been something on our minds that we just can't shake. We are going to try something new and we're going to be leaving the cabin. But first, seems like a good day for it. Although, it's a little chillier than I imagine it would be. Why is winter back? Looks pretty though. It's going to be worth it. It's been a while. Smells like pennies. You'd be rich. It's all iron. So I'm going to give that a wash. Thank gosh you have a hot water hose though, eh? Yeah. It's a shower. Yeah. How does this change? I know. Now it's just for recreational uses. Not for cleaning myself. The hot tub is now forever in commission and ready to use as soon as I get it cleaned up. And that is because we got the proper filters to filter out the iron and the arsenic in our drinking water at the cabin. We've been working super hard to tie up the loose ends. So not only do we have drinking water but it's super exciting because we get to use the solar array and our battery bank to power our well now. So it's like everything's really coming together. It's the best feeling ever. Sparkling clean. So clean. And the water that's going into it is clean. Clean. I can't believe it. I'm so excited to get in there later. Like now it's gonna, you're gonna have a hard time getting me out of here. Kitchen! Life is getting so much easier out here in the woods. What even is this? It's incredible to think that Crystal's using water outside to fill up the hot tub. And I'm using water inside to do dishes. I know that's probably a normal thing in life but I was speechless. This week, every job that is on our to-do list is a project that you start and then you stop and you let it be.  It's gonna be quite the week and I'm very excited for it because let's just say, finishing touches, baby. I can't say. Life's looking awfully different these days. I know, right? Daniel! I've missed my sun hat. You're in your passport? I'm in my passport.  I'm so excited for this. It's gonna be so nice out here today. Fanding over from God and flame. There's nobody else to blame. Fires blazin', about to put some big logs on and it's almost entirely filled up which means in a few hours after we get some work done we'll be able to come out here and relax. And with the longer days here there's nothing better than getting outside and making the most of every day light hour. It's great. I don't mind giving up my time for a minute of your love. Now that we have a kitchen we're trying to make everything from home. Feels good. How's it going? Good, touch it. Maybe a bus or a firehands? Firehands.  It's good though. Yep. You happy with that? Very. Like I said, everything has to wait today. Next task that also needs to wait. Ready? I've learned that taking time for myself and sharing an hour of my day with my therapist makes me feel better. Thank you to Pride Counseling for sponsoring this week's video. My favorite part about Pride Counseling is that when I show up to a session and I choose to open up and share my life with someone I know and I am ensured that the person I'm speaking to is an LGBTQ plus friendly therapist. It's a safe non-judgmental space and that feeling is unmatched. It truly feels so good to not be in the back of my head thinking, does this person support my relationship, my beliefs, who I am? And that's a really good feeling. Pride Counseling will assess your needs and match you to your own professional licensed therapist who has relevant expertise, experience and training to provide therapy for LGBTQ plus community members. And you can chat to your therapist however you feel comfortable, whether it's a phone call, a video call, on chat or text. You can message your therapist anytime and you can schedule live sessions whenever it's convenient for you. And if for any reason your therapist is not a good fit for you, you can switch therapists at any time for no additional cost. With Pride Counseling, you get the same professionalism and quality that you would expect from in-office therapy. There's more scheduling flexibility and at a more affordable price.  Snow is definitely not in the forecast today, but here we are, determined to get the stain on. Painting station. One thing is for absolute certain, when Jasmine has an idea, she's gonna accomplish it and there ain't no one or anything getting in her way. And of course she's back with her famous paint gun that she tells everyone about that she's so proud to own and loves so much. Pretty happy I get to use my paint gun again. The only time I've got to use it is when I had to cover up my love note to Crystal. I'm home. So long. I'll leave you with that. You're gone. Today we are building our own doors. So these are the door hangers that we want to match the color of our cabin. That way it looks seamless. Standing with a paint gun is a lot easier and then you back brush it with this. All I read on the paint can was that you can use a paint gun and I ran and got my paint gun. And then Crystal read the rest of the instructions and it said you can use a paint gun if you back brush. Okay, BRB, you ready? Have fun. You make it painted. See you later. Your partner doesn't like painting. I highly recommend just getting their paint gun and they'll start to love it. That's definitely what happened to you. Prentice. Apprentice. Get out of here. Professional painter. You're not wrong. Actually, you look like one. Feel like one. But also can we just do a count on how beautiful these are and how nice they smell? How nice they smell? How nice they smell. What are these? Doors. Yeah, we know they're doors. Okay, well, can you set me up there AP? What's AP? Apprentice. We've been living without doors for how many months now? We just haven't put them back up. And I'm absolutely sure that our guests are going to be very happy about that. Yeah, we're having through guests soon. So we have to do this. I have a trick for you all. If you're an inpatient painter like I am, you're going to want to hear this. Ready? So why are you screwing your door, Kazin? The top or the bottom of your door? No. Ain't that the best trick you ever saw? I noticed that the smoke was no longer barreling out of the chimney of the hot tub. Cannot forget about the most important thing today. It's going to be so good. Painting station is now closed. Finished painting the doors. Crystal's finishing up the brushes just to go around the trim. How are they going? They are going good. They look very nice. I told you all, every project is very start and stop today. But I cannot wait to see what the doors look like when they are hung in the cabin. It's going to be amazing. I don't think I'll ever get over how cute it looks when they both eat at the island. It's perfection. How's that? Good. Last one. Let's be real. These are so I can spy on Belenizi because they can't come where we're coming, unfortunately. They'll be watching you. Hey, how's this dough doing? Oh, it looks like it rose very nicely. Hello. Like trying to roast the garlic? Reminds me, it's hot in there. Bingsh my bangs. She just stood in the other room. I came in the cabin and I was like, what smells in here? That's why I was like, is this stove on? Oh, my God. Not no more. Our dear subscriber, Randy G. Thank you so much for setting this our way. It is A. Fire blower. A fire blower. I think it's called something else, like a blow poke? Blow poke. I don't know what it is. But anyways, you blow in here, the air comes out here, and you can avoid burning yourself. Oh, let's use it. I can't wait. Game changer. It's amazing. And I'm pretty sure it's handcrafted. Like how cool is that? Yeah, they made it. It got so special and so thoughtful. I know. Thank you. Thanks, Randy. Amazing. It's so cool. Randy, it's so nice. What do you do when the dough ain't that good? Improvise. Any tips on making bread and dough? Because failure community is really big on bread. Really big on baking bread and dough. That's a hard one to say. Really big on breaking. It's like breaking bad. That's what my brain keeps thinking. Try it. Our audience is really big on baking bread. Wow. You just showed me them. Tell everyone about this pie here. What's going on? It's an olive meat rice. Olive meat rice. The roseram peppers, olives, artichokes, and an olive oil base. Yum. Fresh mozzarella. Want to fire them? Let's fire them. Just an update. And in case any of you fire stokers don't have a blowy. A blowy? What's it called? Anyway, they are so sick. They've changed my life. I just use it on the hot tub and the pizza oven and it's just the coolest thing ever. It actually feels like I have a blow torch now. I feel like a real dragon. It's cool. True Canadian trekking out for the maple syrup. You don't mess around in this country. When you run out of maple syrup you'll get some more. Got another leader. Oh yeah, we got one in a week. That looks great. Looks so good. Look at your finger. Are you ready? Because I am ready. Yeah. So hungry. Cheers. How's the crust? Actually good. Morning. Good morning. The clean water hot tub.  I love it. It now says 43 Celsius. And it was 44 we got in. That's pretty good. I haven't lost that much heat with the cover being off for how long. The sun's coming out now. So nice. Alright everyone, look. You can see your toesies. Wow. It's so nice. It's clear. Yeah. And it stayed warm pretty much all night. It did stay warm. I forgot to mention that actually. I woke up this morning and it was super warm. I had to put one log on and then it was hot. Hot. Keep all the hot air in. I might have a second cheeky hot tub tonight. It looks pretty good on the camera. Does it? Just not in real life. I've been standing here pondering the color for about 10 minutes. It's quite similar but not where we want it. I think it's still hangable. It can still be a door. And we'll come back to it soon. Whether we add a little bit of white to it or whatever we do. But probably having a door is better than no door. Especially on the bathroom. Ready? Beauty. To the beauty. What the heck is that? Her nose is hanging out, babe. The weirdest thing I've ever seen, yeah. But she's so happy about it. Something else.  We've got this up. The door frame. Hanger. No. Yeah, because that's the frame. We always had the frame. Now we have the door hanger. Soon we'll have a door. But before we do the door we have to finish the bottom trim. We're the two different floorings. Meat. Time to cut this. And it should be snippy. A pixie stick but there's no sugar in it. It even opens like a pixie stick.  Does finishing touches ever look good? Come on. Blib, blib, blib, blib, blib, blib, blib. Oh. Add a girl. I think it's good. Okay, so that brings us to the door. And I mean you've all seen us install doors before. We've learned a lot since. So let's see how this baby goes. Ooh. Something on the corner is our opening, okay? Three fours off that. Five eights. Four three fours on the bottom of the door. I think I can say we. We are much more confident this time around when it comes to hanging a door. Everything's looking really good. But is it going to lock? That's the question. Wow. Doors. It wasn't just in. I have to hinge inside. You just go flat. This is going to be first try. Crystal? Yeah. This is getting pulled out. Yeah, it's going to have it. I'm kicking it. You're kicking it.  Door stopper. I forgot to buy handles. I know it's a really important thing. So no handles for this door today, but they have a door stopper. I kind of like the push method. Crystal doesn't like it. She told me absolutely not. But here we are. For the door trim, we are going to be using exactly what we use on all the walls. The cedar shiplop. So it's completely seamless. It just looks beautiful. In order to remove the tongue of the groove, we have to slide each board through the tablecloth. It looks good. Sorry. You don't want it to hang, right? Can you help me with that? Not my vibe. You know what is my vibe? This is my vibe. Really? I yelled again. I always never want to do the trim. I'm always like, oh my god. I'm doing the biggest part of the door trim. But it's the best part. It makes the biggest difference. That's so satisfying. I actually couldn't ask for it. Good job. You too. I'm very proud of this door. It's very pretty. Very pretty. We keep taking a step back and looking at it from afar. It really completes it. It makes it look so good. I'm not going to lie. We're only going to do one door and then move on to another task. But I think we need to bang out the next two doors as well. It will complete this main floor. Let's get it. I'm actually so excited. After a successful first door installation, we move on to the next door. Maybe with a little too much confidence. As we set the door hanger in place, we notice something is a little bit off. This door hanger is wonky-donky. You left-handed or right-handed in hockey? I don't play hockey.   