Everybody forest here rip in twenty one twenty two mosaic basketball choice five box number Seven random team style with the random and the break on one go here. Good luck everybody. That's random That's an eight names first one two three four five six seven and eight Alvin s down to Dan V and the teams eight times best of luck everybody one Two three four five six seven and eight Clippers down to Nick's so I think I pulled a nebula each of the last few times you open this Not like every break, but like The last few nights we've had this we pulled a nebula, so I got to keep that streak alive only ten boxes tonight though So it's gonna be tough There you go Alvin s Clippers Joel B pistons Nam cue Raptors Eric W Celtic Sun's jazz Mavericks Todd P Lakers Min-su K Hornets Eric W Kings Ray GT Wolves Joel B bucks Chen K Grizzlies Todd P With the Warriors Zach S Thunder Sean M Bulls Eric W Pelicans Sean H magic That's supposed to say Klaus Klaus has the blazers. 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Yeah, they're not just that like dude I'm gonna have to go buy one of those tomorrow and hammer it all one day while I'm playing Hogwarts Silver Norm Powell Clippers mosaic D Wade heat finals MVP Poku auto for the Thunder red and yellow Like say poker Sefsky red and yellows here. Oh, there's a black and gold coming up red and yellows Clippers Brandon Boston, Jr 52 of 88 Grizzlies again Desmond Bain this time 44 of 88 black and golden nuggets will Barton One of eight Will the thrill Barton and red and green a book Knight Hornets Charles Bassie Sixers Our words is awesome James. I am loving it You just got it played a lot of it They could it starts to pick up after that it's not a perfect game at all like there's parts where I wish were way different But like overall dude, it's just so much fun Like as long as a video game was like super fun. You can forgive a lot You know what I mean sure. Yeah, silver Joe Harris Nets mosaic rookie national pride cake cutting in prisons. Ha ha you guys I see a picture Lane just sent me He's got the extra cheddar flavor blasted carton of goldfish What was Slytherin Josh, would you go? I think that's my next place? I'll do Slytherin I got Ravenclaw so I just went with it red and yellow rookie auto James book Knight for the Hornets Come it's he's stable for the Sixers numbered 61 of 88 No, I get jingled enough unknown. I would have expected if it was a jingle Red and yellow That's a good call unknown must watch a lot 34 of 88 Rudy Gobert jazz and all NBA Julius Randall next 35 of 88 Red and yellow sixers rookie Jane Springer. I'm not ready yellow, but a blue a red and green and Pistons Kate Cunningham Lane sent me another one. Oh, he's also got the extra toasty family-sized cheese. It's this guy's a madman.  I'm jealous man. I wish I had all those snacks right now Is that a lot I'm just kidding Silver Ruiochimora wizards was a Giannis all NBA bucks Come on now. 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Welcome to What The Up is Going On in Latin America, CodePink's weekly YouTube program of hot news out of Latin America and the Caribbean. In partnership with Friends of Latin America and Task Force on the Americas, we broadcast every Wednesday, 4.30pm Pacific, 7.30pm Eastern. On August 5th, Mexico's President Manuel López Obrador announced that Mexico will host talks between representatives of Venezuela's elected government and members of the Venezuelan opposition in its capital this month with Norway serving as mediator. It has been proposed that Mexico be the place to carry out these negotiations, and we accepted because what we are looking for is that there is dialogue and agreements between both parties. It's talks between the government of Venezuela and the opposition. Hopefully an agreement will be reached, López Obrador said at a press conference. Although he declined to say exactly when the talks will take place they are expected to begin on August 13. In July, Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro announced that he was willing to start a dialogue between the government and the opposition with National Assembly President Jorge Rodriguez and Hector Rodriguez, governor of the state of Miranda, representing him in the meeting. The mediation will be held ahead of regional and local elections in Venezuela on November 21. This follows failed negotiation attempts in 2019 that were held in Norway and Barbados. Joining us today to discuss this important event for Latin America politics and regional relations is Diego Siqueira of Mission Verdad. Diego is a writer, journalist, political analysis and researcher, as well as the co-founder for Mission Verdad, Mission of Truth. He's also a fellow with the Samuel Robinson Institute. Both organizations are based in Caracas, Venezuela. You can find Mission Verdad online at Mission Verdad and let me spell that for you, M-I-S-I-O-M-V-E-R-D-A-D dot com. Welcome Diego, a pleasure to have you with us. Thank you Terry. Thanks for having me. My pleasure. Let's start our conversation with the history of Venezuelan negotiations with with the opposition or specifically the elected governments, the elected government of Nicolás Maduro and previous dialogue attempts with the opposition of Venezuela. Who is the opposition participating in this dialogue and in the past and what do we know going into this week? Well, you know, the most important thing is that this is, of course, we can have like a framework with starting with the Guaido cycle and then before the Guaido cycle and then we can have and we can have now this moment which is I don't know if it's like the maybe the tail end of the way of this Guaido cycle if I can call it that way. These dialogues since 2019 having sponsored basically by the Norwegian government and as you will said one in 2019 was also held in Barbados and this time well we have a different and very interesting initiative on a very different regional configuration that could it seems kind of promising you know less dialogues didn't come to reach a clear agreement to how to move forward. It was also a different context back then. So now I think it's the correlation of power and strength is different and but not the will of the government let me say that Terry because within the Guaido cycle or before because this is not the first dialogue President Nicolás Maduro has ever had with the opposition, having willing to negotiate and to talk about to find a way to build some sort it's not, you know, it's not to give away anything but it's like to reconcile and bring the politics back to the center of the framework, because you know we've been going through such crazy experiments in the past that aren't exactly political they're just like you know laboratory operations that try to withdraw or try to kidnap sovereignty independence and and the capability to make choices to make proper choices to find a way to move forward basically. And last time, like I told you that also led by Jorge Rodriguez which is a very seasoned negotiator. At one point they were just disrupted and they were usually been in each and every time they've been disrupted by foreign pressure. And it also another thing you might add and take into consideration yes. Am I correct in remembering talking about foreign interference, a phone call from Rex Tillerson from Columbia to Barbados. Yeah, I mean, overtly telling the opposition parties participating in the dialogue then this was in 2019 if I'm remembering correctly. Yes, and not only exactly sabotage the conversation. But that that has happened before you know before the cycle I mean I'm talking about 2016 it also happened it happened also with the EU, some shady heavy phone call for some from somewhere actually you know it brings everything to a halt. What happened I know for a second and this is an inside comment that happened back in 2016 with the EU, which as you will know it's actually the real US backyard in this case and usually they don't. They don't take this you know they don't make this independent decisions about all this. Or at least they show the, they show themselves as doing it but it reaches some critical point with that dark unexpected phone call gets in and everything grounds to a halt. But now things are a bit different because you know something out we still have to make make sure what what is going to be the composition of the of the other side. And also the president and Nicholas has always talked in plural about the opposition, it's not the opposition. I think that's a very important element because we, as you will know, since last year in the new recovered sovereign National Assembly there is an opposition that has gone through the process through the democratic legal process of being elected and to be part of Parliament, and to be part of discussions and debates and propose ideas in there and also to, which is even more important, which is of the essence to have a position about sanctions, about coercive and coercive unilateral measures against Venezuela and to, and to even be sanctioned themselves some of them have you know part of the former. Okay, the part that's splitted from the white doll consensus and in the previous National Assembly, some of them actors like Jose Brito, for example, they were in Barra also. They were sanctioned, they asked opposition politicians, they were sanctioned and I'm talking about people that are not actually complying with everything the government says that are not following the line. Really, and that they're