بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وحمده بإلهي رب العالمين نحمده ونسبحه ونبتسه على أله ونعمانه ونشرب الله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له إلها واحداً أحداً فرداً صمداً قيوما ونشرب أن مسيدا محمد العبد الله رسوله أرسله بحب دا ودين الحق الوظهره على دين كله محمد صلي وسلم وبارك وترحم على محمد وآله محمد كأبضي ما صليت وسلمت وبارك وترحمت على إبراهيم وآله إبراهيم في العالمين أنك حميل المجيد وصب اللهم وسلم على خلفاء نبيك وأصيائه وأهل بيته وأحبته علينا أمير المؤمنين وقائد الغور المحجمين وعلى المضعة الطاهرة فاضمة الزهراء سيدة مساء العالمين وعلى سبطي نبي الرحمة وسيدة الشباب يا أهل الجنة والحسن والحسين عليهم السلام وعلى علي ابن الحسين ومحمد ابن علي وجعفل ابن محمد وموسى ابن جعفر وعلى ابن موسى ومحمد ابن علي وعلى ابن محمد والحسن ابن علي والخلف الهادي المهدي عجل الله تعالى فرجه وسهل مخرجه وجعلنا من أصاله وأهوانه إباد الله أصيكم وأصي نفسي بتقوى الله ورزوه من أمره عوض الله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ويوم يعطو الظالم على يديه يقول يا ليتن اتخذت مع الرسول سبيلا يا ويلة ليتني لم أتخذ فلانا خليلا مقد أظلني عن الذكري بعد إذجاءني وكان الشيطان للإنسان خذولا صدق الله العلير عظيم الله فرصة من أصفال الأخي بشخص مجموعة من أصفال أخي بشخص مجموعة هو مجموعة ومجموعة ويوجد مدعوطة ومجموعة بعض الناس يعملون على أصدقائهم في 20 سنوات أصدقائهم يأتي في ثلاثة سنوات والذي يعملون كل هذا العمل ويعملون هذا العمل والذي سيصدقائهم ويصدقائهم ويعملون ويعملون أفضل العمل بإمكانهم إخبارهم ويصدقائهم بعض الناس يصدقائهم جدًا ويصدقائهم ويصدقائهم ويصدقائهم ويصدقائهم هذا is why we have to be extra careful in choosing our friends those that you want to spend your time with them because whether you like it or not they will impact your life they will draw the direction for you in this life even if you deny even if you say no in the beginning I'm not going to have this person influencing me after a period of time slowly slowly the influence maybe you don't notice but others they notice it's going to appear on you on your lifestyle on your temperament on your behavior on your character and therefore I said this many times here it is always important that we are good with people you greet them you ask about them you connect with them but don't take any person as a friend not any person or all people are worthy to be your friends friends are something else in our regular society we have acquaintances people that we greet we speak to at school in the market outside inside but then we have friends that we have to select those have to be of a special character not just any person sometimes we say oh my friends but we really don't mean it real friendship is even bigger than a brother or sister higher so we have to be careful in choosing them you know friend you have to find the three important characters three important traits and these are mentioned by اميل المؤمنين علي يبرا بيضاره علي صلط وصر اميل المؤمنين says الصديق الصدوق the true friend is the one who has these three characters if really he does not have forget about forget about calling him a friend call him a brother in the community a member of the community call him a dear one to me it's okay don't take him as a friend friends are special very special he says the first one الصديق الصدوق من نصحك في عيبك the one who provides you the true advice when you do wrong عيبك is the false the defects and we have defects we all have defects so he is the one who comes to you and he tells you with full honesty and truth because he loves you because he cares about you because he looks a true progress his own progress and your failure his own failure this is why he cares about you so he comes and he tells you what's wrong with you and you have to accept that you should not get hurt because he tells you that this something is true and you should thank him when he comes you should thank your friend when he comes and tells you there is a problem in this area you have to revisit this area and what you said in what you did in your behavior in your relationship with your family with your friends with your neighbors you have to accept that amirul mu'mineer says خير الأصحاب المعين على طاعة الله the best friend the friends are good but the best among them the one who gets you closer to God what does that mean it means when you do something wrong he comes you will enjoy the good and forbid you from evil so don't get disturbed don't get annoyed you have to ask you have to thank him for that this is number one من نصحك في عيلك what we see is the opposite that when you give an advice to someone hold hearted me with full honesty with full integrity with full love they misinterpret that unfortunately they misinterpret that this is number one من نصحك في عيلك the second وحثظك في غيلك when you are absent غيلك when you are not in that session he defends you he protects your back some people he smiles in your face he holds you he secuses your ribs are almost broken he hugs you but then as soon as you are missing you are on the outside you leave he backs down he starts his rumors against you he starts things that are true and true real not real this is not صليق don't take this as a friend yes greet him I'm not saying declare war against him treat respect him greet him but don't take him as a friend don't take this person as a friend because this person is going to betray you this person either has sickness or jealousy or something like that and then people come to you families and individual and they say why this person is talking against you isn't he your friend you hear from people that this person wherever he goes he speaks against you this is not a true friend the true friend is the one that stands up for justice and truth when someone attacks you and you are not there he will defend you he will be your attorney he will defend you he will say no this is not true he is not here but his lord is here Allah is here Allah can listen Allah can see and thus the hadith says ابدل لصديقك كل ودك ولا تبدل له كل طمخينة even with the closest friends give him his full give him your full love but don't give him your full trust don't give him your full trust sometimes a friend close friend will turn against him one day and he will use all these to put them on WikiLeaks all your buckets on WikiLeaks so don't trust people love people but don't trust don't trust a hundred percent there is only small percentage of people that you really can trust their wisdom and their integrity and their honesty and your secret with them is safe only half a percent even less than that even less than that the rest don't trust give love, give respect but don't trust you have to distinguish between the two between giving love and respect but not giving full trust the third Amir al-Mu'mineen says the third equality of the friend وآثرك على نفسك آثرك this is very hard to give preference to you over his answer to sacrifice sometimes when there is money and you need the money but you know your friend is in more need you take the money away from you you give it to him this is ether this is sacrifice he does not let you down he does not let you down he according to the حديث الا يسليمك عند النكبات he does not betray you desert you abandon you at the time of need when you are in need you start calling him his phone is short he does not answer he is missing because he knows you are in need this is not a friend don't waste your life with such people don't waste your life is precious we are here for a number of days انه لا انت عددوا ايام these number of days we have to live live them in peace if we want to live in peace in these few days we have to have peaceful people among us not trouble makers peaceful quality people quality friends when you surround yourself even if you have two quality friends it's better than 200 none quality friends 2 even 1 they will stand with you they will support you this is the wasiyah of سيدنا ومولانا الامام امير المؤمنين عليه الصلاة والسلام please join me in resetting امان يجيب دعاء for many people who are in critical conditions but inshaAllah through دعاء I have a friend who came to me last night last night when we finished I was about to leave his wife was diagnosed with cancer he said say I want to say something to you and you have to say this to the people it was only the دعاء of the مؤمنين who saved my wife's life so do not underestimate the دعاء never underestimate the power of دعاء so please pray for those who are really in need for your دعاء during these holy moments امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب امان يجيب أن يُجي قُلُ المُفخَرُ إذا دعاهم ويكشِفُ السُوعة يا الله مُن على مرضانا بالشفاء والعافية المرضى المُنظُرين اللهم أن بِسُم ثوابَ الصحة والعافية اللهم أنصر الإسلام والمُسلمين اللهم جعل كلمة الإسلام هي العولية اللهم واحد كلمة المُسلمين والمُؤمنين على الخير والصح والصلاح والبر والتقوى يا أرحم الراحمين وعدد في فرج قائدنا وإمامنا صاحب العصلي والزمان وإلى الواحي المُؤمن والمُؤمنات ثواب الفاتحة مع الصلاة على محمد وعالي محمد


