Now, steady flow devices that you usually encounter in mechanical engineering may be broadly classified in the following manner ok. So, devices for which the work interaction is identically 0 and the heat interaction may be approximately taken to be 0, in some cases it may not be 0 in which case we can account for it, but generally heat interaction is very very small and so may be neglected. So, work interaction is identically 0, but heat interaction is negligibly small. So, it may be neglected. Devices that fall into this category again may be classified like this nozzle and diffuser that these are devices which obey this. We also have mixing chambers and heat exchangers which may be categorized in this category and throttling devices may also be grouped into this category. The next set of devices or ones for which WX is WX dot is not equal to 0, but again QX dot may be taken to be equal to may be assumed to be equal to 0, very small negligibly small. So, we take it to be 0. Normally QX dot may be much much less than WX dot in these cases that is generally what happens ok. So, for these types of devices WX dot may be of the order of let say mega watts and QX dot may be of the order of say less than 1000 watts or something like that. So, it is very very small compared to WX dot. So, we may neglect it in the analysis safely. Now, there are two types of devices which fall into this category. First one is the turbine for which WX dot is positive, it is power producing and compressors and other devices which are power absorbing. So, turbine is power producing and then these devices are power absorbing. So, under the category of turbine we can we may have steam turbines, gas turbines or hydraulic turbines and in this category we may have compressor, fan, blowers and pumps. Notice that steam and gas turbine handle compressible substances whereas hydraulic turbines handle water which is an incompressible liquid. Similarly, pumps handle liquids which are incompressible whereas these three devices compressor fans and blowers handle compressible gases. So, this handles typically air, fans and blowers typically move large amounts of air without imparting huge pressure changes whereas a compressor compresses air. So, there is a large increase in pressure across a compressor whereas with fans and blowers these typically tend to move large quantities of air without imparting big pressure change to them. The third category of devices or ones for which the work interaction is identically zero but the heat interaction is not equal to zero. Devices that fall into this category are boilers and combustors where heat is supplied and condenses where heat is extracted from the device. So, this is the broad classification. Now, let us take a closer look at how these devices operate. Now, devices in the first category basically convert enthalpy to kinetic energy in a nozzle. So, if I look at the steady flow energy equation. So, for the nozzle we have said that this is approximately zero, this is identically zero. Assuming that there is no elevation change we can knock out these two terms. So, in a nozzle basically you can see that enthalpy incoming enthalpy incoming velocity is usually small incoming enthalpy is usually large. So, the enthalpy change of the fluid is actually converted to kinetic energy change these two terms. So, enthalpy change results in kinetic energy change in a nozzle. So, in a nozzle we convert enthalpy to kinetic energy and in the case of a diffuser which is the exact opposite of a nozzle the kinetic energy is converted to enthalpy. So, we basically use the momentum of the incoming stream and convert that to a high pressure or we convert the kinetic energy of the incoming stream to enthalpy of the fluid. Now, the case of mixing chambers and heat exchangers we have a hot stream and a cold stream the enthalpy from the hot stream is converted to is transferred to cold stream or vice versa depending upon what we want to do. So, there is enthalpy transfer from one stream to another in the case of mixing chambers and heat exchangers. So, kinetic energy and potential energy changes may be negligible in this case. So, there is an interplay between between the enthalpy of the different streams in these devices. Now, in the case of throttling there is no change in enthalpy also and typically the changes in kinetic energy are negligibly small. So, what happens is there is a change in the state of the fluid between inlet and exit without any change in enthalpy or kinetic energy that is a very special device we will take a look at that also. Now devices in the second category namely turbines or compressors convert enthalpy to power. Although I am saying work here this is typically in these cases this would be power. If you talk about this on a rate basis, but typically enthalpy is converted to useful work in a steam and gas turbine. Potential energy of the stored fluid in a dam is converted to work in the case of a hydraulic turbine. So, you can see that the steady flow equation has different terms q dot, w x dot, enthalpy, specific enthalpy, kinetic energy and potential energy. So, each one of these device represents an interplay between different terms of the steady flow energy equation. So, we knock out terms which are not relevant, keep terms which are relevant and then complete the analysis. So, that is what analysis of a control volume using the steady flow energy equation implies. We look at the interplay between the terms, keep the ones that are important, throw out the ones which are not important, complete the analysis. So, in the case of steam or gas turbine, enthalpy is converted to work. In the case of a hydraulic turbine, potential energy of the water that is stored in the dam is converted to work. In the case of a compressor, work is converted to enthalpy. In the case of a compressor or a pump and work is converted to flow work in the case of a fan or blower. Remember, fan or blower does not cause appreciable change in pressure, but they move large amounts of fluid. So, that means the power that you are putting into the device or work that you are putting in is converted to flow work. Remember, flow work is the amount of work that needs to be spent to push the device in and out of to push the fluid in and out of a device. So, in these devices, the work is converted to flow work. And in the case of a domestic pump, for example, one that you would use in your house to pump water from a sump in the ground floor or on the ground to overhead tank. So, here the work is converted to potential energy. So, this is the opposite of a hydraulic turbine. The work or power that we are putting in is converted to potential energy of the fluid. Now devices in the third category, boilers, boiler or combustor and condenser accomplish the following. It converts heat into enthalpy. So, Q dot is converted to Mi dot times He. So, the heat comes from the burning of fuels such as coal and oil. So, we burn these fuels and the calorific value of these fuels is realized in the form of enthalpy change of the fluid in the case of a boiler and combustor. Or in the case of a condenser, we actually extract the heat from the fluid and usually we discard it into the ambient. Condensers are used for cooling fluids in order to execute a cyclic process. We will see that later on. So, this heat is usually rejected into the ambient, which actually causes thermal pollution of the ambient and then overall increase in the temperature of the ambient. So, enthalpy is converted to heat and then discarded into the ambient in these devices. So, what we will do in the next lecture is to take an example from each one of this application from each one of this application and then apply the steady flow energy equation, remove terms that are not relevant, keep terms that are relevant and carry out an analysis of each one of this device. In this lecture, we will do steady flow analysis of few devices from the first category. So, we will look at steady flow through a nozzle, we will look at steady flow through a diffuser, we will also look at mixing chamber and an example on throttling. So, these are the four examples or four devices that we will analyze today using the steady flow energy equation. Let us now start with the first one. So, here we have a convergent nozzle. So, the area is decreasing from inlet to exit and the fluid flows through the nozzle because the pressure at the exit is less than the pressure at the inlet. So, the fluid naturally flows through the nozzle. Now, if I take any cross section of the nozzle, then the mass flow rate that passes through the through this cross section is given as density times cross sectional area times the velocity. Now, if the density is constant, let us say we are dealing with the liquid in case the density is a constant, then the reduction in the area causes. So, when the area decreases, the velocity has to increase to keep the mass flow rate the same. So, this is in the case of a liquid which is incompressible say like water. Now, in the case of a compressible substance such as gas or steam or R134 vapor, the acceleration due to the reduction in areas even higher because in these cases, since the pressure decreases from inlet to exit, the density continues to decrease in this case. So, let us denote this with a slightly different color for the compressible substance. So, in this case, since P2 is less than P1, the density decreases. So, rho 2 is less than rho 1. So, the fluid undergoes an expansion process. So, since the fluid undergoes an expansion process, the density decreases. So, now the density decreases in addition to the reduction in the area. So, the increase in velocity is even more