People have asked me about my whole, kind of my whole testimony and I've dripped a little bit here and dripped a little bit there. Well, I got an email about someone talking about faith and I don't want to share the person's name. I do want to kind of read a little bit of the email because this particular email, it is to me, I think, other folks can relate to this. Let me find the email. I don't know what I did with the email. It's in here. I did not delete the email. What did I do with this email? I had, there it is. There it is. Let me just read what this person said. She says, can you make a video? Is this, yeah, is a woman. Can you make a video? Because I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who is struggling with this. Okay, I've been steadfast in faith with trusting God from protecting me from COVID, never did take the shot and now I have COVID. I'm trying to see where did I go wrong in my faith or trusting God on protecting me from this virus. Or can you explain what does it mean to truly have faith in God? Because I know without faith, it is impossible to please God. So I'm confused. I thought trusting him and leaning and depending on him will keep me from this, which we have ever since it came out, but now I have it. I'm just trying to examine myself and see what I have done wrong. Now, let me say this. Let me tell you what faith does not do. Are you ready? Faith does not protect you from being harmed. Did you hear me? Faith does not protect you from COVID-19. Faith does not protect you from getting sick. Faith does not protect you from grandma dying or maw or paw dying. Faith does not protect you from your bills adding up. Faith does not protect you from having a bad day. Faith does not protect you from going through a storm. You know what faith does it also do? Faith doesn't guarantee that you will make it through the storm. There are people with a lot of faith who die in the storm. So what's the point and purpose of even having faith? Well, faith is like this. It's not that you will have to find a way out of the storm. Faith doesn't keep you from going through the storm. Faith doesn't guarantee you from coming out of the storm. With faith does it guarantees who's going to be in the storm with you. Are you with me? That's the whole point of faith. I want you all to recall Jesus in the boat with his disciples. In Mark chapter four, verse 35, it's on that day when evening had come, he said to them, let us go across the other side and leaving the crowd they took with them in the boat just as he was and other boats were with him. And a great windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boats were already filling. But he, that being Jesus was in the stern, asleep on the cushion and they woke him and said to him, teacher, do you not care that we are perishing? Look what he says. And he awoke and rebuked the wind and the sea and said to the sea, I'm sorry, peace, be still and the wind ceased and there was a great calm. He said to them, why are you so afraid? Have you still no faith? And they were filled with great fear and said to one another, who then is this that even the wind and the seas or some verse may say the wind and the waves obey? Can I tell you who he is? He's the creator of the wind, of the waves, of the sea. He's the creator of it all. And so all his whole point was guys, what are you tripping off of? I'm literally here, in this case, literally here with you. They marveled at what he can do forgetting what he has already done. Faith is remembering what he's done, what he's capable of doing, whether he does or not as the Hebrew boy says, whether he brings us out or not. We know he can. Whether he brings us through the storm or not, we know he can. Whether he will or not, doesn't matter anymore because faith is doing like Jesus was doing in the boat. Just relaxing. Just the fact that he's there. Do you have Christ as your savior? Well, then guess what? You're good. Whatever comes your way, you'll be good. Is it gonna always turn out the way you wanted to? Not always, no. Now, here's why I'm bringing this up. I've always been a person who no matter what I go through, I felt like I could make it out. And I've got a track record to say, Kory, you'll be able to make it out. You're gonna be okay. Let me tell you how I know. When I was born, the first day for me on this planet did not start off well. The first day that I was born, I almost died. Why? Because my father sold drugs, my mother used drugs and those drugs that she used were in my system. And so they had to keep me in the hospital for a while to get the drugs out of my system because I almost died a couple of times.  I didn't find this out until several years later, of course. The fact that it happened to me, now seeing it later, gave me great comfort to know that, hey, you know what, I'm tough. Now, I wasn't giving proper credit to who actually brought me out because at that time I was not a Christian. Now, life didn't get much better for me after that. We grew up in gang infested areas, high crime areas, always moving, just really bad. We grew up in an area where they were starting to turn cocaine in the free base, now it's crack or what have you. We saw that stuff. We used to make deliveries. We had two, two counter hits put out on us. One hit was so bad that we had to leave the state. We left Indianapolis and moved me walking for a while just so we can be safe. My mother did the best she could. Now, she made some bad decisions, some bad choices, but she was always going to defend us. And I'll never forget one day mama was crying and she said, when she was crying, I said, mama, are you okay? She said, yeah, I'm okay, I said, are you gonna be all right? She said, I'm gonna be all right because I have to be all right. And that kind of stuck with me that mama was gonna do what she had to do no matter what. And my mother was a fighter. My father was a fighter. When he got out of prison, he met some people. And my father, if anyone is old enough, they'll know who the name Jimmy Minor is in the state of Indianapolis. My father was in organized crime. He was the kind of guy that you just didn't, you know, you didn't mess with. You didn't do certain things because he may not get you, but other folks might come and get you. We live in some bad places. I mean, some real bad places. But God brought us through.  And their plan was to come through my room, then to my brother's room. It was the first time we ever had our own separate rooms. Do you know why when they came through the room, do you know why they didn't get me first? My mother startled them and got up with her, with her weapon and chased them out. She startled them. But I should have been dead first because it came through my room. Do you know why they didn't get me? I wasn't a Christian at the time, but there was a group of people called Youth for Christ and they would come through the neighborhoods and they would pick us up. And so this particular weekend, they came and got us and took us camping. And so we weren't there. And so when they came, when the guys came through because I was somewhere where God wanted me to be, they didn't kill me. My brother, he was with me too. Y'all excuse me. He was with me too. I didn't realize the magnitude of that or what God was doing, how he had his hand on me and my family at that time. But I do now. So my mother couldn't take care of me. She didn't have enough money. So she sent me back to stay with my father. My father was my, he's my dude, my man. Now he's passed away. My father was in organized crime. He knows some people. He knows some people. I mean, when I say some people, the lowest to the highest. The Marion County prosecutor, the mayor who became the person, the point person of George Bush's office of faith based initiative, Goldsmith. Goldsmith, I can't remember his name. What's on the first name basis was my father because he kept trying to prosecute my father. My father had IRS debts of 100,000, 80,000, 150,000 to him. And I know this because I saw the letters and I'm thinking, okay, he owes this amount of money. I didn't realize what that kind of money was until later. Like daddy owed that kind of money. Well, he was also a fighter. He taught me that you don't make excuses.   As a matter of fact, he said, if you wanna find out who's probably gonna be your worst enemy, probably be one of these inwards. And I'm trying to keep it, keep it PG who's gonna be against you.   Well, he taught me no excuses. I mean, I never really told me this. This was my introduction to stop being woke. Ed, you're like this. Dear world Christian, you're like this. This is how I was taught to not be woke.  He said, boy, two things.  Don't bring home any D's or F's. I'm thinking I'm the slickest person on the planet. So I'm not really listening to him because I know how I was with my mother, but I'm with a man now. This is why fathers are important.  