I've discussed a lot of the basic core utilities, the command line utilities on Linux, and today I wanted to continue along with that journey. Today I wanted to talk about the column command. Now column, as the name implies, what it does is it takes input and then spits it back out as output in a column format. So let me show you a few examples of what you can do with the column command. So let me open a terminal. So let me go ahead and make the terminal full screen, and I'm going to zoom way in here first. Let's check out the man page for column just to get a brief overview of what this is. You can see column. What does it do? It columnates lists, meaning you give it some input. It's going to spit it back out in a column kind of layout. Now what kind of flags and options are available? You have 15 to 20, I would guess, flags and options available. I'm going to show you a number of the more useful ones. If I scroll all the way to the bottom you can see the package that the column command is part of. It's actually part of the util-linux package. So it's not a GNU core util. It's also not a GNU find util. It's part of a group of packages that are part of the util-linux package, which I believe that particular group of packages is maintained and distributed by the Linux kernel team. You'll find a lot of useful command line utilities as part of the util-linux package. So I know fdisk and cfdisk are part of it. I believe the make file system command mkfs is also a part of that. MakeSwap, I believe, is also a part of it. I'm pretty sure the reverse command rev is also a part of that. If you're not familiar with the rev command it's pretty neat. If I do hello nerds, exclamation, and I pipe it into rev for reverse it spits it back out in reverse order character-wise. But the rev command is not the subject of today's video. So let's do something with columns. So I'm going to print f and I'll do column one space, column two, and then let's do a new line break, foo space, bar, and then another new line. If I just print that to standard output, you can see it's kind of in a column layout, right? Column one, column two. Of course they're different sized words so they don't really line up. This is just being printed to standard output how it would typically look. Now what happens if I feed it into the column command with no flags or options? Well it just takes the foo and the bar. It ignores those new line breaks, right? And it gives us column one, column two, foo, and bar in a column layout but they're all on one row. Now that is not exactly what I would expect from the column command. It does have a flag dash dash table for a tabled format. You can also just shorten that to a single dash t for table. And if I do that, now it prints the output exactly the way you would probably assume it should look. Column one, column two, and then foo and bar lined up exactly the right way. And of course instead of just feeding it some input here at the command line, you could give it a file name as input. Let's create a file. So let me do vim. I'll call this file one. Vim is not installed out of the box here in Ubuntu. So let me do sudo apt install vim. And now let me vim file one. And I'm just going to create some text here. So I'll do zero one space and then I'll give it a name. How about Alex and who is Alex space? I'm going to say he's the CEO of our company. Zero two can be Emily. Who is Emily? She is the vice president. And then I'll do zero three and Harry. He is going to be a board member. We'll do Patty. She was also going to be a board member. I should watch my spelling though. And then zero five. We'll do Tom. He is also a board member because I'm not that creative. All right. Now that we have this, I'm going to write and quit. And now let's do column on file one. And if I move my head out of the way here, and you can see again, because we didn't give it the tabled format, it didn't respect our columns. So let's go ahead and give it that dash t flag. I'm going to up arrow here in the bashell and column dash t for tabled format. And now it looks like we would expect, right? Well, almost. You see board and member was really just one field, but it broke it up into two different fields because by default, the column command breaks on spaces. So how do we get around that? Well, the only way to get around that is either to go back in our file and remove the space between board and member, maybe put a dash there, which kind of looks weird, or remove the spaces between the columns and add a specific field separator. And I think that's what I would do. So if I do them file one again, and I'm going to go back in here, let's get into visual block mode, I'm going to change all of those spaces to a pipe symbol. Let's make the pipe symbol our field separator, and then replace that with a pipe, and that with a pipe, that with a pipe, and that with a pipe, and we'll leave the spaces in the board member title. Now let's write and quit that. And if I up arrow back to the column command with the dash t flag for table now also give it the dash s flag for separator and specify that the pipe symbol is our separator. If I hit enter, now that is formatted very nicely. That's exactly the way we would expect that table to look. Now one of the more useful files on any GNU slash Linux system that you will find the column command extremely useful for is the slash at C slash pass WD file. So this is a file on every GNU slash Linux system. It contains all of your users on the system, all of their passwords, all of their default shells, all of their default home directories, yada, yada, yada. So if I cat the slash at C pass WD, you will see all of the users currently on this Ubuntu machine. And you can see it has seven fields. They're separated by colons. You can see that this is a bit of a mess to read. Wouldn't that be nice if it was in a tabled column kind of format? Well, we can actually do that. So let me clear the screen. So let me do column dash T for table slash at C slash pass WD. And you can see that is a bit of a mess because we've got a lot of stuff going on here. I've got to zoom back out for you guys to even see that I got to zoom way out because there's seven columns, some of the information and some of the columns is long. And that's why when it's trying to break all of this up, you've got line breaks in weird spaces because I did not give it a field separator. So that is something we definitely need to do on a file like this. So let's go ahead and give it a separator. The separator obviously needs to be a colon. And now let me zoom back out. That looks a lot better there. I scroll back up. That is a much cleaner way to read the pass WD file. Now let's talk about some of the other flags that you could use with the pass WD command. So you've got this tabled column to layout. Would you like a header at the top to actually label the individual columns? You can give the columns names. So if I up arrow back to this command here, and I go back and I throw in the dash capital N flag for let's name the columns and I'm going to name them one all caps comma two, three, four, five, six, seven. And if I hit enter on that, you can see we get the same tabled column layout. But now if I scroll all the way to the top, we have an extra row here where we have now named each column. You see one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven. Now when you have a lot of information here in the terminal, you see I had to zoom back out because it was so much information. The lines we're going to start breaking in weird places, you can actually tell the column command to truncate some of these columns. For example, I can already tell you the fifth column here, you know, some of these lines are kind of long, wouldn't it be nice to actually truncate that. So there is a truncate flag, I believe it is capital T. And then you specify the names of the columns. So if I just do column five slash etsy slash past WD and hit enter, nothing changed because it had room for all of the information because I'm full screen here. But let me make the terminal a little smaller here. So I'm going to make the terminal just a little smaller. I'm going to rerun that command. Let me move my head here. And again, we'll leave the dash T flag and the column that is named five. I want it truncated if it needs to be. And this time you see that there's no weird line breaks because that fifth column that had the unusually long descriptions. Sometimes now you can see those lines are truncated. You can see, for example, system D, capital U, I don't know where that was going, but I'm assuming there was more to that description there, but it cut it off because it needed to cut it off to fit all the lines in the space allowed for the size of the terminal as is. And of course, I could specify other columns to also truncate. So maybe I want to truncate lines five and seven, the last field, which is I believe the default shell for the user. And you can see now it gives more space to column five, but it truncated column seven cut off the shells. So that is how that would work. And if we wanted to play with one more flag again, dash O for the output field separator, so we could add something back in. So we took the input field separator as colons, and we could change the output field separator to a pipe symbol. And again, it will keep the tabled column so it's still lined up, but it throws a pipe symbol at the very beginning of the column. So actually that starts looking actually like a proper table. So that's just a little bit of what you can do with the column command again, part of the standard util Linux package. It's not a command you're going to use all the time, but sometimes when you're dealing with a specific kind of input that really belongs in a tabled kind of layout, you're going to appreciate the column command. Now before I go, I need to thank a few special people. I need to thank the producers of this show, Dustin Gabe James, Matt Maxim, Michael Mitchell, Paul West, Waiya Ball, Homie Allen, Armoredragon, Chuck Commander, Erie, Diokai, Dylan, Greg, Marstrum, Erion, Alexander, Peace, Archive, Adore, Polytech, Realiteats, for less red profit, Steven, Tool, Stevlar, and Willie. These guys, they're my high-steered patrons over on Patreon without these guys. This quick look at the column command would not have been possible. The show's also brought to you by each and every one of these fine ladies and gentlemen. All these names you're seeing on the screen right now, these are all my supporters over on Patreon because I don't have any corporate sponsors.  Subscribe to DistroTube over on Patreon. Alright guys, peace.