in this case. So, density decreases, area also decreases. So, the velocity increases even more to keep the mass flow rate the same at each section. In fact, the acceleration in the case of a compressible fluid may be so high that the velocity at the throat or in this case, the exit of the nozzle may even become equal to the speed of sound. And most cases, it does become equal to the speed of sound because the acceleration is so high. All right. So, the working equation for analyzing problems involving the nozzle read like this. So, the mass flow rate at each section is a constant. So, the mass flow rate at each section is a constant. And application of the steady flow energy equation looks like this. We assume the heat loss from the nozzle to be negligibly small. There is no work interaction. So, the W dot x term is identically equal to 0. And so, we end up with an equation that looks like this. So, basically this says that the change in enthalpy is converted to a change in kinetic energy or increase in kinetic energy. Now, in case we are dealing with working substance which is an incompressible liquid, then we actually can assume the density to be constant. And notice that here we have used the factor h is equal to u plus pv. So, if I take a differential of this, I get dh equal to du plus using the product rule I get pdv plus vdp. Now, there is no significant change in temperature of the liquid as it flows through the nozzle. In other words, it does not really get heated up or it does not become cold. So, which means that the change in internal energy may be taken to be 0. Furthermore, since it is an incompressible liquid, change in density is also negligibly small. So, we may take this also to be 0. So, change in enthalpy dh may be written as may be approximated very well as vdp. So, that means, this equation may be further simplified into something that looks like this. So, the so, h1 minus h2 term may be written as so, what this leads to is that h1 minus h2. If I integrate both sides of this expression, I get h1 minus h2 equal to the specific volume which remains constant times p2 minus I am sorry. Let me write this as let me just erase this rewrite this. So, basically we have dh equal to vdp and if I integrate both sides, I get h2 minus h1 is equal to the specific volume times p2 minus p1. Since the specific volume remains constant. So, if I take it, I mean if I use the fact that the specific volume is the reciprocal of the density, then I may write this as p2 minus p1 divided by rho and that is what this equation tells us. Notice that this is identical to the very familiar Bernoulli's equation. So, basically, we will use these two equations in the case of compressible fluids and use simplified forms of these two equations in case the fluid is incompressible. So, the first example involves steam. So, we have dry saturated steam basically dry refers to the factor dry saturated refers to the factor x is equal to 1. So, if I show the state or process on a PV diagram, we have something like this. So, this is state 1. Notice that the inlet state is now denoted as state 1 and this is 5 bar. So, this is dry saturated vapor at 5 bar enters an adiabatic nozzle with negligible velocity. It leaves at 3 bar with the dryness fraction of 0.97. That means that at the exit, it is a saturated mixture. So, we may indicate that state like this 3 bar and dryness fraction of 0.97. So, this is the exit state. So, this is the process. We can approximately show the process that it undergoes. We do not know anything more about the process. So, it would be erroneous to say anything more or approximately it looks something like this. Later on when we redo these examples using concepts from second law, we will say that the process is isentropic meaning entropy remains constant. But in this case, we can just indicate it like this. So, we are told that this operates at steady state and potential energy changes are negligible where as to calculate exit velocity and exit area given the mass flow rate. So, the working equation in this case reduces to this V1 is given to be approximately 0. So, we said V1 equal to 0 and we end up with an equation like this from which we can get V2 is equal to this. State 1, since it is saturated vapor, we can directly retrieve enthalpy values from the pressure table. Let us just quickly take a look at this pressure table for steam. So, 5 bar for steam is shown here like this. So, let us just scroll it up a little bit. So, Hg corresponding to 5 bar is 2748.6 which is what we used over over here 2748.6 and state 2 we can retrieve Hf and Hg from the pressure table and using the given drainage fraction we may calculate H2 equal to Hf plus x2 times Hg minus Hf. Specific volume at the exit is also required because we have given the mass flow rate and we are asked to calculate the area at the exit. So, specific volume at the exit may also be evaluated using the given drainage fraction. So, if I plug these values into the previous expression I get the exit velocity to be 420 meter per second. So, basically the fluid accelerates from almost 0 velocity or very small velocity to velocity of 420 meter per second at the exit of the nozzle. So, you can see that in the case of a compressible fluid the acceleration of the fluid is quite high. So, mass flow rate is at the exit may be written as a2v2 divided by the specific volume at exit and if you substitute the known values we get the exit area to be 28 centimeter square. The next example also requires us to do flow through a nozzle but now instead of steam we have a mixture of ideal gases. So, the mixture consists of three components component A, component B and component C whose molecular weights and ratio specific heats are given and this expands adiabatically in a nozzle from 700 kilopascals 727 degree Celsius to 350 kilopascals. And we are given that the nozzle operates at steady state and potential energy changes are negligible and we are asked to calculate exit temperature assuming that PV raised to gamma equal to constant or gamma is the ratio of specific heats of the mixture. We are also asked to calculate the exit velocity and the exit area given the mass flow rate. So, it is clear that we need to know the gamma for the mixture and we also need to know Cp for the mixture in order to calculate the enthalpy change. So, the mole fractions are given notice that this gives us 30 percent, 40 percent and 30 percent of component C by volume which means that the mole fractions are given to us. So, we may calculate the mixture molecular weight using the given mole fractions. You may recall that we you may recall from our previous lecture on mixture of ideal gases that Vi the partial volume of a mixture over the total volume is nothing but the mole fraction. So, since the partial volume is given here partial volume over total volume is given here as a percentage we infer from that that it is directly the mole fraction and we use that to calculate the mixture molecular weight. The mixture gas constant may also be evaluated as universal gas constant divided by the mixture molecular weight which is equal to this. The mixture molar specific heat may be calculated using this expression. This expression was also written down earlier. We use the molar form of the expression because the mole fractions are given and it is straight forward to use this. The Cp for each mixture may be written in terms of gamma like this and if you substitute the values we get the molar specific heat of the mixture to be equal to this and by using my S relation we can then get gamma over gamma minus 1 equal to 3.35 from which we get gamma equal to 1.4255 for the mixture. And the mixture specific heat on a mass basis may be evaluated as Cp bar divided by mixture molecular weight and this comes out to be 765.162. We need this for the process equation and we need the Cp for the valuation of the specific enthalpy of the mixture. What is that? Again we calculated gamma by evaluating Cp bar which itself uses the gamma of the individual mixture. So, notice that from this you can easily see that the mixture gamma is not sigma yi gamma i that is the most important point that you must understand here. Since we are given that pv raised to gamma equal to constant and since it is a mixture of ideal gases which itself is behaves as an ideal gas we may write for the mixture pv equal to RT for the mixture which means that I can use equation of state in this and finally evaluate my exit temperature, mixture exit temperature to be 813 Kelvin. Now if I if I apply steady flow energy equation for this case nozzle is insulated so q dot is 0 there is anyway no work interaction so w dot x equal to 0 p changes may be neglected. So, we get v2 to be 2 times h1 minus h2 just like the previous example but now because it is an ideal gas we may replace h as Cp times T. So, this may be written as 2 times square root of 2 times Cp times T1 minus T2 which gives me the exit velocity to be 535 meter per second. At the exit the mass flow rate is nothing but rho times A times V and if I use the equation of state to replace rho we get p equal to rho times R times T. So, I may replace rho 2 with p2 over RT2 and if you substitute the numbers we get the exit area cross sectional area to be 49.6 centimeter square. So, this example illustrates how to calculate mixture of molecular weight for a mixture of ideal gases specific gas constant from that and Cp for the mixture as well as gamma for the mixture. So, once you have Cp for the mixture and gamma for the mixture it is as if we have a single component gas we replace this mixture with a single component gas with this Cp and this gamma and then proceed with the analysis.


