Hello and welcome to the session. This is Professor Farhad and this session would look at IAS 21, which is foreign currency transaction. This topic is covered in international accounting, the CPA exam, as well as the ACCA exam. As always, I would like to remind you to connect with me on LinkedIn. YouTube is where you would need to subscribe. I have 1500 plus accounting, auditing and tax lecture. If you like my lecture, please share them, put them in the playlist, let the world know about them. If you're benefiting from them, it means other people might benefit, so please share the wealth. This is my Instagram account and this is my Facebook account. Please follow me on Instagram as I'm trying to grow my following and this is my website. On my website, if you choose, you can donate the support in the channel. And on my website, I constantly have some sort of an offer. Right now, Becker is offering the $1000 off of their Becker bundle. Please check it out. If you're interested, I strongly encourage you to do so. Today, we're gonna be discussing export import transaction and simply put when we have two entities from two different countries buying and selling from each other or when you buy in a different country or buy supplies from a different country, you're gonna be exposed to foreign currency risk. So when two parties from different countries enter into a transaction, they must decide which of the two countries' currencies to use to settle the transaction. So let's assume a US company is buying from a German company. Well, we might have to pay in Euro or if we're selling to a German company, they may pay us in Euro. So we have an exposure. So the exposure can be summarized into from two components. From two perspective, you could be an exporter basically selling a US company selling to Germany. A transaction exposure exists when the exporter allows the buyer to pay in the foreign currency and also allow the buyer to pay sometime after the sale has been made. If they pay you immediately, there's no risk because you could convert the currency immediately and you're done, okay? So the exporter is exposed to the risk that the foreign currency might decrease in value between the date of the sale and the date of the payment, thereby decreasing the amount of domestic currency in which the foreign currency can be converted. So what is the risk if you are an exporter? What is your risk? If you're an exporter, you are going to have an account receivable. The risk is the foreign currency might depreciate. So simply put, if you are an exporter, you have an account receivable because you're gonna be receiving that foreign currency and what you want, the risk is the decreasing amount of the domestic currency in which the foreign currency can be converted. Simply put, let's talk US versus a German company. If you are a US exporter and you expect to receive German, not German marks, euros, if you're expecting to receive euros, you want the US dollar to weakened, you want the US dollar to weakened and you want the euro to strengthen. So you want the euro to appreciate, you want the euro to appreciate because you're gonna be receiving euros and as the euro appreciate, you can convert the euro into more US dollar. So you want your local currency to go down. So if US currency is your local currency, your home country, then you want your local currency to go down. On the other side, if you're an importer, means you're buying, okay, a transaction exposer exists when the importer is required to pay in a foreign currency and is allowed to pay sometime in the future.  Well, if you pay for it now, you know, there is no risk because you know what you're paying now, you'll pay it and you get done with it. But when you pay in the future, you're gonna have to buy that foreign currency and you never know how much you're gonna have to pay for it. Therefore, the importer is exposed to the risk that a foreign currency might increase, increase, appreciate between the date of the purchase and the date of the payment. Here, you want your home currency or your local currency in this situation. You want your local currency to go up, to appreciate. You want your local currency to appreciate. Why? Because as your local currency appreciate, you need less of it to buy the foreign currency. So you want your local currency.  And the opposite is true if you're an exporter.  So when you receive the euro, you can buy more US dollar with the euro. Okay? Let's take a look at the summary of the state. This table will summarize what I just said.  So what is your foreign, how would you like your foreign currency? Well, you want your foreign currency to appreciate. If your foreign currency appreciate and you're an exporter, you're gonna have a gain. If the foreign currency goes down, you're gonna have a loss. Why? Because now you're gonna be receiving the euro, the foreign currency, and you can convert it into less US dollar. Now the opposite is true.  Your exposure is a liability. What happened is this? As your currency, because you have to pay in a different country, as the foreign currency depreciate, as the foreign currency goes down, you have a gain. Why? Because your local currency can buy you more. But as the foreign currency, as the foreign currency appreciate, you have a loss, because now you need to use more local currency, US dollar, to buy the foreign currency to settle the liability. So make sure you understand this grid before you proceed. It's very, very important. Let's take a look at an example to start to illustrate this whole concept and how do we record transaction because that's what we are interested in as accountant. We are not finance. So assume that Xeemco sells goods to a Spanish customer at a price of 1 million euro when the spot exchange rate is $1.50 per euro. That's fine. If the payment were received at the date of the sale, the company would have converted 1 million euros into 1,500,000 dollar. And this amount would clearly be the sales revenue.  You would convert to US dollar and you'll get 1.5 million. Instead, we're gonna be paid three months later. At the end of three months, the euro exchange rate is $1.48. And now we can convert 1 million euros at a rate of $1.48, thus receiving only 1,480. So the question is, how should we account for the change in value of $20,000? So copy this data down. We started the transaction. It was $1.50 when we made the sale, the transaction, the foreign currency exchange rate by the time we settled, it was $1.48. Conceptually, there are two accounting methods to account for the changes in the value of the currency. One is called the one transaction perspective. And the second is the two transaction perspective. And I'm gonna go over this one transaction, but that's not what we use. We really use the two transaction perspective. The one transaction perspective assumed that the export sale is not complete until the foreign currency receivable has been collected and converted into US dollar. So what we're saying is the transaction is not done. It's a one transaction and it's not completed until we receive the foreign currency and we convert it. So the company would eventually report the sale at $1,480,000 because this is what they really did if they're using the one transaction perspective. It means the sale did not happen until we received the money and we converted it. At that point, it was $1,480,000. This approach is criticized because it hides the fact that the company could have received $1.50,000 if we got the money on the transaction date, which is the rate was $1.50. So the company incurred $20,000 loss because the depreciation in the euro, but that loss is varied in an adjustment to sales. So basically what we're saying is this approach, it doesn't take into account the fluctuation in the currency. And this approach is not acceptable for GAP or IFRS. So what we have to do, we have to use the two transaction perspective. So both US GAP and IFRS, which is IAS 10 and ASCA 30, the foreign currency matters require company use what's called two transaction perspective and accounting for foreign currency transaction. So what do we mean by two transaction perspective? This perspective treats the export sale and the subsequent collection is two separate transaction. So what we're saying is this, we made the sale, we made an export sale, that's one transaction. Then we extended credit in the foreign currency, which is, it's a second exposure, which is a second transaction. The income effect from each of these decision should be reported separately. So the sale is one transaction, extending the credit is another transaction. Therefore we have two transactions. So under this approach, we would record the US dollar value of the sale at the date that it occurs. So basically 1.5 million, okay? So at this point, the sale is completed at 1.5 million. There's no subsequent adjustment to sale. So when we make the sale, the rate was dollar 50. So therefore we have sales at 1,500,000. We don't adjust the sales anymore. Now any subsequent difference, any difference between the number of US dollar that could have been received at the date of the sale and the number of US dollar actually received at the date of the payment due to the fluctuation in the exchange rate is the result of the decision to extend foreign currency credit to the customer and that should be treated separately. So this is what we mean by the two transaction perspective. It's a sale, that's one transaction, record the sale, the date that it took place. Then you extended the credit and that credit in a foreign currency, that's really another transaction, that's another risk. Therefore you have to account for it separately. So the difference is treated as either a foreign currency exchange gain or a foreign currency exchange loss and that goes in the income statement. So using the two step perspective, let's take a look at the journal entries. So on the date of the sale, we would record the sale at 1.5 million. We would record at the spot rate. The spot rate was dollar 50. Now the date of the payment, what we do is we debit foreign currency loss 20,000, reduce to receivable 20,000 and to adjust the receivable to the new spot rate. Then we receive the cash. Now can we combine those two entries? Sure we can, of course we can. So notice the, first we have to reduce the AR. So here's what happened. We have an AR. It started at 1.5 million. We reduced it by 20,000. Then we received the funds, 1,480,000. Therefore at the end of the day, the receivable should go down to zero. So notice in this transaction, we made the sale and we received the payment within the same accounting period. What happened if we make the sale in one period and we don't receive the payment until the following period? That means in between we have to prepare a balance sheet. So now we're gonna have to look at balance sheet date before the date of payment. So what would be done accounting wise when the balance sheet falls between the date of the sale and the date of the payment? And the prior section we assume it all happens in the same accounting period. So let's assume that the company shipped