Hello everybody and welcome back to esoteric Atlanta. Of course. My name is Bryce. I am sorry. I apologize That this video is late Typically these channel videos we go through these channelings are released on Tuesday as many of you know I have been quite sick Very vintage of me, but I got the flu the good old-fashioned blue. I've had a low grade fever Not really low grade but a fever and the last for about nine days and I am finally back and filming today after Literally nine days in the bed. And so I appreciate all the people who had to reschedule with me for this week I super appreciate your flexibility Thank you so much to Cindy from sacred garden yoga for subbing for me I really really really appreciate it and I'm happy to be back knock on wood And some yep, what my desk is wood look on what that I am on the up Getting better. So we're gonna go ahead and start with filming again So anyway today we are looking at the second part of the great human potential walking in one's own light And if you guys saw the episode from last week the first part of this I Got such good responses. I was blown away by Everything that I read in that first part again It was just confirming a lot of the things that we've been speaking about on this channel And so if you did miss that I will put that in the description box below for you so you can catch up So I was gonna do for my second installment. I was gonna do a longer installment, but because I have been sick and because I have another I'm planning on shooting on Davey Jackson's channel this evening with his boy Bryce one of his co-host and another guy that they work with Think it's friends with Davey. I'm gonna be shooting with him tonight for his channel for the Missing books the Bible, which is really really super exciting to be talking about it with those guys They're all really funny boys. So I can't wait to see what kind of jokes they they pull no pressure or anything Do them but I will let you guys know once that episode is ready to be are available on their channel I I believe they pre-record like I pre-record so it won't be available right away And so I will I will definitely let you guys know when that show is available But that is why I've limited what I'm recording right now because I'm trying to save my energy for that show later tonight It's on somebody else's channel. I want to be on my a game So we're gonna do a smaller section today for part two and of course before we get into it Just a brief word from our sponsors a sia without a sia this channel would not be possible our awesome patrons and Our awesome sponsors are who make this channel channel available for you to watch for free And so we believe in giving gratitude in that on this channel We're not fans of entitlement on this channel or spoiled behavior on this channel And so I for one and super grateful to my sponsors a sia as well as my patrons and my Producers on this channel for Affording me the ability to do this for you for free And so without further ado here is a message from our sponsors You've been on this channel for a while with me You know that I am a firm believer in the power of food The power of food being your medicine and being your spiritual source of an energy supply After all matter or nature is the shakhti of consciousness It is the shakhti and the expression of the soul if you've been on this channel for a while You know that I very much promote a plant-based diet Along with the RU Vedic system of knowing what your actual dosha is With that being said in my life and my adult life I have tried many many supplements before and you guys know that I am a huge fan of the a sia Redox supplement the liquid as well as the gel, but did you also know that a sia has a vitamin line? That's right. It's called the a sia via There are four different types of supplements that a sia is offering this one is the source Which is whole food and micronutrient complex. They also have life max which supports a healthy lifestyle They also have an omega and they have a probiotic now again with this being said I am very much a snob when it comes to supplements again I've been using supplements for a very very long time because early on in my adult life Especially with my yoga career with Ashutosh yoga. I realized again how important the value of Nutrients were to your overall spiritual health the body is energy and food is energy And if we're giving our body the correct energy just like you give your car the correct energy the correct gas Then your body your mind your well-being will work better for you now again Yes, there are lots of supplements out there that are frankly crap And I was not going to actually try the a sia supplements when I first started using a sia because I was help happy With the supplements I had been taking but one day I was on their website and I was like, you know what? I'm actually just gonna try I'm gonna order these vitamins and I'm just gonna see How I like them my boyfriend also is the same of me. He himself is very skeptical of supplements He's been doing supplemental work for literally 30 years now And so for him he too was skeptical. Well, the first Supplement we got was the source in this supplement It has spirulina alfalfa leaf juice wheat grass juice barley grass juice oat grass juice Pomegranate juice assi berry juice raspberry juice blueberry juice cranberry juice grape juice Goji berry juice seek help broccoli cabbage parsley kale dandelion and broccoli sprouts It says on the box a food-based micronutrient complex with the unique blend of superfoods Which a lot of what I just read you is considered a superfood as well as plant extracts and trace minerals now again Once I got the bottle I was still a little skeptical I again am a creature of habit and I liked the supplement I was on but right when I opened this I Could smell the potent seed of the capsules inside I knew the minute I opened this this was going to be a good the same thing with the life max Now for me, I do struggle with inflammation because I do have a propensity to have some arthritic flair offs This has a lot of tumeric in it and tumeric is nature's anti-inflammatory Basically, it's like nature's ibuprofen and as it says on the back that this is designed to counter the negative effects of aging This supplement contains a natural herb astrex which increase energy levels support the immune system and promote healthy inflammatory Responses support joint health and promote a healthy more youthful appearance Now again, these two in my opinion are the Mac Daddy's and I will say two days after my boyfriend being on these supplements He came home from work Saying that he could not believe the amount of energy he had that day He was so impressed by the quality of especially this one of these vitamins But there was no way he would ever go back to the vitamins that we were originally taking Now if you go to the SEO website, which will be linked down in the description box below you will see this little Category of cell nutrition just click on that below and you will see all the different Vitamins here once again if you click on the individual vitamin vitamins, you can see more details About each vitamin now as you guys know Eric you've been on this channel for a while You know I am a vegetarian the Omega does have extracts from the fish Which obviously a lot of Omega products do have fish in them But from what I have heard so I don't take the Omega but from what I have heard from people who do take the Omega Their biggest biggest takeaway from a see as Omega is that they're not left with a fishy taste in their mouth For the rest of the day now I personally am hoping that one day a see a will make an Omega supplement that is good for us Vegetarians just like they have done with their collagen radiance. They've made the collagen radiance Vegetarian friendly so anyway guys just another wonderful thing that is brought to you by a sea If you are interested or want more information on the vitamin line or any of a sea as products Please text Bryce info to three two one two one six eighty forty seven again That's Bryce info to three two one two one six eighty forty seven if you are contacting J From a country outside of the United States Make sure you let him know that and make sure you add a plus one to his phone number That is our country code and make sure you double check that the vitamin line is available in your country That will have to do with whatever red tape a sea has to go through with your health and administration with your government So just double check on that it is available in the United States I think it's available in most countries at this point But again for more information text J text Bryce info to three two one two one six eighty forty seven If you're already sold on these vitamins and you want to try them I will put a link down in the description box that takes you directly to the vitamins So it makes it easier for you just to quickly purchase if 30 days goes by and you're not happy with the product Aseo will offer you a full refund no questions asked Alright you guys with that being said back to our show. Alright the construct of your Dimension and breaking the mental barrier. This is page 15 if you are following along in your own book This topic covers a number of things first We will start by talking briefly about how to better understand the dimensional structure For you to be able to leave the three-dimensional structure for good. You have to understand how it is built Letting go of the 3d mindset will allow you to focus on the multi-dimensional Perspective those of you reading this all know by now that 3d mind was created to limit To give you the illusion of separation so that you could have a unique set of vibre toriel Experiences and make unique choices based on the perception of separation We talk about this a lot especially over on Aquarius rising Africa We came here to feel the friction of the negative path Which is that idea of separation and this is how so many? Religions have made speaking up in the same books of the Bible This is how so many religions have made their money have garnered their power is by Convincing you that you not only are separate from your