So in yet another multiplication technique, let us try and understand how do we quickly multiply any number by 11 it is very easy technique and if you use it You'll be able to save a lot of time while doing calculations in your regular problem solving So let us take examples and understand and how this technique works So let us say I have to multiply a number 46 or rather let us start with us, you know easier number will go to Complex calculations as well. So let us start with a number 42 and Multiply this number by 11. So how does this technique work is simply this you take this to and write it here Okay, then add two to four. So what do you get six? Okay, right six here and then the four which is remaining put it back here So the answer is 462 you can try using a calculator and validate the answer Let us take another example Let us say we are multiplying 33 with 11 Okay, so what will happen? You have to write this three units place three first here Then add this three to this three. What do you get six and then the final three here? So 363 is the answer once again, let us take some Some more examples, so let us say 53 Into 11. Okay. Now again, what do you need to do? You take this units place number three here Then add three to five. What will you get eight and then what is left this five back here? So 583 Okay, another example. Let us say 62 into 11. What do you get? First this two here then two plus six is eight write that eight here and then six back Here 682 is the answer Now I started with an example 46 now. I'll take how to do multiplication of 46 by 11. There is a slight difference here Why because you will start as usual and write this six here Okay, but now when you add six plus four, what do you get ten? Obviously, you can't have two digits here So you will take zero of that ten and let's take carry one now In the usual process, you would have written four down here But then since it is a carry here one, so you add four to this one and hence you'll write Five so answer is five not six or five zero six. Okay. Let us take another such example So let us say 76 into 11 now Similar thing. So if you see this six comes here, no problem now six plus seven if you do you get 13 So obviously you have to take the units place of 13 here units digit And then what is the carry one write it here one now seven had to be written over here Now instead of writing seven here, you add this seven to one here and write eight So answer is eight thirty six one more example. Let us say we have 59 into 11 Okay, so again start with nine Right now add nine to five. What will you get 14? So four will be written over here One is carry now you have to write five down here But then you add five to one you'll get six and hence you write 649 now these were all two digit numbers Let us take some three digit number or four digit number like that. Let us say we have one 23 to be multiplied by 11 same process is Here also you have to just repeat one few steps more. So hence this is three here then add three to two. What do you get? Five so five here then add two to one. What do you get three? So right three here and what is left one? So one is back here So answer is one three five three, right? So so quickly even your mind if you have enough practice You'll be able to do these calculations in your mind itself. Let us take another example. So three 23 into 11 Right, so three and Then now three plus two five. So right five Two plus three is five again. So right five again, and then this three comes back So three five five three is the answer. Let us take one four one more two four Three one into eleven Okay, so what is it? So you start with one then add one two three you will get four then add three to four you'll get seven and Four to two you'll get six and finally two this two will come here So two six seven four one how quickly you are able to do just see now Let us take a little complicated one. So two forty seven into eleven Okay, I completely complicated because there will be Carry overs. So let us say we'll start with seven. Yes, seven now seven plus four is 11 So you write one carry one now four plus two was six. So six plus one is Seven and then two seven one seven once again. So I wrote seven first then Seven plus four was eleven. So I wrote one of that and then put one over as the carry on two Now four plus two if you do four plus two you'll get six, but you had carry also one. So six plus one Seven and then finally the last two will come down and it will be two seven one Seven you can you can try and calculate by dividing it So if you see if you divide two seven one seven by eleven, you will get two then four and yeah It's two forty seven. This is how the technique works, right? Let us take another example To understand it better one three five six seven into eleven. Okay, so hence first what? Seven then seven plus six is 13. So three here then one is here left over, right? Now six plus five is eleven plus one is 12 right and then again one now five plus three is eight and eight plus this one is nine and then three plus one is Four isn't it four and then finally this one will come here So the answer is one four nine two three seven Let us check whether we did correctly or not one four nine two three seven Let us try and divide it by eleven to see if we got the same or correct result or not So we see what is it eleven times one is eleven? So that is thirty nine then three times 33 so hence we have sixty two then five Fifty-five then seven seven is the remainder seventy three So this is six, which will give you sixty six Seven left and seven is the remainder again. So again seven times 77 and you get nearly here. So one three five six seven, right? So that means we have calculated here correctly. Can you see how easily you are able to multiply a number by eleven? Now let us take one more interesting problem two nine one zero four two into eleven. How do I do this? So hence again to start with two will be the first digit here then add two to four you'll get six right six four two zero is four Then zero two one is one Then one two nine is ten so zero will be here and then one will be written over here Now nine plus two is eleven and then plus one the above carry one. So eleven plus one is 12 but then you have to have one as carry and the last digit which was supposed to be written over here is two So ends but there was a carry. So two plus one is three two three. So hence the result is three two zero one four six two Again, I'll repeat this because it is little critical. So two nine one zero four two into eleven How do I do it? So take this two down add two to four you will get six four two zero no problem here four Zero two one you get one One two nine you get ten right ten now here is where you need to pay attention one plus nine is ten So carry one so write one here now complete this sum nine plus two is eleven Plus carry this one so eleven plus one is twelve now one again Carry is one now this two was to be supposed to be written down over here If there was no if it was a usual method, but usual case rather now in this case there was a carry one So this two plus this carry one will get you three. So the result is three two zero one four six two Now in the same line you can use the same Principle to solve or problems like 32 into 1.1. Let us say 1.1. So, you know how to do it. So you simply Ignore this decimal point and multiply by 11. So you'll get 352 Now since there was one decimal point after one digit. So hence the answer will be 35.2 exactly how many Digits are there after decimal in the result also same number of digits should be there after the decimal Let us say it is 421 into 1.1. So, how do I calculate? Ignore this decimal multiply by 11. So it is 1 364 Correct now what 4631 is the answer, but then there's a decimal and after decimal there's one digit So 463.1 will be the answer. Let us take another case 342 Into let us say you have to do point one one now same thing But there after decimal there are two digits, right? So ignore again this decimal has to be ignored Multiply by 11 you'll get two two plus four is six four plus three is seven and this three will come here So three three seven six two, but there were two digits after decimal So it will be thirty seven point six two Okay, this is how you can use this technique to multiply either by 11 or 1.1 or even for 0.11 or 11 into any 10 to the power n can be Done using this technique


So today I would tell you something about running Mainline Linux on the Motorola Droid 4, which is an Android-based mobile phone from a couple of years ago. But before doing that, let's have a look at other supported phones. So when I started getting interested in kernel development, I had a free one now, which was pretty well supported by Debian, but the kernel never really reached Mainline. So when I had a new phone, I started working to get everything Mainline, which is the Nokia 9900, pretty well supported nowadays. But it's kind of old, just has 256 megabytes of memory and it's really slow. So since a year or so, I'm working on the Motorola Droid 4 together with Tony Lindgren. And we got quite a bit of hardware working on that one. So why are so few mobile phones supported? I think it's a combination of multiple reasons, but most important, the phone vendors don't care. They don't really work on Mainline support, so it has to be done by the community. And there's lots of code required to get the phone working. The stock must work or the peripherals must be supported. And the code that one can get from the vendors, usually they are vendor Android trees, is really low quality. You can't get those drivers into Mainline and have to rewrite them. Also, once you're done, you have the problem that you don't have any user space, because nobody wrote it and nobody wants to write it because, well, there's no kernel support. Also, usually it's quite hard to get data sheets and you have the problem that you need some sort of serial access because if something fails in the kernel, you want to see what failed and not just get a black screen. So for the N900, this was quite hard to do because the debug access was below the battery. Here there are some pads. I'm sorry, I had to build some adapter to get access to it, which took quite some time for the Droid 4. It's much simpler because it has the serial pins pin-muxed to the USB connector. So you can just use a normal USB cable, cut it, connect it to a standard USB serial adapter and then you have serial. The only important thing is that you don't attach the 5-volt pin because then it will mux back to USB mode. Yes, so for the SOC. And the Droid 4 is an OMAP-based processor from Texas Instruments. This is similar to the Nokia N900, which has an OMAP-3, so most of it was already supported when I started working on it. Which means that it's possible without doing anything to boot into the kernel and get a serial console and I didn't do any work on that part. It was already there. Which means there were clock drivers, reset drivers, timer drivers, interrupt drivers. The memory management unit was already supported, DMA. All of that needs to be done. I think there's a talk from Enric later. He may tell you a bit about that part. Then the GPI was already supported, SPI and I2C, so you can directly start working on supporting the peripherals. What was not supported is the display because in this phone Motorola used self-refreshing display, which is currently not supported by the OMAP-DAM driver. I will come to that later. Also unsupported is the camera interface, which nobody worked on so far. Most importantly, there's no graphics acceleration at all. The chip uses... Can you move your microphone like here or on the other side? Because you're always talking like this and the microphone... Right. But we will put that back later on. Right, the graphics. The OMAP and all of them have power-v-air-based graphics chip. So there's no open-source driver for that one. And apparently even the closed-source driver is currently not working with the current mainline kernel. So far I didn't care at all because there's so much other work to do. The power management chip is a different matter. Usually the Texas Instruments chips are used with a companion chip from Texas Instruments, but Motorola decided against this and used their own, which is named Motorola CP-CAP. And after some reading of their drivers we noticed that it's really similar to a chip from NXP, which is named MC13783 and has a public data sheet, which is quite nice. Especially since all of the drivers from Motorola are really low-quality. So we started rewriting all of them and currently finished the regulators' drivers, the analog digital converters, the battery and charging drivers, the real-time clock and the status LEDs, which is almost all of the supported features of the PMIC, still missing there is the audio support, which is work in progress here. Additionally there are quite a lot of peripherals attached to a phone obviously. The nice thing is that nowadays on the mainline kernel almost all of those already had drivers because somebody required them for some other boards or chips. So we could just enable those in the device tree, which is the touch screen on the keyboard, the buttons, the vibrator, needed a custom driver, which is just like 150 lines of code. It's connected to a PVM output. And right, the phone has HDMI output. The difference to the display, that one is working because it does not need any self-refreshing feature and it's basically exactly the same as on the Panda board, which is well supported by the mainline kernel. Right, not supported as I told you is the LCD panel. Basically it's just a couple of lines missing on the mainline kernel because the display self-refreshes. So you just send it a picture one time when the display changes and then again when the display changes next. This is currently not supported. It's just on the mailing list. I hope that they will arrive on the next kernel release. And also it will only work with XORG and with the normal shell. It won't work with Wayland because Wayland currently has no support for telling the kernel that the framework changed. In addition to the LCD panel, the backlight controller is currently unsupported. We know which one it is and we have patches for it, but they have not yet arrived mainline. There's some discussion going on about the device tree bindings, so it will take some more time. But once those two have arrived, we have full display support.  