Hey everyone, this is Mike Kramer of my capital the weekly check-in today is August 22nd, and it's around eight o'clock New York time US markets are closed So there's gonna be a lot of to cover today. There's a lot of parts of the market that are now Really starting to work together in a way that we could see These things really shape where equity prices go and it really starts at the top With the yields on the US yield curve, and then it kind of flows into Currencies and then currency movements ultimately affecting equity prices and if we just start with at the top with the two year The two years been sort of not really committal at this point It's it's been stuck between basically four and three quarters and five percent going all the way back now to this point The middle of June and a lot of this is because the market is undecided in terms of what the next path is for the Fed And we will get it from one standpoint the market is basically looking at a 50% chance for the Fed to raise rates one more time potentially in November and Actually, these odds have sort of increased over the last couple of days and weeks If we just take a look we can see that basically since August 21st the odds of another rate hike have increased from about call it 36 percent to almost 50 percent and What Jay Powell says this Friday at Jackson Hole could have a lot of influence in terms of where this number goes But what perhaps is even more important is what's happening in Fed fund futures when we go further out in time When we look at Fed fund futures for December of 2024 This is starting to move up to around four and a half percent. Why is this important? Well the Fed basically If they're less SAP in June noted that they saw a Fed fund rate next year at around 4.6 percent So what you're seeing is the market is actually beginning to move up towards where the Fed target is and when we look at where The December Fed fund futures you can see we're up at 5.45 percent Again moving towards that 5.6 percent target that the Fed has laid out for 2023 So when you look at it from a standpoint of you know The where the market is versus where the Fed is as of the June SEP the market is moving closer to where the Fed is in terms of how it's thinking about things And that's one of the reasons why we're beginning to slowly see the two-year rate begin to creep higher And you know, this is important because basically we're getting to a point where the we're getting back to the March 8th Highs now March 8th obviously the date that goes back to SVB and the and the and some of the banks that ended up failing first Republic And essentially what we're also seeing now at this point is the yield curve in the back of the curve Really beginning to move higher. In fact, I have this little bit of a messy chart But if we just take away some of these lines and we take a look we can see we've already eclipsed the October 24th highs and what we have here is really what looks to be a bull flag pattern And so I've broken it down from a standpoint of you know How high can the 10-year go just basically on it on a on a Technical basis and when we just very conservatively speaking if this were the flagpole and this was the flag And if we measured it from the low point to the breakout We're talking about a move to around 5.1% now if you do it technically the correct Measurements where you would take the measure of the flagpole and you would measure it from the actual breakout point You're talking about the potential of a rally in the rate in the 10-year rate to around 5.7% Again how you want to count this completely up to yourself But if you wanted to start including you know this origin point as another place to start the move higher in rates It's certainly viable although again if we're just kind of taking things step-by-step day-by-day I like to try to look at things more conservatively now. Why is this important? Because basically you have the front of the curve, which has been really kind of stuck On the two-year rate around this 5% level while you're seeing the back of the curve Really beginning to rise in a rapid manner and this has the yield curve essentially at this point beginning to show signs of re-steepening and this is important because Essentially what the market is doing at this point is that this is a re-steepening in the typical fashion sense of you know the Fed of the market Anticipating Fed rate cuts and the two-year is falling to the 10. This is a bear steepener And basically what's happening is you're getting the 10-year arise to the 2 And this is more of an indication of the market thinking about future growth future inflation Expectations going forward and this is really visible when you start looking at the yield curve of The tip market when you look at the 10-year tip. What we're basically seeing at this point is a 10-year tip That's now up to 1.97% This is a new series high and if we go back over time You'll see that this is a number that we haven't seen in at least five years and if we go back even further This is a number that we haven't seen Basically since 2009 so nearly a decade So we're talking about monetary policy in real terms getting tighter at around that 2% level And what's and what we essentially have at this point is basically the entire inflation tip curve trading at basically 2% or higher at this point in time and Why is this important because we're seeing rates at the back of the curve moving higher in nominal terms And we're seeing rates more broadly at the back of the curve also rising in real terms And this is telling us really about what the market is thinking about inflation and what it's showing us is that The market is readjusting Basically at this point on the back of the curve not because it necessarily Thinks that you know growth is going to be you know stronger in the US economy But it almost appears as if the market is saying that it expects inflation to remain elevated for a longer period of time and I'm coming to that conclusion basically by looking at the break-even inflation expectation for the 10-year and Again, what we see here is that the break-even inflation expectation for the 10-year is basically around 2.33 percent Which is off the recent lows and really more towards the middle of the game Higher than where we were prior to 2018 and What this is sort of telling us again is that the market is basically saying we may be in an environment where we need to have Nominal rates higher to be able to get real rates to where they have to be Based off of where inflation expectations are and this is important because what this what's basically happening at this point Is you're beginning to see spreads between us and 10-year German bonds begin to really widen again and move up towards The upper end of the range when you look at the US 10-year and you subtract the Japanese 10-year can see that's also beginning to widen Again, why is this important? It's important because basically you have the tech the Japanese the Japanese yen basically trading against the dollar almost entirely based on where these where these Interest rate their differentials are going at this point and if we can expect to see nominal rates rise quicker here Then where they're maybe going to rise let's say in Japan where yes They're you know in the process of lifting yield curve control and yes the Japanese 10-year JGB is trading at the highest level. It's been now basically since 2014 at 66 basis points It still seems more likely that you're going to see rates on the US side of the equation continue to rise a little bit more aggressively just because they have more that freedom to do that and The more that the rate in the 10-year in Japan rises the more it sort of sets a higher floor for the rest of the world and So what you're basically seeing at this point is a US dollar That's you know showing signs of of strengthening against the Japanese yen getting back to where it was Basically in October of 2022 and potentially, you know testing some of these upper levels the yen trading back up to around 184 13 because essentially you're at resistance right now at once 46 and a quarter So a move over 146 and a quarter potentially sets up a move to even higher levels Maybe around 148 likewise Resit supports really kind of limited here at 144 83 So downside is likely limited compared to what the upside move is when you look at the euro you're also seeing the dollar strengthen against the euro and More importantly, you're basically at this point sitting right on support This is your floor basically at 108 and a half and if you were to drop below 108 a half It really opens the path down to 106 90 or so likewise If you're able to break this little trend line that's forming it in place at this point You're talking about more of a likelihood of a move back up towards this 109 region I think at this point the downside risk is certainly outweigh the even with the British pound versus the dollar You can see that we've been able to you know break this downtrend We haven't really surpassed as low or bound at 126 or so But at the same time all we're doing at this point is consolidating sideways almost like We're waiting for a little bit of a of a decision here out of the market in terms of what really wants to come next In terms of the British pound with resistance being around 128 and resist and support being around 126 90 And when we take it over to the dollar index You can see that basically because we have these scenarios where the dollar strengthening versus the euro the dollar strengthening against the yen and also very importantly the dollar strengthening against the Chinese one That basically is setting up a scenario where you're seeing the dollar index potentially break above a meaningful level of support Resistance here around 103 and a half and once we clear this 103 and a half region There's not much to stop us going from 104 and then 104 75 or so and then really onto bigger numbers at 105 and a half And potentially well beyond even that and this is important because you know What do we get when we get all of a sudden you're going to get rates on the back of the curve moving higher You're going to get the dollar potentially strengthening. Well, that's going to lead to tighter financial conditions And and so again today what sort of happened in the market here in the u.s You know we gapped higher to start the day And then by day's end we finished the day You know on basically near the lows down 28 basis points And so if you start getting into a situation where the dollar is going to continue to strengthen from here You're going to see more S&P 500 weakness because at the end of the day all we've been doing You know for the last call it two years is just trading in a in a relationship That's inverted to one another and there you can see the relationship between the two So if you continue to see the dollar strengthen, that's going to continue to weigh on s and p 500 And essentially at this point we're talking about an s and p 500 that's Getting pretty close to potentially breaking to even lower levels This is really your big support level here around 43 40 Once you break 43 40 it's on to you know 42 70 and then you're talking about 41 60 And really to the upside again, we tried to break out today. We tried to break higher We tried to get above these resistance levels over here We gapped above it. We weren't able to hold it. We failed and that's a pretty bearish indicator In fact closing on the lows is pretty bearish as well So if you get a gap down tomorrow below this 43 80 area, you're talking about going easily I think back to 43 60 Likewise, if you can take this high out of 4400 Maybe you get a second shot at 44 20, you know, but if you look at the Dow I think the story becomes a little bit more ominous because Again when we looked at the Dow a couple weeks ago We were talking about this big level of resistance that goes back many many months november of 22 At basically 34,600 We got above it and we came all the way back below it And it's been now one two three days that we haven't been able to get back above it And that's an important level because not only did we not get back above it You can see we've attempted to get back above it two prior times and you got a lower high each time That's really sort of a bearish indicator to me And what suggests here is that if you go below 34,000 You know 250 tomorrow and get below this 34,200 level You're talking about getting back into the mid 33 thousands And I think that's really a negative sign for the Dow Jones as well And if we look at the NASDAQ finally The NASDAQ obviously has Nvidia earnings Um, and obviously that's going to be big for the whole market But again, you can see that we broke this big major uptrend and that's really setting us up for Potentially retesting this lower trend line Again, just like the S&P if you take out this high early tomorrow 15,041 You're talking about, you know, maybe trying to get back up to this 15,200 level If you break this 14,880 region, you're talking about filling a gap Probably down to 14,700 or so. So again, lots of things going on in the marketplace I think at this point the dollar probably matters more than anything else That's happening in the market if the dollar's continuing to rise If you're seeing rates at the back of the curve beginning continuing to go higher I think that's going to be a really hostile environment for stocks going forward And I think anytime you start seeing the dollar strengthen Against the euro strengthening against the yen strengthening against the won even strengthening against the canadian dollar It really makes it really makes it tough. I think for stocks to rally in that type of environment So keep an eye on that DXY and let that sort of be your guide. Anyway, have a great rest of your week and I'll see you soon. Bye


