So welcome to this afternoon session on quantum criticality. So just a reminder that you are encouraged to ask questions even during the talk and to interrupt the speaker. So our first speakers for this session will be Premie Chandra and she will talk about quantum annealed criticality. Okay thank you very much. Can everyone hear me? Yes. Okay first of all thank you very much. It's wonderful to be back in Trieste. I have lots of good memories here and I haven't been here for a while so it's terrific to be back. So what is the interplay of quantum criticality with first order phase transitions? Today I'd like to tell you about a project that I've been working on with Gil Lonzoic who will be here later in the week, an experimentalist who has really motivated this to a large degree as you'll see with some recent experiments, Museo Contentino in Brazil and Paris Coleman who as you know will be here later in the week. So to make a long story short let me give you a nutshell of what we're going to talk about. There are a number of systems which have first order classical phase transitions and yet seem to indicate continuous quantum critical behavior. So the question that Gil came to us with is how is it, can we come up with a theoretical scenario where we have classically first order transitions but quantum mechanically a second order one. But before I begin, since this week is in many ways a celebration of a big birthday of peers who unfortunately can't be here, I probably have access to some of the earliest pictures of peers and as I was always told by my mentors to take advantage of my competitive edge, I might as well do that. So as you know, I think Andre read it this morning, he is extremely opinionated and wants you to ask lots of questions, unfortunately he can't be here right now. Now you may think that peers is only opinionated in the seminar room but one of the things we learned was that even in the sandbox, peers was very opinionated. He had a loud voice even then and he was telling people exactly what they needed to do with whatever they were playing with. All right, this is actually a picture more recently of peers with his dear mother Gloria and he sends his apologies for not being here right now. We were on a holiday with Gloria this past week and unfortunately she had a medical emergency. The good news is that she's fine, she needed to have some unexpected surgery. They're in Prague so being waylaid somewhere, Prague is not so bad. The doctors were wonderful, it all worked out with everything. I think she's due to be released today. She's eager to get going and peers will be here on Thursday. So he sends his regrets that he's not here right now and I thought that it might be fun given the occasion for me to talk about one of our most current projects. So that's what I'm going to do today. All right, and there'll be more pictures later on, but first some physics. All right, so once again the motivation for us is what is the interplay of quantum criticality with first-order transitions. As we'll see there are a number of experiments that indicate a line of first-order transitions that ends in a quantum critical point. Turns out that there's an old mechanism of coupling of the strain to the energy density where incompressible systems one always has a first-order transition. And what our merry gang set out to do is to ask whether what happens to the quantum generalization of this so-called Larkin-Pickin transition. As we'll see there are occasions where in fact you can have a quantum critical point even though it's always first-order classically. And in such a situation our proposed phase diagram temperature tuning parameter field we have two classical critical points. We have a quantum critical point and a sheet of first-order transitions that's bounded by those. And for those of you who are of the same as young as I am this may remind you of a rolling stone's cover. For those of you who don't know about that, whatever. But from last millennium there was a rolling stone's cover that looked a bit like this. Anyway, so let us continue. What's known since I was asked to give a little bit of a background in all this? Let's step back a minute. What's known about the interplay of quantum criticality with first-order transitions? Well, Gil with Andy Schofield who's here and two other Andes and more actually thought about this quite carefully in the context of strontium ruthonate. In that system they had a quantum first-order transition. And what they showed is as you increase the temperature, you get a trichritical point and then it turns into a continuous phase transition. So that's in some sense the flip of what we're talking about. And in that system, if you want to get a quantum critical point, you actually have to apply a field and there you go, have a quantum critical point. So this is work that's been around for a little while. In fact, there's a very nice review recently on metallic ferromagnets that discusses this. So we know that just because we have a classical second-order transition doesn't mean that quantum mechanically it has to be the same. And we're going to ask the other question. So marching right along, for those of you who are not so familiar, let's talk about the difference between classical and quantum phase transitions. And here I've taken a phase diagram from a very nice system that Gabriel Lepley, who's just come, has worked on. I think this is a nice way of summarizing it. For a classical phase transition, as you well know, thermal fluctuations are crucial, okay? The thermal fluctuations are crucial, and temperature is the tuning parameter, okay? However, in a quantum phase transition, we're at very low temperatures. And temperature isn't the important scale. Omega, there's a frequency, that's the important scale. And since there's a frequency involved, it also tells us that dynamics are involved. So we have another tuning parameter, not temperature. It can be pressure. It can be transverse field, as it is in this case. There's a number of different tuning parameters. And the point is that the effective dimensionality is not just the spatial dimension. It's D plus Z, where Z is the dynamical exponent due to the dispersion. So that tells us that we have to worry about dynamics as well. In a quantum phase transition, temperature is not the tuning parameter. It acts actually as a finite boundary effect. So let's continue on. Let's just do a quick review of the work that was done before. In that case, we had a T equals 0 first-order transition. And when do we get a first-order transition? We get a first-order transition when the quartic mode coupling in the effective action is negative, okay? So it's negative, it's originally negative. But what this group found is, as they increased the temperature, thermal fluctuations renormalized the quartic coupling, moving it from negative to zero at the tricritical point to positive. And so they had low temperatures, a first-order transition, then a tricritical point with wings, and then eventually a continuous phase transition. And this is from the review of Brando, Billets, Kirkpatrick, and Grosje. And there are many materials that show this type of behavior with this signature sort of winged phase diagram, okay? So that's where we are. Now, what is our experimental motivation? Our experimental motivation comes from ferroelectrics. I mentioned that the other phase diagram, the quantum critical endpoints, was motivated by metallic systems. We are going to be, for the moment, motivated by insulating systems. Now, ferroelectrics, like this poster, Child Ferroelectric Barium Titanate, are insulating materials where electromechanical coupling is crucial. And they're usually, at ambient pressure, they have first-order transitions, okay? So a first-order transition, here we have polarization as a function of temperature. This is just reminding us what a first-order transition is. It means that we have a metastable state, we have a very sharp specific heat, excuse me, polarization, like this. And in fact, what was shown in the, in barium titanate, with time-dependent x-ray diffraction, is that actually if you turn on a field, you eventually go out of this first-order transition and you have a classical critical point. So we have a field-induced classical critical point, but it's usually first-order, okay? All right, so what's the big deal? These are classically first-order materials. They're used for all kinds of interesting room temperature applications. So what's the big deal? Well, several people, including the Cambridge Group, also the Paris Group, decided to look at these materials at low temperatures. Now strontium titanate is a close cousin of barium titanate. But unlike barium titanate, it does not go ferroelectric. It has a dielectric susceptibility that gets big, big, big, but it never actually diverges, it saturates. However, if you take strontium titanate and replace, it's so close to a ferroelectric transition, that if you take strontium titanate and replace oxygen 16 by oxygen 18, you can drive it ferroelectric, okay? And so what's been done experimentally is one can actually drive it ferroelectric, and then apply pressure, either external or chemical pressure. And what's been found is that it actually has a quantum critical point here, okay? And for example, it has a diverging dielectric susceptibility. And this is a special mixture of 016 and 018. And it also has a diverging Grunheisen parameter to indicate that it really is a quantum critical point, okay? So what's this material doing, having quantum criticality when it's usually its first order? Turns out there are a number of other materials. There's even barium titanate. It turns out if you put barium titanate under pressure, then you actually, there's a lot of indication. This is still early days of the experiments, but there are a lot of indications that there's quantum critical behavior, and there are a number of other materials that are starting to be studied at low temperatures and high pressures, which seem to indicate first order transition. We know their first order classically, but when we apply pressure, and we of course as a collective apply pressure and go to low temperatures, they seem to have quantum critical points. So the question is what's going on? So this is our motivation. So we go back and ask ourselves about a known mechanism in system, compressible systems that gives us classical first order transitions. And the classical mechanism that we decided to look at is due to Larkin and Picken. And there we have the interaction of strain with a fluctuating order parameter. This was originally studied for magnetoelastic systems, but we're going to adapt it to handle compressible systems, both magnetic and ferroelectric. So let me just conceptually tell you what it's about before we jump into some more technical terms. So we have the interaction of the strain with the fluctuating critical order parameter. Let's take a clamped system first. We clamp the system so there's no strain. In that system we have a diverging specific heat, okay? Now we remove the clamping. And what they tell us under certain conditions which we're going to talk about is that we have a first order transition in the unclamped system, okay? And the Larkin Picken criteria for first order transition is that the effective modulus, and we'll get to what that is in a minute, has to be less than the jump in the specific heat in the clamp system over the transition temperature times the square of the strain derivative of Tc. All right, now what's this effective modulus? The effective modulus is related to the bare bulk and shear strain modulus. It's very important that this mu is finite. Shear strain is crucial in this picture. And physically this effective modulus is essentially the bare modulus times the ratio of the longitudinal of the square of the longitudinal sound over the shear sound of the transverse sound, okay? So that's the Larkin Picken criteria. So again, we have a coupling of the uniform strain to the energy density. That leads to a macroscopic instability of the critical point and a discontinuous phase transition. And so the question is, can we generalize this to the quantum case? Okay, now clearly we have to generalize the specific heat. That's not a very useful quantity at T equals zero. So what we set out to do was to re-derive Larkin Picken using correlation functions and response functions to the point that then we could look at the quantum version. So let's do that. So the simplest case of Larkin Picken is