We're very excited that Rear Admiral Susan Blumenthal has agreed to have a conversation about the present crisis. She's a senior fellow in the America's Health Policy Program and a former U.S. Assistant Surgeon General serving in the administrations of four U.S. presidents in various roles. I'm Peter Bergen. I run the Global Studies Program at New America. And so I'm going to turn it over to Rear Admiral Blumenthal to make some opening remarks and then we're going to have a discussion and also I'll be looking for your questions in the chat and the Q&A functions. Well thanks so much Peter for having me today and for the opportunity to talk about this pandemic that is devastating the health and economy not only of our country but of countries around the world. In America over 71,000 people have died as of today in the world, 258,000 have perished. More people have lost their lives in the United States than in any other nation. In fact we represent 25% of deaths worldwide. But it's not another country that's attacking us. We're at war with an invisible enemy COVID-19 and you know for many of us in the public health field this is the Pearl Harbor of public health as our nation was woefully unprepared for this assault on the well-being of Americans. Years of neglect and underfunding of America's public health infrastructure had left our nation extremely vulnerable to an infectious disease threat. Alarmingly despite major scientific advances in the 21st century the major weapons in our country's toolbox for battling this coronavirus outbreak when it emerged were similar to those used in 1918 to combat the Spanish flu pandemic. They were proven public health practices such as social distancing and good hygiene. And you know I was looking at a television appearance that I had done right after the H1N1 flu outbreak and talking about social distancing and proven public health practices having been in the government after the anthrax attacks SARS and H1N1 that we are still using these practices. Now more than ever our country's response requires mobilization of all agencies of government in collaboration with the private sector working with other countries in a coordinated battle to save lives. So you know we know everyone is at risk and every state in the nation had declared COVID-19 as a disaster. The disease has overwhelmed our health system which currently has less than a million staffed hospital beds. The disease is also disproportionately affecting people of color who experience many other health disparities in our country including higher death rates from some illnesses, racism as well as less access to health care. Furthermore people of color are more likely to be essential workers and have lower incomes with an inability to social distance at their jobs or stay home for weeks. And also we've seen an interesting sex difference in the disease. We found that while women and men experience the disease at similar rates that men have twice the death rate as women do and we can talk about that more later. The disease's current mortality rate is almost 6% in America and the original projections were that as many as 100,000 to 240,000 people in our country could lose their lives. To put these numbers in perspective consider the US service members deaths from two previous four. In Vietnam there were 58,000 deaths and the Korean War 34,000 deaths. So this means that if this death, the original projected death toll rate from COVID-19 in America could be double the number of lives lost during these two major wars combined. And as we all know the economic toll of this disease has been staggering. On March 16th the stock market fell 13% with the Dow losing 3,000 points. It's largest one-day drop in history. More than 30 million Americans have lost their jobs. It's projected that we could see the highest rate since the Great Depression. But this World War III is not being fought against foreign countries as we all know. It's being fought in our homes and our workplaces and hospitals. And in response to state and local mandates 95% of Americans are hunkering down in their homes. Although a great concern is that by May 10th as many as 43 states have plans to partially or completely reopen their businesses. This has scientists and public health officials extremely alarmed because we worry that with this opening there will be a boost in infections and deaths. We still have a very short supply of face masks, hand sanitizers, ventilators, hospitals across the country are running dangerously low on supplies like masks, disinfectants. It puts both health care workers and patients at risk. This would be like sending soldiers into war without helmets and armor. But there is much that we can do to fight back, to effectively mitigate and manage the impact of this disease and to prevent death from it's continuing impact. As I mentioned we have these proven public health practices like social distancing and good hygiene but thankfully they are now being combined with the technological and scientific advances of the 21st century. Because we are in a revolution of scientific advance and these now have to be combined with proven public health practices. Senators have called on the president to enact the defense production act of 1950 which would have granted him authority to repurpose manufacturing plants for mass production of crucial medical supplies. While the president did enact this law he hasn't fully implemented it by directing clothing, car and cosmetics manufacturers among other businesses to produce these crucial medical resources including personal protection equipment, diagnostic and antibody tests at massive scale as well as ventilators to save American lives. So while some private companies have valiantly stepped up to this challenge and car companies the president did ask them to make ventilators the need is still very great and more industries must be marshaled for this purpose. Additionally novel methods for testing, vaccine and treatment production are at last being developed into Polaroid. The United States has the technological expertise to lead a revolution in scientific discovery to fight this public health crisis and our universities and biotech industries among the very best in the world are now at this forefront of this battle. A new generation of molecular biology techniques and high throughput platforms are being mobilized for large scale testing. In this national emergency the FDA lifted regulations on production of these tests and gave emergency approval for four of them. As a result many tests for example antibody tests have been put on the market without however adequate evaluation and now there's going to be backtracking to asking the FDA to reevaluate many of these tests to make sure that they are safe and effective because these diagnostic tests these antibody tests will be used to help decide whether people should go back to work and they need to be accurate. We also need accurate home tests for detecting disease as well as documenting recovery if America's communities are going to recover from this viral assault. Contact tracing using armies of trained professionals and volunteers as well as technology is needed. This is an essential component for opening up America. Contact tracing is the bread and butter of public health. It's been used for monitoring sexually transmitted diseases TB and other illnesses but now we have to do it in a different way. We can't knock on people's doors. We're going to have to conduct it on the phone through texting, apps and other technology are being proposed but they do present privacy concerns and this needs to be worked out with this kind of new model. Medications that are being used to treat other diseases as we know are now being evaluated in clinical trials for their safety and effectiveness as coronavirus therapies and new drugs must be developed as well. As data about the clinical course of the disease is collected, we must ensure that this data is analyzed for sex and racial ethnic differences. These are important variables that have been overlooked for all too long so that interventions and policies can be enacted to meet the needs of the diverse populations affected by the pandemic. Let me just give you an example. I was involved in the response to HIV AIDS from the very beginning of its emergence that was thought to be a disease that affected only gay men. Women were not considered to be really affected by the virus. Flash forward 35 years. It's a public health oversight. We're now 52% of cases worldwide are among women from a population that was thought not to be affected at the beginning of the virus. Furthermore, since this is now the third major coronavirus threat over the past 20 years, following SARS and MERS that has negatively impacted the health and economies of countries around the world, we need a vaccine that can prevent transmission of a new coronavirus epidemic that may occur in the future. Legislation has been introduced for scientists to develop a universal coronavirus vaccine that could protect us from this deadly enemy in the future while we are searching to develop a vaccine for this particular one and deploy it fast as a major tool to prevent further spread of COVID-19. The creation of a national vaccine production center in the U.S. would also be an important investment. We've learned that 80% of drugs that we take in America are manufactured overseas generally in China or India, the ingredients. We really need to look at our supply chain models for that, for masks, for other products that are