Hamlet is one of Shakespeare's best known and arguably one of his most entertaining plays, okay? So it's highly loved as a storyline. Indeed, there have also been lots of modern renditions of it. Think, for instance, Lion King, which is basically based on Hamlet as its premise, okay? However, if you're studying this play, there's lots that happen. So what I thought would be really helpful, especially if you're revising it, either you don't necessarily have enough time or you just want to get a general idea of what the key events are. I have thought it would be best to have a mind map where you have a key summary in 12 steps of all the major events that happen in this play. So let's go over it. Now, when it comes to Hamlet, always remember that it starts off with this mysterious ghost that's been sighted, okay? And then we realize that this ghost is the ghost of dead King Hamlet who tells Hamlet to avenge his death. We learn that he was actually killed prematurely by his own brother, Claudius, who then later became the king, okay? So King Hamlet instructs his son, Hamlet, to kill King Claudius in order to avenge his death, okay?  Which is seen as a double insult, okay? So King Hamlet is very adamant that Hamlet should kill King Claudius, okay? Then Hamlet, who is not entirely sure whether he should believe the ghost, he decides that he reveals to his very good friend, Horatio. He decides that in order to try and catch out Claudius and to see whether what the ghost is saying is actually true, he is going to feign madness.  Then we learn that of course, when Hamlet is now feigning madness, he's not acting like himself. This really concerns and worries both his mother Queen Gertrude and King Claudius, okay? So Queen Gertrude and King Claudius are worried and so they ask two of Hamlet's friends from his university called Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that ask him, they invite them both to come over in order to keep an eye and monitor Hamlet. Separately, we learn that Polonius, who is Claudius's closest advisor, he also decides to monitor Hamlet, okay? So he's not entirely convinced that Hamlet's madness is real. He says that there's methods to it. So he decides to also monitor and help Claudius to figure out, you know, is Hamlet really crazy? Why is he acting like this, okay?  Then Hamlet afterwards decides to ask a group of traveling actors to come into Elsinor Castle and perform a play for him, okay? And he decides to ask him to perform basically what is a reenactment of Claudius' murder of his father, okay? So Hamlet asks actors to reenact his father's murder and whilst Claudius and the entire royal family are watching this and then this vivid scene is reenacted, Claudius becomes incredibly guilty, he has an outburst and he leaves the play, okay? So he leaves the entire scene and of course this confirms to Hamlet that his uncle is indeed guilty of killing his father. So Hamlet does commit to killing him. However, Hamlet then decides to follow him and finds him praying in a church. Now Claudius' back is to him and Hamlet has the perfect opportunity to basically stab Claudius and avenge his father.  This was a very common Elizabethan belief, okay? So Hamlet blows this chance to kill King Claudius. Then afterwards, Hamlet confronts his own mother, okay? So he's really bothered by the fact that Claudius not only married her, she's basically doing all of these wifely duties for his uncle and he sees this as incestuous.  He doesn't realize that Polonius is spying, he's hidden behind the harass and Polonius then cries out, okay? And Hamlet assumes that this is Claudius so he decides to stab the person behind the curtain who he assumes is Claudius. He then realizes that Polonius is the person that's been killed. So not only does he drag his body away but he then decides to flee for England, okay? So he's then, I guess, banished from Denmark, okay? So he decides to flee on a ship to England with both of his friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. He then later realizes whilst he's on the ship that Claudius had sent instructions to England in order to have him killed. However, he's able to escape this, okay? So after Hamlet kills Polonius and then flees, Ophelia then realizes that her father has died. Her own brother, Lea, is in Paris and Ophelia really feels like she doesn't have very much to live for, okay? So she is driven to despair and to insanity by her own father's death, okay?  So Ophelia commits suicide, drowns in a river. Then Hamlet, once he has figured out that his uncle Claudius had tried to also have him murdered in England, okay? He then flees this ship, this pirate ship, then gets back to Elsinore and he then returns during Ophelia's funeral and he declares once he sees and realizes that she's died, he declares that he's always loved her, okay? Then separately, Lea, who has returned from Paris, he is enraged, he's really angry. He first initially thinks that Claudius has something to do with the death of his father as well as his sister. However, Claudius convinces him that actually it's Hamlet that's got something to do with it, okay? So Claudius then decides to lure him into a plan and Claudius and Leaities both agree to kill Hamlet in a duel, okay?  So Leaities decides to fight Hamlet with a poisoned sword, so they poison his sword and they also agree that there will be a poisoned goblet, okay? Cup filled with a poisoned drink that Hamlet can drink in case the plan to stab Hamlet with this poisoned sword fails. Then whilst during this fight and during this duel and the whole entire royal family is watching it, Queen Gertrude decides to drink from the goblet because of course, nobody apart from Claudius and Leaities realized at that time that the goblet is poisoned. Gertrude reaches for this goblet, Claudius asks her not to, but she disobeys him deliberately and drinks from the goblet and of course dies and then that's when everybody realizes that this goblet is poisoned. So now Hamlet has witnessed not only his father has been killed, not only is Zephilia being killed, but now his mother has been killed. So he forces Claudius to drink from this and kills Claudius, then he and Leaities after being stabbed by Leaities own poisoned sword, they both end up dying.  And at the end of the play, we learn that Prince Fortenbrough whose own father had been killed by King Hamlet. So he wanted to wage war on Denmark in order to avenge his father's death. He arrives and finds the entire Danish royal family is dead. So he decides to move in and take over power. So that's really it when it comes to understanding the major events within Hamlet the play.


Hello, my name's Broderick and I'm a science communicator. We're going to be having a closer look at the organ, tissue and cell structure and function for a few animal systems. First, the digestive system. The digestive system is the way that animals get their nutrients and get rid of some wastes. Animals need energy in the form of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. They also need small amounts of minerals and vitamins. The digestive system is a system of organs that work together to break down food into the useful and not useful. The useful is broken down until they're small enough to enter cells. If you think of animals as being lined on the outside by an epidermal layer, the skin, along their digestive system, the gastrointestinal tract, is a layer of cells called the epithelial layer. This is the border to entry into the rest of the body. In humans and most animals, the gastrointestinal tract, or GI, starts with a mouth, which leads into an esophagus, which leads into the stomach. After the stomach, the tract becomes the small intestine, then the large intestine, the rectum and the anus. There are also some accessory organs. In humans, the important ones are the salivary glands, the liver, the pancreas and the gallbladder. They provide specialised functions, including producing digestive juices, which aid digestion. In different animals, the organs, or size of organs, tends to change a bit depending on what the animal eats. You might have heard that cows have four chambers to their stomachs. These house a lot of symbiotic bacteria to help digest grass and hay. In humans, the cecum is hardly worth mentioning. It has the appendix which can be removed with no ill effects. Koalas, though, have a really long cecum, about two metres. This provides an extra chamber for fermentation of their eucalyptus leaf food by symbiotic bacteria, which increases the nutritional value of the leaves. Even most birds and grasshoppers have multiple stomach chambers. Many carnivores have large, stretchy stomachs that allow them to eat a lot at once, like when a lion catches a springbok or a snake catches a possum. The bane job of the GI tract is breaking down food. This is done mechanically at a large scale by chewing, churning and peristalsis. Peristalsis is the autonomic squeezing and relaxing of muscles that moves the food along the tract. At a smaller scale, to bring nutrition into a size that the cells can handle, the digestive system uses chemicals and enzymes. In general, the epithelial tissues in the digestive system have thin membranes to allow the inward flow of nutritional molecules and are equipped to create and release enzymes and chemicals for breaking down food. Acids, salts and enzymes are used to break down food chemically. Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are little proteins made by the body that enable the breaking of bonds or turning big molecules into smaller component ones. Even before you start eating, your salivary glands start making saliva in the mouth. One of the active ingredients in saliva is salivary amylase. Amylases are enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars. The stomach produces gastric juice. Gastric juice includes hydrochloric acid, which helps to break down the matter between cells in your food. It also includes the enzyme pepsin, which is a protease. Proteases break down proteins into smaller polypeptides. Pepsin works especially well in the acidic environment. The liver and gallbladder produce bile, which contains salts, which help break down fats and oils. The small intestine works together with the pancreas to produce and release more amylases, proteases, nucleases, which break down nucleic acids like DNA, salts and lipases, which break down fats.


Absolutely delighted to hear that a good friend PK is being recognized as the influencer of the year by Exchange for Media. Congratulations PK, if anyone deserves this recognition, I believe it is PK. A perfect gentleman, a person who looks at clients interests, a person who knows the entire world of media very intimately and makes a big difference to the interests of all the stakeholders. PK, congratulations and may God bless you.