The more important ones are already working or the sensors. They had drivers on the kernel, so we just had to enable them. So let's move to the more interesting parts, how to connect to the internet. The phone has Texas Instruments based Wi-Fi solution, which worked from the start on because there were drivers available. And since I think two kernel releases, we also have Bluetooth support. Not yet working is the included FM receiver, but that one is also not supported by Android. So I guess it's not that bad. Then the interesting part, the phone actually has two different modems, one for second and third generation and one for the fourth generation's networks. Unfortunately, the fourth generation network is only supported in the US because the modem is limited to their frequencies. Also, that one is currently not working. I didn't have to look at it because I'm based in Europe, so I don't care basically. But the second and third generation is working pretty well. Tony Lindgren is based in the US, so he's currently working on the fourth generation modem. We currently know that the main problem is that it tries to access the SIM card from the other modem using some weird protocol that is currently not supported. For the normal modem, we basically have GPS working and data connections. And we can send short messages. We can't do voice calls yet because audio is missing, so nobody really tried. We also had to short look at the camera stuff. The problem here is for all the other peripherals we could have a look at the kernel implementation of Motorola and just rewrite their drivers properly. But we could use their drivers as documentation. This is different for the cameras because the OMAP4 has a small processor inside of it which can handle all the camera stuff. It's the one marked... oh, I can't really read it. Anyways, there's a small companion processor and Motorola does all the camera work on that one. And the firmware for this processor is closed, so it's hard to understand what is going on. We know the LED flash chip just by trying to check the registers, reading their values and comparing it to datasheet that are public. So we pretty well know that it's an LM3559 because the reset state of all the registers is exactly the same. And we assume that the main camera and the selfie camera are those chips listed here. We don't know for sure because we have not yet managed to speak with those chips at all with the mainline kernel so far. So there's lots of work to be done here. Yes, so I'm mostly a kernel developer. I can't tell you many things about the user space. What I can tell you is that there are two different implementations which act as an interface to the modem that abstract away different vendor implementations. One of them is the free smartphone.org stack, which is more or less abandoned upstreamed. Last change has been, I think, three years ago. And there's Ophono, which only abstracts away the modem. So Ophono does an abstraction layer for all the peripherals, not just the modem. Ophono concentrates on the modem, but it's still supported upstream. The last change is probably from yesterday or so. And it does support the Motorola. So that one can be used. Another option would be to use Android. I can't tell you anything about it, but later there's a talk from Robert Foss downstairs. It's directly after this talk. He can tell you something about this. And of course, you can run a normal Linux distribution. That's what I'm currently doing. It will only be useful on the Droid 4 and not on other mobile phones. So if you plan to do something similar on those, you will have the problem that they don't have a physical keyboard, which is one of the nice features of the Droid 4. And there are a couple of special operating systems like the stable hybrid release. And that one was a distribution for the FSOS stack. So it's also dead, obviously. Then there's Firefox OS, which is no longer continued. We have SailFish OS, which is not yet fully open source. We have Tizen, to be honest. I have no clue what the current state of Tizen is. And then we have Purism, but they are not yet finished with their development. We have PostMarket OS. It's also currently in development. We have the questions from time to time how to support the Droid 4 or the Nokia stuff. And we have Memo Lester. They apparently sent me a nice screenshot of their current state on the Droid 4. So some people may remember Memo from N900, which is like eight years old now. And here it's still living. So let's come to the conclusion. I think it's an interesting topic to get into current development because you have to touch basically all the subsystems and get in contact with everyone. And you learn about a lot of different hardware. Also, if anyone is working on similar projects, every driver helps. So if you support something, it may help somebody else. For example, well, if you have some temperature chip, it might be built into some phone and then somebody else can just enable it. This was really helpful. Yes, so the big holes on the Droid 4 are 3D acceleration. To be honest, I'm not sure that we will ever get it working because it's basically all the work that we did so far multiple times. Then the camera support because we don't have documentation and it's really hard to reverse engineering on that one. And last but not least, yeah, proper user space. As I told you, I'm a kernel developer, so this is not my department. So let's try it out. I've attached the Droid 4 to my notebook. So at some point, HDMI will enable. Then we will see the kernel booting. At the moment, the display is rotated. This is because I did it in the command line. The reason for that is that currently we have the problem that the internal display is rotated and we just rotate it by command line and that will rotate the shell both on the internal display and on HDMI. Oh, well. I guess we can skip that one. Yeah, there's something, but the beamer is not good enough. Sorry. Yes, yes, it's the login prompt from the devian. Yeah, I plan to show you a couple of things, but I guess we can skip that. The display is too bad. So, yeah, don't go to the start. Are there any questions? So Sushpen does work, but at the moment we don't really use it. There's about six to seven hours. We can use the phone by just running it without proper power management, which was good enough for us so far. So, yeah. It's the high-secure version of the OMAP and the bootloader is locked. Apparently we managed to boot it anyways. That is something that the line address people did. They boot via KXX and we do the same. We are currently trying out to boot differently because you can apply custom kernel parameters to the kernel used by Android so you can skip some parts, but at the moment we use exactly the same system that the line address people use. The OMAP processor has a matrix where you can connect a keyboard to... Yes, both modems are connected to USB. Exactly. Well, I think... It is because for me it's enough to just run Debian on it. I'm fine with that, but I see that most people want something where they can use the touchscreen properly and stuff like that. Most of those projects are either no longer being worked on or are not yet ready to be used. So I guess one of those projects may be fitting for that task. Yes. It will definitely not be merged. That's obvious. So I have not yet tried to work with the second processor on the phone. Technically, you are not required to do so. So I did manage to enable the flashlight for the camera by just talking to the chip directly. It's connected via I2C. What the Android-based kernel does is that it takes the I2C interface and tells the second processor, here, this is the I2C interface. Do what you want with it. I won't touch it. So in the mainline kernel, we have not really touched the second processor, so I can just use the I2C channel and just talk to the chips myself. The problem is that I have to enable them first and I have to know how to enable them. So for the flashlight chip, we managed to find out how to enable it. For the camera chips, we did not yet find out. So if we scan the bus, we won't find the chips. Any more questions? Yes, it is different. For OMAP3, the camera interface is properly supported by the mainline kernel. For OMAP4, they are drivers on staging. I have not yet looked at them because we cannot talk to the camera chips and helps at the moment. So the camera interface is only useful once you can enable the data on the chip. But it's working. So on the N900, we got pictures from the camera with the mainline kernel. I'm finished.


This summer you might need to look twice when you see VPD traffic officers riding by on their new zero electric motorcycles because you sure won't hear them. These bikes are 100% electric. The new electric bikes will be added to the current VPD motorcycle fleet starting next week. Here's a few things these bikes don't need. No fuel, no oil, no clutch, no gears, no transmission, and no transmission fluid. The very best part? There's no emissions from these electric bikes. For more information on our new zero electric motorcycles go to vpd.ca. We're doing our part to be the greenest city. It's electric!


The Nigerian Army has marked its West Africa social activity, also known as WASA, where social activities are displayed to herald the end of the year. At this year's event, Lagos State Deputy Governor says the Nigerian Army's commitment, dedication and discipline have been their hallmarks in the fight against insurgency, banditry and terrorism. Plus TV Africa's correspondent, Destiny Momo has more. It is an evening of entertainment of cultural heritage and display of various tribal dances, social displays, competitions, exercises and performances by talents in the 149 battalion. The Deputy Governor of Lagos, ably represented by Commissioner for Housing Murufa Kinde Rufatai, said the government appreciates the Nigerian Army for keeping the nation together. Well, this message is simple, we need to encourage them, we need to appreciate their patriotism and we need to make sure that they be sure that the civilian populace are appreciative of all their efforts in making sure that the security of this country is protected. The commanding officer 149 battalion Major Bakoriya Duraman, who was host of the day, spoke on the significance of Wasa. Wasa, as it is known for short, has been in existence from the time past and we will not kill the tradition of the Nigerian Army and will bring it, which has come to stay. It brings about the Asian time when the colonial masters will go to fight war and they come to sit together after a victory to marry together with their friends and family and loved ones. That is simply summary of what it means. Awards were given to outstanding officers of various camps. One of the highlights of the event was the campfire which was witnessed by the guests. Destiny Momo for Plus TV Africa.