essential to us in a pandemic. Moreover, new information technologies and social media are being innovatively harnessed to share information, track disease spread in real time, provide telehealth services, and finally after years, two decades of trying to implement telehealth in America finally we're seeing waivers for the use of these services and reimbursement for them. And also information technology can facilitate professional training and research collaborations on COVID-19 across communities and countries. You know our nation's health is linked to our economy and again you know that last month the Congress passed a $2 trillion economic stabilization bill, the CARES Act, there needs to be a Marshall Plan in these bills to help our hospitals and healthcare facilities, but it requires additional funding and as you know the Congress passed a measure last week to provide billions of dollars to provide people with paid sick leave and to ensure free coronavirus testing and treatment and a 484 billion relief package with additional funds for small businesses, hospitals, and additional testing. Finally as the father of medicine Hippocrates once said, prevention is preferable to cure. We have to invest in building permanent pandemic preparedness infrastructure in resilient health systems in America and around the world. We urgently need a national and global plan that coordinates key components of the response between our governments and private sector. We must continue support for the World Health Organization that serves as an important international role bringing together countries and sharing best practices. The lessons learned from this devastating disease outbreak in America and worldwide must be institutionalized for the future. The establishment of a permanent office in the National Security Council in the White House with the appointment of a pandemic and bio threat coordinator is needed who would work with all of our government agencies, other nations, and the private sector to ensure that our response infrastructure remains resilient and ready to address the next infectious disease pandemic that will invariably occur. Additionally, we need to expand existing federal workforce programs such as AmeriCorps and FEMA Corps and have our Peace Corps be reassigned to, for example, work in contact tracing in order to assist vulnerable Americans, including the food insecure, our seniors and the homeless during this outbreak would be important and again is being proposed. The National Health Response Corps of medical providers, engineers, computer scientists, construction workers, and other professionals working alongside our country's active duty and reserve uniform services should be established. And the uniform public health service of which I was a member for 20 years is creating a reserve corps whose members would also bring their skills to fighting the pandemic. Such programs reflect America's strong history of national service by mobilizing our people as a cornerstone of a whole of government and societal response to addressing the COVID-19 pandemic and future threats to our nation's public health and safety. And lastly, a commission needs to be established, as was done after 9-11, to review the problems in our national response to this pandemic. The elements that were successful, what went wrong, and how to accelerate modern testing, treatment, and vaccine production, including the policies that must be put in place for the future. And I'm pleased that such a commission has been proposed by Congress. I just want to remind everyone on the line, and thank you all for being here to learn more about this pandemic, throughout history, infectious diseases have killed more people than wars. So we must remain vigilant against them. We need a 21st century response and prevention paradigm that combines the most cutting edge technologies for surveillance, testing, treatment, and vaccine production with proven public health practices. And each one of us must fight this war working together so that someday COVID-19 will be a disease found only in the history books. And with that, thank you, Peter, and New America, for the opportunity to speak with the audience today. Thank you, Dr. Blumenthal, for the very stimulating set of opening remarks. You said something pretty striking, which is this was the Pearl Harbor of public health. And then towards the end of your presentation, you suggested, obviously, that we need a commission. You know, Pearl Harbor, during World War II, there were multiple inquiries into Pearl Harbor. And Admiral Kimmel was sort of forced to retire early. You know, in our present kind of highly politicized environment, I mean, obviously the 9-11 commission is a model that Hadley Hamilton and Thomas Keane, who are widely regarded as, you know, impartial and non-partisan and serious people with a lot of government experience. I mean, can you imagine a commission coming out of the present Congress that would have, you know, would, that people would coalesce around, particularly early on in this pandemic? Well, do you see this as something that comes later? Or what, how should this be constructed? And when should it come? Well, I think it needs to, I think we need to be looking at the lessons now. But I think the commission should come as the pandemic, you know, is waning. I think it can't be politicized. It has to be as objective as possible to really look at what went wrong and to see what the lessons are and how for the future we can accelerate our marriage between public health and, and technology. Because, you know, this is a new century and we didn't have these tools in at the beginning of the last century. And so the fact that these are the mainstays of our response today is very troubling. You know, I think whether Peter, it's foreign policy or, or it's, it's health will spend anything once a person has developed cancer or a heart attack. But we spend so little in prevention and preparedness. And I think this has to be a lesson. You know, even, even before the pandemic, 70% of deaths are due to chronic illnesses. We spend only 3 to 5% of our nation's health care budget three until recently are 3.5 trillion dollar health care budget on prevention. And yet 70% of disease is preventable. So I hope that one of the lessons learned from, from this pandemic for this generation is that we need to institutionalize these lessons and we need to invest in pandemic preparedness. It will help us not only for the next pandemic, which will invariably occur to be prepared and resilient and have a crew of trained personnel who are in reserve, but who can reactivate quickly and have a roadmap of actions that must be taken to rapidly respond and technology that's in place, you know, that can, and what, you know, if you think about just from the first SARS epidemic, it took six months to map the genome of the SARS virus then, and it took three weeks to map it this time for, for COVID-19. So we've already seen an acceleration, but, but I think there are many more lessons to be learned. And so we can't be premature in, in mapping them. Well, one technology that shows a lot of promise is CRISPR technology. And it seems that using CRISPR technology, there might be a pretty cheap and fast test fairly rapidly available. Is that something you know much about?  I mean, I think there's, there's so many technologies out there that we can examine, but we're in a rush here against time. So I'm, I'm confident that there will be technologies that will help us, whether it was the high throughput platforms that are taking our testing capacity, you know, way up. We've, you know, there were many mistakes that were made in terms of the CDC test, not being able to bring it to scale, not realizing that there were contaminants in the reagents, you know, to, you know, having our, our academic centers and private labs get involved. But again, there needs to be more of a coordinated response. We've found that the states and localities are competing against each other for resources. There should be a federal roadmap and a way of distribution resources. It shouldn't be a competition. It should be a, we're all in this together. And here are our needs. Here's a plan. And here's how we're going to distribute the resources. Is that the role of CDC, or are they being kind of absent here? Well, it's, I mean, this is a great institution, but mistakes have been made. I mean, the role is really, and again, you know, what happened was a defunding of these agencies.  