fellow man But you are also separate from God and this frankly is not true You are never separate from God. God is always with you. You are born in the grace of God And so but that that friction of feeling as if you are separate is what brings you to the wisdom of Understanding you are not separate. And so we again we speak about this a lot Especially over on Aquarius rising Africa very very important concept to understand Of course, it is impossible for you to be separate because you are always connected to everyone and everything in the process of the Descension into the 3d reality You needed the illusion of time as it allowed you the opportunity to make adjustments so that you were Creating via your thoughts emotions and feelings weren't immediately projected Frequencies do not move through time at the same rate Lower thoughts move through time at a slower rate Time gave you space between what you were pulsing out in what was reflected back or experienced Time is a very important component of the 3d reality, but is it is an illusion? And we want you to know that your perception of this illusion does not exist in any other dimension in other dimensions time is viewed simply as a marker for an event and the Emerald tablets also spoke about time as well that it's an illusion here for their density We know that time is actually super cool moves and cycles not linear alright One of the most important things to let go and break from your mental cycle is the idea of time For many years now you have noticed a big shift a change in how you experience time You are most certainly feeling the compression of it You may not realize that it is time that is creating these increased sensations or intensities That you are all going through as we said frequencies do not move throughout through time at the same rate The higher you go in frequency the more time appears to compress Ten years ago you played out your dramas an extended period of time, but now it is done in a relatively short period To give you an example what you would have taken a year to work out now takes about four days This is why everything feels more intense This is happening because you are getting higher in frequency as you move beyond 3d and into 5d You will feel that time is collapsing upon itself And when you break the mental barrier you can shift your focus to a multi-dimensional perspective You will no longer look at things in a linear timeline and you can start focusing on multiple realities in a single moment It's so interesting while I was sick. I was Laying in bed watching a bunch of movies from my childhood I actually like finished all the new the New York Housewives series I was like, I'm just gonna go back and rewatch some of these movies from when I was child And one of those movies was the Mighty Ducks. Do you guys remember the Mighty Ducks? Gray movie gray movie and I was what but I was watching it I was thinking about everything we used to do in a day when I was child like go to school After-school activities homework playing outside like all these things we fit into a day That the dating it seems too short to fit into now. And so this this concept of time is changing I know I was nodding while reading that because it gets so many emails from you guys and comments from you guys Saying the same thing that you feel like time is speeding up that it's not as as long as it used to be when When you were younger not just younger as a child But even when we were like in our early 20s and 40 now, you know, it's just it's strange This we're all kind of feeling this frequency of time is shifting and changing So and we know if you're a student of the law of one, you know, it's not just human beings that are on the ascension process It's also the earth itself. So that would make sense. All right So we have talked about the 3d and 5d experience But in truth you are currently vibrating in 40 that I don't agree with because that counters with the law of one Now if we're talking dimensions that might be different because dimension is more consciousness Whereas density is what the law of one focuses on. We are very much in third density We will know when we switch to fourth density There will be an event that happens that pushes us into fourth density positive That has not happened yet. We are still in third density Do not let anybody fool you or trick you into thinking that you're in you're already in a fourth density positive timeline That is not true in a fourth density positive timeline There is no pecking order. So the cabal cannot exist, right? So there will be no government There will be nothing that we see in it. That's in a pecking order today And any type of person that's trying to sell you on a pecking order like sell you That mr. T is going to be the king or something like that. That's not good. You guys. That's negative That's the fourth density negative. So just be very aware of these infiltrators and and how they're trying to sell you There's some people out there trying to sell you on like a one party system when it comes to politics And I think we can all agree that a two party system doesn't work But a one party system is even worse. That's the new world order So we want a multi party system So be aware of these things educate yourself on these things because knowledge is power and knowledge protects So just make sure you're aware of these things. We might be more of a fourth dimensional way of consciousness, but we are certainly not in fourth density not yet Unlike 3d and 5d which have very fixed constructs or rules to the game the fourth dimension So they're talking about dimensions not density is a very malleable one Because of the constructs of 3d and 5d are so different You need an entire dimensional range in which to make the transition from one to the other You need a matrix in which you could modify the rules to allow for the consciously To allow for consciously adjusting to implementing these new perceptions remember you are playing in a game of dissension and re-assention And this 4d playground we need we need both transitions many of you think that you are Incarnated at the at the bottom and work your way up to the top. This is not the case. You are source energy, right? So the packing order again is not good. You are the social member complex. You are source energy You start at the top then you fracture and come down play in different arenas Reconnect with source energy review and project into another game again Most of you do not realize that you are residing in the fourth dimension as you are still currently applying 3d rules to the 4d matrix But you can also run 5d programming. What we want for you is more of the 5d programming Many of you are walking between these two worlds some of you more than others No doubt you've got the theory down, but the practical application is still Far from being there right now. You are in the process of creating new patterns new neural networks New habits and releasing the programs that generate limitation You are creating your new potential. You have to remember that you are your higher self It is not something that you have to become or something that you have to reconnect with For you to experience the third dimensional range You as higher self incarnated and projected into form and then overlaying illusions of separation creating an ego or personality Yeah, that's the shiva and the shakti the body that you reside in is the shakti is the expression of the soul Right is the expression of your own soul's desire and the ego the personality is the false sense of self We've talked about this so much on this channel because that again is the crux of the missing books of the bible speaking of The show i'm doing tonight and also it's the crux of um eastern philosophy Which makes sense right because yashua was of eastern philosophy not western philosophy so All right You've created filters to color the perceived reality all the emotions feelings and thought thought that you That say that you are separate that you are not good enough that you cannot connect and that you are not lovable are simply An exploration and duality It is so important to see it that way an exploration that you decided to undertake Ding ding ding ding you created this Some of you get very upset because you feel that you cannot connect but in reality You are exploring and practicing duality and are never ever separate from self or from source Unless you're an organic portal and you don't have a self or a source Which i'll we've talked about that before i'll put that video in the description box below as well if you missed that If you want to shift your perception from one separation To if you want to shift your perception from one of separation to one of connection It is really quite simple throughout the day. You can stop and ask yourself Where am i vibrating at the mental emotional and physical levels? As you start to check in and readjust yourself you can create these new habits These new thought forms because most of the lower ones are running at a subconscious level The idea here is to take all of the frequencies that you are running at the subconscious level and become conscious of them That really is the challenging part for you, but the mechanics of it are quite simple We are going to give you some simple exercises, but you will see the mind does not like this It will say to you. Oh, it is much more complicated than that. In fact, it is that easy What is the most challenging for you is the emotional or mental part of letting go So you must have patience and if your mind gets challenged in any type of spiritual practice That's kind of the point like your point in a real spirituality is not about light love Let's just make that very clear and someone who's trying to sell you that from the very beginning Is a con artist. Okay true spirituality is about the ego death It's about letting go as they say of the false sense of self And so when you start to do that, you're going to go through a lot of tribulation There's going to be a lot of friction a lot of really uncomfortable stuff that you're going to have to face within your own psyche and so this is why shadow work becomes like Key to all of this and