We are riding from Abu Dhabi to Emirates bio farm where this wonderful minister of environmental sciences and also of a climate change, Maryam madam is also there and we are having a small event but riding here at no time. Temperatures are over forty, I don't know, around forty-four I think. Road is hot, engine is hot, the seat is getting very hot, back loads are hot, I'm the only cool one out here. What to do? Everything else is hot. Seat is getting really hot, not able to sit so we took a break. There are no words to describe what it means to be back in India. Well, the safe soil movement has picked up momentum across the world and it has become the subject matter of various governments right now. Seventy-four nations have signed up. Many European nations have already invested large sums towards soil regeneration. Three months ago nobody was talking about soil. Today the world is talking about soil thanks to the support of the people, the media and the volunteers all over the place who work hard for this. Seventy days we've been on the road, fantastic to be back in India. For Highness Mulsura today to have amidst us the saviour of the soil, the one and only Sadguru. He feels sometimes in the middle of the high seas is water, water everywhere but not a drop to drink. And well I'm very sure that Sadguru will not let this statement be ever made for the soil. Seventy days on the motorcycle still living. This is India seventy-five. At least let's wake up now and ensure the future generations, the fundamentals of their life at least must be in place. That is rich food, clean water, pure air to breathe. But if you deny this, this is a crime against humanity. We must turn this around. I'm drinking tea the Gujarati way, okay? Too sweet for me, Gujarati. The sweetness of Gujarati people should not go into the tea, should stay in their hearts. I was really happy to interact with Sadu. Ladies and gentlemen, let's have the loudest round of applause as we welcome the lone rider, dear Sadguru, the one that has single-handedly taken up the difficult cause of safe soil. Come on Poonawalo, thoda aur zordar swagat hojaya Sadguru ka. Let's continue with the event. As the custom, we begin every auspicious occasion by lighting the traditional lamp and that is what we are going to do to get started with the rest of the event. Like the traditional lamp, may I invite Sadguru Jaguwala Jati Vasudev to please join us in the front, along with Chairman of the Lokman Media Group, Mr. Dandaji, Managing Director of Lokman Media Group, Mr. Devan Dandaji, along with extended family members of Lokman who are also strong supporters of the Safe Soil Movement, Mr. Sushakakli, Founder President of the Gravitas Foundation, Mr. Adul Goyal, Chairman, Mr. Sajay Chodhya, Chairman of the Suryadatta Group, Mr. Jay Chok, President to P.L., Mr. Avalokra, Founder President of Topworth reality, and Mr. Santran of the Editor Lokman Surya. Please come. Don't be out of the cameras. You have to come. Now it's time to welcome Mr. Adul Goyal, Chairman of the Suryadatta Group, and Managing Director, Mr. Devan Dandaji, please. And Sadguru, the highest form of respect given in Pune, is by presenting the Pune. Chairman sir, we present it. We request Mr. Adul Goyal to please welcome Sadguru with a token of love. Mr. Adul Goyal has written a book, Real Rich, and that is what he will be presenting to Sadguru today. Yes, Mr. Abhay Loda, Founder President of Topworth Group, present a book of flowers and show our love for Sadguru. Come on everybody, let's keep the applause going. Another token of love that we'd like to present from everybody on the dais to Sadguru. A huge, beautiful garland. All right, we have the save soil placards coming up. We're going to take a quick picture of the entire group holding the save soil placards, Mati Vatswa. That is why we are all gathered here today. Thank you very much. May I request everyone to please be seated and may I now invite Chairman of the Lokmat Media Group, Vijay Dardaji, to please address this august gathering. A journalist par excellence, a politician, visionary, a dynamic entrepreneur, and a spirited social worker. Please put your hands together for Vijay Dardaji. Thank you very much, Mr. Abhay Loda, Founder President of Topworth Group, for the time being. We assured you that we will try to bring the sustainability in the community of the farming, and also we will see that the karma elimination goes down. Here, my son, Devendra Darda, is also sitting here. I would like to mention here, Sadguruji, that this is the only publishing house in the country who is publishing his newspaper on completely on solar, all his editions, dual editions. Not that, but the Devendra has promised me in couple of years, we will come to a zero carbon emission. That was our, go to our readers.  All right, I think everybody, let us have a standing ovation for everybody, all our dignitaries on the stage. For Sadguru, I am sure that over two crore readers of Lokmat across Maharashtra are pledging their support to save soil. May we request Vijayji Darda, Mr. Devendra Darda and Sadguruji to please wait back on stage as we get started with a chit chat and to do that, we have someone very special who has come down to Pune. Ladies and gentlemen, may I now also invite the very gorgeous and talented Kamiya Jani, who we all know as India's best travel discovery, food and recommendation platform by the name of Curly Tales. I am sure you know that name much more, so let us have a round of applause as we welcome Kamiya Jani on the stage. For conversation with Sadguru along with Vijayji Darda and Devendra Darda. All right, we would like to take a quick picture with the placards of four of y'all once again before we start with the conversation. Thank you, everyone. May I request y'all to please take your seats and let's get started with the conversation. Can we have mics for everybody? Sadguru, I wanted to request you for chanting. Friends, very warm welcome to all of you. It's a pleasure and privilege for us to welcome Sadguruji on Lukma's platform. It's very rare that we have someone among Amitsha's who's loved, respected and revered by millions around the globe. So we really feel fortunate and proud to have him here. And while we are sitting here to have an interaction with him, I think I am very small person to question him. It's not appropriate to question a master. So if I may, I will make some humble queries with your permission. So Sadguruji, we've seen recently you've achieved a huge tremendous feat of traveling almost 30,000 kilometers. It's been literally a ride of your life and you've been spreading the message of saving the soil across the globe. As a mystic, as a yogi, we've seen your work of inner well-being, inner engineering. If I may, how did the focus shift from save our soul to save our soil? One person who never talked about save your soul, because that's very foreign to us. In India, in this culture, we never talked about saving the soul. That is a trick. I will save your soul.  Some people have even been promising that if you give all your wealth to them, they will keep it in good faith. And next life when you come back, they will give it to you. So I have not done such things of telling people I'll save your soul. The important thing is see, unfortunately, truth offends most people. If you're straight out truthful about everything, it offends people. So you will have to clothe it for them to hold the hand of truth. It doesn't need any care, any protection, any preservation, definitely not saving. So saving the soul is a trick. That's been going on unfortunately in outside India but now it is in India and everybody has picked it up because you don't know where the source is. So everybody picks up this thing, saving the soul. A lot of people are mentioning this along the way. They were saying this in European nations, I could understand, but even in India they are saying it. Maybe because save soil and soul have a similar spelling. So let's leave the soul business because your soul, if there is one, you don't even know if there is one. If there is one, it definitely doesn't. Something that's not physical need not be protected and saved, isn't it? Only the physical nature needs protection. Only physical nature needs preservation. That which is beyond physical, does it need anybody's protection, I'm asking. It's like save your god. What's the point of that? So, but soil is a different matter. Soil is the source of our physical existence here. When I say the source of physical existence, it's not only in terms of food and nourishment. You're very making, the very evolutionary process you are rooted in the soil. There are over a trillion species out there in the soil. There are replicas we have noticed only up to fifteen, but there could be probably a million, we don't know. That is, there is one super minute microbe. Exactly same, there's a slightly bigger one. Exactly same, slightly bigger one. Like this up to fifteen we have noticed, but people think there could be hundreds or there could be millions because this is the evolutionary process. It got bigger, bigger, then got more complex, more complex, then it became like you. This is the whole thing. So the very foundations of our existence is there to put it in context. See, somewhere around a billion years ago they say, the estimation could be a right or wrong, but somewhere around a billion years ago, for the first time some fungi or algae discovered how to cook their food using the perpetual energy of the sun.  That phenomena today we refer to as photosynthesis. Before photosynthesis as a phenomena started on this planet, the approximate or the average oxygen content in the atmosphere was only a shade over one percent. Today it is twenty-one percent. You and me are alive only because of twenty-one percent oxygen levels. Now this is not just about breathing. The complexity of this life happened and became possible only because of enhancement of oxygen in the atmosphere, not only us. The more complex lives, the mammals and others became possible only because of increase in oxygen level in the atmosphere. That happened because of photosynthesis. But in the last thousand years, we have removed over eighty-five percent of photosynthesis on the planet is gone because seventy-one percent of the earth's land is plowed because it's under agriculture. Four point two percent is paved because it's urban and industrial lands. So totally seventy-six percent of the world's land is either under plow or are or is being paved in the form of roads, in the form of cities, in the form of industry, four point two percent of the land. So totally seventy-six plus percentage of the land there is no photosynthesis of any significance. In your city here and there, one tree is there, that is not really of any great consequence. It matters to you because you can go stand under the shade. It matters to me when I'm riding one tree shade makes a difference. That's different but ecologically it doesn't make any significant difference. So what I'm trying to tell you is the soil and the soil organic activity is the basis and the foundation of our existence. Who we are right now is only a consequence of that. It is knowing this intrinsically from our wisdom, we call soil as mother. When we refer to something as mother, not necessarily a woman, when we say something mother, today we use the word motherboard, mothership. When we say mother, everybody understands it's the source. But today we are referring to soil as resource. Every one of us have fed upon our mother's breast. Shall we call her a resource?  It's gone.   