goods to the Spanish customer on December 1st with the payment to be received on March. So this is the sale and this is the payment. Now remember the sale December 1st, we're gonna end the year December 31st and the payment is not made until year two. So this is year one, this is year two and this is the end of the year. So this is what we mean by balance sheet date before the payment. Assume that December 1st, spot rate is $1.50 but December 31st, by December 31st, the year I appreciated the $1.51. So I went from $1.50 by the December 31st of $1.51. So on December 31st, year one, when the books are closed, is any adjustment needed to account for the fact that the foreign currency has changed? Yes, in this situation we revalue, we revalue any payable or receivable. So we have to value the receivable. Remember we have the receivable at $1,500,000. Now we have to revalue it, okay? So under the two transaction perspective, the foreign currency exchange gain or loss arises as of the balance sheet date. So again, IAS 21 as well as ASC 830 require companies to use what's called the accrual approach to account for the unrealized foreign exchange gain or loss. So for firm report unrealized foreign exchange or loss and net income in the period in which the exchange rate changes. So any changes in the exchange rate, it's accounted right there in the income statement. Now fast we justify this approach by saying this is consistent with the accrual accounting and result in reporting the effect of a rate change that will have cash flow effect when the event causing the effect takes place. So what they're saying the exchange rate fluctuation affect the cash flow therefore use the accrual method. Therefore any changes goes into net income for that period, okay? So any change in the exchange rate from the balance sheet date to the date of the payment result in a second foreign currency gain or loss and is reported in the second accounting period. So in the first period, we have either gain or loss goes on the income statement then by the time we receive the payment it may fluctuate again will have a gain or loss and that's separate. Let's take a look at this example. Again, we made the sale December 1st, 1.5 million. So we record the sale at the spot rate dollar 50. At the end of the year, the rate was dollar 51. Therefore what happened is we have an account receivable. We recorded it at 1,500,000 December 1st then we adjusted this account by the end of the year for $10,000. Now by the time we got the payment three one year two the rate was dollar 48. Now what we have to do now, dollar 48 means, dollar 48 means our receivable should be worth. Our receivable right now, let me just show you our receivable as of December 31st is 1,510,000. By the time we got the payment our receivable should be 1,480, because the rate went to dollar 48. What do we have to do? We have to credit receivable we have to credit receivable by 30,000 and book a foreign exchange loss. And remember the foreign exchange loss and foreign exchange gain both of these goes on the other income or other expenses. This will be other income and this will be other expense because that's a loss other income slash expense or other income expenses. Then we received the cash, we received 1.4 million then we credit account receivable 1.1480,000 and receivable is gone. Now bear in mind what happened in this transaction. First we had a gain of 10,000 then we had a loss of 30,000 overall we had a loss of 20,000. Now remember this transaction and this transaction we did not have any forward contract or option contract simply we did not have any protection. So the foreign currency we had a gain then we have a loss. Now some people might argue you reported a gain at the end of the year and that gain basically did not materialize. Is this a violation of conservatism? You can argue it is, you can argue it's not but let's assume by the end of the year you had a loss then you end up with a gain then did you violate conservatism and it's debatable. So the point is some people argue that this method is a violate conservatism because you reported a gain that really never happened. So this is basically a basic accounting dealing with foreign currency transaction. In the next session we're gonna start to talk about derivatives and hedging. So we're gonna have to take a look at this transaction and see how we can protect ourselves by not having $20,000 in losses or if we're gonna take losses we know exactly the maximum amount of losses we're gonna be absorbing. So we don't leave it for chance. If you have any questions about this topic please email me if you happen to be studied for your CPA exam study hard. If you visit my website please consider making a donation to support the channel. Good luck and see you on the other side of success.


Business leaders today are being measured on the contribution they make to society and how they are responding to challenges facing our world. A new form of leadership is required to navigate a new age, an age where trust in many businesses and institutions is being tested. Trust is key to our connected world. If we do not trust organizations to look after us in the digital world, we may not succeed in building a new connected society and enjoying all the benefit it brings. So how are we rebuilding trust? Well, one example is the digital declaration, a cross-industry movement of 60 CEOs that have signed up to a series of commitments to act ethically in the digital era. I would encourage the Broadband Commission to recognize the principles of the digital declaration as a foundation for public-private partnership. Ensuring sustainable growth and developing responsible business models requires vision and leadership, and leaders from across both the public and private sectors must come together to achieve these goals.


Hello and welcome. Okay, I'm too loud. Sorry for that. At least you're awake Welcome to the next talk at EMF camp and with me on stage Is Matthew to talk to you about our latest and best hope for secure federated Communication, please give a warm round of applause to Matthew Thank you. Hi everybody. Can you hear me? Wonderful perfect brilliant Thank you for coming along to hear a little bit about matrix I guess before I get too deep into it I should probably find out who knows what matrix is already and who doesn't show of hands for people who already One with matrix actually not that many people about okay about 10 11 people So I'm afraid the next bit is gonna be really boring for you And that we'll have to go over some of the basics and to bring everybody else up to speed First of all, I'm Matthew. I'm the tech founder of matrix We started doing this about four years ago to build a whole new decentralized communications network For the internet and the idea to be end-to-end encrypted and completely decentralized So that no single power can have any authority over the network So if you're talking to somebody using a different system on a different server, the conversation is completely Replicated over those two servers and this is the important thing that everybody needs to understand about matrix that IRC or XMPP or SIP or whatever has not done The matrix is basically very similar to get it is a entirely decentralized system And if I fire up a server on my Raspberry Pi and start talking to other people Even if it might be I don't know AT&T or a government or something the copy of the conversations on my little node are mine and The data is replicated with cryptographic integrity over the other servers So there is no single point of control at all. So I mean that's basically the spoiler Main headline here of how we are liberating communication and giving power of it back to the people so in practice Matrix it's an open network and we're doing secure decentralized real-time comms And that's for any kind of communication the typical thing we waste all our life doing is instant messaging interoperable chat But one can also use it for VoIP and you can use it for VR and AR communication You could use it for world data and geometry and VR and AR You can use it for IOT similar to the previous talk if you wanted to have a completely open Fabric which you can publish and subscribe to real-time any old data And in fact one of the early demos we did with matrix was to hook up a car and its ODP to port Intermatrix have it rattle around the network and then do visualizations in a totally different system built on top of it And so why are we doing this? Well, it's a bit of a crazy moonshot to build a global decentralized and cryptic comms network Which is really as ambitious as the web Except optimized for real-time communication because the web was always meant to be read write It was always meant to be as easy to publish as to consume and it all went a bit wrong back in the web 1.0 days and nowadays it's still pretty wrong and if I want to publish stuff on the web I have many different ways of doing it whether it's Facebook or FTP or Twitter or Mastodon But there is no kind of Common language and other than possibly DAV and DAV failed to go and publish data out there So with matrix we just want to say hey, I've got a little bit of JSON data I want to publish it to somebody else in real time here is a simple HTTP API that is standardized for doing that I guess activity pub and activity stream have come along in the last couple of years in a similar space But we are coming at it Almost from a simpler. Well, I'll show you the API's you can judge how complicated it is By the way, if anybody has any questions or thoughts, please just interrupt because it'll be a lot more interesting than me Just going blah blah blah blah for the next half an hour Also, if anybody wants to steer things in a particular direction like what about spam or What about encryption or what about VR then again just yell it out and we can Steer the talk as you might wish or not I mean practically speaking matrix looks like this or doesn't look like this more accurately because this is where we are I'm today with all of these some kind of silos like slack or telegram get a NIC network Or even an application like github and the point of matrix is to be a glue that some connects them all together a Decentralized network of servers connected in a full mesh topology today at least and you have these blue bridges Which take you through to other systems you have native clients living on the matrix side And so you can use it in the bridging model So that somebody on free node can go and talk through to somebody on a given slack by bridging it through matrix Or alternatively you can just ignore the outside and have a native matrix client like riot Talking to I know another native matrix client say like see glass sitting on another server But the unusual thing here is as I said earlier that the conversations are replicated over all of the servers So there isn't any single server that can go down and take out the conversation There is any there isn't a single server which acts as a single point of failure Instead, it's just like cloning a get repository over all of the different nodes on the network made sense Yeah, perfect. So just to ram it down again. No single party owns the convos. They're shared over everybody Some people are probably saying, ah, how is this different to x and pp? Why have you reinvented x and pp?  