isotropic elasticity and a scalar order parameter, okay? Then we write down our interaction Hamiltonian and we're going to couple the order parameter square, the energy density to a volumetric strain. And when we do that, you might say, well, what's the big deal? This is isotropic elasticity. We have our elastic degrees of freedom, our Gaussian. Even I remember how to do a Gaussian integral. What's the big problem? Turns out, and this is emphasized in the Larkin Picken paper and then in great detail in the renormalization group paper by Bergman and Halpern, we have to be very, very careful. Why do we have to be careful? You might say, I thought I knew Gaussian integrals was the only one I could do. The reason we have to be careful is the following. When we write down the strain, and this is like one or two lines in the original Larkin paper, which Bergman and Halpern expanded, thank goodness, for the rest of us to understand, we have to separate out the strain, the q equals zero boundary condition part from the part that is due to fluctuating atomic displacements. We have to separate it out. Now, that's another way of saying that is you can't think of all of the strain as a gradient. The boundary conditions don't come across as a gradient. So you have to separate out the boundary conditions and the part that's due the finite q, which is fluctuating atomic displacements. Okay, so when we integrate out the elastic degrees of freedom, this part, for the most part, gives us short range interactions between the critical modes. This part, which is q equals zero, gives us an infinite range interaction between critical modes. And you might say, well, it's an infinite range attractive interaction. So what's the big deal? Well, remember, q equals zero isn't included in this. So in order to perform our Gaussian integral, we have to actually, we have to complete, include a q equals zero term, adding and subtracting it to be able to do our Gaussian integral. That part gives us an infinite, yes. The voice is not loud enough, so. Oh well. When q is zero, this is zero. No, this, no, no, no. So this is q equals, this is the q equals zero term. Now I have q finite. But when I do, so this is all finite. And now when I do my Gaussian integral, I have to include another term to fulfill the full Gaussian integral. When I do that, it gives me an infinite range repulsive term. So in order to do this properly, I have to make sure that overall I have an infinite range attractive term. Okay. And it's that that's responsible for driving the first order transition. Yes. Is that if you added a q equal to zero term, since it goes to like q, this will be zero. Oh, no, all I'm saying. No, I'm not to say, sorry. I just wanted to say that when we actually go through the Gaussian integral, we'll have to add this term. This term, when I do the Gaussian integral, will give me an infinite range. You have to go through it a little bit. It will give me an infinite range repulsive interaction. And so just doing this is not enough. I have to make sure that the two terms, yes, that's all. Sorry, I didn't say it very well. Apologies. I can show you more in detail. I understand what you're saying. You're saying that there's a q term. Yeah, sorry. Okay, so what you have to do is separate the two terms. You do the Gaussian integral and what you find is that there's an infinite range of interaction between critical modes that you can describe as due to a classical strain field. Okay? And that's what is responsible for driving it first order. So what happens when we do the quantum generalization of Larkin-Picken? When we do the quantum generalization, we sum over all possible space-time configurations. So once again, we have boundaries we're only interested in static boundaries. So we have q equals zero and no time. But then for the other term, now we have finite q and finite frequency, okay? And so now this is our summation. And when we do our integration, we have to be very careful again about the infinite range repulsive and attractive interaction, but it's overall attractive. So that's very good. And so we end up with an effective action where we're integrating over space and time. We're in three dimensions here, where we have a Lagrangian and we have this term here where phi is the classical strain field that's uniform in both space and time. Okay, now this is pretty straightforward. We can write down a very simple, in the simplest case, a very simple phi four Lagrangian. And now what happens? Well, we have a partition function of the clamp system and we ask, what's the renormalized modulus? Well, the renormalized modulus will just be one over v times the second derivative of f and we'll see that it'll be the effective modulus minus a correction term. And you notice that this correction term is a correlation function. Now, when we look at the classical limit, which means that we don't have time in this, we have temperature. In the classical limit, we get this lambda squared, lambda is the coupling constant that's the change in TC with strain times this. This is going to be kappa minus delta kappa and you might recognize this as energy fluctuations. It's basically specific heat. So what we've done is we've been able to recover in the classical case the Larkin-Pickin criteria but in terms of correlation functions. Good. And you notice that this term actually diverges, okay? And so as a result, this kappa tilde, which is kappa minus delta kappa is driven negative, which means the system is unstable. So that's why. And so the reason is a little bit counterintuitive. We have a divergence of these energy fluctuations and so we get a first order transition because the system has a macroscopic instability. So that's a reformulation of the Larkin-Pickin criteria. And again, we have kappa tilde going to zero, less than zero, which means we have this instability. We're able to recover the regular Larkin-Pickin criteria and as the specific heat diverges, we get a first order transition. This was of course first studied by Larkin and Pickin but the approach that we're taking is very much following what was done from a renormalization group approach later by Bergman and Halpern. The idea is to identify a critical point and then to check its stability, okay? It turns out to be technically much simpler than following all the renormalization group flows. All right, onward and upward. We can also get all this diagrammatically. So we can get the quartic term, we can write as a bare term plus the interaction do this classical strain field. We can write a Dyson equation for the strain propagator. So we'll have the dressed version bare plus this Dyson equation. We can write this then as equation for the renormalized bulk modulus. This gives us the same as what we've had before. Here we have the susceptibility is basically the Fourier transform of these correlations. And again it's the infrared behavior here that's going to be most important, okay? We want to check the infrared behavior if it's diverging then we have a first order transition. All right, so in order to check what's going on from a quantum mechanical standpoint we can look at the infrared behavior by doing a Gaussian approximation. So we can do a Gaussian approximation to the correlation functions. And when we do that, what we're interested in is looking at the corrections to the renormalized bulk modulus, okay? And in this case we have a Q to the D minus one, DQ, D new the frequency. We know that the susceptibility scales one over Q squared, the frequency scales as Q to the Z. So when we put all that together we find that limit T going to zero of the corrections goes as Q to the D plus Z over Q four. And so we see right away that it will not be singular for D plus Z is greater than four. So in other words, we will not have the corrections to the renormalized bulk modulus or not universal if we are above the upper critical dimension. So in other words the zero point fluctuations, sorry, it's two fluctuations, toughen the system against the macroscopic instability present classically and we can get quantum criticality. So essentially what's happening is that as we increase the dimensionality at T equals zero our system is liberated for if you will the infrared slavery of the strain. Okay. So generalized Larkin-Pickin results this is for T not equal to zero. We always have the renormalized kappa less than zero. So we always have a classical first order transition when T goes to zero. It's non-universal for D plus Z is greater than four. We have possible quantum criticality which has to be checked for particular settings. And so this is the type of phase diagram that we have. We have then a quantum critical point. We have two classical critical points and we have this first order sheet of transitions bounded by these lines. So how do we link to experiment? Of course we can't say anything overriding because this is not universal but we started off by talking about fur electrics so let's go back to fur electrics. Fur electrics have as equals one so they're in the marginal dimension. Okay. But to date experimentally logarithmic corrections have not yet been observed. So they're pretty, so experimental probes for example like the Grünheisen ratio loss hysteresis all of that would be wonderful. We'd expect to get a jump. We won't have in our case we will do not expect in this pure case of being isotropic elasticity and scale order parameter we don't expect a tricritical point. We expect a jump in the bulk modulus, a jump in the longitudinal sound. Okay. So future work, this is just the beginning. Future work, multi-component order parameters. Okay. As you might guess for this Larkin pick and the specific heat exponent is crucial. For multi-component order parameters the specific heat exponent alpha is negative so we expect then a tricritical point of some sort. We did not have that. We had a positive alpha for the scalar order parameter. Elastic anisotropy, that's ever present. That's something that we have to think about. Domain dynamics, that's something that for example Peter Littlewood has emphasized a lot recently theoretically in fur electrics. We've always in our treatment we just generalized explicitly what Larkin pick and have done. We could put on different kinds of boundary conditions. That's something to do. Disorder, specific physical settings. Another possibilities order order transitions. We know of cases where one has a first order phase transition that seems to end in a quantum critical point that's not between order and disorder it's between two ordered states. The other is of course metallic systems. After Larkin and pick and wrote their paper together pick and actually wrote a subsequent paper trying to understand to generalize these ideas to metallic systems. And so that's something to do next to see whether we can understand that and then generalize it for the quantum case. So that's where we are. The idea is that hopefully with this type of approach we can open up new lattice sensitive settings for the expiration of new exotic quantum phases. Gil is very excited about these systems because he tells me that because they're so lattice sensitive you can get a broad temperature range for much lower pressures than in magnetic systems. And so he's excited about this. Then of course these are insulating but we know that you can add spin, add charge, you can get all kinds of, you can use them as building blocks. So that's what we've been up to. I'm not quite done because I have my pictures. Okay, all right. Well I know I have two, two, three. Okay, so that's the end of this. But now we get to, so as you know, this is the reason I thought I would talk about this is because this is my most recent project with peers. And since part of this week is the celebration of peers, I thought I'd bring it up. So anyway, as you know, peers as many of you know, peers and I have had fun and adventures for many years since last millennium. So I tried my best to look at my laptop and see some pictures. Not all pictures are digitized. I know some of you don't realize that. But anyway, I found some old pictures. This is a picture from last millennium when peers were shocked that I grew up in the US and had never been to Disneyland. So actually, he and his father took me to Disneyland. So that's last millennium when we were even younger than we are now. Then of course there's been lots of frustration along the way, other projects. And more recently, and hopefully more adventures, this is recently on a hike in Aspen. So thank you very much. I'm within time.