Let me begin. Anybody got a chance to look at total number of aspects in language, in natural language? I mean, all the languages that we speak is natural language. Answer my question, have you looked at that? Yes, sir. Yes. So, then tell me. I check just the Wikipedia page. It was not very, the arguments were not very convincing. In English, they have identified four aspects for two tenses, past and present tenses. What are they? Simple present, present progressive, present perfect and present perfect progressive for present tense and the same for the past. Sure. See, aspect is the reason why I want you to look at that part. The primary thing for you to understand is, aspect is something different from tense. This is number one. In the sense that aspects add, aspects add something else to sentence. Tense tells us about time of the action. Aspect talks about more particular, particular manner in which action was done at a particular point in time. That is the reason why these two things are different. Now, when we say simple or continuous or perfect or what was the fourth one you said, perfect, progressive, all we need to know, there are terminological differences in that. What we say progressive is exactly what is continuous. We just need to understand the differences between these two terms. However, we also need to look at examples of what we mean when we say perfect continuous. I am planning for little bit more discussion on that at some other time. So, I give you some more time to look at that particular aspect of aspects. Let us move ahead with what we have to discuss. We were looking at this structure of sentence yesterday and we now know that we now understand about endocentricity of a phrase that is if we are talking about an NP, then only nouns are going to be head of that phrase. When we look at smaller sentences, straight forward nice looking sentences, this is what I have mentioned probably several times nice looking sentences. This is what I mean by well behaved nice looking sentences where you have a clear verb, clear subject and a clear predicate and two parts of predicate that is a verb and its compliment. That is what we mean by nice looking sentences. Sentences are called inflectional phrases that is because what hosts a sentence and the head of the sentence is not a lexical word either subject or the verb. The head of the sentence or what plays the most significant role in a sentence is inflection. Right now we are considering inflection as the bundle of features which is both tense and aspect together. And then we know that sentences must have a subject which is outside of the predicate. It naturally follows from that that the sentences must have predicates too. In the absence of either one of the two we do not have a sentence, verbs however may have or may not have their compliments. Any sentence? Yes. Like yesterday we saw a sentence within a sentence. So, is the, I mean is the smaller sentence also inflectional? Yes. Also inflectional? Yes. The only thing we need to know is how do they get represented in X bar scheme. Should not be very difficult. It is a logical thing to look at to X bar itself is a logically designed mechanism where remember about the categorical rules. The verb no subcategorizes for the whole sentence. So, where is the, where is the second sentence going to be? Should not be difficult for us to understand. That is if the second sentence like in the sentence number 2 on the screen, if the S 2 is subcategorized by the verb no, then we know it is the complement of that verb. And then this sentence is going to be exactly in the same place where compliments occur. And then we go ahead with the another sentence. So, here is how it works. Any question about sentence number 1? No questions about sentence number 1 here? That is the first sentence. Let us look at 2. It is a sentence which is an IP. It follows all its endocentricity and other components of a phrase and then we have here I as its head and then we have a VB as the complement of this head, where we have a subject NP here, where what is the subject here? John. And then this, the structure of the VP is again this is where we have no. This is the main sentence. Do we understand that this sentence John knows that Bill loves Mary? It is one sentence or two separate sentences? This one sentence or two separate sentences. Connected by that. John knows will be incomplete. Will be incomplete. Very true. It cannot be two sentences. There is a sentence in it, which by itself could be an independent sentence like Bill loves Mary. By itself that could be an independent sentence, but when we are talking about this whole sentence, this whole thing is one sentence and the second sentence that you see is part of the first one in the sense that that is the part of the, that is the part of the verb, which is that is part of the predicate no. In the sense that this S2 is complement of the verb no. Get it? The by nature of the verb is this predicate can take an NP as its complement or it can take more than an NP, which could be an IP. Please know, I am going to change this thing in a few moments, but right now I am going to put another IP here. Why I will change this to anything else? I will discuss that with you too. Now you know that we have John knows and then this S2 comes here. You can draw the structure of this IP again and I leave it for you to draw this. Again the subject of this IP is going to be what? We will have a subject here and the subject of the second sentence what you see on this screen is going to come here. Then it has its own tense and then it has its own VP and that VP has its own verb and the complement of that verb. This is why I said I am going to change that in a moment. I am coming to that. Which means and it is a good thing that you are asking, it simply means that we cannot ignore a single component in the sentence because every part of a sentence has consequence for its presence and that refers to something. I am coming to that, but for the time being what I want you to know is how the predicate know takes a whole IP, whole sentence as its complement and then it stays in such a place that it is non recursive structure, it stays here and then it works as an independent sentence. Since we are working on this, what comes here in the head of this main sentence? What is the tense of the main sentence? We will settle down with this much for the time being and we are not working on the role of aspect in this sentence right now. If there is any, we put this as bundle here, bundle of features. This is really truly a part of advanced syntax thing where splitting these things and their consequences have been worked out, but I am not saying that it is difficult for you to understand that. All I am saying is the discussion on this does not have too serious a consequence on trying to understand what we are doing right now. This is how this structure works. The question is what is that doing in this sentence? It connects, is it really only connecting or is it doing something else? What is the meaning of this that in this sentence or is it little bit different from conjunction? See the reason why I am raising this question really is when we have, when we use actual conjunct words that is why I asked you, are they two separate sentences, they are not right. Like when we say John and Mary, we cannot drop the conjunct word from there. However it is likely to, it is possible to drop this word from here. We can say John knows, well not in this sentence, but in some sentences we can drop this that understand that. So therefore it is not really a conjunct word alone and then conjunct word weighs two parts equally. These are not two equal parts of the same sentence. What is it? Before we answer that, answer this question, there is one more thing which I want to ask you. This is not the first time you hear this word that. Do you know that there are at least two types of that in English? Tell me the, what is the literal meaning of this that? So it does not have a meaning, that is just a pointer, but if I say give me that, give me that book. Do we have a meaning of that that? That is a demonstrative pronoun. One of the, one of that is a demonstrative pronoun which has a meaning. This one does not have a meaning of its own. There are two types of that in English at least. If we look at this part S2, it is clearly more than IP. This part S2, it is clearly more than IP. It is more than IP. An IP is a simple sentence like the first one John loves Mary or Bill loves Mary or for something. It is a very pretty simple sentence. That John loves Mary is not just an IP. It is something more than an IP. What I want to introduce to you with the help of this is something called a phrase complementizer phrase, which is CP. This is, you understand the structure of the phrase. The head of this CP is going to be C, which stands for complementizer. Complimentizer and then you get an IP. IP has its own subject. So the way it works is, this is where we have that Bill present. We say Bill loves Mary. What I wanted to change here is going to depend on your answer. In the main sentence where we have the predicate no, does this predicate no subcategorize for an IP or for a CP? That is the S2 that you see in this sentence. Is it an IP or a CP? CP. So this verb when we say it subcategorizes for another sentence or it could subcategorize for another sentence as its complement, what we actually mean is this is a CP. This is how in simple example a complex sentence works. Now you need to combine the two structures together and that will be one X bar representation of the sentence to John knows that Bill loves Mary. In order to understand X bar you need to look at just not just, but couple of things very carefully. First endocentricity of phrases. Second components of a phrase in terms of the fact that every sentence every phrase will have similar structure. That is in a specifier it will have a head and it will have a complement. The intermediate category that is not the terminal one N or V and not the phrasal one N P or V P, but the intermediate ones N bar or V bar is going to work as recursiveness is going to provide recursiveness in the structure. Once you know these things and then what you need to keep in mind is categorical selection rules. Once you figure out what is the complement of the predicate and once and when you know that the subject is outside the predicate which becomes the specifier of the sentence. Then the structure of the sentence structure of the predicate and the complement to structure the complement placement all of them become clear to you and you can come up with a structure. We are doing it the other way around. The main idea, the main reason why these things were proposed and studied was the claim is this is how generative mechanism of sentence production works in human mind when we learn a language. When we acquire a language for the first time when we say we can speak infinitely long sentences. How does generative mechanism allow an infinitely long sentence? How do we know that a sentence is ungrammatical? A sentence is ungrammatical. Where do things go wrong in the sentence? This is the way to capture such predictions in sentences. I have to talk about one more type of sentence and then I move on but do we have any question about the two types of sentences we have seen? Simple sentence and this type of a complex sentence where we have a complex predicate in terms that the predicate takes a heavier complement which is a CP not just an NP. Now if that is so need to make some more space or I will leave it for some more time. We have a sentence the third one who likes Mary? This is a question sentence. Let me put it this way. In this sentence the word who is not really part of an IP? It is not really part of an IP because it is not the subject of the sentence. It is a question word which questions the subject not a subject itself. Do you see this part? This word is not a question not a subject by itself which will become little bit clearer when you look at the second sentence. What did John eat? What is this question word question in this sentence? What is this word question? What is the word what? Questions in the last sentence. This is a difficult question to answer. It what? It is something that is part of predicate technically speaking it is an object and this sentence last sentence already had its own subject which is John. It is a language internal restriction that is it is part of the parameters of universal grammar that English questions always get fronted. Unlike other languages the way question works in other languages is not in all the languages question words are fronted that is they occur in the beginning of the sentence. It is a language internal restriction in English that all the question words are going to occur in the beginning of a sentence that is all the questions irrespective of which component is being questioned gets fronted. How does it work in our languages? Do they really get fronted or not? How do we say the sentence? What did John eat? Let us say many of you know Hindi. How do we say the sentence in Hindi? What did John eat? John ne kya kaya. Is this word kya which is a question word I am assuming that you know is this occurring in the beginning of the sentence? Please know that question formation is part of universal principles that is all the languages of the world will have a mechanism to form questions. How is parametric? In some languages question words will come in the beginning of the sentence in others they will not and both a set of principles and set of parameters form universal grammar. So, coming back to this sentence the last one you see that what is not really a subject with the help of these two sentences we can conclude that question words are really not part of IP. They are not within inflectional phrase they are somewhere else. If they are what we need to know where do they really go? Where do they really go to? That is word where they go to the complementizer phrase. The purpose of positing a CP is not just to discuss complex structure alone and again I want you to know this in very clear terms that when we are talking about something like innate principle something like universal grammar which is part of innate principle of natural language. If one component of grammar explains just one thing then that is too heavy a process for human mind. Mechanism should be explaining rules for example I will delete it right away. You know this mechanism in mathematics. Does it explain just one thing? That is what I am saying is if I just put these two things here this simplest possible mechanism