We figure out the problem. We totally gapped that on this door because our bedroom doors are smaller. We had to actually see these little shimmy shins. This door is different than the bathroom door. The bathroom door, the person said to me, are you good at doing doors? I said, not really. They said, it's okay. It takes me four hours. I believe in you. And I said, okay. So the bathroom door is actually harder to do than this door because it had to be exactly perfect as you didn't have any room to add any shims. However, this door is easy peasy lemon squeezy because all we have to do is add shims. However, I forgot about this entire conversation with this person. So, here we are, figuring it out right now. I grade that door a 10 out of 10. Damn. It's straight. It's nice. There is just the right gap at the top, the bottom, and the sides. Very happy with it. And every door we've ever put in has gotten better and better. Hanging the doors feels like it's transforming the look of the cabin.  Wow. It looks good. I love trim. I also can't believe we're at the point of trimming the cabin. One. I always take the suitcases out at the last minute because as soon as I do, Bella knows she's right here. She gets sad. Four ears go back. It's okay. Okay, everyone. Remember the winter plow? Well, it's no longer winter. We made it. We did. We certainly made it. It's spring, baby. And I mean, look at it. It's just sitting on gravel now. So, we might as well get to taking that off and getting it out of here. Spring drops keep falling on my head. No, rain drops keep falling on my head. Not spring drops. Anyway, I'm very proud to say that the snow is slowly depleting more and more each day. And let me tell you, I've been keeping an eye on these piles of snow every day, a couple inches, because of that glorious sunshine up there. All right. Let's get this thing off. You already got it out. Yeah. What are you calling me? Josh and pal canning for. Josh and pal canning. Who are you? You mean that if you're so... Nice spring fit. Fashion. So what, you lost the snow pants in the parka? Yeah. I'm not even wearing mittens. See you later, snow plow. Smell you later. The last load of the season. No more bringing the wood up to the cabin because there's no way we're going to burn through what we're about to bring up right now. I can get used to that. That's for sure. One of the things I'm most excited for to build this spring is our woodshed tarps. A lot of moisture goes in. They end up freezing to the ground. You can't get the snow off them. So you're left with wood that looks like this. I love the woodshed. I wanted to build it last year, but you know, so much other things. Okay. Love me a birch log. What? Love me a birch log. What? Love me a birch log. What? I love me a birch log.  Love this stuff. LOL. It's spring. Of course it's spring. Just some flurries, you know. LOL. Just took our plow off. What the heck? Yeah. Minutes later. It's a snowstorm. Julia's snowstorm. Those are some flurries. I love you. Be good girl, okay? I don't want to be alone without my mommies. Hi. Thank you. I love you. Love you. Love you girls.  The hardest part is always leaving Balinese. But the cabin is all ready for one of their favorite people to come look after them. Shall we go try something that we've always wanted to try? Alrighty. Alrighty. We're about to try.


Hey, my name is Fernando and I'm a technical marketing manager here at GitLab and today I'm going to show you some of the newly released security features in GitLab 14.5 One of the cool new security features is infrastructure as code security scanning With this you'll be able to scan your Terraform, Ansible, AWS cloud formation and Kubernetes files In order to enable infrastructure as code scanning, simply go to the GitLab CI YAML and add the SAST IAC template Now you'll scan infrastructure as well as regular static source code Now when submitting a new merge request, when we expand the security scanning tab, under SAST we can now see a whole bunch of new vulnerabilities because the infrastructure as code was scanned After clicking on the vulnerability, you'll have more detailed information on what exactly it is, what project it is, the file as well as an identifier linking you to relevant information This link pointed us to a page on how to manage resources within our containers You can now define and enforce values for merge request approval settings at the group level This allows you to be confident that your projects are running merge request approvals, showing a consistent separation of duties Within our group, go to the settings and general tab, then scroll down to merge request approvals Here we can click on one of these merge request approvals to enforce them amongst the group You can now fine tune vulnerability check rules This will allow you to require approvals only under certain conditions which are fine tuned by vulnerability type, severity and much more Within our project, simply go to settings and general, then we can scroll down to merge request approvals and expand it When clicking on edit for the vulnerability check, we can see that there are new options showing when to enforce approvals if a vulnerability is detected There's also additional support for secret detection patterns We've updated the secret detection scanner to detect 47 new well-ally identifiable secret patterns for widely used applications This brings GitLab secret detection up to over 90 detectable patterns We also work with vendors to continuously enhance our secret detection pattern support By commenting on the issue given in the description, you can add your own pattern And as always, you can see our new updates to the static analysis analyzer where we've updated the versions of different scanners for SAST Thanks for watching and I hope you enjoyed this video For more information on the new security features in 14.5, click on the links in the description And be sure to hit that subscribe button


The next speaker is Eugenie Scott, the incredible Eugenie Scott. If you look at your program, there's a little bit of a typo. It should be playing with deception. It should be playing with deception. That's what it should be. It should be playing with deception. So here's the limerick for this one. The typo left out the P, so it didn't say playing, you see. The misprint was implying that if you are lying, you should do it while making whoopee. Please welcome to the stage Eugenie Scott. Yeah, it was a little surprising seeing that title, but it was sorted out pretty well. Well, as some of you know, I just returned. I just arrived at the conference late, and I'm sorry because there were wonderful things going on yesterday, but I blew in late yesterday afternoon from the National Center for Science Education's Grand Canyon trip, and there actually are three people from that trip in this audience that I know of from this year's trip, and I suspect there are some others from previous trips, so just for the fun of it, if you've ever been on NCSE's Grand Canyon rafting trip, raise your hand. Okay, talk to those people. It's really fun. I was talking to one of the rafters who was saying, well, what's this conference you're going to after we get back to civilization, and I explained that it was a skeptics conference, and that skeptics are people who are interested in science and critical thinking and testing what Carl Sagan called extraordinary claims. As examples, I mentioned various deceptive activities that skeptics have investigated, psychic detectives who make fact claims about a missing person, or a medical provider who is putting forth treatments that are of no utility, or a medium who claims to be in touch with someone's dead relatives. These types of deception can be very injurious to people, either physically or psychologically, and skeptics are interested in them. But there's something of a continuum of deceptive practices that I thought would be interesting to talk about today. On a rather fun site called museumofhoaxes.com, there's a column distinguishing among frauds, hoaxes, pranks, and urban legends. Now, in all of these, there is deception, but the intent, the scale, and the consequences of the deception are all somewhat different if overlapping. Urban legends are popular stories that are widely believed, and this is a type of folklore. They're spread from person to person. The friend of a friend had this experience. In virtually every case they're false, although at some point there might have been a grain of truth that later became embellished. There's a plausibility to urban legends that make them believable, but at the same time they're striking, they're shocking, they're exciting, they appeal to the emotions like all good narratives. The term urban legend comes from works by the folklorist, Jan Brunwald, beginning with his 1981 book, The Vanishing Hitchhiker. The wonderful thing about being at TAM, or any skeptics conferences, you don't have to define urban legends. How many of you know the Vanishing Hitchhiker story? Okay, test skeptics. The Mexican pet, how many of you know the Mexican pet? The choking Doberman, anybody choking Doberman fans? The teenager cooked by the tanning bed? Don't you love urban legends? They're just marvelous. The thing about urban legends, though, is that there's no intention to deceive. In fact, people spread urban legends because they believe they're true, not because they're trying to fool you. If they're trying to fool you, it's one of the other categories. It's a prank, a hoax, or a fraud. Now a prank is a playful act performed between or among people who are acquainted with one another. April Fool jokes in the office, for example. Last year I said, don't try to read this. Okay, promise me you will not try to read this. Major eye strain, you'll all have to go to the optometrist. Last year I sent a letter to the NCSE staff on April 1. I'm very happy to inform you that the board has decided on a new director for NCSE. This decision was made after very careful consideration and with the best interests of both staff and NCSE in mind. Kent Hovind is expected to receive consideration of his more or less good behavior in prison by having his appeal for early release granted. He would be available to head up NCSE and take over management in approximately 2014. You will all be pleased to hear that he intends to apply the same creative approach to accounting of salaries and wages that he used for his previous corporation, which will result in immediate increase in salary. For all of you, his taxes will no longer need to be deducted, and it sort of goes on in the space. Okay, this is an example of a prank. It's intended to deceive but in a playful manner with no long-term consequences. Staff pretty much figured this out by the third paragraph. But the distinction between a prank and a hoax is subtle and not always easy to define. So what's a hoax and how does it differ from a prank? First of all, a prank is usually a private activity, whereas the Museum of Hoaxes defines a hoax as a deliberately deceptive act that has succeeded in capturing the attention of the public. So hoaxes are public in this particular taxonomy. Like a prank, a hoax can be something just for fun or it can be something that's very elaborate. But classically, a hoax goes beyond acquaintances and is visited on the public. In 1999, on an unlabeled website, a German graduate student named Stefan in broken English reported on an early hominid fossil found in New Mexico. Now, that would be pretty amazing in and of itself, except that this hominid was found in the jaws of an allosaurus. Stefan was excavating under the direction of Professor Heinzschfogel of Heidelberg University and when they discovered the fossils, some shadowy figures from the government came out and took away all the bones, notes, and most of Stefan's photos. Clearly, there is a cover-up going on. The sign on the truck says New Mexico State Resources Paleo Division. The initials are NMSR, which just also happens to be the initials of the New Mexicans for science and reason. Any NMSR guys here today? You guys rock. You really do. Well, is this a prank or a hoax? Well, it's very elaborate and it was public, certainly, so it grades more into the hoax side of things. It was in any event great fun and the NMSR hoax did in fact generate a lot of discussion on creationist websites, some at least for a while anyway, taking the hoax seriously. Now, hoaxes can sometimes be similar to tall tales. Again, the definition is not as important as the seriousness of the intent to deceive as well as the consequences. In Australia, you may encounter stories of the drop bear, the range of which is presented in red and the web page of the Australian Museum in Sydney. The drop bear is described as a carnivorous marsupial about the size of a leopard. The genus name is phylactose, species plumitus. Rather, elaborate descriptions can be found of its feeding preferences and tendency to attack unexpectedly. The danger to humans is high and first aid recommendations are given. There are some suggested folk remedies that are said to act as a repellent to drop bears. These include having forks in the hair or a Vegemite behind the ears. There is no evidence to suggest that any such repellents work. And you can see more at the Australian site.  