But unfortunately, today we are treating it as a resource. What has been shocking for me in the last two, three years is, I have spoken to various agriculture ministries across the world and at least eighty to eighty-five percent of the nations still treat soil as an inert substance, that they can fix it by adding nitrogen or phosphate or this or that or whatever, that it's an inert substance. No, soil is the largest living system in not only on the planet, in the known universe. Nowhere in the universe is there such a thing. But we are calling it, we are treating it as an inert substance that we can do this. Even in our country, largely most of the states think it is an inert substance and they can add something, take away something from it. It's a living system. You have to keep it alive. It has come to us in a living form. That's why we have lived reasonably well. We have to pass it on as a living system for future generations. You can't just pass it on as a dead thing. In some nations they even call soil as dirt. If it is dirt, all of us are dirtbags. So soil is the source and not a resource. That's an important message we get from your explanation. Satguruji, somewhere in your interview previously with one of the channels, I heard you mentioned that the organic content in the Indian soil is somewhere around 0.68 percent and the minimum required to define substance as soil is approximately 3 percent. So how do we bridge this gap? Are we to depend only on the government? Is there something that all of us can do here? What's your guidance on that? See, right now the most important thing is policy. Without policy, if you and me start doing something individually, it's good but it's not a solution. We have… you know, we have transformed in the last 27 years about 130,000 1.3 lakh farmers into tree-based agriculture. Their incomes have gone up anywhere between 300 to 800 percent. Soil organic content has come up significantly. Water tables have come up. Everything is great. But still it's not a solution. 130,000 is not a solution. Now we are working in the Cauvery basin which accounts for 83,000 square kilometers and 5.2 million farmers. Even if we manage to do that, it's still not a solution because soil ecology needs to improve globally. These state borders and national borders mean nothing for life. It's only a human problem that we draw a line and we believe this line is absolute. For the sake of administration, okay, you rule that one, I rule this one, is a different matter. But you think this is absolute.  It's not going to work like that because the microbial life is a global phenomenon. It needs to happen that way. This is why this movement is a global effort to change policy. Unless every nation does that, there will be no significant difference. Why I'm saying this is, see even if you improve your soil, let us say you have thousand acres and you make it fantastic. Even if you do that, it's good. No, I'm not saying it's not good, it's good. But right now, according to UNFAO on an average, 27,000 species of organisms are going extinct per year. At this rate, it is estimated that somewhere between twenty-five to forty years from now, it is possible that this slide, which is happening right now, will go into tumble. Once it goes into tumble, there's nothing you can do. So if your thousand acres is very rich, you may survive for another two, three, four, five years more than the rest. But it will also hit you because microorganisms cannot be cultivated just in your thousand acres. It needs to happen all around. This is why policy change is very important. The problem why these things have not happened, the way it should happen is there is no strategic approach. Everybody wants to roll up their sleeves and want to do something today. So what will you do? You will go and fix your kitchen garden. That's very cute, but that's not a solution. So first thing is we must decide, are we doing this for personal satisfaction, or are we doing this because we are genuinely seeking a solution. For me, it's about solution. For me, I don't need any personal satisfaction. If I close my eyes, I'm finished.  So I don't need to do these things to prove something or need to do this for my satisfaction.  At the same time, we have a great privilege that if we act now, in the next ten, fifteen years time, we can make a significant turnaround. But if you let this go for another twenty-five, thirty, let's say forty years time, after that, even if you try, however hard you try, you will not be able to turn this around. Because the whole world is driving towards a famine. I think the supplementary question, forget about the international community, but let's take about our own government, and recently you had an interaction with our honorable prime minister. So what do you think about the thoughts which you are getting right now? So what was his view on this? See, he is one of the first people who came up with what is called as the soil health card in Gujarat. But people did not really take it seriously. An attempt was made, but it did not become a common thing. There were many issues in it. Many things were not sorted out in the sense. See, one thing is the soil card is generally talking about soil only as agricultural soil. We are not talking soil as life. Okay, to grow this crop not enough nitrogen, so let's put nitrogen. To grow that crop not enough phosphate, so let's put phosphate. In this, this kind of approach, this is like the modern allopathic system, okay?  Your iron is not good, put one iron tablet into you, like this. So this approach to soil, it is okay if you are just addressing one farmer like this, a particular land. But when you're addressing the whole nation, this is not the thing, the important thing is the soil organic content has to rise. That means you must be eating good food, you must be healthy, and top of it, suppose we find your vitamin C is little less, we will give you a pill for a month or two. That's how fertilizer should be treated in a doctored fashion. Right now we are simply throwing it without any other input, any other input means, see what is the… how this problem has evolved, let me tell you. See there are only two sources of organic content on the planet. This is something very important for everybody to understand because wherever I go, especially young people say, my friend has come up with an app, Sadhguru, it can solve all these problems. See, it is like you have food apps, what's your food app in Pune? Swiggy or Zomato? Swiggy, Zomato, Uber, whatever, whatever. Now a lot of young people will start thinking, Swiggy produces food. No, no, Swiggy delivers food to your doorstep, it's a service, we appreciate that. But somebody is cooking it somewhere, somebody else is selling it, somebody else is growing it on the land. Essentially it comes from the land. Whoever delivers it to your doorstep, it doesn't matter, it comes from the land. This is generally forgotten in the sense. See, when we talk about soil organic content, what we are talking about is food for the microbial life. Microbial life is the core life on this planet. Without us, this planet will flourish.  We are a consequence. Human beings don't like this. How are we a consequence? We were the ones who were made in the God's own image. All right? No, they are the core life. We are a consequence of that. In many ways, the topsoil is like the cream of this planet. It's come to the surface. Generally, if there was no human footprint on the planet, to create one inch of topsoil, living soil, it will take 600 to 800 years. But with the present level of human footprint, it will take 13,000 years to create one inch of topsoil. But in the last 70 to 80 years time, we have destroyed nearly 50% of the topsoil on the planet, just in less than a century. In less than a century, we have destroyed nearly 50% of the topsoil. This is the most irresponsible way to exist. But nobody wants to talk about soil. Even in the international conventions, everybody is trying to catch carbon dioxide molecules in the air. I thought you breathe oxygen, right? All of us breathe oxygen. Nobody's talking about oxygen. No photosynthesis means slowly oxygen is depleting. And we're talking about global warming. All of you don't go by what I say. Don't go by what you read here and there on internet or whatever. Just walk outside somewhere in open field, where it's simply bare and open. Just touch it and see what is the temperature. Just go where some grass is growing, touch it and see what's the temperature. Little bushes are there, touch it and see what's the temperature. Big trees are there, touch it and see what's the temperature. You will understand what is global warming. There will be a temperature variation of anywhere between eight to twelve degrees from open dry land to what is under a big tree. So twelve degrees of variation. Is this not global warming or global cooling? But no, everybody wants to knock the oil industry, coal industry, automobile industry, because there is money there. Let's come to the point. Because there is money. Nobody talking about soil. In international conventions, nobody talking about soil. For the first time in COP 15, when I made soil as a main pitch, everybody is sitting back like this. I said, why? Is there… is there something wrong? What is the science? Why is the science talking about it for last fifty years and nobody is talking about it? Everybody is walking on the street shouting at somebody or the other. This is not about somebody. Every one of us, knowingly, unknowingly, are partners in this destruction. The only way to turn it around is every one of us become part of the solution. So what can we do? What can we do? Well, I don't want you to get… there are many things you can do but I don't want to talk to you about that because you will start doing self-satisfaction activity. Maybe you will fix your kitchen garden. For many people who live in apartments, their kitchen garden may be two pots. One with some flowers, another with tomato. One tomato hanging there. All right?  Because people are telling such things. Somebody… I'm telling you, when I was doing this Cauvery Calling movement, I went and met one of the top industrialists in this country. I don't want to name people. And when people go and say, personally I did not go, somebody went there, our volunteers and they said, this is happening and we need your support and we need your voice for this. He says, I use only half a bucket of water for my bath. I don't have to do all this. Please use two buckets and stay clean, yeah? Using half a bucket of water has nothing to do with ecological thing. Right now, this is a serious mistake that urban populations are making. They are misunderstanding civic issues as ecological issues. Right now there is filth in Pune city here and there, plastic bags are floating around. This is not a necological issue. This is a social responsibility issue. Right now there is… you are using… I'm just joking with you. You are brushing your teeth only once in three days to save water. This is a civic responsibility issue. This is not an ecological issue because ecologically even if you turn your tap and leave it running twenty-four hours of the day, doesn't make a difference. Socially as a city dweller, it makes a difference. It is a burden on the city infrastructure. That's a different matter. Ecology is a different matter. Ecology means it's a life on the planet, the source life on the planet. The source life on the planet is microbial life. They need food. They can only eat organic substances. Organic substances can come from only two sources, plant life and animal life. There is simply no other source. You can go search in all the planets on the… in the solar system or anywhere in the universe. Except for plant life and animal life, there is no organic content anywhere. So there has to be plant life and animal life on our farms. Right now farm means brown piece of earth. If you… if you don't understand what I'm saying, fly from Delhi to Chennai.  