Hello, everyone. Welcome to Oxmer Toyota. I'm Gabrielle and I wanted to talk a little bit about a new 2024 Toyota 4Runner. This is the limited guys. This is in one of the new colors. This is underground. So it's a really beautiful gray. Now on this vehicle, you're going to have all LED lighting. You're going to have some chrome accents. There's going to be a camera in the front going to your wheels. You're going to have a 20 inch six spoke alloys. Now you are going to have running boards and it's going to have a chrome accent. You're also going to have your chrome door handles. And there's also going to be roof rails. And then you're going to have a tow hitch. And then while we're back here, why don't we go ahead and look at how much space we have. So there is going to be a third row. Currently that third row is down. So you do have quite a bit of space back here for your luggage. There's this all weather floor liner. You are going to have multiple charging ports. You're going to have a first aid kit. And this one also is going to come with the cargo net. Alright guys, why don't we go ahead and check out the inside. So you're going to have an eight inch touch screen. There's going to be 15 speakers. You're going to have the JBL sound system. There's going to be a subwoofer and an amplifier. You're going to have heated and ventilated seating. There's going to be a sunroof. You're going to have power adjustable seating. There's going to be all weather floor liners. There is going to be two settings for your seats. And then going into your second row, you're going to have some chargers back here. And then the second row seats are going to lay down. Alright guys, now if you have any questions on the beautiful four runner, feel free to let us know. All of our contact info is listed right here. Have a wonderful day and we'll see you all soon. Bye.


Let me introduce Seneca in general because he's not just a literary figure, he's an important figure in history, in Roman history, but he's a bit enigmatic and we can construct a lot of different images and pictures of what Seneca is, which is why I'm putting this imaginary bust that was created in the 17th century of him here, because we're going to create an imaginary image of him here in the 21st century on the basis of the materials we have, his own writings and what other people have said about him. Now here's a set of facts about him that we can take as certain, and after relating them to you all show how ambivalent of a situation they still lead us in. So it's interesting that he's born the same year as Jesus. Interesting because that allows us to really think about what this period of history is. I think his writings are a lot more interesting than Jesus's writings, not just because Jesus didn't write anything. So of course they are. Insofar as they're interesting, they're interesting. That's one thing we can say about Seneca is he was born in the year 4 AD. In the year 41 AD, he was banished from Rome because he was charged with engaging in adultery. He spent his time in exile on the island of Corsica writing some consolations that we'll read and also writing about natural philosophy, a work that we won't be reading too much of, although we will read a small part of. In 49 he was called back from Seneca in order to tutor this young upstart, very promising individual named Nero. But in 54 he officially becomes his tutor and he has several tutors, receives an excellent education. And in this year Seneca also publishes a satire and was probably working on some of his other dramatic works and also wrote a work on mercy or De Clementia, which is directly addressed to Cicero. And that specific work we will also read and discuss. Nero however as you may have heard turned out pretty bad. He did things like murdering his brother and his own mother and it appears that Seneca wrote a letter on his behalf explaining or even justifying these actions to the Senate. But Nero didn't really repay his kindness for this in the year 62. Seneca asked for permission to retire from public affairs and retire from this advisory role that he'd had for Seneca for so long. And Nero said no you can't do that, you can't actually retire that will be perceived as there being some problem. So you're not allowed to do that. Seneca started writing a series of letters of moral letters at this point that survive in their entirety and I asked you to read the first letter in my own translation part of the supplementary readings for the class but there's a hundred and twenty-three other letters that he wrote that are all collected together and all survive. And I could go into some more details about Nero's life and I will when we read on mercy the work of Seneca directly addressed him. But he did things like well the legend is that he played a violin while Rome burned he may there's questions to whether he may have started the fire or whether it was merely a convenient fire that took care of a lot of real estate problems and allowed him to build this gigantic the largest ever palace and a colossal structure to himself and a fitting theater for his own performances because Nero considered himself an artist although most other people didn't although they didn't exactly say that to him. Seneca was perceived to be part of a conspiracy to assassinate Nero and as a result of that was forced to commit suicide in the year 65 and we have various accounts of his suicide it was a public ritualized suicide that was also sort of bungled because it turns out you can't use Plato's description of Socrates suicide as a handbook for how to commit suicide if you're gonna kill yourself please don't use the veto as a handbook for how to do it it doesn't actually work that way and it will cause complications and you'll need to do other take take other measures and it might not be as pretty as Plato describes it. Those are all facts about his life but they really don't explain to us what the nature and character of this man was in fact they it raises a lot of questions now there are some very good even recent biographies about him one of the most impressive is this one by James Rom called dying every day which focuses on Seneca in the court of Nero dying every day is an expression that Seneca has he thinks that we shouldn't talk about how we're living every day we should talk about how we're dying every day because that's what's actually happening and we ought to focus not on just coming up with the philosophy for how to live but a philosophy of how to die and he takes this claim of Socrates that philosophy is practicing dying very seriously and that what philosophy does is teaches you how to deal with your mortality and figure out how to die correctly something that it's such a touchy subject nobody ever wants to talk about it when we hear that people are dying we say oh don't worry it'll be fine and you'll live forever but it's not actually true and what we ought to do is actually be a lot more serious about that confront it directly and start practicing dying right away now Laura you raised your hand well that's a Latin translation of a Greek sentiment that we find in in Socrates of course Socrates didn't actually write anything so we find it in play though but this idea of meditate on death concentrate on death think about death don't avoid thinking about death which is what everybody actually does but instead think about it all the time and and and don't just think of yourself as being as living think of yourself as dying dying is not something that happens all at once it's something that starts happening the day you're born and so we need to sort of shift our focus and when we realize that it can actually lead to a life-affirming realizations about what to do with the time that we have remaining and what's really important if you people that are told hey you've got six months to live suddenly their priorities in life change a lot okay but we're all in that condition of having a finite life and so we ought to be obviously so if I tell you you've only got 80 years to live it ought to have a very similar effect because it's such a vanishingly small point of time you know relative to cosmic history and so forth so that is a latin-age translation of an expression of a Greek expression of Socrates and a whole kind of way of looking at the point of philosophy yeah so he again it was kind of a bungled thing it didn't work out the you know drinking Camelot is apparently can make you violently sick it doesn't necessarily do the job in so that you slit your wrist but that can take a long time it doesn't always go that well then there's the whole issue of is my wife committing suicide at the same time or not and if he pressure her is doing it or did she voluntarily couldn't live without him and so had to do it and how exactly that all went down is difficult to say especially since our sources that describe it are hostile to him so one of them is in favor of him and others very hostile to him so let me just read this is the very first page of the introduction to James Rahm's account of Seneca at the court of Nero and I think it perfectly encapsulates the two different images we have of Seneca which are completely mutually exclusive but evidence can be used to support either of them okay so introduction the two Seneca's here is one way to describe the career of Seneca writer thinker poet moralist and for many years top advisor in close companion of the emperor Nero by a strange twist of fate a man who cherished sobriety reason and moral virtue found himself at the center of Roman politics he did his best to temper the whims of the deluded despot while continuing to publish the ethical treatises that were his true calling when he could no longer exert influence in the palace he withdrew when insolitude produced his most stirring meditations on virtue nature and death enraged by his departure the emperor he had once advised seized on a pretext to force him to kill himself his adoring wife tried to join in his sober courageous suicide but imperial troops intervened to save her and then here's another way to describe the very same life a clever manipulator of undistinguished origin connived his way into the center of Roman power he used verbal brilliance to represent himself as a sage he exploited his vast influence to enrich himself and touched off a rebellion in Britain by lending usurously to its inhabitants after conspiring in or even instigating the