You're going to hell anybody's thinking that No, well one person is wondering why we reinvent We vaguely wondering why we might have reinvented x and pp and the answer from my perspective is that we haven't a completely different Philosophers and architectures in x and pp. It is a strictly federated some protocol Based around routing blobs of XML over a network and it does a very good job of it. Whereas matrix Primary building block is conversation history. It's not messages. We're synchronizing the history of chat rooms or whatever The data is across these servers. So if anything, it's more like couch DB or Cassandra We're one of these eventually consistent object databases. The fact that you can do pub sub with it is obviously fundamental But in the end or it's a lot more like it that we're going and replicating the history around the place Group conversation is the first-class citizen. You do not get one-to-one messages in matrix You get rooms now for room has two people in it Then you call it a one-to-one conversation But there is no distinction between a DM and the PM or a group conversation otherwise at the protocol level Also end-to-end encryption We designed from the outset it took us a few years to implement it and technically it's still in late beta now But it's still there as a kind of fundamental assumption that sometime real soon now We will turn it on compulsorily for all private communication on matrix Also, we use HTTP and Jason as the baseline API You can use other transports too if you're allergic to HTTP and you hate Jason You do not have to use it in matrix However, the lowest common denominator Stupid simple thing that we provide is a web API so that to send a message is an HTTP But and to receive a message is an HTTP get and that's it now It's inefficient, but anybody can do it. You can literally send messages and receive messages using curl And finally our big difference to X and PP is that we're all about defragmentation and bridging We're not trying to build another ivory tower or another sort of castle in the sky Which is going to be the one true communication network instead We're completely pragmatic and just trying to bridge to everybody else provide some glue in between them and try to Defragment the silos which exists today now I'm not gonna bang on too much about the problems inherent in silos communication because I'm assuming I'm preaching to the Choir and everybody agrees that it's a pretty bad thing that Humanity has become helplessly dependent on Facebook and WhatsApp and Twitter as their ways of communicating so let's just take it as a given perhaps that Isn't good idea to empower people to control their own communication pick their communication provider be able to migrate between their communication providers and have a completely open standard open source non-proprietary Non-encumbered model and for doing so. I don't know did anybody see the thing about better slack a few days ago One person two three four, okay So some guy went and wrote a browser extension to make slack cyclists and he called it better slack and I forget the features, but they were pretty cute and he had to reverse engineer the minified Slack source code in order to do fun stuff with it and he announced it on Hacker news And it got like 800 upvotes and everybody thought it was the best thing ever and two days later slap legal Go and shut him down completely For daring to reverse engineer their code and undermine the integrity of their products and blah blah blah blah blah I'm happy to say that he's now looking at matrix and right But it was this classic example of the problems of working on a proprietary system where they suddenly enforce their terms and Conditions on you and you're screwed even if you've done something really useful and really nice It's I kind of wish you'd been building on an open source platform and an open standard in the first place and now he is so Architecturally on matrix you get home servers these guys feel and look a little bit like email servers You run them on your VPS you find a provider who can provide them to you And they contain your accounts and your conversation history the clients are very thin as I said It's just plain old HTTP talking back and forth here and it's a very asymmetric protocol the clients are really stupid and simple to write Literally, it's a curl one liner the servers on the other hand are having to do this eventually consistent object database replication thing to go and Replicate the conversations all the way around the place so they turn out to be quite hard almost like a database implementation Then you've got application services, which are like clients with super user access to the server so they can masquerade users They can masquerade rooms. They can act as bridges. They could act as know any kind of filtering or And they're logging or whatever service and then finally we have identity servers Which are kind of the odd one out because we haven't solved identity yet in matrix What we do is to identify people based on their email address or their phone number or anything else And then we map it through to their matrix ID Which is intended to be opaque at the moment the that lookup directory sits in these Logically centralized services. We're hoping somebody is going to fix the problem of decentralized identity And we'll just move over to using it when that exact happens But until then it's kind of the weak part of the architecture This is the fun bit in terms of where things are at today our main deliverable is the matrix spec which is a Increasingly scary single big document and one of the things which we do differently to say XMPP or others Is that we just have a spec?   It's got VoIP It's got end-to-end encryption. It's got read receipts typing notifications all this and sort of thing and the advantage of having all in one place It's that if you have a server and you say it speaks matrix 0.4 It does you don't get the fragmentation. You don't get that. Oh, I'm not sure where from my clients implemented end-to-end encryption yet Etc. If it's a compliant client We have a baseline that defines precisely what you need to do to speak matrix historically, this is being quite Unloved should we say because In practice trying to get the right juggle between doing reference implementations and then making sure the spec is really really good It's a nightmare because it at least doubles the amount of work in order to Also get consensus from the community that we're adding in a new feature into the spec and all of this kind of logistical thing But the good news is that in the last couple of months We've actually been working almost full-time on the spec and it's got a lot lot better And so if you have ever had the misfortune of looking at the spec in the past and thought wow, this is a bit shanky Now you can Look at it as of last night and see stuff. Hopefully looking a lot better Now talk about it in a bit on the implementation side at server side We have a Python server called synapse which was the original prototype and Irritatingly it's still the main one out there.  It's a resource hog We haven't optimized it as much as we would like but in practice it works well enough On the matrix org server we have about 30 40 files and some concurrent users at any given point so it is possible to go and scale up to that sort of level and that's over a couple of million accounts and Then we have dendrite, which is the sexy next-gen server now dendrite's written in go and it uses for its own Microservice architecture that goes and scales out completely horizontally it shamelessly rips off how hangouts works inside and Should in theory be amazing other than the fact that we've had to Take people off it to focus on synapse because there are so many synapses out there and it's become quite mature That we need to keep supporting it and it's been this classic second system syndrome a bit like Netscape Versus Mozilla or whatever back in the day where eventually we will move over to dendrite And it's going to be incredible, but we keep having keeping delayed by keeping the current stuff propped up That said synapse is usable today. It just uses more RAM than you would hope or expect We also have application services and bridges through to loads of different Platforms whether it's slack or get it or telegram or whatsapp or iMessage or basically anything out there either we or the community of Written a bridge and the purple stuff is the community the green stuff is the core team on the client side We give completely separate stacks on Android iOS and JavaScript The lowest level is the web API wrapper the next one up is the UX UI components And the one above that are applications themselves written on top of it and the team also writes the riot app Which is a kind of flagship app because one of the things we think went wrong in the past is Protocol open protocols often don't have a flagship application My XNPP has never had until in some ways recently on Android you have conversations But before them especially cross-platform there hasn't been the obvious XNPP client. Everybody should be using So on matrix we wanted to build one and we called it riot and it sits on top The cool thing about having totally native stacks Here is that if you want to embed into Android or iOS or the web You've got many many different layers and much to go into it at and you're not having to use react native You're not having to react use some kind of device abstraction thing the bad news is that for us We end up doing triple the work that we should do in any sane world because we have to maintain completely separate code bases overall three platforms Enough talking. Let's actually look at it. Oh, yes Oh, so your microphone is winging its way to you on on angel wings a A question Yeah, sorry to interrupt. I didn't see anything about embedded platforms like microcontrollers and things Is is that just because it's straight HTTP and you don't really have to or I don't know do you have to comment on that? So on the server side It's not well suited to embedded platforms because the servers today are chunky the next-gen ones should be much better client side You can absolutely use them on embedded platforms and in fact, there's an ESP 80 to whatever that processor is base platform In matrix and it's like 20 lines of code because luckily it has an HTTP client that works And let's face it most things have an HTTP client these days So it's not perfect because it's HTTP, but it's certainly good enough to control a de fruit some LEDs I know a guy who has his entire house lit by matrix And and that kind of thing but it's more of the proof-of-concept face That's right And can you see this this is my personal right web? sitting in one of our dev rooms in synapse dev It's worth noting that matrix scales quite well. I'm in like 1400 different conversations here and I don't know if I get into a room like