Except for western gods and northeastern part of India, rest of the country looks like a brown desert simply because in the last fifty years, we have gotten rid of the cover crops. Cover crop was a simple thing every farmer was practicing. In the summer months when we are not cropping, we used to put cover crops of legumes, pulses. We used to change this year on year or we used to put mixed cover crops. Just leave it there maybe a little bit for the animals. We also used it as a fresh vegetable sometimes in cooking. But the important thing is it went back into the land. Every year 1.5 to 2 inches of humus was building into the soil. The word human comes from the word humus. If there is no humus in the soil, human will not exist. So this twenty-seven thousand species going away, this cannot be fixed by you and me fixing something around us. Whether we fix just one pot or we fix ten thousand acres of land, still it won't make a difference. It is good. It is good locally it'll make a difference. But the real thing won't happen because when the microbial life starts collapsing, everywhere it will go. Because the species are all in communication and in tandem they're happening across the globe. Namaskaram Sadguru and Namaskaram to Pune. I really like to thank you on behalf of Pune for making a pit stop while on your way to Sholapur which is about 400 kilometers, a really long ride. And as a traveler the first thing I really want to ask you is you've been on wheels for the last hundred days riding over thirty thousand kilometers. I take two flights in a week and I come back with a back ache. What is that? And you've been riding a bike that weighs about 450 kilos riding through Europe, Middle East and now India. So how are you doing and how's your back? Oh, this is an advertisement for the yogic back. There's no back problem, back issue. Sadguru, a follow up to that would be how do you take care of yourself? What is it that you eat? What's your diet like? Because we all would want to do things that you are doing at your age. Oh, I wish I had choices like that in my life. Most of the time I've been traveling, so generally what comes my way is what I eat. Food and sleep never comes on time. Never does it come in the quantity and the form that I want. This has been life.  This itself is a sickness. Overly concerned about your health and your well-being all the time. Itself is a sickness. But does it mean to say you should not eat well? You should. Well, not everybody's life is organized like that.  But our lives are not like that. When it comes, it comes. And in number of times my dinner is at one a.m., two a.m. in the morning. So, so generally I organize myself in such a way that I, you know, in the last probably fifteen years, twenty years, just one meal so that I have a little more control over it.  So I organize myself in such a way it's generally one meal so that reasonably it is coming on time. But not when I'm on a travel like this. About the choice of food also, it is more about, see, food is about one thing is definitely it should grow in rich soil. It's very important. There was, when I was eleven, twelve years of age, I went to, I don't know if you've heard of Maladi Halley Swami, the Yogi. So the only thing daily is one day ragi ball, another day javar ball. There are two types of maize. So three days ball, that ball and greens, local greens, whatever that is there and some pulses mixed. This is it. One big ball and this thing. Well everything that is, that you need, your body needs, it is there in it. If it is growing in a reasonably rich soil, now you're eating food from soil where the nutrients are almost gone. See, this has not been measured in most nations. In United States they have measured these things and saying the amount of micronutrients that was present in fruits and vegetables in the early twentieth century to now it's gone down by ninety percent. You heard me right, nine zero. Ninety percent less. Only ten percent is left in it. If you ate an orange in 1920, today if you have to get the same thing, you will have to eat eight oranges. So the weakness of the soil is also the weakness of the body. So there are many ways that your own microbial strength is taken care of because your body is sixty percent microbial life, only forty percent is parental genetics. When sixty percent is microbial life, you must keep them happy. Right now it's post-pandemic time. Anything that you cannot see is dangerous right now. No, most of them are very good for you. There are a trillion species. At least scientists are saying, I don't know how far these numbers are right. They are saying only fourteen hundred types of viruses and bacteria could cause harm to you out of a trillion, out of one trillion. Fourteen hundred is not even a number, isn't it? So I think we are overly concerned about health.  The traditional food in your area, if you eat, you will be healthy. It is just that are you living intensely or are you like a potato sack? That's an important thing. So I was riding to Bucharest. I was to get there at seven p.m. and there was a television interview. But because the weather got very bad and the road surface was not as expected, so we got delayed and I got there at eleven-fifteen in the night. The anchor and the team were still waiting, the television crew. So I walked straight into the interview, nine-and-a-half hour ride I had and went straight into the interview. One-and-a-half hours of interview, finished around one a.m. and then I was chatting with him and this guy says, «Sadhguru, at this stage after nine hours of riding and then you're talking like this, everything is fine with you and you look fine. How is this at this stage? At this stage he mentioned this stage three times. I thought that is enough. I said, I said, see I've lived my life so intensely. I never had the time to get old. You need lot of time to get old, isn't it? When you don't have time, how do you get old? Sleep rest is important. Restfulness is important. See when you just sit here, is your body restful or is it jumpy? There's a question. Right now you take my pulse. I've been riding and all this, but it should be somewhere between forty-five to fifty right now. But if I sit quietly, if I sit quietly it'll come down below forty. So the body is in a restful condition. So it will not need much sleep. If you're on a high rpm all the time, obviously you'll have to rest. So you'll have to sleep rather. When we say sleep, we must understand this, sleep is like a temporary death. Hello? You don't like that word? Sleep is temporary death, isn't it?  All the best. But can I do that? So it is about how you keep your system, what kind of fuel you put into it, what kind of fuel. Right now what I see is the moment people can afford little, whatever they become little wealthy or reasonably comfortable, they will eat twenty-five different items in their meal. This is sure death only. Yes. Are we eat only one item in a meal? Because the stomach understands the language. It doesn't want to handle complex things. Simple things which release energy quickly, that's what they want.  No, in one meal you want to because I go and see in these buffets these days, there are twenty-five to fifty items and everybody is taking little bit of everything and eating. This is a sure way to hospital.  There is Sezwan, Masala, Dosa, there's Idli, Chilli, Cheese, Pao Bhaji, lots of temptations there. So, why did you say world is a difficult place to live? There are so many wonderful options for food like Masala, Cheese, Sezwan, Masala, Dosa, Idli, Chilli. Do you never get temptations or cravings of eating unhealthy but delicious food? Oh, in Pune, where did you eat a good Masala Dosa? But like a fusion Masala Dosa.  Oh, love to try that. Yes. So, I'm sorry, they're reminding me there's another 260 kilometer ride and there's one more event before that, three and three thousand students are waiting somewhere. Please tell me what's the next question.  Very aptly put forward. We all think we are busy, but clearly, you know, you are also doing multiple things at all times.  See, for example, crafting a movement like this till third of January. I have not even spoken about a movement like this to the Isha teams, the volunteer, the core group who manage the foundation. I have not even told them there is something like this coming. They're all going about doing their normal management of the foundation. So, only on third January, I announced for about fifteen to twenty people who are in the core group saying that we want to do something like this, which is a shocker for them. What internationally we're going to do this movement? Just like that, in the month of March, March 21st, we must start. That gives us two and a half months. No, Sadhguru, this is not possible. Next year, 2023, we will do it. I said no, 2022, it's fixed and we're doing it. And to the larger group I announced in the Mahasivaratri, which is the first of March, so only twenty days left. Well, the whole movement has gone seamlessly across twenty-seven nations. Seventy-four nations have signed up. We have covered nearly twenty-six thousand kilometers without a hitch and we have moved according to social media metric, leaving the WhatsApp. WhatsApp we do not know. Two point eight billion people have been reached through this movement. Well, how does this happen? We must understand this. Are you making your liver function right now? Your liver, I'm talking about yours. Hello, it's okay, I can talk about your liver, right? Are you making it happen? No, I'm not. Are you making your heart beat? No. So everything is happening to you. You just have to really be here in the right condition and receive the bounty of life. About that you're making a big fuss. So there is an intelligence here which makes your liver work, heartbeat, neurological system work, whole complexity of this body function. There is an intelligence here, no? Which is not yours? Hello? So why are you not using that when it's within you? The moment you use, don't use that.  Sadhguru, last question, which I feel is very important for today's time. You always talk about the peace, harmony, but in the recent situation we have observed the intolerance and hate. It's not in our contemporaries globally. How do you… what do you feel are… what are the solutions for this intolerance? So in terms of intolerance or tensions between communities and nations and things, today it is much better than ever before in the last thousand years. Much better? Much, much better. Otherwise, just look back on the history of human history for last thousand years. What have we been doing to each other? Time has changed, but I'm saying, are we not living much more peacefully and harmoniously than ever before? We are. So I'm saying, a lot of tension is largely under television studios. If you walk through the streets of Pune, you won't find any tension. I travel across… If you travel across the country, you will not find any tension. There will be a few hotheads everywhere. In every country they have their share of idiots. We have our share of idiots, all right? On every side, I'm saying, who are hotheads who are always looking for something because their relevance is only when there is some kind of confrontation or conflict. They are only relevant at that time. So they are on. So I'm sorry, sir, but you… you are a media house, but I'm telling you, I think the media also should make a serious effort to project the positive aspects of the nation and the society. I have never read your newspaper, but I think I can never read it because it's in Marathi. Me learning that language and reading is long way off, but I do not know what is the nature of the thing. I know, but you've been here since pre-independence time. So there should be some sense of responsibility about the country and the emotion about it. But largely, most media in the world, not just in India, is always looking for sensation. See, you want to get to the front page of a newspaper, you want to be in the headlines of all the news channels in the country, you just have to go and stab ten people.  