with the speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a ha-hi-hi-oh silver! The Lone Ranger! General Mills, makers of Cheerios, the ready-to-eat oat cereal that gives you go-power, and Wheaties, the breakfast of champions, present by special recording, The Lone Ranger! When Bill's at bath, the kids all shout, you can't strike that slugger out, he gets a hip because he knows, he's got go-power from Cheerios! Yes, he's got go-power! There he goes! He's feeling his Cheerios! Cheerios! Cheerios! Sure, Cheerios, the cereal that's fun to eat because it shaped like little letter-os! The only ready-to-eat oat cereal with this fresh toasted oat flavor. And listen, every delicious spoonful of Cheerios and milk is real muscle-building food. Each spoonful contains vitamins, minerals and proteins your body needs. Yes, the good things in a Cheerios breakfast do good things for your body. Help you have healthy nerves, good red blood, strong bones and muscles. Yes, Cheerios is made to give you real go-power. So every morning, get going and keep going with Cheerios! Then you'll hear people say, He's feeling his Cheerios! With his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, the daring and resourceful mask rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the Great Horse Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again! Come on, I'm still there! Let's go, big car! I'm still there! Hooray! In the country, including a high government official in Washington, who knew that the Lone Ranger could sometimes be reached through the Padre in a little Spanish mission. When he had a message for the masked man, the Padre let the fact be known to Indians on all sides. Instead of a Padre, a compactly built man in civilian clothes came from inside the mission. The Lone Ranger recognized him as an official from Washington. Drake, what are you doing in the west? When you two have washed and had some food, I'll tell you why I'm here. The man from Washington refused to say more until after the Lone Ranger and Tonto had refreshed themselves and eaten a meal of plain but substantial food. Then seated at a table in the mission, he looked at the masked man and said, Dice Garmin is in jail. You put him there. I helped. But Sheriff Prindle of Carson County paid a large part in his capture. Sheriff Prindle was killed. Garmin shoot Prindle in back. But did you know Garmin was far worse than any stage robber or killer? Worse? That he and a small group of his associates were working to undermine the United States? Oh, I didn't know that. Now is to your special assignment. Here, look at this newspaper. Read the headlines. Dice Garmin breaks jail. Oh, him get away. Overpower the guard, took keys, let himself out. That isn't true. What? Garmin is still in jail and under special guard. There are at least four or five enemies who should be there with him. Those people are more dangerous than Garmin. They're the brains of the spy ring. Garmin was just the gunman, the man for off work. We want the others. And we've no idea who they are. You say it isn't true. Garmin's escaped. No, that newspaper is just a proof. At the proper time, the story will be released and published in all papers. As for you... What shall I do? You will become Dice Garmin. Oh, I see. You're about the same size and weight and you can wear a beard like Garmin's. I don't know how convincing I can be. Garmin seems to have had very little close contact with his associates. That's why it's almost impossible for us to locate them. That fact, however, will be in your favor. They can't know Garmin very well. When I caught Garmin, he was hiding in a cave. Burning papers, wasn't he? Yes. The papers that would have told us at once that he was an enemy agent and possibly given the names of his associates. That cave might have been a place of contact around the room. Exactly. His friends reading of his escape may look there for him. Good. You've grasped our idea. All right. Release the story, Drake. Let the papers know Dice Garmin has escaped from jail. Dice Garmin notorious outlaw serving a 20-year term for armed robbery and suspected of more than one murder. The carefully planned news story was released to papers in all parts of the country. It flashed by telegraph from coast to coast and border to border. The newspapers in the east paid scant attention, but those in the communities where Garmin had operated as a ruthless outlaw made page one headlines of the startling announcement. Dice Garmin at large. When Abigail Quindle, widow of the sheriff read the news, her eyes blazed with fury. Sally, her 18-year-old daughter, was equally enraged. That murder should have been hanged. When I think of him shooting Dad in the back and getting away with it... It couldn't be proved that he killed your father, dear. I know he did. Remember, Mother, I was with Dad when he died. He told me of a secret place where Garmin met his friends. He told you that, Sally? Yes, he did. I didn't know it. I'd like to go gunning for Garmin myself. Sally, you mustn't say such things. Someone at the door. I'll see who it is. Mrs. Marker. Howdy, Sally. Mind if I step in? Behold, do come in. Howdy, Abigail. Glad to see you, Mary. I'm so glad you did. The news about Dice Garmin getting free. Sally, are you going out? For a little while. I'm going to go call on the sheriff. Oh, he's not around, Sally. He's out with his desiccys looking for Garmin. Oh, well, I'll wait at his office. But the sheriff is here. Sally, you're taking your father's gun. Just for protection, mother. I'll not be long. Take the lie, Abigail. I tried to tell her the sheriff might not be bad for two, three days. Mary, I do hope Sally meant what she said. You think she didn't? She was with her father when he died, you know.  Oh, I do hope she hasn't gone there looking for him. You think she'll go there looking for Garmin? Well, I hope not. Abigail, then call her back. She's headstrong, Mary. Mighty headstrong, just like her father. If she's put her mind to a thing, nothing will stop her. Mary Marker hurried home. And there, her manner changed to a plenty hardness. As she called in a border named Jenks. Jenks, it's a good thing I went to the Prindle house. I learned something. Oh, yeah? Oh, it's there. Before he died, Sheriff Prindle told his daughter a few things. I don't know how much he told her, but she does know about the cave. To that cave Prindle, Jenks, if you see the girl, tie her up and keep her there. If you see Garmin, tell him to wait until he hears from me. I've got to think things over. I don't know, Garmin, when I see him. If you see a big man with a beard, it'll be Garmin. I guess so. The cave that served as a secret meeting place for the conspirators was just a few miles from town. The entrance was hidden by a stand of underbrush, so dense that a person could pass within three feet and notice the black opening in a cliff. Sally left her horse among some nearby trees and approached the cave on foot. She stopped abruptly when she saw a mud-spattered horse tied to the underbrush.  When the girl was just passed the doorway, he spoke. Please stand still. You! Dice Gorman! I'll take that, Garmin. No! What? You beast! There. Please tell me quickly who you are. Why did you come here with a gun?   Your father? Sheriff Pindle. I didn't expect you to come here, Miss Pindle. I'm sorry, I'll have to tell you. Why don't you shoot me and be done with it? Shoot me in the back if dad was shot. That's real, wouldn't you?  I wish I could convince you that you're not behind. Someone's coming. It's the sheriff to get you. You'd better run while you have the chance. It's not the sheriff, Miss Pindle. I happen to know where he is. There, that will hold you. Come in, but come slowly.  It is. I blame you for being careful. Jake! Oh, I see you caught the girl. I came here to warn you she was on the way. You can know where the gun, Gorman. Guess you ought to know I'm all right. I'm sure glad to meet you face to face at last. So you're one of the gang. Too bad you had to find it out, Miss Sally. Now that you know it, you know enough to be dangerous to us. Gangs? Did you bring any instructions? Girls be kept here so she can't get away. You're to wait till the boss makes a plan. I'd like to see the boss. Later. Meanwhile, you better keep a sharp watch on the girl. She's tired. Watch close anyway. Her father was plenty smart. And they tell me she's as smart as he was. You tell the boss to come here tonight at the latest. I've been through a lot in the past months, and I expect to be paid for it. Right, I'll pass the word. I'm sorry you had to try taking the low on your own hands, Miss Sally. I'm done right sorry for you. Save your sympathy, Gangs. Yeah, see you later, Gorman. Very well. Now, Miss Trot, I wish you answered just one quest. What's that, Sally?   Now, would you? We'll continue our lone ranger adventure in just a moment. All over the country in every direction How you do it is a question And here's what's to happen That people have to say Are we decent? Do, do, do, do an okay? Okay. And that's the truth. Take California champions, for instance.  Okay. All to continue The daughter of the murdered sheriff Was an exceptionally discerning girl Though the lone ranger was bearded Instead of masked and posing as Dice Gorman Sally noticed that his gun belt Held silver cartridges Are you Gorman or the lone ranger? Sally, I'm not Dice Gorman You've complicated things by coming here I'll have to trust you Here, I'll untie your hands Why'd you tie them in the first place?  As much I can't tell you I can't, however, tell you I hope to do what your father tried to do You gotta remember the game I wish I could help you You can help by waiting until dark Before you go home I don't let anyone see you Get into your house and remain there Your hands are free Oh, before I go I wonder if I might have a silver book A memento Oh, why, of course Here Oh, thank you You really are the lone ranger, aren't you? Now don't worry, do anyone but your mother And caution your mother not to tell You can tell on me While Sally waited until darkness had gathered Before venturing into town Jenks reported to Mary Marker A western agent of the undercover organization That daughter of the sheriff will make trouble for us Unless we take action Too bad I rather like the girl How's Gorman? All right, Farzano He wants pay for the time he's spent in jail I'll take care of him I'll get him out of the country Where he'll be safe There's work to be done in Mexico I'll send him to our agent there He says he wants to see you You go back, Jenks Tell him to slip into town around midnight There'll be a man in back of the livery stable With clothes, papers and instructions Also cash All right, I'll tell him I'm calling on Mrs. Prindle tonight Now sit with her and see that things are kept under control When she worries about Sally not coming back What about the girl? You know what about the girl, Jenks If you don't want to earn the $50 bonus for her shooting Go on then That evening the shades were drawn tight In the home of Sheriff Prindle's widow Mrs. Prindle sat beside a table with some needlework While Sally sat nearby holding a silver bullet The girl's reverie was interrupted by a rap on the door The door's early You better get in the new room I remember what I told you about Oh, it's just Mary Marker Do come in Oh, my sakes, Mary, I have so much to tell you Sally's had the most amazing thing ever Is she here? Oh, yes, of course Come in, Sally, it's all right It's just Mary Marker I told you we weren't to say a word Oh, but Mary's all right Well, Sally went to that secret meeting place She found the man who answered the description of Dice Gorman But it wasn't Gorman It was the Lone Ranger I should think she would be surprised Did he say why? We can't tell you anymore, Mrs. Marker Mother shouldn't have told you anything at all Sally, Mary Marker's one of my best friends Why I trusted her with no end of secrets Even your father trusted Mary Marker Well, Mary, the truth is Gorman had other people working with him Before he went to jail And the Lone Ranger hopes to catch some of them Oh, he does He's already learned who one of them is And this will be a shock to you Yes Oh, mother, please don't say any more All right, Sally Well, I'll just forget every word I've heard I almost say it's alive What's the matter?  