do tragic events like this kind of make asian americans view america differently yeah this is going viral right now obviously this is not even the most tragic case of an asian being shot but uh you know we're gonna talk about this one because it had a good ending winnie go andrew was a entrepreneur from socal just driving up to sf to sell some of her projects uh uh and she's on jennivieve street south san francisco and uh got caught in the crossfire between two cars i'm assuming some sort of gang shootout and uh got shot in the leg the bullet fragmented interleg but she didn't die she's gonna make a full recovery and she has a viral post on instagram talking about it yeah um and you know like we obviously keep up with the asian news very closely we might not talk about every single story and every single tragedy because honestly sometimes it's sad man and there's not that much to say you know but i'll mention it now because i i know see people had asked us like obviously jasper who that was a big case i know quan just happened in seattle not too long ago gamey paul happened in uh kentucky recently and those are all tragic four different reasons some of them were intentional some of them were not as intentional so i guess not all these cases are the same but one common thread is that obviously there was an asian victim in in all of them but i guess we're gonna go into the comment section of winnie go's post because uh there is a discussion going on um and i guess i had some i had some questions is it like do you feel like it's fear mongering to pay attention to the asian news sources that cover all the negative asian news so it feels like that this stuff is happening a lot to asians while maybe it's not necessarily happening more frequently but we're just seeing everything um i think people have a right to be informed i do think that news that's written a certain way or it doesn't like always i guess if you want give you like 10 other statistics and contextualize it with like this expert and this competing expert i don't think people can write like these detailed phd thesis is every time they drop a piece of news either right sometimes it's just like this happened yeah um and i i do think like overall i guess uh as long as these news sources like neck shark kind of cover all the stories then it's going to be fair so a lot of people tend to think neck sharks like oh neck shark is too liberal oh neck shark is too right-winged and like well i guess they're doing a good job of being in the middle if both sides think that they're two one way but anyways guys uh yeah we'll get into the comment section and see what we can take away uh from this conversation yeah make sure you like this video um i'm sure a lot of people who are like watching this video you guys have seen an asian news source whether it's on instagram or tiktok or any other channel um it does feel like that asians obviously andrew in terms of uh dishing out violence which is a very american thing let's just be honest at this point dishing out violence or receiving violence it does seem like overwhelmingly asians are on the receiving end oh statistically speaking and i don't know the numbers but this is definitely a stat you guys can look it up and a lot of people know that asians are definitely more likely to get attacked by someone non asian than another asian because asians what when asians do attack someone usually it's another asian well i believe asians are the only group that is less likely to be attacked by their own group somebody from their ethnic group than outside and especially asian women asian women are more likely to get attacked by a non non asian person yeah i don't know guys i mean these are just real stats guys i think honestly it's like weird because some people at andrew they don't they don't like to hear that but everybody dude if you're asian in america you know it's because there's no we don't have the solution man we're just talking about it hopefully you learn some anyways let's get into the comment section somebody said people are talking about politics and gun laws even if winnie go had a gun on her it was a drive-by shooting and she was in her car she got caught in the crossfire the bullet went through her door and hit her leg do you think that she's literally gonna shoot back like this is some sort of john wick movie everybody's talking about rambo and the comments they're all acting tough they weren't there in that situation so basically this is uh i guess regarding what like the male inclination and just like chime in and be like man if that happened to me i'm doing gun food yeah i mean listen i think situations are all different obviously uh that's not someone who's like getting into altercation with winnie go she's literally a bystander in all this so and and she got hit so i think like i do think there's just a lot of tough gun talk on the internet i'm not saying that these guys commenting don't know how to use their guns and they don't get them legally and they're not out in whatever state and they're practicing constantly but it is a lot of like well i would have done this or why didn't she do this well she had a gun if a good guy had a gun there blah blah uh i guess that's that's a lot of the comments usually on stuff yeah i always thought it was crazy the idea of like giving like a school teacher like old miss frizzle from like the magic school bus she's gonna have a burner i mean listen i think the truth is that you have to be pretty well trained to use a gun well so i think is it realistic that you're gonna train everybody that's what everybody's gonna spend their time doing yeah somebody said it's a miracle that she survived and didn't get shot anywhere worse obviously you know there've been a lot of tragic incidents uh the other way r.i.p to everybody somebody said uh yeah she's lucky because getting shot in the leg is one of the worst places to get shot because there's a lot of major arteries um i don't know i think this is true but isn't it just for and only in america do people have long lengthy debates about shot placement in where to get hit right right because i guess it's like uh quite common um and we're getting into the political section anything it's crazy like it just gets politicized right by either side if an asian person gets shot in the leg it now becomes a political debate between the left and the right yeah and and the debate is going to shift depending on whether they got shot in texas or california right because those are governed by different political parties yeah because if it happens in call texas they're going to be like well see look now clearly your laws aren't working and it happens in california well let's look at these liberal policies only soft on crime right and criminals out and all this stuff um yeah and honestly there's probably valid arguments on both sides guys right it's isn't it very situational and almost like this situation validates this side and that other situation validates another side yeah somebody said yeah how are those common sense gun laws working in those liberal utopian cities huh and then somebody said oh this guy's in cell incel alert incel alert somebody else of course kind of came in more moderately and said you know the problem is a hundred percent of lifetime criminals do not care about the law fundamentally so it doesn't matter what laws are on the books but i will admit that tougher gun laws might stop teenage school shooters in a state so and what is this show the what the what was just the situationalness of gun laws because i guess if a state has really strict gun laws it might stop a teenager who doesn't know a lot from getting one at a gun show or whatever easily off their uncle but then it wouldn't change necessarily to rival gang shooting at each other on the on the highway yeah i mean i think at the end of the day organized crime people involved in that they'll always find a way to get a weapon and uh those usually if you probably i don't know the statistic on this one but i would guess that if you obtain a gun illegally you are probably more likely to be involved in gun violence but i will say this about gun violence david i was looking into it and that term gun violence statistics is a very broad statistic it involves people who are committing suicide by gun right and then not shooting other people but themselves and then there's also it also includes uh you know intentional and unintentional gun violence if you accidentally shoot a friend you know that counts as gun violence you know like so like there's it's a really big it's actually super nuanced yeah it's super nuanced and it's like it almost like i don't know guys anyway moving on to the next comment somebody said violent crime is flatter down in sf from pre-pandemic levels and sf is one of the least likely big cities to be killed in but next shark is too dedicated to pushing right wing copaganda to tell you that um this is an interesting commentator because a lot of people accuse right wing of being uh next shark of being too left boba libs and now the people are like you're sparring the right wing i know that there's a movement in sf right now to be like hey guys actually sf's not as bad as you think it is and it might that might be true i'm not saying because i'm i'm not in sf so i'm not going to stand out here and say yeah bad sf but what i will say this is that there's obviously a lot of car like car break ins that you see online so everything you see online is going to confirm that sf is bad now maybe sf gets a lot of coverage but for a city of that size it seems like more bad things are happening to asians or random people than in i don't know i would almost say new york it almost feels like you know what i mean they yeah i mean they both clearly have had very bad i mean new york is a gigantic city though so i guess i would expect more things to happen you know it's so complicated we're talking about the rate who is being targeted if overall gang on gang violence is like way down that's going to drop the overall macro numbers but if like gang on innocent person or too big criminal or um you know let's just say a crackhead on regular person is up but gang on gang violence is super way down that's actually still going to reflect in a macro drop yeah and maybe we're seeing an increased rate of asian victims but the overall crime rate is going down or staying the same right somebody's like yep well less white people are getting attacked so it's okay to me i'm just kidding guys but yeah you know what i mean like maybe asians are getting attacked more often yeah honestly i do think so and you know we're gonna get into that later i do think that asians sometimes we we we we we more live life within our community and our families and we're not even tapped into these narratives about like is california fallen or is texas the new uh you know go to land i don't think that we're tapped into that discussion as much as other groups of america are you saying that maybe if you uh are tapped into more of those conversations you might i guess constantly avoid certain things that might put you at risk dude i mean just give you an anecdotal evidence and for me and you we used to ride on rainier av all the time in seattle and i still do but like a lot of like white people in the town that we came from especially like the richer ones they would never go to rainier like rainier av is like more like well it's considered the hood you know what i mean like it's just because it drops right at the end of rainier is china town obviously to be honest like the white people where we grew up they had no reason to go to china town they have no reason to take rainier and it is true that rainier if you break it down on a statistical averages like i saw swat team on rainier i saw like all types of wild stuff happen on rainier like even just on the street uh regardless but like it didn't happen every time either you know we just talked about statistics it's very hard to to understand unless you guys have lived a life um somebody said man the democrats are have turned a thriving city into a nightmare lenient on homelessness drugs and violent crime and someone said