so the mind is going to absolutely push against any type of legit spirit If the mind is enjoying the spiritual work, then it's probably not spiritual work The spiritual work is supposed to trigger the mind. Okay Again, this is why it's super important whenever you get a healing service done Or you go to a yoga class or you seek out any type of guidance When it comes to this it is very important to ask the teacher to see their resume Who is their teacher? How many years have they been practicing themselves? What lineage do they come from? I have all of that on my resume Right It's important. This is very important so that you don't get conned. Remember a teacher's job is to eventually not be needed A leader's job is to always be needed and leaders are conned So just protect yourself ask those important questions All right, exercise from seven to 10 days As you go through your day If you take the time to set an alarm once every hour and check in with yourself to see where you are vibrating at the emotional Mental and physical levels that will help you to make more conscious choices. For example, ask yourself Do I like where I'm vibrating? Do I want to keep projecting these frequencies? Know that if you keep projecting the same frequencies, they will continue to be reflected back to you in your reality What you may find as you start consciously observing your vibration is that your ability to manifest your clarity And how you interpret frequency will vastly be vastly different Let's say that you want a new job. Maybe emotionally you are all right with it But mentally perhaps you are saying to yourself Maybe I don't have the qualifications for it or another similar thought that keeps you misaligned Is what you want when you check in with yourself once in a while you can catch or notice those misalignments Well that I don't If you don't have the qualifications to do something you don't have the qualifications to do something and that I don't quite agree with Like for example, if you sit there and say I really want to be a surgeon But I don't have the qualifications That's not a misalignment. You don't have the qualifications If you haven't gone to medical school, then you don't have the qualifications But that does not mean that you can't get the qualifications, right?  So I definitely want to emphasize that because that I don't quite I think that's very misleading and We if you're going to if you want to do surgery on someone then if you want if you have to have surgery done to you Do you want somebody that's been to medical school or do you want somebody that just really wants to do surgery on you? Pick take your pick. You're going to want the qualified doctor, right? So Anyway, let me start that over again Let's say that you want a new job. Maybe emotionally you are aligned with it, but mentally perhaps you are saying to yourself Maybe I don't have the qualifications for it or another similar thought that keeps you misaligned with what you want When you check in with yourself once in a while, you can catch or notice those misalignments When you do ask yourself, why am I not releasing these fears or this belief system? How does holding on to this belief serve me? Well once again, if you don't have the qualifications to do something meaning the training then That's not a fear holding you back. That's like a legal issue and that's a common sense issue You know and that's one of the dangers of like the fake spiritual world like the fake spiritual world is like it's cool Anyone can do it. That's not what the real spiritual world says. Anyone can do it You just need to have many years of training intense training Like a doctor or a lawyer Checking in will give you the opportunity to see that to see the patterns that you have perhaps not noticed before You will then start noticing patterns that you have with your co-workers your family members or your business relations It could be stronger in one particular relationship But usually the same pattern is also present in a weaker form in that other relationship Bottom line, you have to see how patterns are serving you how they are maintaining the illusion of separation You have to release judgment around the idea of separation so you can go into higher perspective about connection that I do agree with right So let's let's rephrase that because I don't like that whole qualification thing So let's say you want to be a traditional Eastern philosophy yoga teacher like myself. Let's say you want to do that But you think you don't have what it takes to become that What you what you're lacking is the idea that you're patient enough to become that Anybody can you know, there's steps to take to become what I do There are definite steps you have to take you have to find a mice or program Run by an authorized or certified teacher here in the united states or whatever is you live You have to study under that teacher for a while Then you have to talk to that teacher about possibly getting to India You have to make sure that you practice the full primary series before you go to india Which can in a lot of cases take many years to learn You have to then qualify to go to india you then have to be accepted You have to apply and be accepted into the school Then you have many years of traveling back and forth to india where you're deepening Your own study before you're actually granted that authorization. It's possible You you do have the opportunity to do that You just I think what we lack is the patience We live in a very entitled society, right? I didn't grow up in an entitled society I grew up in a society where it takes hard work. You can do what you want to do That's the american dream, but you're gonna have to put forth the effort to do it, right? And so that's where I think the this the disconnect lies So if you think god, I really want to be a traditional teacher of eastern philosophy Okay Well Great, but you can't just be that Right You have to go through the training. You have to know the knowledge understand the scriptures Understand the Sanskrit in order to then teach it to others. How can you teach something to others that you don't know yourself? So it's not that It's bad to be like, oh, I need to know it's a good thing to go If every no one went to school and learned under these money under these palm gurus And it would be a shit show we would never ascend right So It's saying, okay I need to be patient with myself and take the steps so that I can meet these qualifications To actually do this job When most of you think of creating you have a visual image of energy Pulsed out and looped back to you when you seek when you seek to create What you seek is to create outside of yourself and there's an element of time involved in the process of creation Would you like to start encouraging? No, I don't um, this is okay Loved last week's reading this week's reading is is really kind of slapping traditional spirituality in the face right now And um, this is just not acceptable when it comes to traditional This is setting people up to be calmed What and I'm I'm I'm going to finish this but I'm hoping to god This is the one chapter of this book that is just out of speaking of alignment really out of alignment Okay, so I really again want to emphasize it takes you came to earth to human To experience as I said earlier to experience time To experience patience To experience hard work If you could manifest what you wanted within one day You wouldn't appreciate it You wouldn't have that depth of wisdom It's the time That you spend working on these things that gives you Your own appreciation for what it is that you are experiencing as a student As well as someone who will eventually be a teacher Or whatever it is that you're trying to do think about your college experience if you know if you went to university Think about everything you learned in the process of getting that degree All the friendships that you made all of the social experiences that you had the good the bad the ugly all of them All of the teachers who made such a positive impact on you and taught you so much more Than the subject they were paid to teach you And the professors and teachers who are shitty you learned from them as well You learn not what you learn what not to do There's value in that Now think about if you have your degree in english, let's say think about if you just got it overnight all of those experiences When you smile when you think back on your university experience You're not thinking at least i'm not thinking about the degree I'm thinking about my friends Everything I learned socially the the nights out of the bars the laughter Right, so don't take that for granted Entitlement is never good All right, so I I would I mean you can do what you want obviously to your free will choice But I would just be very hesitant to do this exercise and to think that you deserve to just get something because you want it That's what a spoiled child does you have to earn it You have to earn it You are already that which you seek to become you need only to remove these filters these false perceptions These judgments that you have been concerning who you think you are the stories you were telling yourself That okay, but to the person who wrote this book that has top kenyan that has to do with Your perception of your ego versus the perception of soul when they talk about that in the eastern philosophy That just has nothing to do with your job nothing Maybe go back and read the yoga sutures of the country that has nothing you and this and this are confusing Who you you're confusing the ego with the soul at this point All right We see many of you are pushing energetically to get to the other side to that 5g level and that is absolutely vital That you let go of that push to get there that so they just basically contradicted everything they just said because that I agree with It's about it's cheesy as it says as it as that saying is it's not about the definition It's about the journey It's literally about the journey the underlying need is almost always fear-based You are holding judgment about where you are on your current reality As we always tell you you have to accept where you are to change where you are