on national unity. On behalf of Potakat, I would like to say that, as the national government, we feel a sense of co-operation, the achievement of this and that, in general, good governance, a commitment and peace with co-operation of the post-soil and national unity. There is a need for more granted on the front of the government, same with us, like us here, and there is a sense of Nigeria to work building a better Nigeria. There is a need to undertake a holistic reform of a network of resources and the entire Nigerian international security system and institutions within you to address them about the functions of our Nigeria, Nigeria, with its interagency rivalry and our political approach to international security management. The summit was organised by the Nigeria Institute of Public Relations in conjunction with other stakeholders, like the National Orientation Agency, Nigeria Union of Journalists, National Association of Women Journalists, among others in the South-South region.


So, students welcome to today's lecture. We are discussing protein dynamics proved by NMR spectroscopy and here we looked at how we can use the R1, R2, NOE to understand the basic protein dynamics. So, today I am going to understand like explain more about like how we can probably use these techniques for the interpretation of relaxation data. So, as you know relaxation equations are dependent on the calculation of a spectral density that we had discussed in the first class, which is j omega, so spectral density at any frequency omega. So, if you look at T1, T2, NOE or R encoded in this spectral density function. So, like for T1 or R1 it depends upon frequency of j omega H, spectral density function of the proton frequency, nitrogen frequency and so on and so forth. So, R1 depends upon j omega H, j omega N and so on and so forth. R2 again can be written in terms of the spectral density function like a frequency, spectral density at frequency 0, spectral density of frequency, hydrogen frequency, nitrogen frequency and so on and so forth. So, R2 also has a component REX again here, the NOE similarly can be written in terms of the just spectral density function. So, essentially what I mean to say that all the relaxation equations are dependent on the calculation of a spectral density function and or vice versa using these also we can calculate the spectral density function. Now, how to interpret this data? So, suppose we are dealing with a folded protein. So, typically for a folded protein these relaxation data are interpreted in terms of modal free approach of Lipari and Zabo. Now, this modal free approach talks about like a talks about the separatability of internal and global motion, this is typically for a folded protein. So, folded protein it is kind of consider it is here. So, what is motion here? This is a local motion and a global motion, internal motion and global motion they can be separated based on assumption that can be separated global and internal motion. And this dynamics is described in terms of the overall rotational correlation time like a M overall time, the internal time is E like internal correlation time tau E, T M or T E and then another term called like order parameter which describes the amplitude of this internal motion, how much it is, what is the amplitude of this internal motion. So, Lipari Zabo basically gives you three parameter, the dynamics can be described in three parameter, the overall tumbling time, the internal correlation time and the order parameter which describes the amplitude of internal motion. Now, so when overall tumbling time of protein can be described by a single correlation time and internal motion takes place much faster like so it is overall tumbling happening slowly and internal motion happening very faster. So, then correlation time the correlation for this two motion, the global motion and local motion can be separated and the total correlation function can be given by this function. So, C at any time T is C 0, T and C 1, T. So, the correlation function for overall motion assuming that isotropic diffusion is given and these are the consideration for like a the overall tumbling time and if you do Fourier transform of this, we can get this spectral density function like j omega C. So, now, T M being a rotational correlation time for overall tumbling of a protein. The only consideration that internal motion is happening too fast here. Now, the internal motion can be written like in terms of this order parameter C i of T internal motion at any time T can be written as S square plus 1 minus S square exponential T by tau E that is a internal correlation time. So, S is called generalized order parameter and T E is effective correlation time right. So, for a completely restricted motion if a protein is completely restricted or a peptide bond is completely restricted, the generalized order parameter S square is equal to 1 and if it is completely disorder or flexible this is 0. So, typically for any realistic consideration the S square varies between 0 to 1 right. So, basically here in Leparage above we are considering the Brownian rotational diffusion of any molecule in solution and this diffusion can happen in terms of ellipsoid. So, like a protein is like ellipsoid or a spheroid or a sphere what is how it is diffusing that basically comes from this Brownian rotation diffusion. So, these considerations are in Leparage above interpretation of the dynamics data and this is called modal free assumptions. So, in modal free assumptions essentially we are assuming that overall rotation of this protein molecule is isotropic there is no anisotropy here there no orientation dependent here. So, it is isotropic motion and this method for characterization the overall rotation is a priori implies that internal motion intramolecular motion for most of the protein is too fast. The internal motion is too fast compared to the global motion that is a primary consideration and also overall rotation is an isotropic right. So, usually that parameter that govern the relaxation of