He said, I've been, I never hear that come out your mouth. Now he went through his old little diatribe and kind of cussed me out to put the fear of God at me. Well, I had decent, decent enough grades, but I had a, I brought a, was it a D? No, no, no, no, it wasn't even a D. I had a, you know, you get A in gym. If you're a boy and you don't get A in gym, something wrong with you, right? So I had a couple of A's, some B's and I had a C. Now his, his belief was, if you can get a C, you can get a B. If you can get a B, you can get a A. Bring me home my A's. If not, don't ask me for nothing. So I showed him my report card. He says, okay son, is this, it's pretty good, poor card. You got this, you got this C here. So what happened here? I said, dad, it's a tough class.  She just don't like us cause we black. I forgot what he said. He said, uh-huh.  You better duck. He hit me so hard.  He said, if you get the answer to the questions right, they ain't got no choice but to get your little black A an A. If one plus one is two and you answered correctly, I don't care if she don't like you or not. She go give you the right, she'll give you a check mark, right? So I learned, I learned, we don't make excuses. I don't care if the ceiling falls in. I don't care if the house catches on fire. You better fulfill your duty. You better be found with a fire extinguisher or a water hose putting this fire out, coming out outside talking about the head of the house on fire. You better do something to fix it. Well, here's what happened. I go to Texas Tech to play football.  I'm gonna be all right. Things came quick. I was a, there were two freshmen that were on varsity that year. Two freshmen, myself and this guy named Bam Morris. Some of you all may know who he is. He played with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Chiefs. Well, what happened to Corey Minor? Well, I'll tell you what happened. I was a knucklehead and got put off the team. Went back home and me and my father got into it a little bit. I'm thinking I'm going back to the school. I don't need you, daddy. I'm a grown man. And so I left. Well, my coach said, no, you can't come back. No, you can't get no scholarship. No, no, sorry. What are you talking about? You need to grow up. Ask your daddy to pay for it. Well, I just left my daddy. I just told my daddy I don't need him. You know, come on, coach. I don't know what to tell you. You've figured out. So for one year, not even for you, not for a year, but a few months, I'm homeless. Not even, no, I hadn't even turned 20 yet, and I'm homeless. And daddy is not getting ready to help me.  Y'all know the word, grow up and be a man. A grown man's going to take care of himself.  You shouldn't have come to me for some money.   So what did I do? I tried to find every job I could.  They cut me out. I didn't know anything about it. They cut me out and this was a multimillion dollar deal that I got cut out. They didn't know anything about it. I found out later. So could have been a millionaire. But anyway, but God knows what he's doing. So I work and work and work and save up money to put myself back in school. My mother who at the time was still on drugs comes and we're staying together. We're trying to help ourselves out, each other out. Either she or one of her friends took all my money that I was saving for school. Oh, I was hurt and angry. She said she didn't do it. Maybe it was such and such a friend or what have you. So what did I do? Went and worked overtime. Worked more and more just so I can have some more money. I'm going back to school. Whether I play ball again or not. Now I go to school and some people know me and they've seen some tape and so I get invited to a regional combine. But what happens is this, I'm out there getting ready for this regional combine. They didn't have it pro days like they do now. So anyway, I just hear this, I don't wanna do this anymore and I love football. But I wanna do ministry. Let me speed this up. I'm married at the time and I'm focusing on ministry. We moved from Lubbock to Dallas because it's hard to make a living in Lubbock even though the cost of living is low. I am an investment advisor. I'm working for Edward Jones. And so after I leave Edward Jones, I start my own firm.  And I'm filling myself. I'm thinking I'm the baddest thing. Oh, by the way, at the church, I'm one of the associate pastors and people are patting you on the back. Oh, pastor, brother, that was wonderful. And so you start filling yourself even more. Well, here's what happened. I'm always moving. I'm trying to make this happen here at the church, this happened here at home and this happened on the job. Some of you all know this part of the story and I won't go too much into it but I got frustrated at home because I'm moving too fast and I ended up, unfortunately, having an affair. The worst thing that I could ever do in my life, have this affair. And I believe that was the beginning of my downfall because if I don't, I don't have this woman, then God is not going to even hear my prayers. Well, what happened was this, all of a sudden it's like God just started blowing on everything. And so the vice president, he leaves. This person who's over our mortgage division, he leaves. This person over insurance leaves. Our main office administrator, she leaves. I didn't realize how much she actually ran the office. Then this other one's operations manager leaves. It's like this happened, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam. Everything's happening. Lord, what's going on? Well, the Lord was trying to tell me, Corey, you know good.  No, because here you are supposed to be a pastor and I got something for you. Remember guys, people who teach, they are under a stricter condemnation when they fail and I fail hard. What happened was, here it is, people are gonna say, well, Corey, what happened to you? Why did you go to prison? What happened? Here's what happened. Because all these things were going on and I'm taking my eye off the ball. I said, you know what? I'm not going to let this business fold. So I took money from this guy's account, covered the office expenses and when fees or commissions would come back in, I'd put it back in their account. Now it may take a month or so for it to come back in but in the meantime, they need a statement and I would give them a statement that said they have this when they really didn't have that because in my thought pattern, no harm, no foul, they're gonna get their money back, right? I didn't have permission to do that, obviously, and the government does frown on that. Well, the federal statute that I violated was the federal mail fraud statute, Title 18, section 1341, mail fraud, to send a fraudulent statement through the mail. Well, it was my first time. Even though I grew up rough in some bad neighborhoods, I actually never had a crime on my jacket before I got caught one time with one of the kids stealing some juice out the store but they just call my mother, I mean, I got a weapon, right? So nothing in my, I'm saying in my jacket, that's how best prison talk but no rap sheet, no priors. So I'm thinking I am going to get a year, two, three years maybe, three at the most, possibly probation. This is the part that really hurt me. When you're doing well, people like you. When you've got money, people like you. When I say we had money, we had money. I could take this card.  I can buy you, I don't know, a microphone. I can buy you a camera. I can get you set up with your YouTube channel. I can send you a, we were a millionaire. And all that, when you have that, people want to talk to you. They want to be your friend. Hey, brother Corey, can you help, can you this, can you that? Well, as I'm going before the court and I'm asking, hey, can you all just come in and just, just support me? They didn't. It's amazing how trials not only show you who you are, but it shows you who they are as well. And what God did was God got rid of everybody who otherwise did, who I would not have gotten rid of. He got rid of them for me, I believe. People who I did not need in my life. Now, I won't tell you who the person is because I've had a couple of different pastors, a few. But on the stand, he's hearing these things about me. Matter of fact, people from the other church, not the, and somebody will say, is it Tony Evans? No, it's not Tony Evans. People from the other church, they hear about this. No, I'm sorry, they haven't heard about it. And he's there as a character witness, but he's hearing all of these things because you know the government is going to say that you're the worst thing since Saddam Hussein and Satan. And so he's hearing these things and he tells the court. This is my pastor who said I was like the son to him.  