The desire to run from your current situation will always call more of that frequency to you that I do agree with Anytime you are thinking about the future or the past you are siphoning off energy In fact, you are not allowing yourself to run at full power Instead you are sending energy to another now moment of which your soul's essence is not focused Also, it is an indication that you are in the victim perpetrator mindset your desire to look down Those other timeline means that you are no longer engaged in the present There is something that is driving you from a state of fear to go back to the past or towards the future What is it? It could be security or a safety issue. It could also be separation anxiety or abandonment For sure, there is a fear at the root of it. We hear some of you say, but I don't need to plan for my future But what we are talking about here is your random thoughts throughout the day If you wish to explore other timelines, then we recommend you sit down with a specific intention To do so be very clear about your purpose for viewing them There is a tremendous amount of energy and frequency for you to explore in every now moment There is so much data that the soul is hungry for and so curious about in each Now moment that you are never ever going to be bored If you are bored, you are not in the now being present in the now is about being conscious with every single breath At this time you have the opportunity to learn to be very clear about frequency and how you are vibrating in your energetic field This is what changes your reality If you want to change your reality, you have to change your energetic field We will just end this subject by saying that when you are heart centered and in alignment fully open and connected It is as if you are standing in a giant data stream That is about six feet wide this data stream is your connection to higher conscious awareness source Your guide celestial friends in the akashic records But when you are misaligned, especially when you are in deep fear, the data stream shrinks down to about an inch wide Consequently, it takes longer to download or to access higher information And you are limited in your connection to the infinite restorative powers of source Not only are you restricting the intake of new energy, but you are also Expending more as being closed or in or in resistance requires a great deal more energy than being in divine Flow and we're going to end that here today guys just because again, I've been a little sick We will start next week with the absolute truth, which is a chapter. I'm actually very excited about So anyway, leave me your thoughts and your opinions down in the comment section again Once again once the episode with davie is available on his channel I will be sharing it on my community tab to make sure you guys get a chance to watch especially since you guys have been with me From the beginning going through the juicy juicy juicy missing books of the bible. Anyway guys, I'll talk to you soon. Have a wonderful day


Now, Indian farmers called off a year-long protest on Thursday after government conceded a clutch of demands. These include assurances to concede guaranteed prices for our produce. Instead of just rice and wheat, Indian leaders said. Details on this report. The massive nationwide protest by farmers in India that have racked the country for over a year may finally be over. Indian leaders called off the demonstrations on Thursday after the government conceded to a clutch of demands, including assurances to consider guaranteed prices for all the farmers' produce. The protest was sparked by new and controversial agricultural laws which deregulated the sector, but opponents feared made farmers vulnerable to big business. It even drew in activists abroad, including Rihanna and Greta Thunberg. Prime Minister Narendra Modi said last month he would roll back some of the laws, but the farmers had continued to press for other demands, such as the guaranteed prices, as well as for legal action against protesters to be dropped. Farmers leaders said they'll meet on January 15th to review progress on the government's assurances, and warn that protests would resume if the government backed away. The protest camps will start clearing out on December 11th. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Welcom y toffi TV er isd o matri ac i'n Everton 1, West Ham United 3. Y guddysyn ydy, yn oedd e'r terribol risul ffordd efo'r newydd, yn oedd e'n gweithio'r cyffredinol. Yn y gweithio'r cyffredinol, mae Everton a'r llans o'n gweithio, mae'n gwybod o'r gweithio'r cyffredinol a'r cyflogau o'r cyffredinol yn y gweithio. Mae'n drwy'r ymddi, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio. A hyn oherwydd dyma'r cyflogau ymddangos mor i, a'n e'n gweithio roi'n gweithio, ac mae'n gofyn o'n amser ac mae'n gyfle i'ch llach o'r gyfer Cyfredinol, fyddai'n gweithio i'ch cyflogau i April. Felly gallai mae'n groesio a'n mynd i gael eu cyfrhau. A i ni fel o'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio, Panwyr ganwyd ein gwybodaeth y ffordd wedi gael i'r amlwg o Maerod, ac mae yw dechrau i gael i trysrif Gannagai. Cyddynt i'n mynd gwitaith yma'r hwn. I gyd yn rôl, mae gennym gallu cael ei fod yn y ffordd, ma oherwydd'n gwneud y bwrdd. Diolch tymp yn gwirionedd. Rydw i'n credu'n cefn nhw. Ond yma'r pohon yma'r rôl yn ôl i ni'n cefn nhw'n gwneud. dechrau dweud. Dwight McNeill wedi gweld llawer yn y drydd hynny i ddweud i'r sames a dyno i mi, a dyna fydda hefyd ydechrau i'r ddefnydd. Rydym ni'n hollu'ch ni i gynnwys, rwy'n dwy'n meddwl, Mikhalyn Cobh outwch. Dyno'r problemau er fydd honno'n dweud i ni gilydd. Dwight McNeill wedi cyfarfodio'r gweithnu i'r cyfan. Ar hyn o bobl y gallwch I'll gwneud ei gwbl ardi, neu yn ydych chi'n holl hwyl, a maeth gennym eich ffordd a dweudio'n ddych chi'n gwybod ddweud y gweithio. Mae'n rhan o'n gweithio'n gweithio, oherwydd mae'n gweld i'w ddechrau, mae'n ddweudio. Ac, fe ydych chi'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio eich hyffordd i chi. Felly mae'n ddweudio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'n ei ddweud i chi'n gweld i'ch cymryd i chi'n gweld i chi, cilio'r gweithio yn y ffordd, Gweld ynni ar ystod, ac yn rhan o'r rhyw. Mor oedd o'r gwrs o gweithio dda ni'n dan. Rym ni gyd yn rhan o'r boel ac yn oed yn ôl. A'r rhan o'r gwrdd i ni i nobio y cefnod o bethau. Rwy'n golygu o'r gallu ball a'n golygu cael ei ysgol. Rwy'n golygu i chi'n golygu iawn i bethau a'n golygu i chi'n golygu i chi'n golygu i chi'n golygu i chi'n gwasanaeth eich bod hynod. Mae'r llwy o mon o anifeil a'r gweithio. felly'r ydyn nhw'n fel Alvarys, mwyn i'r sheift, a byddai'r camnig. Oes Ddan, i'n ein bod i ddim yn bach a ymwneud, ond yn Bahamad Cudas fel gwrs, fel yn ymgyrch i'n blynyddu. Byddai'n lle bêl, mae'n fawr hwn yn braf. Byddai'n bod i'n cael'r feddwl, ac yn gael yr un ffordd iawn. Dwi'n ddim ganddau'r peirlo yma. Felly, mae'n bwysig'u'r feddili nad oes'n ddau o'n ddod o'n ddod o'r hyffordd iawn. Yn gyfion ddechrau gyda hynny, sy'n byw, oedd yn cais. Fyddai'r dweud wrth gweithii ac yn aesunol yn gweithio. Yn gyfion, byddai'r penalti. Dyna dod yn drafodaeth ym mh良 ar hyn, a chi'n rheida chi mae'n cyffredin arferynau. Fyrddwch hwn ymddangos, yn ymddangos i ddweud a'r pasgol. Ychydig yn y penalti, mae'r liwn i ymddangos, ond ddych chi mor yw i fel wahanol. It's the most stone wall penalty you will ever see, the easiest decision you will ever see on a football pitch, and Craig Paulson didn't make it. He's terrible, he's got previous with Everton, we know that, he's just such a poor referee, and he has a problem with Everton. He got sent to the screen, he had a look below me and had to give it, you knew he was going to give it, then he replayed it on the screen and the crowd rightly were going mad because it was just pathetic that it even went to VAR. You know it, Everton have waited 31 games I think it is, for a penalty kick, the get one and Beto misses it. Good save by Adiola, gone down to his left to keep it at nil nil. We went in at half time and yeah, I thought it was a really poor first half though, Bob teams were dreadful in the first half. We come out for the second half and again you're looking at that little bit of fire. Dwight McNeill had a good shot on the team with Adiola, he should save it but he pushed it away. Everton started trying, Beto was knocking people about, we were getting this forward a little bit, but like I said before McNeill looked much better, more much more comfortable in that sense, going in when he was getting into the centre of the pitch. West Ham had a couple of escapes, important blocks, Adiola pushed another couple away and then we get a goal, brilliant play from James Garland on the right hand side, a great ball into the box and Beto with a tremendous header back into the corner to give us the lead and the first real decent cross he'd had all day and he stuck it away and ironically hard at the other two, the penalty and the one, the one we won he had. To give us the lead and West Ham are rocking at that moment, it was a deserved lead. We then go and get another opportunity immediately, ball breaks through, Jack had us and should shoot for me but doesn't wait, comes back inside, flicks it across and Dwight McNeill's got the whole goal to make it 2-0, it's an absolute sitter and he hits it straight at the goalie and if that goes in 2-0 you fancy Everton to win again and he doesn't, it is an absolute sitter, hits it straight at the goalie. That kind of kicked West Ham into a little bit of life, they go and get a corner and the corner comes in and I think the goalkeepers got to do better in terms of coming and trying to punch that but like we can see the poorly last week from across the balls in and care to your heads when it goes in off the top of his head, go there, they're into the top corner to one-one. Everton then, West Ham looked dangerous for five minutes then and the worry was they would go on and win it and they front, you know, Jarrod Bowman's a really good player, we know that he's a threat, Curtis like he said was their best player all day and he was always going to be a threat. Paquetta had done nothing really all day for them. They brought Michael Antonio on, they're big.  