Welcome to Toffy TV, it is three things from Everton to Tottenham Hotspot 6. This video is brought to you by One Football. One Football's app makes it possible to stay up to date with all the scores, the stats and the transfer news all in one place. To download One Football's app, simply click the link in the description below. It's free, do it. On to the three things, my three things that I'll take away from Everton to Spare 6 is I hate Christmas football, hate it, they're just screaming everton, they're always rubbish at Christmas, that isn't one of them but that's just what I'm saying, and also I hate referees, that one today is utter nonsense, as he's been every time we have him, hasn't got a clue. Anyway, on to the game. My first thing is a player responsibility that doesn't seem to be any in our team, and it's a problem. It's a problem, we've got good players, there's no question about that, I think we've got a side where you look at and go, I can see exactly what Marco Silva's doing here. I can see that the way we play, the manner in which we play it, what he's trying to achieve and we look at the make-up of the team, obviously since Garn has been out the last couple of games, we've shipped in nine goals, which is bizarre but it's not bizarre when you actually see the way he was set up because he does put a lot of fires out and we haven't had him and the lads who've come in simply haven't been able to do his job, but there has to be a responsibility throughout the team from our players who are on the pitch. Marco Silva and his staff can set us up, can give us all the information we want all week, but if you haven't got players who know how to take a game, look at the game and go, this is slipping away from us, or we're too open here, get together, we're just going to continue to concede goals and that's what's happened today, we're playing a top, top side and we are defending so high up the pitch and players are just allowing other players to run by them, it's just, it's really poor and you have to iron out all of these issues very, very quickly because otherwise you will be caught out and we are getting caught out, you know that's two against Wafford, three against City, six against Tottenham in our last three games, 11 goals against it's embarrassing, absolutely embarrassing and it needs sorting out and that's done through responsibility, only, you know if you see a player running, mark him, you know K2 has allowed Sun to just run off on today, absolutely just left them and there's like, I was gone and keen, you can see them looking at each other going, he was your man, now he was yours, Coleman's at a position, no one's telling, it's just little things like that where we have to, we have to take that responsibility for each and every player who's on that pitch, they have to own it and say right my work is to do this, my job is to do this, stop crosses, Coleman just doesn't stop crosses, simple as, we haven't done it for years, it's not just in, but I don't understand why would you let the ball come into the danger area, it's bizarre, absolutely bizarre, it needs, you know we're not going to get better and better and better if we're not responsible, if our players should be leaders on that pitch, we haven't got any, we haven't got a place to understand the game, we're not, we're only going to go so far anyway, my second point is why don't we shoot more, just watch the team today, do our clinical, but get shot away, you know, Ericsson volley's of ball there that just get tethered out, doesn't say you're touching, look to switch it wide, he just goes, I'm going to put out, yeah, give a three run up, but he's thinking I'm going to pop it, wax it, banger ends up in the back of our net, Deli Alley's goal, Pickford makes a really good stop from Sun, the ball breaks, Alley runs in, he doesn't say you're touching, he's trying to steady himself, just get his foot through it bang to him on that clinical and you have to be that clinical and I think if Everton were a bit more clinical like that, we'd have won games, we'd have just took instant shots, instant shots, get it away, don't hesitate, we hesitate so many times, we break, wall cop, skins a couple and you think get it out your feet opening, stops, turns, checks, plays it back, stops it, tries to shift it, it's, you know, get the shot away, put the team under pressure, it doesn't have to go sideways every time, yeah, that's great, move people about, that's, but get shots away, look, if we have more shots on target, the chances are we're going to score a goal, it's just, you know, it's frustrating because we've just, obviously we've been blown away today, but they've shown the way Tottenham has shown how to do it, it's all instinctive banger of shots away, don't take any time, going through it, yes they're in a great run of form, yes they play fantastic football, so the confidence is there, but we have to be brave enough to do the same, the same is point one responsibility, take responsibility for shooting, hit the target, simple as, cigarettes and done brilliantly, pass one, pass two, pass, I mean you probably should have shot a bit earlier, pass four back across the keeper, just hit the target, lirri's probably should have done better, but he's caught him a little bit by surprise, because he hasn't stopped it and then lined himself up, so that's what we need for me, and the third is really, is it more of a transfer thing today, is that Marcel Brands and Marco Silva, looking at that game, looking at the deficiencies in our side when you are playing that's very topside, big changes probably need it still, you know we need, for me we need a right back that's going to consistently challenge Seamus Coleman and give us that, what Luca Dean gives us on the left, we need a centre with field player, potentially two, we're not going to get two in January then, I know that but we need two, we need someone who can do garners role when garners not there and we haven't got it, Snidel and Canty coming today and I remembered why I think he couldn't do it anyway, it's too slow, we need someone who can do Mira Andre Gomez, it looks like we've lost in now for the Christmas period, so we need someone who's going to be able to do that, you know take the ball in possession and getting it back, Tom's coming today, I'm a big Tom Davis man but he's not really covering himself in any glory today, yes up against good players but not really done it for me, Guilffy, great goal, lovely little ball, you know he's finished, I'm going to criticise him, he's finished with a goal and an assist, it sounds mad but we need him on the ball a bit but maybe he can go and play the eight where he's on the ball and then maybe ahead of him for now you would have Adam Davis present or you would have Bernard who's the little silky person who's going to take the ball and go one way or the other but we need something in it and we need a centre forward, we are desperate desperate desperate for a centre forward, Tom done okay today, you know he's the, I said he's sick it's not an assist, he had an assist, he didn't have an assist, he's called the loon of the assist, Tom's set a goal today, should have had a goal, had a perfectly good header or you know one way or the other it could have gone but has had a header chalked off by the referee which would have put a tune in the love but we're still crying out for that for me and if we get those positions backed up and we get a centre forward with his mobile and got ability and can get on the end of things then we can we'll get better but at the minute we've had a clear line in the sand in the gulf between one of the top sides in the Premier League and where we're currently at and we are below you know because we wouldn't go and beat a team who I think there's a gulf between would be like us and Cardiff will, we scraped past Cardiff the other way, we wouldn't go and beat them six-two at their own place which spares have just done to us but again that comes back to responsibility and being ragged, the minute that fourth winning we should have just gone let's stay solid, make them work for anything you know let's be a little bit more direct and that's what we have to do but the third point is literally Marcel Vans and Michael Silder today now some big players need to come in in January if we're to carry on or certainly over the next kind of eight months with the summer window, the central window as well to make us more competitive but we have to try and mirror what we have because we're seeing Garnard and Gomez out the side and that midfield two of Snyddling and Davies ain't anywhere near that quality, no where near that quality so that's what we have to address that is it from me, check out the matriarchs have a fantastic Christmas and hopefully when we do this on Christmas, sorry on Boxing Day we are more upbeat because we'll have just gone and won't have been, hopefully that's what I'm saying, I'm not saying we will but hopefully that is what happens, thanks for watching see you soon on Toffy TV


to or any participant to slow down or to pause so you can translate. Just say the word. Teddy, can we let people in? Oh, I just I'm getting some messages. Oh, yes. Okay. Looks like we're up and running. So let's get started. Welcome everybody to this webinar. No war, no warming, environmental consequences of the war in Ukraine. My name is Teddy Ogborn. I am the war is not green camp coordinator with Code Pink, and I'm joined here with some really wonderful panelists for this webinar. We have Nancy Montias from Code Pink, Marcy Winegrab from Code Pink, and we also have Alexei Vasylok from the Ukraine War Environmental Consequences Workgroup. Thank you all for being here. Before we hop into some introductions, I thought it would be really great to start sharing a video clip from the Washington Post that touches really well on the issue we are about to discuss. And so if we could get some help screen sharing that video up until that time code I shared with you, that'd be great. And then we can hop into intros. With every battle and attack, immeasurable amounts of toxic pollutants are dispersed into Ukraine's soil, water, and air, making Ukraine's environment the latest victim in Russia's war. It's important to keep in mind that there's already a lot of toxic chemicals in industrial society independent of military activities. There are about 24,000 environmentally hazardous enterprises or facilities across the country. Most of the heavy industry in Ukraine is located in the east where the fighting is most heavily concentrated. So whether things are targeted or whether they're collateral damage in the conflict, there's this enormous liberation of toxic materials into the environment. In the short run that creates serious health risks through water quality challenges, air quality hazards, and great risk to first responders as well in humanitarian efforts. Ukraine's nuclear infrastructure adds another environmental vulnerability as radioactive materials can cause genetic disorders such as cancer, implants, animals, and humans. The big concern when it comes to nuclear is some sort of a direct strike that would damage one of Ukraine's 15 nuclear reactors, which are concentrated at four sites around the country. The Chernobyl site creates special risks. That site still needs active management by Ukrainian nuclear scientists. It still requires careful monitoring. There are still 20,000 spent fuel rods that are stored in the