No, that guy should be handled by the local sub-inspector, not by the national media. Hello? I know, I'm okay. I know they are in a rush, my team is. They are concerned about me. But let me finish this. See, that should be handled by a local policeman. He knows how to deal with that guy who goes about stabbing somebody. You don't have to make him a national hero tomorrow morning. He is in the front page of every newspaper, he is in every news channel. So all frustrated idiots, if they want to get to the top, all they do, you see in America it's happening all the time, teenage boys going and simply shooting up people because just the two minutes limelight. Now they've taken this as a policy. American media doesn't show the images of those people because that guy shouldn't become famous. But always it's been so. In India it is still so, we must stop this. Such people should not be given any media space. Local police should deal with it, right? There are many wonderful things being done in the country. People are building the nation at various levels. When somebody builds a business, they're building the nation. When somebody builds different processes, they're building a nation. But will they get any media space ever? So we need to change the way we look at life. We are talking about tension in the country. No, I'm not saying in one particular media, I'm saying generally in the country, we must see this that even in terms of India, now I know this is coming from where because of the last few days of whatever is happening in the country. But you must understand when I was growing up in late sixties and seventies, almost every two months there would be a major communal right in the country. Across in Karnataka, in Gujarat, in UP, in here, there all the time. Have you? Yes or no sir? You know sir. Has such things happened in the last 10, 15, 20 years? One or few, unfortunately have happened. A few have happened. But not at that regularity. It's kind of subtle. That means in many ways tension is going down. Let us all work towards a solution. Let's not keep on scratching the wound. There are wounds in this country. There are deep wounds in this country because this country has been invaded, it's been occupied by people for nearly a thousand years. So there are many wounds. But don't go on scratching the wound. We'll allow the wound to heal and see how to go forward, isn't it? You can't fix everything from the past.  Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Satguru, Vijay Darda Ji and Devendra Ji and Kamiya of course for doing the honors. May I request Satguru to please present a statue of Adiyogit to Vijay Darda Ji, Chairman of Lokmath Media Group. We have Mr. Jay Shroff here. He was stuck in traffic earlier. Request Mr. Shroff to please present a book of flowers to Satguru. Also we take this opportunity to thank the Lokmath Group for being such a gracious host. With that ladies and gentlemen, let's all pledge to save soil. Together can we all say save soil? Everyone ready? Together we will! Together we will!


I even made a fun sticker of the big band and put it on the slide just to be a bit more original because I gave this talk before, but it's revamped. So if you watch it, it's going to have some different stuff. I'm Gabriela Davila-Ferrara, but I prefer to go by Gabby because it's easier for everybody. I work at Google Cloud and I'm a developer advocate, but that means I was actually a software engineer for 12 years before, before becoming a developer advocate. And if you want to learn more about me, just follow me on Twitter or my website, and it's DM open so you don't need to follow me at all. It's up to you. So MySQL now, as of this moment, is version 8015. I want to know from the audience, who's here running MySQL 8? Raise your hand. No one? Wow. Okay. That's going to be fun. 57? Okay. But are you using the JSON features? Okay. That's okay. There's a lot of cool stuff on MySQL 8.0.15. From what I see, they've been releasing new minor versions every three months. But I don't work at Oracle, so I don't know how long it's going to be the next one. This one is from February, and it has the following. Before a brief history, and Dave can correct me if I'm wrong, MySQL was created in 1995 and it was created to handle up from 10 to 100 million rows or under 100 megabytes stable. So I don't know if from the MyISOM era, which was way faster than I need to be at the time, now supports terabyte-sized data. I have seen really, really big databases running MySQL. And not just only the plain version, but the forks that are around too, and for instance, I've seen the big ones that I saw had 10 terabytes on. And sometimes I have one of my great 38 terabytes to your service, and they're like, yeah, we only support up to 10, but that's how big you got. Our SQL standard is new SQL 2016, so if you don't know, they revised the SQL standard so often, every two or three years. But some stuff just from 2003 became available, like window functions and CTEs, table expressions. So it's kind of hard balance. So what is awesome now? What is exciting now? Well, for me, why would be awesome? And please take note, it's partial indexes, I don't know if it's a way to create indexes just with a condition on the database. So that would be awesome. And instead of select star, maybe have an accept, that would be nice. So those are on my wish list, at least. But so this is one of the new things, not deterministic defaults for table creation. That doesn't mean anything if you don't know what it's there. It could be deterministic and it could be not. What I'm trying to tell you, because, oh my God, that's finally there, it's you can have functions and expressions on the create table statement before you could only have on timestamp or daytime with current date, for instance, or just a constant, like number one for an integer or string for varchar or char. So now, they finally are supporting built-in functions or functions are already on the database to be called by default. And what does that mean, in the end, is that you have more power. You have now support for UUID. My SQL now, they try to show up as also a document store. That's why I ask about the JSON features if you're using it or not. And UUID is a great part of that, because it allows more reliable ID generation than auto increment. There was a bug about auto increment that took like 10 years to be fixed. So that's one example that would be more suitable. And this is an example of a table having the UUID. So here, you see UUID is being called. You could use before, but not on the create table statement. Now you call the UUID and transform to binary form and save as binary. This is just a recommendation. You could save as a string. I don't recommend it, but save as a binary form as a primary key also. So there is a demo that I did in here showing up how that works. So I'm going to use my blog database. And I don't know if I have the table users. If I have, I'm going to drop it. So this is the code that I showed in the slide. As I said before, it's a binary. It's not null. And so which means you can omit it on the insert. You can only insert username, and it's going to generate for you like they do with the auto increment. A new UUID. So I'm going to create it. When I select, it's going to be empty because I have no records on it. As I said before, you cannot omit the use of the primary key in this case because it's automatically generated for you. And it's going to insert the UUID. But if you select start from users now, you're going to see a weird thing because it's in binary form and you don't want that. You want the UUID. So that's when this comes to life. When you convert from binary to UUID and show the username. And there it is. It looks the same, but if you look in here, it's a bit different. I'm going to drop the table again. And I'm going to show you a use case for an expression. Why would you want to do that? Not just the UUID, but other things. Let's say you want to have every registration of your user on your website or application. You want it to have an expiration date. And you want it set up for a year or two years from the date that the person registered. Usually, you would keep checking that on the code, like the registration date. Is it less or equal to the date of today? And doing math with dates is kind of not nice. So there is a way to do that, already saving on the database. I'm going to create the table user. I'm going to copy this part here, so I don't have to type again. And as I said before, you can have created at which was the default as timestamp, not no. That's going to generate the default current timestamp. And now I'm going to do it with an expiration date, not current timestamp. But when you work with expressions, you need to put it between parentheses. And I'm going to set up from the current timestamp plus one interval of one year. Could be any interval here. And I'm going to create the table. Oh, I think I need to drop it first. Let me see. They created, I already dropped. So when I insert the data again, again, I just need to insert the users and select it. You're going to see that expiration date is actually a year from the date that was created at. There's multiple use cases. That's just an example that I thought. You could put a previous column that's already declared on the expression and do another expression as default, like total price times quantity, for instance, and with the definition there. So this is one reason why you would want to have functions. However, if you have a custom function, it's not going to work. Because it's only the built-in functions on MySQL. Another thing that always bogged my mind was user management was not easy. How many people here Google every time they install MySQL? How to grant permission to the root user outside of localhost? And then that happened in Stack Overflow, right? So now you could create a DBA role. They have roles. So with this user management now, you can have reusable permission and roles. So I can create a role for DBA. And I can use it for myself. I can use it for Bath. And I can use for anyone that I want without having to memorize all that grant that's usually gigantic and has a password policy. So you can set up the new password. If you can reuse the password that you used before, then expiration date on that, and the rotation, how long it's valid for. So you can have user management with that. So there is a problem. On 5.7 now, if you do a grant, I don't know if it's already stopping you. But it gives you a warning that if you try to create a user using grant, it's going to say you need to use create user, not grant to grant permission. Because grant should only be to grant permissions, not to create users. With that, because it's not creating new users, you don't need to use flush privileges anymore every time you create a new user and grant them permissions, and saves you from Googling and going to Stack Overflow every time. So I have an example here. I want a read-only user. You create the role. In this case, I call read-only. And I'm only applying to the app database to the read-only role. So anyone that I create now and it gets read-only can only read from the app database. That's an example of creating a user. That didn't change much. You put the user. And by the way, Gabriela at wide card percentage, and Gabriela at local hosts, there are two different users. They're not the same. So you need to pay attention to that. And instead of saying grant select, again, I just say grant read-only to me, to Gabriela at wild card, and it's done. If you change anything on the permissions, you don't need to change on the user. So one thing is tied to another, making it easier to do user management. There are new stuff under the hood. The default, that it's really important. If you're using 5.7, you're probably using Latin 1 or UTF-8. There's a talk showing how to hack a database just using UTF-8. If you're using UTF-8, please, even on 5.7, 5.7 supports it, use the UTF-8 and before, as your default, not Latin 1 or just UTF-8, because it's not as secure. I saw this talk. It's really scary. And I was like, boy, did I know if you could do that on the database. And one of the improvements means you can have mathematical equations now inside the database and emojis. Plus, SNPs, which in this case means if I have a weird language that I just invented with weird characters, I could support it. That's what it means. Oh, by the way, CharSat is the configuration of the CharSat where you're going to store the data. And collation is how you're going to compare the data. So it's important, too. It also changed to that thing that's a bit ugly