My name is Emma Young. I'm from Roosevelt, Indiana. I went to undergrad at Indiana University, and then I went to the University of North Carolina for my master's degree. I'm really excited to live in Yale for the next year and learn from all the awesome positions at the Steadman Clinic. And I'm going to speak while I'm here.


This is a really special environment to be in. It really, I would say inspires you. Going to a women's college, you have that Mount Holyoke network that extends for the rest of your life. I just feel so supported by this community and I feel like we all want to see each other succeed. Students here are very involved in a lot of different activities. So there's always an opportunity to meet people who are passionate about the same things that you are. Mount Holyoke doesn't only build you as a student but also in the steps after graduation. I've used my internship experiences and found out that I really do want to go into a certain field after graduation, whether that's tech or I want to go to law school. I'm graduating feeling really confident about my prospects in the job market and where I'm going to live after graduation. The community here is built on diversity, this very multifaceted dynamic constantly changing and evolving community. Just by engaging with people from different parts of the world with different cultures, you learn so much about their traditions, how things work in their countries, their language, and it's like traveling the world but you're still in one place and you're meeting all these wonderful people, it's pretty great. I now have a lot more confidence with not only my voice but my opinions. I feel like I have the education to support them in a meaningful way.


What is your motto? Interesting! Bua nahuto kong nagpatan. Remember I'm a overtime. Remember I'm a leader! Remember the other timos! What is your motto? Thank you!


We call it Bounce Nation. I'm your favorite presenter. My name is P.H.Y. L.I.N.E.J.E.N. Filiin Juhanga with a big doctor. DJ Epic. DJ Epic on the ones and twos. You're well? Kabisa, 100.1%. Well, I turn up. Yes. Me too. Me too. So much energy. I'll be in here in studio. Sijunyumba nimu kwa. Jekama kwa hida. Endelia ku representimu tayako. Yo juwa kundo na juwa. Bro! Where? The juwa is juwa ring. Yes, the juwa is juwa ring. It is juwa ring. It's hot outside. Bro! It's insane. It is bad. It is bad. I laugh kwa nambu kama bimix a kona jumpa. A kona hoodie. And it's black. No, no. And you know black observes. Naja asaniwa na mambu. Iu asani hoodie. Shara the bimix in the studio. But me and him were talking the other day.  And then I realized it. I think it's not good if you naza pika mayai. Joto. Absorption. No, no, no, no, no percent. Anyway, shout out to everybody. If you love black, manze, you are my man. Black is just like, it's... Black is a color for everyone. It's a safe color. It is very safe. And shout out to everybody. I'm going to be sending some salams your way in a few. But right now, our guests are in studio, and they are on set right here. Wukiawa na hapa temkama iu na joining wakati wa a? Speed off. Wakati wa kuchana manze. It's time for bars on bars on bars. Exactly. A segment that makes me smile so much on this show, ya ni, tazde su na kongatun kwa, lefi, when it's the night na samawasani wa helkesho. Mas ya hip-hop sayo me reya. Nasi kia kuki ya punchlines. Exactly. Without further ado, Super hero. To a karibishe. Exactly. To a karibishe? No, no, no. Wezi, to na karibishe lafumi. Nani, umsiaa chaya ko, api tumada li. Yeah man. Karibuni, karibuni, karibuni. On my, na jami left right, on my right. Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha. Tu na samzana hei fam. I don't know. Maliakwezwa. Mhm. Dajina. Onu akili shamta gani. Ida ni KWK West, Tama Kawa. Ahhh! KWK West me representiwa leo. Da eno. Shout out to everybody from KWK silam konam tu enu. Muku e reili pupiga kura. Yes. And others are not. We have Me tua Amujunia representing 1-5. Runga? Runga to the city! Manzi wa tumuki kal. Unumshedwa ni kutim gani. Bila kwa kwa nambali yanyi Maqumtaon Biyo manzee I'm loyal to my people No problem Today you are represented Wasewa Key West You are represented as well today So Leo, it is about to go down Yes, but that note My rules are quite simple I will say it to you First of all, if it's a PG show, no casting Manzee kuna atotunwa na pale It's all fun and games Manzee kachu pukia pungi ufini I will tell you I will tell you I will tell you No, whatever happens I will tell you It's all clean So the first round is quite simple I will tell you a bit moja Una jibamba The first round is quite Manzee kwa adjusted nini na camera na sim tani Oku feel I will tell you So the first round Boys, I'm going to need you to do something On the sound Remember Manzee, to vote is Tim Epic Tim Filin ama Tim Jean Tim Jean vs Tim Epic So if you feel Tim Epic Vote for me If you feel Tim Epic Vote for me again You thought I was going to say your name Tim Jean Tim Filin You are welcome You are welcome Not like when I feel When I feel What you do in the comment For the Facebook If you want to comment Tim Jean you can comment Tim P.J Why not ? As long as you have made a book You are allowed Tim P.J That is still allowed Team, Jin, that is still good So, Pallet Twitter Okay, it's X now I don't know how I can't move on to Twitter Anyway, Pallet X, same thing It's that X Instagram It's that X Do like that Thank you Anywa, anywa, it's your buzz manze Yup That is what I'm talking about That is what I'm talking about That is team feeling We are confident We are confident We are confident That is what's up We are confident Come on, come on, come on We are confident We are confident We are confident Let's talk to the top player Top player, baby Love that That is team epic We went first That is team Jin So, Yana and Ajita Kase say Mali Yani Amu Junior But, we will vote Just vote Team PJ Amma team feeling Amma team Jin All that counts Amma team epic And right about now It's time for round two Round two, man Now we know your skills We will vote We are testing the water We will test the water We will test the skills And the next round is quite simple It's about work play And I will give you three words that you play with We will give you Y2ca makawa We will call the bounce Two words are key Then there is one more word He has never been part of the show Why not?  It's up to the dancers at home. How do I know if I'm right or not? Okay, here you go. One minute, one minute. But Tim Fillion, can you hear me? Tim, Tim! Anyway, let's go. Bakawena, zo. Nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. Nipa, nipa. na kwa kwamila kwenyea. Ugo na mwanaya hivu kwa kya kwenyea. Unzeh, tako three hivu. Ono kila maza maza, tuna bounce. Juki na, you, Rem, umesama bounce? Juna bounce, guli kure. Rema, kwa mbiamze. Ya ni Rema pana mwa mbiamze bounce? I know. Aha! Buda. Nwa kwa mbia nipubaya. E nyo mesama kwa ye, top yeah. Top yeah. Top yeah. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Tidizwa. Aya nangorgin radio wrapped. Alo Kungu numerous classes in India today at thebatal and famous program runners. Hallarts in Taipei, 12600 students in Indiaorki. O!! We're going to cast your vote. We're going to give you time to pick your kura to kula sherahe kido go as you vote. And when you come back, they're still in studio, we're going to be still going. What, but you're round three and he was the kinda round four, why not? And then we're actually going to get to know them a little bit better. Man, come on, how Japan they were said, I do not know how we can help here. I was just like, come on. Man, they're for the hip of lovers. I know, right? I know.  Oh, sko krank. That was dope. That was dope. Shout out to everybody tuning in. My DJ and Ajita DJ Crown be shout out to you. He is tuned and watching the show because we live like, you know what? Let me just represent for my girl Jin, why not? Shout out to you and everybody representing for DJ Epic and me right here on the show. Too much love for you. We have too much love for each and every one of you. Shout out to Kila Bouncer, every fan who are waiting for you. We appreciate you guys so much. And if you want to be part of the show, this segment we call it Spito Finiwe, it's about to, we're about to get into right now. The final leg. The final leg. Yamwishok. Yamwishok abila nile onoshkega wakam na kimbia na onoshkis na senaka engele. No, no, no, no, no. Time to print. You have to. Tessai. Nuku zito ka. Anyway, so today we have team Epic versus team Jin. I'm a team PJ, team Philiin. Mkona ma Jin amigii. We have options. Philiin iki wangumu sana wana nika tu Jin. Ka Jin mingumu nika tu PJ. Initials the philiin. Jin PJ in a budget account. Ama unizia nika team Kassese. Today, team Philiin we are voting for Kassese. He is representing K West. And other than that, kona wasewa runga. Yes, number 125 to the world. Manje, I'm telling you we have Mujunia right here in studio PIA representing for team Epic. So, we have skiza round three. Ujuevela kutahenda. Kama uliciagua team Philiin to kufena mini baka Mujusho. Kawa ni team Epic? Baka Mujusho. Aoniza change mind. Mujusho kawa ni team Epic. Oniza change mind. Ubu keisai dingin. Yeah. Anyway, so give us the rules for round three. So round three is quite simple, quite interesting man. This is one of, now in the key. Major key man. So in this particular round, wangumu ni very simple. He rounds us on head to head. Manaji Bamba. It's one minute but when I go in the segment. So this thirty seconds. Pardon. Opponent Soni kukiyutu ndaitoak nanisha ten. Alright. Thirty minutes... Thirty seconds. Hey hey hey hey. How we turn a break the other one record? What are you saying? Thirty seconds, thirty seconds man. So many patapata? So it's Yakini, battled sasa. Oh, battles? My list of opponent. My list. Sawa. Let's go. Let's get it. baka lone kasiwa suma weh I'll sell KW checkin ah, se nipo bit na kaka nipi checkin, nipo glass na kaka nipi kusip, kumgla na joma na maza mi goma na na muzip mi study ko kicha ngesituri nika na chip mi upli gamba ka expensive see ya chip 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 handsunin ila di zenkila lana uka na mimi na su na mafichu buba muji ya mimi uka kaka na na kifu uku disha na na mimi na muzim da poipi gafitiri okay congregation se se zistokan kikistuna da donation niya bas duku likai na banu enrotation una banga kapnu no pulup na ngepa tu kiku kaka klasia rap kulu tapenya nifungo senda niku kutunizi letcha niku kiku uku wezi pataneta a kipitai nika tu kumangai na wewa na shukisha kwanita kizi nais kik design javizu ninafana lisa lisa and for the sake of the people voting at home let's just clarify that is Tim Epic he goes by Amu Junior and before that we had kasese representing for Tim Filin Tim Epic no, wewa wewa wewa Tim Epic, wewa wewa yes, it's Tim Filin Tim Filin, Tim Jinn, Tim PJ whatever works for you that is okay ingi apale Facebook why 254 utona apichanguna epic comment below comment comment comment is it Tim Kasese ama is it Tim Filin ama is it Tim PJ ama is it Tim epic you only wish the winner una just sit na hwala kele most definitely not this one don't know is Mekad una se manga we are the ones pese kelele inanga I don't like to cry I'm just kidding sisi kama sisi alright so are you ready so we're still back on it we've done the first 30 seconds we have another and as I said it's a minute broken kachikati alright so so this is going to be the last one the last one we're going to se makweli after this one we're going to have to tally the votes alright so so ja me cheke ja too much concentration kwangu na hwobi na preoccupation registration ni enini na kuchafabila se shumina rap do desi tajadi motivation if na flow made you sick neza kutata description rappers all they make if they want to give a rest Mr. Juni fake kada muzikoni chest kujambayan na qirez competition and the best killer butu wa ne mess nuka de neki refresh cheke cheke kele deni best me na tuligi na vast na kandachangan ke ha cheke okestu yaka sese na lehuyoni me ni ga gong fa with na kyu we ni ya me ni na himi na rap kabusha na baka lehimi kufababa do desi tajihang lehimi pola pola koni we ni jinda loa pola pola me shika kubunga loa jeke kungu zaga weve na