Computers keep changing the world, but their power and safety is limited by their rigid design. The T2TILE project works for bigger and safer computing using living systems principles. Follow our progress here on T Tuesday Updates. This is the 46th T Tuesday Update. Let's get into it. For the last couple of weeks now, it's been about getting intertile events working. And that is really the heart and soul of the whole idea of indefinite scalability. If you're running a program on a computer and it can make changes inside itself and inside the physical machine, but to get outside the machine it has to do IO, it has to do something different. But if you turn the whole thing inside out and you say you can automatically, by the way the architecture works, have an event that sort of starts out on one piece of a hardware, one TILD, what we say, and have effects on the neighboring TILD so that in some level, except perhaps for timing issues or other reliability issues, what have you, the computation just moves from tile to tile to tile. And that's what intertile events will get us. And we're getting close. The essence of intertile events, the way we're doing it here in the T2 is it has two parts. It has a locking step where you ask the neighbors not to make any more changes in this part of the program grid so that I can make a change and be able to believe that you know about the results of it. And in order to provide the results of it, you have to be able to talk to the neighbor and do a cache update. So locking plus cache updating. Two, three weeks ago we actually got the locking pretty solid and we've been working on the cache updating. This past week it's been a huge battle for getting cache update working. I'll tell you how it worked and how it went. And not to spoil the ending, our plan for next week is to have the entire shebang going, the actual intertile events going, no matter how slow, no matter how lamely something, so that we can actually see a computation begin on one tile and move to another tile and keep on going. I think it's in reach. We'll see. In addition for next week, a plan for the next five weeks, why for the next five weeks? Well, not sure if anybody is really noticing, but that is going to be a year. That's going to be 50, we're almost at 52 episodes of T Tuesday updates. I would really like to have a pretty major result. And who knows, maybe after five weeks from here, we're talking series finale. Who knows? Everything's up for grabs. That's why we need a plan. All right, let's get into it. Okay, yes, the E&O division. What is the E&O division? It's the new name of the propaganda division, education and outreach division. Why is the propaganda division being renamed? We'll find out in a week or two. So this week in the E&O division, we have another podcast and it hasn't been done yet. It's actually going to happen today, later today, which is one of the reasons why I got to get this thing out. There's a book. It's a really good book by Brian Christian and Tom Griffith called Algorithms to Live By and it sort of sums up a tremendous amount of computer science as it applies not just to computers, but to people, to living systems, which is very much in the living computation spirit. And apparently they are doing sort of a follow-up of Algorithms to Live By where they're having a small little podcast and they actually, Brian Christian invited me to come talk about the T2 Tile project as one of the episodes of their follow-on podcast. So that's pretty exciting. We'll find out how it went next week. In addition, oh yeah, so Andrew Walpole got a setup with a new actual location, t2tile.org, go check it out, see what's there with this great new logo. And in fact, he has gotten it made into stickers and there they are. They're pretty glassy looking. And he says he'll send some out to you if you're willing to go over to the Gitter and ask him for them. You'd have to give up a physical address, which who knows in the modern world. Maybe that's too scary and maybe we just don't care, but I think I'm going to get a couple of them because I think they're cool. In addition, the place that he got them from, the Sticker Mule Place, they were running a sale, which is one of the reasons he did it and he put the link to it and so I tried it too. So I got some stickers as well and here they are. So here it is. It's a MFM t2. I tried to make it something that was, it's got a little Unikifying Text 244. That's last week's update because that's when it was that I ordered it in 2019. This is going to be a commemorative 2019 Software Guy Lost in Hardware Land Sticker. Never to be repeated. There's 50 of them. I'll give you, if you ask and you can somehow get me address. They actually have three, you know, three little inch of tile connectors on them. So if you actually get more than one, although I can't imagine who would be entitled to that, you could actually tile them and have them kind of overlap with each other. Just by purposes of comparison, here's how they compare to a real tile. They sort of fit in the display. They're just really very nice. So that's kind of fun. And supposedly they're high quality vinyl, whatever. I don't really know much about stickers. All right. So the main event for today is the report from the Software Division about trying to get cash updates working. Failure plus deadline equals drama. Well, that's that's David Mamet's recipe for how to write drama. The deadline was, I really wanted, I mean, I really wanted it last week. And all we got was one little teeny cash update packet sent six bytes sent, which was a lot more than we had. And this was the setup with using a big long curve around cable so that the key master in white could be talking to six different tiles all at once to see what would happen. And we got to the that six greater than one, six less than one. That's a single six byte packet being sent. I guess it's sent to the east and received from the west by the neighboring tile. That was last week. So, yeah, so we successfully shipped a cash update packet. And that's, you know, what's last week's making lemonade out of the fact that entire events were not working well. So this week it's a whole new thing. So I went right back to work on a week ago Wednesday almost. And so as usual, what I do is make lists of things and see if that suggests what to do next. And then maybe I can start chipping them off. And so the real question is, you know, got this whole existing structure in the M M M M F M S simulator that has its whole idea of here's a model of a tile. Here's a model of an entire tile connection. Here's a model of a cash. Here's a model of a channel. Here's a model of one end of a channel and so forth. Those are all little pieces of bits of software that have been built up over the years to represent a tile and intertile event. And of course, part of the challenge is that the T2 tile, the actual real tile, which did not exist when M M F M S was written, doesn't work quite the same way that the model does. So there's going to be sort of a mismatch. And one of the big mismatches was that the M M M S simulator thinks that it has six different individual point to point connections from my northeast cash processor to the neighboring tiles southwest cash processor and so on. Whereas the way the Linux kernel module on the physical T2 tiles works is all of the intertile packets are delivered in one place slash dev slash itc slash M F M. And from the first bite of each packet, you tell where it came from or where it's going to when you sit when you ship it. So that was going to have to be changed no matter what. And so I've been moving the software design up and down making these changes going around and around circles driving myself crazy. Trying to figure out what's the right way to adapt the M M M S structure to the T2 tile hardware. So here's an example. Could we come in a little higher feed packets down to the CPs? That's the cash processors, the things that take care of sending the cash update methods, messages back and forth between the tiles. And so how could, well, maybe we should try that. So I decided to try that last Wednesday decided to try it. How can we proceed on that?  Now, a lot of times I don't check them off quite as cleanly as that. In fact, you know, so entry number seven was 939 entry number 11 is 940. It's a minute later. I was just knocking them all off when I came back. But then it moves on, right? So now I ended up building a whole mechanism that here's the other problem. The flash traffic where we had packets where you said like grid reset, grid clear and so forth. Those are traveling over slash dev slash IDZ slash MFM, the same channel as well. But they have to be diverted out so that when we're reading a cash update and we get a flash traffic packet, we can dump it someplace to be handled a moment later. So we built a new abstraction packet FIFO first in, first out FIFO where we could throw a flash traffic packet in there when we got it. And then later on when we had a moment to process it, we pull it off the other end and deal with it. So we built it. We built these FIFOs a number of times now over the years going all the way back to 2008 and the IXM tile, the honorary T1 tile. Here's another one. It was untested, but in fact it appears to actually pretty much work and so forth. What I finally realized was that when this is all in the MFM MFM package on the T2 tiles and to push out a new MFM package to the grid takes a really long time because the inner tile bulk traffic, common data management process is a background process. It's slow. It's like 1,000 bytes a second or something like that. And the MFM package is megabytes so it takes an hour. So really it was time to take the Keymaster, not to be trying to inside out to get six different tiles to talk to it but to put it back on the loop back, to put it back on the cable so it could talk to itself and we could debug it more conveniently. So here it was. This is when it was actually sending updates to six different neighbors at once. I actually, then this was an interesting little physical test. I said, so can I remove the Keymaster from the middle while the rest of the grid is running without having any of them reboot? And I did it. And one of the reasons I could do it is because I have now a Y cable for the power connector so I can have two different power injector heads. One that I could plug into the Keymaster, one that I could plug into the rest of the grid so that when I pulled out the other ITC connectors the Keymaster didn't lose power. So it actually did work. It was ungainly. It wasn't real clean. And then I blew it because I set the... And this is kind of a remaining problem, right? We have all of these naked exposed pins and I set it down on something I'm not sure what.  But so now it is. And now here it is wired around to itself with three inner loop back cables connected east to west, northeast, southwest, northwest, southeast. And so forth. It was a real kind of a pain because I couldn't actually see the screen very well anymore because it was like covered with bandages. Eventually I realized, oh yeah, I could actually wrap them around the back because it's just one tile so I can have access to all sides of it. And there it is. And okay. And now it's working. And this is what I've done. All the remaining development this past week was on the loop back. So the key master is talking to itself, but it doesn't know that. So it makes debugging a little easier. That doesn't make it easy. So again, now we're to last Thursday. I'm asking myself questions. I'm making guesses about what I think is going on. I mean, like this is software. It's supposed to be completely well-defined. We're supposed to know really what's going on. There's supposed to be correct versus incorrect. This is the way software actually works. It's so quickly, so complicated that who knows what you know. And you make these guesses and so forth. And so, you know, I was getting punchy, issue one. It's an update and being received and handled. I went into the debugger GDB, which for some reason has got some problems. I have to be very careful about how I use it on the T2 tiles or else it gets some internal error. But it's still valuable for getting information and being able to put breakpoints and say go here, stop, let me look around. Eventually, I started putting in more and more printfs, more and more output messages while you're running so that you can look at it afterwards and see what's going on.  