Hello, my name is Konrad Schek and this is a collaborative effort with Colette Kerr. We're both from the Programming Language Research Lab at the Faculty of Information Technology at Schek Technical University in Prague. Did you ever have like a really big file, like 117 gigabytes? And did you ever try loading that into R? Let's try it now. Let's use the CSV to read it in. Oh no. And it crashed the R session too? This is terrible. Why does this happen? Well, function read CSV returns a data frame. In essence, a data frame is a list of columns. Each column is represented by a vector containing either integers, numeric values, logical values. You get my drift. Each vector is a fixed size contiguous region of memory with a specific structure. It has a header that contains meta information about the vector, for instance, the type of its elements. It has a body that mostly contains the information about the vector's length. And then it has a region of data where the individual values of all of the elements are stored. Function read CSV tries to create a vector for each column in the CSV file. It tries to allocate enough memory to fit the contents of each column. And so eventually it will try to fit all of the contents of the CSV into memory. Since there is not enough memory available to fit all these vectors at once, R issues an error and R studio panics. So what can you do? There are packages like BigStatsR, BigMemory, Matter and FF. They create R objects that mimic structures like vectors, matrices and data frames. These structures are file backed. They create files on disk to store data. When the structure is touched, it reads or writes data from an appropriate file. This is usually done using an operating system feature called memory mapping, or mmap. A memory mapped file is associated with an area of virtual memory. Virtual memory is a construct of the operating system. It does not contain any data inside, so it does not use up actual memory. Instead, all the data is stored in the associated file. When the virtual memory is accessed, the operating system seamlessly reads from or writes to the associated file. To the R programmer, it feels just like accessing a data frame, a matrix or a vector. It works. Well, most of the time it works anyway. Here we tried using the dplyr verb summarize to do the same thing, get a sum of column 1. And we find out that no applicable method for summarize applied to an object of class ffdf exists. This is because these structures do not perfectly mimic our structures. Packages like dplyr may not be equipped to approach them correctly, therefore. Because of this, packages like bigstatsr, bigmemory, ff, and matter each have collections of helper functions. For instance, cardinal is a package that builds on top of matter and produces a whole framework for analysis of mass spectrometry imaging data sets. On the other hand, many packages out there are implemented in C and C++, often for performance reasons. How did these packages will try to access these mimic structures using the C interface of R vectors? For instance, it will try to get the length of vectors by executing function x length, and it will try to get individual elements of the vector by executing integer ELT. But these C functions simply cannot be overridden by the mimics, so they fail. There's another problem too. Since the memory is file-backed, whenever you load a file into those structures, you have two representations of its contents on disk, the original file and the memory map. This may be okay if the file weighs around 6GB, but it can quickly become a problem if it weighs 100. So what else is there? There is the alternative representation of vectors and environments. ALTREP creates custom vectors that are transparent to the user. ALTREP is part of R itself and is available in R3.5 and later. You might not even know it, but you are already using ALTREP vectors. Let's see if we can show them to you. First, let's try making a big but ordinary R vector. Let's call it 1 billion integers and try to fit that many integers into it. It fails. But if we use a sequence constructor, 1 billion integers is a sequence from 1 to 1 billion. This works, and if we check its length, it is indeed 1 billion elements inside. But why does this work? Surely we should run out of memory. The second vector is not an ordinary R vector. It is an ALTREP class, a compact integer sequence. Unlike an ordinary R vector, it just remembers the beginning, step, and end of the sequence it represents. Therefore, it does not have a data section that contains all of the values of all of its elements. Instead, it keeps around a three-element vector that just has the sequences' parameters, the beginning, the step, and the end. You probably never noticed anything different, though, because these are meant to be indistinguishable from ordinary vectors. So if you take one of them and execute a sum or anything else, you should get the same result as if it were an ordinary vector. Even from the perspective of C and C++ code. Another pertinent ALTREP class, apart from compact integer sequences, are memory mapped vectors. Memory mapped vectors use M map to implement file backed larger-than-memory vectors. They are available via package RMIO and are used by BigStatsR. More importantly, though, you can make your own ALTREP vector implementations to suit your specific needs. It requires some C and C++ savvy, but there are some helpful examples available. However, ALTREP has some problems of its own. There are certain operations that will not work. For instance, if you try to add one to the 1 billion integers vector, you will get an error. This is because when an arithmetic operator is evaluated, it creates a new vector to store the results. The new vector is always an ordinary R vector. This vector must be large enough to fit the result, so it can exceed memory when one of the operands is large. This problem occurs with all arithmetic operators, variants of map and apply functions, and some cases of subsetting. However, it is possible that this will be resolved in future versions of R. Let's hope. There is one more problem, though. Let us try to print a large vector. Let's print our 1 billion integers. This runs out of memory and fails. Actually, okay, it does not fail anymore. As of R, 4.0, this has been fixed. So let's take a look at another example of the same issue. Let's try writing to an ALTREP vector. Let's say we try to write the number 42 into the first slot in the 1 billion integers vector. This also fails. So what's going on? The implementation of subset assign and the old implementation of print both call a function called data pointer. Data pointer retrieves a pointer to an area of memory containing all the elements of a vector. Since a sequence does not have any area of memory where it keeps all the elements of the sequence, it can't fulfill this request. So if such a request is issued, the vector must be materialized. All elements of the sequence are loaded into memory. In the case of compact integer sequences, that means that a new ordinary R vector is created with all of the elements of the sequence located in its data section, and a data pointer to that data section is then returned. But of course, in our case, the vector would need to be larger than available memory, so materialization fails. Many ALTREP implementations suffer from this. One exception is the memory mapped vectors class. Since it uses mmap, it can always have an area of memory handy that it can return a pointer to when asked. But we started thinking, is there a way to remove the need for materialization completely? And Colette came up with an idea. The Lytx kernel recently added a new feature to the mmap mechanism called userFaultFD. UserFaultFD lets us instrument an area of virtual memory rather than just map it onto a file. This means that when virtual memory is accessed, we can have the operating system execute a custom procedure to populate it. The procedure can be used to load data into memory from disk or to calculate it. This redirection is reminiscent of ALTREP. What is different is how we associate an R vector with an area of virtual memory. We create userFault objects, or UFOs, by using the custom allocator mechanism in R. When a vector is created, it can be allocated using a standard allocator, like malloc, or a user-specified function. We use a custom function that returns an area of instrumented virtual memory. Outwardly, the resulting vector is just an ordinary R vector that lives entirely inside virtual memory. When the virtual memory is accessed, UFO framework checks whether the access falls into the header, the body, or data. The framework automatically populates the header and body appropriately. But when an element is accessed, we allocate a small fragment of actual memory to fit it and the number of elements around it, and we execute a populate function. This function contains logic instructing the UFO framework how to fill the area of memory. Once such a chunk of memory is populated, it hangs around and subsequent accesses to data in it are simple memory operations. Over time, more and more such chunks are populated. The UFO framework keeps track of how much memory is collectively used by chunks. If used memory hits a threshold, we destroy some of the chunks, starting from the oldest, until a sufficient amount of memory is freed. If a chunk is reclaimed, it will have to be repopulated when it is next used. The populate function itself will be different for different UFO classes. Our intention is that, like with Altrap, programmers would create their own UFO implementations to scratch their own particular itches. With that in mind, we try to make these implementations easy to write. A prospective programmer only needs to provide a populate function and a data structure for passing data between invocations of the populate function. The UFO programming guide vignette in the UFO's package walks you through the process of writing a custom UFO vector. But we do have four example implementations. We provide a compact integer sequence that looks like INTSEC. We also provide vectors and matrices that map onto binary files. And the implementation we're most proud of reads directly from a CSV file into an ordinary data frame, where each column is a UFO vector. Finally, we also provide an empty UFO implementation. Why would an empty UFO be useful? Because UFOs can be written to. So if you create a loop and in that loop you start assigning elements to the empty UFO, well, it retains those values. When a chunk is loaded in memory, it is just ordinary memory, so it can freely be read from or written to. And since a UFO has the shape of an ordinary R vector, R, C and C++ code can operate on it as if it were an ordinary vector. Now, when a chunk is reclaimed, UFO framework will check if there's any changes to it using a checksum, a SHA-256 checksum to be exact. If there were no changes, the data can be safely discarded and regenerated later by the populate function, if need be. If the chunk was written to, the UFO framework will create a temporary file on disk and store the modified chunk there. This chunk will now always be read from disk rather than being regenerated. Apart from being writable, UFO vectors never need to materialize, because they already appear like ordinary R vectors. Thus, data pointer can readily find where the elements of the vector live in memory. Nothing, however, is perfect, and UFOs have a few important limitations. First of all, UFOs only work on new Linux kernels. We would like to extend UFOs to Windows and Mac in the future, but we like the prerequisite expertise. If you'd like to help, let us know. Second, UFOs suffer from the same problems with arithmetic operators, apply functions and subsetting as ultra-vectors. If you try to add 1 to 1 billion integers, you will also get an error. The reasons for this are the same. An ordinary vector is created to store the result, but it does not fit into memory. However, this problem can be partially alleviated by performing such operations element-wise and writing the result to an empty UFO. Now, this is far from perfect, but it does the job in a pinch. Finally, the populate function can be called at any point in the life cycle of the R interpreter. Because of this, we cannot guarantee that the interpreter will be in a consistent state when populate is called. Thus, it is best not to bother the R interpreter inside a custom populate function. Just don't touch it. Apart from those limitations, UFOs are fully functional and can be retrieved from our repository on GitHub. This work received funding from European Research Council under the European Union's Orison 2020 Research and Innovation Program, and from the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports.