It's time to skip and to jump down the street No, we... I have much to tell you That you might tie in with what you've learned about James Why, um... Maybe I can help that Lone Ranger Oh, come, Sally We'll go with Mary You'll be safe in her home James wouldn't look for you there But mother, I... Besides, as Mary says She might have information that would be of help Oh, it's dark and the street's empty No one has seen you Sally had little choice She was persuaded to go with her mother To the home of Mary Marker Now, make yourself at home I'll go to the kitchen See about the bread I'll be right back Mother, I don't smell any bread, Baker Sally, do you think Mary Marker would feel to me? I don't know Something about that woman The way she acted When she heard about the Lone Ranger Anyone would be surprised at what you said I didn't say it, mother You did And I wish you hadn't I promised that man He kept your promise You didn't tell anything There they are, boys Two men and guns And again, you and Sally Are the biggest surprise of your lives Meet Scarf Inner and Red Tuffy Don't cry out and don't move, Sally Mrs. Marker, what does this mean? These men are friends of mine Also friends of James James Mary, what does this mean? Get ropes on these two women All right, boss Boss, get away from me Let me go with you Hurry with those ropes, boys Come on over here Get the women tied And get over to the stable And tell James It's not Gorman in the cave It's the Lone Ranger James had already gone to the cave With the instructions for the bearded man He escorted the Lone Ranger Whom he thought was Dice Gorman Through the darkness Toward the rear of the livery stable What's the matter? You look over there Behind the livery stable I see several men But I can't see who they are They were supposed to be Just one man there Wonder if anything's going wrong Maybe I'm to have company when I ride So Let's go, finish Hi, Scott Thank you, John James Red, you here too? And me What's the idea? You'll find out, James All right, get off that horse, Mr. I plan to Use you as a big fella You're supposed to be Dice Gorman James will tell you Oh, sure he's Dice Gorman What about it, Ben?  Get them up, I said, and fast Hey, Scott Take his guns, Red The guns were the silver bullets Right I got his guns Hey, boys, what's this all about? This ain't Gorman anymore than I am This is the Lone Ranger What about Gorman? Where's he at? Probably still in jail The boss thinks the whole thing Was a trick to get the rest of us The evidence to hang us I guess now, Mary, you realize I was right When I told her it was dangerous To keep her records and reports And letters in her home Sally hadn't talked This critter would have succeeded In this plan So there is evidence to hang you I'm glad to know that Yeah, but you'll never get to use it All right, tie his hands and rip off That beard and let's see What the critter really looks like Let me get it It's a girl, it's Sally Sally, Sally, come back here Where is she? Where are you, Kyle? Go over there I'll get her No, you won't Let go of me Have him Kyle, let's go back We'll take Charlie Get this zombie off me We'll get him No Let me fix him While the lone rangers struggled with the outlaws The pencil man Drake Toto and a couple of other men came forward On the run Gents was on the ground From the lone rangers' blowers Red groveled in pain With a bullet in the leg The others scarled and mucked Two up their hands Don't shoot, don't shoot I give up I'll take back my gun You got him neat My leg, my leg You'll be treated Before you go to jail This fellow out cold Give him a zombie That's Jinx, Toto You boys put ropes on these four men Let me go We're taking care of I just wish I could have drilled Jinx And all will take care of him, Sally And I think you'll tell a lot To the hope of getting life in jail Instead of a Hangman's news I'll talk plenty I got no hang on to get my next threats I never done murder That was Jinx, Joe Can you tell what the evidence is In Mary Marker's house? Yeah And the names of the four agents Who are not in this group?  Till I released Sally from the cave Then I signaled Toto and great to keep an eye on her We followed the girls Saw her go with her mother to the other house We went there Then came here When we knew the whole story from Abigail They came and released the soon after those men left Thank you Not need Toto and me any longer No We'll take it from here If every American were like that man What a nation this would be How could there be anyone else like that man? He's the lone langer A copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated Is produced by Prendall Campbell Muir Incorporated The part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer Your announcer, Fred Boyd Listen to the Lone Ranger Brought to you by Special Recording Mondays through Fridays at this same time


Okay thank you everyone for attending so I want to thank everyone for making it this far in Mises Hue so it's Wednesday you're at the halfway point so this is now when all of the lectures will become good and challenging. So I'm here to talk about a project I've been working on for a long time and it's a great honor that I've been involved in the project and it is conceived in the Liberty Volume 5 the New Republic 1784 to 1791 okay so this is another book by I should have put Murray Rothbard there is another book by Murray Rothbard that I'll be talking about so we'll really be discussing in this presentation two things so it's talking about the Conceived in Liberty series as a whole which was one of the many projects Murray Rothbard worked on his series on early American history and we'll talk about how it initially grew out of his American history project and how it's something that he's working on throughout most of his career and then I'll be going through the overview of the fifth volume of Conceived in Liberty which is the New Republic and this primarily deals with the US Constitution okay so we talked about the Articles of Confederation, the Constitutional Convention, the ratification debates over the over the Constitution as well as the significance of the US Constitution. So this means it's you with Judge Napolitano's classes on the Constitution out this this will be a very Constitution heavy means it's you. So when I go through the overview of the fifth volume I'm gonna try and you know I won't be able to go through everything you'll only be able to touch the main points and I'm gonna try and do a good enough job that you're interested enough to buy the book if I explain it too well then you're gonna say oh I don't need to buy the book because he does everything he talks about everything in the presentation.  All right so you know another Rothbard book yes Rothbard in all of his Conceived in Liberty books and his prefaces he started off with he says what another American history book the reader may be pardoned for the seemingly inexhaustible supply of history books and this you'd say another Murray Rothbard book the reader may be you know may be pardoned pardoned for wondering you know how there's another Rothbard book he's been dead and they keep coming out but yes I'm here to tell you that there is another Rothbard book and is another completed Rothbard book. So here is the Conceived in Liberty series as a whole volumes one through four which formed the original series came out in the 1970s around the bicentennial of the Declaration of Independence volumes one and two mainly discussed the history of America up to about 1750 the French and Indian War around that time period volumes three to four talk about the the path to the revolution the American Revolutionary War as well as the American Revolutionary War itself and then volume five which we'll be discussing the most today goes through after so if you've you'll notice here the last volume was published in 1979 and the fifth volume is published will be published in 2019 so you know tried to make it so you get the 40 year anniversary basically of the fourth volume so never say never basically so you know it came out there will come out all right so let's talk about the history of Rothbard's history of the United States so what's quite remarkable about about the Conceived in Liberty series is that if you ask someone or whether a prominent academic do in their life and they say oh so and so wrote a five volume series on early American history okay and then you put a period there and then like maybe they did some book reviews a couple you know papers here and there but that's you know that's an incredible accomplishment you know that's the CV basically they wrote a five volume series on early American history for Rothbard in a sense that you could you could have an entire discussion about all of his accomplishments and then you could say oh yeah he also wrote a five volume series on early American history and then someone goes wait what and then you say oh yeah this series is it was about 1800 pages you know it was five volumes it was it was a little thing there and you go like excuse me and yeah you know it's incredible that this was just one of the major projects of his life he was that talented of a you know that prolific of an author that I mean this was literally just just one side you know pursuit that he poured his energy in so in the 1950s he was as we all as hopefully we all know he was working on man economy and state with power and market in then America's Great Depression these two works came out in the 19 early 1960s so in the 1950s he worked a lot on economic theory and then he says all right I'm going to switch a little bit in the 1960s you know just a little bit he's gonna switch to a whole new field of American history something that on you know it's something he's also very well trained in he got his PhD from Columbia University and he wrote a book his dissertation The Panic of 1819 which is still very well cited today okay it's hard enough to get someone to read you know my dissertation that came out like four years ago but you can still look at American history books and Murray Rothbard's Panic of 1819 is still referenced so in the 1960s Rothbard started to work on a American history project I had a research grant sort of from the mid 1960s and initially he thought I was gonna be you know one volume history then it kind of said all right the plan is for two to three volumes and he sort of broke it up into phases so the first phase he said all right I'm gonna work on early American history so 1600 do about 1789 it'll take about one and a half years phase two the 1800s he said about two years then he said phase three the 1900s up to the present day back then circa 1960 about 1.5 years okay so this is the original outline so much like he would sort of have a huge treatise on economic theory man economy and state he would