matrix HQ. That's got 1,600 people in it at points The rooms have gone up to 20 30,000 people so relative to something like slack We're just in a whole different order of magnitudes of Scale and complexity we have things like read receipts hello world and Typing notifications, of course. Hopefully I have enough internet connectivity to send a message and Hopefully you'll see that people's faces start to tetris grid down the right-hand side as they read my message Why doesn't slack have read receipts like seriously? This is basic stuff here and it's incredibly useful to have this Rich presence effectively of saying precisely and what's going on? What else can I show you in here? A good thing to do might be to actually look at one of these messages So if you look at some foxes saying hello stream you can always look at view source and it shows you the underlying Jason and here It's pretty simple Typically, it would just be plain text In here is also given HTML because I happen to know that he runs his own client Which presumably isn't doing the optimization to only send plain text if there isn't any formatting and You get your timestamp you get some the room that it's in and the type of message and this is completely extensible You can put any Jason you like as long as you name space it to a given type into the room So a slightly more interesting thing might be I know is there an image or something? Reality gaps are asking to be heckled. This is very sad Oh, there we go. Oh, this is very better, isn't it? I hope everybody appreciates the inception that's going on here so if we look at this slide from the talk and View source on this then it's a lot more interesting We've got a URL of an image here using the MXC URI schema, which is a decentralized content repository that we haven't made tricks. It's very simple It's just a full mesh of HTTP Hits so that I can quit so the people basically sync over HTTP the message Sorry, the media of the message and it works well enough You have metadata of the width and height and size and the mime type, etc Perhaps something more interesting would be an end-to-end encrypted room if you go into something like mega on test this room has got 193 people in it and we use it for stress testing the end-to-end encryption Because there are thousands of devices in the room typically we see about 10 to 15 devices per an average per user in matrix and If we go and look at one of these guys the source itself has got the ciphertext in it and Then you and this is encrypted using mega on which is a ratchet that is led on top of ohm Which is a clone of the double ratchet that signal users So the way the encryption works is that you set up one-to-one ratchets Between all of the participants in this room So in this case, it's a full mesh over a thousand devices for the one-to-one ratchet But then over that you share the key data for the group ratchet called mega on so you only need to send one copy of the message It has one session and hopefully everybody is synchronized their keys such that they can decrypt that particular Message so it's a kind of hybrid between signal and a slightly more pragmatic and group ratchet-based approach And I'm waffling and running out of time. Let me show you a different client. Let's go and look at another one So what I've got one here called neko, which I built last night, which is hopefully still gonna work Yep, yep, yep sure it will be enlarged like that Okay, so this is neko starting from scratch. That's the entire thing booting up on a test account with like hundreds of Conversations going on it's written in QT by the community led by a guy called Mugex in Greece and is a fully native QT app it has end-to-end encryption in it as of a few months ago and It's looks a lot like telegram as you can see and it's just really nice I mean obviously I use riot because I work on riot but an increasing number of people are now using this as a good native client also excitingly from my side is Sea glass, which is a new client and for Mac OS which actually uses the iOS SDK let me just fire up a copy here, and I just have to build it. No, there we go and See glass. Yeah, it's built on top of the iOS SDK, but otherwise there's a completely native Cocoa app GPL all open source, of course It's just logging in as the same user. We were looking at in neko It's not quite as fast to load as the other one all the logging flies past Is it running in the background? Oh, yeah, there it is perfect So this is what see glass looks like actually it's kind of similar to neko other than the fact. It's not QT It's a can confuse everybody and look at the neko room from sea glass or we can go and look at the sea glass room which might make more sense and You can see it's a completely native Mac and app looks really sexy on my Harvey. Oh We'll have you pronounce my half my Harvey my Harvey I don't know the the dark theme that you get on the new Mac OS But it's really fun to see these really good clients coming to light This one also does end-to-end encryption and thanks to piggybacking on the iOS SDK that we built for riot All of these projects would love contributors So if you are a QT hacker or a macOS hacker or whatever environment hacker go find a matrix client of your choice and make it amazing Meanwhile back on the slides I've demoed it to you What do you get all the stuff you would expect and the kitchen sink? I don't think there's anything obvious missing apart from reactions, which are coming real soon now And I think there was something else or edit editable messages both of them turn out to be harder than they should be I'm gonna skip how it works, but I'm running out of time the actual API looks like that if the font is more large enough For people to read you're literally doing an HTTP post if some JSON to a URL like that You if you're doing a web RTC call then again, it's a single HTTP hit to offer the media that you want to talk and You basically offer start the call offer some media the other guy answers it and then you're in the call So if you've ever had the misplacer of doing set or VoIP by any other technology This is basically the simplest possible approach you can use You can put some MIDI onto it. We did jamming over matrix It's not very good for the really low latency stuff like MIDI, but we recorded the jamming sessions into matrix and notated it which was fun Bridges look like this. You just got the bridge and the third party thing So people might know the xkcd where Randall said I have a hard time keeping track of which Chatsystems my friends use and we literally drew the bridges that exist for the existing things on this into matrix at the time and We gave a node stack with a JS layer and the nodes in order to bridge through to IRC or Slack or anything that live purple can speak And so you end up having three nodes bridge in the way or slack or like that and that should say slack not IRC You can even do it to things like our T devices and this was a really fun demo until we broke the drone where you would take the proprietary API that the drone spoke and Took its video feed and took its telemetry and its management It's actual fly-by-wire stuff and put it into matrix So you can take a completely generic matrix client do a video call to the drone and Then at that point you literally would type launch and up and down and left and right and the thing would fly around until it crashed into the audience What else do we have here and to end encryption I kind of glossed over that New stuff relatively are communities and widgets and so communities Allow us to filter these massive sets of rooms down to the ones you care about So it's a bit like Slack teams or discord servers I'm now just looking at one at rooms which are to do with the core matrix team I know wants to do a G-SOC or wants to do with GNOME or whatever it might happen to be Also widgets are really fun in that you can take Any old room trying to think of a good room to demo in Perhaps I'll just do one in matrix HQ So if you go into this you basically have an app store of bots and bridges and things that you can add in And a fun widget might be something well It could be any HTML page it could be Spotify could be a YouTube it could be Grafana, etc Jitsie is probably a good example But if I actually press that button there then it will go and embed to video conference as an HTML widget Into the conversation and for better or worse everybody in matrix HQ will suddenly see Hopefully the conference pop up like that in if their client supports widgets And it's just a way of kind of coordinating iFrames across the people, but it's surprisingly useful Let's see if anybody joins us. I hope they don't It's surprisingly useful in terms of basically building a dashboarding system into any chat room So if it was an ops room imagine that you had like Grafana and you had I know some other dashboard in there Oh, there is somebody else out there. Hello, whoever you are and look as if you're in your room But this room based on the ceiling We can go and try to crash the Jitsie and see what else it can do anyway Kill that now. Otherwise my laptop will probably run out of battery That's an example of a widget and I'm very nearly out of time. What else should I say? Community status. Oh, yeah, France has adopted matrix on a kind of state level They've gone and rolled it out across 15 of their ministries now. They're aiming for 35 by September end of September They've written their own matrix client, which is a very very cute kind of totally end-to-end encrypted approach for doing this and they've also Done a lot of interesting stuff with antivirus and the other enterprise these stuff You would expect if you were a government running on top of matrix if you happen to work for a government here And you want to not be using slack Mr. GDS Then please come and talk to me afterwards because we'd love to help you out Because it's a bit amusing that a UK based project like matrix has ended up being adopted by France, but not the UK Terms of growth over the last couple of years users keep on going up. Yay Traffic keeps on going up other than the encrypted traffic which has grown a lot more slowly because the UX sucks We're doing everything we can to fix the UX at the moment and there's good stuff coming very shortly Number of servers out there is actually now it's about five and a half thousand So not quite as big as the web, but hopefully we're getting there and the number keeps going up Matrix 1.0 we've been in beta now for four years We were trying to get a stable release of all APIs by the end of August as of 3 a.m This morning we got all of them out apart from the Federation API So this is a massive massive one previously. It was just the CS API As I said, we've been doing lots of work on the spec You can see that we first wrote the spec back in 2015 Then it kind of trundled along and then in the last couple of months We've been right back at it to try to get it to a 1.0 The server server stuff is nearly done. There's 26 issues left nine in review Lots of emphasis on security But at that point hopefully you all hear that matrix is out of beta and we're