in my opinion. But what it means is I'm going to break it out. When they start, I'm studying my SQL 8 since 2016. And at the time, the ISO version for emojis or stuff like that was 9.0. But they are in version 11 already. So they supported the F89.0. That's why the 0900. And the AICI, it's because it's accent insensitive. Like my last name has an accent, so it wouldn't matter if you compare with or without it. And case insensitive, which also doesn't matter. But you need to pay attention to if it's case insensitive and you're storing a hashed password, you may want to change the collation of that column for password to be case sensitive because some hashes have difference between capital letters or not capital letters. And there is a weird bug where the sushi emoji was equal to the beer emoji. There is a blog post on the MySQL server team, which I put it in there. It's because the collation, these both collations that they had, something was making them compare one to another. And this person found out just because of the sushi emoji and the beer emoji when he compared one to another. And that means if it was comparing that wrong, it would compare other characters wrong, too. So that's why collation is important. So if you go to MySQL 8, do not use general CI or Unicode CI, use the default, which it is this one, or case sensitive. Other defaults and verbals. Replication, if you use it, or binary logging, it's enabled by default. You don't need to enable it anymore. There is a new plugin for authentication. If you try MySQL 8 on an older application, it may have trouble, because it's using a new plugin for authentication that uses SHA2 for authentication. Medatory default value for timestamp on columns there are not nulls. So if you have a column that's not null and uses timestamp, it's going to give you an error if you don't set a default. And there is a new variable that's for dedicated servers. Sometimes you're running on a VM. And the VM is the only purpose of the VM is to be a database. And you don't know how to turn the tiny on the database, which I don't. So I just set it up to on and let it control for me the variables that are necessary. This is not an approach I would do in production, but as a small thing that's just proof of concept, you can do it and let it define for you what is good and what is not. Indexes made me happy, because although MySQL has most of people use iNoDB, and there's other engines, like federated engines, MyISM, TokuDB, and memory. For instance, allows you to create a hash index. Or if you're creating a temporary table, also create a hash index. But normal tables are B3. And there are B3 because B3 is on the market since 1970s. It is efficient. And they had a problem, because they did not supported the sending indexes before. Until 5.7. This is what it was. The syntax would allow you to add a sending or descending. So you could try now on your <IP_ADDRESS> installation, and that's not going to give you any errors. It's going to say that created index is descending. But there's a caveat when you look at the documentation, because for future extensions of MySQL, they would currently, they are post but ignored. And the first time I discovered this, I got so angry, because I needed a date on the sending order and it was not working, that I started, like, I know someone that works in Oracle, I was like, I need the sending indexes. Please put it on, you know? And not because of me, of course, they didn't do it because of me, but they finally did it on MySQL 8. And that's how I feel it. Like, it's freedom finally. You could say it's a bit tree, you could traverse it, and it could get the same result, but on MySQL, it didn't work like that before. So I'm going to leave you with him a bit more. Just teasing. So that's the syntax now. It's the same syntax. It's no longer ignore, and it's no longer forcibly created as a sending, because you would say that is descending, but would create as a sending, which it's not cool. So it actually works now. The cool thing about that is even though you're not using the index on a descending manner like I did it in here, it's going to use the index anyway. It's going to know that they already has an index on a username that's descending. It's going to say, OK, I'm going to get up from the other part of it and traverse it from there. So that's one thing that made performance improvement on a lot of databases. So if you use a lot of descending queries, maybe just a bit of my SQL, it's going to gain a lot of performance because of that, creating that kind of indexing. So another one are invisible indexes. And that one, I was surprised because I never heard of this concept before. I have a table of users, it's kind of just username and created app and updated app. And I do have a, I forgot to put it in here, but I do have index on username because I'm going to search by username. So with invisible indexes, it's not used by the optimizer. So if you put an index as invisible, the optimizer did not run on the query.  If it's not going to be used, what am I going to put it invisible? Well, there's a lot of reasons because every index is visible by default and to create an invisible one, you just put it as invisible. And one of the reasons is to drop an index, or create an index, it's a really costly operation. It takes a while, it depends on the size of your table. I had an 8-core machine with 52 gigabytes of RAM and on a table with 50 million records, it took two minutes to create an index. That's fast. But not everybody can afford to have a machine like that. So the thing is sometimes you create too much indexes and one index starts to get away in the way of another. So if you can just disable it, put it as invisible, you can debug better your query. So it's more for debug purposes only. As invisible, even if you create as invisible, doesn't mean it's not updated. It continues being updated. But it's not used by the query planner. You can toggle the visibility. So if you create as invisible or visible and want to change it, you just do an alter table, alter index, and between visible or visible. That's just it. That's an example of the query cost. So I'm looking for a username called Fancy. It's all generated usernames because of GDPR. So I just use adjectives to the usernames. And with a visible index, the cost was 0.98 and only one row. So it found one row. On invisible indexes, just turning it as invisible, it did a full table scan on five million rows of five million users that I had just toggling on and off. This is a demonstration because the cool thing about that, it's because it is fast to do it. So first, I'm going to show you my or by username. It found me. And that's not the right database. Sorry about that. And if you look here, that's all those results. And it does use the index. And if I change to descending because I created as ascending, use index condition, the same index that I created before, but backward index scan. So it still uses it. Now, right now, the index is visible. And if I toggle the visibility to invisible, it's going to be a fast operation, already changed. And when I do the explain of the same query, it uses type all and rows here, it's five million, just to be doing a like. I'm not going to run it because it's going to take forever. But that's just the explain if we're not used to it.  And of course, it's an oversimplistic example. But if you have too many indexes, you may want to use that instead of dropping your index and creating indexes again. And you saw how fast it was. And it was fast because my SQL before had two algorithms to run alter tables and that kind of stuff. And one was in place and the other one was copy. You know probably copy very well because every time you added a column, it would copy the whole table again, rename it, and drop the other table. Now, they have instant algorithm. With instant, you can add columns without doing it in place or cooperation, which means you can add instantaneously a column to the table without having to wait that long. But there's limitations. You need to be appending a column to a table. What that means? You do not use like I'm going to create the status and add after username. If I do add after username, it's going to have to reshift the table, so it's going to be a copy operation. So it's not going to be instantaneously. But if you're just adding on the end, just appending, and you don't care about the order about the columns, it's going to be instantaneously. And must not have a default value on the new column. It can be not no, but it cannot have a default value because, again, then it's going to have to copy the table all over again. In naming table, modifying columns, virtual columns, before on 5.7, they were in place operation, which is still fast, but now they are instant. And if you change the default on a column, it should be also instant because of a feature called data dictionary that's on MySQL 8. It changed the architecture of how things work under the hood. And now a lot of the changes that you do, you do to a metadata. You don't do it to the table, to the file itself. It's just a metadata change, which leads sometimes to interesting bugs. Like on MySQL 8.0.13, they found a bug. If you rename the table and had the foreign keys, you would lose consistency. The foreign keys would not work just because you renamed the table. So they're still getting there. So keep up to date always with your database, with your minimal versions. And this is an example. I'm adding a column total to orders. It's a decimal column. And I'm forcing the algorithm to be instant. It took 0.26 seconds, which is really fast. Four table that has 50 million records, which took 7.8 seconds to count. So it was faster to add a column than to count how many rows I have on that table. But as you see, I did put not know, but I did not put a default value. So you can have not know on there. Postgres had a problem, as far as I know, if it needed to be nullable to be able to be instantly added. In MySQL, it can do with not know, which is nice. Now, I want to stop for a minute because we're using usually what we call allLTP databases, which MySQL and Postgres are. AllLTP stands for online transaction. I forgot the P. OK, for online transactions. And the OLAP, which is for analytical queries, it's online, analytical. I forgot the P again. So MySQL added features that OLAP database, for instance, like BigQuery has because it's columnar, into an OLTP database, which means you could do analytical queries inside MySQL now without having to create a ETL, send it to whatever database you do, columnar database you do analytics on. But you should not abuse it. That's why I said stop. Because it's not, performance is not as good as it would be with normal queries. So the first one is window functions. Window functions are they are able to analyze the rows of a given result set. If you use a window function, it does not change what is on the result. It's going to look on the result and give you insight on what you have. It's like when you're going, it's like when you're, if you're camera firm, you're here seeing me speak, and you put your camera to take a picture of me, and you have a frame. And I'm the result set. This room is the result set. But you can move the frame and see details of it. That's the same idea. Or you just can peek over it, as we say it. Peek over the result set of a window. So you can use to enumerate rows, like use row number, count how many rows you have, aggregated sums. Let's say a commerce. You have a court. And the user, let's say, bought a chair and bought a table. Or do you want to calculate how much is expanding? Not the total of the bill, but for each item, how much I'm accumulating for each item that I'm going to go adding to the court. You can do that with some rank. You rank the results based on any parameter that you have. Or look that school, in my opinion, on the row before or after the row you are, which is lead and lag. And I have an example for you. I have an order stable. And it's data generated. So the updated app could be different from the created app and before or after. So I'm sorry for that. But I'm going to create this stable. And this is the result that I get it. I want to look at created app for this user, this 654321 user. And I want to know when it was the previous order that the user had. If you're doing PHP, you have an array, a result set. And you can look at the next item of the array or the previous one of the array and give you the result. But you can have also this on the SQL query. So lag means I'm getting the row before. So I'm getting from created app, which is the item that I'm interested on, over created app, again the same item that I'm interested on, on the ascending order, because I want the order before. And then the lead, which it is the order that come after. So I'm saying here, give me the created app column at the row before me and the created app column at the row after me. It's going to look like this. Here is no, because before the first order, there's no other first order. So it's going to be no. So the red ones for the second line is actually the next order for the first one. So it's the lead. However, it's the lead. However, for the third line, it's the lag. It's a bit complicated when you see it first. But you could see, for instance, you can do analytics on this and see, oh, how much time does it take for a user to do an order again on my website? And you do one minus another, and you have the interval in days, or seconds, or years, whatever. So that's one use case for that. So previous order, next order. Break down. The function itself lags. The column that you're working on, how many rows before or after, the full is one, rows preceding, and the window. So we are developers. We hate repetition. We like dry.  