but mayor breed and police chief scott swear streets are safe who do we believe woke is a dangerous and failed ideology uh they defunded the police and now the police can't control everything and everybody's shooting each other um how true or false is this to be honest i'm gonna say it's at least a little true but maybe not probably completely yeah i know that people want to simplify things and always just blame one side or the other and it's like man i mean is it the economy is it job opportunities is it criminals getting out is it yeah not prosecuting them is it gun laws is it this is it the health it gives is it like broken families is it immigration is it all these i don't know yeah and then like let's say for example andrew a school shooting happens in texas people are going to use that to verify their case 10 out of 10 but then when there's somebody who randomly is just like a person trying to live their life a law-abiding citizen randomly gets get gets killed in a gang shootout in california that's going to verify the other side's case but they both got dirt on each other no for sure i mean you could look at some of those uh you've all day and how the police had a bunch of guns and they didn't act in the way that they should have and then you know a bunch of kids lost their lives i mean that was in texas where everybody has guns apparently so i don't it's nothing dude i don't think it's that easy to sum up man there's too much evidence going the other way right right there's way too much nuance it's a situational and it's like this but then this uh also that exception blah blah blah um somebody said this is the reality for people poor people every day in the hood but nobody else cares until this happens i think it's because honestly in the hood you kind of are on guard and you imagine that this type of thing happens but when that starts to seep in and spread into other parts that are not hood then you're like surprised right it's almost like if you have right like like if the for the jasper who case r.i.p if it was just two people shooting each other in oakland rather than on the highway that everybody uses right like there's thousands of thousands of people who use that highway that day or even that hour and it just happened to be you know super unlucky right right right you're bringing something that used to stay on your block yeah to to people who don't live in that area right um and this is a commentary from asians who live outside asia to your original comment is this changing asian's perception of america someone said jesus christ is this just an everyday occurrence for people in the us and someone says why does anybody want to live in america anymore what an ish hole place yeah yeah i definitely think man if you're in canada australia these are very comparable countries to america by the way and in most ways you just think you're in america especially in canada right but uh man where this type of stuff does it happens even less i could see them being like you know oh yeah what's going like what's out as a canadian speak or like australian be like oh crikey this this looks crazy in america right yeah no i mean the truth is does it happen every day i'll tell you this if i hear about it every day it doesn't shock me does it always happen to somebody i personally know every day no absolutely not yeah david do you think america could learn something from candidate australia these are not considered like oppressive authoritarian regimes they feel like free countries when you're there but they still got some asian enclaves you can live there right and they have comedy they got white people black people good sports what why why in america um i mean we don't have the answer but i'm just saying this is something a ponder is what i'm saying dude what can we learn from candidate australia you let me know in the comments down for sure i mean listen i think every system is a little bit different and when every system's a little bit different it ends up with a system that can look the same on the outside but it's fundamentally at its core very different um somebody says i can't believe this girl used a shooting to market her small biz i mean listen guys if winnie go takes a nine millimeter in her ankle and she got to deal with all the fragments you know spreading everywhere let her promote her dog toy business that's what rappers do rappers get shot and it helps their career usually if it doesn't end their career somebody said why do asians want to are so obsessed with moving to california and living in this crazy bullet ridden state obviously this comment was from a white person probably moved down to arizona i mean i have family who lives in california they still like it but yeah they might be avoiding certain areas uh more often now but i mean plenty of people do everybody loves california like any type of person whether you're evil you're good you're a christian non christian you're a gang you're a gangster a non gangster you're a tech person whatever a college professor everybody wants to go to california california yeah if you're a homeless person of course you love california um did you do you think it just ultimately comes down to street smarts because of america increasingly and maybe you could argue that it's always been unbeknownst to other people but now everybody's sort of led in on the secret is a america is a country of amazing highs and or all the companies are still here the economy is still dynamic but it's a place of unbelievable lows and uh canada might not not have the economic highs it might not be as dynamic it's much harder to get rich in canada but they don't have the same lows either and is this just an equation that more people asians have to be aware of and and understand the pros and the cons and how to mitigate the cons and get more exposure to the pros as much as they can yeah i do think a lot more people are looking at america um i think at a time people used to look at america as like the perfect place i gotta be there i gotta be there and then i think they're looking at america like i want to be there but how do i do it in a way where i'm not gonna get involved in this crazy stuff you know um and maybe that's the news maybe it's fear mongering and maybe as a true blood american you might be like well don't come to my country anyways if you don't really want to be here and that's you know that's fair from your perspective to say but yeah how much is it true i mean and uh comedian tim dillon had a very famous quote saying that america has turned into a third world country with a gucci belt on um i would also compare it possibly to a range rover and everybody's like oh man you got a range rover that's tight but everybody knows the range rovers they're always in and out of the shop always got a lot of problems even though they're dope all right everybody let us know in the comments down below what you think about all this uh would love productive comments um what do you think the true answer is uh is there any solution i don't think there is but anyways let us know in the comments down below sometimes it's good to just talk about the stuff and again right we don't address every single tragic event i understand uh sometimes it's just honestly very sad so uh keep it civil in the comments section guys um like i said you know we're just trying to just i mean we can't there's no solution solution there's like 10 things that would need to change and you know i don't know if they're changing until next time we the hop hop boys we out peace


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Everybody forced here ripping 20 at 21 22 top C wafe uh merlin chrome soccer hobby three box number one This is a random teams break, but every single spot was purchased by brian oh all 15 for brian So thank you brian Good luck three box three box personal on three box number one I said the rare uh The rare personal rent a random team break here we go man See what we got let's see a renaissance for you Stop spider stop Iggy spider you what's happening what's happening everybody? All right 18 packs four cards a pack this one's for you sam Thanks, man He threw it right away preposterous behavior if you ask me Yeah guys again, this is like not this is champions league Europa and Europa conference so Like yeah, let's get to it They literally said oh you're a breaker here you go Dude these are so nice Rella under 23 stars brendan erin sin figures we pull an american on the first In the first pack Brendon load I not even force legends got refractor brunner for an Manchester United he's been there for like three weeks, man. He's a legend. Ah, he is a legend darbo Salah Lavendowski and there's the first auto it is a rookie refractor auto Uh, noni majueke For eindhoven that's the only eindhoven card in the set actually there we go My day came Never had to say his name out loud before Yeah, obama yang Morello and a pink mojo christiana rinaldo Heck yeah, 216 of 275 Congrats brian color looks fantastic on these cards, too. They're like built for it.  Is paxton erin sin supposed to be good as as good as brendon honestly don't know there's a uh Degrasa degraka rookie refractor for huventus Degrasa degracha Sergio Ramos, there's a aster franc refractor Federico chiesa for huventus Yeah, these look great man. They feel great, too chicory Antonio all flip-flopped here. Nice prophecy to fill those are really cool. Lionel Messi who would True chain I mean I'm his personal trainer So it makes sense charloba under 23 stars rookie Matazo the monaco rookie there harvey barns Uh devon wrench. He also a kymik and a sadio mani refractor Sadio mani the liverpool sadio mani as azuli Dooku suso and a was that a that's gorgeous gold atomic kai havertz 40 of 50 How about that? That's awesome Good first box here for you brian sencho Another gold looks gold to me tim overnor and behind it is a gold. Wow airling holland's prophecy fulfilled 30 of 50 Dude, what a first box. Yeah, the early bird gets the worm brian.  Those are those are awesome looking inserts Good gracious. We'll get that magged That is freaking awesome. All right. Well, taura martinez refractor It's the crocs. Honestly. I think Phil phoden prophecy fulfilled that's shawms boy I forgot shawms biggest man city biggest man city supporter. I've ever known Yep Sulema Muller and an ageless alchemy luke modrich luke modrich is kind of ageless. I would say he's like 36. Holy gosh a lava That is bwadu and under 23 stars in my museala pique That baron baronshaya How would you say that name that baron see a baron say or something? Got a rookie refractor felix afena gyan Whenever I see an x because of javi, I always just assume it's a ch Yeah, or like tashara. Yeah, which I think is a latin name jonathan david rookie de broine and a Base guy happens or no harvey veil. Sorry harvey veil That is the base pack All right last pack of the first box sesca rookie and refractor eden jaco Well, that was awesome But let's uh, let's see a big auto this time That was radical Dude, that was radical. That was a bodacious box of merlin chrome soccer All these words are gonna confuse the the the young ins Like what is this? What is this old man on youtube saying?  Yeah, I make baseball is going to be gas Lionel Messi I'm probably gonna stop flipping over for every single base card guys at some point But I just want everyone to kind of see the design and a cool the cards look under 23 stars Ryan Cherokee or ray and Cherokee for leon coolamali Chelsea legend cool about Tina's look at telly. There's a look at telly refractor That's a fun name to say I think it's in the mean.   