Everybody forced here ripping 2022 chop tops drops top triple threads baseball hobby nine box case number 26 pick your team style There we go. Alex P. Mariners Brad D. Guardians Brickin with the Giants Chris D. Astros Don L. Nationals Eric R. Angels Yankees Eric W. Orioles Gary a Rockies Greg B. Marlins and twins Gregory M. Red Sox Cubs Dodgers Jeremy H. Cardinals Jonathan Q. Rangers Joseph B. D. Bax Kevin P with the raise Kyle P Says he doesn't want a Kevin Smith autos He's got the Mets Luke as pirates Matthew M. Brewers Matthew K. Tigers Nick C. Royals Raymond R. Reds Rob L Phillies Scott V. Blue Jays Big swick with the Padres Tony K. A's whoa. What just happened my spot go Whoa, what was that? Okay, Tony K. A's Trey B. Braves and Wes R. White Sox Let's do it. I love the bowl game. They're so good The Goodwill hunting Robin Williams Bowl They're gonna have a bowl game one day and it's gonna be like the the late in sports cards Florida Turnpike Bowl or something like that We should get the late in sports cards.  That's what I'll call it. Yogi. What's happening, man? Trash Florida trash bowl. Oh, he's so good Max serves at a 199 Mets to 99 Austin Riley Braves Astros triple relic Kyle Tucker first-time star triple relic Stroze the 27 and Reds rookie auto Nicoladolo to 50 Nicoladolo That sounds like Sean's kind of game right there with that be great Crews you got the 150 Ozzie Smith Cardinals and to 75 Mike Piazza Mets Though is it Ozzie Smith Cardinals triple relic auto one out of 27 STL star St. Louis star Cardinals and Jumbo Jersey, you know what's in the Guard Angels 12 out of 27 Instead of the doctor ever halftime thing they do with the with the with the footballs you have to sleeve in top You have a sleeve in top-loader competition So when the so when the What's the word I know the word I went to college A top of this is what do you autograph Autograph filler.  Oh, it's a one-on-one, too. It's a one-on-one next best card in these um Maybe maybe like another cut on like a 10 Williams. I don't know Carlos Correa to 399 twins in a 150 Jackie Robbins and Dodgers a Lot of good stuff to get in these though some Griffey some J rod Tony trout Chapman to 27 triple rally blue J's Jumbo Jersey Braves auto Mike Saroka 20 to 25 Who open who opens the box of cards the cleanest? Who can who can restock the the top loading area the quickest Blake would lose? Blake wouldn't even make it on the field. No, uh, Ryan Sandberg to 125 Cubs into 199 Johnny Bench Reds He would win the ultimate trash award triple Jersey rookie auto white socks Jake Berger to 50 VP Trash yeah deck of books are huge hits to Aaron judge Jersey to 27 Yankees Yeah, there's a lot of stuff to chase in triple threads, which is cool about it A lot of books relics unique patches It's kind of one of those sets. You're kind of it's kind of unpredictable what you're gonna hit really There's just so much in it Trashes trash Dude Blake does like trash. He's going to go watch the Patriots play tomorrow. Oh, man And it's gonna be free and it's gonna be like nine degrees outside during the day, dude What why would he do that Frank Thomas at 299 white socks? I thought you were crazy It's 125 a cunha for the Braves dude with the winter classic the weather is not supposed to be that bad It's not even gonna be below freezing Ozzy albies to 18 triple relic for the Braves just says Ozzy Fair enough that is his name And reds louis castillo jersey auto 74 75 So the hobby box is 399 99 last I checked that's what it was white socks louis robert to 99 And cubs sandberg to 299 triple relic auto christian yellows brewers 13 of 18 150 homers 150 steels and jumbo jersey tigers to 36 mcgill cabrera Yeah, dude von. I was like I was looking at the weather. I'm like, why is it's what why is the low and like the mid 40s Around New Year's and boss is so weird Yeah, I won't complain though That'd be nice and cozy if it was like 50 degrees of the game dude. I'd be amazing. I'd be perfect Perfect for any outdoor event. Mm-hmm. Maybe maybe except swimming, but yeah It's a 150 Ted Williams red socks and no 199 Miguel cabrera tigers triple crown winners both of them What's up tommy triple jersey auto Gavin sheets white socks to 99 socks on card there and jumbo jersey Orioles Cedric Mullins to 18 Yeah, Taylor will be a cold christmas for a lot of people I mean, it'll be florida cold here It's supposed to get below freezing temps, which does not happen very often in central florida Not even every year Been a minute that's been like two or three years. Yeah easily 29 man ram red socks and to 99 caribbean jr. Orioles Royals, that's a nice one there Salvador Perez triple game use relic one of nine Walk off times two Oh, you're in winter park Logan. We're we're the shop is in apopka So we are very close to you. We're like 15 20 minutes from you. Yep. Yeah And jersey auto cardinals paul deyong 82 of 99 Well, I was born in winter park I grew up in ovito Yeah, I'm hey, dude baseball cards are awesome baseball is an awesome sport We do everything here though. We did hockey yesterday. We got eminence world cup tonight. We're doing a lot of prison world cup Yeah, it's fun. I'm ready for I'm ready for prison primarily to come out to Obviously we do uh basketball and football We do it all we do it all we have a gaming channel as well. We got all the tcg stuff going on over there do everything 299 reberto clemente pirates into 150 mcgill cabera tigers Legend triple bat relic reberto clemente to 27 Pirates nice one there Find a breaking company in your area Pipes almost rose. Yeah, man. It's like it's like that everywhere right now. What's up here? Matt ulson redemption triple threads autograph single jumbo rally for the braves Jersey auto braves there matt olson Oh, nice tone I like alec thomas How do you get into breaking? What do you mean? Like get like get into our breaks? Or like start breaking 259 brewers corbin burns into 299 prices thought fillies I don't know how to get into it That's not easy donald Merry christmas braves again redemption here That is a printing plates Autograph relic ronald akunia jr. That's a white whale redemption Atlanta big congrats Trey be with the braves congrats one of one printing plate triple auto redemption ronald akunia jr Yeah, the load tonight is 30 connor. So we're actually are getting that cold weather tonight Bat relic carlos korea 10 9 for the twins it was like 6 it was like the height of it was like 68 And it's currently like Yeah, like mid 40s right now So attempts dropping fairly quick Congrats braves That was a braves box right there man matt olson and akunia redemptions would be awesome to get that akunia though So the whole hobby box like this whole thing will go for uh, 399.99 last I checked Yep, weather's gonna change quick the other way too. It's gonna get warmer to work again Next week here, it'll be like it'll be like 80 degrees on tuesday. I can almost guarantee you I'll get to wear my uh, I'll get to wear pants for two days and then right back to uh shorts and a t-shirt Kel nick to 299 mariners and a 125 berry larkin reds triple relic mookie 15 of 18 dodgers win or go home And mariners rookie auto matt brash 2 of 10 on the on-card low numbered rookie auto Nope, not complaining just answer any question. That's all I did I'm happy it's gonna be Chile and Florida I'm happy We have a plenty of customers that are in our youtube chat earlier talking about how they live in like north dakota Or central canada and it's like negative 60 with wind chill Ted Williams the 299 red socks and luke garganty 25 yankees Another redemption here. Got a lot of them George springer triple threads auto relic blue jays and A jonathan india game use jersey for the reds to 48 I mean, I hope everyone's having a happy holiday season The high and where you were the high was 59 and it's 13 now That's a pretty big drop What up one? Fairly large drop in temperature big world 259 francisco lindor metz and a 299 pooholes cardinals Braves are having a hell of a break Trey look at this man one of one red triple patch ozzy albies 30 home runs 40 doubles 100 rbi those are some chunky patches too That is pure filth Trey dude big congrats two braves one-of-ones and the matt ulcer redemption as well so far That is sick man Multiple chunky patches there focus on the card phone come on now That help that's going into mag and jumbo jersey auto kip ryan haze eight of 99 pirates Oh new jersey. Yeah. Yeah, cold cold cold. Yeah, you spilled it right. Happy holidays, man Warm gets it. Warm knows it spells it the right way. That's my boy It's the only way to spell it. That's it and shawn's eyes Rest of his way is trash All other ways to spell shawn or trash The 259 hosier amir as guardians and the 299 ozzy smith cardinals about ozzy in this too the 25 gold triple patch rookie auto jake cousins brewers And emerald parallel pohler p jumbo jersey to 27 metz Polar p two boxes left. I want to see a book now. Let's go dolphins Dario, I'm on a plane at seven in the morning going to massachusetts Yeah, dario shawn's literally going from here to the airport later tonight We'll be going till like 2 a.m. His flight's at seven You gotta get to the airport like an hour and a half early, you know, and we're not that close So he's pretty He's in it man. We got to keep him awake tonight I'm gonna yell boom so loud during eminence Do you all I'll hook it up to the to the stereo I'll turn it into like a death metal scream. Yeah Jarek deeter to 75 yankees and a 259 soto padres Triple bat relic jon carlo stanton to 36 yankees Best football hobby box under 300 I like certified football personally just because you get a patch auto Some relics and another auto jersey auto jack flirty cardinals to 50 Certified I like I mean it really depends on what you're looking for as well What else I think gold standard is still under that for this year So gold standard is kind of cool too if you like willing for like patch autos and just like Maybe like a little bit of a higher end look it's a 50 ricky henderson a's and a 259 mariano Rivera yankees White socks illoy Jimenez 19 of 27 triple relic auto two homers and five rbi back to back Is that two different? That's that's crazy Guys got a high ceiling if he can stay healthy And a Padres jersey blake snout the 27th That one is game one Last box then we're gonna recap the case This is triple threads nine box case number 26 Yeah, william personal there are personal tonight, but they have been full since like 1 p.m. Today Yeah, guys, if you order the personal during the stream tonight, it'll go monday night We're swamped last night.   Watch some basketball. It's gonna be great Let's go to football on christmas z basketball new year's day. What was not to love it's 199 robin yam brewers And it's 250 Babe Ruth yankees. Oh, and I think premier league tomorrow too, right? Man, I get now I can get off the couch Yeah Triple jersey Giants buster posie brandon crofford mike ishremsky to 36 And on the back joa del jumbo jersey auto angels to 46. 46 is a weird numbering on that All right, one sec. We'll recap. All right, we'll start with our relics here dust off If you're watching on tiktok link is in the bio We are full time on group breaks and personals, but we have our schedule out next week Monday, tuesday, wednesday are scheduled and then we'll have a bunch more breaks as well We're not breaking on christmas eve and christmas day But we always are live personals and group breaks pretty much seven days a week when there's no like holidays and stuff All right, we had that giant's triple chris bryant's blake snell Jean-carlo stan pete lanzo jonathan india Mookie betz carlos career Roberto clemente. That was a cool one. It was a really nice salvatore pares there as well. Cedric mullins miguel cabrera ozzie albies Aaron judge matt chatman noah cindigarde and kyle tucker Premier league monday gotcha. Oh, yeah boxing day. That's what's up. That's even better. That is even better It's god about that as big as big time premier league stuff. That's what's up Yes, I think a sports car. This is a personal. I use your credit card. It's yours. Oh, no, not this dude Yeah, dude, he won't join youtube chat. He'll join tiktok chat scared All right, let's go with the autos here joa dell that very nice cc sabathea three three Oh, thanks for the rose sam And the tgif dude. That's what's up sam. Thank you Uh illy himenez white socks jack flarity cardinals jake cousins brewers cabrayan hayes pirates george springer redemption blue jays triple threads autorellic Matt brash to 10 mariners work yotto with the matt olson autograph single jamborellic redemption for atlanta paul deyong cardinals jersey auto White socks Gavin sheets triple jersey auto to 18 christian yellows brewers triple relic auto louis castillo reds to 75 jake burger white socks to 50 mike saroka braves to 25 ozzie smith to 27 cardinals To 15 niclidolo reds And then the braves Had a one-of-one triple patch ozzie albis. That is a gorgeous card 30 homers 40 doubles 100 rbi Just great patches there and then the redemption triple threads autorellic card printing plate ronald akunia jr a white whale redemption And Trey be with the braves congrats again buddy fantastic break for you and that is going to do we get that master case coming up next