And for me, there's a lot of discussion about this lately. We're like, it's visual that, this thing, for me. But there's one thing that helps you, which it is naming the windows. So it's the same.  And I said, what that window is? And when I use lag and lead, I said that I'm using overdates. That way, if I change my window, I don't have to change my select again. And it can have multiple windows per query also. I have a demonstration of that. So this is the query that we have on the slide and was pretty fast to run. We saw there's 50 million orders there. And this is my problem. Given three users, get me the top five orders of each user ID. So a lot of people would do subqueries. What I do is this. Let's first rank it. Let's rank what are the top orders of these users.  I'm going to copy, because it's going to be faster that way. I'm going to remove the lag and the lead. Those are the users I put it in here already that I'm interested on. So if I do this, wait a moment, users, those are all the orders for those users that are on my system. So I limit for 10. No, let me remove the limit. Training nine. So I want only five per user, so I should have 15, right? So let's rank it. I'm going to rank. And when I rank, I need to say over what. That's my window. So I'm going to rank over user ID partition by. It's like a group by, but it's a bit different. Partition by user ID and order by total. Descending. And it's going to give me the ranked result for everything. Let me put it here. And to make it easier, I'm going to remove the created at the order ID. So for this user, this is the order with most expensive. So you can see the price. And the second one, more expensive. And the third one, more expensive. And so on, so on. But I only want the top three. How you do that? If you're writing a PHP, you just get the top three of all the results. That's where common table expressions come in. Because remember, window functions do not change the result set. I cannot change this result. But I can build on top of it. So I'm going to build on top of this. I'm going to say this is my ranked orders. And it's defined as this query that we just created. And I'm going to filter it. I just need to filter now. I need to filter from ranked orders where the rank order is less or equal to five. I want it. So it should have 15 results. And as you can see, one, two, three, four, five. One, two, three, four, five. One, two, three, four, five. That's the power of window functions inside the common table expression, which I'm going to explain right now how it works. The sum, you could say, I want to know how much accumulated spend that user had. So if you do a sum on total over, it's going to give you the total order. How much that user spent on everything. That's for this user. Wait, over partition by user ID. So each user spent that amount of money on all the orders. But you can have an aggregated one if you order by. So you see, it's ugly, but it's how it looks like. If you say partition by user ID because you're getting for that user, the cumulative spending, rows unbounded preceding the rows there are before. So the first row, I spent total of 20, 200 something. And the other one, 200 something. So the sum of those two rows are 409. And then the sum of the three rows is 532 something. And so on, so on. So you could actually then create another table expression to see the difference of spending between one thing and another. So that's why we call it analytical queries. I showed you a common table expression, but I didn't explain to you what it is. It's similar to create temporary table, but you don't need to create privilege. You just need to have a select privilege to use it. You can reference other CTEs if those are already defined. I created a CTE, and I could use it on another CTE and inner join them together.  It can be recursive, too. And it's easier to read than a sub-query it would be, a sub-query of five, then a query, and then a sub-query to get the results that you want. I'm going to show you a bit of recursive CTEs because they are useful for your hierarchical data. Who here uses WordPress? Who here knows? You have categories, and then there are sub-categories, and then there are sub-categories, which are hierarchical data. They're probably, I didn't look at the code, or querying that high structure, that traversal in the PHP code, not in the database. But you can do that on the database instead of doing that on your code. So base query comes first. It's all recursion starts with a simple case. Then a second query comes after a union statement, and the stop condition should be on the recursive call. So because there is a problem of depth of how much recursion you can do, and by default, I think it's 500 recursions, I increased for this demo, but you should put aware to know what is your breaking point for that recursion. So I have my categories on my blog, and I have animal and plants as main categories, and all the other ones are child, children for all the categories. That's an example of hierarchical data. But I want to traverse that tree. That's what I said that I was going to try to do. Okay, where is mine? I'm not gonna look at that. So I'm gonna start here. It's like the other one you start with a with, but you say recursive. You give it a name. I'm gonna call it a tree, but I don't think it's a tree, but I'll call it a tree. And then what are the fields of that table that I'm creating? Because I'm creating a table here. So it's gonna be depth level, name, the path, because I want to know the path of the hierarchical data, and the node ID. And then you need to do the definition. Again, basic case first. So the basic case is gonna be depth level equal to one. I'm gonna call root as my first name, but Mexico has a problem of that. You cannot use text as a recursive field or voreshore, only shore. So if I, it recognizes this as shore, and it's shore four, and if I have like the word animal, which is higher than four, so it would give me an error. So I need to cast this as a voreshore that's bigger, a shore that's bigger, which I'm gonna do 255 in here. And the same thing for the path, because the path could get big, and I'm gonna use the maximum that I can in here, which is this number, I'm not good with numbers. And what is my first node? It's zero, because plant and animal, their parent ID, it was zero. So that's my first use case. If I do select star from tree, I should get one result only, for now. Now comes the recursion. You do a union all, and then I select, I have my glue in here, because sometimes I forget. And you're gonna select, I'm gonna leave blank for now from tree, and from categories, I'm sorry. And inner join on tree, and I'll explain later. So from the first one is my depth level. For each recursion, I'm gonna increase the depth level in one. So it's depth level plus one. The name is gonna be the same. I wanna show the name of the category. So it's gonna be categories.name. Now I wanna show the path. I'm gonna use a function that my SQL has, which is concat word separator. I don't know if you know it. Which means concatenate the string and add this character to it to split it on the path, because I want to keep the path, so on tree path, with the name that I just got, which is categories.name. And in the end, I want to know the node ID, which is categories ID. However, my inner join is incomplete here. And I'm inner join the tree on what? On the tree, the node ID, it's equal to the categories parent category ID. And that should work, technically speaking. I hope. Let me organize it, okay. Okay, oh, wrong database. And it did work, but it's hard to read a bit. I'm gonna do an improvement here, order by path to be easier to see the path. And in the end, you have the traverse tree of all the categories of a table. I didn't need to put a stopping condition because I only have like 11, so I didn't reach the maximum that's, but you should have something like where that's level less or equal to five, for instance. And then it's going to give you the same result. That's a use case for recursive CT. So instead of we're using your script to go querying all the time to get the stuff you need, you can use that to be able to get it. So that's gonna be on, I'll share the slide. This is the base case, as I said before. And this is the query that I wrote. Same query. And now subqueries. I don't like subqueries, but they are useful sometimes. Who here did this? Everybody, no, come on, everybody did this at least once. You never put a subquery inside a select? Never, okay. I'll pretend that I believe you. So I'm having two subqueries here and they're the same subqueries. I'm just getting the ID and the total from the table orders. Should be a easier way to do that instead of getting it this way. There is. It's called lateral and it's new on my SQL 8. Lateral, it's like a for each. It means for each row on this result, please do this query. And instead of returning only one column, which you only have access on the select, you can return how many columns you want because it's creating a lateral table to your users. That's why it's called lateral.  Performance-wise, the other one's better. For now, depends on how many columns you're bringing. But on readability, on my opinion, this is better to read than the other one is. And I'm just gonna show. It's not a, it's a lateral join. The problem is, my query I'm gonna show you here. The use cases, I want the biggest order of the user. On a join, you would have no control over that. You could use a group buy to get the maximum order. You're right. But then I couldn't get the same ID on the same row because when you use an aggregator, you only guarantees that column. It doesn't guarantee the column that's next to it. You would have to do twice. So that's one example. That's the same query. And what I wanna show you, it's how they behave. So this, I'm gonna pin this result because I wanna compare to the one using lateral, which it is this one. It's not the same result. And there's a reason why. When you do the subquery here, this one is with the subquery. You're getting all the users and then looking for orders that the user has. If it doesn't have any order, it's gonna return no, which makes sense. But the lateral guarantees that you're not gonna have a user that doesn't have orders. It's like a inner join. That's why it's called lateral join in this case.