of mathematics does not work only for adding two and two. What this really works for is anything that you put on the two sides of this you are going to get a sum of that here. This is called underlying rule. This is one single instance of this underlying rule. What I am trying to say is if a rule like this gives you just one explains you just one phenomena then that is too heavy an operation for something like human mind to operate. What human mind likes is something like generative mechanism which should be able to explain anything as long as we are talking about sentences. So, the structure of an IP is going to take care of any sentence whatsoever. You come up with any type of sentence and once you know how to split these things then you can fit not just fit on purpose then you know how the sentence works. So, X bar system inside generative mechanism is something like this rule. You can make this rule as complex as you can. I do not know mathematics that well therefore I am not giving you many rules. The problem of learning system I need to come back to something. The problem of learning system is we learn this but we do not know the we do not learn the underlying rules. I can give you my example. I still do not understand the application of this thing because I was never explained this thing. I know how to compose and decompose and all those things but I do not know how and why should I learn it. What do I do with this? At least this much was easy to figure out that when you go to the market you need to do some of the things. This I did not figure out. That is my limitation. What I am trying to say here for our purpose is this mechanism is like the underlying rules. It is not just one explaining just one single instance. Therefore, if we project something like CP and if it just helps us explain a subordinate clause then that is not a very economical process. I think I have mentioned sometimes to you in the first few weeks that languages like to follow principle of economy. This is one example of principle of economy that same structure should be able to explain other phenomena as well. CP helps us explain question sentences in the following sense and it helps us understand one more aspect of it which I just want you to know. A simple structure, simple sentence like this is the structure of CP is such that the complementizer, the IP the main sentence becomes the complement of C and then we have IP where we have a subject, an inflection and then VP. VP has its own, I am trying to make it put it in short because there is no specifier of VP here. There is a huge debate about these things which is not really relevant right now. Let us come back to this. We have a sentence like, what is the sentence that we have? Who likes Mary? Here is the word like. We have a presentence and then we have now the question is this subject NP has been questioned. So this is an empty place in the sentence and there is a role of empty places as well in the sense that we cannot say this sentence does not have a subject. It is just empty. It has been questioned. So what happens actually is this NP moves out of this and then it needs to land somewhere. It needs to stay in the entire structure and then what happens is it moves to the specifier position of the CP. Then we say who likes Mary? There is one more language internal rule in English which says when we make a question, what moves is not just the question word, not the element which has been questioned. What moves is also tense. So this I, this tense moves to another one. Now this may not be making much sense to you right now, but it will make more sense when I am talking about the second sentence that you see on this screen. It is a complementizer phrase which is in simple term more than an IP. What we are saying is question sentences are more than an IP. IP is a normal sentence. We do not want to say these are abnormal sentences, but these are more than an IP. So all interrogative sentences are CP's. Who is not a complementizer? It goes in the specifier position. It just requires a place to land. Now remember who is an NP? It is a phrasal category. It is in the specifier position of the sentence. The place where it can land can only be in a specifier position of another phrase. Again what we see a system in place an NP which is not, which is a phrasal category cannot move to a complementizer position. It has to move to another position which can host an NP. When this thing moves out of its original place, what is this? The category of this is a head. This is in the tense is in the head position of this IP. So a head needs to move to another head position. C happens to be one such available head position in this structure. It moves there and then it explains the whole sentence how interrogative sentences work. We have to do the RO's. Is that how the X, Y is drawn? RO? The RO's. RO's. Yes, yes. That is how. To explain interrogative sentences and this is called this phenomena when we are doing the arrow, this is called movement or displacement. These are examples of actual displacements of elements from one position to the other position. In earlier terms, in earlier grammars this was called transformation rules. How we transform a declarative sentences into an interrogative sentence? Which is the two sentences, one is declarative, the other is interrogative. We know that this interrogative sentence has been formed out of a declarative sentence. The later development of X-bar theory and developments in generative linguistics which we know as generative mechanism help us understand that actually there is no transformation. We do not have a new sentence. What we have is elements within the sentence have been displaced and this is an actual physical demonstration of displacement of elements in a sentence. Now please look at sentence number 4 that is last sentence on the screen and then you will see what I mean by the displacement of tense. When the tense moves out of this thing, when subjects are questioned, we do not visibly see the displacement of tense. But when objects are questioned, we see the displacement of tense as well. Can we say what John ate? Is that a good sentence of English? What John ate? What is a good sentence of English is what you see here. The sentence is what did John eat? What did John eat? Now let me use this space. The word eat is actually eat plus past which we get to see as the way this exists. It sounds little bit too much to separate them into two but sometimes actually human mental computation works on this and separates this element out of this. Therefore you see the sentence like this. You have a sentence John ate an apple and then you get when you have a question what did John eat? What we are actually doing is while questioning the object, because of the language internal requirements of English we also need to displace tense. Not the predicate, not the predicate. We need to displace tense alone. Only tense, verb is stage in its original position. We only separate out verb, separate tense out of the verb and then that moves. This is a physical real example of displacement and separation of tense from the predicate. In English question words, can I use the same structure to discuss the last sentence here? You see to delete some of the things from here. This is how it works. We have the tense here past and we have an NP which is an object is questioned. What happens is in this case this NP moves to respect position. What also happens is verb stage here and its tense moves to this position and then we get because this is past tense what comes here is this. Now, tense is an invisible category. It does not have its own manifestation which you can see with the example of this verb 8. If I just gave you the word 8 and ask you to show me past tense, it is not possible to see the tense when it is associated with the verb. We really get to see that when we dissociate it from there. As an invisible category, as an inflection category the tense cannot stand on its own. Therefore, it needs the help of a fictitious element like do which does not mean anything of its own in this case and then do becomes an example of a present tense and did becomes an example of past tense in the sense that do hosts present tense and did hosts past tense and then they come here. When this is separated out of the verb then what we are left with is a bare verb. Therefore, even in the past tense we say what did John eat? Now, I want you to understand one more underlying fact out of this CP, out of this structure which is the following. I am assuming that it is clear to you that question sentences are more than IP. Question sentences require in or involve actual physical displacement of elements from their original places to some other place at least in English. Now, the reason why I mention this at least in English is this has been predicted or this has been the structure for all the languages. In a language like Hindi when you do not see things moving there are more things to be discussed which is people posit that at a logical form level, at a deeper structure level they move but at surface structure level they show up in the right places. Those involve complicated computation. We do not want to go there. In order to understand the phenomena of X bar what we need to know is there is an involvement of actual displacement of elements which the theory of X bar clearly demonstrates. The different categories, different phrases of phrases which is part of X bar X bar theory help us understand several types of sentences.  What we mean is there is an association between this tense and verb. This association is not inherent. They get together which is which becomes evident that at times they can be separated from one another too. If they were inseparable then we will not be able to do this and probably in those, if they were not separable probably to say something like John 8 would have been perfectly alright a sentence in English. The fact that we, John what did John what John 8 is not a good sentence of English tells us that it is possible to separate tense out of verb. Therefore, sentence, tenses must be out of the verb to begin with in the logical representation of sentences. If tenses need to be out of the verb then there are more things that have gone into this. What was positive is actually the head of the sentence is this inflectional complex and then everything else is built around this. This making sense? There is one more type of question which I have not put here. Some of the yes no type questions which is let us say if we have a question like is this a pencil? I am assuming that you should be able to do it. In yes no type questions in English, in a language like English we do not have content word who, what, when. In that case what happens is nothing goes to a specified position of CP. What only moves is tense from the head to another head which remains the, which keeps the integrity of question sentences that all the question sentences are CP's. We still need a place for tense to land which and that place is the head position of a CP. Get it? So in yes no questions the only thing that moves is tense. Now think about one more situation. When it comes to the movement of elements what is more fundamental? Which element is more fundamental to move? That is which element must move? Tense. Therefore inflectional categories are of prime importance in the construction of a sentence. They determine the nature and structure of a sentence. Get it? And thus both the types of sentences structure wise both the types of questions WH questions which are also called content questions and yes no questions in which we do not have a WH word. Both are CP's and both require physical displacement of inflectional elements and lexical elements. Lexical elements are the categories like subjects like NPs in subject position or object position or it there could be more positions and we can question any NP or any PP. All of them will move to respect position of CP. The reason why we are calling questions CP not the reason. One of the reasons why we call them CP is this helps us predict that we cannot question two elements in the same sentence. We cannot say who, what, 8 because there are no two respect positions in the CP. So these are not just artificial designs. These are not just fancy stuff to see how fancifully we work around different elements of sentences. They have serious theoretical predictions of how language really gets projected in human mind. Now for someone to believe this thing or not believe it is like religion, what we do with this whether this has any application or not. I personally believe the application stuff of linguistics to machine learning and computer applications is too far away from this place. We are still working with sounds. We are still trying to understand sounds and how machines should be able to understand sounds. Sentences and then displacement of elements in sentences and their semantic correlations are too far away. Which is not to say that things are not working in computer science. We have moved to, we have made a landmark progress and we see the products around us with such things. But to come back to what I am discussing, we may not be able to see the direct application of these things and how to design an intelligent machine. But once these things get modeled properly with proper algorithm in whichever way they are done, I do not know how to model these things with algorithms. But then you see the application of these things in other domains. At least so far these things help us understand in categorical terms what several new things about functioning of human mind. How human mind follows simplicity, principle of economy and projection of sentences is pretty clear through understanding of generative mechanism of sentence production. I had a couple of other things to discuss with you, which is thematic relations. I know we have to, by we I mean professor Chaudhary needs to come in for his classes, but I need two to three more classes here to wind up things in a particular way so that we can say we have a fairly good understanding of two, three components of syntax, how they work. So tomorrow I work with thematic relations and C command. Thank you.