An event begins. We grab a lock. There goes the begin packet. There's the six bytes equivalent to what we saw last week. But now we're actually sending an atom. 15 bytes in each atom update packet.  We send an end packet. An end packet. It's super cute. It's a little T2 header byte and one more byte saying E, meaning end. And it shipped. And now, of course, it shipped and came back to itself because of the loop back. And now more stuff and more stuff and so on. And we say, you know, wait, that's bad. We sent no atoms and we didn't send any packet and so forth. So you start to see where it falls off the rail. And then you try to make inferences about what might be going on inside the software that caused you to see that behavior.  And finally, we actually die. And so I was doing a lot of this the last several days. And then, you know, sit back and ask myself questions. How can I explain that data? Does that interact? Now, one of the real problems is that, you know, this guy, he's got the display thread and we actually ask the tile to stop running events when we display it. And then we ask it to start up again. And that's a sort of asynchronous process. The timer that's saying it's time to display is different than the thing that's actually running events. So there's a lot of complexity there. In fact, if we had a re-implementation that was just for the tissue tile, that would be something that could almost surely be simplified away. And it would be the sort of thing that would all go much faster. But again, it's not just about going fast. It's about going fast in the MFMS style code base that we can actually go back and forth between the simulator and the tile and have some relationship between the dynamics, the behavior of the two. All right. So doesn't pausing just mean doing this? I don't know. That's different. There's a whole other level. The tile driver and the tile driver has a, in fact, has an advancing case where it advances the model of the channels, the things that actually ship the bytes. And once I talk to myself enough to realize this, then it was like, well, you know, maybe the thing to do would be to go all the way down to that model of the channel sending individual bytes and replace, move in there rather than trying to go higher up like I was doing earlier in the week and replacing a lot of the software. Maybe we want to go really low level and replace the very low level thing. And the advantage of that is that you preserve much more of the existing code. The disadvantage of that is that you have to buy into more of the MFMS mentality. In particular, we would have to simulate the idea that there's six different channels to talk each ITC to talk to its corresponding neighbor rather than one place where they're all pooled together. So we'd make a separate layer and we'd ship any outbound stuff. It's couldn't so forth. Long and short of it. Yeah, and that now I'm already starting to go, this is Saturday now. We're starting to think, yeah, I'm going to do it. All right, so we really want to try it now. This is early Sunday and I'm basically starting over. I'm taking, say, you know, in fact, I took all of the software that I had hacked up and I moved to the side. I got a fresh copy of an earlier version and started working forwards again with this idea of going all the way down to the bottom and preserving as much of the existing code as possible. It's going to make things a little bit slower, but it's going to make the simulator and the T2 tiles be more similar to each other, which is good. And hopefully it'll allow a somewhat reduction in the amount of debugging necessary to get events working on the tile, because it'll take advantage of more of the debugged stuff from MFMS. And I had this thought. Let me see. That's one real danger signs I had this thought. Preserve the existing lock and go all the way down to long live locked, which is one of the very low level things. So I started over. I said, okay, we're going to intervene at four places, lock a choir, pack it outbound, pack it inbound and lock release. And then we're going to have strategies for dealing with these things and so forth. And I started into it. And, you know, don't worry about efficiency. Just try to get it working. And, you know, getting copies of the logging output, annotating them to see what's going on and so forth. And I made progress. But, you know, now log file is Tuesday. So the current state of affairs is we can run actually a bunch of events with getting locks from the neighbors, which is actually getting locks from the self. But as far as the T2 tile knows, it's getting locks from other tiles and lock requests and so forth. And it can actually send cache updates back and forth. And do all of that stuff in a way that all looks plausible, except every so often for some reason it seems to fail to deliver, fail to release one of the locks before it goes on and tries to get it again. And then eventually it's holding like four locks, three locks, and that's completely inconsistent. It never needs more than two locks to have an event on the T2 tile. So close, but totally out of time. This is my new slogan, software guy lost in software land. Here we are. But we have these long traces of all kinds of stuff that actually is happening. We have a new pitcher. Last time we had that six greater than one, a single MFM packet. Now look at this. We have a storm of MFM traffic. 87 bytes in 11 packets were sent to the Northeast. 109 packets in 109 bytes in 11 were sent to the Northwest and so forth. With this, I'm pretty confident, famous last words, that we'll be able to get to intertile events plausibly kind of working by next week. And that's it. The next update will be out in a week. Have a good week.


Chapter 46 Our Pet Fox Finds a Tale Frank returned home, and his immediate business was, of course, with his father, and with Mr. Gaysby, who was still at Greshamsbury. "'But who is the heir?' asked Mr. Gaysby, when Frank had explained that the death of Sir Louis rendered unnecessary any immediate legal steps. "'Upon my word, I don't know,' said Frank. "'Oh, saw Dr. Thorne?' said the squire. "'He must have known.' "'I never thought of asking him,' said Frank naively. "'Mr. Gaysby looked rather solemn.' "'I wonder at that,' said he. "'For everything now depends on the hands the property will go into. Let me see. I think Sir Roger had a married sister. Was not that so, Mr. Gresham?' And then it occurred for the first time, both to the squire and to his son, that Mary Thorne was the eldest child of this sister, but it never occurred to either of them that Mary could be the baronet's heir. Dr. Thorne came down for a couple of days before the fortnight was over to see his patients, and then returned again to London. But during this short visit he was utterly dumb on the subject of the heir. He called at Greshamsbury to see Lady Arabella, and was even questioned by the squire on the subject. But he obstinately refused to say more than that nothing certain could be known for yet a few days. Immediately after his return, Frank saw Mary and told her all that had happened. "'I cannot understand, my uncle,' said she, almost trembling as she stood close to him in her own drawing-room. He usually hates mysteries, and yet now he is so mysterious. He told me, Frank, that was after I had written that unfortunate letter. Unfortunate indeed! I wonder what you really thought of me when you were writing it? If you had heard what your mother said, you would not be surprised. But after that, uncle said, said what? He seemed to think—I don't remember what it was, he said—but he said he hoped that things might yet turn out well. And then I was almost sorry that I had written the letter. Of course you were sorry, and so you ought to have been. To say that you would never call me Frank again. I didn't exactly say that. I have told him I will wait a fortnight, and so I will. After that I shall take the matter into my own hands. It may be well supposed that Lady Arabella was not well pleased to learn that Frank and Mary had been again together, and in the agony of her spirit she did say some ill-natured things before Augusta, who had now returned from Corsi Castle, as to the gross impropriety of Mary's conduct. But to Frank she said nothing, nor was there much said between Frank and Beatrice. If everything could really be settled at the end of that fortnight, which was to witness the disclosure of the doctor's mystery, there would still be time to arrange that Mary should be at the wedding. It shall be settled then, he said to himself, and if it be settled, my mother will hardly venture to exclude my affianced bride from the house. It was now the beginning of August, and it wanted yet a month to the orial wedding. But though he said nothing to his mother, or to Beatrice, he did say much to his father. In the first place he showed him Mary's letter. If your heart be not made of stone it will be softened by that, he said. Mr. Gresham's heart was not of stone, and he did acknowledge that the letter was a very sweet letter. But we know how the drop of water hollows stone. It was not by the violence of his appeal that Frank succeeded in obtaining from his father a sort of half-consent that he would no longer oppose the match, but by the aciduity with which the appeal was repeated. Frank, as we have said, had more stubbornness of will than his father, and so before the fortnight was over the squire had been talked over, and promised to attend at the doctor's bidding. I suppose you had better take the hazelhurst farm, said he to his son with a sigh. It joins the park and the home-fields, and I will give you up them also. God know they don't care about farming any more. All about anything else, either. Don't say that, father. Well, well, but Frank, where will you live? The old house is big enough for us all, but how would Mary get on with your mother? At the end of his fortnight, true to his time, the doctor returned to the village. He was a bad correspondent, and though he had written some short notes to Mary, he had said no word to her about his business. It was late in the evening when he got home, and it was understood by Frank and the squire that they were to be with him on the following morning. Not a word had been said to Lady Arabella on the subject. It was late in the evening when he got home, and Mary waited for him with a heart almost sick with expectation. As soon as the fly had stopped at the little gate, she heard his voice, and heard at once that it was quick, joyful, and telling much of inward satisfaction. He had a good-natured word for Janet, and called Thomas an old blunderhead, in a manner that made Bridget laugh outright.  Bridget blushed and laughed again, and made a sign to Thomas that he had better look to his face. Mary was in his arms before he was yet within the door.  