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Okay, time for our first hot topic, and Mellacar, the Group Managing Director of the Nigeria National Petroleum Company, the NMPCL, says Nigeria will be a net exporter in 2024. Today we export, I'm quoting him now, 100% of our productions. No resource dependent country does this, and that is why we must deliver on our mandate. I don't want to speak about it. When it is done, you will see it. He also goes on to say that, so I don't want to tell you we are going to revamp our refineries. That is too much of PowerPoint talk. So it will be done, and you will see it. I don't want to speak about it. We are tired of speaking about it. But what we must achieve is that this country must be a net exporter of petroleum product, and this is within sight. Is this within sight, or is this just another political statement? I have been joined by Dr. Ambrus Ibuki, Chairman, Guild of Public Affairs Analyst, Enugu State Chapter. Good morning to you, Dr. Ibuki. Good morning, and thanks for being here. So is this within sight, Nigeria being a net exporter of petroleum products, or do you think this is just another, make them feel good statements? I think I agree with your last talk, make sure that it is a make them feel good statement. We have been talking about being a net exporter of petroleum products since our refineries stopped working for almost 35 years ago, in the 90s, when our refineries stopped working. Nigeria had always been a net exporter of crude in the 60s, 70s, especially in the 70s and 80s, where our refineries were firing in all cylinders. We had the Potakot, we had the Warrior Refinery, we had even the Kaduna Refinery near the oil and petroleum products that were serviced in the whole of the modern region, was being moved to.  So trucks don't need to travel. The consequences of Nigeria not refining its oil locally is so massive that the damage it has done to our economy and to our people is so massive. For example, all the allied products that come with refineries like Petrochemical, remember that there was a Petrochemical plant in Elime in Potakot, and there was Petrochemical plant in Warwick. So what happened? So now we want to fertilize that because we don't refine our own crude oil, where the grease, plastic, a lot of, you know, byproducts that come from refining our petroleum products. We have lost that, we lost industry, closed industries, you know, lost jobs. And then, you know, make us import all these ancillary services products that come from, you know, refining of petroleum. Also, we have, because of that, our roads are being damaged because we now have a situation where tankers, oil tankers, have to travel all the way from the Dukit Buri, from Ainu, Kugu, traveling from Harcourt, traveling from Kaduna, and non-lucentrary of the country, all heading to Lagos, you know, to lift petroleum products. This is a shame of the nation. I don't know how we degenerated to this level because before, you know, tankers from all over the North just need to go to Kaduna, in the West, I mean, we have in the cities, we had the, you know, where people from Binin and the West can usually go and pick, and then Binin also can go to Buri, and then some of the Easterners can usually go to Potacons and worry. So all those that have been destroyed, our roads don't last long because of tankers, accidents that have come up because of tankers everywhere. So it has been an economic burden on Nigeria. We, as a nation, we are the only OPEC-exporting nation that exports crude oil and produces crude oil, take it outside the country, you know, refine it, and bring back refined product, pay for X for that, and then bring it back. So that is why we are suffering the economic hardship we have now because no country does that and survives. And Nigeria must be, you know, a research specimen because I don't think many countries would try these even half and survive the longer we have survived in terms of not falling into economic draw jobs. So for example, for Meli, for Metcari, for me to stock shop, it's not even safe at all. For example, whether the modular refineries, the PIA, Special Petroleum Industrial Act, where is it? I mean, why have modular refineries not started functioning in Nigeria? The other videos of Naira that was used to, you know, set up don't turn around maintenance for our refineries. Where do they all go to? Why is NMPC still even existing? NMPC has failed Nigeria. Where you compare NMPC with all these compact shots like NMPC is an equivalent of Gazprom in Russia. It's a state-owned oil company. NMPC is the equivalent of Petrobras in Brazil. It's the National Oil Company in Brazil. NMPC is also a contemporary of Saudi Aramco, which is also a state-owned oil company. These companies are doing so well. They are the equivalent of our own NMPC. They are doing so well and reaching in trillions of dollars for their countries over the years. But here we are having an NMPC that does not contribute anything to the national budget for some years now. Yet they swallow a lot of our budget. So for economy, we are not a serious country. Actually, meaning to tackle our economic issues. And that is where we are as the people right now. So Mekre to keep his postulations to himself until we are able to see serious actions and we are able to see consequences. But one of the speeches, one of the aspects of his speeches that I find worrying, is that he said that even if we start refining oil in Nigeria, that the costs will not come down, that it is our international cost. And I keep asking myself, why do these people talk this way? I'm a simple elementary economics. You are telling us that the price of oil, petrol is high and petrol products is high. Because you are buying from international market, where you buy from refined products and international market. You are telling us that we start to refine locally that the costs will still be at international market. I think your Nigerian citizens should start demanding some actions from these people. Because I think they don't take all of us with a bunch of points. Otherwise, you will not be saying those kinds of statements. That when you buy internationally, it's still the same price. When you now refine locally, it's still the same price. I think they are taking us where we are right now. So why would you say he, I mean, you are not the only one that's asking why NNPC. In fact, you are probably more than asking why the NNPC is still in existence. More people have asked, why is Melakaer is still in office? Why do you think he's still in office? Perhaps the government is pleased with him. Perhaps he is, you know, doing what he's supposed to do in the eyes of his employers. Well, Melakaer is not the problem. The problem is NNPC. So whoever you meet, the managing director of NNPC, will still fall into the trouble. NNPC is a huge, you know, concrete pipe. NNPC is a huge crater, or will I say, it's like a gap that is like a earthquake or tsunami that created. NNPC has been a plethora of wastage over the years. So where can you put that? We always be swallowed up by that cess put of the corruption and the inefficiency that has characterized NNPC over the years. A parastartal of government that, you know, so much money is pumping to it. And for some years that has not contributed even one cover to the national income. And then there's something wrong with that. So when you put it like that, when you put it like that, it then appears like a very hopeless situation. Is Nigeria ever going to come out of this pit? For now, we are still having workshops. For now, we are not serious. For now, America is still speaking in workshops and conferences, instead of us to make serious demands. We are still rolling the red carpet to talk on PowerPoint. What is saying is PowerPoint. So I don't know why it's saying that it's not about PowerPoints. What is saying is PowerPoint presentation. All this presentation we have had in so many years, Nigeria's are tired of hearing this kind of things. So when it says action, let's speak for the action. When the action comes and Nigeria starts in the action, then you can talk. But any other talk is saying without or seen action. It's PowerPoint presentation. And that's what he has done again. I'll be refining this. I've not started working. None is working. The modular refineries simply refuse to pick up. And when you ask the people who have the license, we tell you that their parameter is not right. That it's not the policies that are not right for them to invest their money. And these people are business friends, so you won't blame them. So if the environment is not right for them, let them now, let go and approach them and ask them why? And let go and clear all the injustices they are having so that we can have popular refineries. Because it's only popular refineries that can actually help in the case of Nigeria. Even if you don't want to refineries working in the region, let it legal. Somebody still needs to travel from, you know, the north to come and pick it, unless they have a mechanism for pumping fuel into all the moribund tank farms like in Mosimil, like in Onre, and it's another part of the country where we have these tank farms that NNPC was using. So if that does not happen, we still have the same issues jamming up the whole place, bringing a lot of popular movement into Lagos and having trucks stay two weeks, three weeks to lift petroleum products. We still do the same kind of, you know, bedlam that we are going to have if that opens. And then why would a country like Nigeria with over, you know, population of 200 million people start having one single refinery to service the nation? It's a share, actually, it's a big share. Well, they said that next year, all the government refineries will be working, specifically this year in December, that the protocol refinery will be working. This is not the first time we are hearing those kind of stories. They are sounding like this by moonlight, or like fog clouds, where fog tails, where you got on that tree in the village, under the moonlight to say. We are not yet believing, we won't believe until it happens. The statements of government, a successive government, so by the years, based on this refineries working, it's not believing until it happens. Yeah, he himself