The tall tales get spun even higher of course, including accounts of having been attacked by drop bears and the rest. And naturally the meme has spread widely. With new modifications, we need to inform tourists to Australia of the danger of the drop bear. And there's even a rating scale as sometimes the drop bear danger is extreme and even catastrophic. And in response, of course, there has become a drop bear preservation society. So here is an example of a hoax that's just good clean fun, verging clearly into tall tale territory. But you know, everybody can enjoy the drop bear, even if you might have been fooled initially. Now in pranks, hoaxes and frauds, there's an intent to deceive, but there is some distinction among them. Due to the extent of the prank or the hoax, the public or non-public, public nature of the activity, and shall we say the spirit in which it is offered. Frauds, on the other hand, are a criminal form of deception. Someone gets hurt. One of the founders of the Bay Area Skeptics, let's hear it for Bay Area Skeptics, was the late Robert Steiner, a magician and skeptic who wrote this book on scams and frauds, which has been used and may still be being used by police departments to try to train their staffs. With fraud, there's damage. The damage may be financial. Ponzi schemes are a classic example of this, as are the sorts of things that are described in Bob's book. Confidence games like the pigeon drop and the rest. And everybody has received at least one, if not more, Nigerian letters. Someone gets hurt and someone is trying to gain. Now here's an interesting story. Is it a hoax or a fraud? Was there a hybrid human chimpanzee? Oliver was captured as a young chimp about six years old in West Africa and brought to the United States by some animal trainers, Janet and Frank Berger. As too often happens with chimps, they get too big and powerful. You really don't want an animal that's about twice as strong as you with the emotional control of a toddler. Eventually most pet chimps are handed off to other people and so was Oliver. He made his way through several private owners to companies that provide chimps for research to finally ending out his days at a chimp refuge in Texas where he definitely had a better quality of life than a five foot by seven foot cage in a laboratory. He died in 2012 at age approximately 55. What made people speculate that Oliver was a human zee? Well, he had a suite of rather odd characteristics. He was bald. He had a smaller head in proportion to his body. He had funny ears that were set high up on his head. He has freckles and he had a much, much flatter face than is typical of most chimpanzees. He was also really personable, very, very friendly to humans, which is not unusual in hand-reared chimps. Often hand-reared chimps are not very well socialized when it comes to being a chimp. He acted like a hand-reared chimp. He drank from cups. He used silverware, not very well. They're just not adept enough with pre-ensility. He smoked cigars. He drank liquor. He was quite human in his behavior. He also tended to walk erect, which is a very odd thing for chimpanzees. Most chimpanzees are knuckle walkers. They walk with their forepart of their body weight on the knuckles of their hands. And his gait was pretty unusual. Most chimpanzees, when they do walk bipedally, which is part of the locomotive repertory, they have this kind of funny, choppy side-to-side gait. He didn't have a stride, but he was better at it than most chimpanzees.  Well, one way would be to compare his chromosomes. Most apes have 48 chromosomes. Humans have 46. If Oliver were a human zee, he might have an intermediate number of chromosomes. This is often the case with hybridization. There's something in between. And if you could check his DNA further, you might find out if there are more similarities between his DNA in humans or his DNA in chimps. Eventually, long after Oliver's life as an exhibit of the human zee, so to speak, this was done. Oliver has 48 chromosomes, just like a chimp. Panthroglatates. The investigators compared Oliver's chromosomal banding and mitochondrial DNA as well and found that when Oliver's mitochondrial DNA was compared to chimps and bonobos in humans, he was most similar to West African chimps. And among West African chimps, those from Gabon were the most similar to him. So, Oliver is a regular panthroglatates, not a human chimp cross, not a bonobo cross, or even a mutant chimp. So, what explains his appearance and behavior then? Well, you can train a chimp to walk upright. It's part of their locomotor repertory, and a cattle prod can do many wonderful things when it comes to negative reinforcement. This is a macaque. This is a monkey that's much more of an obligate quadruped than a chimp, and it's walking pretty erect. Although it's rare, it's possible to make a non-human primate walk bipedally. And some chimps and some monkeys are going to be better at it than others. What about his flatter face? What about the reduced prognathism, as we say in the physical anthropology biz? The fact that the lower portion of Oliver's face sticks out very... A normal chimpanzee lower face sticks out very far from a line drawn under the orbits, which is more physical anthropology than you need to know. This is what a normal adult chimp mouth looks like. Stay away from it. It has very big front teeth, and the bone around the teeth, the alveolar bone that support these big incisors and canines, is very thick and very strong. Of course, it reflects the size of the teeth. It makes the chimp have a very protruding lower facial area, both the maxilla and the mandible. One of the differences between chimps and early humans is that when you first start seeing this flattening out of the face in the early hominid record, that's when you're seeing the hominization, the HOMO component of our ancestry rather than the Australopithecine component of our ancestry. We don't have the big incisors and canine teeth, we don't have the big supporting jaws. Here is a picture of Oliver in a still that I took from a YouTube video from a BBC program. I apologize that it's blurry, but that's the nature of things. It was the best thing that was available. Someone pulled out all his front teeth. I don't know when this happened, but I hypothesized that it was very early in the game. So is Oliver a fraud? Well, certainly in the past. He brought his chimps teeth, shaved his head and made him walk on two legs. Certainly in the past, several people tried to spread the meme that this creature was a chimp human hybrid. Was there an intent to deceive? Probably. At least on the part of some who promoted the human Z. But harm is also a criterion of fraud. So who is harmed? The various people who paid money for Oliver thinking he was a human Z. Here is Oliver in retirement. At the chimp sanctuary in Texas before he died. Almost blind, arthritic, with his upper jaw resorbed almost back to his nose. I'd say that to mutilate an intelligent, self-conscious, socially and psychologically sensitive creature easily meets the criterion of harm. Oliver's handlers perpetuated a fraud. Returning to our basic outline, frauds, hoaxes and pranks are based on deliberate deception and pranks are based on deliberate deception. The perpetrator knows that he or she is being deceitful. But not all falsehood is the result of deception. One can be wrong and sincere as well as wrong and fraudulent. Creationists believe that because all creatures were created at the same time, humans lived with dinosaurs. This means we should find the remains of humans and dinosaurs together. So it's a lot of interest among young earth creationists to find evidence, for example, human and dinosaur footprints together. The Pilexie River in Texas is a favorite of creationists and they have long claimed to be able to find human and dinosaur footprints together. There are track ways of dinosaur footprints in the Pilexie River area. There's even a really nice little state park museum where you can see them. And sometimes you see these kind of lozens shaped features that superficially look like footprints. Back in the depression, locals used to dig out dinosaur tracks and sell them to tourists. They found that human footprints sold better. So they began to carve out human prints instead of digging out dinosaur ones. Now clearly these were fraudulent. There was an intent to deceive and the person purchasing these prints was cheated. But there are also phenomena at Pilexie that clearly aren't carved and some creationists point out dinosaur and human coexistence. Now I assure you there are alternative explanations for these prints. They could be scour marks or eroded dinosaur tracks or any of a number of natural explanations. And if you want to know more, go to NCSE's website where this is discussed in a great deal of detail. But more to the point today, very sincere individuals who believe that there truly are human tracks at Pilexie are not knowingly perpetuating a falsehood. Being wrong is not the same as being fraudulent. Now just because you sincerely believe something doesn't make you less wrong.  But I think there's a difference. First of all, sincerely misinformed people are capable of changing their minds with evidence. The cameras don't bother because they have a vested interest. A geologist, Glenn Kubin, has come up with some plausible explanations of the more realistic appearing tracks. And interestingly, he has found general acceptance for his views among creationists. Now consider the structure of a typical tridactyl dinosaur leg.   The arrow there is pointing to the metatarsals. These are the major bones of the foot. Generally the metatarsals or in the hands, metacarpals don't touch the ground. They don't touch the surface. It's like a dog. They walk along on the pad so to speak. When such a print is made the weight of the animal, but sometimes the surface is very slippery or in mud or some uneven kind of surface sometimes a quadrupedal animal who has this kind of metatarsal structure will sort of squat down on the metatarsals rather than staying up on the balls of the feet. And when this happens the weight of the animal is in the middle of the metatarsals as you would expect and the toes make much less deep prints. The toe marks are going to be shallower, more likely to be infilled with other sediment and more difficult to see. Now at a later time, when the prints are exposed, sometimes you can see these toe prints and then clearly this lozenge shaped man-track as they are called is really just an eroded dinosaur track. And this is apparently what happened in the mid-1980s when Kubin and Hastings examined this tailor site which I showed you a picture of which had been considered man-tracks. After some erosion some of the tracks were more like three-toed dinosaur tracks. The toes were appearing at the front where they hadn't been obvious in earlier years. Now what's remarkable about this not just that it's good science and action so to speak was that John Morris geologist from the Institute for Creation Research went out with Kubin, was shown the tracks and has gone on record as saying that these tracks cannot be considered evidence for human and dinosaur tracks coexisting. Now Morris has not given up on the idea that humans and dinosaurs coexist. I assure you of that. But he and the Institute for Creation Research no longer promote the Pilexie tracks as evidence for humans and dinosaurs living together. Now of course things are never quite as simple as they sound. Part of the reason why this turnaround at ICR happened is that Glenn Kubin is himself an evangelical Christian. Although clearly his views on science differ greatly from those of the Morris's and ICR. But he had the credibility for John Morris to go out there and say I'm a trustworthy person look at these tracks this is an eroded dinosaur track it is not a man track. So to finish up let's enjoy our urban legends and even our pranks. Let's be wary of hoaxes and let's especially be wary of frauds. One can have fun, tell tall tales and be playfully deceptive without hurting people. And let's also be cognizant that not everything that is erroneous is necessarily fraudulent. There is an old expression. There is a difference between ignorance and stupidity. Ignorance is curable. Similarly there is a difference between being wrong and perpetuating a fraud. Being wrong is curable. From being wrong is to get their trust and show them convincing evidence presented in a persuasive and logical manner. That's what my colleagues at NCSE do when it comes to evolution and climate change and I think that's what all of a skeptic should be trying to do. When we are trying to help the public understand how exciting science is and what a cool thing it is and how wonderful it is to be better able to understand the natural world. Which of course the next speaker has done brilliantly throughout his whole career and I cannot wait to hear how he will enlighten us once again. If you want more information on this kind of thing may I recommend the NCSE websites, the main website we have a YouTube site there's also a Facebook site. Please avail yourself of these wonderful resources on evolution and climate change. Speaking of Facebook, if you want to correspond with me I'm going to ask you to come over here for one second. There's someone who would like to say a few words to you to recognize your potential and your potential. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks to you. Thanks to you to recognize your continued excellence and I think I can recognize him as well. Ladies and gentlemen, once again James Randy. I have known iced op for many many years now. It's always been a pleasure to speak with her and to have her attend us so many times she has. It is my distinct pleasure to present James Randy Award for Skepticism in the Public Interest. It's presented to Dr. Eugene Scott with gratitude for her steadfast advocacy work in support of scientific skepticism and in defense of science education. Let's hear it. Yeah, we're gonna need, oh, yeah. Just a minute. Oh my goodness, look at all of this. Sit down, sit down, please. So Randy says, say a few words and I'm saying, come on guys, you're already running late. Everybody wants to hear Bill anyway, so thank you. Unaccustomed as I am to public speaking. I won't. Thank you very much, James Randy Educational Foundation, a wonderful organization that I hope you support. And I will treasure this. Thank you so much. Eugene Scott, Eugene Scott, one of the heroes, one of the real actual heroes.