not going their way on critically, they're actually saying what they need to say and they're being quite frank about what they think should be done and it's not the same thing as the government believes it should be done. So, this will be, of course, some sort of I guess it's, it's, it's easily to expect that that would be a very important red line. Let's talk about before we go on with sanctions and how different segments of the Venezuelan population and political composition or interpret sanctions and respond to them. For our audience I think it's really important for us to explain, because I don't think this is known as much as in the United States as it should be. The Venezuelan opposition is more than just the Guaido factor recognized by the United States there are many other opposition parties, many other opposition participants. I can personally say, I was in Venezuela in December for the National Assembly elections December of 2020, and we met the night before the elections on Sunday the sixth. So it was the fifth. Our delegation met with members of the opposition members of the opposition who were partisan there was a number of I think there were 14 or 16 people in the representing various factions in the opposition and all of them were there because they have chosen to participate in the political process. They believe in the Venezuelan constitution. They, they do want a different government and a different economic structure, but they believe that those in the democratic process they were very overt that they were welcome to participate in the political process there was no problem forming political parties registering those parties to participate. They have a different view of the Venezuela, but they feel that the change needs to come through the electoral process the political process and the constitutional process, which all of them believe in. They do not believe in changing the government violently as the Guaido factor does the Guaido and the Guaido faction is supported by the United States. These other people. We never hear about in the United States. And they believe in the political process they even went so far as to say that President of Maduro was very open. And so this was in December, saying that very open to re engaging the opposition and including them in the political process and very overt in attempting to find ways to pull the opposition, you know, more fully into the political process, which perhaps is what is going to happen this week in Mexico City. Hopefully, and indeed that's one thing you have bear in mind, usually they call the main fraction with Guaido and other the g4, you know that's Primero Justicia Voluntar Popular which is Juan Guaidón Leopoldo López Party, which from the Union will be the other one and Democratic, those are the four, the g4, the main, the main parties, but you also have avanzada progresista you also have soluciones para Venezuela, which is an evangelical one you have several new parties also there, but also you have these all these parties as well, except for for Voluntar Popular the Guaidó party that usually they're split, they don't have they don't share the same position about what to do with the government some of them basically acknowledged that the regent change way didn't work. They actually lost a lot of political capital and credibility among them be other people and among a lot of people that are actually just tired of politics in general and that's not a healthy sign if you ask me. But they now acknowledge it and some of them, you know, part of the discussion in Venezuela now it's if the whole faction, the whole fractions of the one party like Axonema Greta will actually participate in the regional elections coming now in November at the end of November. Yeah, I think it's 21. So it's also something that is in progress you also had something from the reason that you might know Terry from the from last year which was almost capri les Enrique capris radons get from Primero justicia party former governor of Miranda and two times presidential loser against Nicholas Maduro that was making his mind. At the end he didn't, but he was actually looking at those for for the European support to be part to participate the in the in the elections at the end he didn't because he's not a stupid person but he's not a brave person either. So he didn't have like the spine to you know, he could even make you he could have been even a game changer in the opposition politics if he would have participated back then but like I said he's not going to take the risk without some sort of Western backup. Even though you know this dialogue this context of part of real politics with oppositions also been being you know it's been endorsed by almost all the world. You know each and every country except from yeah the US Canada, some Latin American countries which have of course a very US aligned government. And some of them that now have changed a lot, and some European countries and some, and even the inside EU, you don't have like a consensus, you have several countries that smile at the process and then they've been pushed by their own by the EU structure to hold back and to keep the line with the US bottom. So it's something that we have to see and also we have to see what sort of commitments what sort of agreements will come out of this and if that's going to be enough at least for the EU. And it's not a matter of recognition by itself because we don't need that and actually if you have over 120 countries that actually recognize the constitutionally elected government, and they also recognize the legal political opposition. It's not, you know, it's not necessary by principle but you also have to like ease the tension diffuse the tension, and also this for funny enough it also shows how for me driven. This also is including some parties that may be not on the crazy regent change bandwagon right now, but they don't make their minds they don't grow a spine. So it's something that we might maybe, and I will be very happy if it happens and I really look forward to it and maybe it's something that the, the, the, the horridories and necrolories will have in mind from the ideas of President Nicolas would be actually to bring these people into default. It's interesting to me. I'm also on a personal level for all of you who I love in Venezuela. It's pretty exciting. What is going to happen in Mexico this week and, and the timing of it is really wonderful or is maybe a better word would be. There's a, in my interpretation there's, there's a moment here to be grasped the composition of Latin America is different than it was in 2019. We have the return of the mass party in Bolivia. We have the terrific election of Pedro Castillo in Peru, who has officially withdrawn Peru from the Lima group that's going to be an enormous influence on the, on the conversation this week in Mexico. And also this, this dialogue is happening on the heels of President Lopez Obrador's magnificent discourse on July 24, the anniversary of Simone Bolivar's birth. And I'll put that discourse in the, in the chat for the audience to see if it was a, it was a profound foreign policy speech about the, about non interference the respect of sovereignty the need to even perhaps get rid of the OAS and create a body that is more inclusive and more respectful of national sovereignty and non interference. It's a, it's a very special moment this week, I think. Yes, and it's also very fluid, you know, bear in mind that the idea of creating a regional body with outside of the OAS framework was a child's idea back from 2011. That's when the CELAC was created. So it's a, it's a good that I don't care about crisis at this moment you know it's the most important thing is to actually do it. And it's also great that Lopez Obrador had this idea and has been leading it you know the tide started to change when he I think it was early 2020 he said, I'm not for sanctions. And this is not fair and we can't. You know, we can't give our back to Venezuela. It's, I mean, it's also in Latin America, it also goes against their own foreign policy doctrine, their historical one, even from the pre before neoliberalism, you know, yes. And Mexico used to be before this all the dark years until Lopez Obrador got back into office used to be had had a leading role in all of Latin American affairs, but it was, you know, like, it was drawn down because of well because of all the neoliberal madness and all the NAFTA framework that created that complex and horrible situation that actually, you know, brought Mexico to a very dark place for a long while so it's it's very important I even I could have my own difference as Venezuela and as a chavista on his body body and conception and his body body and approach and even his hemispheric idea but it's very doesn't mean that it's not clever enough. And it doesn't mean it all perfectly goes into what Mexico always represented. Yes, you have also the demise. I think it's the demise or at least it's going to be the, the, it's going to take the Lima group to a more frank and candid place because if as you will know the Lima group was actually Canadian creation. Yes, and it was created to recognize why though, as the as as the leader of Venezuela, there was one of the reasons it was created to create a block with the OAS. It was, it was a couple of years before you know it wasn't 2017 if I'm not mistaken at the mid 2017 with the one day after the massive failure of a new regent chamber very violent