well I think you're the appropriate person if you're willing to be the liaison with the natural resource board and they issued an incorrect jurisdictional opinion and they should issue a new one and we should figure out if it's not active 50 subject to active 50 permanent he's not going to do a thing on July 8th right I don't know what some people do things and don't care he doesn't seem like a don't care person but I think it would be good for somebody to reach out to Carlos I hesitate saying but Andy Shepard told me that his impression from talking to Carlos was that he this act 250 thing was a lot and he was going to throw in the towel and not hold this party but that is purely speculation from Andy because it might be worth reaching out because my sister in law was like oh I totally sold it the website is still listing tickets for sale so you're saying somebody should reach out to Carlos yeah this is um let's put this aside John you are going to reach out to the natural resource board she's not there anymore it's a well why don't you maybe I think she's oh that she's not I'm sorry I was thinking of a different Susan Barrett that's the right person yeah okay all right I think we're ready to move on to Rhodes update I just sent you all about what we're doing the only thing with Rhodes that I was hoping to touch upon at this late hour um tires historically I guess Alfie would pick up tires and it was just kind of a here and there thing but long story short we moved five tons of tires from the town barrage yard it was over a thousand dollars and over a hundred tires per legislation in 2012 over a hundred tires and we're not a license so much yard it just the neighbors were complaining the guys felt it was unsafe it was just like a huge pretty girl from mosquitoes so they're very adamant that they no longer want to be a salvage yard or getting rid of old ancient culverts or cleaning it up so with things like tires if they were to pick up tires from one person they would have to pick up tires from all the people they would also need to take those things to the dump the same day and the town would be paying for it in March the central waste management has grants open I believe we can get up to a thousand more specifically for things like tires and if we perhaps time it and educate people so even before green up say hey we've got this grant for a tire collection we're going to do it on a green update to help me God do not throw it over the side of the road like two weeks out so someone else can get lung disease climbing over the bank to pick up your tires just like an amnesty thing where people can bring them and then maybe in the meantime people that are seeing them on the side of the road if they have a friend who has a barn or they have a place where they're not amassing a gazillion of them if there's a place where people can stick them until this spring or I mean Bill Davis when he moved to Cow Jop Pekingburg he had a brightest tractor down there and that someone just dumped I mean there's a lot of things dumped on our roads but we just don't have the manpower frankly the money for them to be spending a lot of time each day doing it and if we do it for what we do it for all and if people know we do it then it's gonna so you're saying that people would call the town garage and ask if the road crew could pick up their tires yes that's a thing like on the side of the road you would take them there how many were on Robinson's cemetery over 15 one night a truck came by next morning the road was littered with tires someone was just driving along throwing little tires out so you called over there I was called over and I was told that these are jumps I went into the town right away I gathered it up and took it to the town garage that's my own tires right so this came up because I've had at least six individual people complained to me about a pile of tires that was dumped recently on Robinson Hill Road and so I had offered to pick them up and bring them to the town garage but they don't want to store them there anymore and so I've sort of been brainstorming it crossed my mind to pick them up and throw them in my woods until green update my parents weren't very fond of that idea so if anybody has woods they would want to store them in no but so I just said I'd bring this up to try to have a conversation about how we as a town can respond to these public dumping situations which are really ugly and it's unfair to the property owner who it's dumped on and when it's right on the side of the road it's a plow hazard in the winter I feel like we need to have a way to respond to these situations I don't know what that is but it's also actively discouraging when you have an update literally every year you can always tell when we're just a little bit out because all of a sudden people's tires are going from their garage and getting just chucked over the bank or chucked over the or up at the old dump people love throwing them over the hell there it was like we've got to shred down the dozens of tires and Steve went over to the bank and dragged all of them up so you wouldn't have to do it so it's not like someone went box trucked a bunch of tires you actually pulled them up off the bank but it looked like someone had gone so the central Vermont solid based what are the fees associated with disposal oh jeez it was it was $260 a ton that they got Poncella's that was the best they could do and the big threshold was the 100 tires or more the tires are approximately a ton and for an individual it's $7 per tire or I think $14 for a tire with a ram so the municipality had better better pricing on disposal relative to keeping it under a ton so did they get disposed of or disposed of the ton garage no there's no tires at the garage that got disposed of because we were kind of backing forth on I think just several green ups had gone by and last year it was won't be for a lot of reasons but now the town paid for it they cleared it out many a dump truck trip went because I think you authorized that we did and that's why they were because the neighbors too were also like ehhh because and if the thing got caught on fire it would have been a huge environmental disaster so it was just bad and it's really hard to we can have a little pile because the little pile becomes a big pile so they're super adamant but when they're saying they can't do it for one because then they'd have to do it for all they're also doing it for the people that are picking it up from the side of the road that are just getting it off the side of the road right so it's not but if they pick up, let's say pick up the sticks from Robinson Cemetery they've got to head over to Peck Hill I mean I've been driving around the roads with these guys and their stuff everywhere right but I mean are they objecting to it being a place where tires can they don't want any tires stored there they do not want to be a selling yard they do not want to amass they are very very very adamant and the property owners too because you can't keep water out of them then you get mosquitoes they don't want to have any kind of fire storage on site what do you mean the property owners there are people that live near the town garage oh ok I've been, I had been as the green up day coordinator I had thought for years that tire disposal happened each year after green up day as with trash disposal and was covered with our grant it turns out that used to happen over the last few years that hasn't happened and they've stayed at the town garage I'm not sure why but I've been playing phone tag with the green up day the state executive director of green up day to try and learn more about the process on green up day so that and what we're allowed to do in terms of collection and the grants paying for tire disposal and such so that we can do it properly next year and get rid of them in a timely manner has any research been done as to how other towns handle this problem that's one of the questions I was going to ask the green up day coordinator but in terms of regular tire pickup I don't know maybe we could email you know eSmart, Peelier, Mayfield, Marshville LittleSex and ask them how they handle this problem well and I wonder if it like if it wasn't no thing our guys would go and pick it up which I think is a fairly unusual thing for towns to do if that some people were like it's okay they're going to come and get it it's going to be fine and that maybe if people are aware that's not going to happen it would reduce it but you're going to have the jerk lift the bathtub on Valentine Road like a bathtub in a grill and then it's in the grills that was smart but you could have got money taking it to it seems unusual for the road crew to actually go pick them up and get and collect them that may be not unusual to give people the opportunity to drop them at the town garage do it yeah do you dispose of them in a timely fashion so that there's not more than a ton of tires there at any given time and maybe just maybe do you dispose of them once a month yeah they're going to find out and I don't blame them because it was pretty outrageous but the neighbors are the road crew but the neighbors and the road crew they just they think it's unsafe to have piles quick comment you know as you're sitting here talking about this and the tires and what not and I'm just trying to recall Antoni you might help me too that in the 18 meters that I was with the select board I don't ever recall then openly talking about picking up tires as a service or anything and I'm wondering if perhaps Alfred just kind of did it as a courtesy you know he did it but I can tell you that I don't believe it's anything that officially came from the town that will store in your tires will take them off your hands and it's beyond me how that pile got to be so big except for not properly disposing even if they collect them once a year and get rid of them but I don't believe there was any direction official direction from the board I think that's totally true I think that it was being truckload every green-up day and when people like you all described called him and said hey somebody dumped tires on my property can I put them to the tire pile he just said sure but I agree I don't think there's ever been a town policy I don't think there was any direction from the select board you know because we knew that the cost you know we have to go and just follow some of yourself isn't there something called a town dump that's on yes it's no longer a dump so once a week which road was that? I mean people do go and dump stuff there over at the banks and then get around green-up day it used to be a road dump that's where you dump your stuff but Brian Perry's comes or Brian Perry and sons comes on Saturdays in the morning for the dump but I don't think they take tires because it's like a this is a specialized thing and I think like Bill taking responsibility for moving that couch off a peaking brook he just took it to the dump and he's out and paid for it isn't there a tendency by disposing of tires from December during bills for war? I don't know that that's designed to take hundreds of tires at a time from a town I don't know the answer to that and that does that costs money right? they somehow make money from it on the website it says what did I send to Jamie $10 a truckload? they didn't define truck yeah $7 a tire I don't care what truckload it is if it's a small truck