cooling ponds on site. And so while the idea of a direct strike on nuclear facilities gets all of the attention and raises the fears, and rightly so, we also have to pay attention to this more subtle effect, the constant threat that the war somehow disrupts these vital monitoring and management activities. As history shows, these environmental impacts can have long-term effects, often lasting generations. Thank you. So as we can see from that brief introduction from the Washington Post, the environmental threats posed by the war in Ukraine and war writ large are diverse, difficult to handle and to tackle, and require very specific attention and action. So the order I propose for introductions as we go in as we're... Looks like we have a lost connection with Teddy. Let's give it a couple more minutes and then hopefully he'll join us. If not, I think we'll go ahead and go with his proposed recommendation of speakers, which I believe is myself, Marcy, and then our two guests joining us from the Ukraine. So let's just give it a minute and see if Teddy can join us. Thank you. Okay, well, I'm just going to... Oh, I think this is Teddy. Sorry about that brief interruption, my connection. Nancy, did you get a chance to produce yourself while I was gone or should I go ahead and do that? Because of time, I will just go ahead and do that, Teddy. So is that okay? Okay. My name is Nancy Mencius. I am a campaign organizer with Code Pink, and it is a great pleasure and honor to be here. And I just welcome our friends and comrades from... Joining us from the Ukraine. I stand here in solidarity with you around your work on environmental protection. And I look forward to this webinar and hearing what you have to say today, but I'll just get right into it. Conflicts are cause and contribute to a wide range of environmental problems. This is particularly true when fighting is prolonged, intense, and affects a large geographical area. War impacts urban, industrial, agricultural, terrestrial, and natural marine regions. There are many ways to characterize the damage. It may be direct or indirect, transient or permanent, widespread or localized, cumulative or unique, deliberate or incidental. Both human rights and ecosystems depend on a healthy environment. However, warring parties do not prioritize the planet, do not prioritize people, and do not prioritize animal life. Our partners at the Conflict and Environmental Observatory in the UK indicate that in the first 48 hours of the Ukraine war, the world saw patterns of environmental harm, such as pollution from military sites, nuclear radiation risks, water contamination, the use of weapons, the destruction of industrial infrastructures, the laying of landmines, the permanent scarring of bio and geo diversity. This does not include the high levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Since last February, the damage and disruption to the fossil fuel sites has left a long term effect on the environment and public health. In addition, the war is increasing civilian suffering. Measuring should be taken to minimize the harm to people and ecosystems, together with actions to address the damage already caused and broader questions of our dependence on fossil fuels. More importantly, war is not the answer. When I think of the war in Ukraine, I think of also the war in Iraq, the war in Afghanistan, and I think of the term ecocide. And this is because conflicts generally reveal the limits of state accountability for the environmental harm caused by war. The environmental dimensions of all armed conflicts are becoming ever more visible. There are several reasons for this, social media, citizen journalism, activists such as yourself, improved access to earth observation data, new monitoring methodologies, more organizations and individuals actively collecting data, communication pathways becoming immediate, and all of this because of a strong interest in environmental protection. So even though we watched that clip from the Washington Post, our work around mainstream media is not done. Mainstream media is one sector where environmental dimensions need to be more visible. As part of our war is not green campaign, we are launching a campaign to hold the media accountable, asking them to increase reporting on how militarization, war and conflict directly impact the planet. Please check out the Code Pink website for more information on this campaign, and please visit the Conflict Environment Observatory website as well for more data on this topic. Thank you. It's an honor to be here. Thank you so much, Nancy. Now I'd like to give the floor to Alexey Vasylok, who's joining us from Ukraine. Alexey is an environmental expert representing the Ukraine War Environmental Consequences workgroup, which has been working tirelessly to document the environmental consequences of the war in Ukraine and Russia. Alexey is also a member of the Ukrainian Nature Conservation Group, and we're really excited to have him here. Alexey, if you'd like to introduce yourself a little bit and talk about your work. Thank you. My name is Alexey Vasylok. Indeed, you were right. I'm the leader of the Ukrainian Nature Conservation Group, the non-governmental organization that is dedicated, whose activity is dedicated to nature conservation in Ukraine. Also, I'm a representative of UWEK, this international initiative. Also, I'm a researcher at the Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and through my whole life I have been working as a nature conservationist since 2000. It sounds interesting. Yes, and especially I'm warned about the ecological consequences of war, especially in the form that Russia does this war as it possesses a lot of dangers for natural biodiversity, natural and wild ecosystems. And to my mind during the last 1,000 years, this is the biggest and the most massive disaster for Ukrainian wildlife. Yes, and I think that it's all, and Alexey will tell us more information later, answering your questions. Okay, thank you so much, Alexey. Lastly, I'd like to bring up Marcy Wynigrad from Code Pink. Marcy Wynigrad is the coordinator of Code Pink Congress. She's a long-time anti-war activist who serves as a 2020 DNC delegate to Bernie Sanders and co-founded the Progressive Caucus of the California Democratic Party. Marcy's activism began in high school when she marched against the Vietnam War. An elevator joined the defense team of Pentagon Papers, Wilson Blower, Daniel Ellsberg. Retired English and government teacher, Marcy blogs about militarism and foreign policy at laprogressive.com. I'm joining with Code Pink. Marcy says I'm honored to work with such creative and committed activists and look forward to mobilizing co-sponsors and congressional votes for peace legislation. Wonderful to have you on board. Marcy, for this call. Thank you. Thank you, Teddy. Thank you, Nancy. My colleagues at Code Pink and really heartfelt thank you to our Ukrainian friends who are joining us today. I am with Code Pink. I co-host Code Pink Congress and I'm also the chair of our peace and Ukraine coalition. I'll talk more about that in a minute, but first we just wanted to share a couple of photographs that bring to life the devastation that is occurring as a result of this war in Ukraine. So, Teddy, if you can bring up the first photograph. Okay, so one of the issues is the attacks, you know, these Russian attacks on oil storage facilities and chemical plants are releasing horrific particulate matter. You can see all this smoke. So air pollution is a serious problem as a result of this invasion and not only the invasion but the ongoing fighting and the U.S. funding of the continuation of this war. And we can go to the next picture. We'll see some more evidence. There we have an attack on an oil. I believe this is an oil storage facility in Odessa. Fires raging across that area. And then what, you know, what mentioned was made of wildlife. We, I've read reports of 50 to 100,000 dolphins washing up dead in the Black Sea as a result of some of the detonations there. Both sides involved with that. And then I read that there's a lot of deforestation underway. We see threats to our carbon sink as a result of kind of a free for all right now in Ukraine is what it sounds like. Our Ukrainian brothers would know more, certainly, but it sounds like people are free to cut down and deforest to sell the wood to survive. So those are just some photographs that are indicative of what we're facing in terms of environmental destruction. I do want to say that our peace and Ukraine coalition, we can bring up the website, Teddy. We are a coalition of over 100 organizations, most of them in the United States, but certainly not all who are calling for a ceasefire, peace negotiations, and no more weapons to Ukraine. It's not that we want to see anyone defenseless. We certainly don't. We understand, however, that by sending more and more weapons from rockets to missiles, now to tanks, we are continuing and endless a perpetual war. Are you able to bring up that website? Do I need to do anything? PeaceInUkraine.org and then we can see what kind of work we've been doing. Here we go. Getting there. Okay, so it's peaceInUkraine.org. No worries. We have been hosting weeks of action. We're in the middle of one right now. We're asking people to show up in front of their lawmakers offices and protest the weapons flow. We say, you know, this war is not going to be resolved, excuse me, on the battlefield. It's going to be resolved through diplomatic efforts. Okay, so if we go to news and press up there and to the bottom, January, weeks of action. Yeah, there we go. So we had a protest in New York recently. We also had one in San Francisco. If you scroll down, you can see a photograph from San Francisco, Silver Spring, Maryland. Stop the war, save the climate. Yeah, and keep going. Raleigh, North Carolina. And there we go. Santa Barbara. That's where I am in Santa Barbara, California on Chumashland. We also have, I just, so people see this as a resource under our resources section. We have, we click on resources at the top there. We talk about Medea Benjamin's book tour. Medea is the co-founder with Jodi Evans of Code Pink. She's written her book, War in Ukraine, Making Sense of a Senseless Conflict. She's on tour throughout the United States. We also have talking points, statements, petitions, and more for tabling. And again, you know, we don't see an end to this ecocide without an end to the weapons. We see this as a US Russia proxy war at this point that is sacrificing Ukrainian lives to what? To maintain a unipolar world with the US on top. Anyway, I encourage everybody here to check out the resources section and join us at the Peace and Ukraine Coalition on our homepage. And with that, I'll turn it back to you, Teddy. Thank you. Thanks so much for sharing those wonderful resources and all the work that you are doing to work towards peace and also an eventual healing of the environment there in Ukraine, which I know Alexi is already hard at work doing this very challenging work. So I do want to pose a first question to Alexi, which is, what are some of the challenges that you encounter in the work that you're doing, whether that's challenges faced by maybe other Ukrainian NGOs or the Ukrainian government? Is there any resistance to the kind of work? From the point of view of military activities. Well, of course, it's difficult to deal with any activity of the experts, representatives of the public