regent change attempt that didn't work through. And it did got its strength once in its sense actually when during the Guaido years, you know, as a year and a half afterwards. And um, but it was a different Latin America back then and you and you also had well you had Macri for example in Argentina you still got. You know who wasn't you were you had a peña Nieto in Mexico. It was a different composition of you all Peru just, you know, like came out of the of its sleeve after you know maybe 40 years 50 years. So it's very, very interesting and then, but I also say fluid because, well, you know, there's a also a milder non chavista non radical troika troika of time your approach from Mexico and Argentina right now, especially with me I watch it which I think it's pretty unfair. But yeah, I think, but I also say it's fluid because I don't think it must be a definitive situation and then and it should evolve at some point. But um, anyway, it's still way more better than just a year ago and even better than two years ago or three years ago or four years ago when we have a very hostile environment. Basically, Venezuela and Cuba and Nicaragua were alone. We were alone for a long time. You know, even progressive forces and I have to say this. They didn't do much. They also have like a zoom this critical trend, because well you know we had to go through tough times and tough decisions also because we were actually not in a political context we were in a war context in a hybrid warfare context, the mix of non conventional war warfare elements, plus a color coded revolutionary process revolutionary in a sense, of course not not in the in the ideological way we're used to in a very destructive way you know in color evolution which is also a lab thing it's not an organic genuine thing it's just the you using the tactics and using some elements that are also well we there's a whole story to this since the end of the 20th century. But um, it just I think this is important that you brought up since the end of the 20th since the since the election of Hugo Chavez as president and and the introduction, I think it's the fifth constitution. It's very progressive far more progressive than anything that we live by in the United States. But there has been you mentioned hybrid war and for our audience I'm sure most of most of you know that we're talking about diplomatic warfare, you know restricting visas restricting who can apply for passports who can, who can come to the UN sanctions or well sanctions illegal illegal sanctions which which we formally call unilateral coercive measures and and also, I would argue since 1999, a really, really aggressive media war against the elected Venezuelan government. So there. And so, I mean, those are three forms of hybrid war there's others as well but really the media narrative has been has been profound for for over 20 years. Well, we had the first media group in the 20th century, the 21st century, you know they actually are strict by the book media cook in 2002. Based on narratives, of course, of course there was a hardcore on the ground situation, but what but it was driven by the narrative it was driven by media. You know, it was actually a template for a lot of things that came afterwards because even the use of a sharpshooters for example it's something they use afterwards in my done you know to create my done Ukraine 2014 to create confusion and to also fire to both sides. The one that was against the government and the one that was for the government and that actually triggered the whole, the final stage of written change that was also tested in Venezuela back then, you know, 10 years before 12 years before. And April of 2002 this was the coup against Hugo Chavez just for reference for our audience. It was a 47 hour coup basically was from the from the from April 11 to April the 13th it was most importantly was a countercoup, because it was a massive nationwide mobilization but specially in Caracas and brought back I mean it brought down the, the fake the cool government and it brought back. We have the elected government commander Chavez in 12 is one more time. And actually it was one of the first radicalizing experiences that made the Bolivarian Revolution go further. And it was actually the like the setting stage for what came afterwards. So, after those years. We're talking about 2002 2003 we got the missions, starting you the social missions about you know the reading program the literacy program, and an education programs, which was also a game changer and also the health programs by the Pedro, and then in 2006. Six, Chavez got like one of the highest rates of, you know, of electoral vote and right afterwards is it. But right after that I mean with it started to unleash and well you also have Mar del Plata 2005 when they say, and when they say Alca Alcarajo, which was the free trade agreement with the Latino with the Americas. I was also game changer and because not even neighbor wasn't powered and only Chavez and Lula I think Nestor Kirchner. Yes, and kitchen from Argentina. And that, you know, started set the base for the next, the way that you guys call the pink tight. It was, and that was actually what was rolled back, like 10 years afterwards, and of course we use use all these technology and it was also was focused on all the weaknesses we had here in Venezuela. Also in Ecuador, Brazil, Argentina, and everywhere else to start to undermine that all the reconquered from the people although the other things that were you know recovered and all the the dignity that was recovered for any and a lot of places in a huge swath of geography. And that was also what was targeted. Yes. But we're seeing such a potential where I shouldn't even say potential like I believe we're seeing the reemergence or the resurgence. Of the pink tide. And I think this is the moment that the Mexican government is grasping and agreeing to host the dialogue this week. I also, for me, and correctly if I'm wrong, one of the things that I interpret from the discussion that's choosing to participate that participates in the Venezuelan political process that does believe in the Constitution, and a meeting with some of them in December but also seeing the response. It's, and how they've responded or evolved over the years, you know you brought up the 2002 coup against President Chavez. Those external events orchestrated overtly and sometimes less overtly by the United States, really and not just in Venezuela, but in most countries throughout the region have to me backfired, they've created, instead of causing massive chaos and corruption within a country, they've created a sense of national sovereignty first. And I feel when you're on the streets in in Venezuela, you can really feel that people are Venezuelan first, they believe in their country, they are united in themselves as the Venezuelan people, they are you I say say you are Venezuelan yourself. There's a sense that, and this includes the opposition not the Guaido opposition but we left alone to run our country ourselves. We have our own problems initiate our own programs, and we want to do that without external interference and it's a really strong feeling in most countries that I have been in the Americas where there's been overt attempts by the United States and or its allies to change a government. All it's done is created a stronger sense of national sovereignty. And I think that sense of national sovereignty is what's hopefully going to play out this week in Mexico City. You can even, I think there are three elements that are pretty important one of them, of course is in the case of Venezuela, of course they lost. And that's important.  So you have that sort of grievance formula from from from a section that was actually radicalized with the opposition with the with the with the recent events. Then you have another element which is also important, which is experience. I'm not thinking exactly about Venezuela because when it's what I think it's because holding the line what's tough and it has been hurting a lot. As it has been hurting people in other places like Ecuador and some other places where it also hurt a lot to lose what they actually when they realize what they lost in all the Congress they got so then they realize also even people that are not militant or they're not political activists. They know they were better with these independent governments. So it's also a matter of common sense. And then you have a third element which I think it's very important. And it's not usually brought to the table as it should I guess which is nationalism, you have a Latin American nationalism, you know which is also feeling even beyond the case of Venezuela goes beyond Chavismo. There were several polls about the US involvement in changing things in Venezuela they always had a high rate of rejection. They could have, I mean, maybe they didn't like the chavista government made them didn't like Nicolás Maduro. Maybe they thought Chavez was better or whatever but they believe, and I'm thinking about people that are not necessarily chavista they believe that our problems need to be solved by ourselves. And that's a very important element that's something they also woke up in the people because when you push someone too hard to some very hard place, they're sooner or later they're going to react in a good way, because you're going to realize what it's actually at stake. And so you have to also you have to get give credit to that line of thinking