finally completely launched All new right on the horizon looking a lot less green a lot more lights like or discord hopefully a lot better Also on mobile looking like that Lazy loading is going to reduce RAM by a factor of five, which is nice We need to get end-to-end out of beta need to do other things which are missing and we need help Please run a matrix server. Please give us feedback follow us on Twitter and thank you very much Perfect timing. Thank you very much. Sorry for having to rush. We can do we can do a few questions Because I want to test this new tool So can we turn it up? Amazing. It's some kind of flying microphone. Yeah, this is really good Closer to the mouth. Yeah, I was wondering about I was wondering about Get and or get an issue tracking integration because I'm aware that I think githlab are looking starting to look at activity pub for that and I was wondering whether what the Yeah, what the capabilities of matrix in that space were and what's planned our capabilities kick-ass when it comes to Issue tracking integration So if I go into an internal room like this one where everybody's getting excited about the spec releases ID slash the exclamation market hub create Hello world then it will go and log in with my actual github credentials into the github and create that issue On the default project which happens to be right web as me as my actual thing and likewise you can go and webhook Everything in from github to so we live by it and it's not just github. It's got bit buckets and all sorts of other things, too If we keep if we keep it short or we can do two more We move it outside for further follow-ups and have you got any news about the key verification UI change? Yes Absolutely, so I completely skimmed over that slide But it was one of I think it was even the top thing of exiting a beta friend-to-end encryption first of all you got incremental key backups, which the PRs have almost landed which Makes it a lot harder to lose your keys then the new verification We've got QR codes and comparing the monics both of them are fully designed fully spax We have the UX workshops on Monday to actually lock down what it looks like and then we're going to implement it before we go mad I'm sorry that it sucks for so long, but we're going to fix it So the short question part works already the short answer part we work on last question, please Thank you very much for the talk. I was wondering if you could tell us your thoughts on machine-to-machine communication through matrix We want somebody to do it. We haven't been focused on it It could be used very much for that HTTP isn't great for it better transports will be amazing Please do an MQTT transport or a co-app transport Also, it helps if you need the encryption because otherwise it might be simpler to just use MQTT But if you need federation or encryption then use us Awesome. Thank you very much. Please give it another warm round of applause for Matthew


Welcome to eShark Gaming. These are my top 10 Nintendo Switch games for casual gamers. That means it can also apply to non-gamers because they are so likable. I also have a complete top 10 list and you can find that in the top corner. Now in 10th place of a casual game that I would most likely appeal to everyone, we have Crash Team Racing Nitro Fueled. It is a 2019 game by published by Activision and it is out for PS4, Xbox One, Switch and it is a single player and multiplayer split screen up to four players racing game much like Mario Kart. Crash Team Racing Nitro Fueled has 56 unlockable characters in total, 44 race tracks including arena tracks. This game also has several actual hub areas that you drive around in when you're navigating between a ton of tracks to play as a lot of them have been added to the game through updates with plenty of diversity. Also a whole bunch of customizable characters each with many skins to choose from and also every cart is highly customizable as well down to wheels, paint job and sticker. Online multiplayer actually has a lot of active members as of right now. This game has cup races, time trials, battle modes, ring rally, relic race and just loads of things to do and unlock. This game is simply fun for anyone but the con to this game is that I feel like the loading screens are a bit on the longer side. On ninth place we have another racer, this time Team Sonic Racing. This is also a 2019 racing game. It is by Sumo Digital published by Sega, it is out for PS4, Xbox One, PC and Switch. It has single player and multiplayer both online and four player split screen. This game has 15 characters and 21 tracks all based on locations from the main Sonic games. To be honest with everyone I actually enjoyed Team Sonic Racing more than Crash Team Racing because in this game it just feels easier to drift. You have Grand Prix story missions, only map to progress on actually I like that.  This is a solid racing game and it is fun for anyone at any age and at any gaming experience level but and it is also definitely worth it if you are already a Sonic fan to begin with. So many things to unlock and when it comes to the difficulty I would say it is medium and it is easy enough for kids. I have no doubt my friend. Now in place number eight I am putting New Super Lucky's Tale which is a remake of a 2017 game. This improved version was released on the Switch in 2019 and soon after announced for all other consoles. This colorful mascot 3D platformer by Playful Studios is the perfect light hearted Switch game to be enjoyed by all ages.  I feel like New Super Lucky's Tale took inspiration from the 3D platformer's prime era of the 90s. With full camera control of a cute fox mascot you're free to explore several different levels and locations while collecting coins. Lucky letters and book pages. This game is incredibly fun and relaxing with a difficulty I would call very easy except for some bosses later on that can be more on the hard side. Graphics, gameplay and music is fab. Watch my review of this game. Link down below. Now in seventh place I am putting Spyro Reignited Trilogy. It is a really nice game for casual players. Another 3D platformer and also a trilogy remake of the popular Spyro games for the PlayStation in the 90s. This is a superb remake of the old classics. Absolutely a charm to play as Spyro in these 3 full games. You're getting the bank for your buck. Each with a whole bunch of different levels with collectables, gems and dragon eggs everywhere. I love it. But the camera angles can feel dated and or junky sometimes. But it's not game breaking. There is a great value to be found in this trilogy and if you want to find and collect everything the game will last you for a long time. Spyro is pretty much easy in the beginning but gets progressively more hard into the game. So that's why I feel like it appeals to pretty much anyone at any skill level at any age. What I like to try and do is to collect everything so that I get 100% on all levels. That is so satisfying. On sixth place I'm putting Crash Bandicoot and Saint Trilogy. Much like Spyro Reignited Trilogy. This is a remake of the 90s classics trilogy on the PlayStation. But in my opinion Crash Bandicoot and Saint Trilogy is by far the hardest game on my entire list today. I think it is a hard game. But we can't deny that these three games are classic and they are good. Brutally hard but also addicting. This time you're also getting three whole complete games in one package. Which means a lot of value for your money. This is better for the teenager or adult actually. I think it's gonna be too hard for kids or the inexperienced with video games. But this character is incredibly likeable. So that alone makes you want to keep playing and just not giving up. It's also going to last you a while if you want to find all hidden collectibles and secrets. The levels have variation to them.  Now in fifth place we have new Super Mario Brothers U Deluxe. What a long title of a game. New Super Mario Brothers U Deluxe. This game has a mascot that needs no introduction. Not only has it an incredibly long and confusing title but it is a perfect casual gamers game. Super casual stuff. It is a 2.5D game as it sprites our 3D but all gameplay is in a side scrolling fashion. Like in any classic old Mario side scrolling fashion actually. This is a remake of the Wii U game with a few new added features for the Switch version. This is a lot of fun and a solid title and it's good for newcomers to gaming because it has both an easy and very easy game mode. I mean this way a 3 year old can also feel a sense of progression and have fun with a game in my opinion.  On fourth place is a game that probably doesn't need any long introduction because you probably already have it because everyone has this game. I know I'm not talking about Breath of the Wild. I'm talking about Animal Crossing New Horizons. It is a live simulator game where you have your own house which you can collect furniture for and decorate whichever way you want on your very own island with your very own neighbors which you can get to know and sometimes help out with small tasks. It's a game that follows real life time and seasons with a lot of different things to do like collecting all the bugs and fish or collecting a specific set of furniture if that is what you want to do. It's a very relaxing and easy to understand premise and very often I hear non-gamers and casual gamers enjoying this game. Very appealing to that audience. Now in third place of this video if you are enjoying this video hit like on it or subscribe. But in third place I have Super Mario Kart 8 and it is the best kart racer on the Switch. Super Mario Kart 8 Deluxe is fast, fun, frantic and just about the best party and multiplayer game for everyone. I mean including your parents, anyone, anyone with a driver's license basically. Over 40 playable characters, vehicle customization, joy-con, split-screen, couch co-op, battle arena, you name it. This is the Deluxe Edition which is a remaster from the Wii U game but also including all extra DLC content like extra tracks and playable characters, all that stuff. In single player mode you have all the Grand Precups and time trials. 