also said that, I don't want to speak about it, we are tired of speaking about it. So he himself knows that Nigerians are tired of the Georgia, we want to see action. He says- So why did he speak about it? Exactly. Why did he speak about it? We were not just quiet until it starts working. He didn't need to speak about it, because what he said yesterday, I've been confined to the dustbin of history, of speeches made about our refineries working. Even this year, we have been told it's working in June, and they keep shifting the day from July, they keep shifting the date. So he should stop talking. Let us see the actions. So I'm tired of hearing them talk. One of the things he also said yesterday is that fuel subsidies are not yet back. Even over the weekend, the president of Pengasin did say the fuel subsidies back and that government should come out clean on this matter. He said government is just recovering its costs, but the subsidy is not back. What's the difference? The truth is that I have had a lot of interventions since May 29th, 2023, when the president mentioned that the fuel subsidy is gone and he's not going to speak. I have said, you don't do things like this. You don't do things with knee-check approaches. You don't do things without planning, and that has been the problem of Nigeria. No short-term plan, no mid-term plan, no long-term plan. We just, you know, we create documents, we show 20, 25, we show this, we show that. We don't even have economic path in the covering path. Now, the place that is one injustice subsidy is gone. Within 24 hours, fuel products sudden astronomical increase. The two months into that, we had another astronomical increase. So we pay 165 Naira to a little top petrol. In two months, we started paying 600 Naira. What can I do to explain that kind of economics, for God's sake? Almost 600% increase in prices. Why other indices of economy remain static? Salaries were not increased, not in half a month. So, again, insolence shows that it was not sustainable. Nobody, because there was no plan to, you know, there were no alternative plans while we are moving subsidy. What were the alternative plans? None. Because we started running around after it has already removed the subsidy to start asking for loan, to give what they call a palliative, two million homes, all those kinds of things. They look like things that, you know, students of economic class in the university are using for their practicals. These are not things a nation should be doing. And so, it's a shame that we didn't plan an alternative or removal of a first subsidy, which also, the only way to remove first subsidies to make sure that the first subsidy is in function of that we are not refining locally. So, simple economics. We are subsidizing what we are importing, refining products we are importing. Make the petroleum products refineable in your country. And once you do that, you don't need even subsidies. Subsidies will go away. So instead of doing that, they are hurriedly went to remove subsidies so that they can get some money that they were spending in subsidy.  But Nigeria's must go to the government accounting. If you have reintroduced the subsidy with whichever name you are giving it, whether it's recovery or not recovery or whatever your... Or intervention. So far, there's a payment you are making to cushion the price of where that the price of petroleum products must come down. It must come down. Because it is based on that we should not be buying fuel at 600. We should buy it at a lower cost. So who is getting from this subsidy? This is the question Nigeria should ask and the media should start asking this question and thinking to you. I mean, Nigeria media is feeling more serious. I mean, part of that constituency. But we are failing the citizens of this country. But we are asking the questions. If you look across the channels, different stations across the country, all the channels, you have people asking government officials and public analysts such as yourselves, digging deep and asking questions. What more can we do? That's the way what I mean. What I mean is that what you call investigative journalism. For example, who is... We don't need to access from them. They will give us the colorated answer to suit their actions. So what happened to investigative journalism? We are investigating as well. We are investigating. The investigation we are talking about, let's not take a word brief as a part of that constituency too. What happened to thinking deep to actually find out where did it money go? Who paid what? To who? How? These are the ingredients of the investigation. And we should bring that up. I'm presenting in Nigeria for... We should not wait for press releases. We should not wait for people to come on air to start across the outlets and answer questions in air-conditioned studios. We should think it by default, but the time we are inviting them to the studio, it should be to answer to questions of the investigation that are being carried out. And so we should pinch ourselves and see whether we are feeling at the context of the rep. Well, you do not believe that Nigeria can become a next exporter of petroleum products. You do not think that. Why not? We have done it before. I believe very strongly. People have said you do not believe it's like what we have not done before. I have told you I did not mispervise. You just don't believe melekiari. Pardon? I said you believe Nigeria can do it, but you just don't believe melekiari saying it. What I said is that if you say I believe that you look at something that we have not done before, I told you that in the 70s and 80s and even the early 90s, we are not a spot of petroleum product. So what we have done 40 years ago, 50 years ago, is what we are trying to do after 50 years. I ask you whether I believe it. It's rocket science. Nigeria has been an exporter of 50 years ago, 40 years ago. So it's what we have been doing. It shows that successive companies in the past 30s, 5 years, have made sure that we know a spot we are not a spot of oil. Why did they do what I don't know? So it's time to go back to what we are in the 70s and 80s. So it's what we are doing. It's not a matter of, it's not a new thing. We should go back to it. Hmm. Well, thank you so much, Dr. Ambrus Igboke, for your time. Thank you for having me on the show. Dr. Ambrus Igboke, Chairman Guild of Public Affairs Analyst of Nigeria in a good state chapter has been my guest on the first hot topic. We'll be back in a moment with the second hot topic. It is Mental Health Day.  Stay with us.


Consoles vs. PC are out of the question. We already know that PCs are better. Here's the real question. Why are PCs better than consoles? And by how much? Here are the main reasons why PCs are better. First of all, there are way more games. You can find anything on Google, even old games not supported by new consoles. A ton of games are cheaper because of Steam sales. Steam is mainly where you get all your games if you didn't know. You don't have to pay for multiplayer games, so you can save money in the long run. Also, to customization. You can customize display settings like resolution for stretch threads, your mouse and keyboard, shadows, and graphics quality. You can't really do that on console. You can do basically everything on a console but better and faster. If you want to become a streamer, PC is the only way. PCs are way more convenient because you're not hogging the TV and your mouse and keyboard never disconnect unlike controllers. You can even customize the way your PC looks with RGB. So why not? PCs have many parts. So if your PC is 5 years old, let's say, you can just upgrade one component of the PC and it would run as fast as ever. Making more FPS possible, but everyone already knows FPS is the main difference between consoles and PCs, right? The storage is also upgradable, so more games on PC too. The value to performance is incredible in 2020. One of my favorite tech channels, Dave2D explains that though consoles have more performance for cheap, the game prices add up making it less performance per dollar for consoles. Even if you're not gaming, you can use a PC for anything. No seriously, anything. With the Xbox X and PS5 released soon, you'll have to wait years to upgrade your console hardware. I can talk way more about this topic, but you guys will probably get bored. So in conclusion, PC gaming is the way. No question about it. Same price for more performance, cheaper games, and convenience.


The Bureau of Health Education within the Ministry of Health recently held a series of educational sessions and screening activities in various communities aimed at bringing awareness of kidney health. Family Life Educator in the Bureau of Health Education, Naomi Granderson, spoke on the screening activity held at the Werner Wellness Centre. We felt it was necessary, especially considering that we have a significant problem with kidney disease in St. Lucia, and so many people are also on the waiting list for dialysis. So before we get people to that point, we want them to check on themselves. So we offered kidney urine tests. We also did blood pressure testing. We did blood sugar tests. We checked people's body mass index. And the nurse was also there, the nurse practitioner, to do some health consultation. Granderson also called on St. Lucia to take care of their body and reduce the impact of kidney disease. Not because somebody has kidney disease, that means that they will be required to get dialysis. In the early stages of kidney disease, a lot of it is just management and ensuring that you go to your doctor's follow-up so that they can help to prevent the progress of the kidney getting worse. Some people, they think that as soon as they hear the kidney has a problem, that they're going to tell them to get dialysis. So I'm telling the persons, please go to your doctor, get your treatment, and don't be afraid of being told that you need dialysis, okay? Take care of your kidneys. Eat more fruits and vegetables. Drink enough pure water so it can help your bodies. The activity also provided individuals with the opportunity to get some tips on the use of herbs from Priskilash. Reporting from the communications unit of the Ministry of Health, Wellness, and Elderly Affairs, I am Funa Neptune.