kumanarewa Mr. Juni mezi pana paza kujambayan na cheza cheza rapaka na pana babu na nyania kibandi yangana drizzle come on k VEROTLいや nd labor ok wahna naka ni为 wa na ni minkaito kwa kwa çok 2 kwa kwa do歌 We'll say when Aprendanga speak up, what are your first hours waiting for you? People who love cyphers, I know your mind has been boggled. Ah, today, lot more Jenga. Ah, Kapsa. Kapsa, Kapsa, Kapsa. Now we do not have a lot of time so I want us to know them a little bit before we tali the vote to what you are to vote. Tim Filene, we're voting for Kasese, Mali right here. Mali am our Kasese, am our team Filene, team PJ, team Jean Yote, it still counts. Team Epic, you are voting for Amu J, right here. Amu Junior, I feel like. Amu Junior, I'm a team Epic. Bado, we're going to get that vote night account. Singo. Alright, so right about now, we're going to start with Kasese, Mali, Rada, Ukowaji. How are you feeling? Kofiti? Kofiti. Mazen, thank you so much for making time. I didn't even know he was going to make it. Do you turn out DM? I didn't even know him. You see, he went through the DM and he said if you think you're as good or even better, how about you turn out DM? I don't know what to say. I don't know what to say. I don't know what to say. I don't know what to say. I don't know what to say. I don't know what to say. Exactly. So, Mali, me and Mali are going to DM. He's leading my DM for IJ because he has a drone. I've been watching speech off and I know I can do it. I was like, you know what? That's how he is here right now. So, let's get to know him. So, let's start with your name. Mali, does it have anything to do with Mali? Mali is in a two-year term. She quit. What you know is that she's back then. Ah, she's back then. I know her name is Mali. Oh, nice. So, go on. Mali is in a two-year term. I go through your page. Hip-hop, too. I don't know what to say. I don't know what to say. Mali, you only pause videos at your speech. So, tell me about that. When did you develop love for hip-hop music? And when did you start singing? Amma, are you just doing that for fun? Where's in Sunny? In Sunny, I feel like I'm down. I feel like I'm in a lineage. I feel like I'm in a competition. No way. I feel like I'm in a family. So, I feel like I'm in Sunny for real. Nani, apreciate na nani kubali. Nalazman jitu, mihada fikaf about the goal, too. Of course. Of course, thank you so much. And I want to know about, of course, Kenya, Amatai International ikuna Rapalazma elpi inspired us and the Indo-Kitumi na pufanae. Or do you have anyone that has inspired you in music? Oji, kama kwa. Oh, it's, ah! Papa John's. And the red. Simuna dua, Kallikatel, is coming. Yes. And one thing I find telling for sure is going to be international. I know there's going to be Kulubadengu. It is going to be fire. We are not ready. That is for a fact, Like I saw this guy. I know he is coming through and he is going to be international, sik anya, ita kwa mato. Anyway, hand over the mic we are going to come back to you in a few wacha tijue Amu junior. Tell us about your name. Kina ongo kwa Kwa muna kwa juna temi yaa family Mi ni amu junia Amo ni sani mi yaa my dad So ni short from So mi ni amu junia Yaa, you dad Mi chwa family name I love that So how about you? Labia kuwa youpupi ma toko api Yama mtani, humu kwenye You grew up listening to hipup Mi na na penda rap nikiwa Doggo Nukatu niki penda music Yaa handa nikiwa man Kwenye nikiwa studio ni ni ni Yanda kwenye studio 2020 Yanda rap 2018 Kwenye nikiwa shule badu Sanda nikiwa nikiwa record Nga nga nantil nao badu tuli la tukumu nga na Awesome awesome awesome awesome So tangu 2018 yama stroke 2020 Challenges ganimu piti ya kwa industry Na kwa industry to see as easy as people think So na samani There are a lot of underground hipup artists Nasi juni muna otokangi underground Like underground biko na wasa niwa hipup wakali sana Sana, sana lakini utuana baki apu As in challenges kwanzadi niku kwa yo underground artist Ki wafu ni challenge wadi wazipata Isu ma airplay ma nini I love piku kwa underground artist Wazipana azindo yo kila masakupiga video Audio So sometimes na video na tuli haki doggo That's right Doa na labia Right? Yes Because videos are expensive Videos are definitely everything Wana samangado utu kwa tukumu nga u tembe I'd sit down Generally live So I have a question for both of you manze Industry to a kanya kuna kuna so many problems Like with the time hipup was top Kwa industry But so easily changed Sayziata manejawa na tsu Wana kuna time manze Temia Back of the day Kina kani bal Nga you know Wasa ilwa kuna hipup nili kuna Sana nini nuna ilifanya industry kwa change Kwa sayzi We have very Taja ten hipup artist Uta struggle Why is this so? Ono na je? You know feel like me Azini wanya wakena wana Wana nana maweb Mini kuna webineza kudza gengeton Kilam sayana Amma piano Amma piano Kilam sayana dekfanya hiwa Akunam sayana dekfanya hipup Satsana enim sayanya hipup Andikupushi hipup Kilama saatu Siwengi Apusao Apusao Nice All right Waiwa Wazipana celebrate 50 years of hipup Man yeah we should have had fire Man the ball is in music Kuna hipup artist But shout out to Kali for making hipup trend At some point Unfortunately it trended and died As they said it's just a wave But we keep on But wako Wasa ilwa hipup nili How of nili sana All right tell us about that Yeah If jana palenjuna pata Labda influence badu Yem saya ki kaivya nuna Labda abbanton Kituya sayuna hita raka Oh wave So ena mapea kumenda yana Badu kuna asu anastiki Gituya nana Taka muna pata Umetu adubakama Ten na badu yu jahit Badu anu kutura Patu unastraifto Yeah tenya kutafika I always believe kuna tenya kila Yes Kuna saya ki kutuna Just two years ago And right now And he's talking about Right so because of time That's koutu pati social media Tandaon watu na ptoapi Nga goma zakum Tuatsewa kasi Sayinim noma I want to watch I'ma listen to Some of his songs Wanatua adi So many YouTube Kasi semale IG Kasi semale The West Georgia Kasi semale kila mahali Kasi semale Amu Ijuta ni pata AmuJR underscore YouTube Amu Junior Spotify Kila Mali Amu Junior Twitter Amu Junior03 Tapata M'i Music Achen mapea chance Ntume salamu Kuna na amutu nza kutia Shoutouts Kenini ni bugi Niza gotia Bro code plan Bugia main Afnamu rein mepulupnau Pia na shoutout Mukuru maparu Kasi tuwata ute mafantoangu Shukran main Awesome And shoutout to parents Who support their kids' dreams That is amazing Kasi se Kuna se unza kaku bigap First of all That's koi chance New bigap God Nanzemit pati a life Na everything New bigap Dad Apuiva Mam na John Ocho Mabro Na Stivo Junior Palivoku Kam Jamu Adam Smbugiangu yote Mwantwo Your design Shoutout Bigap play What for folk to host Thank you And pick up yourselves For making it For just coming through For the show We appreciate that And thank you for being Dub artists You know lirises Manam kuna flow Baido They're good artists And thank you to you too For coming, you know And thank you for playing with me Ah, you know Ni God Alright Wakati umo adia Alan Yujin Yes nara Mugatari Yes, a background judge And of course The guys at home as well Na takamutu sa idea kupigeikura Kasese piawe usabuzako Amu esabuzako The votes are in So it is that time Amu Not amu I mean, Yujin Are you team feeling today?  Hahaha What? It bosa, Sa Oh, you get it? To turn the home up, Emma Okay To kill Sa Yujin And pop a screen So you can check Steve Omnare Ella Neta Anagali Anyway I have Steve Omnare And I say ma Team PJ All the way I have Pintos And Top Sha And I say ma always team feeling Wins Sumunajotu na Shindanga All the way Akuna It is the love Akuna I ask here Alright Lemah And I say ma team epic 124 Dahima Dahima Alright And I say ma wow That Kase Say Mali Ameweza I'm Aisindongo from Kahawa West Yes Miss Kia Aha, Nikona Kathrin Kathrin Kase Mali Kibokoyao I'm telling you Kevin Doobian Asma Amu Junior to the world I have MC Still MC Asma tuning from Limurusho Ikolitsana Kase Katambe Ah! Nikama Kanadia Katambe Kase Katambe And I have Spencer Esperance Esperance Esperance Amu vilena Fa Laved I have Hasan Lwenya Asma Hasan Tundene Mikiwa Meritini Mombasa Shiko Litu Baya Amu Akurieg Baya Asana I have online baglums Amu Aku Juh Locked in all the way from Nax Vegas Nikona Werywa Kibok And Asma Kase Katambe Naivaasha Mirera to Colocked I have Amuangi And then We We want to know If we have any But we want To confirm All right Alan Ngape Yes Yes Yes I have 7 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes We can count We can count 20 All right Okay Ima nambia Tim Feline, we have 11 votes Tim Epic, you have 7 votes Baki ni omisi kubali Because jajuangwa may count Yes So for that man We have to vote Listen So Tuta Tim Feline, thank you so much for voting What we want to say What we want to say to Jacubali What we want to say to Jacubali What we want to say to Jacubali So Liza Thank you so much for watching Unfortunately We have to go Shout out to everybody That has made the show possible Santanisana Boaz Shout out to everyone Mazze Tim Zima When you make show possible Santanisana Tim Bounce Nation And for our visitor here Today, Bimx Thank you for stopping by Yes We appreciate you We do this again on Tuesday Shout out to our guest Mazze Go follow them And I will follow Kasese Mali And go follow Amu Junior All right We do this again on Tuesday Yup Round 2 Thank you


Hello, everyone, and welcome to Trust What Verify, Maintaining Democracy in Spite of Information Countermeasures. My name is Allie Mellon. I'm a security strategist in the Office of the CISO at Cyber Reason. A little bit about me, I'm a computer engineer at heart. I've been in various engineering and development roles for the past 10 years, previous security researcher and now security strategist at Cyber Reason. I am a frequent presenter on different topics, including election security. And before we jump into the voting aspects of this talk, what I really wanna talk about is something very important and related, which is what is truly critical to our daily life? And the way that I immediately think about this is through Maslow's hierarchy of needs. At the base of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, you have the physiological needs, things like air, water, and food. It's critical to daily life.  And then you get into the more psychological side of things with things like belonging. The majority of first world countries, we have safety and the physiological needs relatively covered. But once you get to this level of belonging and that psychological element, you start to get into something that I think a lot of people are under constant development with, and it's not a given that you're gonna have these things just because you're in a first world country. Similarly, esteem, things like respect, self-esteem, status. These are things that you need on this path towards what is ultimately self-actualization and the desire to become the most one can be. And you can be taking steps at each of these levels, but the idea is that in order to reach the top of the pyramid, you need to have all of these different levels met. So the reason that I talk about this is because I think that it plays an important role in voting and in election security as well. And it raises the question of where does voting fit into this? Now, a little bit of background. The original, the start of this idea came from a series of exercises we did at Cyber Reason called Operation Blackout Protective Vote, where we worked with local and federal law enforcement officers to host tabletop exercises where we had one red team of hackers and cybersecurity experts and a blue team of local and federal law enforcement from DHS, FBI, and the Secret Service. And then we also had a white team set up for adjudication. And it was basically a turn-based tabletop exercise so that we could ultimately identify gaps in law enforcement's ability to protect election day with a fictional country known as adversaria. And we actually held these exercises in Washington, DC, in Boston, in San Francisco, in London, in Tel Aviv, and Paris. And what we learned from them is that even when you're not actually hacking, even when this is just a thought experiment, you can see a lot of potential for different ways to attack an election that isn't just limited to those voting machines. And so that's what I'm gonna be talking about today. We're gonna start with the defender perspective and really getting into the daily life of a voter before jumping into the attacker perspective. And then we're gonna start brainstorming what you could do to stop an election. In order to understand better how we can actually defend it. And so throughout this talk, I want you guys to be brainstorming and thinking about the different things that you would do to stop an election or to cause chaos during an election day. So let's jump into the defender perspective. According to the DHS, election infrastructure includes things like voter registration databases, IT infrastructure, voting systems, storage facilities, and polling places. This is very classical definition, totally understandable. These are all the things that have to do with actually submitting your vote. But I don't think that that's all that we need to consider. I think that there's a lot more that we need to consider before the voter is actually able to go to the polling place and put in their ballot. And the way that I like to talk about this is through the voter hierarchy of needs. These are much like Maslow's hierarchy, a set of different things that voters need before they're actually comfortable going out to vote. We can see the parallels with Maslow's hierarchy of needs with things like the physiological needs, life and death, very important.  