It's time for the Lawn Jean Chronoscope. A television journal of the important issues of the hour brought to you every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. A presentation of the Lawn Jean Wittner Watch Company. Maker of Lawn Jean, the world's most honored watch, and Wittner, distinguished companion to the world-honored Lawn Jean. Good evening. This is Frank Knight. May I introduce our co-editors for this edition of the Lawn Jean Chronoscope? From the CBS television news staff, Larry Lusser and Charles Collingwood. Our distinguished guest for this evening is Eric Johnston, special emissary of the president to the Near East. Mr. Johnson, you've done so much work of national importance in the last ten years under three administrations, I guess. I probably covered more of your press conferences than almost anyone else. Now you've just returned from the Middle East where you were the special emissary of the president. Can you tell us exactly what your mission was there? Yes, I went out to the Near East to present a program for the development of the Jordan Valley. Before the program was presented to the United Nations and perhaps summarily dismissed by the nations involved. The development of the Jordan Valley calls for the irrigation of 240,000 additional acres of land in this area. For the development of 65,000 additional horsepower of electric energy. Under this program, the four nations involved in which the Jordan, which comprises the Jordan watershed, would agree upon the division of the waters of the Jordan. It would avoid future conflict between the countries involved. It would make this valley blossom such as it has never done before and probably would allay a great many of the fears and the bitterness that exist in this whole area. Well, Mr. Johnson, weren't your negotiations made considerably more difficult by the flare-up of trouble on the Israeli-Jordan frontier at about the time you were there? It certainly was made extremely difficult. As a matter of fact, the bitterness and the hatreds are very difficult to describe here and I think it would be difficult for us in America to understand them. Well, Mr. Johnson, do you think it's possible to put up a TVA authority for the Jordan River Valley without peace in the Middle East? Oh, I certainly do. As a matter of fact, I think if the people involved would agree upon a division of the waters of the Jordan watershed that that in itself would avoid future conflict and aside the riparian rights of the river. It will inevitably lead to future conflict and the President of the United States wants to avoid that. Well, did you make progress? Yes. I went out there merely to ask these nations to consider the program and to talk to a special presidential envoy when he returned. In each instance, the heads of the governments of the countries involved agreed to study the program to see if it fitted into their particular plans and schemes and to talk to a presidential envoy when he returns and the President's asked me to return. You're going to be that presidential envoy? I think I am. Mr. Johnson, do you think that the Middle East can ever be turned back into that biblical land of milk and honey under such an electric project? Yes, it really can. As a matter of fact, in this whole area, at the time of the fall of the Roman Empire, there were about 57 million people who lived in a standard of living which was the highest of the then known world. Today, there are about 16 or 17 million people living in the same area at one of the lowest standards in the now known world. And if we continued our technical assistance program in this area and if the British and the French continued their program, perhaps 400 years from now, we would restore this area to its productive capacity at the time of the fall of the Roman Empire. Well, Mr. Johnson, this gets us to something which has been a considerable preoccupation of yours for some time, which is point four. You're still chairman, are you not, of the International Development Advisory Board, the point four board? Yes. What do you think about the role of point four in the Middle East and in the world in general? Well, I think the role of technical assistance is one of the finest things that America has ever done and I believe most of the people of America feel that and most of the people of the world. Technical assistance in its broadest scale tries to teach other areas of the world to help themselves. In other words, we provide technical assistance to people in the fields of agriculture, health, sanitation, education so that they can help themselves to improve their lot. In America, don't realize how important technical assistance from other countries is to us in the United States. For instance, during the last 50 years, we've imported thousands of plants from abroad that has increased the productive capacity of various of our agricultural products and without these new strains from abroad that have resisted disease or resisted rust or have increased the productivity per acre. We would not be producing anywhere near the agricultural things in America that we are today. Mr. Johnson, each new administration seems to make a policy of rediscovering Latin America. It seems to me you are once chairman of the Inter-American Development Commission. What's the situation now south of the border? South of the border, they've made a great deal of progress in technical assistance. As a matter of fact today, the nations of South America contribute about four dollars for every dollar that we contribute. I think there is no program in Latin America that is more popular than the technical assistance program. Milton Eisenhower testified to that in his recent report after his tour of Latin America. Point four have made areas of South America that have grown unproductive through misuse, brought them back into productivity again. It has eliminated malarial areas and yellow fever areas that existed in these countries. It has brought new and improved livestock strains and new improved seeds to the country and technical assistance is really beloved by the people of South America. Mr. Johnson, to go back to your power project, your water power project in the Middle East, do you think that the president's new offer of a pooling of atomic energy resources would make a great difference to the output of electrical power, particularly in the Middle East and Latin America? Well, it could in great many areas but probably not in Middle East because they have tremendous resources of gas and oil. And you can develop electric power from gas and oil probably much cheaper than you can from anything that we know about atomic energy today or nuclear fission. But in other areas of the world where there is little or no gas or oil or coal or hydroelectric energy of course, it can do a great deal towards increasing the productivity by increasing the power facilities of those areas. Mr. Johnson, you were a man who met budget problems as a businessman and also as the economic stabilizer right after the war. You had some ideas then about balancing the budget. Do you think it's possible to do so? I don't think it's possible in the next year or so to balance the budget. No, I don't believe it's possible. I think when we want to balance the budget, we must decide in our own minds what are the things that we're going to do without. Because you can't balance the budget unless you are willing to cut out services or goods which we're purchasing. If you're willing to do that, then I think you can balance the budget in the United States. You mean it would be a reduction of the standard of living in the country to balance the budget immediately? No, I don't necessarily mean a reduction in the standard of living. I mean that there are things which we enjoy which our government pays for and we're going to have to decide what are those things which we're going to eliminate. What about inflation, sir? The cost of living index is creeping up. This administration promised to end inflation and it seems to be coming around all over again. I think inflation is pretty much of a dead duck. I think it may fluctuate to one or two tenths of one percent in the next year, but that's about all. I think inflation is pretty well checked. Well, these things don't stand still. Would we have deflation then, do you think? No, I doubt if we'll have much deflation either. First place there are inflationary tendencies in the economy such as an unbalanced budget. Furthermore, I doubt if you will find a reduction of wages and I think it would be undesirable to find a reduction of wages. So it's probable that for the next 12 months at least things will be pretty much in balance. Mr. Johnson, your distinguished career in government has been involved a great deal with our relations with other countries abroad, particularly our economic relations with them. Do you think that it's possible for this country to exist independently apart from other nations in the world? Of course I do not. I think the utterly impossible for us to do so. Many of our strategic materials we get from abroad, many of them we do not have in this country. We're becoming more and more of a have not nation. More and more of the raw materials we get from abroad and many of the skills we get from abroad. I think the leadership of the world has been thrust into our hands. This scepter of world power, many of us don't know how to use and many of us don't want to use. But the fact is that it is here. We can't throw it away and we are the leader of the world, irrespective of what we may think about it. We have to take the position of leadership and the responsibilities that go along with it. You mean our own self-interest involves the rest of the world? Unquestionably it does. In what way? You said something about raw materials. Well, for instance, most of our cobalt comes from outside the United States. We find that practically all of our tin and nickel come from outside the United States. A good deal of our copper we're getting iron ore now from outside of the United States. Many other raw materials that we find essential for any type of productivity. Mr. Johnson has been talking in the past of a roving economic ambassador. I think your name was mentioned in that connection. Do you think anything could be accomplished by having economic ambassadors from the United States? Yes, I think a great deal can be done. The Economic Development Advisory Board that you mentioned a moment ago of which I'm chairman, recommended to the President of the United States some time ago that there be economic roving ambassador to various areas. I think the job that Mr. Randall did in Turkey as an illustration is a remarkable job in which he talked to the Turkish people, told them changes that might be made in their legislation in order to attract foreign capital. Until today, Turkey has done those things and today we'll find that Turkey is one of the most profitable, can be one of the most profitable areas for private investment. As a final question, Mr. Johnson, you're on the television now, but you've been long associated with the motion picture industry. Can you tell us something about the situation in Hollywood now? Well, I think Hollywood's going through a great revolution. It's always been in a series of crises. It goes, if it has a period of tranquility, it's kind of sandwiched in between crises. It's always been that way. But I think Hollywood will emerge better and finer than it's ever been before. Well, do you actually think that the TV will not put it out of business? Of course it won't put it out of business, nor will the motion picture put TV out of business. They're both here to stay. Thank you very much, Mr. Johnson, for a very informative evening. The opinions you've heard our speakers express tonight have been entirely their own. The editorial board for this edition of the Lone Jean Chronoscope was Larry LeSœur and Charles Collingwood. Our distinguished guest was Eric Johnson, special emissary of the president to the Near East. Falling snow, carolers in the quaint costumes of the 1860s remind us that this year, Lone Jean, the world's most honored watch, will celebrate its 87th Christmas. It was the success of Lone Jean watches in early World's Fair competitions. We'd started Lone Jean on the road to world fame. As Lone Jean watches won one grand prize after another, great people the world over simply had to own this celebrated watch. The Sultans of Turkey, the Mandarin of China, the Grand Dukes of Central Europe, and the Millionaires of America. The Lone Jean watches for this Christmas of 1953 are truly magnificent. Each is individually worthy of the awards and honors which Lone Jean watches have won over the years. And each, through personal experience, will demonstrate the greater accuracy for which Lone Jean watches have won prize after prize. And remember that you may still buy and proudly give a Lone Jean watch this Christmas for as little as 70-150. Lone Jean, the world's most honored watch, the world's most honored Christmas gift. Premier product of the Lone Jean with Lone Watch Company since 1866, maker of watches of the highest character. We invite you to join us every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evening at this same time for the Lone Jean Chronoscope, a television journal of the important issues of the hour, broadcast on behalf of Lone Jean, the world's most honored watch, and Witt Norr, distinguished companion to the world-honored Lone Jean. This is Frank Knight reminding you that Lone Jean and Witt Norr watches are sold and service from coast to coast by more than 4,000 leading jewelers who proudly display this emblem. Agency for Lone Jean Witt Norr watches. This is the CBS television network.