that not one more time it's predominant and it doesn't necessarily involve Chavismo, but then you have the stubborn majority of Chavismo hugely mobilized. I mean we had the primary last Sunday in the 88th. And it was five million people going Terry to pick their candidates for regional elections and even they got even people that are not in the party. They don't have a party card that also participated in voted they were open five million people you know in this crappy context. So that tells you a lot of how people still engage in politics and believe in political solutions on a local level. We're talking about local politics here, which always is a bit different, but of course they're interconnected, but of course they're also different priorities for different people because if maybe in Caracas it's very much more easier to see the global interaction. But when you're in some, you know, any other places in inside Venezuela, it's not that obvious. It's not that obvious at first take of course if you dig a bit deeper you're going to find it. But that tells you how vibrant and lively politics are, and how people believe that they have something to do and to say if they vote and if they participate. It's really, it's really a wonderful thing to see, especially as you mentioned earlier, how, how difficult US intervention is in all its forms in Venezuela has made daily life and yet people still participate. They still navigate their day and I can tell the audience with personal experience. I've lived in Venezuela for three, four month periods at a time. It's not easy living under universal coercive measures to navigate what what people in the states would call a normal day. All of you do it. You do it because you believe in yourselves in your country, and your sovereignty and it's a very, very powerful thing to to be among is it's very powerful to be among you and your people. What would in our closing minutes Diego what would you as a Venezuelan citizen. What's your dream vision for this week in Mexico City. You know, you've said something that I think you can also sum up as a battle for normalcy, you know, to have a normal life, a normal daily life and if this it's going to contribute to exactly that to have a livable life, a bit better than we have now with an economy that could actually work and with people not trying to disrupt the natural process of, you know, just reaching out to each other in a normal way, and to find solutions. That's, that will be huge, because it's going to be complex and challenging that's also something the President and Nicholas have said and I believe him. Why do I believe him. And, you know, and what also it's, I think it's a fear also because I remember for example when your commandant the child is died in 2013. It was like a natural process to you know build bridges among people it was actually the opposition was the opposition people with opposition thought we're actually more scared than we were. It was a natural process just to reach normally to all these people and then suddenly in February 2014 we have like this awful packed this dark pack within the between the polar lobex my record in a machado and Antonio les Desmaricola Salida the exit, which actually targeted that feeling of national feeling of just you know, talk, you know to keep the dialogue going between people that have lots of difference but don't care about the end of the day because we all share the same need to have a nice and decent life. And to have, you know, and to make the value of your work worth to have a decent salary to be able to have to make to have one more time that the security you had with with health care for example, or with education and not leaving in this kind of community so if this is going to cast out those ghosts, it's going to be just a major, major step and it should be taken. It's very hopeful. And as we said earlier that the complexion of Latin America is different now. Then, then the last go rounds with the dialogue between the Maduro government and the opposition and it's, I feel it's hopeful. It's not because I'm sitting here outside with country. I just feel the moment is so is so hopeful. You know, you have a possibility. Yeah, just a real possibility. And from so many others throughout the region as well. I mean, the complexion of countries as you said you know, Venezuela Cuba Nicaragua for many years the three of you were alone and you now are have more patriots with you now. And, and I think the president of Mexico has really seized that moment. I do believe and I hope he keeps moving forward and delivering with that. Yes, so so I will keep our fingers crossed we'll keep watching how the dialogue moves forward this week, and I hope you come back. And, and we can analyze what when the when the dialogues are complete. We can talk about how they went. Sure, absolutely. Absolutely. I'll be soon enough there so don't worry. Thank you so much for joining us. And I want to remind our audience that you've been watching what the F is going on in Latin America code pinks weekly YouTube program. We broadcast on code pinks YouTube channel every Wednesday 730pm Eastern 430pm Pacific, and we broadcast on code pink radio every Thursday at 1130, excuse me 11am Eastern 8am Pacific on WBAI out of New York City, and WPFW out of Washington DC. Again, thanks a lot Diego wonderful conversation so happy to see you again. Yes, me too. All the best. Thank you so much.


Welcome back to the lecture series on bioelectricity, so this is the 25th lecture we are starting. So as of now, so we are in the animal electricity module, as of now we have talked about the electrical phenomena in the nervous system, special senses starting from eyes, ears, nose, tongue, touch, stretch reflexes to the spinal cord, up to the brain, memory, sleep, learning, neurological disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, inhibitory excitatory signals, different measurement technique including encephalogram, then patch clamp, microelectrode arrays, field effect transistors and different level of electrical computation what is involved. So now from here we will move on to the next aspect of animal bioelectricity that is in the case of heart which is a completely autonomous system which is functioning in order to you know ensure that we are alive. This is one organ which has a very interesting, I should say very interesting electrical phenomena because it is governed by a set of cells which whose electrical phenomena are entirely different from the another set of cells, they have a totally different kind of ion channels and we will come to that. So before we start this cardiac bioelectricity, let us get some idea about the system itself. So referring to the slides now, so if you look at the cardiac electrophysiology and artificial heart that what we will be discussing, a heart usually beats between 60 to 90 times per minute which is essentially is the pulse rate. So if you back calculate it, so what essentially that means 100,000 times per day heart is beating and it is pumping around 8,000 liters of blood a day. Now you can imagine for a system to function this for the whole life what should be the efficiency of this machine, this is not an easy task, so you are beating like you know 100,000 times. So nature or the way the heart has evolved its electrical processes is different from the nervous system and that you will be evident as you will be seeing the action potential generated by the big chunk of those contractile muscle system which constitute your heart. So this is just to give you a feel that you know your heart is doing some amazing task if your average life span is 70 to 80 years, then this is just a mesmerizing, this is probably one of the most efficient machine you can think of because this machine cannot afford to take rest because if it takes rest then you are in rest forever. So coming to the basic structure of it, if you look at that it is a four chambered structure if you look at it something called a left atrium out here it has a right atrium it is right ventricle it is a left ventricle and essentially what happens is this the right atrium receives if you could see the diagram from superior vena cava the right atrium is receiving the all the impure blood which is coming to the right atrium through the tricaspid valves it moves to the right ventricle the lower chamber from there this is pumped through the pulmonary artery this is the only artery which carries impure blood by the way it goes to the lungs for purification it comes back after getting purified in the lungs through pulmonary vein the only vein which carries oxygen rich blood otherwise and the only artery the pulmonary artery carries oxygen deficient blood so the through the pulmonary vein it comes to the left atrium from the left atrium through the mitral valves you could see the mitral valves here it moves to the left ventricle from the left ventricle through the aortic valve the blood is found through the aorta to rest of the body and this whole process and by the way the right atrium is receiving blood from both inferior vena cava and superior superior is coming from the upper part of the body inferior from the lower part of the body and this whole process has to be synchronized in a very very well regulated fashion if there is any error in this and we are in a big trouble so this whole coordination the way the heart works is coordinated by two interrelated electrical events two interrelated electrical events one is the