I haven't told this story in a while. He tells the judge, your honor. And that's my character witness. Hearing these things about him, this is not the quarry minor that I've come to know. And so I think the best thing for him, redemption for him would be for you to give him the maximum amount that the law allows. Oh, I was floored. Because I didn't hear that right. You're telling, you're my former pastor, what am I past at the time, my former pastor, my mentor, and this guy was, when I say sharp with the word, sharp with the word, you're telling the court to give me the maximum. The court's looking for any excuse to give me any kind of lenient sentence. And you're telling them to give me the maximum. So what did the judge do?  No one gets the maximum on a plea deal, me. So I'm devastated. I can't be angry because I'm too devastated right now to even know to be angry. Where do they send me? Not some, you all think that prison is cushy, fed at the federal prison system is cushy. No, it ain't, it's not club fed anymore. They send me to what's called Bloody Beaumont. I don't know what Beaumont's like right now, but then, horrible, horrible. We could, when I left, we couldn't even wear a still towed boots on the compound anymore because they have stomped out. When I say stomped out, take their boots and stomped out guards. Now it's okay to stomped out an inmate, but when you stomped on a guard, that's a problem. A whole lot of stabbings, a whole lot of killings. One guy killed a guard to get his keys to go into another locked room to kill an inmate because they had a beef over a few stamps. Stamps was money. That's why I say when guys sit and talk to me like, I'm not that guy, I haven't been through that, but you don't know what I've been through. And to survive that because they're gonna play with you, they're gonna mess with you. They're gonna test your manhood or take your manhood. If y'all know what I'm talking about, try not to be too graphic. And so I'm there and I'm like, Lord, why? Why me? All the thing I messed up, but why me? I shouldn't, come on, God, what's wrong with you? God, you're supposed to be God. My father, this what I get? I know I messed up, but come on. There are guys in here that have done all this other stuff and they got five years, two years, but I get 20. No, what am I gonna be when I get out of this? Come on, God. So what did I do? I said, you know what? I'm going to just, Lord, you're telling me something. Clearly something that I wasn't hearing. Now you've got me. You have literally, literally a captive audience. When he puts you flat on your back, that's cause all you can do is look up to him. And that's what I did. I spent more time with him. And this is where I'm getting to the scripture. I spent more time with God. I understood God. I understood what he was about. He was not my genie. He was not the person that was going to make everything right for me. Cause if that's the case then everybody would be flocking to God.  You came here because of what you could, what you can get from me. Well, I didn't want to seek his hand anymore. I wanted to seek his face. And so I stood there. Now all the while I'm thinking I got a chance to win my case because, and here's a little technicality and it doesn't make me innocent. Just mean that I wasn't necessarily totally guilty of the charge. Sounds funny. Because when I sent those statements, I sent those statements by a local courier, not a FedEx or UPS because if they go out of state then it makes it a federal case. So I didn't use the US mails and I didn't use FedEx or UPS. I used a local courier and had the statement from them. An affidavit signed from them. And also an affidavit from my attorney saying that she didn't investigate. Of course, she turned around and rescinded that. But I'm thinking I've got a shot to get my case to be tossed out. I have hope on that. But I'll never forget the day that the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals denied it. You know, you ain't getting out. This is clear. Because I knew God had something better. There still needed to be some growth. And it couldn't be that I got out of prison because of something that I did. Because who would get credit? Me. But it had to be a move of God to bring me out. And so that's what happened. One of my favorite stories in the Bible is the story of Joseph. How he, now Joseph wasn't the greatest of guys and he hadn't really committed any crime of the fact that he was a bit braggadocious and arrogant. And so he needed to be seasoned and taught. And I remember this time where Joseph was asking one of the men when you get out, tell the king, remember me. And I used to pray, Lord, remember me. Remember me, Lord, remember me. And it's like he wouldn't. One thing happened. My mother passed away. One thing happened, guys. I stopped asking God to release me. Yeah, my kids are at home growing up without daddy. I talk to them over the phone. My wife's there holding on and things are tough. I mean, from what she went through to have everything lose the cars, lose the house and have a pickup and survive on her own. But let me tell you what got us through. What the young lady was asking about was about faith. God did not stop the bad things, the repossession, the foreclosure, them having to scrimp and scrounge for some money. My mother passing away. Me having to do all this time in some horrible places in some horrible conditions. Some of you all don't know about, you're talking about loose the chains.  Not a good picture, not a good lifestyle but God was working on me and God was teaching me and he was growing me. And do you know that in that moment, I felt the most love from God ever. Not when I was up there and had money. That's not when I knew he was God to me. I knew he was God but when it really resonated when I'm there and it's just he and I, it's just me and him, I'm sorry, alone. And I can read my Bible and I can pray. So what does faith do? There's one song and I'd probably go ahead and play it because, and I may get the copyright strike but it's not coming from the computer, you can just hear it in the background. But the song by Marvin Sapp, my testimony. So glad I made it. I can't listen to the song and not cry because I know what he's done. I can testify what he's done for me because if he gave me one year and I got out, I'd be the same. But faith, the getting through part, it's the being with him while you're going through it. Are you with me? So no faith doesn't protect you from COVID. You can think it is, you can think it doesn't and then once you get it, then what happens to your faith? You can know faith doesn't keep you from losing money because when you do, now what happens to your faith? Your faith can't be based on the things that God gives you. It has to be based on God who you can have. I don't know if anybody's hearing this but if you want 2022 to be successful spiritually, you need to just focus on God and whatever you give me, God, I don't care what it is. And I mean me, cause we say it, we're good at saying it. You know what they say, a pair of lips would say anything. We're good at saying it but will you mean it? One thing I can say, the one thing the Lord can testify on me, God can testify on my behalf is that no matter how bad it got, I still, I still trust him. And I'm laying in my bunk bed in prison and when that lady called my name, to tell me that you're going home, we need your wife's address and phone number. Cause we're getting ready to get you up out of here. And I had time left. You can't tell me, you can't tell me what God won't do. You can't sell me on anything. I know who brought me to the dance or who's taking me home, amen? And so I'm telling you, if you want a successful 2022, you may have some things that you don't get. You might not get that car, that job but if you get more time with him, cause what do they say? Who is this man who even the winds and the seal bay? I know who he is. The one who delivered me out of that prison cell. What does he say? Let me give you this passage and we'll go ahead and end. I want you to see the passage says in Galatians 6, 9 and let us not grow weary in doing good for in due season, if we do not give up, we will reap if we do not give up. End due season, guys, what that means is not when you think it's your time for the season, not when you think it's time but in end due season in his season, when he knows you're ready, you shall reap your reward. Is it going to be a car? Probably not. Is it going to be a new husband or new wife? Maybe, is it going to be all your bills paid? I don't know, but you know, whatever you're going to reap, you know whose hand it's going to be attached to. It's going to be attached to him. So do this for yourself. Be faithful and mean it and watch 2022 be a blessing for you. Amen.