palace's darkest crimes he tried to rescue his reputation with carefully crafted literary self-fashionings when it was clear that the emperor's enmity posed a threat he sought refuge at the altar of philosophy even while leading an assassination plot his final bid for a scheme was his histrionic suicide in which he browbeat his unwilling wife into sharing it okay so but which of those is the true Seneca or rather what is the realistic actual picture we can paint them well in this class we're focused on his actual philosophical writings and how far they relate to earlier philosophical views and how far they're true in and of themselves we're not going to be looking at these historical sources that tell us how he actually lived and so even if it were possible to construct a more realistic picture of him one that would decide between these these two views that wrong describes we won't be able to do it here because we'll be focused on his philosophical work and so here's what I want to say about his philosophical work first of all his advice his playing an advisory role essentially the domestic minister of Nero should be understood in the context of the long history before him and also the long subsequent history of philosophers getting involved in politics and philosophers advising kings and really advising princes and we call this literature the mirror of princes literature where philosophers hold up a mirror supposedly to princes and let them see them their true selves and revise what they do accordingly and this goes all the way back to fourth century even fifth century BC with Isocrates writing letters to Philip to Alexander and so forth telling him and and Cypriot kings and so forth advising them how they should use philosophical insight in order to govern better there's also the episode of Plato and Dionysus a prince from Sicily in Syracuse I don't have time to go into the details of that story but to make a long story short didn't go very well didn't end very well then there's Aristotle's advising a tyrant named Hermaeus and then his taking over the tutoring of Alexander when he was Alexander the small before he was Alexander the great and then there's this example of Seneca and Nero and then there are many many subsequent examples that we could discuss taking us well into the 20th century 21st century actually and you know the outcome of this is that basically it doesn't go well you'd think that philosophers advising politicians would be a good idea but sometimes the advice is misguided and so and is taken and it doesn't go well and sometimes the advice is taken and doesn't go well but the general outcome is that it doesn't seem to go very well and that in it in and of itself is both a political and a philosophical problem I mean it stems back to this argument that Plato makes that there will be no end of ills for mankind unless either kings become philosophers or philosophers are made into kings and the problem is that this is never accomplished the kings don't spend enough time studying philosophy so they don't become philosophers and certainly philosophers are never elevated to the status of being kings exceptions to that include Marcus Aurelius who was a practicing stoic and emperor and then the later emperor Julian who turned back the association of Rome with Christianity and wondered it to be very much more inspired by classical philosophy especially the philosophy of Plato Aristotle and so on now as I said we can't concentrate on or even figure out something as clear as what happened with Seneca's death so in a philosophical mode we have to concentrate on his works and he has a rather large corpus of works that include not just philosophical works but include several other kind of work he wrote a bunch of actual tragedies all of these are nine of these survived he also wrote several philosophical works which we problematically call dialogues or essays I'll explain why that's problematic not all of his philosophical work survived but a substantial number of them do he also wrote three works of consolation designed to take somebody who's suffering from some form of emotional distress and use a kind of as it were cognitive behavioral therapy to relieve that distress and relieve that emotional pain he also wrote as I mentioned earlier a hundred and twenty four moral letters addressed to edify a particular person named Lucilus he wrote seven books on physics those are the natural questions he wrote a satire that most people think he actually was the author of although some people doubt that Seneca was the author of it so we call it a dubious work finally there are spurious works that somebody created and fabricated a bunch of letters that Seneca is supposed to have exchanged with the Apostle Paul because Seneca's brand of stoicism was considered congenial to Christianity and in fact when Christianity which had no philosophical basis was looking for some philosophical basis for its ethics the first stage that it did was try to take over stoic ethics and incorporated stoic ethics and if you want to know something about Christian ethics you need to study stoic ethics but somebody took this a step further and said no he actually was a Christian and he actually engaged in exchanges of letters with early leaders of the Christian church and they fabricated letters to this effect and though they're spurious it's interesting to think about Seneca's legacy in connection with them so these are the dubious and spurious works I've already said enough about those satirical work a tragedy and these letters with Paul here's the Greek tragedies which we do attribute them to him so this is a really important aspect of Seneca that will say almost nothing about that he's an extremely important ancient tragedy and people talk about his influence on later tragedies and later traumatic works such as those of Shakespeare also there have been two books written about how his tragic works relate to his philosophical works both of those students and earlier versions of this class wrote reports up on which you can read in the collection of reports if you're interested in that aspect of his thought further here are the so-called essays or dialogues we don't know how to classify them exactly yeah Laura well partly it is their uncompromising philosophy and saying things like that they're indifferent to death they're indifferent pain they're also indifferent to life and indifferent to pleasure and so you know that looks like a really hard to find philosophy and when we read the Greek philosophers that's the impression we get they're not even like the you know Aristotle or Plato or these academic philosophers who say that virtue is really important and outshines everything else but of course there is there is something good about being healthy about being beautiful about being fit and things like that and that actually is a kind of good and of course there is something good about having wealth and having a living in a stable country and things like that Stoics say no none of that is relevant at all to virtue so that looks like a really radical almost unbelievably radical version of the philosophy we saw Cicero's criticisms of it like that the Seneca is actually taking to be not as radical of a Stoic for several reasons one of them is that he actually combines epicureanism and think the things that epicureanism is valid to a certain extent and for a certain purposes and that's something we see in what we read today in making use of epicureanism somehow so that doesn't look like hardcore hard-carrying stoicism another thing is that Seneca's almost entire emphasis everything he's addressing is to people who are not sages and who need to make moral progress himself in the first case but also Lucilus who he addresses in the various addresses of these philosophical works these aren't these he's not addressing Chrysippus and working on Stoic theory he's addressing real people living hard lives and he's talking about them making moral progress something we don't find Greek Stoic philosophers talking a lot about in Greek philosophers say hey moral progress is irrelevant whether you're at the bottom of the ocean or an inch from the surface you drown meaning if you're if you're not a perfect sage who has wisdom then you don't have any of the virtues and therefore you have all of the vices and you're completely ignorant whereas we find Stoic a Seneca talking a lot more about the stage where you're learning you're getting better you're diminishing your vices but you're not yet a sage so Seneca is a hardcore guy in terms of these telling you things that seem like you know all focus on your death every day focus on how you're dying every day and so forth but there's a way of looking at him is sort of watering down Stoicism in a way watering it down in a very dangerous way in fact a way that's open to certain Epicurean views okay but just an overview of these works on anger which will read for next week giving very practical cognitive behavioral therapeutic advice on how to deal with the emotion of anger on the shortness of life on the firmness of the wise person on clemency or on mercy we're addressed to Miro on the happy life we're discussing today which is addressed to his brother Gallio a work on leisure addressed to his friend Serenis closely related work on tranquility of the mind also addressed to Serenis seven books very substantial books on benefits or on doing favors to people and then a work on providence which is addressed to Lucilus who is also the address of the moral matters yeah so and on anger and on tranquility of mind he simply starts with you know like theories and then he has a practices yeah for you know putting much into your life for a common theme and most of these yes because he wants them to be works of practical philosophy and of course practical philosophy only makes sense and succeeds if people actually live better lives again we don't want to know theory of how to live better we want to live better we don't want to know a theory about what anger is we want to find out a way a means of controlling anger okay we don't want to have a theory about what death is we want to figure out how we should die and what would make our death a good one but his method is very much to as you say begin with a theoretical approach begin with some definitions of it and then get into more and more closer practical advice about how these theories could actually be implemented in your in your life okay so there's a theory about what mercy or clemency is and then there are specific recommendations about how near a lot to be using it in his own case and so on so it is very much a combination of theory and practice and not mere theory the constellations say more about when we get to them but there are three of them and they are addressed to different people and for different purposes interestingly two of them are addressed to women so we get more interaction with women and philosophical interaction with women taking women very seriously they're every bit as philosophical apparently as men