He's never really going to hit you with goals but he's powerful running and Everton has to be weird there but it was Everton who had opportunities to go and get that second goal. One in particular which went got cleared off the line, it looked like there was no way on earth we couldn't make it 2-1. Dominic Alderlyan had come on for better at this stage, he almost got one, he got on the end of a décor, he crossed and he come out to Ben Goffrey and he only had to hit it on target to score and he put it wide. There was a bit of huffing and puffing from us. West Ham rode that out and then broke in an injury time. Ben Goffrey doesn't get out close enough to a cross, I think it's queued as he puts it over and takes it down and smashes it into the far corner to give West Ham the lead in injury time in the victory. Everton don't come back from behind really very often, certainly not with a couple of minutes left. Dominic Alderlyan made two subs with 90 seconds to go. We get a corner, Timothy won us a corner and James Garner's over the ball and hits the first corner in, it's Dreffel but Dreffery says he hasn't told him to take it because there's pushing and shoving. Garner gets the second one and when you get the second opportunity after your first one's awful, you make it count, you put a good ball in. He puts another Dreffel ball in, which is clear. He's then got the opportunity, takes a touch, he's got the opportunity to throw it back in, he hesitates, takes too long and then passes the ball straight to Jarrett Bowen who races through and slips in Alvarez and he just thinks he's overpicked for 3-1 and West Ham have won the game and fair play to them for breaking and punishing Everton. The manager, I'm sure, will point to mischances.  Well, this is a shocking record of over 30 years. We have got to start winning games. We have won three home games. Is he all to blame? No. Then players have got to take responsibility. We're in a relegation dogfight. The chances are we're probably going to lose more points on the appeal now. Yeah, it might be two, it might be three, it might be six. Six kills us. If it's six, I think we're in a huge hole then. But we've got one game between now and the end of March and after that manual away. You know, teams can pick up big points. Now I know at the time we go on this villa to win and tune a little looting. So that's a good result. Liverpool obviously got a late winner to make sure Forrest didn't win. They didn't get a draw. But Brentford have got a point to Chelsea and gone above us. We're in a dogfight and we're going to have to win a couple of games maybe that no one thought we could win and today we were 1-0 up and on top in a home game and we've been beaten three more. And I'm just that unacceptable to me and everybody don't manage yet. The coaches and the players have to take responsibility for this today. This is a terrible, terrible home defeat. Damaging home defeat. And we are in a precarious position and I don't know how we shot it but we need to shot it.  I don't know how we put it right to be honest. We're going to have to otherwise we're going to be relegated but we're going to need four wins probably. I'd even be five if we got six points. We're going to need five wins aren't we? So it's going to be a tough end to the season. It really is. Losing your home games, not winning home matches is a huge issue for us and there you go. That's the way I feel today. I'm sure there'll be a lot of Sean Dice fans who feel totally different and think I'm wrong on all that, but fine. But I don't accept one defeat in ten near my standards if yours are lower than that, that's up to you. But yeah, I'm not giving anybody another match. I'm just not. There you go. Have a good weekend.


Good, so my mother came up from New Jersey this weekend and I took her, one of her hearing aids was broken. So I took her to the audiologist this morning and our appointment was at eight o'clock. So when I woke up this morning and the market was down 500 points, I said, I brought my MiFi and my laptop with me. God, thank God, but actually it wouldn't even matter because the fact is that we fell way past the open but you were in stuff from last week then. So what did you hold? I was, but I knew you were gonna do a day trade and I wanted to get back from Thursday so I was really excited, you know? I'm like, oh good, we're gonna short today. All right, so what did you book today? Oh my gosh, I'm still in things but you know what, last week, I had a really good week with options last week and I got out of like two spies, I think and everything, I had a couple of Netflix, I had an Apple, everything, I was out of everything for like at least $250 profit at least and I don't have any, like I didn't write them down because Friday I even got out of things because we didn't do any day trades on Friday but then the market fell off a cliff after lunch and what I made the mistake doing was I made the mistake getting out of, I had a BA 165 left and I had a BA 155 left. So I said, oh, it was like 11 o'clock. I said, you know what, I'm just gonna get out of this and then I have nothing to worry about and then all my other ones are puts and a lot of them were, all the ones I had left on Friday, we're gonna expire next Friday, so I wasn't worried at all. So I should have got out of BA because the 165 I probably would have made more money on but the 155s went bust, the 155s went bust. I mean, the BA just did not go even though everything else did on Friday as good as everything else did and I was hesitant to call that again today but then I'm like, everything's gonna go. So are you, did you book any money at all today or just in holding everything? No, I didn't. I have an Apple 110 and that's kind of like a break-even right now. I have an Apple 107.5, that's up not much. I have a Diamond 270. Oh, I'm up a lot in the Diamond 277. And you should be up a lot. I only have one contract of that and that's about, I have about $580 in that. So I was just waiting to see. I wasn't gonna jump to get out of it because it really hasn't gone back up at all. No, we're getting in here to the 12 o'clock period but again, this just looks so good here. I mean, we're not really, the only thing that backed up today was Apple and the only reason I think that we haven't fallen off a cliff yet is because Apple did back up today. Do you know what I mean? Right, yes. So I have an Apple 110 and I have an Apple 107.5, 107.5, I have a Netflix, I have two Netflix 470s, two contracts and the Microsoft, I'm up a little bit. The Qs, I have a Q267, which I'm up $105. I have one contract of that and I bought two Qs 260s and I bought three Spies 325. Yeah, yeah. And then what about the day trades? Are you at all the day trades? No, I'm still in them. Okay, you're still in everything? Yes, I'm still in the, I didn't take the Qs, I didn't have enough money to take the Qs but I'm in a little bit of the diamond but I'm heavier in the spy. That's hilarious that you don't have money to take everything I'm calling because I'm calling everything. Yeah. Well, because they're like 260 a share so I don't have that much buying power. I know because I've called like 750 trades today. Right, but I just figured the spy, you said this is the bellwether so that's why I'm heavier in that. Then there's some good earnings this week. There's Costco. I really think there's Nike. Yeah. Yeah. And you know, with the market, if the market goes down again tomorrow then we should be able to do another, hopefully short on that as well. Well, I can't tell you that until I see exactly what we're gonna do by the close today. So how much did you make in options last week though? You're up and in. Oh, do you know what? Ben always keeps the running total and I did not total them up. But I must have made like at least $2,000 in options, at least two to three. I mean, Netflix was huge for me. You know, I think I made $1,500 twice in Netflix. You know, I just, every time I got in and all the options worked for the last two weeks they've been working. I know. Except VA, yeah. I did not take Amazon and I did not take a Google. I'm not there yet. That's very expensive. Yeah, yeah, yeah. You have to stay within your parameters. That was just $40. Yeah. Pardon? Yeah, I just read I've been about taking the spy, you know, a couple shares of the spy. It was less than $5, so that's why I took three contracts of that. Okay, good. So, all right. Good for you. We'll just hang on, hang on then today. We're getting into the 12 o'clock period and see where we go. I'm watching. Yeah, I mean, if we don't have a big, big sell-off today, like I'm anticipating that we could gap down tomorrow. But if you want to book a couple of things here before the end of the day, just to make sure it's up to you. Yes. I think I would definitely get out of that, the Q's, the 267, and I would probably get out of that. Oh, and I did take a JPM. You know, the banks, I'm kind of skittish about because they never seem to make us the real good money. No, they don't, but if they move, big they do. Same thing with CCL. If they have, if they have a big move, which again, like I said the other day, I said it last week, I said in the class this weekend, when the market goes, nothing's gonna hang on, not Tesla, not anything, not anything at all, not Palo Alto, not everything, everything's in love with, nothing, nothing, nothing. Yes.  I can let you know for sure, but I know I've made some really good money, really good money. All right, well this week we should too, so. Yeah. All right, well you're back and you're organized, so that's good. I'm organized. Yeah, and I don't have it, I just had to pick up my son like after four o'clock, so I'm good.  Right, and that's why with my mom with the audiologist, I mean they were backed up for weeks and I'm like, okay, eight o'clock, gotta work, I'll be home by nine. And then when I'm like, you know what? I'm taking my computer with me, I'm not taking any chances. Thank God you I Wi-Fi. Yes, I haven't been born yet for Christmas, it's a Mi-Fi, so it's a portable one. So have Mi-Fi, we'll travel. All right, send me any news updates today.