If you are afraid for your life, you're probably not gonna take the time to vote. For those who do, it's gonna be much less than it would if they weren't afraid for their lives. And that also plays into the safety concept, but it can be extended to things like family health or safe job safety, financial security. People, when they don't feel financially secure, are they gonna wanna spend the extra money to get to the polling place? Some will not. And then also that belonging aspect.  And then esteem, feeling like your vote matters, feeling like you matter in the grand scheme of things, feeling like it's worth it to vote because you think that you're making something a better place. And then of course, being all that you can be and really being able to feel good about that as you move forward. And also feel good about your voting and that contributing to your country being the best that it can be. So this is how I like to talk about the voter hierarchy of needs and all of the levels that we have to consider as different places that can be attacked. And that's why I question if election infrastructure is really just limited to the ways that you submit your ballots. And I think it's important to say that I'm not suggesting that election commissions need to control all of these levels, but they need to be considered as we look to secure our elections and protect our democracy. Because these systems that we've identified that we need to protect are also systems that can become a target. And you might think that this would be a small impact on an election, but take the United States where 40% of eligible US citizens do not vote at all. And any kind of voter suppression will have an impact on the election. So when we're thinking about election security and election infrastructure, we need to think about things that relates to voter suppression and faith in the government. There are ways to influence an election outside of attacking the actual polling places. So let's jump into the attacker perspective and talk about a more historical approach and modern day what we're seeing as well as motivations and things like that. So on the motivation side, these nation-state attackers, they're looking to either gain power, spread a particular ideology or maintain global recognition and support. And for any of you who are able to attend some of the Black Hat keynotes, we saw this as a common thread. These countries are looking to make sure that their particular belief system is spread across the world, that they maintain their status as a superpower, whatever the case may be, or that they get to the point of a superpower. And when I'm thinking about the different types of attacks, the different types of cyber attacks that we can see, I like to use a way of describing it that our CISO Sam Curry talks about, which is three different layers, the infrastructure layer, the information layer and the ethos layer. The infrastructure layer, that's that physical objects like the electric grid, things like that that you can take out. The information layer is how you spread things like misinformation or disinformation and the ethos layer, that's all about the core belief system of the country. So we're gonna start with that belief system and delve into some historical examples and then get to some modern day examples that incorporate a lot more of the cybersecurity aspect. The historical examples don't as much. However, they give us a really good baseline to understand that this is not a new problem and that the way that we're seeing people do it digitally is just a new approach to that problem. So let's take the Italian elections of 1948. At the time, it was right after World War II, the US government was intent on psychological warfare. They were obsessed with spreading democracy and they were putting millions of dollars towards Christian, Democratic and right wing socialist parties.  And the goal was to change the perception in that election specifically to a conversation about democracy versus totalitarianism, Christianity versus atheism, America versus the Soviet Union and of course, abundance versus starvation, trying to draw that contrast and they ended up successfully swaying the votes in the election. And so they repeated that process in places like Guatemala, in South Vietnam, in Afghanistan and Indonesia, as well as many, many more. And this was without having the digital component at all, without having to do any hacking, but it was the start of something that we're seeing take shape even more now. Another example, Moscow founded the communist international group, Common Turn in 1919 and they urged the American Communist Party to pursue revolutionary regime change. This was very similar to democracy promotion, which was again, later pursued by Washington, all with the purpose of spreading their point of view within America. And of course, the 1996 Chinese influence on the US election, where a Chinese general sent $300,000 to influence a US presidential election by funneling money to the Clinton campaign. So let's look at the cyber equivalent of these things that's happening right now and has been happening for some time. A good example of this is social media attacks. So on the left, you can see this ad, which is meant to persuade voters to vote ahead by voting from home and saying that you can text Hillary to a certain number to vote, which is obviously not true, but especially right now, it might be something that people would find really appealing, not having to worry about any mail-in voting, just having to text a name to a certain number, but of course it doesn't work. So that's kind of a double edged attack because it's not just targeting that belief system and that belief in your government and their ability to actually protect you from these types of things, but it's also targeting that information layer and making it so that your vote doesn't actually count even though you think that it did. And then on the right-hand side, you can see an advertisement also not from someone in the US, but aimed at highlighting divisions within the US and also creating them, depending on the case. And an important part of this talk is recognizing that there are other organizations than the government that have a role in election security, even if they choose not to. And that through actions that certain social media organizations have taken, they have set up governments to spread this type of attack more easily. And that's not to say that these organizations should be controlled or anything like that, but to some extent they do have a responsibility as American citizens, as people in the United States to consider this and to consider the implications of these types of attacks and to try to build a stronger foundation for democracy within their own organizations. So now let's look at the information plane. And remember, this is all of the communication, this is where we get into the real misinformation and disinformation. And I wanna start with a really baffling example that highlights that, you know, this is not a new thing. And as much as we are recognizing disinformation and misinformation right now in American culture, America was really founded on this. It was founded on the premise of a conspiracy theory where the British were trying to enslave us. Sam Adams argued that Britain's taxations before the Revolutionary War were part of an elaborate conspiracy to eventually enslave American colonists. He actually spread that and other early disinformation through pamphlets and speeches that he would hand out. The contained information that he knew was not true. And he used the Boston Massacre as a tool in order to continue to spread that disinformation and to continue to cause chaos within America leading to the American Revolution. So we have this foundation in the US, for those of you who are from the US, of disinformation and of misinformation from our very earliest days. And then of course you can consider things like the CIA and the infamous propaganda asset inventory. During the Cold War era in the 1950s and 60s, the CIA had a huge number of radio stations and newspapers and magazines across the globe that they were using to push the United States agenda in one very interesting instance. They had control of a program called Radio Free Asia, but they realized that the average Taiwanese person, individual, would not actually have a radio. So they strapped small radios to balloons and sent them flying to try and get them to Taiwan. Needless to say the wind took them the wrong direction, but the idea was very interesting nonetheless. In another interesting little tidbit, they had control of a magazine, but the magazine became so popular that it was actually also began being distributed to the United States. And so they had to be very careful to only put the propaganda in the ones that were not going to the US. Similarly in the 50s, 60s and 70s, left-wing newspapers in Europe were pretty much all financed directly from Moscow pushing Moscow's agenda. And then the US radio also in Moscow, which would play rock music like Alton John and the Beatles that they couldn't get anywhere else, but it was always followed by short segments of what they called editorial content, which Soviet authorities considered disinformation, which was giving that American perspective. One that's more focused on the cyber realm is the 2014 Ukraine elections. On May 21st of 2014, attackers compromised the CEC network and actually disabled the vote counting. Now this would automatically attack that ethos layer and you start to lose faith in your government to actually be able to accurately count your votes and the validity of the election. But then they managed to get it back up after I think like 12 hours. And four days later was the actual election day. At the time the same CEC website was under constant DDOS attack and 12 minutes before the polls closed, attackers actually posted a picture of a former leader to the right sector on the CEC website claiming he won the election. What's really interesting about this is it was immediately shared by Russian media almost as if it was coordinated, almost. And let's also look at the communication plane. This is very interesting and it really makes it so that people are confused about what to do, where to go. It's a direct line to the voters. And here are two examples of that. On the left, you have an example of a text that is supposedly from President Trump shaming someone into voting, saying your ballot hasn't been submitted. What are you still doing? In reality, this is not from the campaign. This is not from Trump. And they would not be able to track this type of information. But it's even, they even got an interesting URL, vote.gop. And then on the right hand side, you