48 tracks everyone and 42 playable characters. All your favorites from Mushroom Kingdom but also Link and Animal Crossing characters. Online multiplayer, a bunch of content and just has everything. If you haven't played this already just get it. I am sure all your friends and all of your family already knows what Mario Kart is. It is such an established kart racing video game series. I mean Mario Kart is just as casual as you can get. On second place I am having Super Mario Odyssey. I played Super Mario Odyssey when it was released in 2017 and it still amazes and surprises me now. Whenever I decide to sit down with it again and that happens occasionally going back to it I mean but I'm surprised every time. It is what I would call a 10 out of 10 3D Mario game and I truly mean it when I say that this is good for anyone at all ages and skill levels 10 out of 10 game. If you happen to have a kid or a teenager this would be a great gift for their birthday or simply the holidays which is coming up now or just in general. It is also one of the more entertaining titles to sit down and watch someone else play. It is that sort of game. In Super Mario Odyssey you collect moons across the entire planet. All sorts of environments like you can think of and Mario also often takes on different forms by throwing his hat on enemies and then getting their abilities transforming sort of. It is a huge Mario game and you can't go wrong with this title. Now in first place this is the game that I recommend the most to a non-gamer, casual gamer, any age, young and old, this is the one. Super Mario 3D All Stars. This is in my opinion the best choice. I mean I was shocked when this triple pack was announced to say the least. Not only does it have my childhood favorite Super Mario 64 but it also has my entire teenage years' beloved Super Mario Sunshine and my mid-teens classic Super Mario Galaxy. This is my childhood. I loved them then and I love them now. They are all top-notch video games. Three full games in one package. In all of these 3D Mario titles you play as Mario with a total of over 60 different worlds across all three games collecting a total of 360 stars or shines across all three games. I mean even one single star can average between 5 to 30 minutes to acquire and that's not even taking trial and error into consideration. While Mario 64 feels like a direct port, Super Mario Sunshine on the other hand feels much more worked on and it is the game I have personally been playing the most so far in this pack. It just looks so much better than what I remember on the GameCube. All those years back and now it is in widescreen. It has been nothing but pure joy to go back to it and then we have Dear Galaxy. For many years this was my favorite of all time 3D Mario game but if you ask me now, I can't decide. I don't have a favorite 3D Mario game but if I had to choose I would say this trio and it absolutely holds up today and I can pretty much say the same about Sunshine. It holds up today. If you're looking for a Switch Game to give as a gift or even simply just buy for yourself you can trust me 100% on this choice. It tops my list for this video because it is simply just that solid. Now let's hope Nintendo releases a Zelda Triple Pack much like this in the future. Thank you so much for following along to the end of this video. I have an Instagram account and I would like you to follow me on there and I also am very active on Twitter. I would love for you to follow me on there too and if you want to support my channel I have a Patreon page and of course I would love for you to subscribe to this channel. Now that was all for today everyone. Thanks for watching and I will see you later.


So now to this talk. This is Luke Gotchling. He's standing there and he will talk about Yes, you know, Turing tests. That's probably something everybody should know in here, but maybe in the meanwhile some tools are good enough to simulate something where what for example a three-year one cannot beat so There are maybe some more interesting questions what is intelligence and yes the same tool may not be able to translate a book or something And yes, so we want to get a general thing about this and this is the talk The quest for artificial general intelligence Thank you I think we should all get some sort of award for surviving the weather of the past few days And thank you for showing up out for the first talk of today So my name is Luke I spend most of my time getting computers to try to understand documents and this is the quest for artificial general Intelligence beyond the terrain test. So a good starting point, of course is how do we define artificial intelligence? There is no one single definition One way we can define it is by saying intelligent behavior in artifacts This works pretty well. What about a longer definition? Well, rich and night say the study of how to make computers do things at which at the moment people are better But there's a little bit of controversy about this because not everyone agrees that we should be comparing them to To people and so Benjamin Bratton says that we would wish to define the very existence of AI in Relation to its ability to mimic how humans think that humans think will be looked back upon as a weird sort of species What about Artificial general intelligence or a GI well one definition for this by Gertzel and Panachin is Systems that possess a reasonable degree of self-understanding Autonomous self-control and have the ability to solve a variety of complex problems in a variety of contexts and to learn to solve new problems that they didn't know about at the time of their creation and this whole learning process I think is really fundamental for AI and AGI So let's try to break this down if something is going to be generally intelligent. What must it have? Well, it has to have the ability to solve problems general problems in a non-domain restricted way in the same sense that a human can and Kind of the flip side of this it also has the have to have the ability to solve problems in particular domains and Particular contexts with particular efficiency. So for example, it has to be able to be really good at chess and maybe really good at summarizing a book and then combining the previous two so it has to be both generalized and Have specialized intelligence capabilities and use these things in a unified way Going back to the previous definition the ability to learn from the environment from other intelligence systems and teachers It's this learning thing. I think that's really key It's that it gets better over time and really the only way to do that from an intelligence basis is to learn And of course to become better at solving novel types of problems as a gains experience with them so The year is 1950 Alan Turing is at the University of Manchester and he has a question his question is can machines think? so, I mean, it's a very philosophical question obviously, but Before he goes on to define what eventually becomes known as the Turing test He actually has an interesting analogy and that is a new form of the problem Which is known as the imitation game and this is a very simple game played without any computers or any machines It's three people a man a a woman be and an interrogator See who may be of either sex and the interrogator is isolated from the other two Now the interrogator is going to ask questions of a and b and going to try to determine which of them is the man And which is the woman? And obviously the key to make this game interesting is that the man and the woman have to agree in advance about Who who they're both going to try to be so one of them is going to be lying So he can't just say like hey, are you a man? Because they both should answer the same way in which case this that's what makes this game interesting and of course the objective is for the interrogator to determine which of the two people is the man and which is the woman and Then so starting with this original test He defines what becomes known as the Turing tasks And so he says we now ask the question What will happen when a machine takes the part of a in this game? Will the interrogator decide wrongly as often when the game is played like this as He does when the game is played between a man and a woman these questions replace our original can machines think and so It should be noted that this is not a like a formal Problem definition from a mathematical point of view. This is more of a guideline, but it's still a very very Widely accepted guideline for for machine intelligence or general intelligence now the field of AI has suffered a lot of hype and Setbacks over many decades One of the original failed predictions for AI is this one I believe that in about the year 2000 it will be possible to program computers with a storage capacity of 125 megabytes To make them play so well that an average interrogator will not have more than a 70% chance of making the right identification After five minutes of questioning Who said this and what year did they say this? Well, it was actually Alan Turing in 1950 and this is one of the first failed predictions about artificial intelligence So another kind of Challenge for general intelligence is people will say something like well, okay So the computer can solve certain types of problems, but well, you know, it can't drive a car And then the 80s happened And then at Carnegie Mellon and Bundeswehr University Munich We had the first Autonomous vehicles that were able to navigate a course You'll notice that both of these vehicles are trucks And of course the reason for that is because all of the computing hardware had to be have to fit in the car And the computing hardware in those days was so large that the smallest vehicle they could get was a truck That would fit everything and of course we've we've come a little bit since then We now have cars that are able to navigate public roads alongside human drivers and do so more safely than the human drivers and then cars that are even able to go on 130 mile Journeys completely autonomously in the desert now. We can't buy these cars yet, but I think it's only a matter of time before we'll be These cars are gonna be on the roads more so than they are now and we're gonna be able to buy one Because they are gonna be safer than human drivers Now they used to say that well, okay, so AI can do certain things, but it can't beat a chess world champion Well, we know what happened in 1996 and that is Gary Kasparov lost to IBM's deep blue Being the first time that a computer Defeated a chess world champion The hardware and deep blue is kind of interesting because it was 30 120 megahertz ships and 480 custom VLSI ships You can't really you know and this was one of the top 500 super computers at the time But if you look at the limb pack benchmark, it's really funny because the capacity or the computational power was about 11 iPhones worth Now, what about Jeopardy? I think if we remember back a few years ago that this Jeopardy Was defeated by a machine IBM's Watson defeated the top Jeopardy players back in 2011. So that's that problem has been solved as well Now what about recognizing things inside of photographs So there has been some progress with this a zoo and others have for example shown that You can take a scene and the computer can say it's a woman throwing a frisbee in a park or a dog standing on a hardwood floor But it's not really quite there yet because in this case the top It identifies it as a man wearing a hat and a hat on a skateboard So I don't know how it got that from that picture and then the bottom one is a man is talking on his cell phone Well, another man watches. Well, he's eating a sandwich. So I think we still have some work to do So let's take this image of a panda and the computer says well, it's a panda with fifty seven point seven percent confidence Now a good fellow and others have shown that you can actually add some noise to this image In this case the noise is identified as a Nemo toad with eight point two percent confidence It didn't really do a good job there, but the purpose of this noise