for $10 and I think they take any kind of tire I don't think it has to be used I looked at the website I sent a link to you and it doesn't have to be reusable tires unsalvageable tires that's once a year in December? I don't know the actual big event is once a year but what I looked at the website it didn't say you could bring them only once a year it didn't say you could bring them any day of the year it just wasn't clear yeah I think it is a finite period of time yeah it's not long going yeah okay so I think the takeaway from this is that we don't really know what to do about it except that we should Jamie I think getting with the statewide green up day person will be really helpful and just making sure the tires are coming in on green up day they get to go to their next life after they get collected so yeah I don't know if you were looking for an action or anything but oh no I just wanted to because I know people are asking and there's been a lot of discussion and just being getting rid of the pile I think they're just profoundly they don't want another pile and any form and that's not unreasonable you know it's not really a space to be collecting that stuff yeah I don't know how the town could I don't know that the town would want to pay someone to if they do clean I don't know okay I think that's enough of that one for now so do you want to talk about the no parking signs sure I think this can be quick so for many years there have been a shortage of parking in Maple Corner and challenges with parking for community center events and other large you know events like Blue Barn and the swim area and Maple Corner events and historically the community center has asked tenants to put out cones on across from the community center from the store parking lot to Worcester Road when there's events now with the Whammy Bar open three nights a week and increased events at the community center it's it's onerous to put cones out every night and so the board of the community center in conjunction with the board of the store and several local neighbors proposed to me that the town install no parking this side of the street signs from the on the west side of County Road I put a map in the Google Drive folder and I can pass this around so it would be on the west side of County Road from the store parking lot to the Worcester Road and it would look like basically a no parking this side of the street sign you know maybe two or three of them we'd leave that up to the road group and then as this discussion is unfurled it was pointed out that it's dangerous to have cars parked on the north side of Worcester Road we'll get you the map on the north side of Worcester Road for the first hundred feet where Worcester Road leaves County Road because there's the intersection right there and when cars are parked there it's hard to have good line of sight at the intersection so the proposal is for no parking signs for to cover 100 feet of Worcester Road and the distance from the store parking lot to Worcester Road on West County Road and between Don Heiss and Heidi and I we've chatted with the majority of neighbors in that section who have all been in favor of that plan and I was I haven't met with the road crew to sort of spec it out but my proposal would be that the select board approve my working with the road crew to determine exactly how many signs and where are needed to achieve the goal of eliminating dangerous both side of the road parking practices and downtown making work parking for people minus that parking I mean I don't think there will ever be enough parking for people in Maple Corner I think it's going to be an ongoing challenge it's a challenge with the Whammy Bar it's a challenge with the community center it's a challenge with events at the Blue Barn and really it's a challenge with the swim area as well and I lots of groups there was a group eight years ago Indivisible Callis that looked at this issue and spent a year trying to find a location for a parking ride or something without success so I don't think this solves the parking problems but I think it makes it safer I can't speak for the section of Worcester Road because it's a part of the community center it's not going to change the effect because right now when there's an event there are cones out there restricting parking what it will change is the safety of it because I've been one of those people out there at 10.30 at night collecting the cones on a dark trying to get these cones off the road and not get hit so it would be a safety factor for the people to not have to go out there and do these put cones out there why are you doing the cones because we're hosting an event at the Maple Forest Community Center and the people using the community center is not responsible for putting the cones out the people using this community center for an event have to do it and years ago there was a similar problem the big problem is when cars park on opposite sides of the same road at the same time because it narrows the road there was a significant problem with that years ago around the swim area and the town put up no parking this side of the road signs across from the swim area on both sides of the hill and it's largely been successful I almost never see cars parked on the wrong side of the road I think this is a solution that you know increases safety and decreases labor for people hosting events in town and will be effective I'd make a motion for to authorize Jamie to investigate placement and number signs that would need to be installed to be effective relative to the input of the road crew and coming back to the select board with a specific number of road signs for procurement so we're not approving the purchase until we know until we know how many there are and the cost and the cost so fair is there a second any further discussion all in favor say aye aye all right before you move on this just came in today's mail which is why it's not on the agenda this is a great big map of palace roads from the department of agency of transportation and so I want to pass it on to our road commissioners but before I do I wanted to ask would you want me to take it to capital copy and get more copies made yeah I would go like for the garage so how many copies because I figured we have two road commissioners we have the road crew we have Toby or I mean I mean are they costly I mean I'm sorry but it's like I know it could be five dollars a copy I don't know what it is but before this gets torn up and dirty or anything would you like me to get copies made additional copies made I think it would be cool I know two more copies for the road so have you seen the maps on the callas website it's on the callas website but it's a big clear so we're not like making a photocopy by resolution and I'm pretty sure this is not what you would call a road map it doesn't say like Kitt Hill Road, County Road, Beacon Brook Road Jack Hill Road by this key the main roads and what kind of a road they are so it's not like what you would want for I would want to stand there and study this road as a community member and go oh that's where I live but it's good for the road crew yeah I mean we use that when plotting out going and doing segments and things it is available as a full resolution pdf on the Department of Transportation website but I'm not opposed to no you can have it you can take that same pdf to capital copy and have them print it at whatever resolution so like five copies what do you guys think John is this similar to one of the ones that you're having mounted foam mounted for here because I'm just wondering I would come up with one so we'll put it on label the names of the roads this doesn't even label the names of roads okay isn't that show the class yeah it does show the class names and the trade roads and the it's on a little close right it's getting taken I didn't even know that yeah I think it's a good place to double down or tires no tires but for hell that okay where are we at so it sounds like you want a few copies thank you Barbara and the road sign inventory it's the subject that keeps on giving yeah I know the guys have ordered signs for all the roads that are missing them that get stolen in a second they put them up so I don't know what to try so we got the lesson we just got it like one day so would very much a popular one to get stolen but those have been ordered regarding that inventory hmm there's no jam in and is that something you might be able to like tap into our local walking community or maybe people that are out and about every day doing their thing because it's got the specs on there correct and they can be like yes this is the same sign or this is no longer the same sign uh we could potentially seek volunteers but I think they should be trained so that would take some of these time to train but I mean I just think getting that just especially with all the rain the workload is it's a lot and how much how many hours of road sign inventory do you think that there are would it take to like plot every walk around on 92 miles it's going to take a lot of time it hasn't been partially done I thought it was well along on its way to being inventoryed the roads were working on the roads not signed so we have to update all the road statuses are they up to state standards or are they partially done or that's what I've been working on Toby sent us a road sign inventory from a few years ago and I thought he said he thought it was fairly up to date but we'd need you know at some point somebody should go around and just look at him and say yep this one's still there this one's it's in your group of folders it's in the RPC State of 2013 which was 10 years ago so that's a few years later I just remember you said you were going to be working on an inventory was that the road inventory that is for the watershed that is the I'm going to mess up the acronym but with the little segments that involve go to waterways where you have to update if they are like Max Gray on our map through the state is up to snuff but the reality is it's definitely not up to snuff we're actually going to be working on it so we have to go and update those to what they actually are right now so it's not all 92 miles certainly certain segments some roads have a lot of them some roads don't really have any but that's what I've been working on for this road sign inventory it strikes me a couple of different things one could be like figure out approximately how many hours and what training is required and get a couple of teenagers to do it hire them another thing is sorry to say I think it would be pretty easy to get volunteers to and I just pulled it up it looks like there's about 300 signs in town on this list and we could sort it by we could create groups it would almost be nice to make a fun event out of it so what I would suggest for our next step if you want to seek volunteers how to seek volunteers what information you need up front get the information and just plot it out a little bit but I think maybe you could do it schedule it for a day and end it with an ice cream social yep I like that you might also be able to bring it out into areas of town those callas, north callas anime, bagel, corner because they figured there's something you have to do one section and just communicate how those roads all the time would be able to tell you and the actual work wouldn't have to be done from that day but it could be done any day give it like a 10 day window or something as long as it's completed by the day that I think yeah so this is one of those things where volunteers there's work up front to do get volunteers to work but yeah so can we leave it to the road commissioners to kind of sketch it out a bit and then yeah alright so let's see, Curtis Pondam I don't have anything to say on that I have a quick question I heard that the railing was approved Linda's railing so was that did it go through VCIL I thought it was coming through us and it was mentioned one week and we never talked about it and I guess because I wanted to ensure that it was accessible at least for the majority of people to be able to use it yeah at town meeting there were a bunch of suggestions and then the Curtis Pond Association was asked to sort of oversee and implement it we talked to several contractors John McCullough did a lot of the design work