Of course I am. Am I not always to be so? Well, well, let me have some tea at any rate, for I'm in a fever of thirst. They may call that tea at the junction, if they will, but if China were sunk under the sea, it would make no difference to them. Dr. Thorn always was in a fever of thirst when he got home from the railway, and always made complaint as to the tea at the junction. Mary went about her usual work with almost more than her usual alacrity, and so they were soon seated in the drawing-room together. She soon found that his manner was more than ordinarily kind to her, and there was moreover something about him which seemed to make him sparkle with contentment. But he said no word about Frank, nor did he make any allusion to the business which had taken him up to town. Have you got through all your work? she said to him once. Yes, yes, I think all. And thoroughly? Yes, thoroughly, I think. But I am very tired, and so are you too, darling, with waiting for me. Oh, no, I am not, said she, as she went on, continually filling his cup. But I am so happy to have you home again. You have been away so much lately. Ah, yes, well, I suppose I shall not go away any more now. It will be somebody else's turn now. Uncle, I think you're going to take up writing mystery romances like Mrs Radcliffe's. Yes, and I'll begin tomorrow, certainly with Overt Mary I will not say another word tonight. Give me a kiss, dearest, and I'll go. Mary did kiss him, and he did go. But as she was still lingering in the room, putting away a book or a reel of thread, and then sitting down to think what the morrow would bring forth, the doctor again came into the room in his dressing-gown, and with the slippers on. What, not gone yet, said he? No, not yet. I'm going now. You and I, Mary, have always affected a good deal of indifference as to money, and all that sort of thing. I won't acknowledge that it has been an affectation at all, she answered. Perhaps not. But we have often expressed it, have we not? I suppose, Uncle, you think that we are like the fox that lost his tail, or rather some unfortunate fox that might be born without one. I wonder how we should either of us bear it, if we found ourselves suddenly rich. It would be a great temptation, a sore temptation. I fear, Mary, that when poor people talk disdainfully of money, they often are like your fox, born without a tail. If nature suddenly should give that beast a tail, would he not be prouder of it than all the other foxes in the wood? Well, I suppose he would. That's the very meaning of the story. But how moral you've become all of a sudden, at twelve o'clock at night. Instead of being Mrs. Radcliffe, I shall think you're Mr. Esop. He took up the article which he had come to seek, and kissing her again on the forehead, went away to his bedroom without further speech. What can he mean by all this about money? said Mary to herself. It cannot be that by Sir Louis's death he will get any of all this property. And then she began to pethink herself whether, after all, she would wish him to be a rich man. If he were very rich, he might do something to assist Frank. And then there never was a fox yet without a tail who would not be delighted to find himself suddenly possessed of that appendage. Never let the untailed fox have been ever so sincere in his advice to his friends. We are all of us, the good and the bad, looking for tails, for one tail or for more than one. We do so too often by ways that are mean enough. But perhaps there is no tail-seeker more mean, more sneakingly mean, than he who looks out to adorn his bare back with a tail by marriage. The doctor was up very early the next morning, long before Mary was ready with her teacups. He was up and in his own study behind the shop arranging dingy papers, pulling about tin boxes which he had brought down with him from London, and piling on his writing table one set of documents in one place and one in another. I think I understand it all, said he, but yet I know I shall be bothered. Well, I never will be anybody's trusty again. Let me see. And then he sat down, and with bewildered look recapitulated to himself sundry heavy items. What those shares are really worth, I cannot understand, and nobody seems able to tell one. They must make it out among them as best they can. Let me see. That's Foxall Hill. And this is Greshamsbury. I'll put a newspaper over Greshamsbury, or the squire will know it. And then, having made his arrangements, he went to his breakfast. I know I am wrong, my much and truly honoured critic, about these title deeds and documents. But when we've got that barrister in hand, then, if I go wrong after that, let the blame be on my own shoulders, or on his. The doctor at his breakfast quickly, and did not talk much to his niece. But what he did say was of a nature to make her feel strangely happy. She could not analyse her own feelings, or give a reason for her own confidence. But she certainly did feel, and even trust, that something was going to happen after breakfast, which would make her more happy than she had been for many months. Janet, said he, looking at his watch, if Mr. Gresham and Mr. Frank call, show them into my study. What are you going to do with yourself, my dear? I don't know, uncle. You are so mysterious, and I am in such a Twitter that I don't know what to do. Why is Mr. Gresham coming here? That is the squire. Because I have business with him about the sketch at property. You know that he owed salooie money. But don't go out, Mary. I want you to be in the way if I should have to call for you. You can stay in the drawing-room, can't you? Oh, yes, uncle, or here. No, dearest, go into the drawing-room. Mary obediently did as she was bid, and there she sat for the next three hours, wondering, wondering, wondering. During the greater part of that time, however, she well knew that Mr. Gresham Sr. and Mr. Gresham Jr. were both with our uncle below. At eleven o'clock the doctor's visitors came. He had expected them somewhat earlier, and was beginning to become fidgety. He had so much on his hands that he could not sit still for a moment, till he had at any rate commenced it. The expected footsteps were at last heard on the gravel pass, and a moment or two afterwards Janet ushered the father and son into the room. The squire did not look very well. He was worn and sorrowful, and rather pale. The deaths of his young creditor might be supposed to have given him some relief from his more pressing cares, but the necessity of yielding to Frank's wishes had almost more than balanced this. When a man has daily to reflect that he is poorer than he was the day before, he soon becomes worn and sorrowful. But Frank was well, both in health and spirits. He also felt, as Mary did, that the day was to bring forth something which should end his present troubles, and he could not but be happy to think that he could now tell Dr. Thorn that his father's consent to his marriage had been given. The doctor shook hands with them both, and then they sat down. They were all rather constrained in their manner, and at first it seemed that nothing but little speeches of compliment were to be made. At last the squire remarked that Frank had been talking to him about Miss Thorn. About Mary, said the doctor. Yes, about Mary, said the squire correcting himself. It was quite unnecessary that he should use so cold a name as the other, now that he had agreed to the match. Well, said Dr. Thorn, I suppose it must be so, doctor. He has set his heart upon it, and God knows I have nothing to say against her. Against her personally? No one could say a word against her. She is a sweet, good girl, excellently brought up, and as for myself, I have always loved her. Frank drew near to his father, and pressed his hand against the squire's arm by way of giving him, in some sort, a filial embrace for his kindness. Thank you, squire. Thank you, said the doctor. It is very good of you to say that. She is a good girl, and if Frank chooses to take her, he will, in my estimation, have made a good choice. Chooses, said Frank, with all the enthusiasm of a lover. The squire felt himself perhaps a little ruffled at the way in which the doctor received his gracious intimation, but he did now show it, as he went on. They cannot, you know, doctor, look to be rich people. Well, well, well, interrupted the doctor. I have told Frank so, and I think that you should tell Mary. Frank means to take some land into his hand, and he must farm it as a farmer. I will endeavour to give him three, or perhaps four hundred a year, but you know better stop, squire, stop a minute. We will talk about that presently. This death of poor Sir Louis will make a difference. Not permanently, said the squire mournfully, and now, Frank, said the doctor not attending to the squire's last words. What do you say? What do I say? I say what I said to you in London the other day. I believe Mary loves me. Indeed, I won't be affected. I know she does. I have loved her. I was going to say always, and indeed I almost might say so. My father knows that this is no light fancy of mine. As to what he says about our being poor, why, the doctor was very arbitrary, and would hear neither of them on this subject. Mr. Gresham, said he, interrupting Frank. Of course I am well aware how very little suited Mary is by birth to marry your only son. It is too late to think about it now, said the squire. It is not too late for me to justify myself, replied the doctor. We have long known each other, Mr. Gresham, and you said here the other day that this is a subject as to which we have been both of one mind. Birth and blood are very valuable gifts. I certainly think so, said the squire, but one can't have everything. No, one can't have everything. If I am satisfied in that matter, began Frank. Stop a moment, my dear boy, said the doctor. As your father says, one can't have everything. My dear friend, and he gave his hand to the squire, do not be angry if I eluded for a moment to the estate. It has grieved me to see it melting away. The old family acres that have so long been the heritage of the Greshams. We need not talk about that now, Dr. Thorn, said Frank in an almost angry tone, but I must, Frank, for one moment to justify myself. I could not have excused myself in letting Mary think that she could become your wife if I had not hoped that good might come of it. Well, good will come of it, said Frank, who did not quite understand at what the doctor was driving. I hope so. I have had much doubt about this, and have been sorely perplexed. But now I do hope so. Frank missed a Gresham, and then Dr. Thorn rose from his chair, but was, for a moment, unable to go on with his tale. We will hope that it is all for the best, said the squire. I am sure it is, said Frank. Yes, I hope it is. I do think it is. I am sure it is, Frank. Mary will not come to you empty-handed. I wish for your sake. Yes, and for hers too, that her birth were equal to her fortune, as her worth is superior to both. Mr. Gresham, this marriage will at any rate put an end to your pecuniary embarrassments, unless indeed Frank should prove a hard creditor. My niece is Sir Roger Scatchard's heir. The doctor, as soon as he made the announcement, began to employ himself sedulously about the papers on the table, which in the confusion caused by his own emotion, he transferred hither and thither in such a manner as to upset all his previous arrangements. And now, he said, I might as well explain, as well as I can, of what that fortune consists. Here this is—no. But Dr. Thorn, said the squire, now perfectly pale, and almost gasping for breath. What is it you mean? There is not a shadow of doubt, said the doctor. I've had Sir Abraham Haphazard, and Sir Rickety Giggs, and old Nevesay Dye, and Mr. Snilam. And they are all of the same opinion. There is not the smallest doubt about it. Of course she must administer and all that. And I'm afraid there'll be a very heavy sum to pay for the tax, for she cannot inherit as a niece, you know. Mr. Snilam pointed that out, particularly. But after all that there'll be—I've got it down on a piece of paper somewhere—three grains of blue pill. I'm really so bothered, squire, with all these papers, and all those lawyers, that I don't know whether I'm sitting or standing. There's ready money enough to pay all the tax and all the debts. I know that, at any rate. You don't mean to say that Mary Thorn is now possessed of all Sir Roger Scatchard's wealth, at last ejaculated the squire. But that's exactly what I do mean to say, said the doctor, looking up from his papers, with a tear in his eye and a smile on his mouth. And what is more, squire, you owe her at the present moment. Exactly. I've got that down, too, somewhere. Only I am so bothered with all these papers. Come, squire, when do you mean to pay her? She is in a great hurry, as young ladies are when they want to get married. The doctor was inclined to joke, if possible, so as to carry off, as it were, some of the great weight of obligation, which it might seem that he was throwing on the father and son. But the squire was by no means in a state to understand a joke, hardly as yet, in a state to comprehend what was so very serious in this matter. Do you mean that Mary is the owner of Boxall Hill? Said he. Indeed, I do, said the doctor. And he was just going to add, and of Greshamsbury also. But he stopped himself. What, the whole property there? That's only a small portion, said the doctor. I almost wish it were all, but then I should not be so bothered. Look here, these are the Boxall Hill title deeds. That's the simplest part of the whole affair. And Frank may go and settle himself there tomorrow, if he pleases. Stop a moment, Dr. Thorn, said Frank. These were the only words which he had yet uttered, since the tidings had been conveyed to him. And these, squire, are the Greshamsbury papers. And the doctor, with considerable ceremony, withdrew the covering newspapers. Look at them! There they all are once again. When I suggested to Mr. Snilam that I suppose they might now all go back to the Greshamsbury Monument Room, I thought he would have fainted.  