can see an example of that's supposed to be a very helpful message from the government telling you your polling location and what the hours are and where to go. In reality, that's not a real polling location. That's someone sending a message that purports to be from the government as a helpful reminder to go vote. When in reality, there's nothing there and the voter will go get there and not be able to vote. And at that point, you're either one late for work if you go into work, or two, you're frustrated and less likely to vote. Now let's look at the infrastructure plane. And this one is really interesting because it's that physical layer, which I think that a lot of times, especially more broadly, we don't think about or more broadly, I mean, the world instead of just the cybersecurity community doesn't think of cyber attacks in this infrastructure plane as much. And we're gonna go back to those historical examples that don't incorporate a cybersecurity component but lay the groundwork for where this can go in the future. Starting with the assassination of Lumumba. In 1960, the Democratic Republic of Congo gained its independence and Lumumba was the prime minister of the DRC. He was also elected that year and then he was subsequently assassinated one year later in 1961. Now this was immediately politically fracturing for this very, very new independent nation. And it turns out that the groups behind it were American and Belgian and they were actually from the US government and the Belgian government and they had worked together to plan this assassination. And this is the type of thing that can really be destructive to such a new nation. It would be the equivalent in the US is George Washington being assassinated a year after American independence, which would have, who would have, who knows what would have happened in that instance. And then there's also the 1965 Indonesian elections and subsequent massacre. The Communist Party finished fourth in an Indonesian elections and they were offered a proportional representation in the government. Now this was not aligned to US interests, needless to say. And for fear of how this would impact US interests in the region, the US secretly supported the purge of suspected communists, causing thousands to millions, they're not entirely sure how many, to die over the course of months. And the military took over as the most powerful institution. So this is not only direct impact because they have supported and pushed for the death and the massacre of these many, many people, but it's also something that I deeply believe would terrify the public. Who is gonna be voting and speaking about their beliefs freely after this type of thing happens in their country? And now this one isn't an example of election day, but it's a good representation again, and it does involve that cyber component. So the bronze knight in Estonia in 2007, this was really a combination of an infrastructure attack and an information attack. In 2007, Estonians made the decision to move a Red Army soldier statue to a Soviet cemetery because needless to say, they did not want a Red Army soldier in the middle of their country. Not exactly a fan favorite there. So the night that it was being moved, fake news started to spread with Russian news reports claiming that the statue and the Soviet war graves were being destroyed. And this resulted in two nights straight of riots and looting. 156 people were injured, one person was left dead and a thousand were detained. But at the exact same time, there were a ton of denial of service attacks going on inside Estonia across banks, media outlets, governments, cash machines, things like online banking was out of service, government employees couldn't communicate over email, and newspapers and broadcasters couldn't deliver the news. So all they were left with was the Russian news reports that were spreading this fake news. And this quote, I really like this quote because it talks a little bit about this with, in all of these historical examples, these campaigns were done covertly. And cyber aggression really gives us the ability to have these type of campaigns very covertly. And it leaves us really vulnerable to these types of attacks and to really sowing chaos internally in the country with people believing conspiracy theories about the situation, with people not knowing what's true and what isn't. And that's why I think it's so scary, the potential, not just on the misinformation and disinformation side, but also on that belief system layer and even that infrastructure layer. So some examples of things that we talked about during these tabletop exercises that I think could have a huge impact on election day come to things like the electric grid. So in 2003, a four-day power outage left at least 100 people in the United States and Canada dead. Now imagine there's a power outage on election day and you have yet to leave your house. Are you gonna be worried about voting or are you gonna be worried about making sure that whatever's in your fridge doesn't go bad? Are you gonna be worried about your family? Maybe you know someone who needs the type of care that requires electricity to be available. There are a lot of factors here that will immediately, just like with those voter hierarchy of needs that will immediately come before you're actually willing to vote when something sporadic happens, like losing power. And we're also gonna talk about transit. So in 2016, San Francisco's transit system was infected with ransomware. Now imagine a scenario, a lot of people go to vote after work. So you go to work, you spend your day on Twitter probably seeing some disinformation. You get to the end of the day, you've taken the train into work and you go to take the train to the polling station and then back home and it's down and you can't access it.  So we can see that these attacks go across layers but also across all the layers of the pyramid. And they're just a few examples. There are way more that we can look at through our own tabletop exercises. So let's jump back into the defender perspective before we really get to that brainstorming part. Where does this leave us? We have this small view of election security just with voter registration, just with databases, IT infrastructure, things like that. And we end up with quotes like these from leaders in different countries. We cannot exclude such activities in Germany either in the election campaign. We'll also have to confront distortions and fake stories. Now it's great that they're being honest about it but where does this leave a citizen when knowing what's fake, what's real? When knowing how to actually combat this. Similarly, we have representatives saying that people are trying to steal another election, that it's all rigged, that it's a scam, pushing this same narrative that these countries want other countries to believe in. And then of course, just from a couple of weeks ago, congressional Democrats talking about how they were gravely concerned about foreign interference in an election. Now, I think the recognition, again, the recognition is good. It's just the matter of giving us the tools to combat what they're seeing that we're missing here. We're missing the leadership part. So where should we really be going in order to create a different reality for ourselves where we have a more well-rounded view of election security, where we understand the problem and where we not just the government but also the citizens and the private sector can affect change. And this is what it should look like where we have all of those different aspects that are front and center and that we're thinking about and that we're making clear these are the things that are gonna be under attack. These are the things that you need to look out for having that communication because in reality, as I've mentioned before, a lot of these channels are not government-owned entities. A lot of them are privately held, which means that election security cannot just be the government's problem. It has to be something considered by the private sector. It has to be something that we work together as a community, as a society to help stop. So I want you guys, the goal of this was, if we were in person, to do a small tabletop exercise together. But since we can't really do that, I want you guys to imagine how this scenario would go, what you would do from either perspective. And just start by thinking about, do you vote before work? Do you mail in your ballot? How do modern events, like the pandemic that we're going through right now, change all of that? Are you on Twitter? Do you fact check? I typically do or would vote before work if we are still going into the office. I am doing a mail-in ballot. I think that mail-in ballots are critical right now, given the current situation, and because it really takes away those time-based attacks that we're seeing. If the day of the election, you lose power, but you already voted three weeks ago, then you're not actually going to be part of the voter suppression problem, and it's already taken care of. And that's a huge positive. That's a huge benefit. Not to say that mail-in voting doesn't have its own issues, but that's at least a start to removing some of those time-based barriers. How do modern events change this?  Are you on Twitter? I know a lot of us are, InfoSec Twitter is great and terrible, but it raises the question of do you fact-check?  Are you sharing articles without actually reading them? These are important and they tend to get lost in the shuffle even though people talk about them.  What would you do that would make you stop and think, I'm gonna take care of this problem and I'm not gonna go vote today. That's what's critical. And some of the things that we saw in these tabletop exercises to effect an election were things like attackers creating deep fakes of certain candidates. And the thing is, if you release a deep fake of a candidate on the day of the election on that morning, there really isn't enough time for the candidate to react and maybe they'll issue a statement, but the damage will have been done and it's not something you can fix in over the course of eight hours. So these are the type of the questions, like how does that time-based element affect things? If you took out the electric grid exclusively in regions that are known to be very conservative, how would that look to people? What would they take away from that? Would they take away that it was just a random power outage or would they suspect that there was foul play from the other side? And then take those ideas and think about what you can do for your country instead. Because at the end of the day, as we know with red teaming, all of this is working towards stronger security. And that's what's important is that we come out of this considering how to make security stronger, how to make election security stronger and the whole thing. So how do you defend? Are you involved in any of these sectors? Are you in the transit sector or communication sector? If you work at a social media company, how can you affect change within these organizations? Because at the end of the day, we all have to do our part in order to protect our system. So this kind of left me with a lot of questions because it feels like an insurmountable problem. It's this huge, huge problem. But at the end of the day, what I think is the most important and what we can take away from this is the first thing is to, whether you work at a private company or a government entity, work to improve your security, your personal security, your enterprise security, whatever the case may be, we need it because all of these different elements can be used in a way that they're not supposed to be used. And you just don't know what creative method an attacker is going to use in order to affect the belief system of the country. So really focus on, of course, having good security measures. The second is to work with the government. I know build partnerships with the government. I'm a part of InfraGuard. It's the government group for infrastructure security. I think that that's great. It's a great way to share and give back not just to the community, but also to the government. So I highly recommend just finding different avenues and different partnerships that you can have to make security stronger in the government space, even if you don't work there directly and also to spread awareness. And then the last one is to work to fight misinformation because I think that's just a continuous struggle that we all have to consider. And the more that we work at it, the better off we will be inevitably. I mean, it's a lot of work, but that's how it is. I also wrote a white paper on this. Feel free to download. You don't need to put an email or anything like that. It's totally free if you go to this link and it elaborates on a lot of what I've talked about here. So feel free to download that and also message me if you have any questions. I'm happy to help. Thank you so much for attending. I hope you guys have a great rest of Def Con Red Team Village. And if you have any questions, feel free to reach out. I will respond to all the comments in Discord and feel free to ask me any questions. I'm Hacker Bella on Discord. So thank you so much. Awesome, thank you. Amazing presentation. Thank you so much for supporting us, supporting Def Con Red Team Village. And again, as we said before, please look at all the talks and activities that are happening right now in the bottom of the screen. You should have a link to our website. We're streaming on Twitch and YouTube and so on. And please, as Ali mentioned, please join the conversation on Discord. We're going to a break in a real small break and the next presenter will be here in about...