organizations and scientists during the war. Part of the experts and scientists are now in the armed forces and there are participants in the combat activities. They cannot deal with research and analysis. Russia is constantly attacking the energy system. And in those days, we may not have electricity and no communication, even mobile. And the first obstacle is the inability to work normally because there is no light and part of the experts, or not now in the military activities, in general, have left the territory of Ukraine at a higher level. Okay, so the first and to my mind the main challenge in our work is that part of our experts, part of scientists and environmentalists were recruited to Ukrainian army and they are now defending our land, defending our country against the occupants. And the second part of this first big challenge is the permanent and regular or irregular blackouts due to the mass destruction of our power stations after the rocket shelling. And this prevents us from doing our work normally on a regular base. So for example, when you can't work during the whole day and you have electricity only during several hours in the night, of course, it's really harmful for our productivity. And also part of the experts and the environmentalists, they are now refugees. So either they are in early replaced persons or they are refugees somewhere in Europe and other countries. So they can do their work normally and regularly. The second problem is that we can't even get to those territories that are already free from Russian occupation, because obviously, where the territory is occupied, we can't get there, where active militia are going, we can't get there, but where it's free, we can't get to those territories either, because they are too important. And how much war has captured one fifth of the territory of Ukraine, and this is a territory more than a territory of Romania, a territory more than a territory of Belarus. And these territories simply do not have the resources to replace them during the war. It will take a lot of decades. And that's why now how many such resources do not have, it's just that no one, the military, does not allow people to return to the territory, where the militia was occupied, or where they can be replaced. It is very difficult to conduct real field research, this is the second. Okay, the second main challenge is that all of us are civilians, and the area that was under any type of war actions is really enormous. It's bigger than, for example, Romania or Belarus. It's literally one fifth part of the entire territory of our country. And you can imagine the amount of explosives, amount of different types of dangerous things that are still buried somewhere under the soils, somewhere hidden somewhere, or just laying somewhere that can, that still can kill people. And of course, this territory is so enormous that all power, all possibilities of our army are not enough to make it safe again. And as a result, we as civilians, as scientists, we don't have normal access to the territories. Of course, it's normally not having access to the frontline, because we are civilians, we have nothing to do there. And, but even we don't have direct access to the territories that were occupied, because they are still dangerous. And it's still a really big chance that not all of us will come back after each expedition. So we assume that it will take a lot of time, many, many years to make these territories safe again and to go there and see what happened and try to assess the consequences of these war actions. And it's clear that when it's time to analyze the air pollution or the water in general, it's funny, because in a minute there will be no air pollution in the same place, and the water pollution. And the pollution that was caused by the guarantee is gradually getting deeper and deeper. And therefore, in reality, later, not in time of the war actions, but when it is in time of the war actions, we will not be able to receive reliable information from any probes. Okay, and this challenge number two leads us to the challenge number three, because it is useful to try to track the changes, to try to track the pollution when, so immediately after the explosion or other action took time. So for example, but we can't do this and we will be able to do any measurements or collect any samples for identification for further investigation. Only a very long time after this action took place. So it is almost impossible right now to make a start point in the normal investigation of these consequences, because during the gunplay, during the heavy assault on the frontline, we have pollution of air, we have pollution of water, pollution of soil. The pollution of air will change like the next day, the pollution of soil will be also will also fade because with the rains, with water, so all the chemicals will be spread and transferred to local rivers. And therefore, the inability to be there at the very time of the explosion, the very time of the gunplay. Of course, it's wise because we can't do anything there, we can't stop the gunplay and say, okay, guys, can you please stop, we need to do some measurements. Yeah. Yeah, so we are unable to do this and this literally, I would not say it's spoiled, but makes our further investigations worse than they could be. And therefore, any types of assessments, any types of approximations or any types of counts are arguable and cannot be believed on 100% because none of them can really measure the amount of pollution, the amount of pollutants in the air or water or soil at the moment of explosion. And all the assessment, all the figures that we might see will have a really, really big part of approximation, a really, really big part of, let us say, theoretical calculations that are not based on the actual measurements. They will be actually based on some measurements, like for example, on some polygons, on some, I don't know, on some trials, for example, when, okay, our, so the army can, for example, make an explosion and then allow to collect the samples. But this is a really, really tiny part and we don't believe that it gives us all the information that we need. And yet a worse situation when we want to assess the impact on the environment. We can see the consequences of the war, the conditions of explosions, the burning of the territory, the places that were used for building trenches, fortifications, and we see that this is really a colossal ruin of the great nature. But we don't know the same types and the quantities that were on this branch. And this means that we cannot say how many of them have disappeared. If again, we try to assess something as many as possible. And the second point is that when we, if we try to assess the consequences for local biodiversity, for example, for plants and animals, it is even more complicated thing because, okay, after the explosion, we can see a hole in the ground, we can see some burnt machines, we can see burnt trees, etc. But we can't tell what was the biodiversity in this time before the shelling, at the moment of shelling, at the moment of the war. And therefore we have nothing to compare with when we appear there after the war. So we can just track the, we can just see the results, but we will be completely unable to compare it without a big part of approximation in our assessments. But it doesn't mean that we can't give the expert assessment and test the changes that have taken place in the surrounding environment. And therefore our main task is to understand that the consequences of the war, the consequences of the Russian invasion in our nature and in our agricultural territories, because this knowledge depends on the decision how to continue to behave with these territories in the interests of people and nature. And that's why we in UNCG and in UVAC, we try not to give the numbers, we try not to give the counts, so the quantitative assessment of the consequences of war. But still we, as experts and as people who are closer to this to this situation, we still can give some qualitative assessments. And anyway, even without the correct and 100% believable numbers, qualitative assessments will also, are also helpful and they also help to understand what is going on and what might and what consequences might be. So it is a big part of theory, but still it helps. And the fact that the war caused a colossal displacement of people. Fifteen million people, that's a third of the Ukrainians, became refugees, out of them seven million went abroad. This completely changes the advantage of people's idealism in nature. Another my concern is that our media don't talk about other part of the war consequence, because all we understand that, for example, explosions, war machines, chemicals and etc. on the front line, they are harmful. But sometimes we usually forget about the migration, so the wave of migration that the war caused. Just if I remember correctly, 15 millions of people of Ukrainian population had to move somewhere from their home places. So they either moved to other parts of Ukraine or they are refugees now somewhere in Europe, America and other countries. Approximately 7 million people left Ukraine since the beginning of the war and you can only imagine how the balance changed. So how the balance in using of resources changed. So this, so to my mind, this part of war consequence should also be strongly addressed and discussed and taken into account when assessing the consequences of war. Because, for example, we cannot count the amount of explosives that are now in the soil, but we can count how much resources the people that are now refugees consume and how they change the local balance.  And this territory, in our opinion, is now so polluted that it is unlikely that after the end of the war there will be a chance to grow food products. Faster than ever, in the places where there were powerful fights, nothing can be more developed. People will not be able to return to these territories after the war, to what was before that. And, accordingly, our task now is to understand in what direction to let the future of Ukraine after the war, so that it is profitable for people and for people and for nature. Because as it was before the war, it will no longer exist. And the deepest part of my concern is that all of you saw the videos and photos, I think, dozens of them from the front line, with these huge craters from the explosions, with the burned machines, with the dead soldiers and so on. So you can imagine how much pollutants are now in the soil. And the worst problem is that even if war ends tomorrow or in a week on these territories, people will have no opportunity. It will be prohibited to grow crops, to go back there for normal living. So all these territories, they are completely lost for decades and they cannot be used anymore in agriculture and for normal living of local population. And when the war ends, the biggest problem for Ukraine and for the whole world will be how we are going to build our future, taking this into account, taking into account that at least one fifth part of our country cannot be used for normal living at all. So we will need to think how to organize everything so that both people that suffered a lot, who lost their homes, lost their relatives, lost their loved ones, can go back to their homeland and live in peace. And at the same time, how to allow nature to remain, how to allow nature to recover from this and not lose the wild nature completely. Because