But Dr. Thorn, said Frank. Well, my boy, does Mary know all about this? Not a word of it. I mean that you shall tell her. Perhaps, under such very altered circumstances, the change is so great and so sudden, so immense in its effects, that Mary may perhaps wish, wish, wish what? Wish not to be told of it at all? I shall not think of holding her to her engagement. That is, if—I mean to say she should have time at any rate for consideration. Oh, I understand, said the doctor. She shall have time for consideration. How much shall we give her, squire? Three minutes. Go up to her, Frank. She is in the drawing-room. Frank went to the door, and then hesitated and returned. I could not do it, said he. I don't think that I understand it all yet. I am so bewildered that I could not tell her. And he sat down at the table and began to sob with emotion. And she knows nothing of it, said the squire. Not a word. I thought that I would keep the pleasure of telling her for Frank. She should not be left in suspense, said the squire. Come, Frank, go up to her. Again urged the doctor.  I cannot do it, said Frank, after a pause of some moments. Nor is it right that I should. It would be taking advantage of her. Go to her yourself, doctor. It is you that should do it, said the squire. After some further slight delay, the doctor got up and did go upstairs. He even was half-afraid of the task. It must be done. He said to himself as his heavy steps mounted the stairs. But how to tell it? When he entered, Mary was standing halfway up the room, as though she had risen to meet him. Her face was troubled, and her eyes were almost wild. The emotion, the hopes, the fears of that morning had almost been too much for her. She had heard the murmuring of the voices in the room below, and had known that one of them was that of her lover. Whether that discussion was to be for her good or ill, she did not know. But she felt that further suspense would almost kill her. I could wait for years, she said to herself. If I did but know. If I lost him, I suppose I should bear it. If I did but know. Well, she was going to know. Her uncle met her in the middle of the room. His face was serious, though not sad. Too serious to confirm her hopes at that moment of doubt. What is it, uncle? She said, taking one of his hands between both of her own. What is it? Tell me. And as she looked up into his face with her wild eyes, she almost frightened him. Mary, he said gravely, who have heard much, I know, of Sir Roger Scatchard's great fortune. Yes, yes, yes. Now that poor Sir Louis is dead. Well, uncle, well, it has been left to Frank, to Mr. Gresham, to the squire, exclaimed Mary, who felt with an agony of doubt that this sudden accession of immense wealth might separate her still further from her lover. No, Mary, not to the Greshams, but to yourself. To me, she cried, and putting both her hands to her forehead, she seemed to be holding her temples together. To me? Yes, Mary, it is all your own now. To do as you like best with it all, all, may God in his mercy enable you to bear the burden and lighten for you the temptation. She had so far moved us to find the nearest chair, and there she was now seated, staring at her uncle with fixed eyes. Uncle, she said, what does it mean? Then he came, and sitting beside her, he explained as best he could the story of her birth and her kinship with the sketchards. And where is he, uncle? she said. Why does he not come to me? I wanted him to come, but he refused. They are both there now, the father and son. Shall I fetch them? Fetch them? Whom? The squire? No, uncle. But may we go to them? Surely, Mary. But, uncle, yes, dearest, is it true? Are you sure? For his sake, you know not for my own. The squire, you know. Oh, uncle, I cannot go. They shall come to you. No, no, I have gone to him such hundreds of times. I will never allow that he shall be sent to me. But, uncle, is it true? The doctor, as he went downstairs, muttered something about Sir Abraham haphazard and Sir Rickety Giggs. But these great names were much thrown away upon poor Mary. The doctor entered the room first, and the heiress followed him with downcast eyes and timid steps. She was at first afraid to advance, but when she did look up and saw Frank standing alone by the window, her lover restored her courage, and rushing up to him, she threw herself into his arms. Oh, Frank, my own Frank, my own Frank, we shall never be separated now.  He did marry money, or rather, as the wedding has not yet taken place, and is indeed as yet hardly talked of, we should more properly say that he had engaged himself to marry money. And then such a quantity of money! The sketchered wealth greatly exceeded the dunstable wealth, so that our hero may be looked on as having performed his duties in a manner deserving the very highest commendation from all classes of the Decorsi connection.  This is hardly worthy of remark. But there was another to be fated, another person to be made a personage, another blessed human mortal about to do her duty by the family of Gresham in a manner that deserved and should receive Lady Arabella's warmest caresses. Dear Mary, it was indeed not singular that she should be prepared to act so well, seeing that in early youth she had had the advantage of an education in the Gresham's renursary. But not on that account was it the less fitting that her virtue should be acknowledged, eulogised, nay all but worshiped. How the party at the doctors got itself broken up, I am not prepared to say. Frank I know stayed and dined there, and his poor mother, who would not retire to rest till she had kissed him and blessed him and thanked him for all he was doing for the family, was kept waiting in her dressing-room till a very unreasonable hour of the night. It was the squire who brought the news up to the house. Arabella, you said in a low but somewhat solemn voice, you will be surprised at the news I bring you. Mary Thorn is the heiress to all the scattered property. Oh, Heavens, Mr. Gresham! Yes indeed, continued the squire, so it is. It is very, very. But Lady Arabella had fainted. She was a woman who generally had her feelings and her emotions much under her own control, but what she now heard was too much for her. When she came to her senses, the first words that escaped her lips were, Dear Mary, but the household had to sleep on the news before it could be fully realised. The squire was not by nature a mercenary man. If I have at all succeeded in putting his character before the reader, he will be recognised as one not overattached to money for money's sake. But things had gone so hard with him.  The want of means had become an evil so keenly felt in every hour, that it cannot be wondered at, that his dreams that night should be of a golden Elysium. The wealth was not coming to him, true, but his chief sorrow had been for his son. Now that son would be his only creditor, it was as though mountains of marble had been taken from off his bosom. But Lady Arabella's dreams flew away at once into the seventh heaven. Sordid, as they certainly were, they were not absolutely selfish. Frank would now certainly be the first commoner in Barsiger. Of course he would represent the county. Of course there would be the house in town. It wouldn't be her house, but she was contented that the grandeur should be that of her child. He would have heaven knows what to spend per annum, and that it should come through Mary's thorn. What a blessing she had allowed Mary to be brought into the Greshamsbury nursery. Dear Mary, she will, of course, be one now, said Beatrice to her sister. With her, at the present moment, one, of course, meant one of the bevy that was to attend her at the altar. Oh, dear, how nice! I shan't know what to say to her tomorrow. But I know one thing. What is that? asked Augusta. She will be as mild and as meek as a little dove. If she and the doctor had lost every shilling in the world, she would have been as proud as an eagle. It must be acknowledged that Beatrice had had the wit to read Mary's character a right. But Augusta was not quite pleased with the whole affair, nor that she begrudged her brother his luck, or marry her happiness. But her ideas of right and wrong, perhaps we should rather say Lady Amelia's ideas, would not be fairly carried out. After all, Beatrice, this does not alter her birth. I know it is useless saying anything to Frank. Why, you wouldn't break both their hearts now? I don't want to break their hearts, certainly. But there are those who put their dearest and warmest feelings under restraint, rather than deviate from what they know to be proper. For Augusta, she was the stern professor of the order of this philosophy, the last in the family who practiced with unflinching courage its cruel behests, the last always accepting the Lady Amelia, and how slept Frank that night. With him at least, let us hope, nay, let us say boldly, that his happiest thoughts were not of the wealth which he was to acquire. But yet it would be something to restore Boxall Hill to Greshamsbury, something to give back to his father those rumpled vellum documents, since the departure of which the squire had never had a happy day, may something to come forth again to his friends as a gay young country squire, instead of as a farmer, Claude compelling for his bread. We would not have him thought to be better than he was, nor would we wish him to make him of other stuff than nature generally uses. His heart did exalt at Mary's wealth, but it leapt higher still when he thought of purer joys. And what shall we say of Mary's dreams? With her it was altogether what she should give, not at all what she should get.  Frank, who had ever been the heir of Greshamsbury, Frank, who with his beauty and spirit and his talents might have won the smiles of the richest, the grandest, the noblest, what Lady's heart would not have rejoiced to be allowed to love her, Frank. But he had been true to her through everything. Ah, how often she thought of that hour when suddenly appearing before her, he had strained her to his breast, just as she had resolved how best to bear the deathlike chill of his supposed estrangements. She was always thinking of that time. She fed her love by recurring over and over to the altered feeling of that moment. And now she could pay him for his goodness. Pay him? No, that would be a base word, a base thought. Her payment must be made, if God would so granted, in many, many years to come, but her store such as it was should be emptied into his lap. It was soothing to her pride that she would not hurt him by her love, that she would bring no injury to the old house. Dear, dear Frank, she murmured, as her waking dreams conquered at last by sleep gave way to those of the fairy world. But she thought not only of Frank, dreamt not only of him. What had he not done for her that uncle of hers, who had been more loving to her than any father? How was he too to be paid? Paid indeed. Love can only be paid in its own coin. It knows of no other legal tender. Well, if her home was to be Gresham's Brie, at any rate, she would not be separated from him. What the doctor dreamt of that neither he or any one ever knew. Why, uncle, I think you've been asleep, said Mary to him that evening, as he moved for a moment uneasily on the sofa. He had been asleep for the last three quarters of an hour, but Frank, his guest, had felt no offence. No, I've not been exactly asleep, said he, but I'm very tired. I wouldn't do it all again, Frank, to double the money. You haven't got any more tea, have you, Mary? On the following morning, Beatrice was, of course, with her friend. There was no awkwardness between them in meeting. Beatrice had loved her when she was poor, and though they had not lately thought a like on one very important subject, Mary was too gracious to impute