I mean, I don't hate the auto honestly I don't hate it kind of cool It's it's his last time he's kind of like wrote it, but I mean it's underline Z and then ikbal got a phoden refractor now I didn't realize how young phoden was though. He's like 22. He is yeah He's been he was like the euros of England when he was like 20 Got a prophecy fulfilled weston mckinney Do you guys see they officially dropped the uh The us men's national team world cup kits. Oh god. They're so bad I told sam I have to root for somebody else Under 23 stars rookie feel like the fan again Oh, man, they're so they're so brutal And cuckoo refractor All those the blue stink big time And then the the whites are like okay, but then like the collar area is just horrendous Dude, they're so bad. I told you I might have to root against us really stana stitch rookie I'm gonna like pretend root for usa and then when they lose me. Yeah, well they deserved it Thanks, Nike We are Lukaku and orange a rookie aqua match Barcelona rookie 10 of 25 Ilyas I'm not sure. Where's he from? Not quite sure. I'll say aqua mac aqua match That is true. It is better sir. We'll get refractor rookie a longa I'm gonna speed up a little bit now Cruisin a bit here Harry Kane got refractor Uh, or cement As you should have these inside for personals later on We just got them in the door like an hour before we started here. Angels all can be Eric Cantona True man, you legend right there. Oh, nice tell. He was the one of the youngest players to ever score in Bundesliga, right? But nice tell Got luka su chitch under 23 stars Rookie refractor feel like's the mecha. Oh, he's got rookie logo on his cards, you know nice Dries man Havertz refractor Marco Verrati PSG PSG looking good in champions league What's up, Andrew? That's awesome, man. It's got a name R prophecy fulfilled All right, come on now super refractor time or renaissance. I want to see a renaissance I think their average like one of two 16 packs, which Is a case hit. Yeah I would assume it's a case hit, but because it says one every two and 16 packs Maybe it's you know Actually like truly random. Yeah, you got like three in one case and you got none in three cases Yeah Could happen could happen All right, last one for you brian. Thanks again for buying all the spots in this break. I think you've done pretty darn well At gold hauling is something We'll show it again in the recap prophecy fulfilled Giovanni rena Does that be lie Yeah, the usman national team jerseys are like they're no one's gonna buy them under 23 elunga refractor jack grailish That's alzuli nice blue rookie auto new no mendez 60 of 75 nice hit Yeah, is it uh Zidane's auto is better than this But new no, that's a big hit right there Nice card. Congrats again brian blue psg and and france color match Young frenchman green mojo rookie ogochuklu for renai 52 of 99 Green mojo some of the colors on these are just awesome I'm digging this stuff Sancho you got rookie refractor avon romero severe I have not I have not seen the memes about the dutch jerseys Prophecy fulfilled harry kane sam's boy Smoking like a truce first Under 23 stars jude bellingham It was kind of weird straight orange rookie refractor vanderson straight orange Gold member memes. Oh, that's good harvey veil Nothing wrong with some gold member memes Yeah, look uh, uh, luke romero rookie pink mojo 128 of 275 luke romero, maybe we have an awesome power sound here Name our refractor angels alchemy reberto carlos Spaniards to play soccer gunner 23 stars pagery Iqbal got refractor a depy gracha Got a speckle Nice as a gavi rookie speckle 89 of 150 Holy cow, dude Great first three boxes brian. That is a big card You just got that big four-year contract with a one billion dollar release clause So he is he is locked in to barcelona He will not be leaving that is that is huge right there. That's a big card Congrats on the break Going to go over a quick recap here in a second And a rash hurt refractor Great stuff man. That was every single box had some pretty good cards in it, especially the first and the third crazy We go we had that blue nuno mendez rookie auto That one's awesome for a psg for brian though Iqbal rookie refractor auto and meduak rookie refractor auto all rookies on the autos blue nuno is a very nice one gold airling hauling to prophecy fulfilled 30 of 50 Man said he just beat his former team yesterday and rookie speckle pagery or gavi. Sorry gavi 89 of 150 Shortened spanish names. I get him mixed up That's gonna do it. Thanks again another break coming up next everybody


Hello everyone, welcome back to another tutorial. In this video, we're going to be looking at pivot tables once again, but this time ensuring that we can make sure that any new data that's added to our data set is automatically fed through to our pivot table. So what do I mean by that? Well, if we go to a pivot table and I'm using a sheet that we recently used in another tutorial, so if it does look familiar, we're basically just recycling that same file. If I was to go into this pivot table and we were to go into a pivot table analysis and go into change data source, you can see at the moment we've got a very affixed range of which where we're sourcing our data from. So as long as our data obviously stays the same, we can keep refreshing our pivot table and it'll be fine. But if we were to enter some data into row 45 of our data set, so let me just jump across to that. So let's say, and again, just try and try and make up some dates here. So let's say the 22nd of the 12th, 2019, and we'll call this one central rep. We'll go with Tim item, say it's done a desk, one unit. That cost maybe, I don't know, 4.99 and total sale was 4.99. Obviously you added some more values in there. So if we are now to go into our pivot table and again, look at that range I was just on about. So you can see we've added some new data to this rate or to our data set or sales data. But our pivot table is still only going to be looking up to this row 44. It's not going to pick up that new value. The only way for our pivot table to get that new value is for us to again re-manually select this range or obviously update to go into row 45 here. And if I do okay there, you can see that our table update and we didn't look at the numbers before, but I think central was on 24, but it's now gone up to 25. But the most important thing we notice is that if we go into our change data source one more time, we can see that again, it's now putting all that updated information for us. Well, a really quick way to make sure that the data is always going to be picked up is to simply convert the data or sales data into a table. By creating into a table, it'll be defined as a range. And then what we can then do is have our pivot table always look at just that table as a whole. So any values that are added or removed will automatically get pulled into our pivot table. To do that is really simple. All we need to do is select our entire data as we've done here, go to our insert tab. And just below that you'll see there's option of table. So it's going to select that table option here. And you can see it's just getting us to validate our information. So where is the data for your table? It's going from row one of column A all the way through to column G row 45. That's correct. And yes, my table has headers. So we can just take that to make sure it knows that the first row of that data row number one is the headers for our data. And then just click OK. And you can see that it's now changed the formatting slightly, but we can actually see that it's now a table. And there are some different formats you can play around with this table. So if you wanted to be a different, I know had a particular preference on what color you wanted to be, you can obviously have a player around here. But obviously I was going to leave it as the default for this because it's not important to us at this moment. So having got this selected, you can see or tell us our table name is table number one. You can see obviously by having selected, we've got this additional tab here for table. If I click away, that tab is now gone. But in order to get it back, we've got to just click any cell within your table range. And you can remind yourself of what the table name is and also all the other information as well. What I'm going to do is actually just rename this. So we'll call our table sales data and hit enter. And that's now been saved for us. So again, if I click away, click back in, we can see that that value has been saved. So it's saying sales data. Now we can go back into our pivot table. So going to our pivot summary. And this time, I was going to go into pivot table analysis and change source. And what I'm going to do is just go into select our table. And what we can do is we can either as you have already done that bit too quick, you can either go into obviously the first row of your data and hold down control and shift and do your right arrows to go to your last column and then down arrows go to the last row. Or and you can see by doing that is picked up that this range is obviously a table. So it's our sales data. Or what you could do is just type in here sales data, the name of the table, whatever one is easiest for you to do. Once you've done that, if you just click OK, you can see it doesn't look like anything's changed. But if we're to go into and what I'll just do this time is we'll write down these numbers just so we can see what does change. So and six. Well, so as long going off. So if we go, I've got those numbers here, so we can reference these ones we've updated. And let's go into sales data and let's add a new row. So we've got a 23rd of the 12 2019. And you can see just by tabbing along this automatically added a new row into our table. So our range is already getting updated. So our table is growing. Let's do central again. Let's do John, let's do a binder. Let's say we did one unit of again, something at 699, all made up numbers. Also some tab again so it's updated our table. We don't need that one. So we can just delete this row here. Table and we go to delete table rows. There you go. So it's removed that one. So we can anyway, we can see that a new value of added has been updated into the table. So we'll go back to our pivot summary. We know these are the values that were in here. So we can see them here as well 25 13 six. Let's just refresh this. And you can see that the pivot table has now picked up, obviously are updated table. So the main thing here is the table is going to continuously update as you add rows to it. And the pivot table is then going to obviously pick up those new values. So this is a really quick and simple way of how you can combine or convert your data into a table. And then obviously reference that table in your pivot table to ensure that every time you refresh your pivot table, it's going to be updated with the new information. And it's worth just going back through this. So let's just remove our last row here we've added. So we go into delete having right click and go delete table rows, go into our pivot summary summary, refresh, and you can see it works the other way. So obviously if rows removed, it's going to remove that from our pivot table as well. So I hope we found that useful. It's a really important one to touch on and I should touch on this early really is often when working with pivot tables, one of the simplest thing people forget to do is to update their range. What can obviously cause a lot of problems if you're adding new data all the time, you go to refresh your pivot table, and then you're wondering why the new data hasn't come across. So this is a one to sort of really sort of tick the box and make sure you understand and probably start implementing this one to avoid yourself any of those embarrassing errors or any problems down the line. So if you did enjoy that video, please do give it a like it's greatly appreciated and obviously helps identify the videos and the content you want to see more of. But it also really does help the channel in terms of that YouTube algorithm. And lastly, if you haven't already, do subscribe to the channel. Just hit that bell notification button as well so you're notified of all of our new videos as they come out. And that again will be greatly appreciated. So thank you very much and we shall see you in the next video. Before you go, don't forget to check out the other videos on our channel. You'll see everything from other functions and formulas through to tips and tricks. We've also created some playlist so you can see these categorized together. So make sure you check those out and get all those useful information. And obviously, as always, don't forget to subscribe and hit that bell notification button.