If here is any time we have a Mohawk Valley topic or a speaker who's born and raised in Mohawk Valley, we sort of fill up this place and just nobody called the fire inspector. I'm very pleased to introduce our speaker, Dr. Charles Gary, but most many of you probably know him as Charlie. Gary was born in Fort Plain, so he told me that as he was born right in Fort Plain, he graduated from VMI, majoring in German. He spent some time in Freiburg University in Germany. He completed his doctoral work in German linguistics. Indiana University where he specialized in Netherlandic studies. He came to Albany in the 1960s. He teached German at SUNY Albany and worked summers at four o'clock. He did not get tenure at SUNY Albany, which was SUNY's lost, but history is gained, I think. He started working on a New Netherlands project in the State Library in 1974. That project was to translate the many of Dutch colonial records that were housed in the Library and later in the State Archives. In 1978, the New Netherlands project received a grant from the National Endowment for Humanities and received a follow-up grant for many years after that. He was not the founder of the New Netherlands Institute and he is director of the New Netherlands Research Center, which is supported by the Institute in partnership with the New York State Office of Cultural Education and the parent agency of the State Library and State Archives. In 1994, Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands conferred a Dutch knighthood for the Order of the Orange Nassau on the Fort Plain native of Charles Gary. I don't know if you've heard of Charles, but that's a good one. Charlie has worked on Dutch records for almost 50 years. That's what I think. One year minus 50. One year minus 50. Charlie is also a long-term resident of the town of New Scotland, proud resident of the town of New Scotland, and an Iceman member. So, please welcome Dr. Charles Gary. Thank you, Alan. Is it coming through back there? Yeah. Okay, good. First of all, what's that picture on the screen? Good question. I wrote the title. The caption got cut off for some reason, but it's over here. I'm holding it with ice, which means gulf on the ice. And in 1650, one of the scholars got arrested for stabbing someone in the tavern because the other party was backing out on a debt that they... a bet that they had made. So we know that at least it goes back to 1650. There's a regulation in the records that I translate. And in fact, they have a copy of it in the Fort Orange Club, where in 1656 it was prohibited to play golf in the streets of all... in the streets of Baverback, because too many windows were getting broken. Too many people were getting hurt.  They were filled with horse hair and stitched together with copper, copper thread. And they were formidable. The heads of the golf clubs were made out of lead. I think people are finding these and they don't know what they are. They're like a large iron for a golf club. It was attached to a wooden pole. If you ever find one in your backyard digging around, let me know. We haven't found them so far. There's not going to be any blood this month. The last time you were here was a battle of arriscony and there was a lot of trouble going on. And this will be quite different, I think. How many of you are from this area? I should have said how many of you are not. I figured that would be the case. I'm going to talk about some details anyway, whether you like it or not. Meaning the background. I definitely want you to understand why the Dutch were here in the first place. There's one thing when I give a talk like this. I ask if anybody knows this word. Is there anybody here who knows Winkle Park? Does that ring a bell in Winkle Park? It's a corner rip. Exactly. And I usually get one person. And it's usually a man and not a woman. But women, my mother used to have to mend them.  Not always, but... And that's a Winkle Park. And it's the name for a Carpenter Square. The Big Mountain Carpenter Square. It's a Winkle Park in Dutch. So we have at least one person who has remembered that. We still use it when I was growing up in the Mohawk Valley. Back in the 50s, I was always getting... We had a farm. I lived in Nelliston in the little village across the river from Fort Plain. And there was a farm actually right in the center of the village across the street from us. And he had pastures and a lot of our water. And we were always out flying in his fields. There were a lot of Dutch in the Mohawk Valley as well as Palatine Germans. I come from the town of Palatine. So you know that this is going to be a mostly German area. But if you go a little bit east down the river, you find a lot more Dutch. In the Amsterdam area, Fonda, for example, is named after a Dutch family. When I was there, Jane Fonda came and gave a vital to a local library in Fonda that went back to the Dutch period. I grew up with a lot of bands. There was a fundskijk, as we pronounced in Van Schoenck, the way it was pronounced in Nelliston. It's pronounced in various ways. They were across the street from us, just down the street. It was a Van Halstein. The local tavern in this village of 600 was a van Vechten. And there were a lot of other bands that I couldn't come up with. Is there a Van Halstein here? Do you know where that comes from? I thought it was from King Wieldenstein where he separated his land. From where? It was from 936 when King Otto separated his land among his children and they named it Wieldenstein. No. That's a good story. But it comes from... This is Holstein in Germany. Oh, is this Holstein? And I have a document where the name Van Halstein appears twice, once with an H and once spelled with an A. And it's the same person. Well, the first band came over that were from Ben Alstein. It was not of Ben Alstein. It was John Mortens. He came over in 1652. 1652, yeah. And so I don't know... Yeah, that would be later. This is the original Ben Alstein that I think came over. Well, it wasn't of Ben Alstein. It worked as kind of a red-sword's bag. Yeah. It wasn't of Ben Alstein. It was John Mortens. We'll talk some more about this, but this... There were a group of islands here called Ulster-Riesland. And there was a tsunami that wiped out one of these islands. Killed like 10,000 people, killed all the livestock, salted the ground for generations. And the people that managed to escape ended up over here. And then they migrated down and then eventually into the Netherlands. We have five or six families, a couple of twins, in fact, who came from that area. We have all the sea in Germany going up to Denmark, that area. Yeah. Yeah. There's a Ben Alstein graveyard across from my house on Meadowmill Road. It's one of those names that people have been puzzled over because the age was dropped. And if you look up in a dictionary of place names, and those place names in the 17th century, you're not going to find them all stopped. But you have to look for... It's actually a Holstein, is what they're writing. But that's one of the problems that you run into. Genealogists from the West who find out they have touch with their ancestors, they eventually get down to the 17th century and they hit a brick wall. They cannot have any relationship to their ancestors at that point because of the naming system. And we're going to talk about that in a little while. Is there going to choose... The Dutch who were in... It was funny when I was a kid. We had a lot of Germans, Italians, a lot of refugees from World War II. And I knew what their story was, pretty much, but I didn't know what the band's story was. Why did you have all of these Ben Alsteins and Vestens and so forth? And I remember somebody telling me, oh, they've always been here. They're old Dutch. This is the way they put it. And they've always been here. They came from the east from down in Albany in that area. So I always had this feeling about this mystical place, almost like Oz, down at the end of the Low Park River. And it was years before I actually got there to find out what it was all about. But they had a special meaning to me for a long period of time. Now, why the Dutch? This is the size of the Netherlands. We all know New York pretty well. You know how long it takes to get from, let's say, Plattsburg to Binghamton. That would be like going from Croningen to Middleburg in the Netherlands. This is the present state of affairs in the Netherlands right now. There was a bit bigger. This is like seven provinces. There were 17 provinces altogether. And the 10 in the South stayed Catholic and stayed in Spain. The seven above formed their own country, United provinces. Now, there's a story behind all of this. This is a young couple.  