Your voice is for a moment or two as we join together in centering silence when our voice is in song once more with our in-gathering hymn number 224. And so good morning and welcome to the First Unitarian Society of Madison, a community where curious seekers gather to explore spiritual, ethical and social issues in an accepting and nurturing environment. Unitarian Universalism supports the freedom of conscience of each individual as together we seek to be a force for greater good in the world. I'm Michael Shuler, the senior minister, and on behalf of the congregation I'd like to extend a special welcome to any visitors among us this morning.  You are invited to stay for our fellowship hour after the service and look for people who are carrying those teal stoneware mugs, FUS members who are knowledgeable about our programs and our community life and they would look forward to speaking with you this morning. And you can also stop by our information table outside the library where you can find more information about upcoming events and programs. In this lively acoustical environment it can be difficult for those in attendance to hear what is happening in our service, although that shouldn't be much of a problem this morning. But in any case, we do have a child haven and a commons area that are excellent places to retire if anybody in your family needs to talk or to move around. The service can still be heard and seen from those areas. We also have hearing assistance devices, they are available and our ushers would be very pleased to help you if you would need one of those devices. This would be talking about devices a good time to turn off any other devices that you brought with you, which might disrupt the lovely music this morning. These guides are generally available to get building tours after our service, but when I was looking at our scheduler this morning I did not note that anybody had signed up to be a guide. But in any case, the guides usually do meet over by the windows to my right and if you are interested in a tour we can probably accommodate you because there are a number of people here who are knowledgeable about our facilities. I'd now like to acknowledge those individuals who help our services to run smoothly. Our ushers this morning are Brian Channis, Paula Ault, Bob Ault and Chuck Evanson. Our greeter upstairs was Joe Kramer, the president of the society. Our sound operator is Maureen Friend, hospitality, coffee and other little goodies available for being prepared by Sandra Plisch and Biss Nitschke and Helena Mugevna. Our book table should be open this morning as well so you might want to stop by there and look at the wonderful selection that we have for sale. You just might find a holiday gift for somebody special. Please note those announcements in your red floors insert which describe upcoming events of the society and provide more information about programs that are coming up in the next week or so. So again, welcome. We hope today's service will stimulate your mind, touch your heart and stir your spirit. For Diwali, menorah candles flicker, Christmas lights glow, all the candles, all the glimmering lights to drive away the darkness of cold heartless winter.  I invite you to rise and body and spirit for the lighting of our chalice. Our affirmation is responsive. Please join your voices in reading the italicized sections. May the light of joy we kindle this morning brighten our lives. May the light of morality teach us the right. May the light of freedom burn more purely in our hearts. May the light of hope give us high vision. May the light of Hanukkah and the holiday season never be extinguished in our lives. And in the spirit of that ever-present light, please turn and exchange a warm greeting with your neighbor. Please be seated. In this Hanukkah Advent season, may we be blessed with visions of peace. The peace of the dawn in all of its stillness, the gentle snow falling ever so softly, the world slowly reawakening from its deep December slumber. May we be at one with winter's hard but gentle peace. May we have knowledge of peace, the peace of meaningful tasks well performed, of good works accomplished, of generous giving and grateful receiving. There is a peace born of honest labor and selfless endeavor that gives strength to our spirits and courage to our lives. Let us have knowledge of this peace. May we enjoy feelings of peace, the peace of love, of companionship with those whom we trust and cherish. Whether at work, play, or as we sit in silent company, may we find comfort and reassurance in their familiar presence. May we cultivate the peace of love. And may we harbor aspirations of peace. The peace of nations, races, religions. A peace that sometimes seems oh so elusive, so improbable, so unattainable. But as we enter the holiday season, may we dream peace, wish for peace, create peace. May we be the peace that we wish to see. Now on a somewhat quieter note from my colleague in the Unitarian Ministry, David Rankin, who says that I refuse to wish away winter. It is a glorious season of the year and not simply a prelude to spring. The winter air is pure and refreshing. The winter sky has a clarity and brilliance at night. The winter trees are penciled into the dawn and the sunset, and the winter birds give shows of strength and endurance. The winter fields hide rare and mysterious truths, and the winter winds sweep friends and family together. The winter snow invites fun and sport and play, and the winter ice calls for skill and alertness. The winter cold inspires hugs and cuddling. The winter needs illicit gifts and sharing. The winter silence assists us in thought and meditation, and the winter kitchen has deeper smells and finer tastes. The winter fog and darkness, these stir joy and merry making, and so I refuse to wish away winter. It is a season rich in meaning and pregnant with the colossus of hope. Kabir was a 15th century Indian poet whose verses were influenced both by Sufism and Hinduism. The Lord is in me, and the Lord is in you, as life is in every seed. O servant, put false pride away and seek for him within you. A million suns are ablaze with light. The sea of blue spreads in the sky. The fever of life is stilled. All stains are washed away when I sit in the midst of the world. Work to the unstruck bells and drums. Take your delight in love. Reigns pour down without water, and the rivers are streams of light. One love it is that pervades the whole world, but few there are who know it wholly. They are blind and hope to see it by the light of their reason, but reason is the cause of separation. The house of reason is very far away. How blessed is Kabir that amidst this great joy he sings within his own vessel. It is the music of the meeting of soul with soul. It is the music of the forgetting of sorrows. It is the music that transcends all that is coming in and all that is going forth. In his book, Walk Through the Year, the naturalist Edwin Way Teo recorded his observations in a journal for every day of a calendar year, this entry from December the 8th. Wandering through the juniper clumps on juniper hill in the bright sunshine on a cold December morning, I hear the whistling of a cardinal. The clear musical sound carries from the trees along the brook. It comes over the lane, over the pasture, over the pond to where I stand. It reminds me of how in the years since we have been on this old New England farm, the cardinal, the mockingbird, and the tufted titmouse, all birds associated with the south have increased in our region. The first cardinal to visit us in winter, I recall, was extremely shy, easily alarmed. The newcomer was an odd bird out of its territory and it flew up frequently. It gleaned around the edges of the feeding areas. It gave way to other birds, especially the aggressive blue jays. Even now we notice a characteristic of our cardinals in that they are early and late feeders. In winter, as soon as the day breaks, we see them coming for scattered seed almost as early as the tree sparrows. They tend to make their harvest of food before the more dominant birds arrive, and in the fading light after the sun has set, when the larger birds are all gone, the cardinals are again active. When frightened away, they tend to remain away for a longer time than any of the other species. In the last few years, cardinals have been nesting at trail wood, and once they raised a brood in the tangle of a pillar close to the kitchen door, we see the males at mating time pick up and pass to the females plump sunflower seeds. We see the young brought to the terrace and introduced to the source of food found in the seeds that had fallen from our hanging feeders. In winter, the red of the red birds amid the snow and the clear carrying whistle of their repeated callings brings color and cheer to these days of wind and storm. For so long associated with the southern states, the voice of the cardinal is now one of the dominant sounds produced by the songbirds in our northern winters. Let's continue in the meditative mood that that song evoked. Suddenly this past week, the air became bitter cold, the wind biting. Snow fell, roadways froze for the first time since April, alerting us to the onset at last of winter. May we not rue but rather welcome this seasonal shift. For winter presents opportunities not spring nor fall nor even summer can afford. Winter was in centuries less complicated than ours. Winter was a firelight storytelling time, a time for recalling the deeds of ancestors, for unthawing old traditions before an open hearth. Winter is the fallow season, quieter, more mellow. But if the cold and dark induce depression, they also invite deeper reflection. Like the icy formations outside on roof and bow, new insights can crystallize in the stillness as the world slumbers beneath the solstice moon. Let us then invite winter into our harried lives and permit it to do what it does best. Blow us down, sharpen our senses, steady our restless spirits, preparing us as only cold and darkness can for the resurrection that will surely follow. Let us continue in a moment or two more of silent meditation. Blessed be and amen. And now it is the time for the giving and receiving of our offering. And as your program indicates, your gifts today will be dedicated in their entirety to our outstanding music program. Please be generous. As the turning year tips into December and thanksgiving memories give way to Christmas expectations, we pause once more to express gratitude for the heart's work, for seeds of faith planted with faith, for love nurtured by love, for courage strengthened by courage. We give thanks for the struggling soul, the bitter and the sweet, for that which has grown in adversity, and for that which has flourished in warmth and grace, for the radiance of the Spirit in autumn, and for all which must inevitably fade and die, for the many blessings of life recognized and unrecognized once more today we give thanks. Now I invite you to rise in body and spirit as we sing together our concluding carol number 235.