So my name is Chris Holgraf, I'm down at UC Berkeley and I also work with the Jupiter project and I'm going to talk a little bit about some stuff that we've been working on in the last couple of years around making it possible to take interactive computational workflows into the cloud on shared infrastructure. So I like to get the thank yous in ahead of time because I always run over time and then I end up skipping them at the end. I'm going to talk about a bunch of stuff that I personally have not built. I've contributed to it, but all of these tools are created by a really awesome community of open developers all across the world. And this is just a small sampling of them. But really everything that we're doing is a community driven effort and the credit should go to all of these people. And then I also don't want to forget the people that have funded a lot of this work, thank you to all of those folks as well. Okay, so my background, I have a degree in neuroscience. You may have heard from Tian's talk that I used to work a lot with the MIT Python project that kind of sucked me into the broader open sourcey data science world. And now I kind of exist at the intersection of three different groups on campus, the Berkeley Institute for Data Science, which is an organization dedicated to helping and creating open tools for research and science. The Division of Data Science, which has a similar kind of flavor but is more focused towards education and teaching. And then a Jupiter group at Berkeley, which is a group of us that are building Jupiter tools to help with those two use cases at the university. So people often ask me, what is the Jupiter project? It's been around for a while and a lot of people have at least heard that term. But many people think it's the Jupiter notebook. A lot of people think that it's a company. And just to begin, I'd like to define at least my definition of Jupiter, which is that I think of it as a community of people and an ecosystem of tools that's all kind of revolves around the use case of interactive computing. It has a couple of guiding principles, and in particular, I think, being agnostic to the language, as well as in general to the workflow of people, and trying to build tools that are modular and composable so that it can be pieced together in different kinds of interesting ways. And people often describe Jupiter as the connective tissue of data analytics workflows. We're trying to make it easier for people to utilize other open tools and to be the kind of backbone that makes your life easier in the context of interactive computing. So I have found that the best way to explain the kind of design principles behind how the Jupiter community operates is to think about something called the last mile problem. So I'm going to take a brief aside and see if that helps clear things up a little bit. So say that I want to get from my home in Berkeley down to San Jose for this tasty coffee shop called Voltaire Coffee that I really like. It's like one of the only reasons that I ever go to San Jose. If I wanted to get there, I have a couple of different options. I could walk there by myself, which would get me there, but it would take a while. I could pay somebody to drive me down, which is certainly possible, but it'd be kind of expensive. But my preferred option is that, generally speaking, I'm going to use public infrastructure to get down there. And fortunately, I live in a society that, at least to some degree, invests in public infrastructure and that makes my life much easier. I could walk from my house to the Bart station. I'll take the Bart down to Fremont. I'll switch over onto a bus. I'll take that down to San Jose, and then I'll walk to Voltaire Coffee. So those two waypoints along the way, the Bart and the bus, are public infrastructure that I can utilize to get myself closer to my destination. But at the very end of it, I still have to walk to exactly where I'm trying to go to. And in the world of public transportation and infrastructure, that's often called the last mile problem. That last little bit that I need to do myself, because it doesn't make sense for the government to build a bus system just for Chris Holtgraf, right? It needs to build systems for lots of different people. But then we want to have the ability to go our own direction after that in order to get to our destination. So public infrastructure's job is to get us closer to our goal and to make that last mile as short as possible. So how does Jupiter fit into all of this? Well, if we think about our destination not as a geographical location, but as some kind of goal that we have, like, I want to create an interactive report that shows off some kind of scientific analysis that I've conducted and share it with my friends, how can we think about this in a similar way? Well, we have one option which is to build the entire stack from scratch, write a bunch of custom HTML and D3 and interactive visualizations and stuff like that. I could pay somebody for a product that they could give to me and I'll just use that. For various reasons, those are both kind of non-preferred options for myself. I like to take the same kind of approach to software that I do to transportation, which is to use public infrastructure, open, modular tools that I can build on top of. So taken with this example of an interactive report, Jupiter kind of decomposes that problem with a bunch of building blocks that all kind of exist separately from one another. So it utilizes open ecosystems of packages such as the sci-fi ecosystem. It has a document format specification that lets you interweave narrative text along with your code. It uses a server protocol that allows you to control resources on your machine and spin up different user sessions. It has a whole selection of interactive kernels and a bunch of different languages that people can create and extend for themselves. It has a bunch of user interfaces that are built on top of that stack, such as the traditional notebook interface, Jupiter Lab, Interact, and a bunch of other ones that utilize all of those pieces and those standards in order to show you different kind of views into the same underlying structure and data. And at the end of that, you have this report. So each of these pieces along the way is relatively modular. They don't make a whole lot of assumptions about the things that come after it. But what it allows you to do is build step by step on top of the pieces that came before it in order to accomplish this goal of creating something like an interactive report. OK, so now I'm going to go back to the original goal of this talk and discuss, specifically, scientific reproducibility and shareability using shared infrastructure in the cloud. So to me, the most compelling quote that I've found around scientific reproducibility and interactive computation is this paraphrasing from Bucket and Donhoe. And I'm just going to read it verbatim, because I think it's a really good quote. An article about computational science in a scientific publication is not the scholarship itself. It's merely advertising of the scholarship. The actual scholarship is the complete software development environment and the complete set of instructions, which generated the figures. What's really interesting to me is that this was written in 1995, back before data science was super sexy and everybody was trying to get involved in reproducibility and computation. And I think that in a lot of ways it was an extremely forward-thinking way of approaching science and computation. Fortunately now, we have a lot of tools and technology that we didn't have in 1995. So how can we utilize that technology in order to get us closer to being able to share the actual environments and the computation itself? So our mission for this talk is to start with a kind of base Jupiter ecosystem, Jupiter notebooks, the notebook format, say the sci-fi ecosystem. And we want to get to our final goal of having an open, reproducible and insurable environment for our work. So to begin, I'm going to talk about how you can go from your local computer onto some kind of shared infrastructure. And I'm going to focus on the cloud, although in general this kind of thing could be any sort of shared infrastructure. It could be a machine that you own locally, physically, or a machine with your group or your organization. And a lot of this is guided by one of the sort of main principles of how we've been thinking about education at Berkeley around data analytics, which is that some amount of data science should be taught to everyone at the undergraduate level. And by that what I mean is not just the future statisticians, not just the future computer science majors, but also history majors and rhetoric majors and English majors and polysine majors, because data-driven thinking is really important in all aspects of society. And I should say, I'm not here talking about, like, oh, I want to teach you how to use this API for pandas, but it's more the conceptual ideas around statistical thinking and uncertainty and things like this. The challenge is that at UC Berkeley, when you want to teach a course for everyone, you get situations like this. So this is the first day of a gigantic introduction to data science course called Data 8. It's about 1,400 students large. It doesn't fit into the biggest auditorium that we have on campus. And for anyone who's ever taught a 15 to 20-person data carpentry class or software carpentry class, you know that if we had to ask all of those students to install their own environments on their computer, we would be wasting the first three months of the course, just debugging that. So how can we connect these students with some kind of shared infrastructure, computational environment that we can curate for them so that we can just skip over all of that stuff? So we don't have to spend every waking minute talking about like paths and condo distributions and environments and things like that. So for that, we're using something called Jupyter Hub. The goal of Jupyter Hub is it allows you as a deployer to create a preconfigured analytics environment that you define, the packages, the computational resources, everything like this, and then provide access to that environment on shared infrastructure. So for example, say you have access to some sort of fancy machine in the cloud. Maybe this is something that you've asked for from AWS or Google Cloud, or if you have a fancy machine on campus that you have available to you. You can put a Jupyter Hub on that machine, expose it at an arbitrary URL like myhub.org, and then provide access to students or researchers or whomever you'd like in order to be able to do their work on the machine. Because it's in a Jupyter environment, it's language agnostic. You can define whatever data analytics environment you'd want. A lot of people use Julia, Python, or R. You can also define an arbitrary interface that you want people to have access to. So maybe if you're teaching a course in R, you want students to use RStudio. If you're teaching a course in Python, you want students to use Jupyter Notebook interface.  You can also then connect it to resources for pedagogy that are in public repositories like GitHub, for example. So Data8 stores all of its course content in a GitHub repository, and it pulls that content into the Jupyter Hub so that students can interact with it. And finally, maybe you want to use this in order to provide access to really complicated computing infrastructure, like a Spark cluster, or really large or complex data sets that would be really difficult to ship around to students individually. And then finally, it also allows you to authenticate users. So once you have authentication, beyond allowing certain people to access it, if you're concerned about that, it also gives you the concept of a user identity. And that lets you do a lot of interesting things about tracking the kinds of things that students are doing, allowing students to submit grades and homework and things like that. OK, so I'm going to try to just show you what this looks like in the wild. And I'm right, I don't have a mouse here. The mouse is only on the screen on the opposite side of the room, so this might be. OK, so this is the, yeah, you can see that. So this is the website that Data 8 uses to host its course textbook. So all of these pages have a Jupyter Notebook underneath the hood, but it just looks kind of like a regular old book. You can scroll through it, you've got a table of contents, you can scroll within a page to different sections. And it looks like a Jupyter Notebook because it was created from a Jupyter Notebook. So when students read this in the context of a course, they often then want to interact with the material that's there. And for that, the instructors have put together what they call interact links. And basically these are links that, when you click them, will fire up a process on a Jupyter Hub that the Berkeley team manages. It goes to GitHub and it says, OK, where does this Jupyter Notebook live underneath this page? It then spins up a user session for the student and then dumps them into a live version of this where they can start to interact