In this lecture, we will talk about sandwich complexes again. This is in fact, the third lecture in the series, where we are talking about metal atoms or metals and a few ligands, which are sandwiched between two organic pi systems. These pi systems could be aromatic or could be even anti-aromatic as in the case of cyclopyridine. Now, in today's lecture, we will also talk about some variations in these sandwich complexes, where the sandwich is not complete as in the case of a half sandwich complex or may be a bent sandwich complex or even something that is open, where the cyclic pi system is not there, but it is only an acyclic system, but it is still sandwiches, a metal atom and its components. There are still more complicated and exotic structures such as multiple metal atoms between organic pi systems or even multiple metal atoms, which surround a cyclic pi system. So, the type of complexes that are formed by organic ligands are quite large in this category, where we classify them as sandwich complexes. Today's lecture, we will explore some of these variations. To start with, I would like to point out a study that was done by Longwood Higgins and Orgel way back in 1956. If you recollect the first lecture in the series on sandwich complexes, it was in 1956 that the first sandwich complex was identified. Although these compounds were several sandwich compounds were known, the correct structure was identified through x-ray and through the intuition by Wilkinson, Woodward and the groups in Germany, which correctly identified the double cone structure or the sandwich structure. So, at this time it was Longwood Higgins and Orgel, who studied cyclobutadiene. Cyclobutadiene was already known to be an anti aromatic system. So, they looked at the nature of a metal complex that would be formed by this cyclobutadiene, which is an anti aromatic system with a metal compound. They conjectured that suitable transition metal ion for the formation of a sandwich or rather a pie complex between cyclobutadiene and a metal would be of the type Mx2C4H4, where M is nickel either nickel palladium or platinum and X is actually a univalent ligand. So, they arrived at this structure where they said NICN2C4H4 for example, could be a stable complex or be an intermediate in the rapace synthesis, which involved acetylene and nickel disynide. So, they predicted before it was actually synthesized that a complex of cyclobutadiene could be in fact formed by the ion group metal atoms. So, the synthesis of the 4 membered rings the cyclobutadiene rings in the coordination sphere of the metal atom was done in a couple of different ways. And we will just look at a few ways, because it illustrates some different methods by which these molecules are synthesized. You can see here that nickel literally substitutes for the tin, but there is no oxidation state change on the nickel. You start with nickel dibromide, you start with nickel dibromide and that is replacing the tin dimethyl compound that is being eliminated in the system. So, and you have a dimery complex of the nickel which is formed, where you have tetraphenyl cyclobutadiene coordinated to the nickel. Similarly, you could also have a dichlorocyclobutene which reacts with ion di carbonyl, ion here however is in the 0 oxidation state. And one ion gets oxidized to ion 2 plus, this ion gets oxidized to 2 plus and it forms a f e c l 2. And the cyclobutadiene is coordinated to ion tri carbonyl. So, you can see that variety of reactions are possible, all of them generate this very stable system where cyclobutadiene is coordinated to a metal complex metal fragment. Now, here is the structure of cyclobutadiene and here it is coordinated to ion tri carbonyl and you have 3 carbon monoxide molecules which are in fact symmetrically coordinated or the carbon monoxides are like a pianostool which are holding up the butadiene unit. So, these are in fact called pianostool complexes, where the butadiene unit is in fact, you can just draw out to show that. So, here is the butadiene part which is the stool of the pianostool and these are the 3 legs of the pianostool. So, this is a typical complex that is formed by cyclobutadiene and ion tri carbonyl which is quite stable. There are several methods as I told you, here is a template method where you would take diphenyl acetylene and in the coordination sphere of ion pentacarbonyl, ion is in the zero oxidation state here and ion is in the zero oxidation state here. So, no redox reaction is involved. The templated synthesis of the cyclobutadiene however is achieved in the coordination sphere of ion tri carbonyl. No intermediates were isolated although one can conjecture that ion complex would go through an intermediate where ferrocylopentadiene would be an intermediate. This would collapse as in the case of the nickel system that we talked about. This would collapse to give you the appropriate number of carbon monoxides attached to the ion. You would end up with the ion tri carbonyl complex. So, in fact there are examples of complexes where ferroles as they are called and in conjugation with the acetylene has been isolated. Such complexes have been isolated and so this is quite an acceptable intermediate in this reaction. The generation of cyclobutadiene which is an unstable molecule is difficult. So, one has to generate it in the coordination sphere of the metal. That is what we have seen in the last three methods of synthesis. So, here we have a photochemical reaction in which a mole of carbon dioxide is eliminated from this bicyclic molecule. So, here is a mole of molecule of carbon dioxide which is eliminated and that generates a cyclobutadiene. Now, because you are doing it in the coordination sphere of the ion you end up isolating a stable molecule of cyclobutadiene coordinated to ion tri carbonyl. So, you will notice that these reactions have to be carried out. So, that the cyclobutadiene is captured by the metal atom before it is too late. Otherwise it dimerizes and it generates a molecule which is cyclic and which is just a dimer of the cyclobutadiene. So, this is the molecule that you would isolate if you are not careful enough to provide a stabilizing for cyclobutadiene which is anti aromatic and it would dimerize rapidly. Now, although cyclobutadiene itself is anti aromatic it seems to exhibit reactivity that is characteristic of aromatic compounds. One of the characteristic reactions of aromatic compounds is the electrophilic aromatic substitution. So, you would remove one of these hydrogens which are here on the ring and replace them with another electrophilic group and that in this case is the acetyl group which is generated by A L C L 3 and C H 3 C O C L. So, you end up generating the acetylated version of cyclobutadiene which is still coordinated to the ion tri carbonyl and the yields in these reactions are quite good indicative of the fact that you can have a smooth electrophilic aromatic substitution of the C H group on the cyclobutadiene coordinated to the ion tri carbonyl. So, this is very characteristic of the aromatic behavior of cyclobutadiene which is completely new. It is a changed reactivity all the way from the anti aromatic behavior of cyclobutadiene to the aromatic behavior that we have observed here. Now, other half sandwich complexes are also known. What we have talked about is butadiene because that was the first one which was predicted even before it was synthesized. A very simple reaction of ion pentacarbonyl with cyclopentadiene. If you remember cyclopentadiene is the molecule that has to be generated by cracking dicyclopentadiene. If you heat the two together what you end up with is a ion hydride cyclopentadiene molecule where two carbon monoxide just still retain in the coordination sphere of the of the ion. You seem to have accomplished an oxidative addition of cyclopentadiene which of course is this molecule. So, you have two hydrogens here and now you have ended up adding one of those hydrogens to the ion atom. So, you have a hydride which is present on the ion and the cyclopentadiene ion. So, ion has gone from the zero oxidation state to the plus two oxidation state. This is an oxidative addition but at the same time there has been substitution of the carbon monoxide on the ion which is pentacarbonyl to start with and it is now become a di carbonyl molecule. What you have replaced the three carbonyls is the cyclopentadiene unit which in fact will donate 3 into 2 6 electrons. So, this donates 6 electrons in the ionic method and you can do the electron counting to show that this is in fact going to be a stable 18 electron molecule. Although this system is stable what happens is it dimerizes rather rapidly and loses a molecule of di hydrogen. That means two hydrogens from the two ion atoms are eliminated as H 2 and you end up with a dimer which is a very convenient source of C P F E C O 2 unit when units when you need them. So, here I have shown you what you can do with this dimeric species. You remember the reaction which we have encountered several times in this series which is M N 2 C O 10 which has got a manganese-manganese bond and this manganese-manganese bond could be reduced with sodium and mercury. Similarly, this system also can be reduced with mercury and you would end up with a very reactive ion di carbonyl anion and this very reactive ion di carbonyl anion has been called super nucleophile. So, this is extremely reactive and will react with a variety of electrophiles. Here I have shown you the reaction with R x and this does a simple nucleophilic substitution now on the R group and that leads to the ion R bond.  