N 50 nuclei that we are measuring in this protein they are kept fixed at some predetermined value in this modal free analysis and it assumes that intramolecular motion are independent or overall rotational motion first assumption is too fast then it is independent. So, conventional modal free approach assumes that protein does not aggregate. So, protein stage in a folded state without self association happening at the concentration that we are measuring relaxation study. So, with this assumption this modal free analysis can be done right. So, what are assumption isotropic motion internal motion is too fast then the global motion and the actually intermolecular motion are independent of overall molecular rotation. So, just to remind you again spectral density function j omega j of omega can be written in terms of tau c and just to put things in prospective if you plot j omega versus frequency and tau c are denoted by this. So, that means if tau c is 100 nanosecond it is it is tumbling slowly it is a spectral density function rapidly decay if it is tau c is 1 that is fast it starts with some value and slowly decay. So, what it implies a spectral density function j omega which is a Fourier transform of correlation function just says that rapidly relaxing domain signal give a broad line. So, if something is rapidly, rapidly relating sorry relaxing that means a bigger protein it gives a broad line if slowly relaxing it gives a sharp line. So, this makes sense right a molecule that tumbles very rapidly can sample very rapidly can sample like here can sample a large range of frequency ranging from say few megahertz to few like 100 megahertz and the molecule that some tumbles very slowly like a bigger molecule that can sample only shorter like a narrow range of frequency right. So, very long correlation time like 100 nanosecond or so and samples fewer frequency that is omega spectral density function j of omega c. So, taking that consideration the original leperie-jabeau j omega c is a square tau r rotational correlation time. So, globular and internal can be written in there if there are two motion on two different time scale you can just separate those two and with a anisotropic overall rotation you can add some anisotropic consideration as well. So, essentially you have to solve these functions get the generalized order parameter overall rotational time and internal rotational time. So, essentially in the modal free analysis data the parameter that we get it from R2 by R1 ratio is tau e which is less than 100 picosecond and tau r overall rotational time is more than 100 nanosecond rate. So, that is a wide range and these are adjustable parameter that can be obtained by fixing the relaxation data you can calculate the hydrodynamic radio radii in a iterative manner. So, this is kind of a workflow for selecting a suitable correlation function in a iterative manner and one can do in a iterative manner to find it out. So, start with a s square or s square rex s square tau e internal motion or s square tau e rex. So, all those slow or fast what is happening is it fitting it. So, if no then reject this modal take another modal and go and keep iterating to find the generalized order parameter that we get. That is where consideration is that we have the isotropic motion in a protein polyglobular protein. But you know the proteins are not always globular, there is fair bit of anisotropy in a protein. So, if there is anisotropy which is commonly observed in many proteins which are disorder region or even a disorder protein, this Lipari-Zabo modal free approach gets complicated. So, in those case where there is anisotropy, Peng and Wagner suggested the calculation of power spectral density function using 6 proton and nitrogen relaxation rate right. So, what are those 6 we are going to come in a moment. Now, this is called a spectral density mapping or spectral density function. It does not depend upon any modal, so it is just free of modal and no dependent on any form of time dependence or autocorrelation function nor does it require any form of rotational diffuser tensor of the molecule, it is just does not require any of these. So, only thing you need a spectral density mapping at different frequencies. So, for NH bond that are directly sampled at several relevant frequency or say 0 frequency or omega n frequency or omega H minus omega n frequency like if you add the 2 frequency and subtract the 2 frequency, so these are 6, 0 frequency J 0 spectral density function is 0 frequency, J omega n the frequency of nitrogen, J omega H frequency of proton, J omega H minus n the difference of proton and nitrogen frequency and sum of proton and nitrogen frequency. So, these are the 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 spectral density functions that are there which needs to be considered in this spectral density function right. So, in this spectral density function the main goal is to understand the spectral density and several different methods has been derived to model the protein as it is a spectral density function with different parameters are fit to experimental data that is what proposed by Peng and Wagner. So, this is called spectral density mapping that we are discussing. So, three mathematical relation between the relaxation parameter T1 and T2 and J omega that we had seen in previous slide can be used for calculating this spectral density function. So, they come up with a much simpler method for interpreting this relaxation data and that was provided in terms of reduce spectral density function. So, what is reduced that we are going to just see it. So, if you consider this J omega H more or less equal to J omega H plus n and more or less equal to J omega n pi because spectral density functions say we are doing at 600 megahertz. So, proton spectral frequency is at 600 and nitrogen is at 60 right 60. So, 600 plus minus 60 is in the same range right.  