similarly have a huge treatise on American history okay so the main another major point of this book was that it would be specifically from a libertarian perspective okay and in one of his memos that he wrote and I think this is very important he said you know why was such a libertarian American history book needed and I think it's still true today so he wrote this in 1962 and still decades later his words you know that they still resonate so he said there is perhaps no greater single influence in forming the American mind than its view of American history while economics for example is almost completely confined to specialists into a narrow market at best works on history and especially history of the United States have a far wider and broader market the student and adult American are then shaped by one the textbooks used in the scholastic courses in two general interpretative works on American history read by adult layman and by professional historians as well so what is he saying here he's basically saying that your average person if you want to spread the libertarian message your average person is going to be most convinced by reading some sort of history historical work okay and I know this from my my own perspectives I'm sure many of you do as well when I first got involved in Austrian economics and libertarianism the work that I devoured the quickest was alright refuting the common perceptions on the Great Depression the Industrial Revolution the Civil War various sorts of events that again we already have background knowledge in most people take an American history course if you if you go to you know in high school in America people have read history they find it more interesting it's less technical etc so I think this is it's still true that you need this because if you want to spread it you still want to have the overarching sort of libertarian history I know the reason he doesn't say specifically here but this is even more true today is he said that well American history books are generally biased in a status direction so they're predominantly liberal in the modern usage of the term as well as he says sometimes there's conservative which really more of like a neo conservative that every war we've ever fought has been great and we always need to fight it and so on and so forth and maybe some tax cuts here and there were all good but aside from that you know that's the general perspectives you see and that's increasingly become true now so sort of go on by the end of 1966 Rothbard had only phase one completed so he had typed drafts of volumes one to four in a handwritten draft of volume five okay so this is the phase one was really what became the five volume conceived in Liberty series and the reasons why he had that I mean it's incredible within five years you know on top of everything other things that projects he's working on he comes out with literally about 1800 pages of material main reason is that there were problems with typing the manuscript so he initially would hand write the manuscript then he would dictate it into a recording machine and then Joey his wife would help him type it out and he also wanted to devote more time to phase one he said that there's you know a lot of pride you know a lot of things that have gone on mention unnoticed things like tax rebellions all sorts of other events people who are more libertarian than common historians have have characterized them etc so he says you know I've had to devote more time to this and rightfully so in my opinion so he you know he wanted to spend more and more time and this is a sort of a familiar occurrence with Rothbard's projects so man economy in state started out as a textbook on human action okay that was the initial plan it became this this massive treatise conceived in Liberty been talking about this story he was talking about the progressive era he became much longer than he initially envisioned his history of economic thought I mean he was just someone who is so prolific and so intelligent that you know once you got him to write on something he would you know he would just keep keep on writing basically he's like the energizer bunny in other words you know you just keep going in Rothbard actually started research on phase two on the 1800s but he basically had to stop he even presented it some of his findings at a conference with Joseph Dorfman the research grant ran out and he wanted to we had to get a job at Brooklyn Polytechnic so he became a professor so this is sort of the the general kind of evolution of the project and this is kind of getting to a major question I'm sure many of you have in your mind is saying okay so why exactly was the fifth volume never published you know why is it taking 40 years for it to to come out so this is Rothbard he's discussing this more in a 1972 new banner interview he's talking about a lot of the projects he has so he's discussing for new liberty he says I've got betrayal of the American right I'm working on ethics of liberty and now he says are you talking about his American history project he says in that I've written up to the Constitution it will be a history of the United States from a libertarian point of view it is very difficult to write that because the thing is we don't know what has happened a lot of the facts have been buried orthodox histories don't give many facts a lot of facts are just left out the manuscript could be used as a textbook I hope you know man economy in state was originally supposed to be a textbook and round up and wound up as a giant treatise I think this might be the same thing okay and that in truth be told that is that is what it became it became a massive treatise on early American history okay so always remember to save your work especially nowadays so Arlington House published volumes one through four in time for the bicentennial and what would happen is so Rothbard had those typed out and he would edit them but to make a long story short the discs for volume five were ruined the recording machine so it was broke so only about 60 pages were typed out and instead you had 500 pages of a handwritten manuscript okay so you have about 60 pages and you say okay this is good and then all the sudden as you'll see as it'll show you have his hand written pages and this is in Rothbard's own words in an interview in 1991 he says volume five on the Constitution was written in longhand and no one can read my handwriting and he is certainly not lying when he says that he says no one can read my handwriting and he sort of has a statement you wonder like oh you're kind of being hard on yourself like you know don't don't say that you know but yeah no you know so you know you have this and you know this is the picture you have and this is so you can kind of see you know we have we have to be a little bit far out but so one it was written in cursive so it almost looks like the handwriting from the fact you know from the founding fathers you know it's like he's writing the Declaration of Independence part two and he's going on and even Thomas Jefferson to be like how do you read this and you know he's got things crossed out he's got he's got arrows and he's got you know he's got footnote or paragraph and he writes things he writes his ands with pluses and you know everyone you know that that's normal and then you know he's got he's got citations and so basically that was kind of what was there and so most people would say who want to start this project would say I'll pass you know maybe maybe later and so it took someone who had nothing else to do an enormous amount of time on their hand and really nothing else going on in their life to really set you know sit down and you know and work on the project and I'm not gonna you know that was me but so so last summer I decided to literally learn a new language Rothbardian and I'll be starting courses soon on that and you had to learn each word you had to translate it and the very beginning I was I was I was ready to throw in the towel it took about a day and I had two sentences down but then it you know it kind of picked up and you know you learn more and more and it was about a month and a half of really just concentrating and you know I was going to sleep and I was seeing his handwriting in my in my head I said I only got 150 pages left like okay you know we can do this Rocky style so there's more on the actual history of the project sort of going to this in a new issue of the Austrian I'm sure you know you can find it downstairs assuming the other fellows haven't thrown them all out by now we talk about the this project you're really just I'm happy to talk more about it but so that's that's the history of the project and that's the actual handwriting so it's about 600 pages of this okay so but it was great experience doing so all right so enough about the actual history of the project you know what's what's the book about so the book as as is other conceived in liberty of volumes is divided into parts and then there's subsections and so what this book as I've mentioned is about it's it's about the actual it's about a period in history that is actually very rarely spoken about or it's usually kind of rushed over so you say all right you had the Articles again Federation they were adopted in 1781 the Revolutionary War ended and then the great men at the American the Constitutional Convention 1787 Constitution George Washington's president 1789 and all right you know now we're off to the races sort of so the 1780s not really discussed that much in the Constitution its adoption is always portrayed as sort of this this great event this significant I mean rightfully significant but this this beneficial you know procedure in the whole the whole nine yards and so Rothbard spends a lot of time talking about things that you would never hear about in another American history book you know for examples will you know a briefly just sort of mention here he talks about how a bunch of states in the West tried to secede from the the the Articles Confederation and there was this forgotten state called Franklin that's a leader of the Sandwich didn't like North Carolina and you can find it on Google and you're like oh I didn't know about that you know there's a bunch of those kind of lurking in the mist but so part one and two he discussed this sort of the 1780s the economic environment and then the foreign policy under the Articles of Confederation he goes through that he explains how many of the problem all the problems were due to sort of government intervention and how things weren't as bad as they were actually portrayed and then part three is really where the narrative kind of picks off all right picks up and he discusses you know you see all the parts the Nationalist Triumph the Nationalist Triumph the Nationalist Triumph the Nationalist Triumph right so he goes through this this huge series of steps is how the supporters I'll be talking about the Nationalist a little bit more later on how the supporters of a stronger central government basically secured a plethora of extremely crucial victories so first they call a Constitution Convention all right they say they're gonna do something else they say they're gonna do it legally but you know they they lie basically they call a Constitution Convention you know it's in secret they draft this Constitution all right at the Constitution Convention all right then they got to ratify it again illegally as we'll talk about not by the normal procedure of the Articles Confederation and then they have to pass a Bill of Rights to sort of you know for the fears