master other one is the slave and based on them they have the name pacemaker system and contractile system okay so we will be coming to that the contractile system how it is being regulated by the pacemaker system will come in depth but slowly one by one will move on to that so going back slightly the next slide so this is what I was trying to tell you so this is the heart which is receiving sitting in the center out here this is the heart which is receiving from the inferior vena cava you could see the inferior vena cava bringing the blood this is the superior vena cava from upper part of the body bringing the impure blood from the iota it moves to the from the upper chamber it moves to the ventricles from the ventricle it moves although it is lungs to the pulmonary artery and from through the pulmonary vein it is coming back and here this whole circuit is taking place so there are two distinct circuit in the situation one is called the pulmonary circuit the other one is called the systemic circuit pulmonary circuit is the circuit which is exclusively between the heart and the lungs so the pulmonary artery taking the impure blood to the lungs and the pulmonary vein bringing the oxygen rich blood back to the heart that a small circuit so coming back to the slides this part of the circuit this connected circuit between the heart and the lungs is called the pulmonary circuit and then you have the systemic circuit which is the rest of it is a systemic circuit okay so these are the two broad circuit and this much anatomy is essential for you to understand coming to the next slide I will recommend you please go through this link if this link is still functioning you will be able to see the heart contraction and the blood flow there is a nice video out there which I really cannot put it here kindly go through it that I have provided the link for you to go through it it is a really very interesting video okay kindly go through this video so coming back to the next slide this is how the heart architecture is it's kind of a myocardium it's a layer of tissue because this has to be a really a strong organ because this is hundred thousand times per day this is something so this tissue is kind of you know if you see this picture they are kind of you know as if I don't know how many of you've seen this like you know have you seen this you know the ropes the ropes are tied it's almost like if you look at this picture it will look like as if these ropes are tied and these are the valves you see these are the different kind of valves which are like you know kind of you know there's a potion then they close like this and likewise okay so this is to give you a feel about the anatomy of course we are not going to deal with it at this point but just to give you an idea that this is a very very well developed with enormous amount of a strength to ensure that the blood continuously flows and continuously it pumps in this whole process moving on to the next slide now this is what I was trying to tell you there are two circuits which are functioning here one is called conducting system or which is also in other word called the pacemaker system the other one is called contractile system so if you have to give what are the cellular players of the heart so the cellular players of the heart includes the blood vessels which constitute of the endothelial cells what you could see here all the endothelial cells which are making the blood vessels then you have the cardiac muscle cells these muscle cells are the contractile system these muscle cells what you see cardiac muscle cells are the contractile system and then you have the conducting system which constitute your pacemaker cells and in this picture you see this dotted dotted line the yellow line out here this is your conducting system and all these are originated from the cardiac progenitor cell which is mentioned in this picture cardiac progenitor cells are the cells which differentiates into contractile element conductile element of the pacemaker element as well as the endothelial cell and some of these cardiac progenitor cells are present in the adult heart too which could be differentiated into cardiac cells people are attempting the adult cardiac myocytes or adult cardiac progenitor cell to be differentiated into functional cardiac myocytes so this is the overall structure of the heart will be coming in depth but these are the key c the key cell cellular players of the game so if you look at the conducting system conductive system is looks like now if you compare this picture with this picture so this is what I was trying to tell you and the they have different names will be coming to that so the better contrast if you see this picture so this is what you see this from here where you see this star kind of thing from here the electrical impulses originate to give you an idea what this contracting system and conducting system does so before I get in depth we have to realize that heart is continuously beating okay without any electrical signals it does not need it is automatic it is doing so in order to do so there is a circuit with just like a pacemaker just like oscillator it is it is oscillating like this like this this oscillator circuit is absolutely automatic it is this oscillator circuit exists because it has a very unique combination of iron channels which are totally different from nine channels we have dealt with okay these oscillatory circuits which are present there this oscillatory circuit ensures and this what you see out here what I am outlining out here this is this oscillatory circuit which ensures rest of the heart functions so this oscillatory circuit number in terms of the number of cells is very very few with respect to the rest you can see I mean how much area the rest of the heart is how much those cells are constituting this oscillatory circuit constitute the conducting system or the pacemaker system and whenever whenever you hear that somebody is having have a implanted pacemaker that essentially means that this person's conducting system is in trouble it means within this circuit there are certain errors the signal the oscillatory circuit is unable to send this oscillatory message all across that circuit always remember this this will help you to realize and when I was telling you in the beginning of the lecture the master and the slave so this conducting system is the master system which regulates the slave system which is the contracting system so let's move on to the next slide so this is how this whole circuit works so this is where if you go back to the previous picture this is what is called Sino arterial node this is star sign Sino sinus this is Sino arterial node and from here the electrical impulse is spread Sino arterial node to atrial synchium so this is the atrial synchium where it is a spreading okay and there is a rate so electrical impulse is spreads from the sinus node throughout the left and the right atria so those blue lines what do you see out here spreading so the electrical signal is spreading like this automatically the right atrium it will spread faster as compared to the left atrium because it will take some time to reach to the left atrium because of the sheer distance now this node this is the if you again you have to refer to this so this is called AV node if this is called SA node SA node is this one where my cursor is now once again yeah so this is where you see this this is SA node Sino arterial node and this is AV node connected by three connect three connections okay coming back in the Sino arterial node through the atrial synchium through the junctional fibers so these junctional fibers are these ones okay through the junctional fibers it reads to atrio ventricular node which is this AV node atrio ventricular node from the and the electrical impulse spreads from sinus node throughout the left and the right atria now next what happens from the atrio ventrary node which is also called AV node the signal gets split up into two you could see that the signal is kind of you know signal is like this when there is a circuit is moving like this there is a splitting of the circuit you could see in the picture that the circuit is a splitting and part of the impulse is reaching the left ventricle and part of it is reaching the right ventricle and this further split up so to the left bundle bundle branch which is called bundle of he's he's bundles these are called HIS you could see the arrow showing the he's bundle from the he's bundle to the left bundle branch and the light brand bundle branch from the AV bundle to the bundle branches to the parking G fiber to the ventricular synchium so this is how the spread of electrical impulse happens in the conducting system this is how it is being coordinated and this happens at a specific frequency continuously this oscillator functions at a specific frequency of course there is a upper and a lower limit of it but this is how the oscillatory circuit functions and there are sympathetic and parasympathetic control which regulates some of these oscillatory frequencies but when in this circuit when does the circuit what I showed you out here whenever there is an error or there is a blockage in any of this part so what happens is that signal is not transmitted and that's where you need the intervention intervention of prosthesis that's where pacemaker circuits are to be introduced pacemaker is nothing on the surface of the heart or on the body you basically put another oscillatory circuit