with the content on their own. So this is running, you can see up here, datahub.berkeley.edu, which is where the Jupyter Hub for Data 8 lives. OK. And I also just want to give a quick shout out to Open Humans, who gave a talk, I think, yesterday, that also uses Jupyter Hub. Yeah, bastion, to allow people to collaborate on personally collected data and explore and run different analyses about their own lives. OK, so we've added one extra step to this journey of getting to open reproducible shareable environments. We have infrastructure that lets us collaborate on the cloud. So once you have some sort of shared infrastructure, the next thing that you need is the ability to package your work, define the environment that you need, and then share it with other people. And the tool that we're working on to make that possible is something called Repoter Docker. So Repoter Docker, in essence, is a fairly straightforward tool. It tries to do one thing relatively well, which is to convert a repository of code and content into a Docker image that can run that content. That's it. So as an example, let's go to this page. This is a GitHub repository that has one of the analyses that was done in the recent gravitational waves finding with LIGO. And if you look inside, you'll see there's a Jupyter notebook in here that I'm not going to dive into just for time's sake. But what you'll see is a file here called environment.yaml. This is a common file in the Python world for defining the packages that you need in order to run whatever is inside. And that's going to be important when I show you what Repoter Docker does in a second. So if I were to call Repoter Docker from the command line, I'd give it a path to a repository either locally or remotely on something like GitHub. And in this case, I'm passing that LIGO binder thing. And what's it going to do once I do that? It gives me a bunch of gobbledygook machine looking code. So let me dig into each one of these steps and tell you what's happening underneath the hood. So first of all, what it does is it fetches the repository that you give it. It either moves into that directory locally or it clones it from GitHub. It then looks inside of that repository for what we call configuration files. These are common files in the various communities that are supported by Repoter Docker that define the environment needed to run what's inside. So in this case, it's requirements.txt. It might be something like environment.yaml. If you want an Anaconda installation, it can also be other languages like r. You can specify a version of r and a date on CRAN that you want to pull packages from. And the goal of all of this is to basically weave these configuration files into a Docker file that we know will run the environment needed to run that code. So it generates the runtime environment that's needed to run whatever is inside. And then it also actually installs those dependencies based on the configuration files that are there. Finally, it builds that Docker file into an image, and then it pushes it to a Docker registry that you can pull from in order to either send it to your friends or use for yourself for reproducibility reasons or use with another tool, which I'm going to talk about next. So if you look back through this gobbledygook, you can kind of see each of these different pieces in there. It clones the repository. It finds the environment needed. It then builds and installs that environment. And then finally, it pushes it up to the cloud. You can support a bunch of different data analytics workflows with this. And our goal is to make this relatively extensible and, again, kind of modular. So if you were from a different community and you wanted to build in the ability to generate reproducible images with Rupert or Docker, there's a relatively straightforward way to do so. And the kind of guiding principles of this tool are that it needs to create things that are both human and machine readable that utilize preexisting specifications and standards as much as possible. We don't want to create a new standard. What we would like to do is piggyback off of preexisting standards. But we do want to support many languages while being tightly scoped around this workflow of interactive, reproducible data analytics workflows. And then we've built in a lot of extensibility to make it easier for you to adapt this to your own workflow. OK, so that's one more step that gets us a little bit closer. But what we need now is something that can kind of tie these two different pieces together, some kind of shared infrastructure that can be paired with the reproducible image building process of something like Rupert or Docker. And that's where Binder and Binder Hub come into play. So Binder is another open source tool. It deploys a web app that allows people to create interactive, reproducible, and shareable environments using a Git repository that is available publicly or locally on the server on which it's running. And the easiest way to think about Binder Hub is that it's basically just Rupert or Docker plus a Jupiter Hub. It's like a particular configuration of Jupiter Hub that makes it easy to launch Rupert or Docker in order to build the image that's needed to run a repository. It's built on Kubernetes. It's cloud agnostic. It's very scalable. I'll show you in a second, but we run a Binder Hub service that gets easily 100,000 users every week. And it's also entirely community-driven. And it's meant to be deployable by anyone. So I'm going to focus a lot on a particular deployment. But really, the goal is for this to be generic tech that people can use for their own groups or for their own communities as they wish. So one example, and probably the most long-lasting example of a Binder Hub, lives at mybinder.org. And what I'd like to do is just show you how this works with another, hopefully, successful lab demo. OK. So if I go to mybinder.org, I get a pretty simple form here. It just says give me a path to a Git repository. And then I'm going to do something for you. This is a repository that we maintain, so I know that it's there. It's a binder-example slash requirements. So I'm just going to type that in. It lives on GitHub. And if it had launched, what it's going to say is, oh, OK, I've actually already built the image needed for this repository, so I'm just going to spin up a server on a Jupyter Hub, and then I'm going to dump you into that server so that you can start interacting with whatever is inside. So as you just saw, it's now running on a Jupyter Hub. And I have access to the Jupyter notebook that we put together to just demonstrate what's going on inside. If I go to github.com and show you that repo, you can see that it's basically just the same kind of structure that I showed you before. There's this reprimand.txt file. And if I look inside that file, it just specifies a couple of dependencies that I need. So what happens if I then edit that file?  So I'm just going to add one extra line that says, hey, I actually need pandas as well in order to run this thing.  OK, so now I go back to mybinder.org, and I'm just going to type back in the same org and repo. And now when I hit launch, it says, OK, I've noticed that the commit hash has changed for this repository. And I'm going to spawn a repo to Docker process that rebuilds the environment needed and then provides you a link that you can share with other people to interact with it. So I'm not going to wait for all of this to happen, but it's going through that whole process of finding the environment, defining the packages needed, building it into a Docker image, and then allowing you to share that link with other people so that they can interact with it. Mybinder.org is also run as an open service. So Binder Hub is open tech. We're trying to run Mybinder.org in the same kind of philosophy. You can get a ton of information about the stuff that's going on there. If you go to Grafana.mybinder.org, you'll get like a really interesting plot of lots of different activities and the kinds of repositories people are launching and stuff like that. We also publish our billing data in case you're interested in seeing the gory details there. We have an operations guide that has some sort of best practices around maintaining shared infrastructure on Kubernetes. A lot of the people that run this are not Kubernetes DevOps people. We are learning as we go along, and so we're trying to adhere to some best practices in knowledge and skill sharing and things like that. And then we also publish incident reports for all of the fires. So you can see lots of like kind of angry, coded language like, oh God, I have to wake up at six o'clock in the morning because Mybinder.org is down today. If you want to read all of that kind of stuff, it's all there in its glory. But the service itself and this kind of binder approach platform has been super successful much more so than we were expecting. So at this point, we're launching like 100,000 users, 100,000 binder sessions every week. And the reason that I highlight that is because the team of people that's maintaining this infrastructure is like a skeleton team of like 10% of five people's time or so. Kind of split around the world. Nobody's really getting paid in a full time sense to work on this. And I think that's a testament to the robustness of the technology that's there. Because again, our goal is to allow other people to deploy these kinds of things for themselves. The thing that's really exciting to me is that this launches across the world just in the last month and it's amazing to me the coverage that you were able to get across the globe by providing access to people in this kind of way. And a lot of these are folks coming from countries where it would be really hard for them to run the same kinds of material if they were running it like on their own laptops. There's like a whole other conversation to be had about access to the internet and how that is a huge blocker here.  So it's not like a heavy IO kind of process, but that's still something that we need to find ways around.  Kirsty runs a really cool project called The Turing Way that I think she'll probably talk about a little bit later in a talk. There's also a really cool project called Pangeo that runs a binder hub for Earth Analytics. Jesus is a, or G-E-S-I-S, it sounded too much like Jesus. G-E-S-I-S is a, I think it's a group dedicated to social sciences in Leibniz. And this S-Y-Z-Y-G-Y, which I'm not even going to try to pronounce, is a nationwide deployment of Jupyter hubs and binder hubs across Canadian research institutions. Okay, so I'm going to like blow through these super fast to make sure that we have a little bit of time for questions, and I'm going to just spend like five seconds on every single one. So hopefully you all can keep me to that pace. Jupyter Book allows you to create an interactive book from a collection of Jupyter notebooks. It's what I showed you before, and it renders those notebooks as a quote-unquote static HTML page that can do things like render widgets that are powered by a binder kernel or a Jupyter hub kernel that's running in the cloud. Recently, Pandoc, which is a really awesome like arbitrary documents to arbitrary document conversion tool added support for Jupyter notebooks as sort of a first class citizen. So what we're really hoping that we can do is start to convert notebooks into actual publishable documents that you could submit to a journal, for example, that have citations and references and cross references and stuff like that, but also have some kind of fancy interactive, you know, HTML based view, if that's what you want as well. There's a really cool project out of a group called Quantstack, which are kind of friends of Jupyter called Voila. They're French, so they like clever French names for their title, for their projects. And Voila allows you to define a dashboard using a Jupyter notebook that then gets rendered into an interactive HTML based page, which allows you to do some really cool things sort of intentionally hiding the code and only exposing the interactive elements that you want to.  I'm happy to chat with you about it. There's way too much stuff to talk about in Jupyter Land to fit into a 25 minute talk. So to finish up, the four things that I mentioned in this talk. One, Jupyter makes the last mile problem easier by getting you closer to your goal, building public infrastructure that you can then build on top of to sort of get to your final destination. Two, Jupyter Hub lets you create interactive environments on shared infrastructure that you can provide to lots of different people around the world or within your group. Reputer Docker lets you create a reproducible Docker image from a repository that you put online. Binder Hub weaves all of these components together for an application that lets you repeat this process on the web. And then finally, here's this Get Involved page. As I mentioned, all of these are open projects and Jupyter is a very large and open community. No matter what your skill set or interests are, we would love to have your participation and I'm happy to talk more after this for anyone who's interested. So thanks very much.