So, you can see that there are some very interesting half sandwich complexes and ions that can be generated by a simple reaction of ion pentacarbonyl with cyclopentadiene molecule which is shown right here. So, let us proceed now as I told you earlier it is possible to generate the half sandwich complexes in a variety of ways. One of them is to treat a sandwich complex which is not an 18 electron species. So, in this case for example, this is not an 18 electron species if you reacted with carbon monoxide at high pressure. Then you at high pressure this is fairly high pressure 200 bar which 200 times the atmospheric pressure you treat a magnetosine with carbon monoxide at high temperature and high pressure. What you end up with is a molecule called siman trine siman trine and this molecule is a very interesting molecule because the substituted variety of this the methyl siman trine turned out to be a possible additive a possible additive for here is the molecule that I am talking about. This is the methyl siman trine you have 3 CO groups attached to the manganese and you have a stable 18 electron system and this turned out to be a additive for fuels. So, that you can have smooth burning of the fuel in the internal combustion engine. Remember tetraethyl lead was used for a long time and now it has been completely removed from the market and in between people were looking for alternatives as fuel additives. So, that there will be less knocking in the fuel and one of the molecules was siman trine and that is this molecule where you have a methyl cyclopentadiene which is coordinated to the manganese and 3 carbonyl units are there along with the manganese to give you a stable 18 electron system. So, this siman trine molecule again has got the familiar half sandwich structure where you have one cyclic pi system which is coordinated to the metal and the other side has got ancillary ligands to support this metal atom. Now, here I we cross over into rhodium one chemistry and this is just adjustment of the number of electrons rhodium has in its plus 1 oxidation state. This is plus 1 oxidation state 8 electrons in its valence shell. This has got 8 valence electrons and so it would require a total of 10 valence electrons and those are provided by a cyclopentadienyl anion and 2 carbon monoxides. A simple displacement reaction happens of the chloride, but that now generates a monomeric complex from the dimeric system that we started out with and it is again a stable 18 electron complex 18 valence electron complex that we isolate. So, you will notice that this molecule is looking very similar to the C P F E C O 2 minus ion and that is exactly isoelectronic with this molecule.  So, before we proceed further with cyclopentadienyl systems I should mention that there are some as you go down the group or as you go to heavier transition metals you end up with some very interesting reactions. In this reaction which was in fact discovered fairly recently or at least utilized fairly recently you have a carbonyl species the analog of the simantrene. So, the simantrene had manganese here you have renium. This molecule surprisingly reacts with hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide is a fairly good oxidizing agent and it oxidizes the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. So, carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide and the hydrogen peroxide not only oxidizes the carbon monoxide it also oxidizes the renium. Renium is in the plus 1 oxidation state here and it has oxidized renium all the way to plus 7. So, here is the metal atom which is formally in the plus 7 oxidation state and it has got 3 oxo groups which are coordinated presumably through the double bonds to the renium metal. So, that makes an oxidation state of 7 and this unit that is R E O 3 turns out to be a very stable unit. This stable unit is been found in many organometallic molecules. It is doubtful that the renium is in fact in the has lost all its D electrons but nevertheless the formal oxidation state has to be plus 7 on the basis of oxygen which is electronegative and is considered as a O 2 minus ligand in this case. Surprisingly, very surprisingly you can convert this renium trioxide in the presence of carbon monoxide back to the renium tricarbonyl species and it is also possible to make methyl trioxide renium which means it is M E renium with 3 oxygens. So, this incredible molecule is in fact not only methyl but any long alkyl chain can be attached. So, this is in fact strange molecule where you have an inorganic oxide which is attached to an organic molecule. So, this has been called organic metal oxide. The renium turns out to perform several catalytic functions and we will look at some of these reactions in a later talk. Now, up to now we have looked at cyclobutadiene and cyclopentadiene. Let us look at some arene half sandwich complexes. Arene half sandwich complexes can also be made by a templated synthesis. Here we have reduced chromium trichloride with ALR 3. ALR 3 is a very powerful reducing agent and it reduces the chromium from plus 3 to 0 and because you have in the reaction medium dimethyl acetylene, the dimethyl acetylene is quickly polymerized or oligomerized I should say to trimerized to give you hexamethyl benzene. So, this would be a convenient way of making hexamethyl benzene and if you do this in the presence of carbon monoxide then you end up with a half sandwich complex where CRCO 3 has got hexamethyl benzene coordinated on the top. So, all of these molecules have this pianos tool and they have either 2 or 3 legs for this pianos tool. So, that you have this familiar framework and that is why they are grouped together as pianos tool complexes. Now, the aromatic ring system that is coordinated to the metal can in fact be synthesized in the coordination sphere of the metal atom through a reduction reaction which is accomplished by the organic ligand. In the previous instance we used an inorganic reducing agent to reduce the chromium to chromium 0. Here in this example what we are doing is reducing the ruthenium 3 we are going to reduce the ruthenium 3 to a ruthenium 2 species, but we will do this using the aromatic ligand system that is present here. So, 2 hydrogens are here which in fact can be used for the reduction reaction and that is what is happening you lose those 2 hydrogens as HCl and you end up with an aromatic ring system coordinated to the ruthenium. Notice that here ruthenium is in the plus 2 oxidation state and you will also notice that this is completely an inorganic compound except for the organic aromatic ligand that is present here. It is possible to reduce it or rather convert it from the dimeric state to the monomeric state by using a good ligand. So, if you add good L plus by which I mean a strong ligand which will coordinate very effectively to the metal. It could be anything from a phosphine or a pyridine or triethylamine or any ligand you which is suitable for the stabilizing the ruthenium and you end up with a piano stool complex where the aromatic ring system is now coordinated to the ruthenium. So, here is the ruthenium coordinated to the aromatic ring system and supported by the 3 legs 2 of which are chlorides. So, 2 of them are chlorides and 1 of them is a ligand that you added. This provides a very convenient way of generating the half sandwich complexes because this reaction is conveniently performed in a refluxing ethanol. You can just heat ethanol and the phylandrene which is this molecule to generate this cyclic aromatic ring system coordinated to the metal. Now, not only is it possible to generate eta 6 molecules in the previous aromatic ring system you have 6 carbons attached to the metal atom. In this case you have 7 carbon atoms attached to the metal. You will notice that C 7 H 8 is a cyclic molecule which is not conjugated to start with and you have 3 aromatic or 3 non-aromatic double bonds which are capable of coordination to the molybdenum. Molybdenum of course requires only 3 into 2 6 pi electrons from the cyclohexatriene and it has got a saturated carbon center which is indicated by 2 colored hydrogens. Now, 1 of them can be removed from the carbon as H minus along with the spare of electrons. So, this is accomplished very effectively with a treetile cation. The treetile cation is a stable cation which is capable of removing hydrogen as hydride ion. So, if this hydrogen is removed as H minus you will end up with a cyclohexatriene cation. This cation would be pseudo aromatic would be aromatic because it now has 6 pi electrons and 1 p orbital which is vacant. So, you have 6 pi electrons in a cyclic system and all the criteria required for making an aromatic pi system is satisfied. Only difference is that you are now attached you are now attached the pi system to molybdenum atom and this gives you a cyclohexatriene molybdenum tricarbonyl. Now, because you have removed this molecule you have removed the treetile cation which is now become tri phenyl methane. You have removed tri phenyl methane by removing this hydrogen as H minus and P H 3 C plus you are left with B F O minus which is the counter ion present here. You will notice that in this molecule all the 7 carbon atoms are almost equally bound to the metal atom. So, that is why we call it eta 7 complex and all of these are again half sandwich complexes meaning the system has got 1 pi system pi ring system which is coordinated to the metal. And not only is it possible to expand the ring size from 6 to 7 it is also possible to go down from 4 to 3. Remember we talked about 4 5 and 6 being the most popular ring systems, but it is also possible to have 3 and 7. 