oh you see Sonic EXE made an appearance but is that the regular Sonic or is that what's up everyone welcome back to realistic gaming juniors not here so today we're gonna end up watching some new like Sonic videos it's some random ones that we found like one of them has Sonic EXE and the other one is Sonic in Jurassic Park and since Jurassic Park is about to come out like the Sonic movie just came out recently let's watch this match up let's see what they talking about in this one the first video is gonna be Sonic in Jurassic Park T-Rex breakout and this is 13 and over so if you think there's gonna know we better get out of here and this one is by the channel called Balena Productions so go give them a follow and yeah let's check it out let's see let's see how this video is oh damn that's kind of cool all right let's see what type of dinosaurs we see in this one oh is that free Willy what's that that water looks real Balena Productions so that's the channel go follow them oh man I feel like I'm about to watch a movie right now lowkey Balena Productions presents get this volume all the way up ooh it's nice and loud Sonic the Hedgehog in Jurassic Park not even a different egg Jurassic Park dot EXE that's what they should have called it oh oh that was good got the goat oh this is like from the factory it's kind of like the scene from the first Jurassic Park well it looks like they're ready to make it look just wait spared no expense indeed some good voices to signal that's Sally right that's her name and tells what the two tells chilling oh they got to go for go they just put them there for food for the T-Rex is that conquer I don't feel so good coming back for revenge oh hey lowkey that's how I feel right now I'm not lying he's gonna have to go he got a drop it like it's hot in the restroom he got that muddy but special deal they got the mother but you don't want to know the T-Rex is cubby they're gonna see the water in the cup if I remember the scene there's gonna be a water cup yeah nevermind they already killed the goat he didn't even make any noise he got eaten the goat is gone oh now he wants a little bit of tails big mouth little arms oh they're in a different car that they were in the same car oh knuckles what are they looking at bro didn't just look to the side bro the fence you don't think T-Rex you want to eat some he wants to eat a hedgehog and a little fox and conquer the squirrel we'll conquer the squirrel right yeah better stay quiet perhaps extinct animals should be left extinct uh-huh true we'll be messing with mother nature oh why would you do that oh I called her Sally Amy sorry sorry I know somebody that me that's why I got your name wrong because we're doing stupid mistakes you should have been closed the door they tripping they're not even scared yeah come on we've got to do something right so you better use some some supersonic speed what are you doing bro a flare and where's conquer he's still in the restroom conquer still dropping it like it's hot he should have left this part to Sonic is faster but the T-Rex is dumb too so he could easily just grab Sonic you could have punched so much nobody goes in there conquer about to get crushed right now that toilet strong that thing did not move did you need to use this maybe he did maybe that's why he came out oh yeah he smells it almost that's enough for me come on that smell almost knocked out the T-Rex give me your hand tails I'm gonna need your help here come on Sonic he just wants to be friend like honestly the T-Rex doesn't look that mean like he's chilling oh they're gonna electrify him or what I mean tells us tells us that oh he did the T-Rex about to jump so we don't know so tells died away I guess we'll know in the sequel if it ever comes comes that oh wait never mind we might know right now voices even pay all right I see you okay so this so make sure you go check out Belinda Productions I was a pretty cool animation so the next video is gonna be by Mike Bettencourt go give him a follow and it's called Shadow the Hedgehog versus Sonic the Hedgehog tells and Luigi animation multi-verse wars so on this one I saw that Sonic EXE comes out somehow so let's check it out previously on multi-verse wars that's what I said oh so these animations look pretty cool too I've been wanting to check these out I love Smash Bros. so we got Luigi in there and Sonic it's almost like a Smash Bros. oh that's a tell what are you don't you want to be number one oh we got Bowser oh no wait that's shadow it's shadow with put some Mario gear okay oh he killed Bowser so shadow took over Koopa's little little castle or what they got the goombas working that's a big band-aid for a goomba right there was that Luigi Luigi oh he about to go fight shadow was a Luigi perfect timing I was just about to go for a number two and needed some encouragement he got the Italian accent too he stole the hat the mustache and the accent or is this Mario or is this shadow like did Mario get shadows powers or something or is that shadow with Mario's I don't know what tells over here coming to kill people right now did I count my Kazi is this the team we didn't know we needed that's how you want it those didn't like that oh that would have been dope doesn't smash would have been awesome Luigi huh both of them be scariest as heck that's how you didn't make it in Smash Bros. he wanted to fight now his eyes popping out of his head what can you do oh we got Mario's powers that's Sonic oh we got Sonic right there is that regular Sonic or is that like a somebody else why shadows was getting him oh he thought he killed him before okay I missed that I missed that I still have two lives left you've been counting on that really that's what we're going with look dude it is what it is we're not doing what it is I'm Sonic I mean have you typed my name on YouTube yeah as literally all the videos you did dude this shadow is dumb oh you see Sonic EXE made a appearance but is that the regular Sonic or is that that really Sonic thank you creepy internet they tricked us they tricked us I don't like it oh got super tails and super Sonic let's do it honestly I do wish Sonic EXE was like a real thing because if Sonic EXE was like a real thing like let's say like in the fourth Sonic movie they're like now Sonic EXE and they make it into like a scary one that'd be all for today hopefully you guys enjoyed that that was actually a pretty dope animation make sure you go follow the creators but that's it for today hopefully you guys enjoyed that go click like comment subscribe and all that we really appreciate it thank you very much see you guys later


Now, health experts, of course, for increase in taxes paid on sugar-sweetened beverage from the current tenare to a hundred and thirteen are in order to discourage excessive consumption by members of the public. Addressing Apprentice Conference in Lagos, Executive Director of Corporate Accountability and Public Participation in Afrika Kappa, Kim Boddi Uluwa Femi, disclosed that 99% of illnesses are as a result of excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage. Plos Thevenise correspondent Lovie Kugoye-Dukun was there and brings us details in this report. For more than two hours, these men of the media profession emerged in this official launch of the research report on sugar-sweetened beverage, SSB Taxi Nigeria, organized by Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa Kappa. The aim is for them to have firsthand information on the outcome of the research on the potential fiscal and public health effects of sugar-sweetened beverage tasks in Nigeria. According to the group, the report is a comprehensive analysis of the SSB tax, including the potential impact on both the fiscal landscape and public health outcomes in Nigeria. A Kim Boddi Uluwa Femi, Executive Director of Kappa. Highlighting more on the report, he calls on Nigeria's re-engage in healthy lifestyles by consumers of what is destructive to the body. That tax is not just for government and revenue. It is to protect the Nigerian citizens. It is for public health. The tax is to ensure that there is a decrease in the consumption of products that are causing NCDs in Nigeria. Products that cause diabetes, high blood pressure and are also related to the cancers and the rest of them. And so you've got sweet to these tax that will induce reduction in consumption. In his presentation, a research associate, Center for the Studies of Economic of Africa, Fidelis Obanii, calls for an effective SSB tax regime. He holds strongly that it will go a long way in reducing consumption of SSB as well as a boarding of non-communicable diseases while generating revenue for public health initiatives. Normally, economics believe that if you increase tax, the body of that tax will be shifted from the industry to the consumers. But we are also expecting a non-price response. A non-price response in this case is product reformulation. Product reformulation in the sense that the industry will begin to adjust in terms of the content, the content of the ambulance. On her part, Okweyemi Ibituye paints a more gloomy picture on the consequences of too much intake of SSB. In the sense of taking something in your body that won't have any positive effects on your body or in your body. So there is basically no need for us to take sugar drinks. The best you can do is to just up for water or take fresh juices that are free from sugar. Things that are fruit juices that you make at home or juices that you know that you trust the source. And so these are just basically what sugar drinks are. But then when we look at its impact on NCDs, we realize that NCDs, they place a global burden, not just in Nigeria but their global burden on health globally. A Nigerian living with diabetes who continues to consume food will not be able to properly take care of his or herself. And that is just one angle. There is a family member that is taking care of that person who will begin to lose productive hours, who an unpaid caregiver who cannot earn from his or her normal work and can still not earn from giving care to that person. This is why we are saying the SSB tax is the triple main, a win for the individual, a win for the government and a win for the girls. According to the report, Nigeria ranks fourth globally in SSB consumption with an annual sale of approximately 38.6 million litres in a market value at $16.87 billion in 2023. Love Ikuku Uyiduku. Plus TV news. To hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


While Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky hinted yesterday that the situation in the eastern region of Donbas, where Ukrainian troops are battling a massive Russian offensive, remains extremely difficult. Russian Foreign Minister Sergele Lavrov said on Sunday that the liberation of the Donbas was an unconditional priority. During the daily televised speech, Zelensky also said Russia's blockade of Ukrainian grain destabilizes the situation on a global scale.