what we settled on is a rail it's got sort of a higher adult size rail and a lower kid size rail and it's going to look great, John got some decorative frogs I think that are going to be on the railing post tops but did it go through VCIL like we had talked about at that time VCIL ended up being involved at the town meeting that was discussed and then it was swapped to the Curtis Pond Association okay but if we think they were finished it's going to be ADA standards they got advice from a lot of people who just because Peter's part of our community too and Barry Bernstein and they had all brought it up my understanding was that while the Curtis Pond Association was in charge of that money we were going to bring it into VCIL because serving my concern would be that even if people think it's lovely and cute and adorable if someone comes in and it's not ADA and it's specifications then it could become an issue this one area will never be ADA accessible it's steep rocky we're ridden I think this is not designed to be an ADA compliant recreation area which would as discussed at town meeting I think the vote was that the railing would be ADA compliant yes the railing itself but the location is not an accessible location but no because historically it would have to have a ramp and it would have to start in 500 yards, but I just recall that VCIL was going to be at least providing it and like us they're opinion so in the spirit of equity and inclusion I don't know what are those things that because what's accessible for some people might not be accessible for others but clearly it's a rail that is meant to make it safer to go down a steep rocky slope to a swim area that I agree I can't see how it would ever be ADA accessible so I mean other than the fact that maybe VCIL wasn't exactly consulted if the rail itself is ADA accessible do you think that they fulfilled the spirit of the thing or do you want them to do something else we had agreed at town meeting that they were going to be at least asked about it I don't think so if you go back and read the town meeting minutes yeah it changed I know that they had to but it got flipped but then there was discussion that they would at least say hey does this look good and I know it's not going to be ADA and the two ADA cents because obviously it's not an accessible but accessible to the most people possible so what was the end result the end result was the vote the motion and the proof that VCIL would be consulted in the design I think it specified that that was just my recollection so the whole thing like Bernie Bury was being called a question to add 7000 to the VCIL to install the railings and that vote would fail and then back to the original amendment the motion Linda Schultz made to amend this article to include $4,000 to install hand rails at the Curris Pines swim area further discussion ensued Peter John he said the town is legally able to make the swim area handicapped and acceptable Donna Speyers recommends the Curris Pines Dam Association former committee to work on getting the hand rails installed and give them the $4,000 Tom Ricardo said the town needs to have the work documented if you can't meet all the codes of the ADA the law Fletcher Dean said it's a slipper slow John Brigham though we can amend the original town budget as an option we can't undo the original previously asked article all right Daniel Pini called the question to end the debate Gus Sealy recited the motion to give $4,000 to the Curris Pines Dam Association for the one time purpose of adding hand rails to the Curris Pines swim area a division was called and the Board of Civil Authority led the hand count Gus Sealy reported 80 yes votes and 30 no votes the main article was amended so BCAL was not in the final vote no no it was a part of the final vote just their ways that they were going to at least consult but it's not documented they'll remember but it's not documented and that is fine I went through it it went on for a while okay so anything about the status of the bond vote oh I spoke with Thomas Maloney who said that while not everything in the process was exactly perfect he was confident that the bond vote was done acceptably and that he could easily and confidently defend it to the bond bank so that is no longer a question don't we have to certify it or something like that yes did you get that paperwork I'm not saying anything more than that okay it was a little while ago well or maybe we did not certify it two weeks ago let's see okay well what minutes in the folder while you're looking at that shared documents and emails any updates okay checking that one status of shed v calis no okay collective bargaining team all right and shugging along I really can't talk about it it's a good process you just say that it's coming along in the process there we go okay and are you trying to look in the minutes from two weeks ago just in case we want to certify it right now is it time sensitive can it likely wait till July 10th what did he say about that there's a state statute that allows a select board to validate the vote of the annual meeting I recommend the select board take such action to address any questions as to whether front court form counts is one of the public locations the public notice a draft resolution for such purchase purpose is attached the resolution includes a notice of official intent that allows under federal tax law the town to reimburse itself from bond proceeds in the event that the town spends money on the project in anticipation of the issuance of the bond note the resolution does not commit the town to spend funds it provides an opportunity to reimburse the town from bond proceeds if any such general funds have been spent on the project and the resolution was in our folder from the last meeting I forgot to put it in the folder for this meeting I think at the last meeting we reviewed it and decided we wanted to review it further and vote on it at this meeting and then we lost track the minutes of the last meeting are in the Google folder yeah it says sorry just read it I think maybe the reason that we did that if I remember correctly is that it was not warned as part of the agenda for taking action on the previous meeting previous meetings agenda technically it's not we didn't say we're going to do it but I think it says status of bond vote we need to validate it so I mean it could either wait till July 10th or I don't know if this is I'm going to say let's validate it vote to validate it and if it turns out that we need to warn it then we'll warn it and vote on it again that's fine it does say in the agenda possible action on these so do you need to read is there a resolution that should be the motion or do you have to sign something it does have a spot for it says signed by all or two-thirds members of the select board do you want to email that to me right now and I'll run over to the channel office and print it and come right back we're going to be here we're done other than that that was our last thing so I mean I'll run down inside if three signatures can we authorize us to sign it and just have it available for signing in the town office that's okay with me if I'm going to see any of you tomorrow night at the BCA meeting you can sign it there that's true yeah okay I'm standing from those types of things I'm standing from those types of things yeah I probably shouldn't be one of the signatures does it have to be dated and you all signed it on the same date I don't think that's ever a thing that is a is a legal requirement it says adopt it at a regular meeting of the select board on such date so that would be tonight but I don't think it needs to be signed on that date necessarily and then it needs to be signed by Tien okay she'll test doing that yeah she won't be back for never 10 days so if it has to be tested by Tien before then you have to stay in the town office or where does that have to go just go back to the attorneys she's just saying Tien has to sign it I know that's what I'm saying if this document lives at the town office Tien can sign it any or does it have to go the the bond application process yes I do provide certified that I am the clerk of Calis this was all true it was truly adopted at a regular select board meeting on such date so it's just her certifying that we adopted it at a select board meeting that's fine I just want you to know she's not in the state to sign it and attest to it until July the 5th this is for a future discussion we can start electronic signing things that would be a real time saver for other things so ok so if this can wait we can do it July how would you go ahead and adopt it tonight so we could read the minutes and then I'll have it available at the town office for signatures then we can send it off to Thomas with our signatures and say you know Tien will well and if he if he has to have it back before July 5th then I I suspected the absence of a town clerk the assistant town clerk could sign it I'm going to afford this email to alright so what's the motion we need to do that um it's two pages long the last meeting and tonight I heard you use the term validate the vote validate the bond vote I'm looking for a motion to validate the bond vote of town meeting 2023 for the Curtis Pondam bond 450,000 of $450,000 here 450 yes so the the actual language of it outlines the history of how the warning was done and then ends with therefore be it resolved by the select board of the town of Calis one reimbursement notice of official intent and then there's a paragraph about how can spend money now and be reimbursed out of the bond on this project. And then two cure of irregularities is just is a paragraph outlining some people think that Front Porch Forum might not count. We go through all this document. The vote was good. It was the intent of the select board. It was the intent of the town. Why don't we just pull the question that was on the ballot? Actually pull the question, shall the legal voters in Calis blah blah blah blah blah and say that you guys attest to the vote of that of that question on the ballot. I'm cool with that. Does anybody want to make that motion? Write it out Rose and then read it. Yeah yeah I think that's fine and then I do think that at our next meeting we need to pass this resolution that was written by the attorney because that is not specifically addressing the three things that this resolution outlines. Say that again for the next meeting you're going to validate. I think it's okay let's just do this at the next meeting. I will forward it to everyone now with a special note to you and Anne to put it on the agenda. We'll do it next time. Yeah see that's fine. Okay well if there are no further items which I don't see. Sure. I want to inform the select board that I, one of our neighbors had a burglary and when we have that very discussion about maybe people using drugs or impaired I found it quite cracking. I live on the corner of Lightning Ridge. I live on Lightning Ridge. The top of Lightning Ridge if you take it right when you're heading down here towards Singleton Road. There's two really steep driveways and the first one belongs to Casey and I don't really recall this last name. Very steep garage. And do you hear about it? No. And he has a big house and a separate garage and he told my husband that well one in the morning people were breaking into his garage and he got disturbed and yeah so they were you know trying to burglarize and it was like one in the morning and he yelled to them he got a shot on you, shot a bullet straight up in the air. He scared him away. But it used to be that he felt like if he had a long driveway and you know you were trying to save because people never knew what the exit route would be that people were more right on the road would be more at risk but clearly I mean I found it disturbing you know. And long driveways are more tempting because they think people won't be there and they're going to have an easier way to access it. So anyway it's increasing all over the place. You know I mean I don't hear too much about crime here in Dallas but this is really close to my house and I'm afraid you know and you know be aware. Yeah okay well thanks for that. All right and I forget do we move to adjourn? Yep that sounds moved. And second okay all in favor say aye. All right.