of those people who didn't want the Constitution they had to basically calm them down and as we'll talk about the Bill of Rights was actually very different than what many of the people who are later known as the Anti-Federalists wanted so that was even a victory for the the Nationalists okay so this is a sort of a brief overview and then we'll be kind of going through each part in more depth in more depth all right so the year was 1784 you know I remember it like it was yesterday right it was the end of the Revolutionary War so now we're gonna go through your elementary school history class you know really fast you know this this one bullet point the end of the Revolutionary War 1775 the 1783 and you know these these final three points Rothbard talks about in Conceding Liberty Volume 4 so you have these centralizing Articles Confederation enacted so as Judge Napolitano mentioned in his Monday night talk most people would say that the Articles Confederation wholly inadequate total chaos total decent totally decentralized was weak and only Rothbard the historian would call it the halfway house to a stronger government the Constitution so you know Rothbard spoke about how the Articles Confederation was a centralizing measure to actually straight you know it caused problems instead the the 13 colonies soon become 13 independent states should have remained just that independent or at least in separate confederacies then you have a failed power drive by Robert Morris so he was a major financier the guy in charge the treasure in charge of the Revolutionary War enormously influential to someone who I'm sure many of you are more familiar with and that's Alexander Hamilton and then you have the Treaty of Paris formalizes US independence in 1783 alright so here we are 1784 we were all caught up we you know we can now pass our AP US history course and all of that so the Confederation Congress it was called the Continental Congress before the Articles Confederation now it's called the Confederation Congress and the states have a huge wartime debt this is the central problem basically of the 1780s and it's increasingly held by wealthy speculators so why they have such a huge debt basically the United States or the colonies at least initially they made the choice to fight the war with a formal army rather than sort of guerrilla warfare and this is a very important point that Rothbard discusses in conceiving Liberty Volume 4 he says guerrilla warfare it's the more libertarian way of fighting you need a less regimented ossified beer cratic structure it's less expensive people know their own home territory and this was actually where all of the United States you know or the the Patriots basically victories came from it was mainly in guerrilla warfare you know ambushes etc not pitched battles and this is why he sort of looks downly upon George Washington because he wanted to fight all many of his battles sort of you know pitched battles and you know his most successful victory you know Trenton where he crosses the Delaware River Christmas Christmas night was precisely an ambush attack so it's not like hey we're gonna meet you at this you know this field five o'clock be there bring the drinks you know that you know how it was done back in the day so and this is this is discussed and usually when historians mention this they say oh you know this this debt they had to pay farmers and soldiers with you couldn't just you had to pay it off because it's held by the people who fought the war you know the poor farmers you know who gave their crops the soldiers etc but in reality as Rothbard mentions this is the point that isn't really properly emphasized is that it was all those people most of those people sold their securities at vastly you know depreciated rates to speculators they needed money now they couldn't wait ten years for the government to pay them off so it's held by wealthy speculators and also held increasingly in the north in particular so Rothbard solution basically you know you have this federal debt as well as the state debt you know you should have divided it up among the states and then let them default or repudiate however they felt so a decentralized method so default is when you just stop making some payments and repudiate is when you just totally cancel the contract you don't give them anything and this was something Rothbard would discuss multiple times that you know the debt you don't actually need to pay off government debt it's backed it's backed by basically a coercive means of payment right taxation so in terms of the massive federal debt we have now it would take so long it would take an enormous amount of tax revenue to actually pay it off the best way is basically to default or even better to repudiate the national debt so some states defaulted by printing money basically just paying creditors or the debt holders in depreciated money saying all right this is what you get take it or leave it with others raise taxes right in both of these cause problems of their own as I'll discuss so this is the year 1784 dot dot dot and well what we also have in 1784 is a depression okay so at the end of the Revolutionary War you have a war ravaged economy independence came at a very high price so you had hyperinflation printing the continental currency you had military confiscation of goods you had the British pillaging of infrastructure and supplies and you had the flight of loyalists in their capital okay so the loyalists were those colonists who said oh I want to stick with Great Britain so they leave to Canada to the British West Indies or back to Great Britain proper so you know you have that enormous shock and then after the war the US had to readjust to trading realities okay so during the war a whole bunch of artificial manufacturing was stimulated because basically they weren't allowed to trade legally with Great Britain anymore so after the war Great Britain is says all right well export our goods to you but they're still stuck in the in the thralls of a mercantilist fallacy but they say all right you're you're not allowed to export to us particularly the British West Indies all right so that naturally hurts us that's a negative government interference basically hampering our trading capabilities and now you also have efficient British manufactured goods out competing inefficient Americans right because all of these American manufacturing that was only basically profitable because it was the wartime economy all right so you have these massive trade adjustments that have to occur it's beneficial there's gonna be a process though and then you have sort of a brief boom bus credit expansion from the Bank of North America the Bank of Massachusetts in the Bank of New York that Rothbard discusses in all of these basically lead to a problem that many Americans thought there was a huge issue is this is chronic excess of imports okay and the really sort of the excess quote of imports came from all the negative government shocks that caused this and it led to sort of stagnation in the economy all right and this depression of course was aggravated by states printing money in raising taxes to pay off their debts okay so many states in particular Massachusetts drastically raised taxes okay which really hurt a lot of people who were you know they just suffered from under a you know the war economy as hard for them to pay off you know the the is hard for them to pay the taxes and then at the government was taking their goods throwing them in debtors prison in Shay's rebellion a very significant event that you so Daniel Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts a lot of it was a big big significant event behind the the articles you know scrapping the Articles in Federation moving the Constitution as Rothbard discusses mainly a tax revolt Massachusetts primarily put their taxes on the on the poor interior farmers okay so naturally they're going to revolt states also erected tariffs and navigation acts so navigation acts are various regulations on shipping but interstate competition made them very ineffective so the extent that point is ever spoken about in your an American history class you say oh all these states enacted all these barriers and those all sorts of problems because if you wanted to you know buy goods from Pennsylvania and you live in New Jersey you had to pay you know like a 90% tariff actually the tariff rates were quite low and that's simply because of competition all right if one state has high tariffs or strict navigation acts other states are sort of incentivized to undercut them all right so what you really need in order for tariffs in these types of regulations to work is you need a national tariff a national navigation act but the issue is that those failed under the Articles of Confederation because particularly to raise revenue that was the one one power the the Articles of Confederation did not have and everyone when you hear about them talk about they wail they complain they say the government did not have the power to raise revenue and Rothbard was like that's great okay because they can only rely on the states for voluntary requisitions and generally the states were parsimonious with those requisitions so if you separate the power of the purse from the power of the sword it's going to be it's actually a good mechanism so those failed and that was because primarily to get a tariff you need to have unanimity so every state legislature in order to pass a amendment to have a tariff had to agree to it and these two main drives basically one state state Rhode Island and then New York refused to pass it so even with all this the economy was not as bad as contemporaries argued and usually those contemporaries who argued that the economy is bad they were in favor of a stronger central government okay so they say oh it's chaotic we need a stronger central government we need to revise the articles because of all these problems that were going on in the Confederation Congress 1786 1787 they were about to throw in the towel on the debt so they were going to say all right we can't pay off the federal debt we're going to have to just divide it up amongst the states and then let them do as they please okay and with that happened that would have kind of meant the end in the sense that the Confederation would have been permanently weakened and it would have either remained in this weakened state or would have broken up into various confederacies and so on so by 1787 of course that's not the path that was taken and instead you have the nationalist forces are coalescing so the nationalists are those groups that they didn't want a confed a confederation of basically separate states where power is decentralized instead they wanted a nation where you have centralized power and the states are in a greatly weakened condition and you say all but emasculated basically so you have this group of people you have speculative public creditors they want the debt paid off okay they want the government to pay it off at its face value because they bought it at such a depreciated price they would stand to make a killing and that eventually happened under Alexander Hamilton's basically one of his first major policies as Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington you have ex-army officers they want a strong standing army okay because they wanted to be sort of hereditary they want to belong to this this this army interest group they can benefit from you have manufacturers who want a centralizing tariff to block out more efficient Europeans producers you have merchants