and quasi hyperbolic discounting. So what's all about? The key term here is discounting. Discounting the future. So let me first give you some examples. All of us have to make some kind of intertemporal choice, being it smoke now or we want to spend now or save for retirement. It doesn't now or be slimmer later. And finally, we have $100 now or $120 in a year. So but how do people compare costs and benefits that occur in different periods of time? Well, most people are impatient and they always prefer to have $1 today rather than $1 tomorrow, which means that each future dollar has a smaller equivalent present value, hence the term discounting. And today I'm going to talk about different rules which lead to a particular form of discounting. And let's take a look at the definition first. So suppose that Alice is indifferent between $1 at time t and dft dollars today. Then we say that dft is her discount function. Right? So then the discounted utility for Alice of the consumption stream is the sum product of the discounted function multiplied by utility function. And we assume that the set of outcomes in each period is the same and we also may have infinite time horizon. And there are several types of discounting, actually a number which have been proposed in recent studies, but there are two main types of discounting which are the most popular. Well, the first one is exponential discounting. And it's predominantly used in business world. I'm sure most of you are familiar with it because it's used in cost-benefit analysis in investment appraisal. And its key feature is that the marginal rate of substitution between two consecutive periods is always the same. It's a constant number. And the second type of discounting I'm going to discuss today is quasi-hype-bullet discounting. There is experimental evidence that quasi-hype-bullet discounting actually fits the data better than exponential discounting. And it's key feature is that the marginal rate of substitution between the second and the first period is smaller than the marginal rate of substitution between the third and the second period and other consecutive periods on. All right, and so we have this, suppose that we have these consumption streams. And we say that discounted utility represents our preferences on the set of these consumption streams. If one consumption stream is preferred to another if and don't leave, its discounted utility has a higher value. And the question is what type of rules, which type of axioms allows to say that the preferences of a decision maker can be represented by discounted utility model with the discounting in a particular form in the form of exponential or quasi-hype-bullet discounting. And of course I'm not the first person who's interested in this particular type of question. And I'd like to have a look at the existing axiomatization systems first without going into much detail now. And well, the most famous result here is Kupman's axiomatization system. And recently it has been generalized and simplified which gave way to axiomatize quasi-hype-bullet discounting as well. And here we consider these preferences over consumption streams which are non-stochastic. So we work in deterministic environment. And this fundamental mathematical results which allows to obtain additive representation is DeBrow's additive utility representation theory. And mathematical instruments used here is mainly topology. Another possible approach is this very setting when we allow our preferences to be over wateries. And these wateries have the whole consumption stream as an outcome. Working in that particular environment, Epstein and Hayashi axiomatize exponential and quasi-hype-bullet discounting. And again, here in order to obtain this additive representation, they used very famous theory by von Neumann and Morgenstein. So based on that, it's possible to formulate exponential and quasi-hype-bullet discounting. Well, what's my suggestion here? It just that we can, now we can consider again preferences and there's also some element of randomness, so to say. So we consider preferences over set of wateries. So there's a lottery in each period of time. And working in this environment, it allows us to use some known very fundamental result by Anscom and Neumann from subjective expected utility. So it was mentioned in Matthew's yesterday talk. And the advantage here when we work in this very setting is that when we apply this mixture axioms, it allows us to give the clear and shorter axiomatization in comparison with Hayashi, for example, where he needs to use four assumptions in order to obtain the same result. So let's take a look into this with more details. First, I need to introduce some definitions. The key definition here is that each set of outcomes is a mixture set. So X of T is called a mixture set. It's for every X and Y. In X, T, there is such an element which satisfies these three equations here. And we say that the utility function is linear if the following equation is satisfied. And now we are ready to define the mixture of two consumption streams using this very notation. And in order to formulate Anscom and Neumann result, it's necessary to, he uses five assumptions on the preferences. But I'd like to draw your attention that his results was formulated originally for the states of the world, whereas I changed the interpretation and look at the states of the world at time periods rather than states of the world. So it's just a change of interpretation itself. And so here is some notation as well. So A is single outcomes. A single outcome A is better than B if the whole consumption stream of A is greater than the consumption stream of B. So the preferences keeps whole consumption streams in the very sense. So the first axiom is pretty standard. It's weak order. So the binary relation is complete and transitive. The second axiom is the essentiality. It says that there are always at least two such consumption streams that one is strictly preferred to another one. So this assumption allows us to avoid such a situation when our discounted utility function is just a constant. So we avoid triviality. Axiom three is mixture independence and it's the most powerful axiom here which gives us that very nice separable structure. Axiom four is continuity and it's more of technical nature I would say. And axiom five is axiom of monotonicity which states that if we prefer one consumption stream to another in each period of times then overall one consumption stream is preferred to another one. So with all these five ingredients in place it's possible to formulate this Anscom and Alman result in 1963 which states that the preferences on X satisfy axioms one to five even only if there exists a linear function which is unique up to positive linear transformations and weights for all of t such that for every x and y and x for every consumption stream the following condition is satisfied, right? And now, when we have this very result it's possible to add some theorems and to build on it and to obtain exponential discounting. So we have, we start with the same five axioms here and we add what we need to do is to change essentiality to essentiality of periods one and two. Then it's necessary to also do it in patients and axiom of in patients well intuitively it's quite clear what it means so if you prefer a to b then you will also prefer such a consumption stream where a goes first before b rather than the other way around. And finally axiom number seven is axiom of stationarity which is the strongest axiom here. It says that if you have this particular preferences and there's a common consumption in the first period then if you shift both consumption streams by the same amount of time so your preference will remain the same. And with this seven axioms we can formulate, we can easily obtain this exponential discounting form. All right, and speaking about quasi-hypiballic discounting the transition to quasi-hypiballic discounting is not that complicated in this particular case either. So we begin again with the same set of axioms and what we need to do is we need to generalize in patients and to relax stationarity to quasi-stationarity which is effectively stationarity but from the second period on. And the important addition here is present bi-axiom which states that if we have this indifference in our preferences and so the first consumption stream is impatient whereas the second consumption stream is patient because a is greater than c whereas b is smaller than d. Then if we shift both consumption forward then our choice is cute to the more impatient consumption stream. So these eight axioms give us the following result the following form of discounting. Okay, so I'd like, I think I'd stand to some yapsher. If you reverse your order on the last axiom would you axiomize something where vases more than one? Well, yeah, I think so, yeah. So as a matter of fact, this present bias condition is necessary in order to state that better the ones to this interval from zero to one, yeah. I think so. All right, so summing up. So the key idea here is that application of Anscombe and Alman result representation theorem allows us to obtain this simple axiomatization of exponential and quasi hyperbola discounting. And I demonstrated it to you today but there is also one more general class of discounting which is called semi hyperbola discounting. Its form is like that and it's also possible to axiomatize this with the same instruments. However, there's experimental evidence that in fact individual type preferences they look more like generalized hyperbolic functions and it's not at this very stage it's not quite clear how to axiomatize this. So thank you very much for your attention. Why is it hyperbola discounting? Hyperbola discounting. Well, generally it means that it's a steeper decline in comparison with exponential function. So that's the whole hyperbola discounting is the whole class of discount functions. Yeah. That's the last line. The last line, yeah, that's the most general form of hyperbola discounting, right?