that to Beatrice as a crime. You will be one now, Mary. Of course you will. If Lady Arabella will let me come. Oh, Mary, let you? Do you remember what you said once about coming and being near me? I have so often thought of it. And now, Mary, I must tell you about Caleb. And the young lady settled herself on the sofa, so as to have a comfortable long talk. Beatrice had been quite right. Mary was as meek with her, and as mild as a dove. And then patience Oriole came. My fine, young, darling, magnificent overgrown heiress, said patience, embracing her. My breath deserted me, and I was nearly stunned when I heard of it. How small we shall all be, my dear! I am quite prepared to toadie to you immensely. But pray, be a little gracious to me for the sake of all glang sign. Mary gave a long, long kiss. Yes, for all glang sign, patience. When you took me away under your wing to Richmond, patience also had loved her when she was in her trouble, and that love too should never be forgotten. But the great difficulty was Lady Arabella's first meeting with her. A think ill go down to her after breakfast, said her ladyship to Beatrice, as the two were talking over the matter while the mother was finishing her toilet. I am sure she will come up, if you like it, Mamar. She is entitled to every courtesy, as Franks accepted Bray do now, said Lady Arabella. A would not, for worlds, fail in any respect to her for his sake. He will be glad enough for her to come, I am sure, said Beatrice. I was talking with Caleb this morning, and he says, the matter wars of importance, and Lady Arabella gave it her most mature consideration. The manner of receiving into one's family an heiress whose wealth is to cure all one's difficulties, disperse all one's troubles, give a balm to all the wounds of misfortune, must, under any circumstances, be worthy of much care, but when that heiress has already been treated as Mary had been treated, I must see her at any rate before I go to Corsi, said Lady Arabella. Are you going to Corsi, Mamar? Oh, certainly, I must see my sister-in-law now. You don't seem to realise the importance, my dear, of Frank's marriage. He will be in a great hurry about it, and indeed I cannot blame him. They expect that they will all come here. Whom, Amar, that of Corsi's? Yes, of course. It should be very much surprised if the earl does not come now, and they must consult my sister-in-law as to asking the Duke of Omnium, poor Mary, and they think it will perhaps be better, continued Lady Arabella, that we should have a larger party than we intended, at your affair. The Countess, am sure, would come now. We couldn't put it all for ten days, could we, dear? Put it off ten days? Yes, it would be convenient. I don't think Mr. Oriole would like that at all, Mamar. You know he has made all his arrangements for his Sundays. Sure, the idea of the Parsons Sundays being allowed to have any bearing on such a matter as Frank's wedding would now become. Pue, they would have how much? Between twelve and fourteen zels and a year. Lady Arabella, who had made her calculations a dozen times during the night, had never found it to be much less than the larger sum. Mr. Oriole's Sundays, indeed. After much doubt, Lady Arabella acceded to her daughter's suggestion that Mary should be received at Greshamsbury, instead of being called on, at the doctor's house. If you think she won't main the coming up first, said her ladyship, a certainly could receive her better here. I should be more, more, more able, you know, to express what I feel. We had better go into the big drawing-room today, Beatrice. Will you remember to tell Mrs. Richards? Oh, certainly, was Mary's answer when Beatrice, with a voice a little trembling, proposed to her to walk up to the house. Certainly I will, if Lady Arabella will receive me. Only one thing, Trishy, what's that, dearest? Frank will think that I come after him. Never mind what he thinks. To tell you the truth, Mary, I often call upon patience for the sake of finding Caleb. That's all fair now, you know. Mary very quietly put on her straw-bonnet and said she was ready to go up to the house. Beatrice was a little fluttered and showed it. Mary was perhaps a good deal fluttered, but she did not show it. She had sought a good deal of her first interview with Lady Arabella, of her first return to the house, but she had resolved to carry herself as though the matter were easy to her. She would not allow it to be seen that she felt that she brought with her to Greshamsbury comfort, ease, and renewed opulence. So she put on her straw-bonnet and walked up with Beatrice. Everybody about the place had already heard the news. The old woman at the lodge curtsied low to her. The gardener, who was mowing the lawn. The butler, who opened the front door, he must have been watching Mary's approach, had manifestly put on a clean white neck-cloth for the occasion. God bless you once more, Miss Thorn, said the old man in a half-whisper. Mary was somewhat troubled, for everything seemed in a manner to bow down before her. And why should not everything bow down before her? Seeing that she was in truth the owner of Greshamsbury. And then a servant in livery would open the big drawing-room door. This rather upset both Mary and Beatrice. It became almost impossible for Mary to enter the room, just as she would have done two years ago. But she got through the difficulty with much self-control. The more, yes, Mary, said Beatrice. Nor was Lady Arabella quite mistress of herself, although she had studied minutely how to bear herself. Oh, Mary, my dear Mary, what can I say to you? And then, with a handkerchief to her eyes, she ran forward, and hid her face on Miss Thorn's shoulders. What can I say? Can you forgive me, my anxiety for my son? How do you do, Lady Arabella? said Mary. My daughter, my child, my Frank's own bride. Oh, Mary, oh, my child, if I have seemed uncanned to you, it has been through love to him. All these things are over now, said Mary. Mr. Gresham told me yesterday that I should be received as Frank's future wife. And so you see I have come. And then she slipped through Lady Arabella's arms, and sat down, meekly down, on a chair. In five minutes she had escaped with Beatrice into the school-room, and was kissing the children, and turning over the new trousseau. They were, however, soon interrupted, and there was, perhaps, some other kissing besides that of the children. You have no business in here at all, Frank, said Beatrice. Has he, Mary? None in the world, I should think. See what he has done to my poplin! I hope you won't have your things treated so cruelly. He'll be careful enough about them. Is Oriole a good hand at packing up finery, eh, Beatrice? asked Frank. He isn't, at any rate, too well behaved to spoil it. Thus Mary was again made at home in the household of Gresham'sbury. Lady Arabella did not carry out her little plan of delaying the Oriole wedding. Her idea had been to add some grandeur to it, in order to make it a more fitting precursor of that other greater wedding, which was to follow so soon in its wake. But this, with the assistance of the Countess, she found herself able to do without interfering with poor Mr. Oriole's Sunday arrangements. The Countess herself, with the ladies Alexandra and Margareta, now promised to come, even to this first affair. And for the other, the whole D'Corsi family would turn out. Count and Countess, lords and ladies, honourable Georges and honourable Johns. What honour indeed could be too great to show to a bride who had fourteen thousand a year in her own right, or to a cousin who had done his duty by securing such a bride to himself. If the Duke be in the country, I am sure he will be happy to come, said the Countess. Of course he will be talking to Frank about politics, as appears the Square won't expect Frank to belong to the old school now. Frank, of course, will judge for himself, Rizziah, with his position you knew. And so things were settled at Corsi Castle. And then Beatrice was wedded and carried off to the lakes. Mary, as she had promised, did stand near her, but not exactly in the gingham frock of which she had once spoken. She wore on that occasion, but it will be too much, perhaps, to tell the reader what she wore as Beatrice's bridesmaid, seeing that a couple of pages at least must be devoted to her marriage dress, and seeing also that we have only a few pages to finish everything, the list of visitors, the marriage settlements, the dress, and all included. It was in vain that Mary endeavoured to repress Lady Arabella's order for grand doings. After all, she was to be married from the doctor's house, and not from Greshamsbury, and it was the doctor who should have invited the guests. But in this matter he did not choose to oppose her ladyship's spirit, and she had it all her own way. What can I do? said he to Mary. I have been contradicting her in everything for the last two years. The least we can do is to let her have her own way now in a trifle like this. But there was one point on which Mary would let nobody have his or her own way, on which the way to be taken was very manifestly to be her own. This was touching the marriage settlements. It must not be supposed that if Beatrice were married on a Tuesday, Mary could be married on the Tuesday week following. Ladies with twelve thousand a year cannot be disposed of in that way, and bridegrooms who do their duty by marrying money often have to be kept waiting. It was spring, the early spring, before Frank was made altogether a happy man, but a word about the settlements. On this subject the doctor thought he would have been driven mad. Mrs. Sloan, by the way, are the lawyers of the Greshamsbury family. It will be understood that Mr. Gaysby's law business was of quite a different nature, and his work as regarded Greshamsbury was now nearly over. Mrs. Sloan, by the way, declared that it would never do for them to undertake a loan to draw out the settlements. An heiress such as Mary must have lawyers of her own, of a dozen at least. According to the apparent opinion of Mrs. Sloan by the way, and so the doctor had to go to other lawyers, and they had again to consult Sir Abraham and Mr. Snilam on a dozen different heads. If Frank became tenant in tale in right of his wife, but under his father, would he be able to grant leases for more than twenty-one years, and if so, to whom would the right of trover belong? As to flotsam and jetsam, there was a little property, Mr. Critic, on the sea shore. That was a matter that had to be left unsettled at the last. Such points as these do take a long time to consider. All this bewildered the doctor, sadly, and Frank himself began to make accusations that he was to be done out of his wife altogether. But, as we have said, there was one point on which Mary would have her own way. The lawyers might tie up as they would on her behalf all the money and shares and mortgages which had belonged to the late Sir Roger, with this exception. All that had ever appertained to Greshamsbury should belong to Greshamsbury again, not in perspective, not to her children or to her children's children, but at once. Frank should be Lord of Boxall Hill in his own right, and as to those other liens on Greshamsbury, let Frank manage that with his father as he might think fit. She would only trouble herself to see that he was empowered to do as he did think fit. But, argued the ancient respectable family attorney to the doctor, that amounts to two-thirds of the whole estate. Two-thirds, Dr. Thorn. It is preposterous. I should almost say impossible. And the scanty hairs on the poor man's head almost stood her end, as he thought of the outrageous manner in which the heiress prepared to sacrifice herself. It will all be the same in the end, said the doctor, trying to make things smooth. Of course their joint object will be to put the Greshamsbury property together again. But, my dear sir! And then for twenty minutes the lawyer went on proving that it would by no means be the same thing. But, nevertheless, Mary Thorn did have her own way. In the course of the winter Lady D'Corsi tried very hard to induce the heiress to visit Corsi Castle, and this request was so backed by Lady Arabella, that the doctor said he thought she might as well go there for three or four days. But here again Mary was obstinate. I