who want a centralizing navigation act to block out European shippers you have land speculators who are who have you know have claims to land even though it's not really just claims they didn't really homestead it they want to prevent western secession various states and regions linked up with the Mississippi River might secede and sort of break off and join with Spain own the Mississippi River at that time you have Southerners who want to control the Spanish Mississippi River you have land speculators and northerners who want to control the British Northwest or at least get them to leave their forts you have southern slave owners who want to protect slavery and encourage the spread of slavery and you have commercial farmers who want an aggressive foreign policy in the west indies in Europe you have all these groups and who are they against they say we want to benefit at the expense of basically the poor interior farmer in the west which also just so happen to be the majority of the country all right so you say all right we want all these special privileges and of course they disagree amongst themselves but what's the one thing they agree on they say we want a stronger government so they're coalescing and they leave it up to James Madison and Alexander Hamilton James Madison Virginia Alexander Hamilton of New York so they go they go to work so to speak so they're very famous partners during this this process and then in the 1790s quite famously they they split so they're no longer besties basically they used to be great friends now you know now they don't even talk so they organize a all-state convention to revise the Articles of Confederation legally okay so what I mean by legally is that means you stick to revising the articles so you're not going to create a new government you stick with the actual government of the Articles of Confederation and then the revisions must be first approved by the Confederation Congress and then the state legislatures unanimously that's how if you want to actually bring about revisions in the Articles of Confederation that's the way you got to do it okay so that all-state convention is the Philadelphia Convention from May late May to September 1787 and it's dominated by nationalists so it's mainly in control of the people who want a stronger government there's only a couple of people who are actually would later be called anti-federalists they want to keep the Articles of Confederation or they want a you know only a some minor revisions so naturally if the conventions dominated by people who want stronger government what are you going to get you're going to get a stronger government so you have most of the prominent people in American history there though there are some notable absences John Adams is a way minister to England Thomas Jefferson minister to France Patrick Henry sort of the fiery virginian who said you know give me liberty or give me death he declined to attend because he said he smelt a rat and that turned out to be correct and you have you have some others but you have you have all the famous you have George Washington Alexander Hamilton James Madison Robert Morris Gouverneur Morris you have you know you have the whole cast of characters they're all there all the same people who are trying to push for a stronger government in the early 1780s during the Revolutionary War they're back for the party six years later so this is Rothbard's quote you know you could spend a whole lecture you can spend a whole week on the Constitutional Convention so he goes through the U.S. Constitution this is sort of a great summary and he says the Constitution was unquestionably a high nationalist document this is very important because we'll talk about later sort of common perceptions of the Constitution and then he goes through various things he says congressional selection of the president was changed to chosen by popular election all right actually to weaken the power of the states and indirectly the people admission of new states was made purely arbitrary okay this was to keep the eastern states in domination the amendment power was transferred from the states to the congress to basically keep the federal government in control of of amendments and then loopholes existed in the enumerated list so you see how oh the government we strictly enumerated powers and you go there all right so you go through some of these the national supremacy clause the dominance of the federal judiciary the virtually unlimited power to tax raise armies and navies make war and regulate commerce the necessary and proper clause the powerful general welfare loophole all allowed the virtually absolute supremacy of the central government okay so you have a lot of loopholes that in truth be told if you look at actually the progress of how more and more invasive features government intervention in American history were justified it was mainly through a lot of these clauses Rothbard continues and he says while libertarian restraints were placed on state powers which was good he said no bill of rights existed to check the federal government that was done on purpose because the nationalists were okay with restricting the powers of the states but not the power of the federal government and he says and quite crucially he says in slavery was cemented into American society by the nationalist 20 year guarantee of the slave trade in the three fifth clause representing slaves in congress and in the compulsory fugitive slave clause the northern nationalists were willing if shame facedly to agree in exchange for the right to regulate commerce and thus grant themselves commercial privileges while the southern nationalists were willing to concede regulation of commerce in confident expectation of an early slave state preponderance in congress for the south and southwest okay so the north wanted many of their mercantilist regulations the south one of those two but the south said okay we have to be able to protect slavery so if you didn't have the constitution you can imagine a sort of a decentralized way which was actually what was occurring in the 1780s of slavery dying out sort of peacefully at least unlike the civil war later um sorry you have this high nationalist document um all right now you gotta now you gotta ratify it some way all right so the constitution basically illegally said that the confederation congress did not have to approve the document I mean they sent it to them anyway and they said all right what do you think if you like it great if not oh oh well we're still doing this um and then the US constitution was sent to special quote ratifying conventions rather than the state legislatures explicitly because the people at the convention knew that it would be easier to pass and then they said only nine states were needed not unanimity so there's nothing actually legal about the whole thing even if you charitably say the US constitution was an amendment you just say the giant thing was an amendment though the actual process that you know was not according to the rules so to speak and at this point there were really two sides you had the federalists the nationalists okay they called themselves federalists for tactical effect they say oh it's a strictly um you know limited government powers diffused among the executive you know the legislative and the judiciary um in reality they were nationalists and then they called um the true federalists anti-federalists all right and that just doesn't sound nice you say someone's anti like if you had the two-party system where the democrats and the anti-democrats or the republicans and the anti- republicans one of those is just going to you know when you say that you're anti it just you know you're just negative right look at the glass half empty um and you know the actual ratification process which is in my opinion the uh you know my favorite part of the book um it's not the social contract theory of state formation and is what we're taught in schools that we all get together um you know we all agree we all unanimously agree to a government we all hold hands uh then you know we're happy and then we not only sign our lives away we sign our children's lives and our children you know we all agree to this thing and you know basically forever uh in reality it fits much more with the uh conquest or the coercive theory where a government is sort of coercively imposed on people against their will and then they just sort of learn to get used to it basically um so you look at the ratification debates and the federalists had the advantage undeniably they had the advantage one they had superior leadership the more eminent men the america's great men as rothbard calls it were in favor of the government why uh because as rothbard discusses he says great men are almost always generally in favor of of government of bigger government because that's how they got their power or that's how they can continue to augment their power uh the federalists also had uh control of the newspapers in the mail all right so much they had all they control of all the uh all the great newspapers of the day like facebook and twitter and cnn and washington you know the washington post etc but they would basically stifle opposition it would take longer for anti-federalist mail uh to be delivered and sometimes the mail would be opened up and you know and cut up and and all this stuff um and they generally sometimes they lied uh but you know about anti-federalists so naturally if you control the newspapers which back in the day was you know the the vital you know source of information uh you're naturally going to be able to sway more people very crucially uh in fact this was really the main reason why the constitution was ratified uh it was there's a malapportionment of delegates uh to these state conventions much like the existing state legislatures the western regions were underrepresented okay so they weren't actually able to send as many delegates as their population warranted okay so and this was something that naturally the older eastern sections did on purpose uh in the state legislature as well as the constitution to basically increase their weight right there's like an ancient form of gerrymandering all right uh they bribed anti-federalist delegates okay um quite crucially as well they promised them restrictive amendments after ratification uh which is saying like all right give us the keys to complete power and we'll do you say after you give us the keys right which isn't really the best way kind of of of doing things you say no why don't we do this before um some parts of the states uh actually threatened to secede unless um the state would ratify new york city threatened to break off from new york new york was an enormously anti-federal state they said were going to secede uh one of the main reasons was or two of the two of the reasons were they were hit hard by the depression and they were also the existing capital uh the the site of the confederation congress and so if they weren't allowed to be in the new government all the power and the privileges uh the swamp would basically move so they wanted to keep it there uh for for a little bit uh and then there was actually threats of hostile retaliatory trade legislation against those states that didn't join so little rhodeland was the last state uh to basically of the original 13 uh the states to to join uh and why do they do so it's because draconian trade legislation was basically impending in the senate uh in the new us senate they they didn't join they said all right you don't have to join but we're basically