it's my personal comment because, for example, if we have a certain area of field that used to produce some crops, for example, and the Donbas and these steppe areas that are now under occupations, they had a lot of such areas where we used to grow different crops and other agriculture things. And now they are out of service and nobody will be able to grow there anything because of explosives, because of pollutants and all that grows there, any plant, any tomato that grows there will be absolutely prohibited for consumption. It will be dangerous. So this is also, and where to take and where to get the new areas for agriculture is a really big question. And so far, we have no answer for this or we are afraid of having an answer for this. Thank you. Yeah, thank you so much, Olexi, for that really wide reaching explanation of the regional consequences there on the ground. The harrowing sites of war, like you said, are tragic already and the human loss associated with them. And now with the understanding of the environmental degradation that may last decades from now, it is really important for us to be having that conversation as we talk about pathways towards peace and healing the environment there at the side of the conflict. I believe Nancy had a comment in response to Olexi here. So Nancy, if you want to take that. Yeah, sure. Just really quickly, when I hear about prolonged effects, I think of Hiroshima, Nagasaki and how the atomic bomb completely changed the landscape and changed the lives of tens of thousands, millions of people and how long it's taken for that area to recover. And I just want to thank my Ukrainian brothers for being here today and for sharing their experience. And I just pray for a swift end to this war. But really what I wanted to comment on is we are part of a climate and militarism working group. We were at the COP 27 in Sharmal Sheikh, Egypt. And some of our partners participated in a side event with the Ukrainian Ministry for Environmental Protections and Natural Resources. And they did put out a report on the climate damage in Ukraine late last month. And I understand that trying to measure and trying to gather data in the midst of war is going to provide inaccurate samples or data. But there was an attempt to provide kind of an overview in this report. And the great thing about this event is that the minister brought the discussion of military emissions to the largest climate event in the world. They brought the discussion of war and how it affects the environment. So I applaud the foresight in this initiative that the people in Ukraine are taking to force the world to have this conversation. But I'm just going to say that the report is called Climate Damage Caused by Russia's War in Ukraine and Initiative on Greenhouse Gas Accountability of War. So people want to google that. So anyway, I just wanted to bring that up and I appreciate what you have to say today. Thank you. Yeah, by the way, so Alexey, he more or less understand what you're talking about. So and I will just ask him if he needs any assistance in translation. So not quite correct and adequate data, but all the same, it is very important for us that this question is raised, that Ukraine raised this question. Hey Nancy, thank you very much for your words. Thank you very much for addressing the question that Ukraine raised on that summit. And Alexey just wanted to add that even if war is now taking place only on the Ukrainian territory, all the world is suffering from its consequences. So of course, if we have a lot of air pollution here, for example, as a result of burning of oil stations, burning of different war machines and so on, so it might cause acidic rains, for example, somewhere in USA, somewhere in the nearest countries, or if we lose our forests somewhere on the front line, because on some photos you might see that all forests they're just burned down. They're like spikes of really giant hedgehog that is sitting in the ground because all the trunks of the trees are just burnt and they are just sticking out of the ground. Yes, and exactly the same thing I would like to address on this webinar is that the war in Ukraine is a disaster for the whole world. And we are now sitting here in a comfortable Zoom online conversation, but all of us, it doesn't matter where we are on our place or your place, all of us suffer from this war and its consequences. Thank you. Thank you so much for really articulately putting the risks to all of us here on planet Earth who breathe air and rely on our environment to survive because of the war in Ukraine. That's really, really well put. I believe Marcy has a question. Yes. Thank you so much, Alexi, for pointing out how the war is jeopardizing global climate security. I'm wondering what you think about the importance of diplomatic efforts to resolve this sooner rather than later as horrific as the environmental destruction that we witness right now. I imagine that would be exponentially increased should this war widen to include more of Europe. So I'm wondering what your position is on this, the sending of weapons to Ukraine to continue the war or if you have wrestled with this question. Thank you for a question. Thank you so much for the opportunity to help and be more profitable. Well, I think that most of the Ukrainians, I don't think that the war can be resolved as a military way. Because we see our destroyed cities, we see the death of the Ukrainians from the rocket that are flying exceptionally in civilian objects, in residential masses. And we see a large number of Ukrainians who were just killed by the Russians in peaceful cities during the time when these cities were occupied. So I think that, in principle, the good idea of peaceful settlement of any conflict now does not work only because Russia is not paid for any price. Russia is not suitable for peace, because its goal is to capture Ukraine. And that's why, in principle, I am a person who has always been a part of the idea of a peaceful settlement. But now, the military settlement is at least some guarantee of elimination of Ukrainians. Thank you very much for your question, Merci. I think that you saw that a lot of people are now dying in Ukraine, especially in the occupied cities and in the occupied cities and towns like Buchia, European, Hostomel, and so on. We found thousands of dead people, civilians, actually, who were killed, who were murdered, and the burden collective graveyards and so on. Actually, the idea, the whole idea of diplomatic end of the war, of any conflict, so the diplomatic end of any conflict is good, and it is beneficial and more preferable for all the sides. But it won't work in this particular situation, because Russia is not aimed to stop this conflict.  And unfortunately, unfortunately, they have no intention, no visible intention, for diplomatic end of this conflict. Of course, we would be happy if the diplomacy helps to stop the conflict and to stop the war. But at this point, with this type of war that is going right now against us, unfortunately, it is impossible. Thank you. And as our president stated many, many times in the media, we are ready for diplomacy, we are ready for a peaceful end of this conflict only after Russian military forces, after the occupants will leave the territory of Ukraine and all the territory of Ukraine in the borders that are internationally witnessed at the moment of 1991, we will be freed and we will have complete control on our territory. Yeah, and this is, and the type of this war is quite simple. One part is attacking and the other part is defending, defending ourselves, defending our families, our children and our lives, because if we stop doing this, we will be killed. And all of Ukraine will stop existing on the map of the world. So until Russia stops these attacks, until the Russia have its military forces on the territories of Ukraine that are internationally confirmed, unfortunately, this type of war can be won and can be ended only with the military part, only with the military approach. Okay, then I'd like to respond at some point. Okay, this is the last comment and then, okay, so and the type of weapon that Ukraine now receives from USA from other countries is a highly accurate types of weapons. So when Russia uses types of weapon that destroys everything in front of them, their main aim is mass destruction, the type of weapon that we receive from our partners, from our friends, is the highly accurate types of weapons that are aimed only to defend Ukrainian critical infrastructure and to get rid of their key hubs like storages, the storages of weapons, storages of artillery systems and so on. So these types of weapons are not given to us at the moment, so we will soon have one year of the war and every type of weapon is closely discussed and is giving us very, very carefully. Thank you. Thank you. I just wanted to respond and first say that, you know, Code Pink and the Peace and Ukraine Coalition, which I chair, both oppose the Russian invasion, Code Pink opposes this invasion as a criminal attack on Ukraine. That being said, we hold our own government, the United States government, largely responsible for this situation, having undermined the Minsk Peace Accord, sending arms into Ukraine, promoting the expansion of NATO, the support for NATO, for Ukraine as an enhanced opportunity partner, de facto NATO member. For continuing now, we're exceeding $105 billion to continue this war in Ukraine. Much of that is a money laundering scheme for military contractors in the United States. We want to see our government promote vigorous diplomacy, whatever it takes to end this war before it gets even worse. We see the environmental destruction that's underway, as you have so vividly pointed out, and we don't see this ending only getting worse with continued fighting. For every attack that is launched, either from the Russians or the Ukrainians, every counterattack and so forth, it just ups the ante. And we don't see a military solution short of a decades-long war, as we saw in Afghanistan, a wider world war that risks the use of nuclear weapons between the United States and Russia. So my message or my hope to our friends in Ukraine who are so concerned, as are we, about the preservation of our climate, of our environment is to do whatever we can to push those involved to meet, to work out a diplomatic solution, and to stop all of the killing and the ecocide. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. Unfortunately, Alexei, if you could, we are a little over the call, if you want to respond with a few sentences, that's fine, but then I'll end the call. Is that okay? Okay. Thank you. Well, thank you. Yeah, we are about 10 minutes over the call, and of course, it's really important to address the issues that we've just begun discussing between Marci and Alexei. The big takeaway, of course, is that war is awful for the environment, right? We know war here is destroying the homes and lives of many and is degrading farmland and viability for decades to come is what we've been discussing and really crucial for us to take with us out of this call as we continue for various strategies to oppose war. So thank you so much, Alexei. Both Alexei's actually for your participation today. Marci really appreciate your contributions as well. Thank you, Tamaha, for hosting the call, and Nancy, who had to hop off. Thank you as well. It's been such a pleasure having you all. Thank you. Thank you very much.