of electronic oscillatory circuit we generate signals to ensure to compensate for the drawbacks of that existing conducting system so from here let's go on to the next slide which is slightly more complex slide which will give you an idea about the time window so at the 0 0 time point it is starting 0.03 and if you if you read through the sinus node sometimes called the sinus arterial node serves as the heart pacemaker emitting an impulse that result in an action potential okay the cells in the node have almost no contractile element but are connected directly to the atrial fiber so that the action potential spreads immediately into the atrial cardiomyocytes and is transmitted to the entire atrial muscle mass okay so if you look at this propagation time from 0 0 0 0 3 2.0 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.18 likewise if you if you look at it so here it reaches at 0.21 where is it 0.22 just because it has to travel slightly bore on that side okay so this is how the signal is moving through and based on those time number points you could see how the signal is moving so again from sinus node to the AV node from the AV node to the bundle of ease to the left bundle of ease to the right bundle of ease once again another video if you will get see whether this video is functional please go through this one okay now coming to how these are linked with each other so when this conductile system is conducting this thing the electrical impulses moves from so you have to realize one thing if I go back to some of the very early slides let me go back okay here so there is a sequence of event which is taking place here from the right atrium the blood is reaching both the right right and the left atrium from it is pumped here from here it is pumped to the you know the pulmonary artery likewise so this fashion has to be synchronized blood reaching right atrium moving to the right ventricle from the right ventricle it is moving to the pulmonary artery similarly the blood coming from the left atrium coming to the left way atrium to from the pulmonary veins moving to the left ventricle and being pumped to the rest of the body. This whole process has to be coordinated in a very systematic fashion, there has to be a system by which you can coordinate that. So, what essentially the conducting system does is the conducting system the electrical impulses which are generated by the conducting system here are transmitted to the contractile system. These are the contractile system or the cardiac myocytes what you see here. So, these are the membrane potential of the or the action potentials of the SA nodes or the conductile system and they spread to the heart muscles which are the these are the heart muscles. So, these are the action potentials of the pacemaker and these are the action potentials of the cardiac myocytes AP stands for the action potential. Now, what is ECG and EKG how it is linked to the conductile and contractile system to the heart. This is one of the fundamental question which you know. So, coming back to the action potential of pacemaker. So, first of all what we will be doing we will be talking about the action potential of the pacemaker cells because there are two kinds of action potential you could see here. This is one set of action potentials which are generated by the conducting system and there is another set of action potential generated by the contractile system. So, first of all we will talk about the membrane potential of the conducting system and then we will be talking about the action potential of the contractile system. So, coming back to the action potential of the pacemaker cells or the conducting system action potentials it is very interesting. So, here it will realize that these pacemaker cells do not have sodium channels. So, as of now in the nervous system whenever we have talked about action potentials. So, what essentially we have talked about is the action potential is started a cell sets at minus 70 or minus 60 or minus 70 or minus 80 millivolt from there some impulse comes some ligand comes and binds or some light falls on it and the membrane potential shifts to say minus 40 minus 50 from there it is all an action potential is generated. But then in the case of cardiac pacemaker cells the story is totally different these cells do not mark my word very carefully do not set at minus 80 they set somewhere around minus you know minus between minus 40 between minus 40 and minus 50 they are spontaneously active they do not need any electrical impulse they do not need any kind of you know something to pull them. So, if you see the graph now you will see they are sitting at around minus 40 around minus 40 and minus 50 they are spontaneous this activity is spontaneous. So, essentially they do not have they have they because they have slow inward current unlike unlike their counterpart in the neurons where there is a fast activating sodium current they have slow sodium current and they have a voltage gated calcium conductances these are mostly regulated by the calcium conductances and they set out here and from here they can over shoot a over shoot 0 you see the action potentials. So, these are the 0 is the depolarization phase as opposed to the ventricle the muscle action you will see the difference between it and the phase 3 is the repolarization phase. So, if you look at the monophysic action potential of the cardiac myocyte. So, this is what is happening they are sitting at around minus 50 or minus 40 between minus 40 and minus 50 out here in the phase 4 slow sodium influx very slow sodium influx followed by a calcium influx followed by a potassium influx and they come back and again they goes back because of the so sodium influx. If you look at it as opposed to if you look at it because of the slow inward current of sodium and a voltage gated increase in calcium conductance via T channels there is a spontaneous depolarization which is taking place and if we in this picture. So, if they if this is the whole thing then the green green line is showing the complete process.  So, it is the calcium which is the game changer. So, these cells do not set at. So, one of the take home message from this is these cells do not set at minus 80 millivolt. They are sitting at minus between minus 40 and minus 50 millivolt and they are spontaneously active because of the slow activating because of the slow moving sodium channels and coupled with a high percentage of calcium channels. So, they are spontaneously active throughout their life. So, this is how the conducting system is automatically spontaneously function like an oscillatory circuit. They oscillate like this. So, this is the monophasic action potential of cardiac fire pacemaker cell. Now, moving on to the action potential velocities if you if you look at it these are the different conduction rates. So, these cells now in order to understand this what you have to go back to this picture out here. So, at the different part of this circuit there are different kind of pacemaker cells and they have different properties depending on because since I have covered the anatomy. Now, if you see this table that will give you an idea that at the S N O their conduction velocity is 0.05 into per second then at arterial pathway it is 1 this is far more higher and with the per king cells it is even much more higher. So, these different velocities in actually ensures that they have different concentration and different kind of ion channels, but they all sit at between minus 40 and minus 50 millivolt action memory potential. So, that they are spontaneously active. Now, talking about the action potential of the cardiac myosites we have talked about the conduction system we have not talked about the contractile system. Let us look at the contractile system now now we are moving on to the contractile system and I have already shown the connection between the contractile and the conduction system out here. So, these on the right hand side these violet color are the conduction system and this whole process is the conduction system. Now, coming back to the contractile system cardiac myosites can be divided into work cells and pacemaker cells. The work cells have a large stable resting membrane potential just like the neuronal counterpart the contractile system sits at minus 70 minus 80 millivolt and displays a prolonged action potential with there is a difference of course, which you will come across. And whereas, if you compare in the red the pacemaker cells have a smaller unstable resting potential and spontaneously depolarized generating intrinsic this is very important to note intrinsic electrical activity of the heart pacemaker cells are found in the sino arterial node and the and the atrio ventricular AV nodes cells of the bundle of he's and some park engine cell are also capable of spontaneous firing be very careful reading through these lines because this is the most characteristic feature your contractile system follows the membrane potential of the neurons minus 70 minus 80. Whereas, your pacemaker system do not sit there they are spontaneously intrinsically active coming moving on to the next slide how the cardiac myosites looks like. These are the contractile element this is how they look like if you take the cross section this is derived from several people who are patterned them and you know they have grown them in a specific pattern that is how they look like. And they are all you see these lines they are all connected with each other using gap junctions gap junctions are kind of you know between two cells there are connectivity. So, automatically this whole structure does not need to have the synaptic connection between individual cells they are all connected with each other using pipe like structures and those pipes are called gap junction gap junctions. So, between two cells there is a physical pipe which is connecting one cell to another cell likewise. So, these cardiac myosites or the work cell or the contractile cell which over we want to express it as long as you understand the whole concept they their morphology is something like this what you see now from here. Now, let us see the monophysic action potential of the cardiac myosite. So, again see it is sitting at minus 90 millivolt there is fast activating sodium current which essentially overshoot 0 at plus 10 millivolt plus 10 millivolt this is the difference between cardiac myosite and other neuronal third types. This is where you see there is a lot of calcium ions which in flux taking place out here this is very interesting lot of calcium getting in and it holds the cell at the positive potential for a prolonged period of time.  