gonna you know just quarantine you for a lack of a better term um and um so rothbard goes through fascinating discussions in massachusetts uh in new york uh in virginia sort of the toughest large anti-federal states uh you know he goes through how sort of all the uh chicanery one of his favorite you know words he uses in and uh you know just general shenanigans uh occur to basically allow all these states to very you know barely ratified to join and it talks about how actually they didn't represent the true uh you know the population of the state's wishes uh and so on um so then we go to the bill of rights and the constitution was ratified in the summer of 1788 new new hampshire was the ninth state in virginia new york followed uh they follow shortly thereafter and then north caroline and rhodeland ratified later so actually when george washington was initially rat uh was initially excuse me inaugurated uh two states had not yet ratified uh and the anti-federalists they were fuming right because they were upset they said we've been tricked we've been cheated they said all right you promised us they were strict of amendments restrictions on taxing restrictions on national supremacy on standing armies uh and so on uh and we won a second constitutional convention all right where we can be invited to uh and so basically all the federalists go we're not doing that because they know what's going to happen uh and so in the house of representatives congressman james madison sort of strategically pushes for a bill of rights uh to sort of thwart the opposition okay so it were mainly personal liberty amendments uh in a weak structural amendment the 10th amendment okay which quite crucially in the articles confederation said expressly delegated so all powers you know they're not expressly delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states and now it just said delegated okay and that was a bone of contention among many anti-federalists and later was exploited uh by alexander hamilton uh in the 1790s uh and what's also important is the bill of rights we all cherish them now in fact most people will probably say the bill of rights particularly you know like the first amendment etc uh those you know the best parts of the constitution well those weren't actually even really part of the constitution at all and what's also funny is that the bill of rights was more or less kind of discarded by contemporaries uh the 1798 alien and sedition acts uh the constitution of that was uphold you can't criticize the federal government uh that might violate free speech i think i don't know uh the embargo act um you know later on we could talk about this uh search and seizure um and all sorts of uh rights were also disregarded uh so it wasn't really a sort of ironclad protection um and it sort of later became as we'll talk about uh so just sort of wrap up the anti-federalists in order to stay relevant uh they interpreted the constitution strictly so you said all right the federalists lied to us in the ratification debates we're going to take a lie uh for our own you know to basically uh make the government you you promised us and along with some federalists uh thomas jefferson eventually came out for the constitution sort of james madison uh for his own reasons in the 1790s uh and so that's how you know the the strict constitutionalists they were actually really the uh sort of the children of the anti-federalists okay and in the 1790s you have the hamiltonian federalists versus the republicans coalition of anti-federalists and disgruntled federalists by jefferson and madison that last part that last bullet point that's just kind of a segue into current history that's not spoken about so much uh in the actual book uh so that's just sort of the the overall narrative uh so just in conclusion really uh to wrap this up so one rothbard as always provides a unique and radical interpretation of american history uh rothbard also has most uh more after death publications than tupac uh as someone brought up to me before and what i think is uh is true i mean literally just new stuff just keeps coming out um and he's been dead since 1995 uh you should read the book when it comes out in october uh and in the meantime uh you should read the the progressive era which is uh for sale in the bookstore downstairs uh so with that i think i will stop thank you so much


You want to do more with less, be ready for any situation and get the most value out of your purchases. But there are so many options out there, especially when it comes to dress shirts, that it can be hard to narrow down what those basic pieces are that you really have to have. I always focus on versatility and in this video, I'm going to show you the only five dress shirts you will ever need. I'm Brian Sakao and you're watching He Spoke Style, where we give you the information and inspiration you need to dress well, have more confidence and unlock your potential. Now, if you've been paying attention over the last couple of years on the channel, you've probably noticed that I wear pretty much the same five shirts all the time. Every once in a while, I might throw in a different one, like this gingham shirt, for example, but in general, I'm not really stepping outside those core five shirts that I have in my wardrobe. The reason is because above all else, and one of the things I believe in most, is building a wardrobe that is focused on versatility. You want pieces that you can plug in easily to a variety of different situations. Now, of course, there are two big details you need to pay attention to when you're thinking about your dress shirts. What type of collar are you going to have? And what type of cuff are you going to have? A lot of this boils down to personal preference. And my personal preference is to choose a classic collar and a one button rounded cuff. These aren't the most unique styling details. In fact, you might even say they're kind of boring. But if we're talking about really leaning into getting the most out of these shirts, a classic collar and a one button rounded cuff is a really safe bet.  I like a turnback cuff as well, but those have a very specific look and feel like you're not going to be able to style a French cuff shirt in a more casual setting. A one button rounded cuff, however, slides more easily between dressy business casual and casual scenarios. Same thing with a button down collar or a more aggressive spread collar shirt. Those have their place. But again, if you're looking for maximum versatility, and you only wanted to have five shirts that the styling I suggest is a good way to go. Now, the way we're able to get a little more out of these shirts is by considering the fabric. And as I go through each of these five shirts, I'm going to talk specifically about the fabric choices. And I think you'll really see how far that will go to adversity and range to the collection. Essential shirt number one is a white shirt in a poplin fabric by Thomas Mason. 100% cotton with a weight of 150 grams. Poplin weaves because of their construction are an ideal choice for shirts that are thin and cool. And that will also maintain a sturdy appearance. Poplin also has a great natural luster, which makes it perfect for more formal or suited looks. But it can also lend a bit of elegance to an outfit with chinos, for example, or even when paired with jeans. For this outfit, though, I wanted to highlight the poplin shirt in a classic dressy and suited way. This is a dark navy suit that has a subtle herringbone pattern in it. Brown pattern tie to kind of take the formality down just a little bit. Simple white pocket square and brown Oxford shoes. I spent so much time talking about the collar style I recommend. So I want to point out why I do really like this style. And the main reason is that I love how the collar interfaces with the lapel of the jacket. Because of the length of the collar, you don't see the point, which I think just looks very clean and very polished. Essential shirt number two is one of my favorites, an ice blue Oxford cloth shirt. This fabric is by Thomas Mason 100% cotton and a weight of 180 grams. You know, you always hear about the OCBD or Oxford cloth button down, certainly a staple more casual style shirt. But with a classic collar like this, you get the added versatility of being able to style it in a more dressed up way, which is what I'm doing here, pairing it with a brown shark skin suit, which seems to have become one of the fan favorites in the shop. I chose a Prince of Wales check or Glen plaid tie here to keep it more in that in between not super formal dressed up styling where I feel like an Oxford shirt like this really shines. And then again, to keep things on the more relaxed side of dressed up, I'm anchoring this look with a pair of tassel overs. Essential shirt number three is also an Oxford cloth shirt, but this one with a stripe fabric is by Thomas Mason. Again, it's 100% cotton with a weight of 150 grams. A stripe shirt is a must have and I particularly like the size of the stripe. It's not too thin. It's not too wide, but it's different enough while still being classic and therefore very easy to style. I always think of a stripe shirt like this is kind of fresh and lending itself to a more relaxed approach, which is why I've paired it here with a hopsack suit. Hopsack, as you know, great choice for a suit with a more casual feel ditto on the patch pockets. I chose a medallion tie with a lighter tannish color again, playing into that relaxed and not super buttoned up and formal vibe. Sunglasses are by Oliver Peoples and the Derby shoes are by Enzo Bonafé. Essential shirt number four is gray with what you might call a reversed pencil stripe. It's in a poplin fabric by Cancleany. 100% cotton and lightweight at 110 grams. This is going to be your dark horse kind of underdog shirt in the collection, but one that gives you just an incredible amount of range and really deepens your entire collection. This shirt for me kind of feels like low key elegance and I've paired it with the same dark blue suit with a subtle herringbone pattern that you saw in the first look. Totally on purpose because although the looks are similar, what you can see here is that the richness of the gray with the addition of the stripe, although still more or less on the formal side, just has a completely different feel. And for a shirt to be able to transform a suit like that, that's what we're looking for when we talk about versatility. Essential shirt number five is a denim shirt. The fabric is by Cancleany 100% cotton, 210 grams. This is such a great sportier shirt to have and one of my favorite things about it is how easily it can dress down a suit or more business casual looks. And business casual is what I'm doing here. I've paired the denim shirt with our brown Donegal tweed sport coat, a pair of navy cotton trousers, classic pocket square and some derby shoes which are again by Enzo Bonafé. Now I want to let you know that all of these shirts are available in the HSS shop and the best part about that is if you you know want something different like a different collar style or a different cuff style, you can completely customize those parts of the shirt and add to that that you're going to be going through our measuring process so you can be really confident that you're going to get a shirt that is fit perfectly for you. If you haven't checked out our shirts in the shop yet, there's a link right over there. So click there, head over to the shop and start filling your wardrobe with some great menswear essentials.