don't see it at all, she said. If you make a point of it, or Frank, or Mr. Gresham, I will go, but I can't see any possible reason. The doctor, when so appealed to, would not absolutely say that he made a point of it, and Mary was tolerably safe as regarded Frank or the Squire. If she went, Frank would be expected to go, and Frank disliked Corsi Castle almost more than ever. His aunt was now more than civil to him, and when they were together never ceased to complement him on the desirable way in which he had done his duty by his family. And soon after Christmas a visitor came to Mary, and stayed a fortnight with her, one whom neither she nor the doctor had expected, and of whom they had not much more than heard. This was the famous Miss Dunstable. Birds of a feather flocked together, said Mrs. Rantaway, late Miss Gushing, when she heard of the visit. The railwayman's niece, if you could call her a niece, and the quacks' daughter will do very well together, no doubt. At any rate they can count their money bags, said Mrs. Umbulby, and in fact Mary and Miss Dunstable did get on very well together, and Miss Dunstable made herself quite happy at Greshamsbury, although some people, including Mrs. Rantaway, contrived to spread a report that Dr. Thorn, jealous of Mary's money, was going to marry her. "'Oh, she'll certainly come and see you turned off,' said Miss Dunstable, taking leave of her new friend. This Dunstable, it must be acknowledged, was a little too fond of slang, but then a lady with her fortune and of her age may be fond of almost whatever she pleases. And so, by degrees, the winter wore away, very slowly to Frank, as he declared often enough, and slowly perhaps to Mary also, though she did not say so. The winter wore away, and the chill, bitter, windy, early spring came round. The comic Almanacs give us dreadful pictures of January and February, but in truth the months which should be made to look gloomy in England, are March and April. Let no man boast himself that he has got through the perils of winter, till at least the seventh of May. It was early in April, however, that the great doings were to be done at Greshamsbury, not exactly on the first. It may be presumed that in spite of the practical, common-sense spirit of the age, very few people do choose to have themselves united on that day. But some day in the first week of that month was fixed for the ceremony, and from the end of February all through March Lady Arabella worked and strove in a manner that entitled her to profound admiration. It was at last settled that the breakfast should be held in the large dining-room at Greshamsbury. There was a difficulty about it which taxed Lady Arabella to the utmost, for in making the proposition she could not but seem to be throwing some slate on the house in which the heiress had lived. But when the affair was once opened to Mary, it was astonishing how easy it became. Of course, said Mary, all the rooms in our house would not hold half the people you were talking about. If they must come, Lady Arabella looked so beseechingly, nay so piteously, that Mary had not another word to say. It was evident that they must all come, the decorces to the fifth generation, the Duke of Omnium himself, and others in concatenation accordingly. But will your uncle be angry if we have the breakfast up here? He has been so very handsome to Frank that I wouldn't make him angry for all the world. If you don't tell him anything about it, Lady Arabella, he'll think that it is all done properly. He will never know, if he's not told, that he ought to give the breakfast, and not you. Weren't he, my dear? And Lady Arabella looked her admiration for this very talented suggestion, and so that matter was arranged. The doctor never knew, till Mary told him some year or so afterwards, that he had been remiss in any part of his duty. And who was asked to the wedding? In the first place we have said that the Duke of Omnium was there. This was, in fact, the one circumstance that made this wedding so superior to any other that had ever taken place in that neighbourhood. The Duke of Omnium never went anywhere, and yet he went to Mary's wedding. And Mary, when the ceremony was over, absolutely found herself kissed by a Duke. Dearest Mary, exclaimed Lady Arabella in her ecstasy of joy, when she saw the honour that was done to her daughter-in-law. I hope Bristle endures you to come to Gatherham Castle's room," said the Duke to Frank. I shall be having a few friends there as you're some. Let me see. I declare I have not seen you since you were good enough to come to my collection. It wasn't bad fun, was it? Frank was not very cordial with his answer. He had not quite reconciled himself to the difference of his position. When he was treated as one of the collection at Gatherham Castle, he had not married money. It would be vain to enumerate all the decorses that were there. There was the Earl, looking very gracious, and talking to the squire about the county, and there was Lord Pollock, looking very ungracious, and not talking to anybody about anything. And there was the Countess, who for the last week past had done nothing but pat Frank on the back whenever she could catch him. And there were the ladies, Alexandrina, Margareta, and Selena, smiling at everybody, and the Honorable George, talking in whispers to Frank about his widow. Not such a catch of George, you know, but something extremely snug, and have it all my own way, too, old fellow, or I shan't come to the scratch. And the Honorable John prepared to toady Frank about his string of hunters, and the Lady Amelia by herself, not quite contented with these democratic neptules. After all, she is so absolutely nobody. Absolutely, absolutely, she said confidentially to Augusta, shaking her head. But before Lady Amelia had left Gresham's Brie, Augusta was quite at a loss to understand how there could be need for so much conversation between her cousin and Mr. Mortimer Gaysby. And there were many more decorses, whom to enumerate would be much too long. And the Bishop of the diocese and Mrs. Proudy were there. A hint had even been given that his lordship would himself call listen to perform the ceremony, if this should be wished. But that work had already been anticipated by a very old friend of the Greshams. Archdeacon Grantley, the rector of Plumstead Episcopie, had long since undertaken this part of the business. And the knot was eventually tied by the joint efforts of himself and Mr. Oriole. Mrs. Grantley came with him, and so did Mrs. Grantley's sister, the new dean's wife. The dean himself was at the time unfortunately absent at Oxford. And all the bakers and the jacksons were there. The last time they had all met together under the squire's roof was on the occasion of Frank's coming of age. The present gala doings were carried on in a very different spirit. That had been a very poor affair. But this was worthy of the best days of Greshamsbury. Occasion also had been taken of this happy moment to make up, or rather to get rid of the last shreds of the last feud, that had so long separated Dr. Thorn from his own relatives. The Thorns of Ulethorne had made many overtures in a covert way, but our doctor had contrived to reject them. They would not receive Mary as their cousin, said he, and I will go nowhere that she cannot go. But now all this was altered. Mrs. Gresham would certainly be received in any house in the county. And thus Mr. Thorn of Ulethorne, an amiable popular old bachelor, came to the wedding. And so did his maiden sister, Miss Monica Thorn, than whose no kinder heart glowed through all vassiture.  I am very glad to make your acquaintance very. It was not her fault, she added, speaking to herself. And now that she will be a Gresham, that need not be any longer thought of. Nevertheless, could Miss Thorn have spoken her inward thoughts out loud. She would have declared that Frank would have done better to have borne his poverty than Mary Welf without blood. But then there are but few so staunch as Miss Thorn. Perhaps none in that county, always accepting Lady Amelia. And Miss Dunstable also was a bridesmaid. Oh, no, said she when asked, you should have them young and pretty. But she gave way when she found that Mary did not flatter her by telling her that she was either the one or the other. The truth is, said Miss Dunstable, I have always been a little in love with your Frank, and so I shall do it for his sake. There were but four. The other two were the Gresham twins. Lady Erebella exerted herself greatly in framing hints to induce Mary to ask some of the Decorsi ladies to do her so much honour. But on this head Mary would please herself. Rank, said she to Beatrice, with a curl on her lip, has its draw bex, and must put up with them. And now I find that I have not one page, not half a page, for the wedding dress. But what matters? Will it not be all found written in the columns of the morning post? And thus Frank married money, and became a great man. Let us hope that he will be a happy man. As the time of the story has been brought down so near to the present era, it is not practicable for the novelist to tell much of his future career. When I last heard from Barciccia, it seemed to be quite settled that he is to take the place of one of the old members at the next election, and they say also that there is no chance of any opposition. I have heard, too, that there have been many very private consultations between him and various gentlemen of the county, with reference to the hunt. And the general feeling is said to be that the hounds should go to Boxall Hill. At Boxall Hill the young people established themselves on their return from the continent. And that reminds me that one word must be said of Lady Scatchard.  But Lady Scatchard would not consent to this. I will come and see you sometimes, and then I shall enjoy myself. Yes, I will come and see you and my own dear boy. The affair was ended by her taking Mrs. Opie Green's cottage, in order that she might be near the doctor. Mrs. Opie Green having married somebody, and of whom else must we say a word? Patience also, of course, got a husband, or will do so. Dear Patience, it would be a thousand pities that so good a wife should be lost to the world, whether Miss Dunstable will ever be married, or Augusta Gresham, or Mr. Moffat, or any of the tribe of the Decorses, except Lady Amelia, I cannot say. They have all of them still their future before them. That Bridget was married to Thomas, that I am able to assert, for I know that Janet was much put out by their joint desertion. Lady Arabella has not yet lost her admiration for Mary, and Mary, in return, behaves admirably. Another event is expected, and her ladyship is almost as anxious about that as she was about the wedding. Am I at a nail of such importance in the county? she whispered to Lady Decorsi. Nothing can be more happy than the intercourse between the squire and his son. What their exact arrangements are, we need not specially inquire, but the demon of pecuniary embarrassment has lifted his black wings from the domain of Greshamsbury. And now we have but one word left for the doctor. If you don't come and dine with me, said the squire to him when they found themselves both deserted, mind, I shall come and dine with you, and on this principle they seem to act. Dr. Thorn continues to extend his practice to the great disgust of Dr. Philgrave, and when Mary suggested to him that he should retire, he almost boxed her ears. He knows the way, however, to Boxall Hill as well as he ever did, and is willing to acknowledge that the tea there is almost as good as it ever was at Greshamsbury. End of Chapter 47 End of Dr. Thorn by Anthony Tronop Recording by Nick Whitley, Hurley, United Kingdom