So, this is the zone where they are in a kind of you know they are not physically you know contracting they are just kind of you know slows down there is a you know this is kind of you know they need some time to recover all the channels and everything. This is this phase this Plato phase what you see lot of calcium and potassium moving in along with potassium because this is the this is the zone where there is in the neuronal cell we observe that there is an entry of only potassium, but here you see there is a huge entry of calcium along with it this is the zone which ensures the cell come remains in a slightly rest situation and then it shoots the next action potential because it has to continuously shoot action potential. So, moving on to the next slide. So, this is what is happening entry of sodium entry of sodium entry of calcium then potassium is going out and this is further bringing it back and this whole process is taking 300 milliseconds. Now, if you compare this 300 millisecond with other neuronal types in realize that this is far bigger as compared to other neuronal cell types. Now, moving on to the next. So, membrane current that generates a normal action potential. So, these are the different component. So, if you go through it this is this has been taken from American Heart Association as a it has been acknowledged. So, you will see from the resting potential which is at minus 80 these are the different components potassium component sodium component in a calcium component several other and the different pacemaker how they are regulating this whole process the membrane current that generate a normal action potential. So, that general normal. So, there is a resting there is an up stroke there is an early depolarization there is a plateau phase there is a final depolarization phase kindly go through this very carefully because I mean this is going to you know enrich your understanding about how the heart is functioning from here back to if you remember while I was talking I talked to you about the rhinodyne receptor and dihydropyridine receptor. So, action potential leads to the motion or movement of the sliding sliding motion which is regulated by the sarcomere. So, this is what you see the electrical impulses leading to the movement of the muscle through the excitation contraction coupling apparatus in which mostly involve the rhinodyne receptors and this has a lot of this is of immense importance in the pharmacology there are a lot of disorders which are observed in that rhinodyne receptors this is what you see this is where it is happening this is where the action potential travel and this is the zone where the rhinodyne dihydropyridine. So, electrical impulses coming and electrical impulses leading to the excitation of these muscle cells and this is where dihydropyridine and rhinodyne receptors are present and they lead to the efflux of the calcium in this these are both are calcium channels of course, this calcium leads to the contraction of the muscle in the sarcomere. So, this is this is a site of hot site of pharmacological interest. So, coming back again we are superimposing some of the tracings of the calcium transient calcium and these are the traces of the calcium recording. So, if you remember while I was covering the last lecture of the nervous bioelectricity I talked to about imaging calcium the ways of calcium which are moving through and heart is a very prominent organ there where this kind of waves of calcium waves are being studied in greater in greater details. So, this is one such example where it has been shown I have given you the reference also you can go through the reference that will help you and this is exactly the reason why I introduce this is what you see are the calcium influxes which are moving through your imaging calcium. So, if you see so what you see that the yellow thing this is the wave which is moving through a cardiac myocyte this was was a trying to highlight in the nervous bioelectricity that there are calcium imaging techniques which are being used. So, near you can see how the calcium imaging is being done. So, you have dyes which changes their color with the influx of calcium and you what you are measuring is that change in color in the form of a wave you see there is a and this is time 0 8 66 133 267 these are the seconds at different seconds how the calcium wave is generating. So, from here change see the changes here which become more intense more intense and it becomes really intense as it moves through and it is now dying out. So, this is moving through moving through the cell a wave moves through like this. So, this wave emotion is the calcium wave what I was trying to highlight. So, if you do a comparison now of the action potential this is what I have giving you an action potential comparison I told you this is almost 300 milliseconds. Now look at the contraction of a skeletal muscle which is far less it is nothing for a skeletal muscle contraction. So, there are two muscle type with a totally totally different action potential and as a matter of fact a smooth muscle if I could have added here you please go through all the reference text book you will see the smooth muscle also have a different kind of action potential pattern. So, it is the time. So, if you compare it cause the sodium entry duration 3 to 5 second ends with the closure of voltage regulated fast sodium channels then comes the plateau where the causes calcium entry duration almost of 175 milliseconds ends with the closure of the calcium channels repolarization where potassium loss starts and then of course followed by that you have this the sodium potassium ATP is pump calcium pumps and everything comes into play which ensures to pull back the calcium and getting the getting the sodium out and getting the potassium in. So, this is a comparative picture which I wish you people really go through very very carefully because this is going to help you to realize how the heart functions for all your life because the act all your this skeletal muscle does not have to function all the time when there is a impulse it function that is it it has a lot of time to take rest, but your heart does not have any time to take rest it has to continuously function kindly go through this very very carefully. Now, a comparison of the action potential generated by the pacemaker and the ventricular cardiomyocytes it could be this is it is written ventricular cardiomyocytes it could be the upper chamber cardiomyocytes also. So, if you compare it the work cells or the cardiac or the cardiac myocytes they have a larger stable resting membrane potential mp stands for membrane potential whereas pacemaker cells have a smaller unstable membrane potential action potential in terms of action potential they have prolonged ap stands for action potential with a plateau whereas pacemaker cells are spontaneously depolarized generate intrinsic electrical activity of the heart. Location right and left atrium and the ventricles whereas pacemaker cells are found in the SA node AB node bundle of he's and parking g fibers iron movement sodium calcium and potassium movement in contrast of the cardiac myocyte action potential there is no fast inward movement of sodium ions during you could you should add this word fast movement of sodium ions during depolarization this is the overall comparison between the two and in terms of the diagram if you look at it look at where they are resting this is resting at minus 80 this one is resting at between minus somewhere between minus 40 and minus 50 and these are the different phases what I have already highlighted if you go through those phases it is it is very fairly clear and the impulses which are generated from this oscillator circuit is being used by used to activate the cardiac myocytes which are present there. So, this comparative picture is very very essential for you people to you know kind of you know take in mind that you know how beautifully this whole system is synchronized because as of now we are talking to the level and afterward we will talk about the EKG is where this is the overall electrical activity because of these two processes which are working hand in hand. So, now comes the question what is ECG or EKG and how it is linked with conducting contractile system of the heart. So, I will close in here with this lecture in the next lecture we will start from here. So, to summarize what we have learned as of now. So, we have dealt with the anatomy of the heart we have talked about the different cell types of the heart we have talked about two different contract conduct the two different electrically electrical elements the contractile system and the conductive system where conducting system is acting as the master and contractile system is acting as the slave. And the impulse generated by the oscillator of the contractile conducting system is transmitted to the conducting contracting system and we have made a comparison between the electrical properties of both of them. So, I will close in here in the next class we will talk about the ECG and the EKG. Thank you.