So, this one can club into one. So, J omega H then third one can be 0 frequency J 0 J omega H and third one will be J omega n. So, instead of 5 we can just do with a three spectral density function and these three as we have seen in the previous slide can be expressed in turn of the three parameter that we are calculating what R1, R2 and NOE. So, these are three measurable parameter R1, R2 and NOE we have we can measure in a residue a specific manner and using these three we can calculate the spectral density of J omega 0, J omega H and J omega n using this spec reduce the spectral density function right. So, these rates like whatever we can measure for proton and nitrogen at any frequency like say we are doing on 500 megahertz which means 11.76 tesla as a allows measurement happening at 0 megahertz, 50 megahertz or 500 megahertz and these two like omega H minus omega n means 450 or omega H plus omega n means 550 right or 7.6 tesla 750 megahertz it means 0 frequency 750 frequency 750 megahertz, 675 and 825, but these three are in the same range. So, we can do with only three of the spectral density functions right ok. So, now we have come up to a spectral density function and then using these three parameters that we have measured R1, R2 and NOE or J omega 0 can be calculated or similarly J omega H or J omega n can be calculated three spectral density function can be calculated right. So, as we know the R1, R2 and NOE, RNOE so what is RNOE? It can be calculated from our NOE experiment that we did. So, it takes NOE experiment R1 omega n by sorry gamma n by gamma H it is a ratio of the ratio of the gyromagnetic ratio. Now, for calculating this we need two other constant called C square and D square and the value of these R have been calculated. So, this is the typical value of C square and D square at 600 megahertz, relatively it can change little bit at 750 or 500 megahertz. Now, using these all parameter if you have measured the R1, R2 and NOE you can put all these value and can calculate the G 0, you can calculate the J omega H and J omega n. So, one thing you notice here that I am going to explain you in next slide NOE which is fast amplitude motion is reporting more towards omega H. Similarly, the J 0 is contributed by R1, R2 and NOE and here J omega n which is at intermediate frequency is contributed by R1 and NOE. So, what does this employs? So, omega H high amplitude motion like spectral density function at higher frequency let us go here. So, we are saying J omega H at higher frequency like here it is a fast motion it captures. Fast motion is captured by J omega H, the slower motion is captured by J 0, yeah. So, J omega H is largely determined by the heteronuclear NOE that is a fast amplitude motion and most sensitive to high frequency motion of the protein backbone like the motion happening at picosecond time scale that will be given by this parameter J omega H, ok. Similarly, J omega n, J omega n which is happening here is what contributes here R1 and NOE, right. So, J omega n is determined by R1 whereas, J 0 is contributed from R1, R2 as well as NOE. So, J 0 is given by everything it is a spectral density at lower frequency is given by R1, R2 and NOE. So, J 0 is sensitive to nanosecond time scale motion as well as exchange phenomena that is happening at slower time scale microsecond to millisecond. So, if we are measuring spectral density function at 0 frequency it is a sensitive to slower time scale motion nanosecond as well as microsecond to millisecond. The J omega n is given by mostly nanosecond time scale motion because this is contributed by R1 and some also contributes from R2 and NOE. So, nanosecond to kind of picosecond time scale motion you can say here this is nanosecond and microsecond to millisecond time scale motion this J 0 is given and this giving picosecond time scale motion. So, if you calculate this spectral density from the R1, R2 and NOE data we know exactly where the how the spectral density is mapped across the protein sequence and that gives the amplitude of the motion happening across the protein sequence and that is what one can calculate it. So, you see this the protein that we were doing sumo 1 which has a n terminal scale and a folded region and some loops again. So, here we had calculated in previous slide that if you remember the R1 was like this here for flexible tail and this was for kind of a globular domain alpha helix beta sheet over there and same little bit of the tails were here that is a R1. The R2 here R2 was low, NOE if you come to NOE was negative here right. So, if we calculate J omega H using this NOE value you can see here for the flexible portion the J omega H is very high and for the all order it is relatively low. So, now picosecond time scale motion in this scale in this protein for the flexible tail is very high picosecond time scale motion is higher here and lower here. Now if we go to J omega N which is dominated by R1 you can see there is a 1 to 1 correlation between these two like a very large correlation higher J omega N because this is capturing at nanosecond time scale motion and all these are lower the loops are again higher ok. Now J omega 0 which is contributed by R1, R2 and NOE everything has a impact here. So, you can see this is quite mirroring with our R2 because it is capturing like a lot more from the slower time scale motion. So, spectral density mapping telling it how the protein is sampling various amplitude motion across the backbone which are calculated from three experimentally determined parameter R1, R2 and NOE fantastic. So, we understood how the spectral density function can be mapped. So, what next we find it out from the R1, R2 and NOE. Now the R2 you know that it has also REX R2 has a REX. So, if you map this it says that along this line there seems to be exchange phenomena happening in this region and that is why you see lots of variation. So, the spectral density function is also capturing this because the slower time scale motion microsecond to millisecond time scale motion. The exchange or microsecond time scale motion the exchange is happening and that essentially is nicely captured if you measure the spectral density function