So I have to comment on something I just read about and honestly, I don't know much about the device But apparently according to an article on hackaday the Raspberry Pi foundation Finally released an official Raspberry Pi keyboard, which is just interesting again. I don't know much about it It has a Raspberry Pi button instead of a Windows logo button I don't really know if it does anything special But the the point of the hackaday article is someone bought it and cut it open Cut out a space for it put a Raspberry Pi in there So now the whole keyboard can just be plugged into a TV and it's a whole portable computer they put a battery in there and everything and My first thought was why didn't they design it like that? I mean if it truly is a Raspberry Pi foundation Product which I went to the Raspberry Pi official Raspberry Pi website and went to their shop and didn't see anything about the keyboard there But why would you make anything for a Raspberry Pi that the Raspberry Pi can't go into? That's like what people do with Raspberry Pi is they take them to put them inside stuff So why would you make a keyboard for it and not the science so that the so the Raspberry Pi? Can go inside the keyboard and have a battery in there and then you just have to plug it into a TV I mean it would be really cool if they had like wireless HDMI that way you just you know connected to your TV But I quickly looked and on Amazon the cheapest wireless HDMI devices are about 200 bucks So I can see why they didn't do that But to just have it so you pop open a little thing in there and yet It's like the pins could just plug in and hold it in there and you can close that and it could power it that way And you would have a portable You know Computer which is what this person did but it's like if it doesn't do that. What does it do again? I tried looking up just real quick just a couple minutes I found a place that sold them, but it wasn't the official Raspberry Pi foundation website and it just It seems like it splits the it says it says that it has multiple USB ports for powering your external devices But it didn't say where the power was coming from it didn't seem like it had battery in it And we all know that the Raspberry Pi isn't very good at powering stuff itself So I'm not really sure so that might be what this Raspberry Pi keyboard does. Maybe it Somehow draws power from someplace else, but again, what are you plugging it into? Unless it has a battery inside it already Which I don't think it does because the hackaday thing looked like someone added a battery for the Raspberry Pi although maybe it does have battery in it and I just misread that article, but still why wouldn't you design it so the Raspberry Pi goes inside? It is so confusing to me. What do you guys think? Do you think that it would be cool?  I just carry around this keyboard and plug it into whatever screen you want If it truly was a an official Raspberry Pi keyboard I feel like that was a big fail because you just don't know who your market base is if you're not making it So the Raspberry Pi can go into it as I said to a friend on Facebook It's like baking a real Raspberry Pi and designing it so that people can't eat it It's just odd to me. Anyway, let me know what you guys think. Have you seen this? Is there something I'm missing about the actual product or is it just a keyboard that you read that can plug into your Raspberry Pi and and Is a white and pink color with a Raspberry Pi logo on it? I think the one website I did find it on it was sold with a Raspberry Pi mouse for about 30 bucks Which I Get you know cheap keyboards are are not fun to type on but I don't know if I would purposely buy a keyboard That's as expensive as the computer. I'm using it on that just that's one thing about the Raspberry Pi It always gets me. It's like well, you know, it's like the peripherals cost more than the Raspberry Pi So it's like it just feels weird spending more on a keyboard than you do on the computer. Anyway Comments below. Let me know what you think. I hope you all have a great day. I got some sort of tomorrow Tomorrow tutorial coming out tomorrow, and I just hope that you all have a having a great day


It's a shame that Karl van Ackers is leaving because I actually wanted to make a remark on this study on car sharing. So when you just monitor car sharing and you don't look at the institutional logic of those car sharing entities, I think that it leads to confusion. For example, a car sharing for a profit company has entirely different logics than a car sharing association or car sharing a cooperative. For example, and of course I'm ready to admit it if I'm wrong, but I like people like you to actually look at this. For example, the Gage in Ghent has 130 cars and 1,300 people. And I know of similar co-ops and associations in different cities where the study showed that every shared car replaced from 9 to 30 in private cars. And this is because these car sharing associations have a different logic. They are not pushing use of their cars. Okay, I could be wrong, but I think this is something that in other studies should actually be distinguished to look whether the institutional logic of an entity has an effect. And of course my thesis would be that mutualization done right is most of the time really very efficient in termodynamic terms, that it really does diminish the weight of human usage on natural resources. And the good news, if that is true, the good news is of course that we are now pretty much in an era of remitualization and I'm not good at math, but I will say exponential. So I'll give you an example and then you can say what it is. So in Ghent we did a mapping of the urban commons in 2017. We found that there were 50 urban commons in 2008 and 500 in 2016. And I've seen similar countings of the Flanders by Eurikos of Belgium, also studied by Eurikos of the Netherlands by Tino de More. And I've seen Italian and Catalonian studies showing pretty much the same level of growth. So it's not just open source communities and code and numbers of code that are rising exponentially. It's also urban commons that actually redistribute urban provisioning systems in mobility, in habitat, etc. And yes, they're small and marginal, but they're growing substantially. And just very quickly, I think it's important to know that they work rather differently from the entrepreneurial and the public sector. My thesis is that this is a contributive economy. In other words, internal to these productive communities that mutualize resources is that it's a contribution that creates value. So immediately you see the contradiction between an economic system which only recognizes market value, which has to be scarce, scarce in order to have a commodity price, versus a system where, for example, if you contribute code, you create an abundant system, therefore it's outside of the market. It has no market value, but it has an enormous amount of other types of value. And so the contradiction is then, how do we organize this? First of all, internally. So if you study these open protective communities, a few years ago we studied 300 of them. It's called the P2P Value Project. And so the P2P Foundation has a P2P Lab with 10 people based in Greece. And so we looked at how these open productive communities which are usually open collaborative systems, not closed entities. And so basically we found that about three-quarters of them use contributive accounting systems. In other words, they distinguish the internal value system, what people are contributing, and how this can be recognized by the community internally from the flows of money that come in from the market and the state. And they redistribute them internally around different value systems. So as this is happening in the city, so there is a growing interest of cities in mobilizing these civil activities, right? And of course Italy has been the pioneer in this, not just Italy, you might notice. Amsterdam wants to be a common city and is working with two institutions to do this. I met Mayor Park about a month ago. So Seoul already has a sharing city paradigm that wants to move to a common city as a commons. And Sydney has just also received its first commons transition plan. So a number of cities are deciding to find basically public commons cooperation protocols in order to mobilize these civic actions. And of course the idea is that these, a lot of these civil commons-oriented activities are very efficient in terms of the circular economy, that they mutualize, that they use less resources in their activities. And so often when the market and the state are not doing this transition very well, there are actually examples in the city, for example think about CSAs and how they deal with food, that are actually exemplary in terms of a potential transition. So the example of course that has inspired most people in my world is the Italian example. Most of you might not already know this, but I'll just quickly explain the logic. So about 15 years ago, if I remember correctly, there was a constitutional change and the principle of subsidiarity was introduced in the Italian constitution. And then after the water referendum, I think that was in 97, I could be wrong. Anyway, 97% of the Italians rejected the privatization of water. This gave an enormous boost to the commons movement in Italy. So we had then the Bologna Regulation for the Care and Regeneration of the Urban Commons, which is now using more than 200 cities in Italy and mobilizing 800,000 citizens in taking care of common resources in Italian cities. And basically the way this works is quite simple. You have basically usually a city lab or a commons lab, the various names, which is one place where all these citizen initiatives can go to get recognized. And if you're familiar with Ostrom and the studies on natural resource commons, commons need recognition by public authorities, otherwise the police can come tomorrow and you cannot continue the experiment. So basically of that, then they would have a pact of collaboration, which is a kind of agreement of duties and rights between the city and the commons project. And the governance method, at least in Italy, is called the quintuple helix, which is basically the city, the business sector, the official NGOs and the research sectors that are coalescing, four of them to help the fifth, which is the social innovation commons-oriented civic initiatives. Just to give you an example, so if you look for example at the food transition, there is a Belgian study, fian.be, which shows that the cities which have succeeded in the food transition are those that had food transition councils for at least 10 years and that they actually, the ones that integrate the active citizens are the most successful. So it's the, basically we call this contributory democracy. The basically the democratic idea is you have a political coalition which promises climate change and circle economy. Which doesn't advance very fast and then you have citizens who actually do carry out in practice those ideas so therefore they have certain legitimacy to sit in these councils because they have the experience in doing the transition. Okay, so out of all this is growing some kind of commons, political and social movements in different cities. This slide has the one that has the most kind of disturbance for the, anyway. So basically this is what we believe is happening. So we have centralized versus decentralized for preferred versus for benefit. This gives four quadrants and these are four different socio-economic systems that are emerging and growing very fast today. They all exist, they all coexist and co-evolve. But they're four very different models. The first model is the one we know. I call them Prudonian capitalists because they no longer basically hire labor to make profits but they let us exchange and share and they tax the transactions and they take a rent out of the peer-to-peer activities on their platforms. Disabuted capitalism not to be underestimated $800 billion two, three years ago. Now it has gone up and down. I'm not sure if you're aware today, but this is a serious sector in the economy. I happen to live in Chiang Mai in the north of Thailand which is called the capital of global digital nomadic work. We have 25,000 people working in the digital economy which are working, living in Chiang Mai but working for the outside. And we have four crypto meetings a week and we have hundreds and thousands of people who are living already in this economic sector. And what's interesting of course in this shift despite the critique that we can have of it is that they are open collaborative systems. So they are designed to be shared logistical systems and shared accounting systems. And the argument that we would have is that we cannot have a functional circle economy without sharing, without knowledge sharing. And therefore this paradigm where