We're getting to the recent past of Sherco, so I'm pretty sure that most of you remember the latest conquests of the brand. But do you know that 2019 was also the year that Sherco decided to make a serious investment in one of the biggest markets in the world? Yes, I am talking about the United States. Sherco in France was looking for more focus and growth in the United States being such a market for most companies globally. The United States is usually a growth market for anyone. So if you ask 10 people on the street who are dirt bike enthusiasts or off-road enthusiasts or supercross, motocross, enduro, I'm going to combine them into one and say who is Sherco? I bet you early on it might have been two out of the 10 that can say oh that's a brand from France. They do this and trials back. So it has been our job to really disrupt the market and we're trying to be creative. We don't have the budgets of the big brands, certainly, especially here in the United States where a single importer, we're not Sherco as a whole, we're the importer. And yes, we work hand in hand with France, but we'll get to this. I'm sure that the race team has been a great tool for us and that the proof is in the pudding because these bikes are fantastic out of the creek. Some people say they're ready to race. Our factory line really is ready to race with the bikes are great, but nobody knew of them and nobody could get them. So we were doing demos where we get people riding the bikes. We've grown our dealer network significantly thanks to our sales team. They've gone from maybe 30 active dealers to now we're over 85 approaching 100 since we've just opened California. Nice. That's short of the time. Becoming a reference in the US is a true challenge, but Sherco seems up to it. The first block is in place with the creation of the Factory 1 Sherco team and by signing one of the most valuable riders in the field. Cody Webb joined the team to race in Hard and Rural, while the Baylor Brothers led the show in GNCC and in the Rural. And the factory run at 3R and on the Rural, it's basically like the Sherco Racing Factory team. It's the racing structure of Sherco USA that's independent than the distribution part because a strategy was to implement a super large team for the first year to show that Sherco is competitive on the market because you speak to a typical guy in the GNCC and you say, you know Sherco? Yeah. Say, what is it, ice cream? It certainly is risk reward for us as a young company, as a young brand, especially on the GNCC side with the Baylor's, the 450, really it's unknown it hasn't been raced at a world level outside of now with Rally, but that's kind of a different setup entirely, but so we put eggs in a risky basket and it was proving well, aside from the one fluke that we had in Florida with the two mechanicals, a battery I think it was and a gas thing because we don't have aftermarket parts so our quick fill had failed on us. And so besides that, I mean they were running close to the front and Stewart was about to go, he's right on the leader's, he was about to get the win where it's probably one of the most frustrating second place I think you'll have in the rest of your life. So we accomplished some goals, we've now podiumed in GNCC and now we're looking for the win and then to fight for championships and that's across the board and Cody certainly plans to compete overseas. I think Bursberg being cancelled is a big bummer because we really think he could have had a shot to be the first American to win. We think he'd be set up to do so, you know, he wants to challenge for the Enduro cross Enduro cross sorry and Super Enduro in Europe, he was planning on doing that in the last round for Poland that starts the new season. So but yes and challenge for championships there again, it's brought a bunch of credibility to the brand, not just in the United States, you see a lot of our distributors globally that will reshare a lot of our content, a lot of our social media postings and things and they'll use the photos from our race advertising and things. So we're certainly impacting Sherco on a global level as well and you know, it's a big investment in terms of what our ownership has to put in to do this but I do really believe they see that it gives us that credibility and it's also improving the marketplace as a whole in that you've seen so many aftermarket companies now producing Sherco products that you didn't see before. So there's that impact as well and benefits. So that was always a question from consumers, well, okay, now I see it's a proven bike, I love it, I've ridden it but can I get that part that I needed and so we have the ability to fulfill that we have the warehouse in Kentucky that if the dealership doesn't stock it or they should be stocking it but if they're out of it, they can call us through the Sherco network, get that part delivered so that person can go racing that weekend so a lot has changed that way but you know the emphasis on the team from both the Enduro and the trials has been around but Enduro especially it's just such a big marketing tool for us and you know we understand that and taking Cody from factory KTM is such a crew for us. The Baylor is coming from KTM again that just it kind of sent sort of this shot across the bow as we say here in the United States of like this and people kind of joked about us early on and you know the results have really kind of scared things scared people and we're not we're they're not holding our hands anymore and helping us to point lines and you know the mud pit over here I hope he gets in it so but again I think the competition is great. The input of one Cody Web and the two Baylor brother for sure it helps us a lot because it can show the result that is capable to do the bike so that's it. But enough talking about the past. What's reserved for the brand's future? What are the obstacles Sherco will face? Only future will tell but we already know a few things. The Euro 5 regulation will definitely be a true test of fire. To meet the criteria, two stroke manufacturers will need to introduce the injection technology or find similar solutions in order to be able to sell road legal bikes. But Sherco is already working on that. It's not a big secret, but it's necessary to go to fuel injected. The limits of that is Euro 5 in 2024. So it's in four years so we have time. The problem is not if we have we not have I think all the player on the market they have this maybe on the market or maybe in R&D. Is when they will introduce it for marketing argument to be the first one or the last one or whatever or because the product is better. If you are not the first one to introduce you must be the best. Yeah, if you don't have that card to play it's okay. So let's just focus on doing something really good. Yeah, we have not a big ego. We are the first in four stroke who put the injected. If you have not if you have not the best product you not go on the market. So we at that time that the others introduce injected bike we're not okay with the technology we had. So we say no it's not the time to go on the market. The time will come and the truth is that Sherco still has a lot of room to grow in the off-road segment and not only that one. If you analyze it's quite without big secrets. We are in 3L we are in Enduro. What are the markets that can be interesting? MX maybe. MX is for young rider. It's not the same customer that we have in Enduro that says 45 to 55. That is a wealthy people CSP plus. But maybe we are already selling. We are selling more quantity of moped supermoto than 3L in terms of quantity. This market of soft road bike. We want to do nice products so we would like to go to mass production product or scooter or things like that. So off-road we need to work in this off-road. After we never know maybe we need to go to road one day when I cannot tell you right now. So maybe some little kids off-road bikes might be on your thoughts. We need to finish all engine capacity and the difference is when you do a kids bike it's purely in terms of investment you need to make the engine and the cycle parts. And this is a this is a big cost but there is a big market and there is only a key team is on this market the others are not present. So it's something to check. So Thomas thank you so much for your time it was a lovely chat and I think everyone will be really interested in hearing what you have to say. 2020 brings new challenges and the story of Shurko does not end here. From now on we'll catch up on the next episodes live and in real time to see what this new decade will bring. Stay tuned on behind the scenes to discover the untold story of your favorite off-road brands. See you next time.