is to actually to trick the computer. So The end result still looks like a panda to us, but to the computer It has been deliberately tricked it no longer looks like a panda to the computer In fact, it looks like a gibbon to the computer with ninety nine point three percent confidence And so it's been it's been fooled. So yeah, we still have some work to do there now a lot of development for intelligence has been influenced by animal brains Neural networks obviously or originally influenced by biology and so actually just very very recently We've been able to look at what does the actual human brain look like or in this case What does the mouse brain look like which is at a very low level is actually going to be similar to a human brain? And so here we have one axon in blue which is used for transmitting signals connecting to a dendrite Which is in green which receives signals through five separate synapses which are in orange And so you multiply this by a hundred billion and you have the human brain So let's zoom out a little bit It's remarkable how we can do all of these tasks when at the end of the day it If you look at our brain at a low level, it just looks like a really big jumble of molecules So let's let's do a let's do a comparison between a computer and a human brain. So computation Computer about a billion transistors human brain about a hundred billion neurons Storage, okay We have some RAM and some hard drive space in the computer the human brain again has neurons So I think one of the more remarkable things about I guess the way that we or animals function is that neurons are used for both computation and storage And we obviously we we have a separation of this stuff for computers, but we don't have this for for biology What about the cycle time well 10 to the negative 9 seconds for computers and Unfortunately, we're not that quick 10 to the negative 3 seconds for the human brain Operations per second about 10 to the 10th for the computer However, 10 to the 17th for the human brain, which I think is remarkable that we Perform seven orders of magnitude more computations per second more operations per second than a computer Obviously, we're not really good at doing floating point operations at that rate But it's still kind of fascinating and then memory updates per second similar about four orders Four orders of magnitude in the human brain than in a computer so Let's let's take that concept and what if maybe we can bridge the gap a little bit Can we form a network with multiple animal brains that co-operate an exchange information? Using brain-to-brain interfaces So possibly era actually this year have shown that yes it is this is in fact possible So this is you know I think a really good stepping stone and they actually did it did this with rats and so they had electrical Nodes that were connected to these rats brains that they would stimulate and these these rats were separated and then they Would basically if they synchronized their brain activity they would get rewarded with water And this was really fascinating because it turns out that for connected rat brains are better at Solving problems than a single rat brain So you actually do get an amplification of intelligence in this way and they even did use them for really interesting things like for example weather Forecasting it turns out four rats are better at forecasting the weather than a single rat really I don't look a really fascinating kind of result So what about what about science what about science questions? Well This is the sort of question that a Ten-year-old may be expected to answer what form of energy causes a nice cube to melt and then you have four choices And in this case obviously it's heat and so Hicks and then others have shown that you can actually build a knowledge graph and It'll have enough information that it's actually gonna be able to answer this question Here's another question in which environment would a white rabbit be best protected from predators now the word white Doesn't appear in any of the questions so The system has to be able to infer that one the color of the rabbits fur is actually relevant and the color of snow is similar enough to the color of the fur and then that is important in terms of Camouflage and protection from predators so the naive or completely unintelligent Result for this is to basically get 25% of the questions right because you get four choices. It turns out that the The software is able to get 57% of these questions correct. So it's actually doing reasonably well Now let's take a hypothetical person this credit for this goes to Josh Tanonbaum We take a hypothetical person called Boris so you know going back to our previous example where we have the knowledge graph Maybe we just build a huge knowledge graph and then we have solved intelligence. Is the mother of Boris's father his grandmother Yes, is the daughter of Boris's sister his grandmother? No, is the mother of Boris's sister his mother well if she's a biological sister and the answer is yes Now what about this question is the son of Boris's sister his son? Now you want to say no But Boris and his family were stranded on a desert island when he was a young boy So that obviously changes the probability of this answer But what if they were stranded alone or with one other family two other five other 50 other families? What if they were rescued when he was 12 or 15 or 20 or 30 or 45 years old? And so you can't just rely on a knowledge graph because all this other context is important in terms of Influencing the probability of something like this. Let's look at another one is the son of Boris's wife his son Well Boris is an international businessman who often takes long trips away from home But he gets very jealous so he locks his wife in the basement during his trips Unbeknownst to him his wife used to be a professional escape artist So in this whole thing around context It's not what I'm just I'm quoting I'm quoting Josh Tenenbaum on I understand your concern I'm just quoting Josh Tenenbaum on that stuff. I'm not saying that like those things are what they are I just Those were the those are a standard set of questions that he came up with or a standard standard of probability Influencing things that he came up with. Yeah, but everybody laughs at least too many people. So thanks. That's not funny Okay, so in the in this whole sphere of context We have some questions that are very easy for us to answer that are hard for Computers to answer so the trophy would not fit in the Brown suitcase because it was too big What was too big? Well, we know right away that the answer is the trophy But it's actually very very difficult for computers to know this Answer similarly the town councilors refused to give the demonstrators a permit because they feared violence Who feared violence? Well, it's clear to us that it is the town councilors who fear violence but because we understand Demonstrations and permits and town councilors and who may want who may incite violence And it's actually very very difficult to to program all of this additional kind of human understanding and context Into the software so that it's able to effectively answer these questions so vinyls and Lee have developed an interesting program where they take They take help desk conversations and they try to basically build a software that is able to answer questions within a help desk kind of context and so for example You may not be talking to you may not know you're talking to a machine But in this example you are so hi, this is name from help desk connect What can I help you with today? And then the human says Hi, I forgot my password Okay, great. So it's really funny that The machine in this case has actually done a pretty interesting job of replicating and helped us conversation What about adaptability Siri play some cool music, please? You don't have any cool music obviously it doesn't Doesn't realize the context ambiguity is is Mickey larger than Pluto Perhaps I mean we know what we're talking about here Is Mars larger than Pluto? well Different different things here. So now how big is Pluto? There is a chatbot called Mitsuko. That's one of the one of the current State of the art chatbots. So for example, you can ask something like what is bigger an elephant or a person I would say an elephant is a little bigger than a person Well, I mean, I guess most of us would not say little but that is correct How many presidents of the US were called Bush? No idea. I am not really into politics Should Greece leave the Euro? I think they need to seriously consider it. It just isn't working Should fool leave the bar? Maybe you should ask someone older Now what about the proliferation of some of these systems and the impact on privacy? For example, Facebook's new photo app won't launch in Europe because of facial recognition So there's a question here of regulation and AI This is a feature. I mean the fact that you may say like okay Well, it doesn't really matter what is behind it. It's it's the privacy aspect of it but I think the proliferation of AI is Is related to this Where we actually are seeing AI being regulated obviously from the feature from what it does But I think it's interesting. I think we're gonna see more of this in the future There's been a lot of talk lately about evil AI Elon Musk Stephen Hawking have spoken about this Benjamin Bratton says something interesting what we fear more than a big machine that wants to kill us is one that sees us as Irrelevant worse than being seen as an enemy is not being seen at all The ultra intelligent machine is a machine that believes that people cannot think check good. So is this our future? I don't know How do we find out how good we're getting and or how close to that potential evil future? We are well. We can apply some other tests for example the reverse Turing test where instead of Person trying to determine if someone is a computer One of the people tries to convince the person that they're actually not human and they're a computer and obviously turns out the better You are at understanding Computer science the better you are at this turn as at that test Subject matter expert Turing test can a computer Replicate an expert in a particular subject matter The coffee test I think is interesting can a machine go into an average home find the coffee machine find the coffee and Go through the entire set of steps so that there's a cup of coffee at the end I think it's it. That's that's a pretty interesting one The eber test is can a machine tell a joke that causes people to laugh and on the subject of computer generated jokes Just Johnson built a list program that generates jokes based off of homonyms So for example, what do you get when you cross support with frosted flakes? I don't know, but it's cereal What do you get when you cross an alien with a chicken an extra terrestrial? Other tests the robot University student by Gord soul can a robot Go to college go to university and roll in classes pass those classes and get a degree Obviously, we're very far away from that employment test can a robot or machine Have a job and perform that job as