Any 14 year old who failed this exam, I just want to tell you, I'm a doctor, okay?  I want to work it out, I should be able to work it out. No, honestly, it's true. Why are you laughing? I'm right.  I'm more like, I have to visualize the question. When someone asks me, it doesn't.  But if I don't get a point, just wanting a point, I'm going to get punished as well. Hey everyone, I hope you're well. Welcome back to my channel, or if you're new here, my name is Steppy. I think my sister's going to hear. So I'm going to whisper this bit a bit more quiet, but today, as you can tell by the title of this video, I'm going to be filming a trick questions video with my sisters, where I ask them all trick questions, but tell them that it's a simple quiz. And I want to see how they react. I think it'll be really funny. So if you like this video, please give it a thumbs up. Give us a thumbs up now, and subscribe down below. If you want to see more videos like this, then let me know. Okay, I'm going to go call them so that we can film this. But remember, they won't know that it's all trick questions.  Well, what is this? I'm scared. Don't worry about it, but like, as in, yeah, be fun with it, but don't like, obviously, try your best. Ready? Go. Yes. Hey everyone. Hi everyone. I hope you're well. Welcome back to my channel. If you're new here, my name is Steppy. And today, I'm joined by my lovely sisters.  I think for a few years. It's been a few years. I was going through my channel and honestly, I think it was like the start of COVID, the last time we all like, I don't even think you were in that one. It was me, Sol and Mummy. No. Yeah.   So it's been ages to say the least. Anyway, I thought that Sol, Simon and I have been really like, obviously working really hard recently. And I thought it would be really fun if we did a fun, easy, like a fun. We don't know what the title is or what we've signed up to. Or what this video is about. And then she said, if he hasn't told us anything. No, it's really a really fun video. Okay. So this is lighthearted. You're meant to have fun with it, but it is a competition between you two. Okay. So we're essentially doing a general knowledge quiz, a general knowledge quiz that 14 year old high school students in America did. Okay. We want to see like, which one of you guys score better? Well, I'm sorry to just say, why is she not involved in this quiz? Because someone needs to ask the questions. Yeah. Why couldn't I ask the questions? And it would have been one like this week between you and Sefi. I had to, I had to, we can do it again. If you guys, if you guys enjoy this, give it a thumbs up and write in the comments down below. I think Sefi shouldn't get away with this easily. Go against the winner next time. Okay. All right. But remember, so obviously like, yes, it was designed for 14 year old high school students, but you guys haven't been in high school for ages. You're both doctors now, souls are dentists. Sina is a medical doctor. So, yeah, like your knowledge will probably be much more in science versus like general knowledge. Yeah. So I'm 12. This is two years over my age. Okay. So the way that it works is I want each of you to have a noise that you want to make when you want to answer. You can't touch the table. It has to be a verbal noise. Hi. Hi. Hi. Hi. Hi. I don't know if it's a boop or a boop, but whatever it is, there's one. Hi. That's it. Okay. So I want to say hi and you want to say, oops, okay. No. Should we do a test run? Okay. So what color is my dress? Hi. So Sina was faster. Okay. Quite easy for us to differentiate.  If you say the wrong noise, I won't let you get the point. Okay. So question number one, what are two things? Sorry. Is it hard? No. I should laugh. I didn't want to have the giggles. Okay. Question number one, what are two things you can never eat for breakfast? Gone. A spoon and fork. Lunch and dinner. Yes. Really? I was going to point, I don't even know what I was going to respond to that spoon and fork. Sorry. Yeah, but I was like, you can't eat them. Can you? I guess they're like those things. My answer's not wrong though. Unless they're like the cake ones. And also can I just say something? You can have dinner for breakfast. You can because I know that like for example Asian breakfast is actually rice and noodles. But that's their breakfast. It's not dinner. No, because then that's my dinner isn't it? So it's not my dinner. No, I don't really count this question. I think it's okay. You can't have a spoon and fork to me. Question number two, you're going to get minus points if you keep going down the table. You can't eat the table. She can't sign. She goes like, well, did you say whoop? She's like, you get minus points if you go against me.  Okay, question number two, what word is spelled incorrectly in every single dictionary? Hi. Incorrectly. Yes. This is BS them too. Okay, question number three, what word would you use to describe a man who does not have all his fingers on one hand? A one-handed man. No, the answer is normal because no one has all their fingers on one hand. You only have one finger on one hand. Okay. But no, these are not general knowledge. These are actually trick questions. Since when do they ask a 40? I'm sorry, I had sat. They don't ask me, oh, what do you call a free-legged horse? And then someone's right. And then they're like, no, this is wrong. So this is, well, this is what they use to find the cleverest kids in America. Okay, next question, what can one catch that is not thrown? Well done. Right, this is how I'm reading. No, these are riddles. I'm not good with riddles. Like seriously, it's a riddle. It's not like general knowledge. It's a riddle. Okay, next question. How can a woman go 25 days without sleep scientifically? How can a woman go 25 days without sleep? Scientifically. 25 days. Is it something to do with a menstrual cycle? No. Can she not go to sleep for 25 days? No. How can she go 25 days with no sleep? She can't. Is that, is anyone going to buzz in for an hour? All right. You go on to find out. She can't. Correct. That's not correct. Good. Do you want to try? Trying to take my answer. If she's in Angie's coma. No, because then she's sleeping. No, because then she's sleeping. Yeah, so she can't. Wait, say the question again. How can a woman go 25 days without sleeping scientifically? Oh, go on. By closing her eyes, sitting up.  Why? Okay, but you can sit like this and just like that. Okay, but you're sleeping then. You're just sleeping. In a different posh sina. So sleeping. What is it? The answer is that she sleeps at night. Oh, 25 days. I told you it's riddles.  How is this possible? Go on. Because they're holding on to the boat and swimming in the water. Well done. It's really? No. That was really exciting. The boat is full of people.  That's another boat. It's my turn, isn't it? Sorry, that's not your noise, so you don't get the answer. What were you going to say? No, I'm not going to say it now. Just say it's all. They're not on board, they're in the boat. That's what I said there. They were in the water. No, they're in the boat. They're not on the boat. But that's still on board. If you're on board, that means you're within. So the question again, how can you spot?  They're all couples. Well done, but you don't get the point. They're all couples. No, you can't give it to her. You know what I'm saying? I had a go. No. Okay, next question. This is rubbish, I can't. If you have a ball with six apples and you take away four, how many do you have? Gone. You have a ball with six apples. You can't say you take away four. Why? Four. Well done. You have a ball with six apples. How many points do you have now? Three. Four. Three. Four. Four. Wait, can I just ask you? There's three. She's cheating, guys. No, there's four on the floor as well. I'm not sure. But listen, you have a ball. Technically, I should have five. Can I just get this? Can I just hear the question again? You have a ball with six apples. You take four. How many do you have? Oh, how many do you have? This is BS. I swear to you. It's just, it's a riddle game. And they know I'm not good at riddles. I didn't even know what I was sounding like. I'm a straight and forward passer. Honestly, I'm a straight and forward passer. What are you implying?  So like that's how you know when people giving riddles. I can't lie. Sol, Sol, you seem to know a lot of these answers. Did you sit this test before? No, but how would I know? You're not, you must have watched it on TikTok. I've not. I feel like she's watched this on TikTok and she sees stuff like this. I love her to God I haven't. She has some. Can I just say something? No, but how would I know? That test of the 40-year-old in America sound. That's not the case. I know what it is. She genuinely, honestly, hand on heart has always had like, this is her hobby because I remember in Latvia you always used to give random riddles. We didn't care. And whenever you talk to someone like for the first time like let's say a guy or something always you ask them like or you tell them a riddle. Don't give away her game to the internet. I'm sorry my bad. That's like her chat up line. She's got a limit. Okay, guys we're going to do the last two questions. Sine, to give you- So no matter what I'm not going to win. No, to give you an incentive if you don't score a point you're going to get a punishment. Can I just say something?  No, don't please. I just had the shower washed my hair. Then at least get one of them right. You say it like I don't. They're like I'm purposely sitting here. Or sympathy as well. I can't win. He's not rude. What? Okay. Last two questions. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. Hold on a minute. So if I don't get a point- What do I win? If I don't get a point and it looks silly to the rest of the world by not knowing your riddles but if I don't get a point just one single point I'm going to get punished as well. What do I get? I feel like it's my childhood all over again when- So I'll take you up to the next year. You know when you're- Oh. That's horrible. It's like you know when your parents like everyone who knows this it's like when you have Middle Eastern parents in particular when they'd ask like your dad would like sit there and like question you on your homework and then the whole time you're not scared about getting the questions like as in your homework wrong, right? You're scared like your dad asking you these questions and you're gonna get it wrong and you'll tell you of it. Like my homework would be English like spell, spell man. And my dad would be like what's five times eight? And then he would be like Forty, what do you mean? What are we going for dinner? That's horrible. Okay. Okay, go on. Okay, next question. It's a little bit mathsy. How many seconds are there in a year? In a year? What, what, what? This is all- Oh, be on- Calculating 20. No, you're the calculator. So look, there's 60 is one hour. Yeah. 60. Done. No, no, let's say- I'll calculate it, would you? Okay. 60 in an hour, 24. No, wait, no. Let's do in a minute because it's seconds, right? So how many seconds are there in a minute? In a minute. That's what I said. So 60 in a minute, okay? So 60 times 60 is 360. Okay, 360. No, it's 3,600. I'm just- Oh, I didn't mean it at all. Oh God, I did really well in a little maths. 