Thank you all for coming out to this talk. The name of it, as you can see, is Indefense of Fear, the musings of a serial overthinker. I am the serial overthinker in question of, I guess you could say. And my name is Joseph Carter Brown. I call myself a dev designer because the world of web and design or web development and design don't really encompass me fully on either side to just straddle the line. So I call myself a dev designer for that reason. And by day I am a front-end designer at Unleashed Technologies. You can find this right over at booth 110 and by night. And actually, by the way, Unleashed is right up the road in Columbia for anybody local here. By night I am the incoming president for AIGA Baltimore. AIGA is the largest professional association for designers. And our Baltimore chapter has a number of members. We actually have a little party going on at Brewer's Tap, starting at 5.30 if anybody wants to join us. As far as where you can find me, you can find me on a blank screen apparently because that's what we do here. Let's see why that's happening. I'm not sure why this is happening. I just got a blank screen for some reason. And by the way, this doesn't do anything for the fear quotient when you're talking about a fear talk. It does not help. All right. So you can find me on social media, on Twitter and Instagram at abrowncreates. You can find me on Behance or Facebook at slashabcreates. And you can find me on LinkedIn at Joseph Carter. Whoops. Sorry. I'm having a little bit of a technical difficulty here. All right. Let's get back.  LinkedIn at Joseph Carter Brown. Okay. So a few fun facts about me. Again, my full name is Joseph Anthony Carter Brown. There's actually a junior that shows up in there as well. So since I have so many names that are incorporated, I like to add as many as I can to those. So my favorite is Sir Joseph Anthony Carter Brown Junior, the third Esquire. So if you are addressing me in any formal situation, please use the proper designations. As far as hobbies, I like sports, bad jokes, obviously, animals cooking, and animals cooking. Like that guy there making waffles. I told you I like bad jokes, right? I also love design, and you can't talk about love without talking about your family. They're going to watch this recording later, and I don't want them to yell at me. Another thing you should know about me, though, that is I don't belong here. At least that's something I tend to tell myself. In a lot of places, I don't belong there. And a few places I want to talk about are three in particular. I didn't belong at Apple. This was my first job. I was a fresh-faced 18-year-old working at the company I love. You can actually see how much joy is radiating off of my face right now. But I didn't belong here. It was my first job. I wasn't a salesperson. I was working with a lot of sales and techie people. I was a techie guy, but that was about it. I didn't belong in one of my biggest business ventures, which was Rogue Squirrel. Me and my three partners in the background there. I didn't belong there. I didn't have a business degree. I had some cursory knowledge of how to run a business just from doing freelance and little projects, but never really run a big company. I was in the middle of an economic downturn. So how was I, this guy who had not really a lot of knowledge in this area able to survive, especially when me and my partners all got laid off from our ad design job at the newspaper, because it's a newspaper. So I didn't belong there. And I didn't belong when I had a very unorthodox history as a designer. I started out, taught myself, and I went to school later. And when I went to school to finish my degree, I didn't belong there. I knew that I was going to get run out of the place by all of these vastly more talented people, and I would be figured out pretty quickly as a fraud who really didn't know what he was doing. So there have been other times in which I felt the same way, but these are the three most prescient to me. And when I reflect on them, something has become apparent about all of these things and that I've learned over the years is that we treat fear all wrong. If you think about how we associate with fear as a society, we sort of treat fear like the guy at the party that nobody wants to hang out with. It's like, get him a beer, and then we're going to go to the other side and hopefully he'll just roll out a little later. And that's sort of how we always discuss it. Even if we think about the language we use when we talk about fear, we use words like shed our fears or overcoming fear, defeating fear, removing it, confronting it. We even consider it weakness in a lot of cases. When you're a fear, you're weak, and that's how we associate with it. Even everybody's favorite muppet, Yoda, has some pretty strong words about fear, which I actually don't think is fair because only the Sith deal in absolutes, so that's sort of an absolute statement. I think he's got some explaining to do. But you know, all of this is just how we associate the language as it pertains to fear. And when I reflect on, again, those experiences that I'm talking about, I think we should change our language, adjust the language that we use when we talk about fear. So instead of things like shedding our fears, we should start understanding it. Instead of confronting it or treating it as an adversarial emotion, we should respect it. We should make it a source of strength. Use it as a source of strength and start to embrace it and even nurture and maintain it. And the reason I say that because if you think about it, fear makes us better. Biologically speaking, fear heightens our senses. It elevates brain function. It prepares us to act in many ways. And it's helped us really survive as a species much more than a lot of things we probably give credit to. If we go way, way back, and we talk about early man, if you just think about all of the struggles and all of the environmental concerns that you had to deal with back then, I'm pretty sure fear was one of the reasons we were able to survive. Pretty sure they figured out how to harness fire, not because they were just like, hey, this looks cool and fun. It was like, hey, if we're not warm, we might not be here tomorrow. So I'm pretty sure there was a lot of fear that had to be used to get from there to here, right? So fear played a role there. But let's make it a little more modern. I'm sure everybody's familiar with the comedy duo of Key and Peel. There's a great story that I heard of Key, the one in the blonde hair. I heard him give on NPR. And he's talking about how he and Jordan Peel, the one on your left, how they met. And they met early in their comedic careers. They became friends very quickly because they were similar people. They were both biracial. They're comedians. They were in a new place. They were learning all these new things. And so they hit it off really quickly. Fast forward a few years later, they cross paths again professionally. This time they both had joined the cast of Mad TV. And that's got to be pretty cool when you think about it, right? They're comedians. They want to play on the same team as their best friend. And everything is going to be great. So they're living the dream. But one day, they're hanging out and Jordan Peel, again on the left, says to Key, says, you know what's going on here, right? And Key goes, well, you know, we're enjoying ourselves. We're doing it. We're doing what we always wanted to. He goes, well, yeah. He's like, but we're also competing against each other. We're two similar people for them to keep us here. There's no reason for them to keep two people who have such similar background, similar comedic styles. There's no incentive there. So they're going to see who performs the best. And then one of us will be out based on that. So their response to this was to write and do all of their comedy together. This way, the studio couldn't separate them. They couldn't pit them against each other. Anytime you saw Key, you saw Peel. Any sketch you saw Key, you saw Peel. Anything they did as a written asset was done together. So they couldn't separate each other. It was a response that was driven not by their confidence in their abilities, but by a healthy understanding of a legitimate fear that they needed to survive. The result, though, is one of the most popular, if not the most popular sketch comedy show to ever show on Comedy Central. So now bringing this a little more locally, I'm going to talk a little bit about myself. So this doesn't look anywhere nearly as impressive, or my story isn't anywhere as impressive as any of the other ones. But for me, this is an important story. When I went back to school, actually, part of my goal was I wanted to build my own confidence as a designer. There's always that question, and I'm sure we all have that question of how good am I in comparison to my counterparts? How much validity do I have in what I do? One of the areas that I had always struggled with and always shied away from as a designer was sketching. It's an extremely important part of what I do, but I always ran away from it. I said, I'm not a good sketcher. That's not what I do. I jump on the computer. I mask my deficiencies there by doing other things, maybe getting somebody to do something for me. And there was one point in my tenure at Full Sail in which we had a project that you couldn't get any asset from anywhere else. No one could create something for you. You couldn't find an image from online.  So I went to my teacher and I said, hey, I'm not that good of a drawer and I have an idea, but I'm not good at it, so can I have someone else do it? Can I find the images? And she said, no, just go ahead and do it. You try it. I'm like, yeah, I know, but I'm not very good at this. I'm out of that. And she kept pushing me. She wouldn't let me back down from that.  Here's the moment that you said that you knew you didn't belong here. Here's that moment. Everybody's going to laugh at you. They're going to say you're terrible. Get these fourth grade drawings out of here and go for it. But the results it was, I set and I did some sketches of this design I was really happy with, really proud of, and even the drawings that I did were much better than what I expected they would be. So that really started to drive me to, and that's really where a lot of this talk comes from too, it started to drive me to go after the things that I was uncomfortable with. If the more uncomfortable it made me, the more I wanted to do it and the more I wanted to try it just because it made me uncomfortable at the time. And I started drawing little silly things like the hiccup, the sound you make when you hiccup and burp at the same time. Or this guy up at the top, which is my inner voice. This is always a voice I hear like. This talk in my head was that guy going, this is so unoriginal, Joe. So that's my inner voice.  