The New America Foundation is a think tank based here in Washington DC and there's a number of different focus areas. The focus area that I focus my research on is on the intersection of technology, mobile technology, economic development and entrepreneurship. And broadly speaking I think when we're looking at the universal impact of mobile technology around the world, we need to keep in mind three main components. Tom mentioned before that there are six billion mobile phone subscribers in the world. Five billion of those are located in the developing world. And when you talk about developed infrastructure, telecommunications infrastructure is often the most modernized and developed infrastructure in some of these developing economies and so how do you leverage some of those, how do you leverage that for impact? And I think that speaks to this larger trend that we're seeing that was discussed in the first panel, which is that mobile technology I would argue isn't just a change agent, it's a leapfrogging agent. And so what we've seen is that mobile technology and mobile phones have leapfrogged and skipped the development of technology from landlines to cellular towels. And as well as changing the velocity of money in places like Kenya, the Philippines, as well as Tanzania. And I think one of the areas of interest that I've focused on increasingly, because I think this is where even in the developing world the trends going towards is the mobile web. So even in, you know, we were mentioning before and everybody raised their hands when they were asked about if they had a mobile device in their pocket. And Pew came out with a study that said 85% of adults over the age of 18 have a mobile phone, 45% have a smartphone. And when you look at the dichotomy between the developing world, non-smartphones or feature phones are still ubiquitous, but increasingly we're seeing smartphones even in the developing world, which I think is a really interesting trend. I was playing around with a $50 Android device that has 3G connectivity and a camera phone in Kenya. And if you look at Kenya as an example of the mobile web and this mobile leapfrogging, you'll see that the central bank of Kenya just released data that said when it comes to people accessing the web, 99% access the web through their mobile phone. And so this has tremendous potential in terms of focusing on these different research areas and I think what's even more interesting is that these three components are pointing us in a direction where mobile devices are not just becoming an access point to important information, but they're becoming an authoring point. And I've tried to focus my research on how do you make this more of a meaningful contribution at the global scale? One of the things I wanted to ask you about, you seem very enthusiastic about all this. I was just in Europe a couple of weeks ago and one of the last couple of times I've been back, one of the things that I've noticed is that maybe five or eight years ago, some of the U.S. companies where they had European cell phone makers, the guys who were working in the U.S. would have European cell phones because they were so much better than... But now it's like some of the U.S. models are like the big thing over there and I'm just wondering, is it your sense that the U.S. is sort of regaining a very strong position versus the rest of the world in terms of its part place in the mobile world? Yeah, I think when you're comparing the U.S., one of the things that it is a leader or the leader on is 4G or LTE technologies. And so in that way the U.S. is a very interesting market that's leading the way. I was conducting research in India and I was struck by the fact that there were seven mobile network operators with more than 50 million users. And what that does is that extremely competitive environment has driven down costs not just for voice services but increasingly to generate revenue. They have to push their users into data revenues and data models. And so when it comes to devices, I think when you look at the developing world and as I was saying before, I think that's the large growth areas. Android services in these open platforms are literally leading the way as well. And so I would argue what's interesting or what's when you're talking about devices and when you're talking about different markets and each has a different context and each kind of has an interesting story to be told when it comes to innovation or where there's impact happening. Okay, let me ask a question and we'll just go down the line and everybody respond to it. So where are we today? That's one of the things I can't, I've had trouble figuring out. Are we at, because some of the things that you'll hear as well, you know, mobile's really coming on but you haven't seen anything yet. And how is the world, how are things going to change in the next 10 or 15 years in terms of, I mean, what is the, you know, nobody's going to hold it because nobody's going to remember probably what you said tomorrow. So I mean, what are we going to see over the next 10 or 15 years in terms of the way the mobility is moving? And let's start, well, let's break things up a little bit, Eric. You go first. Yeah, and I think I was touching on this a little before but I think when it comes to the mobile web, you know, there's going to be a huge, not just within the United States but globally speaking, a huge trend towards developing countries coming onto the web through their mobile phones. The large part of the world will access the web through their mobile phone and this has tremendous implications for policy and a wide range of things. And I think as well what was touching on in the first panel, which I would like to echo again is that mobile data presents a huge opportunity to better understand underserved communities around the world, whether it be, you know, an interesting example was in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake. Mobile network operators in Haiti opened up their data to better track, displace populations, to channel relief services, to track the outbreak of cholera and I think, you know, as this mobile web penetration grows, this data is going to become richer and richer and there's going to be more interesting insights to be gleaned. Obviously privacy issues are going to need to be accounted for and anonymized data but there's a lot of interesting movements in this space that we're already seeing. I was talking with Robert Fitzpatrick, the UN Global Pulse, and he was convening the 10 leading mobile network operators in Indonesia with a ministry agency and they're looking to create MOUs right now around better sharing of data and I think that, you know, there's a lot of really exciting things. I'm on the side that we're at the tip of the iceberg and we're going to keep on moving really fast and we need to position ourselves for a lot of these trends globally as well here in the United States.


Hey there! And welcome to Learn WordPress. In this tutorial you're going to learn about testing your WordPress products for PHP version compatibility. You will learn why it's important to test for PHP version compatibility, where to find information about PHP version changes, as well as two methods to test your plugins and themes against newer PHP versions. WordPress is written in PHP and as such it needs to be able to run on at least the minimum supported version of PHP that is available to web hosts. While WordPress recommends a specific minimum version of PHP, all the PHP versions will eventually reach end of life and will not receive any security updates in the near future. For example, the current minimum recommended PHP version to run WordPress is 7.4, which reached end of life status on the 28th of November 2022. WordPress core itself is considered compatible with select explicit exceptions with PHP 8.0, 8.1 and beta compatible with PHP 8.2 and 8.3. However, they cannot guarantee that all plugins and themes will be compatible with current or future versions of PHP. As a plugin or theme developer it's therefore important to have a process in place to test your products for PHP version compatibility. In order to know when and how PHP versions are going to change it's a good idea to refer to the official PHP website at www.php.net. On the supported versions page you can find information about which versions are currently supported, at what level of support and which versions are end of life.  PHP 8.0 is supported for security fixes only and PHP 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3 are actively supported, meaning bug and security flaws will be fixed. Note that PHP 8.0 will only be supported for security fixes till November 2023, which is around the time PHP 8.3 will be released and then PHP 8.0 will be considered end of life. In the Appendancy section of the PHP documentation you can find the guides on migrating from older PHP versions, which lists the most important changes between the old version and the newer. For example, the migrating from PHP 7.4 to PHP 8.0 guide lists the most important changes between 7.4 and 8.0. For the purposes of this tutorial let's look at an example plugin. Plugin registers a shortcode which fetches a list of posts and displays the post title of each post whenever the shortcode is used. The post fetcher class handles the fetching of the posts. Testing the shortcode on a page you can see that it works as expected when running PHP 7.4. There are a few ways to test for PHP version compatibility which require different combinations of newer PHP versions and installation of various tools. For the purposes of this tutorial you will look at two possible methods, each with their own pros and cons. The manual method involves setting up a WordPress environment with the PHP version that you want to test for and then testing your plugin in that environment. Setting up this environment can be done in a few ways, but the most common option would be to use a local development environment that supports changing PHP versions, such as MAM, LaraGon, LocalWP and DevKinster. For the purposes of this example we'll test on PHP 8.1. A quick way to check that you're on the right version is if you create an info.php file in the root of your WordPress install and use the following code. Then navigate to that info.php file in your browser and you should see the PHP version displayed. Once you have your test environment set up you need to enable WordPress debugging. To do this edit the wp-config.php file and update the line which defines the wp-debug constant setting it to true. Additionally add the wp-debug display and set it to false and add the wp-debug log constant and set it to true. This will ensure that all errors are logged to the debug log file in the wp-content directory. You can also set your wp-debug log constant to a custom location by specifying the path to the file, for example, then test your plugin by refreshing the page. Notice that the shortcode functionality breaks and the list of posts don't appear. Now take a look at the debug log. If you look at the debug log you'll see something like the following error displayed. This tells us