companies and co-ops and people can come in and out but are sharing their data on a distributed ledger is a very important shift in terms of the circle economy because it creates an open transparent system basically. So we call this Stigmergy, the ability to see whether all the other actors in the ecosystem are doing. And of course we talked about car sharing and open source communities so let me go quickly. So the kind of things that we do with this is we try to basically work on the common aspects of these new ecosystems. So I work for SMART for example, SMART.coop maybe some of you are familiar with it. So we are a platform between freelancers and employers. We pay 2% of our income into a mutual guarantee fund which allows us to get our income within seven days instead of three months. After six months we calculate our own salary and then we get all the protection of the social states. We pay taxes and we get full protection in nine different European countries. Why is this interesting? Because all the surplus that is created to our platform is a co-op that we own ourselves and therefore all the surplus is invested in our own ecosystem doesn't go away like in Uber and Airbnb. So this is called the platform co-op movement is emerging worldwide. I was at a second conference in Hong Kong last year so also in Asia etc etc. There's a whole lot of work we do around commodifying and making blockchain ecologically sustainable because it isn't at present so it's collaborative system which is extractive and we also work what we call Cosmo local production. I'll just give you a little example. Yesterday I was in a micro factory which is a fantastic maker space here in Brussels very advanced commons governance and they have one of their one of their projects called Mechanica open source hardware. All the modules that they use in their production are open and reproducible and so therefore they're working with MakerNet and other communities in Africa which are replicating these so the idea there is shared so everything that's light is global and shared and everything that's heavy is local. So Cosmo local production this is one of our priorities and let me quickly then say something about protocol codes by showing you maybe this slide here so this is basically the idea and there's one example in Belgium it's called Partago which is a very small but growing electric car sharing cooperative so the idea is to create global open design depositories for mutualizing provisioning systems so basically all the citizens all the cities today you will have lots of initiatives to mutualize food production shared mobility, shared habitat but it's hyper fragmented field I was in Tuscany 13 pieces of software to order organic food in just one province and just in the social solidarity economy so the idea of a protocol co-op is to basically create leagues of cities ethical finance, big co-ops and to create these common pools of infrastructural software that we can then use and I also think that has a lot of advantages in terms of a circle economy so let's say that Brussels would do something around fair BNB to have more fair apartment sharing for tourists without all the negative externalities of the Airbnb model you know why not create a league of cooperating cities which would collaborate in creating these alternative structures okay I just I don't have much time so I want to conclude with the last study we produced it's called peer-to-peer accounting for planetary survival so maybe to explain the way we work at the peer-to-peer foundation so we are basically an observatory an observatory of commons oriented peer-to-peer driven initiatives globally in every sector of human activity so we have Wiki Wiki.P2Pfoundation.Net with 22,000 articles documenting this shift initiatives, individuals, entities, co-ops I mean anything that has to do with this shift so then of course sometimes we discovered that something is happening specifically and so in this case it was peer-to-peer accounting so what we do is we collate during 18 months usually everything that is emerging in this particular field so we collected about 600 examples of contributive accounting so then every year we produce a synthetic report on one of those topics so the last one is basically a synthesis of what is happening in the fields of accounting now my little argument of why this is important so we have open source collaboration which is now a given but we cannot share material production if we don't have shared accounting so accounting is what is between our decision-making and the material world and so three types of accounting are emerging today which I think are very very important for the future circular economy one is contributive accounting let me quickly explain what that means with a small example let's say we have a collective of translators and we decide to translate for free text on the comments this is a real example so we have 20 people and they are doing this on an ongoing basis collectively these people are creating collective reputational value so the next step is that market players based on that reputation will ask maybe two people over 20 to translate a book you immediately see the problem the problem is a collective creation in the commons of a reputational capital but only a partial marketization which creates problems of equity and so this is why open productive communities are creating these contributive accounting systems because they want to basically find ways that the market value which is realized or the subsidies which are received are distributed in a different way internally so that they keep that equity in mind so very simple this example is you make one accounting system for the free translations one for the paid translations and you make some kind of agreement 15% so 50% of all commercial income goes into the other accounting system which is then used to pay people who were collaborating for free so that's more or less the idea the second kind of accounting which is emerging is flow accounting which I think is also very important because basically double entry book accounting is narcissistic accounting you know what's coming in and coming out you know if your capital and profit are going up or down but you have no vision of the ecosystem so flow accounting is called resources events agents and so basically there's no longer any double entry it simply tells you the place of your transaction in the ecosystem so it's called REA accounting and so we're working with Holochain which is an alternative to blockchain which doesn't have all the issues that the blockchain has so one of the project that we follow is HoloREA which is an attempt to create a global distributed ledger for this kind of flow accounting to allow collaborative ecosystems and then the third one which is one which you know a lot more about it than me but it didn't look specifically a Durban metabolism but we looked at projects like reporting 3.0 I don't know if you're familiar with it I think this is a very interesting idea and they have funding already for their what they call the global thresholds and allocations council so let me give you the image of how this could work so the first level of collaboration is stigmergy right the capacity to adjust your behavior to other people in the ecosystem because you can see what they are doing so that's the first thing the second level is what we call generative market practices so these are market techniques that do not exploit and weaken the human and natural commons so just to give you one example maybe with that one so we have fish coin which is a coin which gives you information about the stocks of fish that can be fished without destroying the self-reproduction of the fish so this is an intelligent money functional complementary currency that is used in one particular sector that can ensure that within that industry there is no overfishing for example so if you read our report you'll find examples of those types of so this is whenever you want to exchange and you need reciprocity in your resources and the third level I think might be interesting to look at and is based on this analysis of like reporting 3.0 is the following so the idea that they propose is basically to have a bunch of scientists that monitor continuously the amount of matter and energy that is available for humanity at the global level you look at bio-circularity you look at plant finds average finds for the future and basically you have a table that works for the whole world that tells you this is what we can use and staying within planetary boundaries and then of course the ideas go down at bio-regional, city and other levels and to integrate this with the collective accounting systems another project maybe that I think is interesting is the common good economy maybe also familiar with it so this is the project by Christian Felber it's used by 2,000 companies so his work is based on the idea that all European constitutions basically state very clearly that economy should serve the common good that is common good can actually be represented as positive impacts and so you have this accounting system with 17 different clusters I think it's quite similar to what we saw here in the beginning but here's the idea and then Russel Iron in Belgium has a project to do this in a creative economy investment scheme I don't know all the details but my colleague Gavi Swinnen knows more about it because she's in the council there so the idea is basically to judge investments on the basis of impact and then every 2 or 3 years you go through the exercise and if you have more negative impacts you lose your support if you get a lot of positive impact and so the idea of course in the end would be to apply this in the taxation and subsidy system and basically change the whole incentive system on which companies are judged in a big impact way and so I'm finishing the global thresholds and allocation system what is interesting in there is that you can basically introduce a planning system into the shared accounting in other words the planetary boundaries that cannot be exceeded are actually present in the accounting system so this is the idea so just not to give you of course false hopes all those things exist to all these projects in our report they all exist they're all practiced or prototyped but of course they're not working together yet and so the aim of that report is to give a vision of how all these things could work together okay maybe I want to say one more thing and this is basically about funding so I think the basic problem today that we have is that generative projects are not funded and wealth is created through extractive activities so we depend on redistribution through taxation to fund generative activities but there are more and more interesting experiments to directly fund generative activities I want to give you one example so I was in France two years ago and I'm not sure how far the project is but they were negotiating very seriously so Thierdélien Community Land Trust has already proven that the more biopharmers you have in the French department the less the French government has to spend on depollution we're literally talking about a few hundred million euros in a particular case so the idea is there to create an impact financing a percentage of the savings to negative so the positive externalities that are created by citizens in the comments are counted basically and create an impact financing so if you're interested region network is probably the most advanced project around that so they work with something called ecological state protocols a protocol on the state of the ecology let's say decarbonization and the idea is which is already experienced at a very small scale but is that any citizen is able to produce proof of generative impact this is put in a public shared ledger it's tokenized and then the token of finance through these externalities creating circle of finance cycles anyway so I think I'll stop there I was a bit in a hurry because I know you want to go home but so you'll find all of this in the p2p accounting for planetary survival and all the work around commons based urban transitions you'll find in a report called commons based urban transitions which is an elaboration of the work with it in Ghent with the city council there thank you