well as the human in that job and obviously for certain highly automated tasks This has already been done and the total Turing test where It relies on manipulating physical objects and being able to see the world So here's some more thoughts for the future about what it can't currently do or maybe it already does Can it beat humans in the stock market? Maybe if someone was able if someone is already doing this would they tell you probably not Can it make this presentation? Can it make any presentation? Can it advocate against regulating AI thereby ensuring its future survival? Maybe make an argument for more funding for AI interesting What about devising a secure cryptographic scheme? What about defining human rights? What about promoting human rights? What about improving the quality of human life? Now, I think it's interesting that you know, we kind of think about like building these perfect machines George Dyson has a great thing where he says instead of trying to build infallible machines We should be developing fallible machines that are able to learn from their mistakes So I'd like to leave off with some fun with image recognition This is the Wolfram Alpha image recognition system. And so what what's in this picture? An AT-AT. Nope. It's a SkiPool What about this one? It's a cement mixer How about this one a Flying boat What about this one a Hunting dog How about this one a stealth bomber and How about this one a Person and That is all. Thank you. Oh, yes. So this was Luke Gotchling and If you have some questions, you can ask them at the microphone there and there I Have to excuse myself because I forgot to announce that this talk was translated to German as every other talk No is translated and you could have heard it when probably everybody who need this already knows this numbers and Yes, sorry that I did not announce it, but you can clap for them because they did it anyway So I don't see anybody or for the questions So well, yes, then There's someone coming up left microphone first, please or the right for you Hey, thanks for your talk. A lot of the examples you gave were actually rather narrow AI right like Programs that solve specific Problems, but you're gonna talk about ADI. So what efforts do you see in that direction? So I think IBM's Watson is kind of the one of the most Remarkable ones and then the kind of it like the chap I like Mitsuko for example, you know asking anywhere from political questions to Is an elephant larger than a person? I think things that kind of do general knowledge are are kind of the what we're currently You know considering the closest to artificial general intelligence So I think it's really just things like that I mean obviously we're still very far from the coffee test where a machine is able to enter a home and make coffee a Lot of the obviously a lot of research is focused on improving things and you know It turns out that it's easier to make improvements on very very specific domains But things like IBM's Watson answering general questions including questions with word play and things Like the chatbot where you can ask all manners of questions I think are basically as as close as we're getting and there's some interesting research in those areas I have a small question concerning the red-brained thingy Did you check if the significance of that is like valid? I mean probably you don't know is easy significance ever but was it really tested or is it just some kind of Social science statistics no no it was it was statistically significant and in in all of my slides I have references, so if you download the slides I actually have a link to that original paper so you can actually read that whole paper yourself It was actually no it was it was a statistically significant. Okay. Thanks And the last question also from that microphone. I had Yeah, I tried some General game playing. I I think you know what it is and I wanted to know what you think about this field of Artific art if he yeah into artificial intelligence Well, the game playing you say yeah general game playing like so like like the the recent thing about like playing Mario Yes, but general game playing is you have a artificial intelligence that gets the rules of a game and When plays the game so it doesn't know what game it plays before the play starts so I think that's a really interesting field of Artificial intelligence. Yeah, I mean you could do some of that stuff with with unsupervised learning In the case of there's a some more famous example lately of playing Mario where basically they just try Different things and then like basically replay the game like thousands or millions of times And then they learn up to a certain point and then they try something and then if you die Then they restart and then they try something else So it's interesting because it's effectively completely unsupervised It's like if if you die in the game, then you just Then the software restarts and they try something different going forward so we can actually learn to play that game in a way that That you know like then once it's fully trained on that game when you see how it plays It actually looks like a human player playing of a game because it's doing all of the moves to get through a given level Yeah, thanks So again a nice applause for Luke Gotchling. Thank you


Hi everybody, it's Sam at Mixed Up Curl, thank you for watching my tutorial today. I'm going to be showing you how to make these really quick and easy bat wraps, that's what I'm calling them. Inside each of these lovely, cute little bats is a packet of Smarties. So these are going to be perfect for any parties that may be going on around Halloween. Perfect for Halloween night, for trick or treat, little gifts, but also just fun to have at the dinner table if you're having a Halloween meal. I think they're really, really sweet. Now the bats wings I cut from my cricket machine and I will share that one that I used on my blog, but I will show you how you can make it using a one inch punch or any kind of small size circle really you can do, but a punch will be easier because it's quicker, but yes there's a little bit of punch art going on as well, but they're really, really sweet and I put these together in no time at all. They were so fast to do and they've got little googly eyes there as well. So let's just push all them up. So I've got 18 I think it is all together. Okay so to make one of these bat wraps you want a piece of card stock that is two and one-eighth of an inch by three and three quarters. That's the size if you've got these Smarties. I brought these from the co-op and they were in a bag of 18 and that's how they come. So I think that's quite a standard Smartie box size. I've seen these around a lot so I'm just going to run a piece of red tape just along the bottom there. I'm not doing any scoring I'm literally wrapping it around because it's just quick. You know these are going to get devoured thrown in the bin so quickly you don't need to spend a lot of time on it. So I'm going to sit the Smartie there in the in the middle and then I'm just going to bring up one side so it's roughly in the center and then bring up the other side. Keep it quite tight and all lined up. There we go and there it is one wrap. Okay and then I want that bit of the top because it's plain that one's got the expiry date and then we've got our bat wings so I've got one to go either side like that. So what I'm going to do is just round round just curl those slightly okay so they are going to go like this. Now if you want to make the wings similar size to me you will need two pieces because you'll need one for each side of three by two and one eighth ish and what you want to do because I use this as my kind of actually that is the one I use. See I've even gotten confused that's the matching one this is the one that I punched as you can see how similar they are they're pretty pretty good. Okay so what I done with the one inch punch turn it upside down so you can see what you're doing and I came up from the bottom left corner here and just kind of you can see where I've got it positioned there there's the corner of it so just kind of off slightly there to the left punch that out okay so there's one then the next one you want to overlap slightly because you want to have this as a point okay so I'm just going to pop it back in again about there make sure it's overlapping okay so you can see now we've got this effect here we've just created here and then this one you want to pop it in and you want it to go hit the edge hit the end as well you may need to okay and then the last one you pop in do the same don't worry about the end overlap this part again so you get a nice point I'm going to come up a little bit higher okay like so and then the rest you're going to cut by hand so what I would do is have this as your template and then draw around this because all you can do is you can have them all facing that way and then you just flip whatever one you need for the the left or the right depending on which one you've done first so then I'm going to come right up from this bit here not the outer side this inside part here and just create a wing like so and then just come in like that and there you have a batwing so there's the one that I cut on my cricket and there's the one I done by hand so that one I've gone down a little bit if you wanted to go more straighter then you could just come up like that okay both look the same if I put that one behind there there's the one that I hand cut I think it looks brilliant if you want to distress it you can put some you know veins in there and things like that then go for it you may only just be making a few for like a table favor or something so because I've done quite a few of these I just thought I'm going to do this on my cricket so the ones I've got my two pieces there matching I'm just going to grab my glue and just pop a little bit there it's up to you where you position it I've had it so the point here is just above the top slightly and that one there sticking out from the bottom again this one here I just stick it on there and then kind of hold it up and you can move it around so they're in the right place there we go and then I got a bag of these googly eyes you can pick these up in any craft shop where there's children stuff the range have them I think the pound shop even have them the works online just yeah just type that in and you will find them I just popped a little bit of glue on the back and then you have it a cute little bat wrap what should we call him I think he needs a little name Barry the bat that's quite fun so yeah really quick I think that's a really really fast tutorial as well if I took out all my talking and just went straight into it I think this could be a yeah one of the fastest I've done so there you have it you could do this as a bird you could have this you know any other flying object creature whatever it is you're going to do I think it's really fun you could have some I know alien kind of looking creature so yeah have fun with it you've been doing it and we'll be back again tomorrow with another tutorial thanks for watching bye