that there's an error on line 36 of the plugin. If you go to line 36 of the plugin you'll see the following code and you'll see that it's trying to loop through this posts property which is null for some reason. The reason might not be immediately obvious so you might have to dig into the migrating guide to see what's going on. Under the other incompatible changes section you see the following change. Methods with the same name as the class are no longer interpreted as constructors. The underscore underscore construct method should be used instead. So in this case the class constructor method needs to be updated. So if we change this to construct. Once that's fixed refresh the page. And you should see that the plugin is working again as expected. While manual testing does work it's a tedious process. Fortunately you can also automate most tests using a tool called PHP unit. This will allow you to continuously safeguard your code both against bugs and for PHP compatibility issues. But using PHP unit is outside of the scope of this tutorial. There are also tools that you can use to test PHP compatibility. The most useful being the app named PHP compatibility tool which is a set of rules for the PHP code sniffer tool. PHP code sniffer is a command line application that can be used to scan your code for errors and warnings. PHP compatibility is a set of rules that can be used with PHP code sniffer to scan your code for PHP version compatibility. For WordPress developers there is a specific rule set called PHP compatibility WP which is a PHP compatibility rule set for WordPress projects. What's great about PHP compatibility and PHP compatibility WP is that you don't have to configure a different PHP version to use it. You can use it with your existing PHP version and it will check your code against the rules for the PHP version that you specify. To install and use PHP compatibility WP you need to install Composer which is a dependency manager for PHP projects. For Composer to work you also need PHP installed on your computer so that you can use the PHP CLI binary which allows you to run PHP scripts in the terminal instead of just the browser. Installing Composer is outside of the scope of this tutorial but you can find instructions on the Composer website for both Mac OS and Linux and Windows. You can find ways to install PHP on your system on the PHP website under the installation and configuration section. Once you install PHP make sure to add the path to the PHP CLI binary to the operating system path of your computer so that you can run PHP commands from anywhere on your computer. You can check that you have PHP installed by running the following command in your terminal PHP minus V. Similarly you can check that you have Composer installed by running the following command in your terminal Composer minus uppercase P. Once you have Composer installed you can initialize the Composer project by running the following command inside the plugin or theme directory. If you're already using Composer for your plugin you probably can skip this step. What the command is Composer init. This will initialize a new Composer project in your directory. You can accept the defaults for most of the questions but when it asks you to define your dependencies interactively and your dev dependencies interactively you should answer no. You can also skip the ps4 autolock mapping unless you're planning to use it. Once this is done you will have a composer.json file which is the file Composer uses to manage your project dependencies. Next you will need to install the Composer plugin to manage the installed path setting for PHP code sniffer by running the following from the command line. If you already have this plugin installed you can ignore this. Then you can install the Composer installer plugin and the PHP compatibility tool by running the following commands. Composer require dev, dealer direct, PHP code sniffer, Composer installer, and Composer require dev, PHP compatibility slash PHP compatibility wp. This will both set up and install the required dependencies in your Composer json file. Currently the stable release of PHP compatibility is 9.3.5 However the most recent sniffs are part of an upcoming version 10.0. The current stable version of PHP compatibility wp is 2.1.4. When version 10 of PHP compatibility is released version 3 of PHP compatibility wp will be released which will depend on PHP compatibility version 10. In the meantime it is possible to install the dev develop branch of PHP compatibility to run PHP cs with the cutting edge editions of PHP 8 sniffs before their release in version 10 of PHP compatibility as detailed in this WordPress VIP documentation. To do this run the following commands to alias the dev develop branch of PHP compatibility. These commands will alias the develop branch of PHP compatibility to a 9.x version which is within the allowed range for PHP compatibility and set PHP compatibility wp to install the latest stable 2.1 version. Once PHP compatibility 10 and PHP compatibility wp 3 are released it should be possible to update the PHP compatibility wp version constraint to 3.0 which will depend on version 10 of PHP compatibility. With all this installed you can now run the PHP compatibility wp tool on your plugin file. The recommended way to do this is to run PHP compatibility wp against a specific base version of PHP. In this example you can run it against the version 7.4 of PHP and above by setting the test version run runtime to 7.4. When you run it you see this output. Notice how this is the same error as reported in the manual method but this time it's a lot more specific. It tells us exactly what line the error is on and what the error is. So now we can fix the class constructor again. One of the considerations when using something like PHP compatibility wp is that it can't pick up every single compatibility error. For example one of the other changes from PHP 7.4 to PHP 8 is the removal of the ability to use a ray key exist with objects and instead to use something like property exists. However the PHP compatibility wp tool doesn't know if the variable you're passing to a ray key exists is an array or an object so it can't warn you about this. This is where automating your manual test would come in handy. When you run the test in a new PHP environment the test would fail alerting you to a possible problem and with logging enabled you'll see the error logged to the log file. Ultimately combining tools like PHP compatibility with automated testing and the manual testing process we've discussed will allow you to ensure that your plugin is compatible with current and future versions of PHP. Happy coding!


So let's get started. This is lesson five, so we'll be talking about microwave-mediated reactions. I put in the reading materials that in terms of importance of microwave-mediated reactions, how ubiquitous they are in different natural environment, and we also talk about the biogeochemical redox ladder in the reading materials. So things happen in sequence. And then we have this example of, I was talking about in this, so I grab some soil in the backyard putting a water bottle in the kitchen. So this is not real, this is a cup I would say. So that's the system we have, right? In that example, we put some soil there. Let's close it. We have some water there. So we have some soil. Let's just put these, let's say these are the grains, right? And the water originally have some oxygen in it. And I told you there's a soil that I have we just recently fertilized. I mean, you will have nitrate in the system. So essentially in the system you have oxygen and nitrate as electron acceptors, right? And typically, for example, the soils usually have bacteria already there. Mycobase everywhere, they do a lot of work. So and also usually you would expect the soil carbon, the soil have some organic material. So essentially it also have organic carbon which we use acetate to represent that, right? So essentially we're talking about the system that has water in it, it's well mixed, it has bacteria in it, right? Let's use that to represent bacteria. And it have two electron acceptors, oxygen and nitrate, perfect. We have system and we know it's going to have something going on, right? And again, it's well mixed. We are not talking about a vacuum transport dispersion diffusion yet. So this is a well mixed system, meaning there's no concentration gradient in the system. Now that's just the system you have. So you have bugs. We use bugs. The formula for bugs is Hc5H7ON, something like that, right? And depends on what type of bacteria it is. If it's using oxygen, then we put oxygen on the, at the side just to indicate this is oxygen reducing bacteria. If it's nitrate reducing bacteria, we put nitrate there just to distinguish between the two different bacteria. So essentially you have two type of bacteria there in the system. That's the system you have and what's there, all the players, right? Now if we think about the reactions, what are the reactions, right? So first of all we talk about in the, but you can read us later, oxygen is the one that is going to be used first because usually it has fast reaction rate. It also gets, the bacteria, the microbes also get more energy out of it. So that means it has gross advantage because it can grow more with the same amount of organic carbon they have. So the first one is we call aerobic oxidation, meaning you will have the transformation from CH3, we use acetate to represent organic carbon. I'm not putting all these numbers in terms of stoichiometry of the company, but essentially just writing what are the major products, right? So organic carbon will become oxidized to become bicarbonate or other forms of carbon. If it's very relatively acidic condition, you might have CO2 gas coming out and you have water or hydrogen or whatever condition it allows. And then you will grow bacteria. So bacteria is also one of the products that we talk about, right? And then producing the oxygen reducing aerobic bacteria or microbe. So that's the oxygen related reaction. So we talk about, okay, that reaction will happen first. And remember this is a closed system, meaning we have certain amount of oxygen dissolved at the first. And then it's going to be depleted over time because it's a reactant. So the microbe will be using this up. And then the next step, the next reaction that's going to happen will be denitrification, right? So you will have, again, let's assume we would have plenty of organic carbon there. So then you will have nitrate. Again, the will be inorganic carbon become produced. It's the same process if you think about the human system, right? We breathe oxygen, we eat food like grains, bread, rice, different type of essentially organic carbon. And then we breathe out CO2, which essentially is another form of bicarbonate, right? And then water, let's not write that. And then you have another type of bacteria coming, microbe coming out, which will be the denitrification microbe. So these are the two driver of the system. But then, typically you would also have, I'm just writing, very at the side, there should be