Hello everyone and welcome back to the Broogly Channel. In this video I'm going to be talking about Backrooms Level 49 or the Trinches of Grime of that rhymed, which is an endless battlefield warzone area that can be extremely dangerous if you aren't smart about it. So hope you enjoy it. Let's get into the explanation, shall we? Also, go check out my new third channel, Spookly. Just uploaded a Trevor Henderson's Creatures Explained video. A lot of you have been asking for that and the video turned out great. Go check it out if you enjoy that kind of thing. Backrooms Level 49 is classified as a class 2 difficulty and is unsafe with a small entity count. And the entities here are pretty weird, and I'll get into those in a second. The level looks like a battlefield warzone area, as I said earlier, similar to the ones from World War I. But there isn't actually any fighting that's currently going on, it just happens when you get out of the trenches that you spawn in. And the level is really only dangerous if you leave that trench area. Or if something called a plane attack happens, which I will also talk about in a second. But if you do make the fatal mistake of jumping out of a trench, you will be attacked by weapons, wink wink, and you will be pretty much turned into Swiss cheese instantly. If you know what I'm saying, I can't say the actual thing or Susan will be pretty mad at me, but you know what I'm saying. And you will become victim to the other bodies in the field. The source of this enemy fire is unknown, but it's obviously extremely dangerous, and it should just be avoided, just don't get out of the trenches, like, don't do it. Now something I hinted at earlier was those plane attacks, which are the most actual present danger to the people inside of the trenches. Because one of those projectiles that the planes are dropping might land in a trench with you, and you know, that, that can't be good. They might explode, these plane attacks can last seconds, minutes, hours, days, and if you aren't careful, it can drive you insane. The most important thing to do is to find somewhere in a trench with like an overhead cover and to try to keep as calm as humanly possible to avoid losing your sanity. However, if a person doesn't keep themselves calm, they'll eventually succumb to shell shock, which is also a real life thing too, and the symptoms range from stress and anxiety to lack of blinking and that kind of thing. It's bad. And those symptoms happen in the back rooms too, but something else happens as well. If a person does in fact get affected with shell shock, they will start turning into something called a faceless soldier, and those are the entities on this level. And the faceless soldiers are split up into two different groups, the reds and the blues. The reds are the ones who stay on the west side of the quote unquote no man's land, which is the battlefield area, and they wear red clothes. The boomstick, wink wink, that they carry is a bolt action infield rifle, but they also carry explosives and that kind of thing, and they carry water canteens that are full.  And on the east side of no man's land is the blues. These are on the complete opposite side of the reds, and they're obviously wearing blue clothes, and they carry M1915s, along with explosives and water canteens. However, these water canteens are almost always empty, or about to be empty, unlike the reds who have full ones. And on top of that, these blues are sickly and thin and injured most of the time, and they'll attack you if you instigate it. They're pretty much worse off than the reds, like they're getting beaten battle. Both sets of the faceless soldiers don't really do much besides walk through the trenches, but it definitely would be unsettling to see a soldier with no face and with weapons. I mean, I feel like I would have some sort of like existential crisis. To enter this level, you can go into a Humvee on level 35 to be sent here. Those are those military vehicle things. And to exit, well, there's literally no way to, as of right now, which adds a little bit more spookiness to the level, since you'll be trapped in a war zone with random planes dropping explosives onto you. That's scary. But yeah, this is one of the only war themed levels in the back rooms. And I honestly find them pretty disturbing because of how terrifying war actually is. Like most of you watching and me, we can't even begin to imagine how scary war is. And this backroom's level would throw you into that feeling and sensation with no warning and no escape. So I definitely think it's one of the scariest. Plus, you get attacked if you even peek out of a trench. That just adds to the scariness. Thank you all so much for everything you do. I really appreciate it. Stay tuned for the next videos we've got planned on here. It's awesome. It's going to be great. Thank you for everything. See you in the next video. Peace.


Yo, Ryan, can you quickly say you're doing a 1-30 speedrun in one sitting right now and I'll clip it and upload it to YouTube? There you go.


We are now living in the world of IoT. We can control all things connected to the internet using a smartphone. In the future after IoT, we'll be living in the world of DOT, Display of Things. Surfaces of all things will be a display, including cars, wallpapers, and even clothes. How can you make display on clothes? It's difficult to apply current LCD or LED technology, so we need a different technology. We can get a hint from nature by looking at chameleon. In fact, chameleon skin is a LED well-developed wearable display. The chameleon shows all the colors of the rainbow. Surprisingly, however, they do not use any color pigment. Instead, they use a regular array of granite particles. The raptors reflect the specific wavelength of the jubilee, and color can be changed by varying how tightly the raptors are arranged. If we can artificially create chameleon skin, it would be a disruptive technology for DOT. We have used uniformly sized nanoparticle to build a regular array that develops color without any chemical pigment. Now with a single set of material, we can make all visible colors. All poles have a crystal structure and show striking colors through the same principle. If we make one centimeter size of a pole by assembling one particle per second, it would take 32 million years. How can you then create such a regular crystal structure in a short time? We can harness the power of colloidal science. This describes how particles spontaneously form a regular crystal structure when they are all repelling each other. Because they want to minimize total repulsive energy that they feel, the natural outcome is that they form a regularly spaced array. So we have formulated ink that has this property. Our ink is carried in a resin that hardens when exposed to UV light. Therefore, once colloidal particles form a regular structure by repulsion, we can immediately stabilize the structure by exposing it to UV light to redefine the resin. The fumes of colloidal crystals show beautiful color even though there isn't a single chemical pigment inside. The so-called structural colors are only developed by the reflection of selected wavelengths of light by the crystal structure. The structural colors are reflective and iridescent. The colloidal crystal can be tailored to have any colors and pattern. For example, we made an apple tree, RGB pixel in a microscale, and Olympic emblem in a centimeter scale. These colors are all made of same material without use of any chemical pigment. Structural color pattern can be used for anti-counterfeiting. This beautiful green color shifts the blue depending on the observation angle and can be transparent at other angles allowing for visual inspections of ostenticity. Moreover, invisible optical barcodes offer an additional layer of security. Color contact lenses are popular but some of the chemical pigments are potentially toxic to eye. This color contact lens, made using colloidal crystal, does not have any chemical pigment and provide iridescent colors. These three images are from the same contact but observed at different angles. The example I showed so far have a fixed color. How can it then create color-tunable artificial chameleon skin? One possible way is to make colloidal crystal in an elastomeric matrix. The two materials show changing color when they are stretched or compressed just as in chameleon. Now we are developing the device that can stretch or compress the elastomer in areas of our choosing. The puttonic elastomer in the combination with the device can be applied to your card, wallpapers, and clothes to convert them into displays. At the same time, we are also considering other ways to change crystal structure in real time. For example, some polymers are sensitive to electric field and if they are used as a matrix of colloidal crystal, their color could be tuned with an electric field. Technology on structural coloration is still growing. Who knows when material and mechanism will finally survive for DOT? I hope my research, inspired by this chameleon, helps the development of a new display technology for DOT world and hope you can wear color-tunable clothing in near future. Thank you.