All right, so if you're here doing test-driven development by example, when I put this talk together, I was sort of thinking, I couldn't do a talk if it wasn't a big announcement, like HTML bars or something that would blow away Tom and Yehuda. And then I thought, well, maybe there's other people at the conference who aren't working on the next rendering engine or something. And maybe they're just wanting to build web apps like I do. So hopefully this is for you. Before we get started, though, I want to show the app that we're going to build in the next 30 minutes. And it's a really simple con bond board. It has some items on the left that are unassigned. And then I can click this little blue item. And it will assign those to the assigned item on the right. And then I can drill in by clicking the name of any of these that will kind of show a details section. And those details are data bound. And the intent really is to just show how to get feedback with test-driven development. When I first started learning test-driven development, it was more about finding something that would prescribe success. And ultimately, TDD was not about that. So I kind of learned incorrectly how to do it, learned correctly, and then still sometimes learned incorrectly how to do it. I hope today just to pass along some of the information, some pro tips, maybe all of it's not that grand, but you'll pick up one small thing. And a lot of times when I was younger, I felt like when I came to these, it was the really small thing that I saw during a coding demo that was more interesting sometimes than the whole presentation or where the presentation was centered. So to get started, we're going to be using an Ember CLI app, of course, just to make this a whole lot easier. And we're going to start out just by generating an acceptance test to get started. And I'll call it Assignment. And usually I kind of start when I'm doing just line of business stuff, I'll kind of start with a high level test just to feel like I know where the client or the user, the end user is coming from. And in this particular example, we just have unassigned and assigned items. The simplest starting point really is do we have items that are unassigned or are they grouped together? And do we have assigned items that are grouped together? So we'll start out with the unassigned column. We'll basically find a table of unassigned and a TR. I have this little TR. I call it Cards. I don't know. Sometimes the Kanban boards, you call those Cards. And then also, we're just going to assert right now that there is a certain number of these in the DOM to kind of get us started. So we'll say the length of this is 3.  Don't attempt to NPM install anything. You'll just instantly troll yourself. Guaranteed something's going to break. So I'm not going to NPM install anything up here today. All right. I am, however, going to be flipping. And I hope the monitors catch this. I'm going to be flipping between the live code and the test run. And if you're new to Ember, and you haven't seen this, you can actually do a test run by doing test dash dash server that will continually watch and then live update the test. So I'm going to start with our failing test. And at the very bottom there, you can see we expected three of these unassigned items. And one of my gripes with Testum is that, well, what's the other side? Well, it's technically undefined. There is just no entry in the DOM for this. So the first thing we're going to do is just jump into the router and actually define a route for these to-dos that I call them. And we're just going to work for simplicity in this demo at the root of the application. And that gives us access now to work away from the application handlebars template. So we'll just create one called to-dos. And we'll have a really simple table or something. Whoops, really a simple table. And I call this thing. I give this a class of unassigned. And then I, for some reason, decided cards was a good name for the TR. And we'll flip back. One of the things I want to point out here is, earlier in my journey for Testum development, I always thought red, green, or factor. I had to go from red to green. And then I would make some changes. But honestly, what I've found over the years is that I use the red over and over again to get feedback, even if it doesn't go directly from red to green. So in this particular instance, I'm showing that I'm on the right track because instead of three is undefined, I'm now getting three is not one. All right, so we know the answer to this. We're just going to do an each loop here and say each to-do in some kind of computed here, say unassigned. And if we're going to do that, we've got to obviously add a controller real quick. So we'll add a to-dos.js here. And we'll just basically do a very simple controller. And we'll create this unassigned property. And for right now, since I just need to pass it, kind of the simplest amount of code to pass this is to return an array with at least three items in it. And then we'll use another test to kind of drive the requirement of, what did these to-dos actually look like? So we have a passing build, no applause please, that was literally not worth it. So hold on, I'll have something better, I swear. So what we're gonna do now is we're gonna go get just the first property, which if you remember the final result, we basically have like a project name. So we'll just go get a project name from there. And I'm gonna do that just by going to the zeroed item essentially in the cards list here. And then I'll find a TD with something like to-do project in it. And then I'll say project.text should be something like first. We're just gonna, this is arbitrary data of course, we're just making this up. And we're getting of course a failing test, which is great, tells us where we need to start. Now if we looked at the handlebar side, the first thing I like to do just cause I've been burned by incorrect selectors so many times is I like to come in and just kind of put an incorrect value, so I'm putting an X there anyway. Just to make sure that I'm in the right track. Oftentimes I found myself doing multiple steps, only to find out I didn't have the right CSS selector at all. So this will help save you that painful moment hopefully. So we know we have an X, ideally we'd actually like to do something like to-do.project. And this is the failing test that we sort of wanted that last time around where if we're just returning a list of integers, there's no way we're gonna satisfy this. So let's just create some really simple sample data and we'll kind of iterate on this controller. So create a project with first, we'll just throw in some first, second, third data here. Third, and now of course we get a passing test cause we have the right data. This of course if we're looking at the controller, it's of course not the greatest controller yet, but we're gonna incrementally get there as we drive sort of the other side of this requirement. But before we go write a test, I wanna come back and look at the handlebars. Because the first thing I notice at the top of this is that we have a table and of course they're not trending on hacker news right now so our designer decides we're gonna change this to a divs or something like that and they come in here. And from the behavioral perspective with this refactor, there really shouldn't be anything that changes from the test, right? So if I change TRs and tables and change this TD to a span, the behavior of the web application is the same. Unfortunately, the tests don't reflect that. I should have had a clean refactor here. And I call this out because the tests I wrote on purpose were kind of like the early tests that I wrote when I was doing Ember testing or Selenium. And they were very structural or layout dependent. But in reality, these tests are about behavior. They don't care if I have a designer that wants to change it all back to tables or divs. So let's just come in here and remove anything specific to the layout. So I'm gonna remove anything like TD and of course remove table. And now we get a passing test. So if we wanna go change it back to tables, it'll still pass. It doesn't actually matter. And as a front end engineer, I'm just trying to get the behavior of the web application. I don't actually care. Excellent. So now we have sort of the happy path on the left side for unassigned. But we obviously need to finish the story because the Kanban board is not necessarily only unassigned. And also I noticed this terrible test name. I'm pair programming with 600 people and nobody caught that? Oh, come on. I'm just playing. Okay, so let's say assigned items are grouped together. And in this one in particular, I'll just basically replace unassigned with assigned. And the only thing I'm really gonna call out here is that you definitely want to have a different number when you're kind of just making up arbitrary things like I am. And in this case, I wanna make sure that there's only one assigned item when we get started. And then it's kind of a different number from the unassigned just to make sure I don't mix something up. And I do still get a failure that one is not undefined. So we know what needs to happen on the controller side is we need at least one item in here. So we'll create an assigned computed. And inside here, we're just gonna really return, again, fictitious data until we get to a point we can refactor it further. So we'll say last is some project with a different text again. So we'll say last. And then on the handlebar side, we need to basically copy this. And eventually you can imagine this gets extracted out as a component of some kind. All right, so I'm just gonna make one change here which is to not completely get the implementation right because I don't actually have a failing test there. And so now we have that piece of it passing. I'm not actually asserting this line yet, which should actually get us a failing test right now. So we're gonna do is switch back to our test code here and bring back kind of the final failing test for the unassigned assigned story. And that is if we go fetch a product from a sign that it should have the text of last, which should fail us right now. We have last is not x, which makes sense. So if we go back to the handlebars template here, basically just stub in to do project, now we have a passing test. Now we're at the point where on the controller side we can actually do the refactor to get us a little bit closer to a real Ember app. If you've been to an Ember, you're probably very disappointed in me right now. Like, Toren, this is not what we talked about. But honestly, we're gonna get to the point where this is just a model property. So let's incrementally move there just by actually adding this and kind of extracting out. And then we're gonna have to come up with some kind of property that I assume the backend, either I has a backend developer or someone else on the backend has decided will be the status code indicator. So in this case, we'll say we have something called status underscore code. And this status code will be the thing that determines if it's been assigned or unassigned on the backend. So now what we can do in here is actually just return this.mob or this.getModel.filter. And inside here we're just really gonna return if the model's status underscore code is a one. Cause in this case we just arbitrarily decided we'd do a one and then in this bottom case we'll just do a two. So, what's that? Sorry about that. Don't troll me. We'll get there. We'll get there. Yeah, somebody has actually already seen this talk. They just didn't want you guys to enjoy it. Sorry about that. All right. So I'm gonna rip the model out. It's obviously important. It's gonna break the world here. So the reason I ripped that model property out is we're gonna go down to routes and add a to do's.js. Just again getting us incrementally close closer to the final version of this. So I'll do ember from ember and export out a route here. And basically just paste this in verbatim right now. We're just trying to do the simplest thing to get us back to a passing build. And now we have a passing build. Stellar. And the next thing we're gonna do is just write a failing test that we can actually get the status from this. If you remember in the final app, I actually have kind of in gray and then in green here, the actual status sort of in plain English. And the challenge for us as we write this feature is right now it's just an enum or an integer value from the database. So we'll need to actually drive that out. So we'll say status is shown in plain English. That's how I got my writing test name responsibility revoked. So we'll do a slash here. And it's really gonna be sort of the start of this same test here. And the only difference is we're going to ask for the status itself. So first thing we're gonna do is write the failing test here. So we're gonna reach in to the assign the zeroed item because there only is one right now and ask for his status. And of course this is gonna give us a failing test here. Says there's nothing. And the first step really is to define the CSS selector in the handlebar side. So let's come into the assign side here. And I know this is gonna fail but I want a little bit more information. So I'm gonna put an X on the end just so you can see that it's still undefined. And now here's the challenge with purely acceptance testing. This acceptance testing is great to show the happy path flow from your route to your controller to your template maybe some model in there. What it's not necessarily the best at is some of this quicker feedback for conditionals and especially conditionals that have computed properties. So what I'm gonna do now is actually break from purely acceptance testing this and on purpose I'm gonna leave us a failing test here but I'm gonna break us out of that test run and actually go add a unit test that's just gonna drive the assigned transformation from status code to status. So we'll drop down to the test directory here and just do a to-do model test.js and I'll save a little boilerplate here