the convert somewhat fast reaction compared to this microbe mid-direction will be the transition between CO2, AQ, bicarbonate, and carbonate. These are the inorganic carbon species that we know is going to happen. We talk about that in aqueous speciation, or aqueous speciation reaction that we discussed before. So these are very fast reactions. So the major driver are really these. And if you have other species, for example, calcium or magnesium, if there's plenty of them, there might be precipitation come because these reactions will produce a lot of bicarbonate. And bicarbonate can, when the condition allows, it could precipitate a calcite, for example. Now these, we're not going to focus on these. Our major goal right here, right now, is talking about these drivers. And if there's applications that you would need to consider, these are some things that would be specific about particular applications. Now, so we have these reactions. These are the processes we could focus on. And then we'll be thinking about the species species. Like, what are the species out there? If we have, so for sure, we would have all the electron acceptor there, which is oxygen. It dissolved oxygen. You have nitrate. You have CH3COO. These are the variables that we are solving for in these equations, right? And then we also have, let's put bicarbonate. But we know these sets going to be also carbonate, CO2, AQ, right, or H2CO3. Yeah, the same. These three are almost like equivalent with each other. Hydrogen ion, for sure. And then it goes with H minus, right? Electron, acceptor electron donor products. Nitrogen is, did I, right? Okay. I should, here I should add another, which is the product of denitrification. One product denitrification would be N2. There could be a lot of, like, a few other intermediate reaction products like NO2 minus. People have seen that, or ammonia even. This could happen too. We are just using this as an example. So N2, right? So these are the major species. But also when we solve for this, when we are writing these four reactions in terms of this reaction, mycubi as a product, we also should have C5H7ON and then O2, right? And then C5, these are the two major products too. It's not just as a abiotic species. These are the, we consider the, mycubi are the products of this reaction too, right? So these are the species that you are solving. And then, okay, so you, we are not talking about other complexation reactions. So really, we are focusing on this species and you probably quickly know by this time, these are the, it could be the second species, second species, second species, right? These are the things that we consider. And then the primary species would be oxygen, nitrate, this, this, hydrogen, N2, N2, and these, right? These are the primary species. Let me just write it as primary to indicate the color. So that's what you have for in terms of variables we are solving for. Now, again, we are talking about the well-mixed system. So when we think about the reactions, the equations would be really the reaction in term, for example, oxygen, you would have something like this, right? It would be DC DT for oxygen, for example. Oxygen is being consumed, right? So volume. So it's really volume of the bottle, the mass, and then times this DC DT, but then you also have, essentially would be the mu, right? The mu is just, let's call this mu is a stoichiometric coefficient. It's consuming, right? It's in the left-hand side of the, of the equation, the reaction, because meaning it's being consumed. So this is stoichiometric. If, for example, in Francis, this is 0.5, this value would be 0.5. And then we will be, we think about the consumption. So the rate of this will follow monod, dual monod kinetics, right? So you would have this mu max for oxygen term, and then we have this, how much bacteria are there? So it would be the C5H7O2, and I should have O2 here. That's why I feel something is, something is weird. O2, it should be, I'll have O2 there. All right. So you have this species, O2, and this is oxygen reducing bacteria. So mu max concentration of biomass, and then you should have the two monod term, right? One is for concentration of oxygen, and then Km oxygen, plus concentration of O2. That's electron acceptor. And then you have the CCH3CO minus, sorry, I'm writing a bit of, this will be time, right? So Km, and then the plus C acetate, CH3, and I can't write anymore. But you know what I mean. So this is electron donor term, electron acceptor term, biomass, maximum reaction rates. So that's for oxygen. Similarly, you will write this for VDC. It's also being consumed. So essentially you will have the same, but you will have mu of CH3CO minus and the same expression, right? It's the same reaction going on. Just consume different chemical species in different proportions. And you would write again also for bicarbonate. So let's say one of the products, so you really should have positive sign before this, right? So you have write VDCDT. This will be like total carbon, right? And then mu of, right? So all these goes on. So you will be writing for all these. Now when you write for, so if you only have oxygen, you would have oxygen this acetate bicarbonate and other species. That's good enough. But if you have nitrogen, then your equation for nitrogen will be a little bit different in the sense that you would have the same, but it would be replaced by nitrate acetate. But you will have the inhibition term by oxygen because oxygen will act as inhibitor for denitrification to carbon. When you have plenty of nitrogen, oxygen in the system, denitrification is not going to happen. Only after this concentration of oxygen has been decreased to levels that this term is more or less much higher than this, then this value will be close to one, then denitrification really kicks in. So that's for nitrate. But also notice when you have nitrate, when you have both electron acceptors, these reactions will be happening at the same time. Just at the first, oxygen will be the dominant one because this term will be, have very small value will be inhibited denitrification to happen. But then this, this rate of this will become smaller and smaller because oxygen becomes smaller concentration while this term become bigger and bigger. So there is a switch between different electron acceptors. The other thing is when you have multiple electron acceptors, when you write these acetate equations or when you write these, for example, produced in organic carbon, you will need multiple term too. Because nitrate, denitrification process also contribute to the consumption of acetate and production of biochem. These are like common products or common reactants. So you will have multiple term if you have the nitrate related term. I'm not going to detail everything, but essentially that's what you think would have. So solving these equations, let's say you have all these species, you'll be writing how many independent equations for primary species. Then you have three fast reactions that you can form algebraic relationship to solve for these other secondary species. You solve everything as a function of time. So this is dt. This is not partial t. Now in that case, what do you think will happen when we have these products? So I talk about we have some magic power, magic powder putting in the bottle. We help us, we read our numbers. What do you think will be the chant, for example, oxygen? And what's going to be the chant of temporal evolution of nitrate that's using nitrate for this one? How do you think they're going to look like in term of curve? And so that will be actually the output of the model, right? You can look at, you can think about what's going to happen. So aerobic oxidation going to happen. First oxygen concentration is going to be consumed first and decreased, right? So let's say it's maybe oxygen start from here. You will see a decreasing chant of oxygen. Let's say just something like that. And then what about nitrate? So nitrate is, at first it's because of where there was a presence of oxygen. You wouldn't see much of nitrate decreasing. So probably at the beginning it's going to, let's say, start from somewhere here. It will be relatively flat, right? But it's also when the nitrogen, when the, I'm sorry, when the oxygen starts to decrease, it's just start to show the sign of, and depends on rates, right? How fast, how long it will take, it will depend on. So when it's like almost completely depleted, then you would have nitrate kind of going full swing and then it's going to decrease really fast. But then when you think about the products, right? So this produce N2. So it's probably N2, let's say at the beginning it's not much, it's almost zero. Now when nitrate is start to be denitrified, then N2 start to increase, increase, right? It's almost like in the, it almost mirrors the nitrate. So this would be N2. That's the product of denitrification, right? Oxygen decrease followed by nitrate decrease and oxygen increasing. What if you also have sulfate? Let's use another color. Let's use blue again. What if you have nitrate? So nitrate, so let's assume there's no ion there. So when you have sulfate, so there's another electron acceptor, which is sulfate, which is also pretty active in subsulfate environment. Probably not in very shallow soil, but in a bit of deeper, when you don't have a lot of oxygen, you tend to have sulfate. So sulfate will be probably, let's say, something like, let's just start here. It would start to become decreased when this denitrification happens and the concentration decreases. But then it will also follow, right? Maybe it won't decrease, depends on how much electron donors you have in sceptra. So this, let's say this is representing sulfate. And the product of that is sulfides, right? So sulfides are probably with this small at the beginning, but then it'll be increasing over time. Something like that. Let's call it HS minus. Just this is like randomly ending another electron, except it's not easy equation. But if you need to write for sulfate too, then you would have three major micro immediate reactions. And in addition to this, you would also have equation related to sulfate and sulfide production. And notice also, sulfate reduction will be inhibited by both oxygen and nitrate. So then you have two inhibition terms. So in that case, when only when oxygen and nitrate is depleted to pretty small amount, then it is sulfate reduction can start to kick in. So these inhibition terms really would ensure the biochemical reduction later in the system. Okay, so that's what we have for this unit, for this lesson. And you can use this or set up state for you to do the homework, think about different reactions that are going to happen in sequence in natural systems, in soil, aquifers, and then how mycubee evolve and the different concentration of our time. Actually, we didn't talk about mycubee, but the mycubee concentration will increase over time, following where these different types will be following their own electron acceptor, electron acceptor evolution, right? Oxygen decrease and aerobic mycubee will be increased, things like that.  Thank you.