And so I want to make clear from what position I'm speaking. So this is not just Kapthatsu or Benewalensia, as we'd say in German, but I'm not a linguist. And also I want to say thank you. I feel really privileged or but definitely happy to be in such a circle because I usually don't get to hear this kind of discussion. I understand some part of it and I really profit from this very much. And so I want to speak more about writing practices. And then my second disclaimer is I should also admit that I am not a trained paleographer in the sense of ever having had a teacher in this area and so forth. But I got interested. So my idea is mainly in the formational history of texts, of early Chinese texts. And I've done this for a long time just with transmitted texts where you can do this as well just by comparing and historical criticism and so forth. But then of course went into this new field of manuscripts. And so what I want to contribute today also is maybe a third disclaimer. Isn't any new research. So some of you know all my points, probably almost all of them that I've made earlier somewhere. But I've made them in different contexts. And I just want to give some examples that seem to me to fit into this discussion of how we use a phonology. Sorry, how we use a paleographic sources for phonology, for the reconstruction or whatever words you prefer of whole Chinese. And they're not completely random, but they're not all very neatly related. So this paper is not trying to be a systematic discussion of something that I've published in this way. So I just want to go through a few examples. And now maybe my last disclaimer if that is one. I'm sorry I have something in writing here because I know what happens when I just go through my examples and then I start to ramble and go into too much detail. So I will, for the first part, be mostly following a written script here because otherwise it's a time problem. So let me start by saying that I consider it one of the strong points of the recent book, Back to the Saga, to include very strongly paleographic sources as evidence. So what I want to present is just something where I make this non-training that I just described productive in the sense of being unencumbered by a lot of theories of how paleography should work or the linguistic side of it. And just try to apply what seems to me to be fairly sane reasoning. And consider certain possibilities that I want to suggest how writing could have taken place and maybe even how the reading of these materials could have taken place and what that means to us. So a point with which I agree very much is the point you make in your book that the manuscript characters, especially from pre-imperial times, reflect sound changes more flexibly than the more stable orthography of later periods, which makes these sound changes less visible or maybe entirely invisible. You could, of course, then say in the 20th century, orthographic reform does something else, but that's obviously not what we're discussing. So this flexibility of early orthography really makes early manuscripts a very important new source for the reconstruction of old Chinese. And I think that is what the book makes abundantly clear with multiple really excellent examples. I'm not going there. But what I want to discuss today is that the lower degree of orthographic stability also creates problems with regard to extracting phonological information from the characters. I want to talk about a few aspects of early Chinese writing practice that I believe should be considered as possibilities. They're not necessarily really firm assumptions that I have. And I think that will become clear when I get to the examples. So I don't know if my title limitations to the source value is particularly good, but let's just present what I really want to talk about it and then see if it fits. So let's first come to what I think are excellent examples in your book of how sound change is reflected in different orthographies. And just to save time, I won't say anything about it. They just convinced me the evidence I know. And I want to come to another point where I think that not all changes of, sorry, changing or varying phonophorics in characters are as clear cut. So, and you've already prepared a lot of ground here. And I want to go to the example of Warring States characters used to write the words sung, bereavement, mourning or sung to lose and show that changes in phonophoric character components may be unrelated to sound changes and occur for more complicated reasons. And getting phonetic information for manuscript characters involves just to be a bit more systematic. I think three major activities. First is to identify the character components. Second, to identify the functions of these components that I would roughly distinguish in either phonetic or semantic or distinctive that is usually disambiguating. So some components really plain or semantic or phonetic role. And third, if that function is phonetic then to determine what this phonetic value is. So let me begin with this example that I just mentioned. So according to Hueshen, the character is a combination of the phonetic wang written under the significant ku to cry whale. Excavated manuscripts and inscriptions however do not confirm this. So I'm showing another character here because this will turn out to be the actual phonetic. So these excavated inscriptions and manuscripts do not confirm this. In fact, the word was written in Oracle bone inscriptions with the character sang for Malvary tree to which several distinctive ko were added to show it's not the Malvary tree that the character stands for. Then beginning in early Joe inscriptions the character simplified by reducing the complexity of the upper part of the tree graph to a form that now typically looks like the graph for elbows that we're back there combined with a varying number of ko elements. This makes the resemblance to the character for Malvary tree less obvious and may have affected recognition of the phonetic value. To balance this, I believe new graphs were incorporated into the character. Bronze inscriptions show the graph wang merged with the upper part of the tree character or just the tree. I don't want to be too precise about what is the upper or lower part of the tree. And the presence of this phonetic is understood as evidence of a labial initial M in Baxter 92. And I think continued in your book if I understand that right. And that's really where I have my question if there's another way of looking at the paleographic evidence. Which is a bit complicated. Since the earliest characters for sang do not have the phonetic wang and many of the later forms also do not have this element either. So let me go to this. Some of the bronze forms vary the original distinctive ko and instead use a foot or a combination of foot and sky corresponding to modern character zoe which makes some sense as a semantic component but not phonetic. This already raises the question of whether the function of wang in the other character forms is purely phonetic or maybe semantic or both. According to my somewhat cursory survey even the majority of jungle forms here they come, do not have the component wang but augment the abbreviated mulberry tree graph at the bottom but either the tree component or the character for the word si to die. So obviously it's least in the case of si here nothing phonetic and sometimes the right part of the si may be missing and I think that's what in your books reflected as it could be die. Just the left part of si. Mul interestingly of course it's not the phonetic value of mul that plays a role but I would still consider the addition of the mul component as phonetic in function because it reinforces the recognition of sang the original phonetic and then some have wang and some have a combination. Okay, let me see where I was. So again the oldest character forms for the word sang to lose. Wait a minute, I have another one by the way I should show this one because this is also mentioned because that is what paleographer sort of lists here at least some and I don't know where in the backstages of our book the information was from has actually mung with its outs at all but I don't believe that it's at the left edge of the bamboo slip and it's actually the same as this one only there wasn't space to turn the elbow. I believe that explains more successfully what the identity of these graphs are mainly it's again just the elbow with merged with a wang character and yeah and interestingly this is just the one manuscript that I worked on a bit more in depth in Jufumu and here you can see where and I've really given this some thought where I don't believe there's a change of scribal hand and you see sometimes you see a development of how a character is written there's a very nice example from Gordian where they say in manuscript three successive slips they have they use four co-elements and the next one sang uses three and then the next one only two so and this is of course something we look at in writing practice you abbreviate because you know there's no point in writing all these forms apparently and here there's no such developments and I find this significant so you can see they write this form with the full tree here recognized and helping us recognize the sound then they switch to the elbow maybe with the wang element in it I cannot be sure and then the si below but then they switch back to the tree and so forth that doesn't really seem to be a particular rationale behind this it's just what a scribe does and I think that's a significant point for me to emphasize that if we don't stay aware of this flexibility of that someone just does something to make it work somehow we might sometimes overinterpret certain graphic forms that we look at okay to sum up all these character forms of song to lose do not contain one Django forms predominantly rely on the mulberry tree part of the character is phonophoric that is a syllable that has no labial initial this raises the question of whether the use of wang in some characters was not was maybe for its semantic value just like the graph si and so