But the more I did these things, the more I felt comfortable with what I was doing. And the better, the better, the better my work started getting. Someone in my sketching started to become, I started seeing a little more character in my designs even. I started seeing a little more personality in what I was doing. It wasn't so dry. And I started building that out more and I started taking it into different directions and learning more about what my style was and again embracing my fears and those things that made me who I am and bringing them into my work. And what I realized in this whole process is that people like humans, right? Fear is a human emotion. It's not just a human emotion, but it is a very human thing to have this fear and to then feel sometimes ashamed about it or to feel certain ways about it. People don't like perfection, right? We always try and strive for perfection, but the imperfections are the things that make us unique. And those fears may not be my own fears. They may be someone else's fear. Someone else has their own set of fear. So that's one of the things that I started to realize was the human aspect of it and the humanization of our fears can ultimately be a good thing. Now, don't get me wrong.  Don't do terrible things on the response to this. Because fear obviously isn't always good. I know what you're all thinking right now, so I'm not going to say it, but I know what you're thinking when I say that. But I want to talk about some of the ways fear causes us to react in certain situations. So in a lot of cases, we've all probably been in these situations where fear causes you to do things like procrastinating, you know, waiting on something, waiting until the last minute, trying to find reasons to not do something, finding reasons why you don't need to do it, which can lead to you self-destructing. That can happen in a number of ways.  There were times where I did things, whether it was self-destructing or hurting others, hurting myself, because of those fears that I didn't want to deal with. I wanted to shed as opposed to embrace. And one of the big things that I see that happens as a result of fear is that we want to turn into perfectionists, right? And it's because it's a great excuse, right? Fears or perfection is a great excuse to use. I'm just such a perfectionist, that's why I never finish it, right? I'm never going to take that next step, because I'm a perfectionist. I want it to be right. But we already, as I mentioned earlier, perfection isn't really human, right? And people like humans. So this led me to make friends with my fear. So a couple of ways that I did that was I took the project management approach to it in some ways. So like when you have a big project, they say break it down into smaller chunks. I do the same thing with fears, whether it's being up here, whether it's doing things in my work or in AIGA or with my family. I try and break it down and say, well, what are the main elements? What are the smaller elements that maybe I can approach without as much fear or be comfortable with that fear? So I also try to understand it. I understand where that fear comes from, because sometimes there are realities that lie underneath that fear. If you're like, hey, I'm afraid to ride a motorcycle. Well, what's the reason for that fear? I've never been on a motorcycle. That's pretty legitimate, right? So you have to look into these things. You need to consider what the realities are, but also have a plan of action and set goals. To me, when it comes to why that's so important is because you start to understand where your priorities are and how you need to move with those fears. Again, coming back to even this talk where there were times when I was asked to submit a talk track, I tried not to. But when I will look at, because of fear, right? But I will look at my action plan and I will look at my goals. And one of my goals was to start doing speaking and finish this particular talk. And I said, okay, well, that's one of my goals. Even though there's fear behind it, that's one of my goals. I'm going to keep pursuing that. I understand it makes me uncomfortable. I understand I'm scared. That's good for me. And then another part of this is, and this is extremely important for me, and that is reflecting constantly, especially when those fears are strongest. The stronger a fear is, the stronger those doubts are. That's when I reflect. And even going to those first three images I showed, those are areas I tend to reflect on. Because when I started the Apple, like I said, I was the youngest guy in the store, had not much experience doing anything more than tinkering with computers and being a nerd about it. But nothing more than that. But I came out of it being one of the top sales guys, being one of the lead trainers. And that was in the midst of all this fear that I had that I didn't belong. Whether it was Rogue Squirrel, my clothing company. We went seven years and when we closed our doors, we ended on our terms and we had some amazing success. And that was all in the midst of me going, I don't belong here. I'm not a business guy. I'm just a graphic designer. There's no way I can make it. The economy is terrible. Why would I have any type of company and be trying to take care of a family and be trying to do all these other things in the midst of this? But I look at it now and I say, in the midst of all that fear, I still did some amazing things. Whether it was full sale. I got the awards for the best work in valedictorian in my class. And I told myself for sure that I didn't belong in that setting. So when I start getting into these situations where I'm nervous about something, I have that fear and it starts to get, maybe somewhat debilitating, I reflect and I say, well, what situations was I in before in which I felt debilitating? And I felt this debilitating fear that I still made it through and somehow I'm still here. Maybe my story doesn't relate for everybody, but I'm sure we all have. I mean, we're here, right? We're all sort of privileged and I'm sure grateful to be here. So there's some success or there's some reason that you can find to work with your fear and become friends with it. And then ultimately, something that many people don't like doing is getting uncomfortable and being okay with it. Being okay with the ambiguity of what these situations are. Because it's always going to be there and it's really part of the package. And then the other thing is, I always try to remind myself and I would say remind yourself that it's okay to be in fear, right? When I'm talking, again, talking about the talk, it was really funny because I came up with every excuse, right? I'm still working on the talk. I don't have it fully developed. The idea could be better. All these reasons that it wasn't the right thing. Even, in fact, the funniest thing to me was the submission was due to February 1st, 1159, February 1st. I submitted my talk probably around 1045 p.m. on February 1st. I tried to come up with every reason I had to do it. Well, maybe my internet will go out and then I just won't be able to. It won't be my fault. It'll be everything else's. But I had to still do it.  Like, we put a lot of hard work into this. We put a lot into what we do. We care. I care about everything I do. So, of course, I'm going to be a bit scared of how you all are going to react to it. How much you're going to accept it. How much my clients are going to accept it. Whatever. How much me getting my daughter's case about her karate is going to either ruin her life or make her life so much better. I don't know. So it's scary. And to me, that's not a reason we should stop. It's one of the reasons you should try harder. You should keep pushing harder and you should try and make it even scarier if you can. Make it scary. Get them more uncomfortable because that's really where your growth is coming in. That's where you start to stretch yourself and find efficacy in things that maybe you didn't know was there. And even when you start to find that efficacy, you're still going to be scared. But the question that I always ask myself, how many opportunities do I let slip by simply because it's scary? And how many opportunities do we continue to tell ourselves we're not ready for, no matter how much work you put into it, simply because you feel, oh, I'm not ready. It's not there yet. I need more time. Because really, the fact is, most of the time, we're not ready. I'm pretty sure all of us in our first job, nobody can say definitively that you were 100% ready for your first job. You might not have been ready for the job you have now, but you get there. You figure it out. And all the practice in the world really doesn't prepare you for the real thing.  You might as well fail spectacularly because that's what it's supposed to be. It's part of the process. And if you're not scared, I can almost guarantee you that you're not doing the right thing because it takes a lot of courage to make friends with your fear. It takes a lot of courage to do a lot of the things that you want to do, but there's a lot of success that comes out of that fear. And I want to sort of wrap this up and talk about the word courage because while we have usually an adverse reaction to the concept of fear, I'm pretty sure no one thinks negatively about courage. We all look at courage as one of those great qualities that everybody wants to have. Everybody wants to say they have. But if we consider what the meaning of courage is, one of the things we'll realize is the ability to do something that frightens us. So to frighten you, right? That means fear is part of courage. That means if you spend all your time trying to shed your fears, trying to discourage your fears, dismantling them, then what are you doing to your courage too? What happens? Where do you find your courage? So that's pretty much my talk. I thank you all for sitting and listening to me. Thank you for dealing with some of the technical issues. I'd like to open it up for any questions if there are any. And otherwise, I do thank you guys for being here. Are there any questions? Yes or no? Yes. Yeah, the most successful people are the people that are willing to fail most often. Yeah, no, I think that's absolutely true. I think one of the quotes that I came across that really helped me was, if you're not failing, you're not trying. And I actually, again, going back to the full sale, I actually made a statement where I said, my goal, I was talking to one of my advisors, I said, my goal this semester is to fail. Not in a bad way, not like I'm not going to do the work and I'm just going to sleep through everything. It was more like I'm going to do everything that made me uncomfortable and the things that I thought I was bad at in an attempt to fail at it so that I get better at it. And ultimately, again, it led me to a lot of success in school and has continued to help me. So, no, I definitely think that's a great quote. Cool, well, if there are no other questions, just want to give a quick reminder, Friday, April 28th, there are going to be a couple of sprint sessions going on for you all to check out. So please do take a look at all of those. Also, I will be sharing these slides via my Twitter account at A-Brown Creates. I'll just tweet out a link to it with the survey link. But if you have the quickness to type that in or want to take a picture of that to find the slides on the website or the survey, feel free to do that. Besides that, once again, thank you all for your time and have a enjoyable rest of the conference.