Today on Six Sister Stuff, I am making some of our grandma's favorite recipes. Now, about a week ago, I was going live on a Friday, and if you were there watching, I all of a sudden stopped, and I couldn't remember the name of the recipe. I can't even think of what it's called, but there's a link down below in the YouTube. Like an black bean corn salsa chicken. There we go. Because right that second is when I got the text from my mom that my grandma died, and so my brain just wasn't a different place. As sisters and families, we got to spend the week celebrating her, so I thought we would end the week with a video of all of her favorite recipes. So I hope you love them as much as I do. The first recipe I'm making today is my grandma's meatloaf. Now, we have this all the time growing up. Whenever I went to grandma's house, she always had meatloaf in the oven, and it's one of my favorites. All right, you're going to start with a pound and a half of ground beef. Now, if the recipe calls for ground beef, I like to use ground turkey, so that's what I'm using today. We're going to take the raw meat and just put it into a bowl. Okay, next we're going to add an onion. Now, if you don't know my trick, I get a few paper towels soaking wet, and I'll put it in between meat and the onion.  So we're going to cut an onion, just chop it into little pieces. And they just pour the onions right into your bowl. Then you're just going to add two eggs to your mixture. Next, you're going to add a fourth cup of ketchup, and if you know me and if you watched this channel for a while, you know that I like to eyeball a lot of things. Next, we have some tomato soup. We're just going to add half the can, but don't dump the other half because we're going to use that for the topping, which is my favorite part. Then we have one tablespoon of WSAS, or Worcestershire. Worcestershire, you know what I call it. Next, add one cup of quick oats, and then just salt and pepper to taste. Now, the recipe calls to mix it with your hands. My grandma would always mix it with her hands, but now they have something called a chopster, and I love using the chopster to mix all my meat and my eggs and all the ingredients together. It just makes it a little bit easier. Okay, this did a good job, but there are some chunks that are hard to get, so I'm actually just going to get in there, and we're just going to mix this really well. Don't worry, wash my hands. Okay, so you can use a loaf pan, but I actually like to use like a square pan, so this is a nine by nine pan. I'm just going to spray with non-stick spray, and we're just going to put in the meat mixture, and we're just going to mix it down with my hand. So now you're going to use the rest of the tomato soup. Now the recipe just calls for half a can tomato soup. I actually like to add a little bit of ketchup. Hopefully grandma's okay with that. Then just one tablespoon of the W sauce, and then two tablespoons of brown sugar, and then just mix that all together. This is going to be the topping for your meat loaf. Then just pour the sauce right on top.  You guys can hear Harper, she is just woke up from a nap. She is not very happy right now. So you're going to cook this at 350 degrees for 90 minutes. This was my dad's favorite food growing up, and he passed it on to us. So we love grandma's meat loaf. The next one is my grandma's five cup creamy fruit salad. Now we would usually see my grandma on Sundays. We'd go over to her house, eat dinner, and this is what she always served as a side dish. This one is so easy because it literally takes three minutes to throw together. So we're going to throw in, this is 10 ounces of mandarin oranges, and I drained that. It calls for eight ounces of crushed pineapple, so I'm going to do about half of this. It'll be closer to 10 ounces. Then we have one cup of mini marshmallows. If you need to add more, you can. There's no judgment here. Then just one cup of sweetened coconut flakes. And the last thing is sour cream. Now I know this sounds gross, but I'm telling you, it's delicious. So we just have one cup of sour cream, and if you have a lot of leftover sour cream or sour cream that's going to go bad, this is the recipe to make because it uses a lot of sour cream, and it's a good side dish. Now that that's on, we're just going to mix it all together. Now one thing about my grandma, she was so funny that she didn't like dirty bowls. So she would literally take a paper towel and clean all the outside of the bowl so it looked nice and clean, like you didn't even mix it in here. Anyways, that's my little trick. Now I'm not going to tell my kids there's sour cream in here because I know they're going to love it by just tasting it. I hope you guys love it too. The last recipe I'm making today is my grandma's goulash. Now my grandma grew up on this. She taught my dad how to make it, and whenever my mom went out of town, this is the recipe that he made for us. It's one of my favorites. Okay, you're going to start by turning your stove top on to about medium-high heat. The recipe calls for one and a half pounds of ground beef, but we're going to use two pounds because it's just easier that way. I'm just going to chop this up, cook it a little until it's nice and brown. So now that the meat is done, we're going to add in our diced onion and our green pepper.  Once those have been in there for a few minutes, it's time to drain your grease if you like to do that. Now would be the time to do it. Okay, now we're going to add one can of drained corn, 28 ounces of tomato sauce, 30 ounces of diced tomatoes, and don't drain those out. So now we're going to add three tablespoons of soy sauce, and then just one tablespoon of the W, or Worcestershire, or Worcestershire, whatever you call it. Then we're just going to add a little bit of salt, and mix this all together. We're going to let it simmer for about five minutes or so. Real quick side note, if your cutting board gets too close to the fire, it will, it will melt. So just so you're aware. I forgot to add a half a cup of brown sugar. So throw that in, mix that in a little bit, and then we're going to add our noodles. Now we're going to add two cups of your favorite elbow macaroni, and just throw it right in. Okay, you want to make sure your noodles are covered with the sauce. You don't want crunchy noodles here. So once all your noodles are covered, you're going to turn down your temperature to low. You're going to put your lid on, and then you're going to let it simmer here for about 20 minutes. And I just have the best little helper helping me in the kitchen. Hi, sister. Now I didn't love goulash growing up, but as an adult, I'll tell you what, I really do enjoy it. Remnants of the plastic cutting board.  Oh, I'll have to keep you updated on that one. All right guys, thanks for celebrating my grandma with me today. I hope you have a wonderful week. I'll see you on Friday for our live, and then on Sunday for the next video. Bye, everyone.


Hello friends and how are you all today? Let us integrate the following function. The function given to us is cos 2x divided by cos x plus sin x whole ways to the part 2 with respect to tx. Now cos 2x can be written as cos square x minus sin square x. So we have cos square x minus sin square x divided by cos x plus sin x whole ways to the part 2 into tx. Now we can write e square minus b square as a plus b where a is cos x and b is sin x into a minus b b. We will divide it by cos x plus sin x whole ways to the part 2 into tx. Now simplifying it we have integral of cos x minus sin x divided by cos x plus sin x into tx. Now let t be equal to sin x plus cos x which is the denominator. So dt will be equal to cos x minus sin x obviously into tx. So we have integral of dt which is the numerator divided by t. That is log mod of t plus c and on substituting the value of t as sin x plus cos x. So we have the answer as log mod of sin x plus cos x plus c and this is a required answer to the session. It ends and have a nice day.


There's this idea out there that it is selfish and greedy to be rich But I think that it's actually selfish to stay broke. Let's break it down Money the word has a lot of connotations Some positive some negative it depends who you talk to But what money is is a means of value exchange in in order to acquire a lot of money You need to learn how to exchange a lot of value for most people this means learning skills To pay the bills learning skills to help other people and most small business owners who start from the ground up and Then grow a large business do so by helping people on a large scale They've systematically figured out how to solve problems for other people and then you have the people who are totally broke and They're complaining about rich people and people that have money and most of the time these people are broke because they don't have Skills to provide value. They haven't taken the time to learn skills to provide value to other people now We all definitely do not start On a level playing ground, right? We do not start in the same place So some people are disadvantaged, but here's the thing once you are conscious enough to realize I Can improve myself and it can develop skills to provide value to other people is your responsibility to do so It is your responsibility to get wealthy number one For yourself you have to learn to take care of yourself That's the best thing you can do for society When you are starting from ground zero the best thing you can do is learn to meet your own needs So that nobody else has to take care of you the next best thing you can do is take care of your family Okay, provide for your family so nobody else has to so nobody else has to worry about them So you take care of them.  You're gonna create more tax revenue for your community You're gonna create more health in the economy of your city of your state of your country And then you're going to impact all of your customers So in order to get rich you have to have thousands and thousands and thousands of customers And guess what these people are going to buy from you unless you provide value to them So now we're providing value to thousands of people through our business Now we're paying more taxes than everyone else and now we have resources to take care of other people Guess what else we have? We have freedom. We have freedom to dedicate our lives to a cause to a purpose that we care about And then we also have resources So now if we want to help causes now if we want to help the needy We have a lot more to offer than just a couple hours over time. We have massive financial resources. We have power We have influence And we're creating value on a massive scale and that is what you can do By getting rich you have to confront your own limitations head-on You have to learn the skills the personal skills the professional skills to provide value to a large amount of people And you have to eat shit doing it You have to go through so much pain to do this and it's a lot easier just to stay broke But I'm gonna say it's selfish to do that because you're missing out and helping thousands and thousands and thousands of people And that's how you get rich. So next time you call a rich person selfish or greedy think twice Okay, and next time you tell yourself that you're not gonna get rich Because I'd be greedy to do so I want you to think long and hard about that. I want you to think long and hard About what it means to get rich what it takes how much value you have to provide How selfless you have to be and don't get me wrong there are personal rewards and you can do it for selfish reasons But inevitably you're gonna have to help other people to get there So go out there make money if you need to learn skills If you don't have any right now and you're gonna learn how to help local businesses generate more clients and get paid for it I put together a free training Christian Martin dot org back slash free go check that out That's gonna teach you the skills you need to help other people and it's gonna provide you a solid foundation for the rest of your life to Learn how to acquire clients and customers through marketing Go out there make that money do it in a positive beneficial way to society and everyone around you is going to thank you and Only the haters are gonna think you're selfish or greedy My name is Christian Martin put in the comments below what you thought of this Tell me what your beliefs are about money about is it selfish? Is it not is it greedy? Is it not to make a lot of money and I will talk to you next time


If I had eviction data, I would use it to empower people's property rights, particularly those of the renters, and ensure that they understood their rights as a renter and understood that they had an ability to follow a due process that would allow them to stay in place and deal with the system that attempts to hide eviction data and allows us to be transparent about those that do not want eviction data to be collected or to be transparent and open.