Welcome everyone to the second meeting in 2019 of the Committee on Scottish Government's Handling of Harassment Complaints. I can ask you to turn off any electronic devices that might interfere with proceedings. We come to agenda item number one, which is the decision on taking business in private. I would ask that we do take item two in private to allow committee to receive briefings on the papers issued with the agenda. I propose that we then move back into public session to announce any decisions taken during this discussion. Are we agreed that we should take that item in private? Agree. Thank you very much. That is agreed and we therefore move into private session.


Welcome to Toffy TV, it is my three things from Chelsea to Everton to tonight at Stanford Bridge. Brilliant point for the pinks tonight at the bridge coming from behind twice to get an unlikely point maybe. Certainly going behind twice to Chelsea we don't expect to fight back twice but that's exactly what Everton did today and fully deserved the point for simply sticking with the game against the good side and it is a big point, a big point for Everton tonight. First thing that I'm going to talk about is Adelaide D'Corey, who I gave man of the match in my match reaction. I think he's been brilliant since Sean Dyche took over. This is a fella who was out of the picture on the Frank Lampard. Looked like he'd probably leave the club in January. Fulham were very, very interested in him, not in a forest. They're interested in anything, aren't they? Fulham are very interested in them, a couple of other teams as well, West Ham, but keeping an eye on the situation as well. He looked like he was going out the door, he didn't want it, he wanted to play for Everton. Frank Lampard and him had a fallout. It became common knowledge towards the end, didn't it? Frank Lampard went, Adelaide D'Corey got in the side under Sean Dyche and since he's been in I think he's been excellent in most games. Not all, but most games. I think his work rate, his energy and he's got a knife for goal. I've just seen the stats and I think he didn't score a league goal for Frank Lampard. He's got two already for Sean Dyche, but maybe Frank Lampard would have played him a bit more. We've seen D'Corey coming when we were getting him from Wafford. I was quite happy, but really happy. This was a fella who had seen physically good goal in him. Like he said, works hard, all over the pitch, leggy. He's not brilliant in possession. He's passing sometimes loose. I'm not going to sit here and dress him up as something he isn't. But he came in and obviously Carlo Mantillotti had a different plan for him. He had to protect James Rodriguez, he said. I get that. But he was never really given the opportunity to play where he did for Wafford. Sean Dyche has gone on playing where he did for Wafford and evidently reaping the benefits of it. Made up for him, scored obviously our last away game. Forrest scored in an away game tonight for us. And delighted for him. The kid wants to stay. He keeps working hard, then he'll do for us. Some people might turn their nose up and want this from them or want that from them. But players like him are so valuable because he can do two or three jobs in that midfield. And he is physically capable in the Premier League in terms of he's got the pace, he's strong. Like you say, he has got a knife for goal, he can put a tackle in.  So I'm delighted for him and he was my man of the match. A second thing I'm going to talk about is the mentality which Sean Dyche has been preaching since he came in and I think it's evident that there has been a change in it. It's there again tonight. OK, first off wasn't brilliant. I feel like we did give them to be paid too much respect to. They were as good as they are. They're not running away with the league. And even if they were, you've still got it. It's still 11v11 on there.  You get tight to them. Don't stand off them and you play when you're in possession of the ball. Evidently play enough in the first half but the mentality to hang on in there was on show tonight. We went behind and the players stuck at it. I think we equalised in something like the 69th minute. I think they scored on 52. So we've stuck in the game. We were better when we went 1v1. We were. And then even the stats in the second half, it was quite even. And therefore we're seeing that come through to go behind a second time just a few minutes after equalising and could have seen us crumble until she could have won it 3 or 4-1. But he didn't destuck to the task. And when the opportunity came, Ella sims took it brilliantly and then he dug in again. And I think, listen, they haven't been... They're not a great side, Evan. They're not. You couldn't say anything like that. We know we're shy of goals. We know we're a bit short on the final third. But every game you play, you show battle and scrap and fight and that gives you a good basis to go from. And if Evan do that in the remaining 10 games, I think Evan will be fine. Evan will stay up in my opinion. If Evan stick together, the players stick together, battler fans were super tonight, super again. They stick with the team. It's the will, of course we will. But Evan battle and scrap and fight. Evan will be fine. I think Evan will stay up because they have got quality in that side. Okay, they haven't to find different ways to score a goal. No, wish you would. That's football. We should be doing that anyway. Even if we had three lads up front, you could get 15 goals each. Midfielders and centre backs and full backs should be scoring goals anyway. The best teams do it. Everybody should be weighing in with the goals tonight. We've got a midfielder. We've got a young lad, young striker getting his first goal for the club. Brilliant.  Brilliant. Dwight McNeill last week. Getting the winner, Winger. So, you know, that's what we need to see. But I just think we are seeing a resilience about Evan. That has been missing for a few seasons. It has to be said. It has to be said. Maybe Carlos season. It was difficult. It was a COVID. Yeah. You know, we had 12 away wins, but we weren't great at home. So it's difficult to judge that. But there has been a resilience mission. It isn't there yet. You can't sit here. I can't sit here now and go, yeah, Sean Dyche. Eight games each team. This whole thing. You know, this mentality is totally changed now. I don't think we can say that. I don't think we can say that. Of course we can say that. But what we can say is, we've had eight games and we've had some difficult ones and we've won three and we've drawn two. All right. We've had three defeats. Two of them, Amfield and the Emirates. Yeah, fair play. But the one against Villarach home sticks in the throat a little bit. That's when he was an under-save on. But the resilience and the battle is there and that's good. And if we carry that on, I think we'll be fine. Finally, I'm going to reserve point three for Ella Sims. A young striker has got his first gold tonight. He's had to wait patiently. I have been asking him crying out for him to play just to try to lay in on the job. I still, he's still not quite ready for the Premier League. I think everybody can see that. I think the manager said it on more than one occasion. But tonight, what he did show was his finishing ability, which has never been in question. This kid scored goals in, you know, when he went on loan to Blackpool, he scored goals in Scotland with hearts. He scored goals in the championship with Sunderland. Right the way through is Evan. You create a goal, goal, goal. He knows where the net is. Evan don't have enough of them in the squad for the start. And tonight, he went past Culler Barley like he wasn't there. He used his strength. Culler Barley nearly ends up face planting and just stays it under keppet. Okay, he'll score cleaner finishes than I don't care. He can score 20 like that, which is the goal he should have. I really don't care. He's put it in the net tonight and got us a point. I'm absolutely delighted for him. Sunderland fans were gutted when we brought him back. They were just enjoying him. I think he had 17 for them and they were in all starts. He has that for it's like one and two or whatever. And he has that to be patient for Evan. He's given a starter on the field. It's a terrible place for us. We go there and it's kryptonite. We get there and everything we do well goes out the window. So it was always going to be a difficult one for him. His only other start was Chelsea away last year. And that night was difficult for him, but he scored a little bit of a lucky charm at Chelsea. One one draw last year in his debut. A two two draw tonight and he gets the goals. So make sure we definitely play with Chelsea every year. But I'm made up for him and hopefully now. This will be a case for him where he's got the confidence. He knows he's scored the goal in the Premier League. What a feeling that must be unbelievable. What a feeling. And therefore goals breed confidence. It'll be confidence from the manager and the coaching staff. Confidence from the other players. This lad will get us goals. He was unlucky. You know, there was one that McNeill faced the cross, which he kept it. He goes for it. He misses it kept it. If he gets a hand on it, it rolls out and sims would have had a tapping. So he's in them right areas. And this is what I've been asking for him to play for simply because McNeill's been putting crosses. You know what will be? Excuse me, Michael Enco. Into those zones. We've had no one in there and he will be in there. Natalie because he's strikers. So I'm absolutely delighted for him. I hope it's the face of many. I hope he works hard and builds himself up and improves and improves and gives Sean Dyt a real headache, which then turns into having a real asset of a lad who is a centre forward, big and powerful and can get us goals. We need it. We need three or four of them in our squad, really. We've got half of them and we've got Alice Sims at the moment. So that's what we need. We need to really improve it. I am made up for him and I hope he has a good night wherever he's doing tonight. But a great result for Evan tonight. I'm absolutely delighted. That's my three things. Give the video a thumbs up. Subscribe if you want to. Let me know what you think in the comments section below and otherwise have a brilliant weekend. Thanks for watching. See you later.