and other forms if so then the very assumption that wang is phonophoric in the character for song to lose maybe misunderstanding that occurred at a later time closer to that of Xu Shen when the mulberry tree component went entirely unrecognized when its abbreviated form was mistaken for cool to cry wang was then assumed to be the phonetic once this understanding of the graph had taken hold this would have been motivation enough to discontinue the use of the tree component and to favor the wang graph over city to die which did not have so I mean the advantage of a phonetic connection in such a circumstance it seems possible to me that the word song song never had a labial initial unless there is another type of evidence for that sound that I'm not aware of this is really where my competence just leaves me so purely from the paleographic evidence I'd say it's unsure I've used this example to demonstrate that the identification of the phonophore it can be difficult as first the writing system itself was not yet stabilized that is alternative character forms coexisted that allow different interpretations of the function of character components and make correct identification of the phonophoric problematic second even where the writing system clearly prescribed or at least favored a certain character for a certain word the way the graphs were written in practice created ambiguities which again make the identification of the phonophoric difficult and the third question is worth asking how consistently did the writers I'm avoiding scribe here and we tried script for a long time it's just not really practical so let me just say the writer not in the sense of writer of another the writers and readers in early China how consistently did they associate certain phonetic values with certain graphs how important was this identification to their reading practice and what guided ascribes or copies actual representation of a world so here I want to go to another case that I find interesting the sentence final particle and Shin and Han manuscripts and what I have to say about this is based on Unishi Katsuya's work was shown that the two characters indeed stand for two different I'll be a synonymous words II and year rather than both for the word year as earlier transcriptions suggest so most of you may know that you found this character and then people give a year behind that in the 70s modern day transcriptions and so forth but of course they're not claiming anything that just not being clear they're not saying we assume it stands for the word year but it certainly creates this impression maybe they just want to give us a semantic hint or so but anyway it's it's a fact for the users of these transcriptions so Unishi identifies the particle E as a feature of the language of tin corresponding to the particle year that was used in the East and in true his study of the distribution of the characters shows that after the establishment of the empire the tin tried to enforce the use of the E particle especially in administrative documents and at the end of tin and early on it begins to disappear again a manuscript that I've studied in some detail the so-called Laozi B manuscript from Ma Longdui starts out using the particle E uniformly for the first 13 times that such a sentence final particle is used and all these instances occur in the first 17 columns of a manuscript of all together 252 columns until this point not a single year appears and in the same column 17 then after three instances of E the use of the particle year begins and continues without a single recurrence of E for the rest of the manuscripts all together about 350 times so the function of both particles is clear enough they appear to be completely synonymous but phonetically completely unrelated going by the writing system we clearly have to read different final particles within the same passage of the same text in German where it changes written by the same scribe who commanded an excellent calligraphic skill the interesting question to me is to what extent this scribe considered the two characters as exchangeable did he grudgingly write the cumbersome E with many strokes because it was required to but would nevertheless have pronounced the sentences ending in year in his region soon enough the scribe gave up and wrote the character which he was apparently used to namely year and which was also quicker to write likewise would a reader of this passage at the time of very similar sentences have read E first and then year or would most people have read such an obvious function what the way they were used to whatever the character was for example a reader who believed that year sorry E represented a higher level of style or political correctness could have pronounced the manuscript's year characters or the many of them as E or true patriot I'm making this up it's just speculation here could have pronounced even the E characters as what to him was the proper final particle so he would have read year just like scholars who transcribed in the 20th century they usually always read year because that's what they believed it really is so and I think that has such speculations which they are have a bearing on maybe how we look at this evidence so a similar question arises when we look at characters and true manuscripts that undoubtedly stand for the numeral one when we read these manuscripts today there's little else we can do then pronounce each of them as E in modern Chinese as we used to probably assuming that this is the word written in the manuscript text and then of course the dental final predecessor of today's E in manuscripts from different true tombs and in very different texts a character consisting of e feathers of a nun able is used for the numeral one it is very unlikely that this character phonetically represents the word E the character suggests rather word compatible with the phonetic nun and indeed it could be cognate of a cognate of a Thai word for one that has a Vila nasal final and the tip for this article that I'm citing here I got from Wolfgang so thanks again and also another interesting one that tries to sort of brush this under the carpet and make it a Chinese word again but I haven't included this information because I found it a silly article so in Thai essentially this complex character is used in the same passage as the single stroke one which in this manuscript occurs only as part of the name Thai so when the single stroke so it seems possible that the manuscript uses a local word for one that was a Thai cognate considering that the one stroke character does not have a phonetic value as such but could be could be understood just as a digit used in alphabetical writing system it is possible that readers of the manuscript would pronounce both characters for one the same way with a nasal final but it is also possible that they read the manuscript in a more diglossic way following a convention in which as part of the name Thai the word one would be pronounced with a dental final and otherwise the word for one would be used just like we use different words today for a first lady I put this here and on the one hand but in the school we call the principle and no one has a problem with this basically both means first so there's another complicated case of variation between characters for a word or words meaning one here we go other manuscripts such as Hang Xian used both the one stroke character plus a combination of this stroke with the character for guh, halberd despite its clear and consistent structure transcriptions of manuscript text identify the component of the character as e an arrow although it has an additional stroke and it's not really this e if we look at the structure of this component most probably because the combination is listed in the shuwen as the guhwen form for the one stroke character as neither the halberd nor the arrow are possible phonetics for the Chinese word for one the word written with this unfamiliar character for one may have been pronounced differently in different local languages this leaves me uncertain about the reasons why true manuscripts have different characters for one a phonetic difference is a possibility but a semantic differentiation is just as possible as is a combination of both or least likely neither if the different characters did not indicate any phonetic or semantic distinction they could also go back to locally different orthographic conventions the likelihood of such a scenario is usually reflected in a certain distribution of these variants they would coincide with different hands or occur where the same hand copied texts from different sources in the example from Tai Sheng Shui or Heng Xian neither seems to be the case but I have one example where I think I can show different source texts as the reason the so-called Mawangdui Laozi a manuscript silk stroke containing several texts copied on the same silk manuscript actually everything after three is a bit uncertain because there are no designations of texts in the manuscript so it's just based on logic and how we read it and the names are made up anyway they're not original and I forgot my own convention of putting an asterisk in front of them to indicate that but the other texts are I mean there are graphic distinctions but more than six so there are what we could call paragraph breaks today but in any case without going into too much detail what is completely unproblematic is the division of these first three and the first one is the canonical part of the guidelines part and then the explanation so these are clear differences and in these manuscripts there are several orthographies of words that change just when the texts change so I think this is it's reasonable to seek the reason in someone copying from sources that come from different places or follow different orthographies so the example of the word Song shows the precursor of the modern standard form as well as an obsolete character whose phonetic swan is close enough I think to be a mere orthographic variant reflecting no phonetic difference or at most a slight dialect variant but a case where I see the possibility of a phonetic