He's just put a ring on her finger that has a diamond in it. Supposedly this was the first diamond engagement ring ever recorded in case you liked those details like that. And you can actually see it if you get up close and put a magnifying glass on it. That's Mary. It was that small. She had small hands. She's Mary of Burgundy. Her father just got killed in a battle, and she was the only heir. So she inherited the province of Burgundy and most of what was the Netherlands at that time, the Low Countries at that time. And of course she becomes, and she's single. She's 20 years old. And she is the most eligible Bachelorette in Europe at that time. And there's a tremendous competition to marry her, especially the French are very intent on marrying her because they want Burgundy. Whoever marries Mary gets the Low Countries. Well, it's Maximilian who wins out. He's the Archduke. And Prince, actually Prince of the Habsburg family at that time. And he eventually becomes Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. So the provinces of the Netherlands opposed into the House of Habsburg. And if you know anything about the House of Habsburg, they have a global empire at this time. They have South America. They have Indonesia. They have interests around the globe. And suddenly the Netherlands is a part of all of that. They become an international, they have international interests almost overnight not because of this wedding. What's the date of that? 1477, August 19th actually. I don't know why I remember this. This is what Europe looked like at that time. The Holy Roman Empire. And you see that both crosses the Spanish branch of the Habsburg family. They have Spain. They don't have Portugal yet. But they also have the Low Countries now. And the German branch of the Habsburg family has that strip right where you see Vienna. And you notice the Ottoman Empire. This is what everybody in Europe was concerned about at this time. They were intent on taking Vienna. In fact, in 1529 they almost did. Except for incessant rain, they put a damper on their invasion and on their supply lines and so forth. Suleiman had notified Ferdinand who was the Archduke in control of Vienna at that time that I plan on having breakfast in your palace in a couple of days. Well, after a couple of months they eventually had to withdraw and turn in Suleiman. Your breakfast is getting cold. At least we know they had a sense of humor back then. That's an actual quote. Weren't there British royals wanting to marry into the Habsburg? Yes. Henry VIII was always in the background trying to maneuver people into that relationship so that they could get control of certain territory. So the Netherlands is part of the Habsburg Empire. They become acquainted with overseas routes. Stuff is coming out of the Far East. The spice trade and gold and silver coming out of South America. They become part of this for about 100 years. But as with most things, it doesn't last. The Reformation breaks out. The Calvinist Protestants start taking over large areas of the Low Countries. And the response of the Spanish Habsburgs is to put down or to force them to relent. More people are hanged in the Low Countries than any other place because of their refusal to relent. And it becomes a very nasty situation. And the other thing is the Spanish also raised taxes to support their armies that are confronting Spain or confronting France and the Ottoman Empire. These two things, political and religious, pushes the Dutch to revolt against the Habsburgs. It goes on for 80 years. When they had a war, it lasted a little longer. Simply because there were certain seasons that actually fought, like the winter or in the dark or whatever. So it did last until 1648. During this time, the Dutch have to survive. They no longer can depend upon that part of the Habsburg Empire that's bringing all kinds of goods in. It would become sort of the warehouse of the Habsburgs. Stuff would be brought in from around the globe, warehouse or finished off in the Netherlands and then transported into the Baltic trade to England and then into the Mediterranean. So this all was lost when the Dutch revolted. It gives you an idea of what they were able to establish. These are Dutch trade rooms after the revolt. They especially took over areas that belonged to Portugal at the time. Portugal wasn't quite as strong as the Spanish Habsburgs and they were able to take over a lot of the islands in Indonesia at the time and develop their own spice trade. An English historian by the name of Jonathan Israel, he wrote a book called The Dutch Republic. It's about a thousand pages. Everything you ever wanted to know about the Dutch history. But he is very interested in complementary about the Dutch and their ability to put together a trade route around the world. When you think of it, the Dutch only had a million and a half people at that time. Trans England, the Holy Roman Empire, they were eight, nine, ten times the size of the Netherlands. They had more resources than the low countries, I should say. The only resource that the Dutch had was water. That was the only thing they could depend on. They had three river systems running into their, or emptying into the Atlantic by the North Sea. And that was all that they could depend on. He says, except for Britain, after 1780, no one power in history ever achieved so great a preponderance over the processes of world trade as did the Dutch in the 17th century. So that's what we're dealing with. We're not dealing with people on wooden shoes and making chocolate or whatever. This is a serious group of people and they had put together a global empire. It was probably the first empire beyond the hashbergs upon which the sun never set. The English are obsessed to take over what the Dutch had. And they're so preoccupied with some of their own civil wars and so forth that the Dutch are able to put this commercial empire together. They build a ship that becomes the caring trade ship of the world at that time. It's called a flout. The flout has a very simple rigging system. They're able to reduce the size of a crew by 33%, which saves any merchant a lot of money. And so these ships become the caring trade around the world at that time. The Dutch were not just sending stuff from, let's say, Indonesia back to the Netherlands. They were using their ships to trade, let's say from Japan to China, China to India, Persia to Sri Lanka or so on. They had this international trade in the Far East that was bringing them a lot of money. And they had the Bank of Amsterdam that was formed in 1609. It was the most trusted financial system at that time. And you could trade like this, and your money would be guaranteed if it was done through the Bank of Amsterdam. In 1609, there was a truce right in the middle of the 80 years war, and Hudson, who was looking for a trade room, was looking for a trade room in the North. This is a very interesting story. There have been many attempts to come around this way. Today you can do it. The Dutch, the English, especially the Dutch and the English have tried many times in 1590, 1596, Velom Berenza and another ship. They made it this far. This is Novaya Zambla, which means new land in Russia. The ship got marooned here. The ice started pushing in under the ship and it went up like out of pedestal. And they had to climb out of the ship in order to survive the winter. This was like in late August, early September, and they had to build a house on Novaya Zambla to survive the winter. They were being attacked by pole bears, and there was an artist aboard the ship, and he made drawings of all of this. They didn't have a camera, of course, but the next best thing is to do good, detailed drawings. If you look in my newsletter, the new... I can't remember the name of the railroad newsletter. There are lots of other couriers. We don't do that anymore, but you can find it online. I've got all of his drawings published. They managed to get out of the column in June and get down into Russia and make it back to the Netherlands. Barons dies along the way, but they name the sea after the Barons sea. Hudson never does find a route to the Far East. He gets about this far off the coast of Norway, runs into very heavy seas, and the crew is on the verge of mutiny. This is Hudson in the half moon. And Hudson says, well, I'm supposed to go back to Amsterdam. In his contract, it says, if you can't make your way further east, come back here. Do not go any other way. Which he ignored completely and ended up here. And so it was once by accident that Duneville actually fell into Dutch hands. Much to the dismay of the English, who are sitting out here on the shelf of New England. And down here, I'll show you a minute of the problem, is here's the way to the west, is down the St. Lawrence, or up the Hudson and up the Mohawk, to the Great Lakes. The Cumberland Gap isn't discovered on Daniel Boone, actually, until 1751. So it's the French and the Dutch who have control of the beaver trade. They form a colony. It's actually a province. It becomes a province of the Dutch, of the Republic, of the Dutch Republic. It's not a colony. It has provincial status. But you see they have control of three river systems. This is the Delaware, it's very important because it protects this conduit and this corridor to the west. The English fairly soon take over the Fresh River. This is the North River, the South River, and the Fresh River. They didn't name it the Hudson River, too much for you. I heard the tugboat and still call it the North River. That's right. They still call it North Creek up in the Adirondack. Yeah, yeah. Now, with all of this happening, the Dutch bring over all of their styles of living, architectural styles, and way of agriculture and pretty much take control of things for a good portion of the 17th century. The artifacts below ground are still being dug up. If you put a shovel in the ground anywhere and all of them, you're going to hit the Dutch village. It's down there. It's still there. They will tell you that, no, it couldn't possibly be because there was a hotel on this site. You couldn't buy anything if you went down any further. This is what they were saying to the key corp, exactly that. And sure enough, you went down just a little bit. In fact, somebody on a Sunday afternoon dug down a little bit and found the second alms house. And it disturbs local developers because they had to stop working or they had to argue to keep on schedule. So all of these artifacts that were eventually dug up, especially in that corner of Fort Orange in the 1970s, they all belong to the New York State Museum now. And they're on display. If you go to the museum in the west side, there's a exhibit on Fort Orange and a lot of the artifacts that were dug up. The Krylo Museum across the river also has a lot of the best stuff. And I encourage you to go there as well. But that's underground. What about above ground? That's what we're here today for. And you have archeological detritus and you also have linguistic detritus. And what I've been dealing with for many years is trying to find the words and phrases that have survived like Winkle Talk. Besides the place names and besides the family names, how many of you knew Dick King? There's got to be somebody. I know Mark King is here. He's not going to admit it. I ran into, in fact, I ran into him at I think your engagement party. Yeah. He was sitting right next to me and he wanted to know what I did.  