7 is what we discussed earlier and here we have cyclopropenyl bromide which now needs to lose Br S Br minus. It needs to lose Br S Br minus to form cyclopropenyl cation which would be aromatic. And in the coordination sphere of nickel tetra carbonyl you end up with a dimeric complex where 2 nickel atoms are interacting with the cyclopropenyl group and the bromide is in fact a bridge. Notice that in this molecule nickel bromide Ni 2 Br 2 exists in an unusual oxidation state of nickel 1 if you only take this fragment, but normally by convention you consider the cyclopropenyl cation which is coordinated to the nickel as an anionic group. So, this confusion is therefore most organic molecules because by convention we take them as the negatively charged species which would be anti aromatic, but we know that from the way in which it was made that in fact it has been made by generating the cation. Nevertheless the molecule can be treated with ligand like pyridine and you can generate once again generate now a piano stool which is only 3 pointed it has got a 3 pointed leg and it also got a 3 pointed stool to support the support the person sitting on it. So, here is the nickel atom now attached to 2 pyridine ligands and it has got a bromide and a cyclopropenyl group. So, if you were to use the anionic method or the let us use the neutral method this time you have 3 electrons from the C 3 P H 3 unit and you have 2 into 2 from the pyridine unit. So, that will give you 4 electrons and you also have the bromine which is in the neutral method giving 1 electron. So, nickel has got 10 electrons and so you would form this nice 18 electron system. So, the total works out to be 18 valence electrons. Now, obviously you do not have a cycle when you have only 2 atoms which are coordinated to the metal, but I just wanted to point out here that the 18 electron rule turns out to be reasonably important. You can have 16 electron complexes, but nevertheless going beyond 18 is more difficult than having complexes which have less valence electrons than 18. So, here I have shown you a platinum complex which looks like a piano stool complex, but only 1 of the double bonds in the benzene ring is coordinated to the platinum atom. So, platinum is in the 0 oxidation state and you have 2 triphenyl phosphines which are coordinated to it. So, you have 16 valence electron system and you do not go to the 20 valence electron system. You do not go to the 20 valence electron system which would be formed if you were to have a symmetrically eta 6 coordinated benzene ring. You will also notice that this now has got bond alternation that is a very clear indication of the double and single bond that are isolated and not really conjugated with one another. So, this the bond which is right next to the double bond which is coordinated is in fact a long bond and then 2 short bonds are there. One is 1.33 angstroms and the other is 1.36 angstrom units. The bond that is coordinated to the metal is in fact lengthened significantly which is indicative of the fact that double bond has been weakened quite a bit by interaction with the platinum. Electron density from the pi molecular orbital has been donated to the metal and the pi star orbital has been populated. As a result this bond has been weakened significantly. So, it is no longer like a double bond. It is almost like a single bond. So, this brings me to a conclusion of the chapter of the series of half sandwich complexes that I wanted to talk about. I just want to point out that this forms a series where we talked about mixing and matching the number of electrons required for the metal to form 18 valence electron systems. You could do this by simply replacing the neutral ligands, neutral aromatic or non aromatic pi systems which are present on the metal by carbon monoxide units. Because each carbon monoxide gives two electrons you can replace say a benzene ring with three carbon monoxides and that is exactly what we have done here. Similarly, you can have here a cyclo octatetrene which is giving you eight valence electrons. We just replace it with 4 into 2. So, four carbon monoxides replace the cyclo octatetrene. If you replace a cyclo heptatrienyl unit this is a cyclo heptatrienyl unit. So, you replace it with three carbon monoxides and one chlorine. So, that also seems to be an acceptable solution. So, you can just see that you can have a huge variety of metal complexes which are formed. Let us just take a look at the last one which is mentioned here where I have replaced the cyclo propenyl unit which will give you three electrons. A three electron donor among the carbon monoxide type molecules is NO. So, you can simply replace C 3 H 3 with NO. In the neutral method this is so convenient for us to understand this isoelectronic substitution. So, C 3 H 3 is just replaced by a NO molecule. So, a multitude of metal sandwich complexes can be made which are all half sandwich in nature. Now, I want to move on to bent metallocenes. What are bent metallocenes? The metallocene or the sandwich complexes are systems where the metal was in fact symmetrically held in between two flat pi systems. So, there are two flat pi systems and the metal was sandwiched between the two units. Just now we have looked at a series of systems where the metal is just attached to attached on one side with a pi system and the other side is supported by a variety of other ligands. So, instead of combination instead of supporting it in this fashion with three ligands one can also think of supporting the metal or bending the sandwich in this fashion. So, that if you have vacant if you have vacant orbitals on the metal atom these can also coordinate. This happens very readily in the early transition metals. So, early transition metals have in fact three orbitals in this on the metal the d x squared minus y squared the d x y and d z squared. So, there are three different orbitals on the metal which are available for bonding if you have a titanium 4 plus just interacting with two cyclopentadienyl units. So, all of them will be empty all three orbitals will be empty. So, these orbitals are now available for coordination with the metal atom. So, here I have shown you a set of molecules which are capable of interacting with more ligands just because they have got these empty d orbitals which are available for interaction. First let us take the tetrachys cyclopentadienyl titanium. So, you have C p 4 T i. So, you take T i C l 4 and treated with four molecules of cyclopentadienyl anion and you end up with this molecule which if you want to write an 18 electron structure it would be difficult to do. So, but if you bend this cyclopentadienyl unit sufficiently you can attach the cyclopentadiene unit in a sigma fashion. You can attach the cyclopentadienyl units in a sigma fashion or a eta 1 fashion in this molecule. Notice that there is nothing which distinguishes the ring A, ring B, the ring C and the ring D other than the hapticity that is associated with them. So, there is a very rapid exchange of A with C or B with C and that leads to some fluxional behavior which we will talk about in a future lecture. But these molecules right now this is a 16 valence electron system. These molecules are quite stable and turn out to be an interesting class of molecules where the cyclopentadienyl ring systems are just bent a little bit backward from the usual orientation. So, this bending back allows for exposure of these orbitals which are there in the x y plane and so allows for interaction with a metal atom with other ligand atoms. So, I have shown you a variety of molecules here, but let us take some specific examples now. Let us take C p 2 T i C l 2 and C p 2 T i C l 2 is titanium 4 plus. This is titanium 4 plus you can reduce it with zinc and use carbon monoxide in the reaction medium and that gives you T i C O twice. So, here is a molecule which is titanium in the plus 2 oxidation state. Remember there were three orbitals there were available on the titanium. So, we can in fact add six electrons if it was titanium 4 plus. Now, you have a plus 2 system. So, you end up adding only two other ligands. So, that gives you two other ligands in the coordination sphere of the titanium and you have a bent sandwich structure. So, this is again the bent sandwich structure which we just talked about where the cyclopentadienyl units are coordinated in a eta 1 fashion. This is the way you would end up making it. Now, having talked about bent sandwiches species which we will encounter later during catalysis. Let us take a look at what would happen if you have a open sandwich. These are molecules which are not appreciated a lot because you do not have a very stable cyclopentadienyl unit which is aromatic. So, this cyclopentadienyl unit is aromatic. Whereas, if you have a acyclic version this is the acyclic version then it turns out that this is not an aromatic molecule. So, but still you do have situations where you have cyclopentadienyl units which are coordinated to the metal. These are stable molecules I have shown for you on the screen the half sandwich complex. We can also have this type of complex in a bis form that means two acyclic cyclopentadienyl units can coordinate to the iron or a ruthenium. Those molecules have also been isolated and characterized. Let us take a brief look at why these molecules would be different from the cyclopentadienyl molecules. If you treat FeCl2 with a cyclopentadienyl anion you end up isolating a well characterized molecule which is exactly like ferrocene, but it is not as stable as ferrocene because of its open structure. You can also form a half sandwich complex by treating a tin substituted molecule. So, here you have MnCO5Br and SnMe3 reacting together to form SnMe3Br. So, you end up with a cyclopentadienyl