3,600. Can I just say something? In an exam, depending on if you're on the computer and if it's not and it was written like during- You got it out. You got it out. No, you're allowed calculators as long as it's a scientific calculator. We know it now. Either of you have an answer. I'm going to make it up. Go on. Okay. I say in how many seconds are there in one year? Is that the question? Yeah. In one year, how many seconds there are? Hi. No, I haven't- She's already said she has an answer. Okay, go on. 3.6 million. No, no, it's not. It's not a number. I don't think it's a number. I know, that's not a number. She's throwing us off in a year. So it's the spelling and how many seconds? It will be like, no, none. How does that even make sense? Right, okay. In a year, like the spelling of year. How many- Guys, by the way, I don't want to put you guys off, but they've written in here what percentage of the high school students in America got this right and it was like 78 percent. Really? Yeah. So can I just say something? That mean I'm retaking a year because my parents won't accept that. Seriously. And I'm not allowed to do summer school because we go to Iran. I'm saying yes. Is it a new miracle answer? Yes. Then I want to work it out. I should be able to work it out. Yeah, with a calculator. Oh, give me a piece of paper. You're telling me what? Give her a piece of paper. I want to use a paper. You can write a piece of paper. No, why would I write a piece of paper? So good she literally was born as a mathematician. Like her name, her middle name is Calculator. Honestly, I don't know. This isn't fair. Can I just say what I love is that you could have think of a single mathematician. Pythagoras. No, I wasn't trying to figure out a mathematician. But what was it? Because I didn't mean it. There were famous mathematicians. Is it a new miracle? I didn't mean it. There were famous mathematicians. There are so many famous mathematicians. Yeah. Okay, go on. Just give me a piece of paper. If it's a new miracle value, we'll work it out. What's my point? Three points. Okay. Give me a mark. Yeah. Yeah. The answer we were looking for is 12. There are 12 seconds, the second of January, the second of February, the second of March. But this is BS. Come on. Like, how many... I knew there was something to it. Like, also, should I tell you something? I'm more like a... I'm more like I have to visualize the question. When someone asks me, it doesn't absorb it when I visualize and see the question. Yeah, well, these students... I like that as well. But also, the spelling is different. No, it's not as a... All right, go on. Next question. Last question. What breaks and never falls? And what falls and never breaks? I feel like I've heard this riddle before from you, honestly. What breaks and never falls? Okay, boom! Done. A car breaks and never falls. So you've never watched Pastor Furious write falls off that mountain. But falls and never breaks? Yeah. What falls and never breaks? A banana never breaks if you drop it. Hi! No, no, no. But it does. Your blood pressure falls. That's BS. And it breaks as well. Breaks but doesn't fall. So you can't fall in love? Yeah, yours is wrong. So you're out. You technically didn't use your sound. So if you wanted... What breaks? Ask her the question again. What breaks but never falls? And what falls but never breaks? What breaks? Breaks.  No, it's not. Hang on. What breaks and never falls? You never snapped a banana, no? That's a snap. It's not a break. Whenever you're done. Okay, what breaks?  Or they drop their banana and they're like, Oh, I hope it never breaks. So it doesn't break. No, honestly, it's true. Definitely true.  Literally, 14 year old who failed this exam. I just want to tell you, I'm a doctor, okay? I know I got one thing right, all right? So you're not dumb.  Whoever wrote this rubbish. It's not a nice person. They think they're clever. Come, let me ask you some medical questions and see if you know the answer. Seriously. What's the answer? A banana. Is it a banana? No, seriously. They wish you could just mention it, banana. Got breathed. Oh my God. What falls and never break? Oh, an apple. Stop apples on the side of the room. It's smashed. It's not broken. No, seriously. Like, what falls? She's gonna... Watermelon. Oh, my water. The watermelon broke. But you don't hear. What falls and doesn't break? Yeah. What falls? Let's be serious, so I won't say that. What falls and doesn't break? And breaks and doesn't fall? I'll give you a hint. It's not a physical object. Is it like in a gaseous, though? No. It's a different medium of energy. Like, coming up. Alien. I mean, we wouldn't know the answer to that. What is it? Night falls and day breaks. But day doesn't fall. Whatever, but honestly, this is like, it's riddles. You know the truth is that whoever got any of these answers right is a psychopath? I bet you it's something like... No, but you said it's the same thing. It's a night and day. No. She said what falls and never breaks and what breaks and never falls. Also, to be honest, I was kind of... This question, I actually answered it correctly. Shall I tell you why? No, I said to God, because the moon is in the shape of a banana. The moon is in the shape of a banana. Sometimes, like the mean shape... It's not always round, is it? Yeah, but to be fair, it's like an eclipse or something. Oh, so sorry. I want some peanut butter with my banana.  Yeah, but I'm sorry. Have you not seen the Jaffa cake yet? Like, not Jaffa cake. Who was it? It was Jaffa cake. Whoever answers this is a psychopath, so she's not going to take care of it. I didn't answer it. The question is right, so I'm sorry we've lost, so... She's taking me out for dinner. Okay. What are you taking me? So, guys, thank you so much for... You know why she's taking you out for dinner? Because you're so sad that you've gone and learnt all this stuff. So, thank you guys so much for both of us. I'm such a hater. The other saw one. He's got all these right. And I'm like, no, you're this. Thank you, guys. I'm so joking. Well done. You're so careful, so. Thank you guys so much for participating. That's a banana. Okay, let me finish. I'm sorry. So, thank you guys so much for participating. I think it's quite clear here that we have a winner and that winner is Saul. In second place we have... At least I'm not third place. So, well done. Like I said, this was the test used by the scientists at Michigan University to test on 14-year-old high school students. So, compared to them, your average was slightly lower. How do you feel about that? No, it wasn't. It was. No, I got seven questions right. You did... She's just... Where did you add in numbers? Where did you add in numbers? Where did you add in... I'm sorry. Did you... The banana you got wrong? Well, that... It's the banana. The year thing you got wrong as well, did you add in... And she hasn't even asked seven questions. I think she's asked six questions. No, I've asked ten. You are quite a bad judge though. I'm not going to lie because you can't even calculate how many questions you've asked and who got it right or wrong. And I do know who did get it. And then you were sitting here. It wasn't hard to see the maths. You didn't get a single one right. That's it. You know what? I swear to God I'm going to ask her a question. Let's see if she gets this right. Seriously, I want to ask you a question. Okay. We'll do it again. If anyone wants to see you ask me a question, they can say in the comments down below, we can redo a challenge and then this way, you can be the Quizmaster and it can be me versus Sol. No. She can do it again. Give her a chance to be you. Or we could do it all three of us and we could bring in a Quizmaster. Can I just ask the question? Before we sign out, I just want to say that this was no way a general knowledge quiz.  I think the fact that you did get them right is either A. Conciling, like sign this. Or B. You really do use them as chat up points. I don't do. She doesn't. You do, don't you? No. It's not that. She loves asking. You see, there was a few. She always used to come home from uni and then be loved reading riddles. It wasn't that I like, I didn't like talking shop. So I didn't like speaking about uni and we'd go out. I'd just give people either random facts and I'd want them to give me a random fact or I'd ask them riddles. So, there you go. I hope you guys feel better now. There you go.  No. Really?  I was actually thinking of writing a letter and saying an email, not a letter, but literally say, this is really unfair to those poor kids. I would have got it wrong. Are you still taking me out for dinner? I will take you out for dinner. So, Simon will also be there and we're all going to Gaia next week. So... Ah, nice. That's so sweet. I feel so much better tonight. This is not a general knowledge test. If you guys enjoyed this video as much as I have enjoyed laughing at these two, sorry, sorry it was at your expense, but I feel like we laughed together. But we did. We did laugh together. It was you two laughing at me. No. We laughed at her, too. Okay, just joking. And laugh. We did laugh at you as well. Some of you are... I just thought we were laughing at each other. Remember when you got really angry? Remember when you got really angry and wanted a sheet of paper to do the math? Guys, I just want to ask you that if you now fancy any sort of protein shake with peanut butter and banana in it, or any... Is that because we had one earlier today? Or a banana, then please write in the comment down below. Please write. No, because honestly, it looks like we're not... Oh my God, we're not going back to this. Thank you guys for watching. If you've enjoyed this video, please make sure you press the like button, subscribe to more videos from Seppy. And if you want to see the three of us together chatting more, then give us some video ideas down below in the comments. We love you all so much. Oh, wait. Tell us how many you got right. I want to know if anyone managed to get them all right. Or if anyone was like me. It's fine that I would have been like you. I did not know a single aunt, someone else going through that one. Okay, I promise. I promise. All right, guys, we'll let them. Let's do that. No, we love you. Bye. Bye.