Hello everyone, I'm going to share the work that we are doing at the Bionics Institute using functional neuro-infrared spectroscopy to accelerate early intervention for infants with hearing loss. First I'd like to acknowledge my team at the Bionics Institute and also Dr Jeffrey at New Genie, our new company, and our prototyping partner Design Plus Industry. So our aim is closing the gaps between identification of hearing loss and the accurate fitting of the optimal hearing instrument. So where are the gaps? In auditory neuropathy, what is my functional hearing like? For all infants, is my hearing aid programmed optimally and would a cochlear implant be a better option? And for cochlear implants we need objective programming and evaluation of early programs. So what do we need to fast track early intervention? And we need a reliable and accurate objective test that addresses those gaps and is suitable for very young infants in the natural sleep state and suitable for use in cochlear implants. So introducing ear genie, which uses F-nears. So I think most of you are familiar with F-nears now, so basically we're looking at the hemodynamic response in the brain. So we're looking at changes in the oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood and response to neural activity in the brain. Here we have a picture of a baby fast to sleep having her hearing tested with one of our early prototype devices. So how does the test work? There are two tests. First is a detection test. It's basically a simple block design where we play five seconds of a stimulus that we want to test whether the baby can hear. And so we might play bar sounds, bar, bar, bar for five seconds with silence in between the blocks. And for the discrimination test, it's essentially the same thing except that we have two sounds. So the standard sound is played in the background between the test blocks. So all that gray region is a repeated standard sound. It might be bar, bar, bar, bar. And the test block contains the contrast sound that we want to see whether the baby discriminates it from the standard sound. So it might be gar, bar, gar, bar, gar, bar in that test block. So in this case, we're just looking for a response to the test block. We're using optodes in the auditory and prefrontal regions. We expect to see responses to speech in all of those regions. So here are the average responses for normal hearing infants to the detection of bar at 65 dB SPL. So you can see that the red and the blue lines go opposite each other. That's what we expect to see with hemodynamic responses with the oxygenated and deoxygenated. And we see that there's two components. So there's a positive going response that we can see that it looks like a standard hemodynamic response to a sound. But there's also this huge negative dip here. So we investigated this morphology and we found that there are actually at least two responses. We did ICA on all of the responses and what we saw were two main components. The first component, this red one here, looks like a standard hemodynamic response in the auditory system to sounds. But there's this other big blue response here, which we deduce is due to arousal of the brain. So we're not waking the baby, but the brain goes into a different arousal state when we present sounds. So the responses to the discrimination of bar from other sounds, they look fairly similar. Once again, there's positive going bits and there's negative going bits. So here the three different colors are three different contrasts and they're the HBO and the dotted lines are HBR. So we see the same negative arousal component in many of these morphologies. And we see that the negative component is quite different in the three different contrasts. And we also see that the positive component can be have quite late latency and is quite broad compared to the positive response in the detection response. So how do we statistically test whether a baby actually heard or discriminated a sound? Now, this is tricky because we need to be able to automatically detect non-stationary responses. So both the negative arousal response particularly is not there all the time. It habituates very rapidly in some circumstances and not others. And the positive response can have different types of latency and duration. So we need to be able to detect these. And the standard statistical methods for FNAS don't work. You'll never find anything that works because we don't know what the response looks like and it changes with every epoch that you test. So what do we do? This is company secret. But in very brief, we do standard pre-processing steps to clean the signal and convert writing intensities to HBR and HBR. And then we use a model which uses a stochastic process to capture unique statistical properties of the neural responses. And then we establish statistical significance by comparing the derived neural stochastic process against arbitrary baseline signals. So the baseline is derived from silence periods or in the discrimination test in the non-silence background. We also do another test to test for the probability of false positive responses. And this is important because you can make things as sensitive as you like and the more sensitive you make them, the more false positives you're going to get. So basically to test for false positives, we compare the baseline responses with other baseline responses using the same statistical model as we used to do the detection. So what are the results we get in normal hearing babies? So the top table shows you the number of infants out of 32 infants who showed statistically significant responses in numbers of regions of interest. So the majority of babies showed significant responses in three or four of the four regions of interest. And only two babies didn't. And no babies actually didn't show a response in any of the regions. So a similar pattern for discrimination. Most of the infants showed significant discrimination responses in at least three or four regions of interest. And only three individual tests showed no response in any region here. So in the false positive test, none of the actual false positive tests came up with a false positive alarm. So we're estimating the specificity of the test at 100%. So I'm going to show you two examples of babies with hearing loss who we've tested. So this first example is a six month old infant with moderate hearing loss. And we tested her in the aided condition at 65 dbs perl just in a single ear. It's a single ear response. So on the left you see her detection responses. If you look down here in the temporal regions, you can see that the temporal response looks very, very similar to the normal hearing baby detection responses with positive going and then the negative component of it. Over here in the discrimination responses, you can see that they're mostly apart from Ga, just have the positive component going component. And the positive going component is much later than the positive going component here. So these responses were all clearly significant using the analysis algorithm so that we know that this baby's hearing aid is adequately programmed for her. And that she can also discriminate the speech sounds very well. And so that's really good news. So this is another example of an infant. This infant's 15 months old with developmental delay and has profound hearing loss with a cochlear implant. There was some question about whether she could hear with the cochlear implant because she was extremely difficult to evaluate behaviorally. So on the left, you see at least three of the regions of interest a very large positive response. It's actually much later than a normal detection response, but it's actually there. So we know that the baby is at least hearing the sounds at 65 dbs perl. The discrimination responses are very messy and noisy. And but the algorithm was able to actually statistically show statistically that she could discriminate some of these responses at least in one or two regions of interest. So finally, I'd like to show you our progress with making an actual clinical system. So here we have a conceptual design made by our partner's design plus interest. It's very baby-friendly. It has a fixed montage and a Velcro closing. So it just fits snugly around the baby's head. It has a wireless connection to a computer, which has a clinician-friendly user interface. And it outputs an automatic analysis and report. So we'll be heading into clinical trials with this new prototype towards the end of this year. And I hope you can all participate by sending us babies. Thank you. So thanks for listening. I hope you enjoyed this presentation.


Severe inflammation can cause the HPA axis to malfunction, resulting in decreased production of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. This leads to a decrease in responsiveness to ACTH, which is further exacerbated by the presence of Illinois 1-beta. Illinois 1-beta causes DNMT1 to increase its activity on the SDHB gene, resulting in lowered levels of SDHB protein and thus reduced succinate levels. Succinate accumulates due to this reduction in SDHB, which then impairs oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis, as well as increases reactive oxygen species, RS. These factors all contribute to decreased steroidogenesis, ultimately leading to decreased production of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids. This article was authored by Ivona Metska, Anquit, Iman Haq, and others.