So the myrtle perspectives that were so beautifully presented to us by There are three initial speakers Francis's point about the need for multi-disciplinarity and the need to focus to make sure that the assumptions are appropriate I mean one that really came home to me working on the The food price crisis in 2008, you know A lot of people think of farmers as like farmers in Iowa or the UK People who sell produce and sell stuff, you know people with a profit function, but no expenditure function In many developing countries many poor farmers are actually net buyers of food You know who are made worse off when the price goes up not better off, you know Those sorts of changes of assumption and methodology there They're really really important and it's very important to emphasize those The historical legacies really loved Ron's presentation Of the historical legacies and what they've meant for particularly the ethnic and religious diversity that came from the various conquests, you know the Mughal conquest of India as well as the later colonial Experiences and I I wondered whether it would be useful to add one other big change there Which was the large-scale immigration Out of southern China and the implications that that's had for many of the countries in in the region in terms of economic and social development and then Kurshik's wonderful discussion democracy governance economic performance, which was really central to the paper And and then the the importance of norms which he emphasized In the presentation. I think your taxi driver Analogies wonderfully appropriate the taxi driver who doesn't follow the norm of trade negotiations for instance where I Offer to reduce my protection in return for a reduction in your protection You see the taxi driver model emerged from the United States at the moment Lower your protection or I'll raise my tariffs on you There's norm busting Experience I think is rather shocking to many to many people What I wanted to do was to bring in a few tables a few that I think Generate that that generated some insights that weren't covered in the three presentations Although these overlap a little with deep packs very interesting observations In Asian drama mood I'll talks a lot and and in a very depressing tone in fact about the Problem of rapid population growth as you know Populations were growing very very rapidly countries were at a relatively early stage of the demographic transition in South and East Asia When he wrote you had the fall in the death rates, but you still had a very large Very high fertility rates, you know Bangladesh, you know seven children per woman China six point four India fight nearly six six six to seven was the now that generates Very very rapid population growths, which was a source of great pessimism Murdaal in particular focused on the Philippines where he felt that the Catholic Church was a major opponent of of birth control But move forward You know the 50 odd years and what do you see? staggeringly low fertility rates in most in most of the countries net reproduction rates at two point one in Bangladesh in a one point five In Thailand a country where thirty three percent of people are still engaged in agriculture where children Can generate returns relatively easily early by looking after small animals and so on the Philippines is still something of an outlier But at two point nine children per woman rather than Six points six point eight as it was so a dramatic change there Which I think about which he was perhaps too pessimistic He was very pessimistic too about the grip of tradition the resistance to education If you look at though at recent UNESCO figures You see just staggering changes in many in many countries and here this is kind of a lagging You know secondary lower secondary school the sort of level of education that have done right gives confident literacy and numeracy These rates of Improved immeasurably in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia Kenya as an example and then Nigeria as a counter example where there's been essentially no progress Slower in Pakistan, but a real transformation Of of of the world these are completion rates for a cohort. Of course, so there's a lag Another thing that I think has been hugely important in the transformation of Asia And other developing countries is the innovation of high yielding varieties This has big implications for poverty as Martin Revalion has shown in many many many many papers An agricultural output per capita. I'm realizing I have a very old slide here It actually took off from about the 1960s Apologies for that as new varieties came on and that that gap You know the growth rate in developing countries has continued to be much higher of output per Capita then in the develop then in the industrial countries Here I overlap with with D-PAC this this point between 1820 and 1990 if you look at developing countries as a whole just a persistent pattern of much higher Growth rates we know from neoclassical economics that economic convergence ought to be the case that a poor country can grow by Adopting frontier-level technology and then moving out as the frontier moves out innovating in that way So you would expect higher rates of economic growth As Abramowitz and others pointed out after Murdael wrote but in fact we saw exactly the opposite growth rates much slower In the developing countries than in the rich countries From the beginning of the industrial revolution with the medicine data We can now see back in ways That Murdael couldn't couldn't at the time and that growth rate difference between 1.6 percent per annum and per capita income In the rich countries point nine in other other countries including Asian countries that just Created an ever-growing gap and that gap continued to rise in aggregate up until 1990 although as as D-PAC pointed out Asia started to move ahead earlier than than than the rest of the of the developing world and consequence of this much higher growth in developing countries from around 1990 Richard Baldwin has a very interesting thesis about convergence economic convergence He makes the point that prior to night to the 90s before you had the technology of communication and transport If you wanted an industrial development and agglomeration all of those gains you had to build the entire Industrial sector the way the traditional Rich countries did after that time. It's become possible to break up the production process You don't need to do everything in fact. You shouldn't do everything you should use global value change You should do the things you're really good at trading tasks and that that can give you And I think that's probably a very very powerful part of this enormous gap In growth rates between rich and poor countries Which as we'll see if you look at the world development indicators numbers for that period 91 to 2016 Where was the growth very rapid? It was in China. It was in India It was in other East Asia to a smaller degree in other South Asia And the other developing country regions more or less kept up rather than surged ahead But at least keeping up was a big progress relative to early periods So Asian transformations to summarize living a little time for discussion Asia has been transformed since Murdoch wrote some of the areas of great concern to Murdoch have turned out well Demography and population growth total change in the picture Education and economic dynamism Murdoch was very pessimistic as Francis pointed out about the Adaptability and enthusiasm for change of the general population He seems to have been way too conservative. I think agricultural productivity is another area where he was way too conservative That's been a real engine of change and then because with new data We can see not just foot. Well, we can't still can't see very well forward, but we can see a lot better Going back and see a lot of things that weren't visible in Murdoch's time Thank you very much Bill for a wonderful job and discussant of a vast expanse That is Asia over 50 years We started about five minutes late. So we certainly have about 10 12 minutes Not enough And if you don't have time to answer all your questions, we'll try and take them on board in in what we write So may I invite any questions that people have? newtonsa from norad you mentioned that that There are different paths to development and you mentioned that in Korea and the province of Taiwan They relied on their own technology but I Recently read the Amstin spoke about Asia's next giant that details that they are in industrial development in in Korea And she points out the the huge imports of machinery blueprints licenses and And also patents from from the West and also excursions by Koreans to the West and and vice versa. So in the early stages There were huge imports of technology Finance by very rapid export growth. I think could you comment on that? Yeah, I will come around. Let's take the questions Stephanie and then I will come back to you last Andy Excellent panel just two brief comments one. I very much liked the point that Francis made about Indian economists already early in the 20th century Stressing the specificities of their economies And a similar thing also very rarely quoted happened in Latin America Particularly after the Second World War and actually Dudley Sears who you mentioned was one of the few exceptions who Was sensitive and in fact disseminated a lot of thinking of of Latin American economists My other point was also to Francis I think you very rightly point to the fact that Economic interest the West influenced their thinking and you listed their free trade and what is interesting now is that free trade Particularly from Trump, but more generally is not a leading aim of the developed economies and Perhaps partly because it doesn't suit their interest or partly because of different ideological perceptions Thank you. Yes Thank you for the wonderful presentations. My name is Alina and my question is to professors to word So basically you mentioned that the values should be considered locally, but not from the elite decision makers So could you say your opinion of how those like local values can be gathered together to get that? understanding and also you talked about the interdisciplinary analysis, so Would be interesting to hear what disciplines. Do you consider it to be added to economical analysis? Thank you Economics embedded in In social sciences and embedded in history That's a good start for thinking about Asian transformation Economics is also embedded in the natural sciences I thought it was great that you started us out on your journey by thinking about the river valleys in the region The end of the journey