Look, welcome everyone to this session today. We are really excited to have Bartosz Malewski with us. He has done many things in his career, which some of you will know him more for some of them for others. He started out as a physicist. He worked for Microsoft for a period of time. He started off doing C++ programming for the longest time before he switched over to Haskell. And he's moved into category theory of late, which of course he is of some renowned and has written a book on category theory for programmers, which I'm guessing probably what has brought many of you here as well is some of his Haskell work in the past. He did quite a bit of training, I believe. So Bartosz, we're thrilled to have you with us today. Over to you. So let me share my screen. So thank you for having me. I wish I could be there in person. I always wanted to visit India, but we'll have to do it virtually. So the title of my talk, Teaching Optics Through Conspiracy Theory. It's a sort of a clickbait title. But this is a thing that fascinated me always. You do data hiding, implementation hiding when programming, just to like get rid of too much detail so that you can work with writing code, right? Because if there's too much information, then you get overloaded. So we try to hide some stuff, whether it's implementation or data. So it sort of looks like a lot of this stuff, it looks like conspiracy theory that there are some hidden things that you don't know about. And sometimes you want to extract these things from your data types. And it's an interesting problem. Like how much can you actually extract from your data types? So here's a disclaimer. No data types were harmed while extracting their secrets. And we don't use coercion, which is like unsafe coercion in a hospital. There is this function that can do a lot of damage, but we will not be using it. Okay, so let me start with like a simplest example. So I have a function that's called double, okay? And when I call it with two, it gives me four. When I call it with three, it gives me six. With minus one, it gives me minus two. So what is this function hiding inside? I mean, it has a very suggestive title, right? The name double. So it's probably hiding two, right? So my guess is that it's probably implemented as two times X, right? Can we extract this value from it? Well, it's easy, just call it with one and it will give you this hidden value two, right? Are there other possibilities? Of course there are other possibilities. It could be multiplying by four and dividing by two. It could be doing some logarithm exponential and stuff like this, but it always boils down to the fact that it can be implemented by just multiplying by two. And this fact that it really is equivalent to multiplying by two is called isomorphism. It's like this function is isomorphic to a function that just multiplies by two. So this is sort of a warm-up example, but let's talk about something more interesting.   Functors are things that hide values and they can hide values of an arbitrary type. So you have a functor of type that's hiding something of type A, right? And all this functor lets you do is to modify this value.  So if it's a functor, you can say if it's a functor that contains, hides something of type A, you can apply a function that turns A into B and it will turn this functor into a functor full of Bs.  And this is all that you can do with this functor. And here's an example of a functor, a list, right? A list of A's, a list of A's. And notice that in special case of a list of A's is an empty list. So it doesn't really contain an A, right? So it sort of potentially contains these A's, maybe zero of them, maybe many of them, maybe 10, maybe 100, right? But all it lets you do is to apply a function and will modify the contents of this list. So if you had a list of integers, you can turn into a list of characters. If you have a function from int to char, right? There are usually ways of verifying whether this thing contains something of type A or not and how many of these things it contains, right? So there are like ways of doing this but they are not related to this thing being a functor. It's just that it's a data type and it probably has some other methods other than being a functor, right? So here's a few more examples that maybe is a functor like this. Maybe I have it, maybe I don't have it but you can apply a function to it, right? If I don't have it, then I will still have it. If I don't have something of type A, I will not have something of type B as well, right? So, but if I do contain something of type A, then you can apply the function to it, okay? Another functor, this is maybe a more interesting functor because like it doesn't really contain the A's but it can produce them. So it's a function type, a function type from some E environment, you know? And that produces an A. So it can produce it. Like if you call it with an E, it will produce an A for you. If you call it with different E, it will produce a different A, maybe, or maybe the same A, right? But it's a functor because you can apply a function. What means applying a function to this A? It means that you are post-composed this function G after this function F, right? So post-composing will change a producer of A's into a producer of B's. And there is this functor called IO, the input output functor, IO functor, right? Which really doesn't have, there is no way you can extract anything from it. It just says, I have something of type A. For instance, I have a string, right? What string it is? I won't tell you, right? Trust me, I have it, but I can't tell you. But you can look at your screen, you know? I can print it on your screen. But this is outside of the program. Here's another one. This is an interesting continuation. Continuation is something that says, don't call us, we'll call you, right? So a continuation says, I have something of type A, but I won't give it to you. However, you can call me with a function, you can give me a function that turns A's into some R.  So this function is called a handler, right? Usually, or a continuation, you know? I'll call your handler. Don't call me, I'll call your handler, okay? So a continuation is hiding something of type A. Can we extract it? Yes, we can extract it, just call this continuation with a handler that's identity, an identity function. So it turns A into A, right? And if you call it with identity, it will return you this hidden value A. So this is a way of extracting it. But there is a one-to-one correspondence between A's and continuations of type A. So not only I can extract an A from a continuation, but given an A, I can produce a continuation of type A, right? I'll just do a lambda that takes a function K, that's this handler, right? And I will call this handler of yours with the value of A that I captured, right? So this is like a closure. This is a lambda that is a closure. It closes this A and then calls your handler with this A. So you have this pair of functions, run continuation and make continuation, and they are the inverse of each other.  So this is a very important thing, the isomorphism that you can show. Continuation of A is isomorphic to A, okay? And here's the generalization of this. This is like the whole of category here is based on the oneida lemma. Oneida lemma is sort of like continuation, but it uses a functor.   So you can create a type onida of list, so F would be a list, because a list is a functor, right? And if you call me with something that turns A's into X's, I'll give you a list of X's for whatever X could be integers, could be characters, I'll give you a list of characters if you want, I'll give you a list of it. What is it hiding? Well, it's really, we know it must be hiding a list of A's, right? Or in general, a functor full of A's, right? Because if it has a functor full of A's then it can apply this function using F map, right? To turn it into a functor full of X's.   And you can also give in a functor full of A's, you can create a Ioneda data type, right? By just capturing this F A and applying F map to it.  So these polymorphic functions, they just look at commonalities of arguments. These are polymorphic functions. Whenever I say for all X, it means for whatever type X, right? But this function has a certain structure. It says, well, give me a handler that turns A's to X's, right? So even though I work for every X, what I'm expecting is a function returning X. So it's, or some other thing may be a list of X's, right? So now let's talk about existential type. This is Jean-Paul Sartre, a great philosopher and writer of existentialism, right? And we'll talk about existential types. So usually for every data type, we sort of have this pair of constructor and distractor, right? So a distractor doesn't mean that destroys it. It means just like extracts information that was put in the construction. And in type theory, it's called introduction and elimination rules. That you have a constructor for a data type and then you have a way of deconstructing it, right? But there are some data types from which you cannot extract the value that was used to construct it. So here's an example of a black hole. It's a type that has a polymorphic constructor. So this BH is a data constructor, right? But you can call this constructor with any type A, with a value of any type A.  And we'll just hide it. And there is no way to extract it. It's like if a photon falls into this black hole, you know, so I'm constructing using this constructor BH, I'm constructing a value by giving it a string, okay? But since it was constructed using a polymorphic constructor, there is no way I can extract this photon out of it, right? But in many cases, there is a way of extracting that.  So here's an example of data type called sum array that is very similar to black hole, except that it accepts an array of arbitrary type. So you know something about the construction. You know that it's an array, you don't know an array of what, right? But you know it's an array, okay? So you can sort of undo this polymorphic constructor by applying a polymorphic function. So if you have a function that acts on an array of anything, for instance, length, length is a polymorphic function, takes an array of A's and returns an integer. But it works for any type A, right? So the sum array that hides an array of A's, you can actually extract the length of the array from this by applying this polymorphic function. And the important thing is that it extracts the length of an array, but it will never disclose for you what type was hidden inside the array. So you know the form, the array, but you don't know what is inside the array, right? And indeed, you can test it, you can build an array of 10 integers, for instance, and apply this function length to it and it will return 10 the length of the array. And you can define other functions like trim, that will just discard the first element of the array or the list, right? But if you try to extract the value of type A, this is the bad function, right? It will not compile. You can apply head to this list, right? But it would disclose the type of A and the type of A is hidden. It's an existential type. This is why it's called an existential type. You know that this type exists, but you cannot extract it. And often these existential types, that's like the most common use, they contain inside two things. The producer of some value of some arbitrary type and the consumer of this value. So here's an example of a data type called height that whose constructor takes two things, a value of type A and the function that turns A's into B's, okay? Now B is the visible type, because this is like parametric by the type B, but A is hidden. A is the existential type. So the only thing that you can do with this type is to match the producer with the consumer. Since consumer is a function, you can just apply this function to this hidden value A. So you can define a function on height, that pattern matches on this constructor and applies F to A. But it will never disclose what type A was. It will return a type B, right? Which is visible. So int is visible in this example. So it's height