The Public Health Service Commission core, which is our nation's first responders, I was a member of that service for 20 years. It was slated for a 30 to 40% cut in personnel. So there was a, you know, what we need is, as I mentioned in my opening remarks, we need in the National Security Council, and there was one in the past, a global health security coordinator, somebody whose job it is to think about these issues every day. Remember that in an interconnected world, the spread of an infectious disease is just a jet plane away. And people forget that 41 new diseases, new infectious diseases, has emerged since 1968 alone. I mean, there's AIDS, one of the largest pandemics to hit a generation. Ebola, H1N1 flu, Lyme's disease, you know, MERS, I mean, all of these diseases, Hantavirus, three new diseases emerge almost every year. So if we need someone who is thinking about them, working with our agencies like CDC, the NIH, FEMA, to, you know, to have an all-of-government response. Remember that CDC is one of several agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services, which is one of the agencies in the President's Cabinet. To deal with a pandemic, you need an all-of-government response, health in all policies. As we've seen the infectious disease just affect our health, it affects our military, it affects our housing policy, it affects food and our food systems and our federal food assistance programs with rising numbers of food insecure individuals in America. So we need an all-of-government response, and that's why we need someone in the White House that is, whose job it is, is to map these kinds of outbreaks and to help mobilize government when they see a signal that something, you know, is happening somewhere in the world. If you did the thought experiment where the U.S. government responded to this perfectly and there was this White House coordinator that was let go in 2017, 2018, I mean, how would this look? Let's say the government had got everything right. Well, I mean, I think, you know, again, it's hard to predict or to see, you know, what might have been, but I think, you know, the intelligence was saying to the White House that something is happening in China, a very serious outbreak. And I know, you know, from what I've read again, that, you know, alerts were sent to the president and to the administration in early January, let's say to the administration. And, but, you know, we're not acted upon again, it's hard to envision something like this. Each generation has to relearn the lessons of the past, sadly, but, you know, we've seen books written on it, we've seen movies made of it, and, you know, history that tells us what happens. I mean, this is not unlike the 1918 pandemic flu that killed 50 to 100 million people worldwide, where the warnings were not taken seriously. And actually it was the second wave, because people went out, the second wave that killed more people than the first wave. So let us... How did that 1918 pandemic sort of peter out? I mean, what was the set of circumstances that let it sort of expire? Well, I think, again, people followed the public health practices, and eventually you got some herd immunity, you know, in the sense that you have 60% of people who've been exposed, 60 to 70%. So, you know, it takes its course. But... Why is that 60 to 70% number so important? I mean, why is it not 80% or 90%? You know, it's... Because first of all, for this pandemic, we think that maybe about 15% of people have, you know, moderate disease, and about 5% have very, very serious illness, and 5% are, we think, you know, die from the illness. This mortality rate keeps changing. But so I think, you know, this is... And if you look at Sweden, they are taking this herd immunity approach. They have not closed their society. And they, you know, they believe that this will be a way... It's kind of an experiment, but this will be a way of engendering this kind of herd immunity. You know, Peter, you had asked me about the public health service and its history. I don't know if that's of interest to you, but, you know, it's a service that's over 200 years old. And it was put in place because of the Merchant Marine Service, where, again, as we find ourselves now, infectious diseases, we had the Merchant Marine who would come and go. They were essential to our economy. And a service was, well, Marine hospitals were established. And then a service was established that would be on duty 24-7 to monitor these Merchant Marine as they came back and forth to our country to make sure that they weren't sick, either bringing diseases into the country or that diseases would go out. And that then got transformed into the public health service. And this is a group of 6,500 trained professionals on duty 24-7. They're one of seven uniformed services in our country, standing side by side with the Army, the Air Force, NOAA, the Marines. They wear the Navy uniform and are our nation's first responders for health. And while they serve across the agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services, they also can be assigned to the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Defense and to other countries, you know, to report back on emergencies that are occurring. Because again, you know, health is essential to our nation's economy. 18% of our GDP is healthcare and health. So that's why we have a service led by the Surgeon General and the Assistant Secretary for Health that can respond to these emergencies and to other disease threats by conducting research, surveillance, and service delivery to our nation's most vulnerable. A question we have from Nick Ters of Time Magazine. If there was one piece of advice, concrete advice that you could offer to President Trump, what would it be? Well, I think it would be preparedness and transparency. I think people crave trusted information. It's something we learned from the anthrax attacks across our nation, that you need a person. And that's why, you know, for example, Dr. Fauci has taken on such, my colleague from the AIDS epidemic, you know, is taking on such an important role. And Dr. Birx, who again, I've also worked with in the AIDS response, that you need trusted physicians that you get the truth from in terms of what's happening, how many cases, what's the path forward, should we open, because otherwise you're going to engender fear. And fear, you know, breeds confusion. We get mixed messages. And there's not a consistency in the response. So I think that's very important. And also, you know, there were rumors that the White House Task Force was going to be disbanded. I've read today that that's not going to happen. But it's very important to have this ball of government response. Each agency of government is important. I would also say, so I'd say, you know, trusted communication and all of government response and also working with our international partners. We have to continue support for the World Health Organization. We can't solve this problem alone. If we're going to get back to a new normal, we're all interconnected, we're all interdependent as nations in the world. How does this end? Well, I think it's a new normal. I think we have to scale up testing dramatically. We have to do the contact tracing to identify at a massive scale. We have to identify those people who may have been infected, help isolate them. And then, you know, we need to begin to scale as we find certain criteria are met. Then we begin opening up America again. But it's based on phases and it's based on trust. And, you know, it's based on the disease starting to go on a downward trend as more and more people, you know, have experienced symptoms and then we see, you know, a flattening of the curve and then a decline in the disease. We don't yet know whether there will be a second wave. It's most likely that there will be. But again, we don't know a lot about this virus. For example, you know, we've not seen a coronavirus behave like this where there's clotting that occurs. So we've seen clotting in the lungs, strokes in otherwise what seemed to be normal people. Again, causing clots. This is a very different mechanism than a coronavirus has done before. We're not really sure of its natural history. I mean, in terms of having so many people who are asymptomatic and other people who present with range of symptoms, you know, who is going to be affected and why does it look differently? So as we learn more about the natural history of the disease, it will better prepare us. And as we have a vaccine, I mean, this is ultimately vaccines with the landmark public health accomplishment of the 1900s, early 1900s, with the smallpox vaccine, the diphtheria vaccine.  But in the meantime, think about HIV AIDS. When we began working in this disease, you know, 30 years ago, my work was to develop behavioral, you know, requests for applications for research, because we didn't have drugs, lifesaving drugs. We didn't have prevention tools. So fast forward, we now have drugs for HIV AIDS, where people can lead a normal life expectancy.  If you take this disease as, I mean, if you take this medication as directed, we still don't have a vaccine for HIV AIDS. So I think we can develop medications that will treat the disease. I think we can, hopefully, I mean, the Holy Grail is a vaccine. And there are many vaccine trials now underway. They've moved at the most rapid pace. I mean, usually, a vaccine takes eight to 10 years. The fastest was measles that took four years. We've got vaccines for coronavirus now in clinical trials. So and, for example, the one in London, my understanding is that they're preparing, you know, millions of vials before the disease, before the vaccine has even been approved. There are new ways of making vaccines. It used to be you had to wait nine months to grow the vaccine, like the flu vaccine on an egg. We're using new methods now with mRNA, DNA, and other mechanisms for vaccine production and, you know, accelerating the time to produce them. So you know, we need to be hopeful that we will have medications. We will have a vaccine, you know, sooner than ever before. But in the meantime, we have to continue with the proven public health practices, the social distancing, the good hygiene, and the contact tracing and the isolating people until we have these other tools which technology and science should hopefully produce in the not too distant future. Again, it's IV from Dysivir, but it's, you know, produced so far in the one trial that was released, 37% reduction in death rate. But again, there are trials underway with placebo, which is the true, you