And he started giving me these phrases and so forth. And after that, whenever I saw him, he was usually in the grocery store, he would track me down in one of the aisles. I've got some new words for him. Of course, I never had anything to write a down word. And when I did have something, he wasn't there. But he had some interesting phrases, some x-ray did. What other words are there? You're familiar, of course, with the cookie. Stu. Boss comes from Dutch bass. And along at in New York Dutch, it comes in awe. Very uniform. How many of you know what a dover is? How many of you go fishing? Do you use that term? I've heard it. You've heard it, yeah. I went fishing once in my life with my cousin. And I was just going to throw the book in. He says, well, you've got to put a dover on the line. Otherwise, I'm just going to the box. And it's a quote. But we called it a dover. And that's approach work. I caught a fish right away. I'm very squeaky about animals. I heard an animal even a fish had turned up. And I never went again. That's another story. To play hooky. To go around the corner. To hide around the corners. To play hooky.  How many of you have eaten a peach? And what's that thing in the middle of a peach? A pit. A stone is English. And in American English, it's a pit. A peach pit. It's directly from the Dutch. And of course we've all had coleslaw, which is coleslaw. There's that ivy coming off. Coleslaw, which simply means cabbage salad. Does anybody have any other words? Any Dutch words? Or something odd that you may want to know? I'm going to talk about that. How about flowers? Part of bloom. Part of bloom and Florida lease. The flowers. Queenie and Slase. And I can't remember if the other one's dandelion. Yeah. There's a corn flower too. I think that probably is. That blue flower you see along the road. So I was that. Chickery. Chickery. Chickery. Yeah. Yeah. One of the reasons we're here. I had visitors. And they had driven up from the city. On the throughway. And they passed that sign. Norman's killed. And that's the first thing they asked me was. Some Norman's killed here. What's the story behind that? And I said, well.  And I didn't know. And I figured they were probably thrown off because it had two l's on. Which means nothing to close. I would be a shortfall anyway with it. Double I or one on. And in Dutch it's K I L. And I told them that it's a Dutch word. And they looked at me again. I said, I didn't know what I was talking about. I said, have you been to the city? I said, I've been to the city. I said, I've been to the city. I said, have you been to Zeewa? Yes. Have you been to Slavskil? Oh, yeah. Yeah, that's a kill. Have you been to Dordrecht? Have you been to Dordskil? There are two place names surviving in the Netherlands with kill. For some reason the Dutch who came over here. Adopted that. And adapted it to any kind of waterway. And it doesn't matter whether it's an estuary. Or whether it's a creek. There's a. There's a stream near Alplos. Outside of Schenectady. And it's called Pannekekeleche. Pannekekeleche.  And there are killages all over the place. But the Dutch would never use that because an estuary is big. And an estuary means it's tidally activated. It flows both ways. Like the Hudson River. It's a four foot. Increase in the Albany area in water. And level of water. I've counted on county maps. For New York. Mostly for the Mohawk and Hudson Valley. 110 kills. That's just on present day county maps. If you look at maps in the 19th century and 17th century, you're going to find more. Because they simply, either those kills haven't been represented or they've dried up or they've been paved over or whatever. But you're going to find probably three times as many kills. It's something that we have only here. The South Africans, the Outer Connors, did not use kill. They used creak, creak and buck and jake, but not kill. Why? I have no idea. That's the most difficult question in linguistics. Because why? Why did that happen? Why did the first sound shift, the Germanic sound shift? People have been debating that for centuries. There's usually no answer or no response. The other word was a fly. Fly is for lie, but lie. Not fly, but for lie. For lie. As there was voicing in the V, but in English there was a skull that has an F. Again, I was out near Cooper's Town once, and there's a little community there called Fly Creek. And I asked them a little time, probably in the bar or whatever. Fly Creek, he said, I used to be a lot of flies. Unlike other places. And that's usually the case with entomologies. Especially if it's somebody from the area where you don't know why that name is given. They're so embarrassed not to know that they'll make something out of it, not spurred at all. And that's very common. Yes? The V's in Dutch pronounced with an F, like they are in German. The V, it has a slight voicing. It's not a F, but it's a V. It's very subtle, but it is very close, very close to the Germans. Is Fly, the V, L, Y, Creek on the border of New Scotland, and Yolen? Yes, it's called Cervories though. That would have been originally Fly though. And what does it mean originally? What does it mean? A swamp or a valley? Well, it's not a valley. Would you repeat a valley? A name, a marsh, a marsh or a swamp, where you've got salt hanging out of these feet. Well, the other name I didn't mention, we have adopted from Dr. Kaboos, which you don't have on trains anymore. It's a combase. And in Afrikaans, it is the word for kitchen. So they've taken it as a railroad meaning and adopted it for planting the house. Combase. Kaboos. What other names do we have? The ones that are most familiar to us of what we can see or can see every day. And one of them is the Helderbergs. Now why the Helderbergs? Heller. Heller back in. What? Heller, originally Heller right now. Yeah, yeah, the clear mountains. The Helder, it's a comparative, when you have a comparative of Hel in Dutch, you don't say Helder, Helder. You say Helder, you put a DM. So it means the clear mountains. And I have created an artistic masterpiece. Can you see this? This is the North River. This is North, going this way. And the maps were actually oriented that way in the 17th century. Step up and down. This is Fort Orange. This is the escarpment. And this is the Catskills. Now my office in the Cultural Education Center looked right out of this. I see the clear days. I see the Catskills. On unclear days, I can see the escarpment, but not Catskills. So I'm convinced that when somebody was on the port, on the bastion of the port, some days they could see the Catskills, and on the days not. And this also goes for this configuration. This is Broadway. This is Broadway. And this is the River Road. And this is State Street. Now there was a term. I probably shouldn't write this down. I'll do it. There was a name for Albany. This is under the English now. They kept the old word for Albany, or for Weberbank, which was bag. Bag, which means a hoop net in Dutch. And the hoop net was usually tied here. Then you had another little net going in with the whole fish would go in and couldn't get back out again. So it's this type of configuration we're talking about. Dutch use this term all over the world for anything that has a narrow opening that goes into something broad, something wider. If you go to Cape Cod, right at the tip of Cape Cod, you have an entrance into that inner waterway. And the Dutch called it Pact Bay. On an old Dutch map, it's Pact Bay. There's a place on Curacao, Sponsor of Odder. This is the coastal end of Curacao, Sponsor of Odder. This is called Pact, this entrance. So it's a small... I've never even given this to a newspaper reporter. I was afraid that it would be misspelled. It comes out in the English as Pact, Pact. This A in Dutch, this UI or UYA, becomes an I, like a stylus and phosphor. It's not styluson, which should be styluson phosphor. It should be a diphthong. You can tell them you have children about that. Stone of Arabia, how many have you been to Stone of Arabia? I come from just two miles from there. I'm Pact, my sister lives in Stone of Arabia. There are all kinds of stories about the meaning of Stone of Arabia. It's a Dutch word, it's a Dutch place name. It appears, and where Lansingburg is now in Troy, is the Stain of Arabia. It's originally called Stain of Arabia. There are Stain of Rabis, or Stain of Rabis in New Jersey. There's one etched on the cornerstone of a house, Stain of Rabi. There's a Stain of Rabi road in Omeon, and it means stony turnips. Little stony turnips. Now why is that? Because if you've been a farmer, you know what you're doing, you're spraying this picking stone. We were right on the edge, right on the edge of the Mohawk River. And every spring we had to get the stone boat out and hooked it with a chain to the tractor and go through this, especially this one field. I was hoping that it would get sold or developed or something. But we took tons of stone out. It just kept popping up. And usually like that, size of a baby's head, maybe. And this is a term the Dutch had encountered this in the Netherlands. They had great alluvial soil there. You didn't have to pick stone. Like you did here. Stone was all ground up as the glacier retreated to the north. And there must be a mile deep on either side of the Mohawk River. We all know Baberbeek. Cadskill. Cadskill isn't named after a cat. I noticed a couple of years ago they put cats heads out of the parking meters. They have like a cover here, imitated a cat. And there's nothing wrong with that. The cat refers to the Indian chief who was in charge in that area at the time. It was very early. It was like in the 1620s. His name was mentioned. And that name survives in the various place names in that area. With a K, right? It doesn't matter. A C and a K were interchangeable. And for some reason the Dutch preferred the C. I've transcribed thousands of documents and I swear there aren't many capital caves. And they'll usually put a C for some reason. Again, I don't know a lot of it. A teaneck. We'll go a little bit further south. Teaneck, New Jersey. It's the teamed and neck of the Hackensack River. So there must be nine other streams flowing into the Hackensack River. But there was right where that comes in. It forms a neck through the Hackensack River. And that village is called Teamed and Neck. Tenvele is another Dutch name. Tenvele. At the swamp or at the lowland or at the Uraast. Arthur Kiln. Arthur is Achter in Dutch. Achter is behind the Kiln. In other words, it's