at a 0 frequency at J 0 great. So, now using these if you like there is a linear relation that exists between J 0 and J omega n and between J 0 and J omega h. You can write this equation so, J of i for any residue J omega n or J omega h is alpha some factor alpha of n or alpha of h J of i residue at 0 frequency and some parameter called beta n or h. So, this linear relation many a time this linearity is affected by contribution of this exchange that is happening which affects the J 0 value, but if you solve this rearrange this equation what we can find it out one can find it out the tau right you can find a tau and omega is a Larmor Larmor frequency for n and h right. So, if you solve this equation linearly if you plot J omega n or J omega h versus J omega 0 you can find the alpha and beta and alpha and beta you put it here and solve this equation you can find the tau c sorry tau and that is a correlation time right. So, correlation time in a residue specific manner now we are finding it wonderful protein tumbling and you can find the correlation time happening at different. So, same data we are going to take it here like J omega h J omega n and 0 and plot it a linear function. So, here is our J omega h J omega n and J omega 0 this is my protein this is n terminus this is c terminus n terminus is here c terminus is here and that is what we had calculated experimentally. Now, can we use this equation to plot it a linear equation and find it out what is happening. So, we calculated for each of these amino acid J omega n in nanosecond per radian versus J omega 0 nanosecond per radian we plotted it and you can see if you plot it it looks like it is not very linear there are some residue which deviates from non-linear. So, you need to fit two curve one curve for these black residue one curve for the red sorry the open residue if you plot these two now they are looking more linear right. Similarly if you plot J omega h versus J omega 0 again very nicely one portion here black and one portion for open circle residue. Now, this training is very interesting phenomena because we have started spectral density function understanding that anisotropy exist. So, if you go in this protein structure you can see that rest that the amino acid that are there will have a different kind of motion than a globular protein this you can consider as a sphere spheroid or all those, but these guys are very freely tumbling in solution and because of that freely tumbling there is anisotropy existing and that anisotropy has is being captured in the spectral density function. So, if you do that if you do that if you plot this linear equation and deduce the parameter that is coming. So, if you fit this equation J omega 0 versus J omega n what we are seeing fitting by this equation separately and fitting this equation separately we can calculate from the previous equation that we had alpha beta and tau we can calculate this three parameter. So, alpha beta and tau is coming here now just look at this interestingly important thing. For a low amplitude motion what we are finding two motions are in nanosecond, but there is a motion in microsecond this is a slower motion happening for a globular protein. Some motions are in nanosecond and some motion is in microsecond, however for this high amplitude you are getting a nanosecond time scale motion of 5 nanosecond typically for a protein. If we plot this J omega 0 versus J omega h here again we are getting some tau c of nanosecond, but for a high amplitude motion for the flexible portion we are getting some of the motion as fast as picosecond. Now, that is a high amplitude motion we can see for the flexible portion and some picosecond and all those because now you see here is an interesting phenomena happening right. If you remember it here this guy is a flexible tail right, flexible tail and will that have a correlation time of few nanosecond yes of course typical globular protein have 5 to 6 nanosecond, but one of the parameter that came here is 21 nanosecond quite high. And because it is a long open rope is tumbling in solution that of course will have little longer correlation time. So, now doing this spectral density mapping solving these equations finding it out what are the alpha beta and tau we are deducing now all sorts of correlation time that can be seen in the protein and that gives a wide range of the tumbling time that we do and that is the power of NMR dynamics. If you use any other technique like a dynamic light scattering it is a complementary technique for measuring the correlation time of a molecule you mostly see one or two correlation time depending upon how it decays and gives you one correlation time of a protein whether it is a globular or elongated, but NMR precisely gives you all the correlation time that is possible measuring the dynamics in a like in a residue a specific manner. So, measure this three experiment basic three experiment R1, R2 and NOE from there we deduce the spectral density function j omega h j omega n and j 0 fitted those equation and solve this quadratic equation to find it out what kind of correlation time we are getting and now we can deduce it that why some of the most some of the correlation time are longer. So, it is a open chain and that are expected to show higher collier. So, that is all about time and motion in protein and that is what we in this week we wanted to give an impression to you that NMR is a beautiful tool to understand the protein dynamics because dynamics dictate the function. Dynamics dictate the function that protein do and we can measure the dynamics in a residue a specific manner in more elegant way than possible from any other complementary technique. So, that is a strong point of NMR. With this I am going to close the lecture for this week and next week I would like to see you in the discussion where we are going to discuss more about protein-protein interactions and how we can use NMR to understand protein-protein interactions. So, looking forward to have you in the next class. Thank you very much.