unit sorry you end up with a acyclic pentadienyl unit which is coordinated to the manganese. So, this is the acyclic variety of Simon-Trem. So, these molecules are not as stable as the cyclic variety for two simple reasons. One is the fact that the cyclopentadienyl unit has got a covalent bond between carbon atoms 1 and 5. Here the covalent bond is being replaced by two hydrogens. So, here are the two hydrogens and they are pointed towards one another. So, as a result there would be repulsion between the two hydrogens. Let us just indicate that repulsion with different color here. So, this is the repulsion that is going to happen the place where the repulsion is going to happen between the two hydrogens. To avoid the steric interaction you would either have to twist the CH2 group or you would have to widen the two ends of the pentadienyl unit and both of these movements of these cyclic pi systems would destroy the metal interacting with the pi bonds. So, what will happen is you will end up weakening the metal pentadienyl bond and it would make the pentadienyl unit more reactive. That is probably one reason why ruthenium complex has been isolated and characterized crystallographically and has been found to be more stable than the iron system itself. It is possible to make pentadienyl complexes, but it is also possible to make a bifurcated pi system. Here I have shown you trimethylene methane and the trimethylene methane is formed by reacting a bis allylic system. So, here is a double bond which is here is a chloro atom which is allylic or just a double bond that two chloro atoms and this forms a Y shaped molecule. If you remove the CL as CL dot then you end up with a bi radical. So, this is a bi radical which can now react with iron and it forms a molecule which is shown here. This is called trimethylene methane because you have three trimethylene groups. There are three trimethylene groups which are attached to the central carbon atom. So, these three are in obviously in resonance and are equivalent and you can coordinate it to an iron tricarbonyl molecule. Now, you can also do this by without doing an oxidative addition. You can do a ring opening reaction where the ring opening reaction can happen by the coordination of iron tetricarbonyl unit to the double bond first. Then that allows you to have a ring opening reaction and the trimethylene methane tricarbonyl complex is formed. Now, I will show you this complex. Here is the iron tricarbonyl unit coordinated to a trimethylene methane. Now, you will notice that there are four carbons which are marked here. These are the four carbons. All of them are within the bonding distance of the iron atom which is shown here. So, the iron atom which is marked in red is almost equidistant with all the four carbon atoms. But, the central carbon atom is slightly above the plane which is formed by the three other carbon atoms which are closer to the iron atom. So, three carbon atoms are closer and the central carbon atom is in fact slightly above the plane. Recently, it has been shown that the bonding nature of these iron tricarbonyl unit to trimethylene methane is quite interesting. It is a very interesting molecule where people have questioned the nature of the bonding between the central carbon and the iron atom. But, nevertheless the bonding distance happens to be slightly more here. The distance is slightly more, but it is still within bonding distance. So, this is the molecule which is called an inverted which is almost like an umbrella. So, it is like an umbrella which is coordinated to the iron tricarbonyl. So, let us proceed further now. This molecule has got this inverted umbrella or it is also in one sense it is like an umbrella structure and it has got a staggered orientation of the three carbonyl units with respect to the three methylene units. So, it is almost like octahedral geometry around the iron if you consider the three carbons of the trimethylene methane and the three carbons of the carbon monoxide. You could also have some exotic sandwich structures where the heteroatom which is the bread part of the sandwich structure that we are talking about. So, the cyclic pie system that makes the bread part can be different. It can be a heteroatom and some of the simple replacements that we can talk about is converting the C H into M. So, from benzene from simple benzene we can move on to pyridine. So, that will give you a pyridine complex or you can replace it with a phosphorous. So, this will be phosphor benzene. So, we can have phosphor benzene which is coordinated to a metal atom. Now, it is also possible to replace C H by S C H minus by S. So, in other words if you can have cyclopentadienyl anion cyclopentadienyl anion you could convert it into thiophene. So, there should also be a good replacement to do. So, these are possible replacements and you can have these molecules where you can have substitution, appropriate substitution to make sandwich complexes. Thiophene can replace cyclopentadienyl units and here we have chromium which is coordinated to thiophene and it forms a nice half sandwich complex. So, you can imagine how the cyclopentadienyl unit has been replaced by thiophene. To form this half sandwich complex, to make a complex with pyridine and which something that would be equivalent of this benzene chromium it has been quite difficult. In fact, it was this was accomplished fairly recently by Elsenbroek and co-workers. What they did was a co-connensation reaction of this substituted pyridine where you can have a pyridine. The two ortho positions were blocked. So, much so that the nitrogen was not able to interact with the chromium. So, this pi system was now able to interact with the chromium in pi fashion or in other words it was forced to interact only in this fashion where it forms a sandwich structure. After the sandwich structure was formed the SIME3 groups were oxidatively removed just by bubbling oxygen into the benzene water mixture of this molecule. It was possible to knock off these SIME3 groups and replace them with hydrogen. So, these hydrogens were generated from this water molecule or taken from this water molecule and you have this nice sandwich structure where the pyridine is not coordinating with the nitrogen. Otherwise it was not possible to make complex simple complexes of pyridine which were coordinated in a bisbenzene type fashion. Now, I also told you about making a p5 phosphobenzene complex. Instead of making a phosphobenzene even more exotic structure would be to replace all the molecules of all the molecules all the atoms of benzene which are all CH units. If you can replace all the CH units with a phosphorous then you would end up with a molecule which would be a phosphobenzene. And in here I have shown for you a phosphocyclopentadienyl system. So, here you have eta5 p5 unit. So, let us take a look at some of these structures because there are several structures where the CH unit has been replaced by a phosphorous molecule phosphorous atom. So, here I have shown for you two chromium atoms which are interacting with cyclopentadienyl groups here on one side and five phosphorous atoms. So, that is equivalent to C5 H5 minus. So, it is possible to make these molecules. So, here is the other molecule which is shown on the screen. Here we have five phosphorous atoms. So, we have five phosphorous atoms which are substituting for five CH units and you can have isomorphic replacement of a CH group with a phosphorous atom. So, phosphorous sandwiches are also known. It is also been possible to make multiple metals coordinating to a single pi system. So, here I have a replacement of cyclo dodeca trine which is a weak ligand coordinating to nickel zero by cyclo octatetraene. But because cyclo octatetraene needs less number of electrons and you have more electrons in the nickel system, you ended up forming a sandwich where you have more than one metal coordinated to the pi system. So, multi-decker sandwiches have also been isolated and characterized, but this one was only isolated in the mass spectrometer which was the first multi-decker complex to be isolated or was multi-decker sandwich complex to be characterized. Here there are two nickel atoms and three cyclopentadienyl units and got a net charge of plus 1. Now, inverse sandwiches are also possible. Here I have a cyclo octatetraene which is like a inverse sandwich synthon because of its tub type structure, the two double bonds on the cyclo octatetraene can coordinate to one metal atom on one side and the other side coordinates to another metal atom. I have shown for you on the screen structure where you have a metal atom on one side which is coordinating to two ligands on one side and the two double bonds are coordinated to the metal atom which is indicated in the center. So, you have a variety of systems. Here again I have a cyclo octatetraene which is forming multiple sandwich type structure. You can see that the cyclo octatetraene is a great synthon for forming multiple sandwiches and p5 also turns out to be an interesting system. Here I have shown for you on the screen a p5 unit which is coordinating on both sides to two different metal atoms. So, you can have very interesting structures indeed. Let me say that sky is the limit for making sandwich complexes and this is the place which is been actively pursued. Most of the time the 18 electron rule is a great guiding principle for making the right type of a complex and making choosing the right type of a synthesis. Very often it is possible to change the pie system according to your convenience so that you achieve the right electronic structure. So, with this we will go on to reactivity of these molecules.