the Kiln that goes behind Staten Island. Between Staten Island and New Jersey. Kinderhoek. This is, Kinderhoek is interesting. You have navigational maps. Here's the North River. And you have on the map, certain points. This is how they knew where they were when they were coming north out of the river or going south. This could be Kinderhoek. And I think this is Milton Hoek. But in between, you have a rock. This is a hook. It's from the Dutch 17th century Dutch way. A hook. And a rock. This is the distance between those two points. Some of the islands in the river served as points and rocks. You would be at a certain island. And you would know where it was in reference to the other points on the navigational chart. But all down the river, you have points. You have hooks and rocks. A long rock. It was on the map in the 1840s. And it shows the bank with like a clay bank that's been scalloped. And it looks like a clover. And that's where the name for clover came from. So that would be perfect for a navigator. They look off to the right. And there's a four-leaf or three-leaf clover. And you know right where you are. Kinder book was a bit of a problem. People have tried to explain it well when they first came up here. They saw children waiting to be placed. They're not always going to appear when they're seated. And only that one bunch of kids in that one spot. I said what they probably saw were stones. The look in the distance looked like kids standing on the bank. And that was accepted by the Mariners at that time. Or their navigational. What about wine and spill? I think it's a family name. I'm not sure. I know where it is. But I don't think it has a good etymology. What's a kiln? A butcher? A butcher kiln. A butcher is like a shop. Alcohol. And that's near Lord Norris. Lord Norris. I'll check on wine names. It is a typical Dutch name. It is a typical Dutch family name. It is a typical Dutch family name. Oh, okay. Thank you. It's a name. Wine. Yeah. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. a J. So that's where that IJ comes from. In Dutch, it's simply a good problem-guidation of a long bow. What's that? Ganskort is a goose. And the fort would be like the fort. Like Krakkoort. I can't hear you. Waterfleet. But that's a place named in the Netherlands. It appears in South Africa as well by Herfleet. And it's interesting that we pronounce it the way they pronounce it in the 17th century. With an epithetic vowel. We don't say about Herfleet. We say water. And that's a true 17th century convention. It allows you to move from one sound to another without injury to your vocal cords. It's believed. If somebody says a water of bleed to you, you know they're not from here. There's a village in the Netherlands called Birveleet. Birveleet? Isn't that who he was? He's the guy who started the herring industry. That's what they do there. It was a secret for a long period of time. They have a statue in the village to this guy. I've never been there. My great-great-somebodies were born there. He's the one who said you have to gut the fish at sea and put them in a prime solution, a salt solution. And you have to keep one element of the internal organs intact because that'll preserve the fish the longest. It was a chemical reaction. And he's the one who, Birveleet, he's the one who... Yeah, I wasn't going to bring that up. He got a commendation from the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He went to Birveleet and honored him and erected a statue because the herring industry was the industry in the Netherlands at that time. It still is a big industry. They still produce a lot of herring. There's wheat leaves. It's just a flow, just a water flow. Nothing to do with a wheat or a foam? No, no. No, no, no wheat or ships or anything. No, it's just a flow, a water flow. I've got to...this will be the final thing. I'm glad I could. I won't have to write this whole thing down. You see this name? talking about family names and so forth. This guy, John Hendricks, appeared in court many times. I'm not going to go through all of his problems, but he was prompted justice. And he appeared with various parts of his anatomy, and his profession, and his origin. And he was driving the English crazy, because they couldn't figure out who he was. Because every time he appeared in court, he would have a different name with John Hendricks. Sometimes it would be Jan Rotar, Rotar's red hair, on Salzbeck. Salzbeck is a German community near the Dutch border. And Tenenland is a carpenter. So John was the name of his paternal grandfather, most likely. You know how they had the naming system. Your first son was named after your paternal grandfather, your first daughter after the maternal grandmother. Then the second son would be named after the maternal grandfather and so forth. So you had this inner weaving of names. So we know that his father was, his grandfather was John. And his father was Hendrick. So you have Jan Hendrickson. SC is just a sound. You know the term, the Vida-Litzit, V-I-Z, meaning with respect to or, namely, V-I-Z. You don't have to put a dot after it, because the Z stands for that. People insist on putting a dot there. And they tell you, don't put a dot, because people stop reading when they see that dot and they stumble over it. I said, it doesn't need a dot. And so we know that Jan Hendrickson had red hair, was from Germany, and was a carpenter. And in 1687, the English required everybody to adopt. A surname, a family name that would be passed on to the children so that they would avoid this type of problem. There's another name I neglected to look it up. But there are like five kids involved, and each one of them sort of adopts a different name. This is the brick wall of genealogists brought into it when they get to the Dutch of the Hudson Valley or the Mohawk Valley. You need confirmation then from other sources, and it's a major problem. If you're interested in more words in the American language that's words, this is a friend of mine, Niko Leena van de Sij, just came out. She didn't have Winklehawk in her book. So she put it in her book. But she's got a lot of words that you would not expect to be Dutch in this book. And each one has a little history with it. And it's very nice of them, I highly recommend it. And Bailey is a classic on the Dutch family name system in New York and New Jersey. And I think of one more thing, Greenbush. Greenbush. It's Krenavos, Krenavos, Pinebush, Pinewoods. Kren is a Dutch pine, not the color green. When the English saw it, it's Krenavos written, because the Dutch would sometimes write with two E's, even though it was an open cell of a little bit. And they would think it was green. Green Island is Krenavos, and it's Pine Island. The only one place they got it right was Pine Dills. Does the bush mean anything in Dutch? It's a bush. A bush is a bush, a wood. That's awesome. Yeah. Good. Yes. Have you ever heard the word seller lock? Yes, that's a Dick Hain word. That's one of the words he told the seller lock. You know those shutters on Dutch windows, those big, heavy shutters that you can lock in place? He said they used to use those shutters for an outdoor seller, and they called it a seller lock. The shutters called it a lock. And yeah, that's interesting. Did you know Dick Hain? No, I didn't, but my grandmother knew that word. And my other grandmother came recently from Holland. And so she knew both of those words were Dutch. It was just a common language in our family. Yeah, well, that's great. I had somebody care for it.  Yes. I assume it's a thicket. Thickets are small. Yeah, it's a thicket that wood, a undergrowth or a growth of wood after you've clear caught and you start getting all of that scrabbly wood intertwined and so forth. It's the type of woods that Bill tried to wild boar like to run through. And yeah, it's a cripple bush is common. So currently, I work for the ACHA. I'm working on digitizing of the Allen family register. Cripple bush appears commonly the term that I've recently come across as luber on cripple bush, which I don't understand. Well, this one. Luber, L-U-B-B-E-R-T. That being said, the person who wrote it was not the woman who Dutch. And then they spelled it Luber. I don't know. Right. I don't know. It sounded to me that I'll see what I can call it. What portion of the Hudson province that was created, sort of shaped like the continent of Africa, was part of what portion of that province was. Rensselaer. Rensselaer is what? Yeah. What portion of that is Rensselaer-Rick and? Rensselaer's back is basically already in Rensselaer County. And a little bit of, in some, of Columbia County. And how is that? I understand that all of that was given to the patroon ships. Steven van Rensselaer. It was a way to deduct the grain and colt and the soap. And if you get all of it, who were the Steven van Rensselaer for the portion that went to Rensselaer? Yeah. It was all passed on to their heirs. And eventually it was bought out, I think. It lasted until after the Civil War. It was being handed down to the heirs. The heirs were renegated at that time. And the patroon ships were continued well after the Revolutionary War. Was anything in your own sonation against the patroon ships? It was all we want, just Rensselaer. All of the rest that had been proposed for patroon ships had all been bought out by the West Indies Company or by the Dutch. Because the people who had to invest in mostly directors of the West Indies Company, very wealthy individuals, they couldn't come up with the money. They had to send so many people over in such a period of time and set them up with the fire, the house, the fire. And then, pulling back, we just hasten back and covered us. Pulling back. And it was a very expensive operation. There was somebody else? Yes. Your boy. Your boy. Is that a Dutch? Yeah, yeah. Per woods. Per woods. Yeah. Yeah. I should have mentioned that. That's very obvious. Very obvious. Anything else? Did the English respect the patroon structure or did they take that apart and control the land themselves? They mainly turned it into a manner. And like politics would. And allowed people to settle or friends to make money off of it. It's a sordid business once the English pickover. Yeah. I don't think they're going to say English. Thank you. Thank you. I'm going to say it back, but I don't know how to say that. Are there any blessings here? No. I don't know. I'm so close to cramping up.