of type int. So it can return an int, but I'm creating with the type that's of type character and the function or that turns character into an integer, right? And indeed when you call it, it will give you 97, which is the ASCII for lowercase A. So there is like a dual thing to the Yoneida lemma that the Yoneida lemma worked with this polymorphic type that was for all X. This one works with the existential type. So it's hiding type X. And the constructor, the polymorphic constructor has both the producer and the consumer. The producer in this case is a functerful of Xs. So when you construct this thing, you put a functerful of Xs and a function that takes an X and produces an A, right? So what is this function? What is this data type hiding? It's hiding a functerful of A's, okay? And you can show that this is isomorphic in the sense that given a co-yoneida of functer F and A, you can extract F of A. And again, this is simply done by F mapping this function over Fx and you can make it by given a functerful of A's, you can put this functerful of A's into co-yoneida and the consumer will just identity function, right? You can also have a contra variant consumer. So a contra variant functer is like when I say you have a consumer of something, this is what I mean. This means that it's a contra variant thing that a consumer has, instead of having the F map, it has a contra map. Contra map looks exactly like F map except that it inverts the source and the target. So here's a function that takes B and turns it into A. And given a consumer of A's, you can turn it into a consumer of B's, right? By just prepending, right? And there is a contra variant version of the co-yoneida in which you have a consumer of A's together with a consumer. So a producer of X's together with a consumer of X's, right? But this time F is a contra variant functer. And again, you have isomorphism between these two. You can take this co-yoneida prime and you can extract the consumer of A's and you can also, given a consumer of A's, you can produce a co-yoneida prime. So now let's talk about optics, okay? Lens, lens. So there is an existential version of a lens. It's a type that hides the residue of type C. So it means that you have a data type of, you have something of type S and you can split it into a focus of type A and the residue of type C. So like if you have, for instance, a pair A and C, right? You can split it into the focus A and the residue C or if you have something that contains a lot of other data, you know, beside the focus, but you can focus on this A. However, it doesn't matter what C is, because it's an existential. There is for all C and the constructor, right? And again, this has the producer of CA and the consumer of CA together. So you can match them. And this is how you can, you can, these are the only things that you can do with it. You can define a function get and the function get will just take this first function from that splits it into focus and residue from residue and just picks a focus from it, discarding the residue. So because it's discarding the residue, right? It's not exposing the type of the residue. So it's still hidden, right? And the other thing that you can do is to replace focus with a new value of the focus. So you can create a function that takes the residue using from, right? Combines it with the new value of A and then uses two to produce a new whole object. So there's a whole object, there's focus and there is the residue, right? So these are two things that you can do with this lens. And this is usually when people introduce lenses they define get and set. But we have an existential version of the lens. But extracting the residue is not possible. This will not compile, right? Because the residue is existential. So if you try to like take a from and then first which should give you the residue, this will not compile. Residue is hidden.  But how do you know that this is the only thing, right? So there is actually a proof using the coionata that this is equivalent to get set, okay? And this is done by rewriting this lens. So here are these two parts of the lens, right? One is takes S and produces a pair CA. But the function that produces a pair CA, right? This is equivalent to two functions, one producing C, one producing A. So I'm going to split this. So I have one function takes S produces C, another takes S and produces A, and then the rest, okay? So this is just a form transformation that simplifies this. And now compare this with the contra variant version of coionata. So the contra variant version of coionata has a functor full of C's and a function that takes S's and produces C's. So this is the producer of C's and the consumer of C's, right? And if you compare this with the line above, you see, okay, so there is an S to C. So the rest of the stuff, the two other things will be the consumers of C's, right? And indeed you can define a functor or contra variant functor capital F that's parameterized by S and A, but it's a consumer of C's. And it just contains these two things, S to A and CA to S, right? The second part of the lens, right? And then you can write the lens in terms of coionata with this new functor and S. And in fact, you know, since coionata prime of F S is isomorphic to F S, you can plug it into F. Now this F, the lowercase F now is capital F S A, right? If you plug it in, you get a pair of functions. You get a pair of functions. You get a pair of functions, one is S to A and the other takes S A and produces S. And this is exactly get and set. So this is a formal prove that this is exactly isomorphic to get and set. Now this can be generalized. There is a type changing lens in which you can take the focus and you can replace this focus with something of a different type. And if you replace the focus in with a different type B, then the result will be some other type T. So a lens that changes types has these two parts, but it can replace a focus with a different type, right? And again, you can define a get and set for this. A get is the same as before, but set changes the type. So set is actually a function that takes an S and the new focus B and produces a T. But the implementation is the same as before. So lens is just a special case of optics that uses a pair. So it splits an S into a pair C and A and reproduces a T from a pair C and B, right? A pair is called a product type, but there is also a sum type. A sum type in Haskell is implemented as either and you can have an optic that replaces the product with a sum, replaces the pair with either, and it's called a prism. So prism has the same form, existential form except that instead of a pair, you have an either and you can go ahead and have more interesting kinds of optics like you can combine a pair and a sum. So this is called an affine traversal which is parameterized by two existential types C1 and C2. And then can be even generalized even more by taking any kind of monoidal action. So product, sum, products of sums, sums of products and so on, it's like goes on and on. So there is a whole slew of optics that can be forming this way. And finally, there is a data type that combines the producer and the consumer in the same data type. It's called a pro-factor. So a pro-factor is like it consumes A's and produces B's, okay? So PAB is a consumer of A's and producer of B's. Now, if you have a pair of functions, one that turns S's into A's and one that turns B's into T's, then you can apply both of them and you turn a consumer of A's and producer of B's into a consumer of S's and producers of T's, okay? So it just applies two different transformations to the consumer and to the producer. In a typical example of a pro-factor is a function type. Function type is a consumer of A's, function from A to B, consumer of A's and producer of B's obviously, right? And you can implement this dimap, this transformation that takes a pair of functions in and out and it simply pre-composes within to transform the input and post-composes without to transform the output, right? So now here's a puzzle. We have a data type that says for all P, right? But P is a pro-factor. I mean, so far we've been dealing with polymorphic functions that we're taking, they were polymorphic in types, but now this is a function that's polymorphic in a pro-factor. So it's a higher order that's a type constructor that takes two additional types as arguments. So it says whatever pro-factor you give me, if you give me a pro-factor that consumes A's and produces B's, I will give you back a pro-factor that consumes S's and produces T's, okay? What am I hiding? Since the only thing you know about P is that it's a pro-factor, then the only thing that you can apply is this dimap, right? So it has to hide a pair of functions that could be applied to this producer of A's and consumer of A's and producer of B's to give you the result, right? So it has to have inside a pair of functions. It's hiding a function from S to A and a function from B to T. And indeed, you can implement this type ISO for the, if you give me a pair of functions like this, I can implement an ISO for you. Give me a pro-factor value and I will apply dimap to it. Okay? So this was just a small example of pro-factor optics. They're like pro-factor optics for all of these lenses, prisms, whatever, all the monoidal actions. That was just a simple example. A teaser sort of. That does, we've got about five minutes left. This is my last. Oh, good. All right, so takeaways from this. We talked about producers and consumers and specifically producers and consumers are functors that are co-variant, producers are co-variant and consumers are contra-variant factors. So this idea of co-variant contra-variant factors that might seem that this is from category theory, very abstract, but this is really about producers and consumers. And then there are these two, there is a duality between polymorphic types and existential types. Polymorphic types are the ones that accept arbitrary types, but look at the structure of this type, right? And existential types, they hide a type. And existential optics, like existential lens and so on, they combine producers with consumers in one package, right? And the producers in this, in these existential packages, they decompose a bigger data structure into a focus and the rest, the residue. And sometimes the residue is like multiple residues, they're multiple foci and so on. And consumers are the ones that recompose these data types from the same residue, but they can change the focus or multiple foci and functions can be polymorphic not only with respect to types. So like for every type X, I do this, but they can be polymorphic with respect to functors or even pro-functors, okay? So this was a lot of information, probably. If this is the first time you've seen optics, maybe a little bit too much, but if you can like re-aview this at your leisure, maybe this will give you some idea. Thank you. Great, and look, thank you so much. Vartosh, that's been a real insight. I can see some people in the comments are like going, oh, as you said, if you don't understand optics, some of that will be a bit tricky, but I think people have gotten a lot from this talk, plenty to think about and take away and reflect upon. We do have a question there, if you'd like to take that from Jaisung Han. Okay, one question I see. I'm having a hard time understanding that the lens is defined on every type. So the lens is not defined for every type. So if you define a lens for a particular data type, right? You can only define a lens if this data type can be decomposed, right? So you define a type changing lens is defined for four types, right? So these have to be fixed types. This has to be like, okay, this is a pair. For instance, I can split this pair into residue and focus and so on. So these are not arbitrary types. No, no, these are types that are decomposable. All right, Jaisung, I hope they helped answer your question. Does anyone else have any other questions that they would like to add now is the time? Once again, Bartosz, thank you so much for your time today for sharing with us your ideas and your thinking on these things.