Hey everyone, welcome back to another Warden Mobile Gaming episode. To today's episode I'm going to bring you the new games for July 2021 because actually in the first half of 2021 we have experienced good games and I think it will start to pick up in the latter part of this year. New games for July will be in the order of the date of release and also I'm going to give credits to milk gaming for sharing this info with me. Alright guys, so what we have here first is the Lenge of Neverland. So this game was actually released July 1st. This is an MMO RPG fantasy, courtesy of Game Arc Global and released for Southeast Asia. So as you can see the game is available through the Google Play Store and the Apple App Store. Okay as you can see the game has good graphics. This is again I think just part of their intro video. I don't think this is part of a cutscene. Let's actually move forward for this video a little bit of a gameplay for the game. And again I think this game has good graphics, pretty much very very good design as well. And this is when you play this game I think this will be quite familiar to you in terms of feel, in terms of the environment. So again this game is worth checking out for July 2021. Okay so this game is actually Open World RPG which has a gotcha system in place. Multiple class of characters as you can see here below I'll take you to the multitude of characters that they have. They have craftsmen, they have scholars, they have swordsmen, and they have a ranger. This game also offers a lot of character customization and it's a very good MMORPG to explore. Good game and good character design and reminds me of more or less the old Final Fantasy games that we had before. So as you can see they also have kind of a flower fairy special partner which you can actually have a choice on who to carry. So you have here Lilium, you have here Anthorium. These are basically flowers that were named after these flower fairies. So you also have balloon flowers. So again this game is worth checking out if you like these types of games and also if you're into these types of graphics. Okay guys next on our list is Atelier Online. Release date is on July 8th which is I think a few days from now. This is an adventure RPG courtesy of Bald Shred Games and this is a global launch. So you can download the game through Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. I think this game is still open for pre-registration. So you have to make sure that you do your pre-registration before July 8th. As you can see here there is actually a built-in gotcha system to the game multiplayer team up with friends and character customization. So again this is part of the Atelier series. Game play as your favorite characters, sample of this gameplay and more or less for those who are fans of this IP this is actually a new release and more or less character again customization map exploration and you name it. So more or less this game has a good following already and if you are new to this game I recommend that you check this out. Okay another game on our list is Out 2 World. Release is going to be on July 13th. It's a turn-based tactical RPG and it's brought to us by Gaea Mobile and this is guys for a global launch. So you can download the game through Google Play Store or the Apple App Store as well. So as you can see here I am actually enjoying the design for this game. This game actually has a alchemy stars feel tile based gameplay and tile based heals attack exploration with open world map and UI is actually very clean and easy to use as well. So unique UI, character customization is also available and I really like the again the game, the design, the animations and let's check out their pre-registration. So right now for pre-registration they have 152.902 pre-registration so again we have to check out the rewards for pre-registration so this is actually a very good bunch of items or rewards that you receive for pre-registration and you can also actually invite friends for more rewards. So take note of this guys. Again this game is actually worth playing. Try to check this out once the game releases on July 13th. Okay guys so what we have here is punishing Gray Raven. Release of this game will be on July 16th both for iOS in the App Store and also for Google Play. This is an action RPG and this is courtesy of Kuro Technology and also this is a global release. So again guys for this game there is a Gacha system involved comparable to, this is actually comparable to Honkai Impact and one of the most anticipated games of the year, clean and detailed character design and superb animation. So more or less I've seen this game already being featured and this actually is a welcome addition to these years games particularly to the second half of 2021 and more or less again I would play this myself and more or less I would try to give reviews on this game. Okay so pre-registration is still open and we have 411,871 who have pre-registered already. So again you will be receiving free S-RUNC characters for the game which is actually crazy. So you can select from the following for your S-RUNC characters. So you have Liv Luminance, you have here Karenina so she's Ember and you have Nanani which is Pulse, you have Li which is Entropy, Kamui which is Tenebrion and more or less those are the 5 characters that you can select for your free S-RUNC characters.  Let's take a look at what she can do. Again very clean design guys, very nice characters, very clean animations and again this is going to be a good game for the year. So to round out our pre-registration here are we are getting so far. So we are at 411, so we are 300,000 over we're nearing 500,000 which you will get a very good skin for Lucia Lotus Coating Daybreak which I think looks very cool. So I would encourage you guys to pre-register for the game if you find this game interesting please do play it and also I'll be covering this game once it launches on July 16th. Okay so next on our games is Near Reincarnation. This game is actually third in the game in a series of near games. Okay so for this for this near version or this game this has a built-in gotcha system very good graphics similar to a Sepia photo and again the detail very very good. This game is actually going to be released in July 28th. It's a turn-based RPG and this is courtesy of Square Enix and this is a global launch. So for those of you who are not familiar with Square Enix so more or less if you're again familiar with Final Fantasy they put out those games which I used to play and again any game that Square Enix has put out usually has been very very good. Let's take a look at their pre-registration. The pre-registration promo more or less we have here lots of rewards. These are rewards for gems depending on the number of users that have pre-registered for the game. The most users would be 600,000 which are a lot of rewards. Audition rewards, gems, I'm not sure what this is so 3,015 and material packs so that's 4,500 gems. This game is basically built on a great story mode and the game has a bunch of map explorations puzzles and very laid out story quests and side quests as well. So if you're into story games and I suggest you try to check out Near Reincarnation and I think this would be the game for you. Okay so last on the list of our games for July would be Pokemon Unite so the release would be on Nintendo Switch on July but this game would be released on mobile devices in September which I will also be covering once the game launches on mobile devices. So this is a strategy team battle game also called a MOBAZO multiplayer online battle arena so Tencent game and Team Studios is actually a developer for this game and in terms of gameplay this game is actually very similar to the MOBAZO that we have out there. This game actually has a different objective and it is to score. To level up your Pokemon during the game and there are 3 goals per map okay most number of goals after a time period wins but this game is very nostalgic especially for those who have been playing Pokemon cards way back then up to Pokemon Go. So again this game will really appeal to a lot of fans of Pokemon there is a good idea for a team battle strategy in which you have 5 Pokemon in the battle so we have you in your team you will be having 5 people playing with you real time real battles and scoring as well. So again if you check out their website so you can view the virus Pokemon that you will be using in this game so some you might be familiar with some would be actually new to you as Pokemon so more or less you can check their website out and probably if you are a mobile user wait for the release on September but if you have Nintendo Switch you can already play this game in July we don't have a definite release date yet but I guess they will be releasing this one soon. So more or less guys that ends my top games for July or new games for July so if you stay this far in this video please consider subscribing also click the bell icon and if you find this video helpful please put a like anyway guys stay safe take care this is The Warden and I'm out of here.


My parents moved down here in 1990 from the Northwest Territories and my dad planted his first orchard just a couple years later and decided after selling his first box of cherries through a peddler that maybe it would be better to build his own packing line. We've been growing fruit in my family since 1980 and back into India, Punjab, that's where it all started for farming for our family. We sell our fruit worldwide because of the facilities that we have and we're able to store and keep fruit fresh for months. Summerland is the unofficial cherry capital of the world. We have all the different varieties growing here in Summerland and we've been able to expand our season so cherries are harvested at the end of June and we're picking until the end of August. Here in Summerland and here through the Okanagan, we do grow the best cherries in the world and it's not just because we say that, it's actually true. Buying DC product, it just tastes better. Such fresh taste and also the flavors with all the sunlight and such an open valley. We get the best flavors in our fruit and no other country can grow cherries like us or apples like us. There's a lot of passion in the people that know how to grow cherries. You watch all year long and your tree goes from being dormant to being in full bloom and it's really exciting to watch how many blossoms you have and then you watch the crops set and you watch the cherries start to grow and you start to count them and you start to watch them size. I think there's something really special about that. If you're in the Okanagan you can go to a fruit stand and you can get fresh cherries. You can find them all summer long but in retail stores at the Lower Mainland or in the North I think it's and I think asking when you don't see them is worth it. Come check out the orchards, pick up some fruit from the local fruit stands and experience it yourself. The fruit is amazing and the experience is going to be even better. Supporting local farmers is critical in making sure that family farms can persist and can last. B.C. producers are really excited to share their product with Canadians.