at the moment for many Asians is air that they can't breathe respiratory disease high excessive levels of air pollution and the big transformation on the agenda in Asia right now I think is is how to provide power for these massive cities Which does not lead to continued excessive emissions of greenhouse gas emit of greenhouse gases none of you have mentioned The Asian environment beyond the river valleys and I think it's very important if you're looking at Asian transformation To to take some of those factors into consideration when you when you publish your study Otherwise, you're slightly missing the mark Thank you so much I'm Tadessa from Ethiopia and I'd like to congratulate all presenters for wonderful work they have made my question is issue of Leadership in the Asian transformation process I hope the underlining fact and the major bottom line for all progress is issue of leadership, so Can't you see that is Something different compared to many other developing countries in terms of an institutional arrangement and quality of leadership Which has made all these whatever promotion of development whether education trade, whatever you said is Somehow led by leadership. It's quality of leadership So could you explain what what what values or norms that contribute to have high-level quality leadership in the Asian development process? Hi, thanks. It's a really interesting set of presentations Two questions that the first is I was wondering what do you think the story and the story still for developing countries is a dependence on global patterns and the global economy if you think of Indonesia Malaysia, you know There was a first wave on global prices for commodities oil in particular in the 60s 70s then that was replaced by relative exchange rates and Interest rate differentials drove the kind of 19 the mid 80s to the mid 90s story So I wonder I mean do we need to look again at things like structuralism and the kind of and we would we're sort of Do my favorite thing of digging up dead economists, which is one of my my side lines and hobbies and so As as as I will be one day So maybe I hope I'll get dug up perhaps And then the so do we need to look again about the is there a dependency on the global economy that we just don't take enough account of You know if you look at Southeast Asia clearly that you could say I mean one one way is just calling it serendipity You know Indonesia Malaysia natural resource or boom in the 70s big interest rates differentials drove the manufacturing relocation from Northeast Asia The Plaza Accord interest rate differentials that drove a second phase So probably but perhaps with Southeast Asia in mind, you know to what extent is development ever dependent on global accumulation? And then the second question is Deep-packing one of your slides. I was trying to work it out, but it went too quickly What's the expansion of Asia? At the expense of other developing countries or at the expense of the West My read of your slide was actually it was at the expense of other developing countries And so maybe that bring if you look at the percentages Not entirely but slightly. I mean the kind of expansion to whatever it was 29% of global GDP So maybe Asia expanded At the cost of other developing countries and it brings me back to the you know The idea at the moment is it's becoming much harder for countries to achieve economic development because Manufacturing's beginning to spread a thinner and thinner between more and more countries And that puts you into questions and you know the prospects for service-led development, you know, how real are they? So kind of those are my questions. Thank you You have politics and different groups with different interests Within each country. So I spoke in a very crude way about the interests of the West But different groups within the West have different views and you can see this going back to the Corn Law debate Where it was the manufacturers wanted the free Entry of agricultural products and the others didn't I think now we're coming to a sort of new turning point where there are large elements of unskilled workers in our countries for whom free trade is a real threat and that's Turning up in the politics and we see that in Trump and we see that in Brexit and Then it gets translated into new interest. So I think it's yeah still the case obviously Well economists haven't caught up with Trump. We don't have you know, you and I've been arguing that certain countries should have protection But not the West Economist is not the economic policies. It's just the politics not the economists who are advocating it It's just the policy makers at the moment, but it's obviously they will probably come and rationalize this How to get at values is a really interesting issue because Well because there's heterogeneity of values and that's back to the point I just made you can't assume that if you wanted local values Even within a village the women and the men may have different views people of different age groups may have different views so there is a huge problem of Condensing that into any single set of priorities, but there's also a problem of ascertaining what the values were I've just been at a conference where they had smartphones and all the audience could just vote on values I loved it. You suddenly saw your views up there. You know what what was the values? I think that is Beginning because of course smartphones are spreading like wildfire is going to be the beginning of a very good way of getting at values But we will still always have the Problem of heterogeneity of values and how to solve that and and I can't solve it. It's political On the interdisciplinary issue. I think my own experiences that you really need to Educate people at the undergraduate and graduate level not just on the importance of interdisciplinarity, but actually Multidisciplinary education because starting from that then people prepared to understand it and Talk to people from different disciplines and incorporate it But if you have people educated say purely in economics and more and more it's very very specialized and they're not learning other disciplines Then it's a huge task to try and get multi-disciplinarity to work Let me just comment on two points or questions that were raised The air pollution and environment that was mentioned actually the importance of that to me the most striking is Civilizations have collapsed in the past and that Indus Valley civilization is a great example when we were growing up The story used to be that the Indus Valley civilization collapsed because the Arians had mastered the control of the horse And it was repeat small attacks that made it go down But throughout there was a bit of a mystery as to how it went down There is now overwhelming evidence and there's a lot of research at Yale and Cornell Digging literally and getting evidence out that the main reason why the civilization collapsed was They didn't realize the amount of environmental damage that they were doing Water tables dropping and they just didn't have the wherewithal the scientific wherewithal to appreciate that and that's worth reminding That there can be very different reasons and pollution and air quality can be a reason why we can decimate growth and development certainly something to be kept in mind and I'm just turning to and your remark about manufacturing to services It is true that thanks to technological progress Manufacturing is taking in fewer and fewer labor. It's there's still manufactured products But machines are beginning to do that to that my I have two responses one is you may be right that there will be a greater stress in services And we are already beginning to see trends in that Also, it could be that what constitutes economic growth The constituents could change dramatically and after all that has happened through history I mean earlier it was grain and food, but since then it moved to cars and Vacations it could move for instance to health The scope for health improvement can be just huge the human capacity Quality of life that you lead and there can be a disproportionate amount of human effort going into that Prolonging a long longevity etc. And yet another thing has to be kept in mind that if in the end Machines do machines and artificial artificial intelligence manages to take over Production virtually everything even in services that in itself is not really the end of the world as long as the surplus that is being generated by what the machines are producing are not is not Cornered by a small segment of the population What we then need is an ownership of profit and rental income which will become the bulk of the global income That is much more thinly spread across the population so that we can spend time on art music literature philosophy and machines and robotic Creatures produce all the goods that we need that's a possibility But our attention has to turn then to the distribution of the rent that comes out of these activities Just just just very briefly and the point about globalization I think globalization could be destroyed the same was it was in 1914 after 1914 But I think it's much less likely the globalization breaking up into bits most of the trade now is in components the interest groups Want that trade? You know, so it's only people, you know like the taxi driver Who are unaware of economics and unwilling to follow norms who are pushing? To to completely, you know destroy that system But a country that produces its phones Domestically iPhones if they're all produced in the United States, they won't be competitive the only way they will then need protection It'll just be an endless round of protection until Manmohan sings 150 percent Tara who's Realized in the United States. I don't think it's going to happen We have over a night time I will be very brief and address Three questions that were not addressed first Korea and Taiwan It is true that in the early stages they imported technologies But without the capital with licensing fees and royalties But the object always was to develop domestic technological capabilities in in Korea and in Taiwan It is true that Asia has in the past 30 years particularly derived enormous benefit from the process of globalization and The booms in the world economy Although some of Asia has been hurt by the bust as well But we do need to recognize that Asia on its own with its rising incomes is now a large part of the world market and It has a capacity to sustain some of that growth on the demand side Asia has grown largely at the expense of industrialized countries whether in GDP or in manufacturing value added Africa has regressed just a little But not that much and Latin America Has fluctuated, but it's roughly where it was in the world economy So it is largely at the expense of industrialized countries and partly at the expense of Transition economies I think the question about There are two questions about the future essentially One is that this fossil fuels based industrialization is not going to be sustainable And in which direction is Asia going to move to green technologies to different products To a new role for services all our possibilities But certainly it could grind to a halt if it's fossil fuel base because they did the climate change has become a serious threat And and last but not least I want to say that Yes You know the role of the state is in part about the role of leadership But what the experience of Asia tells us is that Despite enormous variants variations in the nature of governments and the nature of politics which I described in terms of very very different setups Every state has in its own way, but differently Supported that process of development And that is the diversity of Asia. It is not about individual leaders Not necessarily perhaps Lee Kuan Yew or Park Chung Hee But not that much it is about the the the process of government and politics in Asia But how it will survive the spread of political democracy is An important question because much of Asia is still characterized by authoritarian regimes But there are the beginnings of more democracy Let me with this thank you for your patience We took longer than we should have and thank the panelists for their presentations. Thank you