know, control clinical trial that should, you know, give us much more information in the next month or two. Are you personally hopeful? That is the alternative. We must be hopeful. And that means, though, that we're all in this together. You know, we can't solve public health problems alone. We each have a responsibility to do our part with these proven public health practices, wearing a mask when we go outside, you know, doing the things that we can do to protect others and ourselves. This is a societal responsibility. And just like, you know, World War II, where everybody felt they had a role to play, you know, individuals, businesses, we stood together, united. And now we have to be united even though we're apart. And then in terms of technology and science, yes, I mean, I believe that we will have these tools that will help us move faster towards recovery. But what I worry about is that people will move too quickly to put these proven public health practices aside, to move into social settings that we could see another spike in virus outbreak in the not too distant future if we disregard this advice from our scientists and our public health officials. You mentioned the sort of fifth of the U.S. economy that is the healthcare sector. And we have a sector, and we have a question kind of really about, you know, the effect that COVID-19 has had on the whole other aspect of the healthcare system. People not wanting to go to hospitals often for, you know, even if they have some pretty serious health problems. How do you kind of manage that? Well, I think we're starting to see a bit of a window, an opening here. At first, our hospitals were overwhelmed. They continue to be in crisis mode, but they're starting to see an opening where people can come in now potentially for elective surgeries. They're hit very badly.  They're essential to the health of our society and our economy. Many of them were getting hit very badly. For example, in my state of Massachusetts, we have great hospitals. Many of them, their income is in part based on foreign travelers coming, you know, and who could not come anymore. Elective surgeries had to be canceled. Outpatient visits had to be canceled. So, but I think that we're going to start to see an opening of this. Our cancer hospitals, for example, our premier cancer hospitals are being hurt because they couldn't, you know, take the kinds of cases that they were able to do. But I think we're going to start to see a window of opening here where elective surgeries can be performed again and cancer patients can be seen again. And again, when the public advice comes from, you know, our federal government that we can, you know, go back for elective surgery, we, you know, or outpatient visits, then we should heed that advice. What I'm concerned about is pitting our states against our federal government in terms of advice. And I think that we need, Americans need a clear and coherent and trusted message so that they can follow that guidance. And in terms of, you know, going to the hospital, going to outpatient clinics, going back to work, all of this needs to be a consistent, trusted message. What do you say to those who say that the shutdown is worse than the virus? I say that, you know, it's, they both are impacted because as a great poet from Massachusetts, Ralph Waldo Emerson said, the first wealth is health.  This is a very contagious illness. So we first have to make sure that the health of our nation is stabilized. And then we can slowly send people back to work. But I don't think we're there yet. We need massive testing. We need massive contact tracing with isolation of those who are infected as we move back to work. You mentioned some of the other coronavirus and you were, you know, you were part of the response to the SARS epidemic. What, I mean, why was SARS and MERS ultimately not that big a deal? I mean, obviously, they were a big deal if you contracted them. They had very high lethality. But why did they not evolve into something like what we're discussing now? Because I think they were, they were identified early and the contact tracing occurred and people were isolated. And then for other biological reasons of the virus, they did not, they, they did not spread. People, they have a very high death rate, but they did not spread because, again, these proven public health practices were put in place. Is that because the country, I mean, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, they all seem to have got on top of this relatively, is it because they had the SARS experience? Is it because they're, what, what, and obviously Singapore has sort of fallen back a little bit now because of the migrant labor dormitory issue. But what reflect a little bit on what some of the countries like New Zealand or Australia, what do they get right?  For example, you know, Hong Kong and Toronto. But, you know, it was, it was stamped out, I think, SARS because, you know, of a strong and swift response and probably some good luck too. So, you know, I think that Australia moved very rapidly to control it and have seen, you know, a very positive response. To it. I think one of the things that we need to do moving forward is really to look at these lessons, you know, in terms of what goes right and what goes wrong. And, you know, the strategy was pretty simple with SARS.  But it's, it's harder now because of the sheer number of cases that we've seen, you know, by the end of SARS, 8000 people had been infected. Already, you know, a million people have been infected. So it's, it's a much bigger challenge than SARS. Well, that raises a question about international travel. I mean, I think you've probably seen the reports about New Zealand and Australia having some kind of agreement between themselves about internal travel because both of them have had a pretty successful, you know, kind of counter coronavirus campaign. But, I mean, when do you think it's likely that, you know, international travelers would be coming to the United States or leaving the United States? Is that three months from now, six months from now, a year from now, or who knows? I don't think we know yet because we're still looking at the model.  But I think we still don't know enough about the natural history of this disease, this particular one, in order to have that kind of prediction.  You think about 40,000 people coming into China, coming from China into America every day. That was a lot of people coming in before we said it was, you know, before the borders were closed. So, I think, you know, we still have a lot more to learn and a lot more modeling to do before that decision can be made. Kind of a related question from Ken Mayer called, which is, the French have discovered SARS, the coronavirus was present in France in early December. Does that change anything about the way we think about the origin of the virus in China or just suggest that it was in China even earlier than we may have assumed at this point? Well, I think there was a lack of transparency about it. It was probably in China. I mean, many diseases originate, again, these are called zoonotic diseases where animals and humans live in close proximity and they go from animals to humans. They jump. So, for example, the flu every year generally comes from China. And so I think it probably was there and then people were going from China to Europe, right? And then from Europe into America. So, you know, there will be scientists spending a lot of time, you know, mapping the genomes, comparing them, seeing if there's any mutation to, again, better understand what the pathway was for this virus infecting so many people around the world. You mentioned earlier the fact that minorities and other disadvantaged populations are African-Americans are disproportionately affected. This is a question from an audience member. What can hospitals or health care centers, how can they better reach these populations where they are? Is there an approach that can be kind of institutionalized post-COVID-19? Well, I think, again, sadly, these facts reflect shameful disparities that have existed in our country for all too long. You know, African-Americans have higher maternal mortality rates, higher death rates from heart disease, from stroke, from some forms of cancer. And again, we haven't necessarily targeted our messages to them. We haven't, you know, there's lower access to health care. There's racism in the society. So, I think, again, we need to target education campaigns to the most vulnerable in our society, and we have to find ways to get, you know, health care access to them. And, you know, again, whether it's mobile testing, whether it's, you know, testing in easy-to-go places, whether it's, again, expansion of Medicaid, which not all states did, and it's been very hard to get accomplished with the current administration. But I think that, again, the coronavirus has shown another shameful spotlight on these inequities. And there are a number of waivers that are going into place through Medicare. Hopefully, we'll see more expansion of Medicaid services, telehealth services, because, again, it's hard to get the child care and the transportation to go see a doctor if we can use telehealth in the meantime, which is something that, when I worked with the military, two decades ago, telehealth was something that was used on the battlefield. And, but it was impossible to get the approvals for, because of the Federal Trade Commission, you know, where is a doctor licensed? They're licensed in their state. So is the patient coming to you, if