by half cheating. We'll say status code of one is unassigned and we'll just do a subject here is to-do dot create adding a status code of one and we'll just do assert dot equal subject dot get status and this of course is unassigned. Now if I wanna run this test in isolation I have a module name at the top here just called to-do. One of the cool things if you didn't know about MRCLI when you're in this predicament that I'm in where I wanna run just one test. I know I have another failing test that's causing me some grief. I only run this one in particular. I can do a cool filter command here and just say filter down to just this particular modular test and I know I have an error here which says to-do is not defined which is kind of like our first failing test. So we're actually gonna import to-do from what will be in just a minute the Kanban models to-do and we need to actually go add that to the models directory here. We'll just say to-do dot js just export out a really simple model here and the only property we're gonna actually have of course is status and right now I'm just gonna return x because we didn't actually see a good failure. So now I'm seeing we expected unassigned we actually got x. Now really to make this first test pass I can just slam in assigned. I don't really have any conditional to drive here. So the next failing test will actually drive this out so we'll just kind of add another test here that says of course the other side is a status of two will be assigned. And this is kind of the test that gets us a little bit further to solving the acceptance failing acceptance test. So we get unassigned is not assigned. Imagine that we hard coded it. So we'll say status code is this I get status code and then right now if the status code is a one we will return unassigned otherwise we'll return assigned and that should get us a passing build and it does. All right so now the other reason that somebody called out computed earlier but another reason I like the unit test especially the conditional that's being driven from a computed property is so many people seem to miss the cache breaking component of computed property so what better way than to write a failing test for it? So what I'm gonna actually do is write that test that if we said subject.set status code just slam that into a two. I should get a failing test now and all we need to do is add status code and then we're back to essentially a really clean model that's tested. One of the other examples I wanna point out here from this unit test is sometimes I write tests and I get very emotionally attached. I don't know if you've had that experience and all seriousness and this bottom test I'm very emotionally attached to it because I had to live code this in front of all you guys. It was kind of a big deal. And so what I noticed on a couple lines up I'm actually testing that though right here and we have to be aware or cognizant every test is just as expensive or just as big of a burden as the production code that it maintains or it helps us maintain. So in this case I think it's acceptable for me to break that out. There's not any more than really two conditions right here anyway. So I'm gonna break that out and still feel good about myself, all right. And the next thing we need to do is I wanna go back to the non-filtered test run so I can get back to my failing test and that's in part why I leave a failing test so I don't forget about it and we can remember where we're at now. We had the acceptance test that supposedly had a status property but it doesn't seem to be hooked up for some reason. So if we go look at the route that's actually pushing down these objects you'll notice they're not the new to-do model so there's no way we'd actually have access to this status code. So I'll bring in the to-do model here and actually do a to-do dot create and now that I have all those created you'll see I'm getting assigned x should have actually pulled that out of the handlebars side but now once I pull that out of the handlebars side we should have a green test run which is what we have. So that's kind of illustrate in that example really that unit and functional or acceptance test they actually live together in harmony it's not one or the other. So hopefully that example kind of showed that off. All right so let's drop down and write another test here and this one would just say clicking the assign button will move item from unassigned to assigned and this test will really drive the computer that's lacking that it'll basically expose a bug that we have currently in the controller. All right so we're gonna visit again of course and one thing I like to show here that you might actually disagree with is I sometimes see the test as it tells a story and sometimes when I tell or I want to help tell the story better I will illustrate it a little more verbosely than I would in production code. So in this particular test I'm actually going to have like a pre-assert that when I start this test I have one assigned and then three unassigned items then if I click the unassigned cards equals zero basically the zeroed item in that list and then we'll have a new thing that we'll call the assign button here. That if I were to assign click this button and actually assign one the end result and the reason I say this is kind of like telling a story is I can see the before and after in the story here so I should go from one and three to two and two and this is actually gonna be cool because we're gonna see a couple of different ways I use the test to give me feedback. The first one is there is no assigned button found and it actually blows up on the test runner so we need to flip back into the handlebar side and just add a button here. Give it a class of assign button and then we're just rerunning the test knowing that we're not complete but we're gonna hopefully get a different error message meaning we're heading down the right direction we are so we're getting expected two and three have not been remapped. So the first thing is we're just gonna fire this action of assign off here and we're gonna pass along the to do that we have that we're currently looping over and in the controller we just need to actually add an actions block now and say assign is a function that's gonna give us it's do and of course the simplest thing to do in here is really just set that status code to a two for the moment. Now what's interesting is the tests are still failing and if I got this far and I wasn't the programmer who wrote the original computers I might be a little confused but as somebody called out earlier really what's missing here is the ability to break the cache when status code is updated here. So I just tell the computer properties when to break and now when you click that blue button it officially moves them from left to right which is cool. All right so one thing I just remembered is we have this hard coded model data and most times the very next progression here is to actually do some kind of Ajax call and get this data from the backend so let's just work towards that migration and figure out how we're gonna mock the XHR. The first thing I'll do, assuming I'm not using Ember data here for whatever reason is I'm just gonna get an array of to-dos and return getJSON say API to-dos and all we're gonna really do in the end is return these to-dos when this promise resolves or this deferred and what we're gonna do is loop over so do a for each here, get this data and all we're gonna do is say to-dos.push object to-do.create, pass in that data for now and basically simulating would probably do in a real app. Now of course I take that out, we'd expect the world would end on the test side and it does and now we need to do is just stub that.  There's Mockjax and Pretender. I'm actually just gonna use one called fojax. I won't be religious about it and I'll just say it's easy to use. So I'll say fojax.new and all I have to do is give it the API to-dos endpoint and the response text, whoops, and not create to-dos that would probably be a win. These actually need to be similar to what you'd send on your backend here which is just raw JSON and now it gets our test passing, which is awesome. So now we have more of what's a real app, our route is actually reaching out to some kind of backend and fetching this data and there's really only one test left or right and that is clicking the toggle link will show details for given item and this one we're just gonna start out by doing a visit course and this one actually is kind of interesting is I expect just to click this button so I'll go to the unassigned category again, cards equals zero and I'm gonna go to this toggle link thing that doesn't exist yet. It'll basically be a link to helper and then all we're gonna do in the very first assertion is just assert equal that the current URL has changed and we're gonna expect that to be something like to-do one because it just happens to be first in the list and the first failure we get just like earlier when we tried to do the button is the toggle link is not found at all so we'll go back to the handlebar side and just say okay, we'll add a link to here because we know it's gonna be an href and we'll probably do something like to-dos.to as the URL and pass along our friend to-do and then make sure we get our CSS selector right, we'll pass in the toggle link here and that is a link to. Now the very next error that actually confirms and lets me know that I've clicked this is that it blows up and says, hey, Toran, there's no route to-dos.to-do so which is great because the router hasn't been magically set up behind the scenes for me so we'll go actually add a nested route here and we'll just call it to-do. And give it a path of slash-to-do, slash-to-do underscore ID and now I should get a different error and notice the error here. It's actually something I wasn't expecting the first time I wrote this talk is I was expecting it just to work but of course there's no ID property so assuming on the back end we're actually gonna get an ID, we actually want to have probably some incrementing IDs so we have IDs one, two, three, four now and the test passes. Stiller. All right, that's not it. If we look at the production app here when I drill down it's great that first the URL has changed but you'll notice this entire column on the right, this kind of details column. Originally when you load the page, if I go back here, if I go back you load the page it's actually hidden so I wanted kind of a cool user interface that would just let me stay on the same URL but then show this details list so the first thing I'm wanting to actually do is say that there isn't, there is a details section but it's hidden by default so I'm gonna do that actually in a kind of prerequisite assert kind of like we talked about a little bit earlier and just say details is, we're gonna find something called details section and we're just gonna do an assert.ok that details is hidden because we expect it's hidden when we hit the page and of course we blow up the funny thing here is we're actually blowing up not because it's not hidden it's just not an element really at all so we're getting that truthy argument. So if I create a div here and give it a class of details section and then I'll just make it hidden by default just to kind of get us rolling here running out of time. The next thing I wanna do is the whole reason I set that up is in the end here I actually wanna say that once I toggle the URL, that it's not hidden. That's the whole point, right? So I can toggle this details link basically and you'll see well we haven't satisfied that because in the handlebar side the first thing we need to do is actually make this dynamic. So we'll do a bind adder and do a class where we always have details and then whether or not hidden is there is actually based off the is active route. So we'll say is this the active route and if we're gonna have this is active route we'll go back to the controller here and just add an is active route and we'll just do an ember computed equal and really what we're after here is current route name and if that is equal to to dos.index we know we're on the parent route. Unfortunately, current route name doesn't come for free. I actually need to hijack an application here and do controllers.application current route name. Once I wire that up the tests are passing. Awesome. And the very last piece that's gonna get us going here is that I also expect that there's a bound input so I'll just call this project input we'll basically find within the details section an input with the class of project and do an assert.equal that projects input.val is equal to first which just so happens to be the text is our model's first project. So now all we need to do to make this happen is go back to the handlebars add an outlet. Once I add the outlet I just need to add a parent template to dos that'll let me add to do.hbs once I have to do.hbs I can do an input class project. Oops, if I can add. And the value is simply model.project. But let's not drop the mic yet. So that's the functionality right, that's sweet. But what about how does it work? Does it really work? So we'll go out to our Embers CLI app here and here's the app. I have this little X link that when I click it changes the URL. It updates my bound property. I have these buttons that are not very pretty right now but they work. And I have the skeptical developer on my team that says, Toren, these tests are great but as soon as we have that designer come in it's over. So let's prove that guy wrong right now. So I'm gonna do Embers server here. And this is basically with only HTML changes. And I actually do work with a really great front end guy. He's not the pessimistic guy, that was fictitious but he's a really great guy. And let's just say he came in and designed this for me which I'm kind of a scumbag that way. I'm always like, hey, it's done. Would you make it look great? That'd be sweet. So you can come in and still click around. You can still click, get the details. The details are still bound. What about those tests? I think those tests still work.