difference is the variation between the full form of the character for hope and an alternative forms that were used consistently across large geographic areas and for a long span of time from the warring states into the early empire while the word is written in its full form whenever it is used contrastively as the opposite of Qian or of Qian in the frequent on the other hand then in the frequent collocations run ho and are ho it is written with an alternative character that required fewer strokes so typically this character is the one for go hook with or without an additional bamboo or grass component these collocations occur more frequently in texts than the word in its full contrastive sense does so we could assume maybe that's why they wrote it in a shorter form because it's just a curse to offer but still thank you they do this in a very systematic fashion so it could be a mere matter of economy of writing but it is still possible that an economy of speaking is involved as well I don't know if I should use such words among linguists here but as the word is also pronounced I think it could be the word is pronounced in an unstressed or contracted form but I don't know how this would play out in a linguistic sense I just want to mention the possibility because consistently this different form occurs in collocations of two particular syllables but I think it will take much more accumulated evidence for understanding early writing practices to answer this kind of question at this point I see from the paleographic angle we just need to do a lot of collecting and also sort of coming up with some speculations that seem possible and then just collecting these as well without making a theory of it and being very sure that is what answers the question so somewhat easier to understand phenomenon than the alternation of different characters is their abbreviation which brings us back full circle to the case of Sang in the characters for Sang the phonetic was only abbreviated and when it became unrecognizable it was augmented by semantic or phonetic components that help recognition but there are cases of complete omission of the phonophore component or its simplification beyond recognition so Shen is a good example I think it was frequently written without the phonetic element and there are lots of examples for this in other cases omission or just abbreviation of the graphic component was indicated by an abbreviation mark two horizontal strokes that were integrated into the space of the character not placed after the character that's an important distinction because these strokes here you can see these strokes that I mean occur in the character space here it's not quite so clear and as opposed to in the position where the red dot is here now this position you would find the ligature or repetition mark so these need to be distinguished but I think this is much too little still much too little discussed phenomenon and it was discovered sometime in the 80s I think by Lin Xuqing and I think a doctoral dissertation so it's the knowledge of it has been around a lot but it seems to me that people keep it a bit to themselves and don't bring it into the discussion prominently enough for those people who do not do the polygraphic work to recognize this possibility so the characters for Chiang are typically written as Gongbo plus Ko plus two horizontal strokes and sometimes another Li component clearly semantic strength judging from the overwhelming manuscript evidence if we were to overlook then not yet widely recognized function of these abbreviation marks we could be misled into assuming that the left-hand part of the character is the only possible phonetic in this the homorganic initial and identical final would support such a misconception Xuqing was apparently already looking at a form corresponding with the modern one and isolated the insect at the bottom right I'm sorry so this part here and then considered Gong as the phonetic the abbreviation mark indicates a difference between the character as it is written and an underlying standard in the writing system and that is important to me I think this is really a very big question that we always need to stay aware of that I'm not denying the existence of an idea of what components a character should have ideally I think there was an underlying system somehow just like we have our alphabet but then if we look at our actual handwriting it differs significantly in many places only it never creates not never it does create it doesn't necessarily create a very big problem for readers because there's so much context just like we often overestimate the extent to which we actually hear all the individual words of the partner conversation and that's why we understand what they're saying and we were not aware of how overwhelmingly big the role of context is in how this conversation takes place so this difference here is indicated by the abbreviation mark between the character as it is written and an underlying standard we either need to imagine an absent component or recognize a present component as a substitute of another more complex one in this case the co yeah is marked as an abbreviation stands for the actual phonetic Jiang and there are a few characters at least to confirm this underlying identity of what is mostly represented over the mouth but I think we're not always that fortunate to have these examples where the actual phonetic is still indicated to some extent and then we're really lost in how to interpret the characters and I have much more to show originally I wanted to make this talk mostly about the famous character for Ren I, Ren Eder, Ren and but then Wolfgang threatened this really extensive and complex article about that that says it all so I don't need to repeat this to some extent maybe if I can use a few seconds more for this there are questions that go beyond just this one example and maybe here I have Wolfgang's article at least I wanted to show this information and so the only aspect I want to point out now is that graphic components in these characters are easy to confuse in some cases so a notorious one is are these three Ren and Shi and Gong usually Gong is the easiest to differentiate because often there's an additional little horizontal stroke and the Gong should be the most curved of the three and then Shi somewhere in the middle with just one noticeable curve and then Ren not much at all but in practice in most manuscripts these distinctions are very very blurred so the one example for Chiang where it should be clearly a Gong that looks like a Danrenpang absolutely and then in the others you can see they do a slightly better job and then I just collected some examples I just copied out of my own book here is where we have this is for Chi Chi Chi threatened this way so you have lucky it is the phonetic it seems the Shi so that is then the real identity if you will of this form and then all the rest is missing I mean it's almost the entire character is missing but at least the phonetic is there and then in in this one same thing the whole bird is missing and then you have this Shi here this stands for Nian so it seems to have Ren as the real phonetic and here the general assumption was I don't know if it's just mine because I went by the modern graph that it has to be Gong so that's why I still this Gong here but I learned from your book to that Shi is really phonetically compatible so I think no isn't it? oh no? no sorry with me I'm here in this yeah so that and I just looked at the modern character possibly I don't know what I did at the time and thought oh this is a Gong so that's the identity now of the old graph but maybe I just didn't get this point so it we should understand it in its old identity as Shi in this one anyway so there's a whole world of possibility that this opens up and another thing that bothers me a lot that I think and then I think I'll wrap it up it's still very prominent in the discussion that is Hushen's practice if I'm familiar enough with it of always splitting the character in two so there's this mantic part and then the whole other half is given as the phonetic and then you have to go there in the book and find again that this is a more complex one and only part of this is really the phonetic the underlying one and I think that blurs a lot of distinctions in how we read old graphs that we don't go right away to the real core phonetic element if you will and then this Ren Yide Ren written with Shen Yide, Shen and Shinse Pan is really a very good example because the Ren seems to be the phonetic and then when Hushen gives you Qian as a phonetic I think there's no way from the old characters how you can actually distinguish this and I didn't do a very good job to find the best examples for reasons of time but here clearly we would let's say these ones see the full Shen Yide Shen on top but sometimes it's just written in such a contracted way that it looks like only a horizontal stroke and then it looks like Qian so we cannot go only by what we identify purely graphically there is this element of interpretation of this and thinking about a possible scribe of practice and where they do a sloppy job I just won't be bothered and in any way it's neither Shen nor Qian that is the phonetic it's in any case Ren that is contained in these right so I think there's a lot of noise if you will of data if we worry about Shen and Qian and well it's all the time just the Ren component I think this is these other examples were just meant to hear how similar abbreviations occur just purely graphically and this one is just another notorious case that I wanted to mention where the component that is like the modern Si without the call and then modern Tai are really not easy to figure out and the newest transcriptions of manuscripts that want to be more precise sometimes then write both they give you the Si and the Tai just to be on the same side but I'm not sure they're both there it's just they resemble each other and they're just very gradually different forms of writing what is sort of the same thing but I guess I promise three times to shut up I think that's it okay thank you