they're in another state, or are you going to them? These were trade issues. But in an emergency, we find that there are other ways of practicing medicine or of working, for example, with telework. But, again, we have such a high percentage of the minority community are in essential jobs where, you know, they can't stay home. They, you know, can't, you know, keep food for two weeks. They're on the front lines and heroes need help. And we have to find a way going forward to make sure that our minority communities have the access to healthcare that they deserve. And then in terms of, you know, the, this interesting issue related to why are women and men disproportionately affected. This was a focus of my work was to look at sex differences in disease. Why are men, you know, dying at twice the rate? And what could we learn from women in terms of, say, some biological factor, genetic factor, that could be of help to men? And we know that, you know, hormonal and immune factors that begin with the fact that women have two X chromosomes and a man has an X and a Y, may be playing a role. There were studies of mice where they remove the ovaries of the mice in the SARS, previous SARS epidemic, and blocked estrogen receptors. And they found that the female mice died at the same rate. But we also may think it's a genetic factor. And so again, research is now starting to look at this issue. But we also have to look at the socioeconomic factors because again, women are more on the front line of the response to the coronavirus epidemic. And we're seeing a rise in domestic violence as a result of people being homebound. And so there are so many different biological, social, and economic factors that play into the way a disease manifests, spreads, and is mitigated. A question from Aaron Goldzimmer. Seems like the only way we can reopen is widespread testing, tracing, isolation. Yet, while I hear about technological advances in testing, I don't hear about actual plans and timelines to making this happen. Is this happening and we're just not hearing about it? Or is the U.S. never going to get its act together while other countries eventually do? Well, I think the U.S. is starting to get its act together. Again, my state of Massachusetts, California, other states are really ramping up now the testing and contact tracing. In Massachusetts, there's a partnership with partners in health that was started by Paul Farmer. It was used in developing nations where community health workers went out and tested and did the contact tracing. It was an enormously successful model that we're now trying to bring to the United States to get a dual dividend from our investment in global health. But there will need to be now technology embedded into this. So I'm hopeful Johns Hopkins University through the Bloomberg Foundation is working with New York and New Jersey to develop a model there. But again, my point is that we should have had these models in place before this outbreak occurred. We're in the 21st century after all. We have the technology. We have the scientific revolution. We have to be thinking ahead. Prevention is preferable to cure. As I mentioned, 40 new diseases since 1968. We, you know, those in the public health field, this is our public health nightmare that an outbreak would occur. We modeled it, we practiced it, we'd written about it, but these books were on the shelf. Funding had been cut. The coordinator had been fired or moved to another place. It was not seen as a priority. And so I think the bottom line here is let's make it a priority now and in the years ahead. Let's make the investments that we need to do. Let's advance the technologies and keep them advanced because what's an advanced technology today 10 years from now may not be so advanced anymore. So we have to keep technological advances focused on these public health problems. Remember, diseases kill more people than wars and we have to be prepared to fight them. Well, I think that's probably a good place to leave it. We want to really thank you very much, Dr. Bueingthul, for your really interesting and useful and helpful and important observations. And I do have one more question from Nick Ters of Time magazine. He talked about the need for transparency and rely on expert for messaging. Can you talk about the perils of confusing and dangerous messages from government officials like using powerful light inside the body or ingesting disinfectants? Well, again, I think that these are very dangerous messages. We need to be hearing from our trusted physicians about what works and what doesn't. You know, I think that, again, research into light, you know, because light can be disinfected but the light has to be high up on the ceiling or the distance it's not meant for humans. So we need, again, what we learn from anthrax attacks. We need a trusted public health official communicating with the people about what works and what to expect. And that's the way forward. And I just want to mention an initiative that I've been working with. One of my goals has been, and projects I've been working on is to really bring public health and technology together because that's the only way we're going to have a 21st century paradigm. And then the coronavirus hit. So working with MIT, we've started a social media campaign called Beat the Virus, beatthevirus.org to get out those proven public health messages to amplify them. And then to develop a public health communications campaign where a network where local communities can get the information that they need in the trusted way. As well as at a national scale. So again, I would say that trust facts beat the virus. You know, facts are what we need today for the confidence that we can open up America and the world again and return to a new normal. Remembering lessons of the past, but marrying them with the science and technology of today and the future to keep our public health system resilient for the inevitable challenges that will come and to have a healthier, more prosperous future in the years ahead. Thank you very much, Dr. Blumenthal and all the participants on this call would like to thank you as well. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you for the opportunity.


The study estimated that using quadrivalent influenza vaccines, QIV, instead of annual trivalent influenza vaccines, TIV, would have reduced societal costs and healthcare burden in Brazil, Colombia, and Panama by up to US$33,700 per 100,000-person years. This article was authored by Aurelian Jamot, Emily Clay, Berenjie Macabio, and others.


This paper proposes using articulatory information from an ultrasound system to improve the performance of speaker verification systems. The authors found that the proposed features contained highly discriminative information and were related to speaker identity. These features could be combined with septal coefficients to improve the performance of existing systems. This article was authored by Franklin Alexander Sapulveda Sapulveda, Degoberto Porisplata, and Milton Sariapaja. Thank you for watching!


Good afternoon. Our first item of business today is time for reflection and our time for reflection leader is Pastor Michael Veitch, Woollar Evangelical Church in Northumberland, and a former councillor in Eastlothian. Bye. Members of the Scottish Parliament, it's a great honour to stand before you today. When I stood down from politics at the local elections last year to begin life in ministry, Efallai, rhywbeth sy'n gweld i'r ffordd yn odd ychydig, ddiddorog hwnnw, yn gynhyrch, oherwydd mae'n ddiddorol i'r bwysig fel hyn da, dyma hynny ddi cofnwyr yn ei gwybod nhau i fynd. Byddwn i chi'n cymryd dros yw, rwy'n amser maes ychwaneddian â'r Cymraeg a Gfarfwyr yn norwch, oeddi'r llanddeidwyr yn gwyllwch i ddweudio.  Sadly, the church is very often perceived as a place for people who have their lives sorted out, or even worse, who think that they are in some way morally superior to everybody else. In reality, of course, Jesus had very little time for religious hypocrites, and he said, I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. In other words, it's only people who know their lives are a mess, who realise they need a saviour and that they need Jesus. And for such as them, did Jesus die that they may be reconciled to God by faith in him? None of us would care very much for a medic who only offered us vague solutions. And as politicians, you are in the business of promoting tangible solutions to the nation's problems each and every day. Likewise, Jesus Christ came into the world to offer truth. Alongside my ministry in Northumberland, I continue to study theology here in Edinburgh. And this year, we've been looking at this wonderful old document, The Scott's Confession of 1560, written by John Noxon and some others. And upon the title page of this work, we find these words. Exhibited to the estates of Scotland in Parliament in August 1560, and approved by their public vote as doctrine founded upon the infallible word of God. In other words, the Scottish Reformation was built upon the belief that the Bible is the revealed word of God. And that what it teaches is about Jesus and about God and about humanity is true. So as a former politician, turn pastor, and as a Scott, albeit one currently exiled 14 miles across the border, may I wish you well in your endeavours to serve the people of this great country. The Bible teaches that those in authority have been appointed by God, so may he be your guide this day and in the weeks and years ahead. Thank you very much.


Venom may be a headbiting alien freak, but he cares deeply for the underprivileged and the homeless. In the comic books, the primary reason Venom was considered an anti-hero was because he used violent means to protect the ones that live on the streets. Many a times, he attacked and killed people for hurting the homeless. In the movie, Eddie Brock shows similar traits. He's the first to notice there are a lot less homeless people on the streets. That's because Drake's corporation has been experimenting on them. Brock is the first to raise questions and he's ostracized by his own fraternity for doing so. When he becomes Venom, he continues the same tradition. At around 44 minutes, the restaurant scene was shot once with the live lobsters and once with the fake lobsters. The lobster that Tom Hardy bites into was actually candy coated marshmallow filling with chocolate syrup.


This is stock number 10726. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and use Dodge and Dodge Durango headquarters. Today we are checking out this super clean 2018 Dodge Durango GT black top edition all-wheel drive. This vehicle has the award-winning 3.6 liter Pentastar V6 motor. It has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this Durango is 100% ready to go. Red line pro coat 2 is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second so if you have HD capabilities turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the vehicle's quality and condition before seeing it in person. And if you'd like to check out all the photos on this Durango in the upper right hand part of your screen as they link right to our website click that and check us out there. Comes with the 20 inch painted black alloy rims that's part of the black top package. Bridgestone Acopia 26550R20s and these tires look like they have about 60 to 70% of the tread left maybe just a little bit more than that. Front fender is in really nice shape didn't see any dents or dings in that. It does come with the projector lamp headlamps the led running lights the led fog lamps the front bumper is in really nice shape looks really good it comes with the sport hood with the three air inlets on it didn't see any dents or dings on that looks really good passenger side front fender is in nice shape as well and the passenger side rim no scuffs or scrapes on that really nice condition there as you go down this side of the vehicle take note of how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is we take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle you can see the vehicle hear the vehicle and have confidence in what you were looking at before you even get here so that when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and that is why we offer the summit auto fast pass option in the upper right hand part of your screen a link right to our website where you can apply for financing get pre-approved see a payment quote even appraise the trade all from the comfort of your own home so that when you get here there's no surprises all you got to do is drive the vehicle love it you'll be all set to go back tires have just about as much tread as the front tires and you do get four-wheel disc brakes on this vehicle no scuffs or scrapes on that rear rim either rear bumper is in really nice shape sun's out you can get a look at that pearl coat there it's not quite as much as the red line three but still has a little bit of shimmer to it the rear gate is in really nice shape you do get the racetrack tail lamps all the way across there the blacked out Durango lettering as well and the GT logo back storage area you're going to have in all weather format back here these seats do fold down for extra storage they go down nice and flat like so and to get those up you just grab that strap right there there is also storage underneath here and then your jack tools are in there and that's very nice and clean back there too to get this rear gate down just press this button it will beep at you a total of four times but on the third time it will begin its descent and you can open the rear gate with the key fob there just by pressing that twice as you go down this side of the vehicle just as clean as that passenger side didn't see any dents or dings on that rear quarter and for full disclosure this back rim excellent condition as well down the rest of this side the doors all look really good didn't see any dents or dings on them you do get the heated mirrors with the built-in LED directional signals has the entry and go system so you get the key you get the doors locked you just have to have your key fob in your pocket you put your hand in there it's going to unlock automatically inside you got the power windows power locks you got kind of the carbon fiber ish trim on the doors memory driver's seat the GT package gives you the black leather and suede interior there are no rips there are no tears on those seats very nice condition smells very clean inside this Durango I don't think it's ever been smoked in and you do get a power driver's seat with lumbar max liner all weather formats throughout on this vehicle it also has auto headlamps and tilt and telescopic steering wheel as we hop inside the vehicle here you can see that this one has 28,449 miles you get the seven inch LCD display digital speedometer outside temp and compass display and you can change those corners to read pretty much whatever you want whether it's current miles per gallon average miles per gallon all that good stuff you get the heated leather wrap steering wheel bluetooth and information center controls on the left cruise controls on the right and you do get the paddle shifters for your sport mode push button start the 8.4 3c radio I believe nope this is the 4c radio my bad which gives you the projection manager so you can do android auto and apple carplay on this vehicle and project your cell phone to the screen but this one already has the navigation system so you don't need it to do that unless you like using ways or google maps better but it does have the navigation system you got am f m n serious xm radio capabilities and your backup camera is going to show up there those are dynamic grid lines being that they're going to turn as you turn that steering wheel pretty cool stuff right there you can do your climate control here as well if you don't like doing it on the screen with all the touchscreen button stuff don't worry you get more tactile buttons down here and knobs for your fan also knobs for your volume and tune control your backup parking sensors start stop capabilities eco mode sport mode so you can use those paddle shifters and then the stability control buttons right there you get two usb's and an aux jack speaking to that automatic transmission eight speed automatic mechanical shifter and the passenger side format and seat are in excellent condition I didn't see any rips or tears in that once again this vehicle smells very clean inside I don't think it's ever been smoked in up here you got your map lights your home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lane systems and your rear gate button you also get sos and assist buttons in the rear view mirror and we'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll check out under the hood so in this particular derango you get the tumble seats for the second row so the quad seating latch child safety system no rips or tears on these seats these back seats are heated they're your heated seat buttons two usb is in 115 volt 150 watt plug-in you get that max liner floor mat all the way across to get to the third row just put that backrest down grab this red strap here and that rolls up like that to get to that third row and those seats are in excellent condition as well very very nice and clean inside and out you also get the child safety locks on the back doors and of course all the bottoms of the doors being a 2018 look really great we'll take a quick look under the hood and I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this hd video you will have been able to tell just how clean this derango is all the way around inside and out under the hood we have the 3.6 liter pentastar v6 motor it has been fully safety dan inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and tapped off the vehicle has been gone through mechanically 100% and is 100% ready to go I would highly recommend it from a quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this derango or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks suv's minivans wranglers you name it we got it go to our website www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com and if you'd like to check out more hd videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our youtube channel on your left it links more derango videos like this one on your right if you have not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out and we really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2018 dodge derango GT all-wheel drive with the blacktop appearance group thanks again