Okay, let's get started. Since we only have an hour for our great event today, welcome everyone. I'm Beth Daley. I'm the editor and general manager of the conversation, not your traditional newsroom. We sit at the nexus of academia and journalism and our mission is democratize knowledge for the public good. So welcome. I'm just so thrilled to have you all here today. We're gonna be having a great conversation with Jenny Weeks and Ernest Freeberg who I'll announce in just a few minutes. But I first wanted to explain a little bit of rules of the road for how our webinars work. If you have a question, please chat it into the question and answer. You will be responded to, we'll gather questions and Jenny will ask as many as she can. Ernest, after they have a conversation. And also please say on to the very end, we have a special effort we're trying, which is about a book club of a book that we're gonna be talking about today. That's some of you may be quite interested to learn about. So with further ado, let me please introduce Jenny. Jennifer Weeks, our senior environment and energy editor. Jenny's covered environment science and health for a decade as a freelance journalist before joining the conversation in 2015. She's written for so many publications from the Washington Post, Boston Globe Magazine, Autobahn, Discover Slate. Previously she was a congressional aid public interest lobbyist and policy analyst. She holds a BA in history from Williams College and MA in political science from the University of North Carolina and an MPA from the Harvard Kennedy School. So thanks Jenny for serving as our moderator today. It's great. Well, as a history major, I'm thrilled. So yeah, exactly, yeah. And it's gonna take me a lot longer to introduce Ernest, but I'm gonna do it fairly quickly. So Ernest Friedberg's teaching and research interest center on the cultural and intellectual history of the United States in the 19th and early 20th century. These books have examined the history of disability, the origin of civil liberties and free speech doctrine in America. The impact of technology and invention on American life and the founding of the movement to protect animal rights, which is a book we'll be talking about today, a traitor to his species. So Friedberg is a distinguished lecturer for the organization American Historians and has produced a number of public radio documentaries on historical themes. I'm gonna leave it at that because I wanna get really quickly to the conversation we're gonna have today. Again, for everyone, please write the questions into the Q&A. The chat is disabled just to keep the conversation going for Jenny and Ernie. And Jenny, I'll let you take it away from here. Okay, well thank you. I guess I'll just say that the way that I came across this book and found out about Ernie's work on this issue was that I saw a glowing review of it in the Air Times book review. And I first read it and thought, boy, that sounds really cool. And then I sort of went, ooh, I wonder if the author's a scholar, which means they could write for us. And happily turned out that was true. So this is the way that started. Ernie, the book is really cool. And the first thing that I wondered was, what a compelling character Henry Berg was. And I wondered how you came across him. And since some of your other animal rights is in our animal welfare, isn't the main focus or the unique focus of what you've done. How did you find out about him and what made you think that there was a real story to tell about him? It's a combination, Jenny, of two things.  The more I learned about him, the more I realized he was a window on this big topic. He was the founder of the ASPCA, the first society for the prevention of cruelty to animals, which is still with us. And the founding of this whole idea that there ought to be organized protection for animals in the United States. So he has an important legacy that way. But it also seemed like a really interesting window on the change in the human relationship to animals in this time period. Which is really, it's Berg, but it's many, many other people, many other changes. Cities are growing enormously rapidly. And it's not just people that are crowding it to cities, it's also their animals. So the collision between horses and livestock and the pigs and the gutters cleaning the garbage and a surprising number of packs of stray dogs running wild in the streets. All of this. Maybe you should remind us of the timeframe we're talking about just so everybody's clear on this really unique arc of history. Right, it's, well, I mean, roughly called the Gilded Age into the Progressive Era. So it's the decades right after the Civil War. Berg founds the ASPCA in 1866, the year after the Civil War. And this is the period of, you know, when we think of this as a great industrial revolution, the beginning of a transition in the United States from being a predominantly rural to a predominantly urban country. And animals were, you know, a part of that transition, essential to that transition, but also humans had to rethink really for the first time when you think back about the relationship between humans and animals down through history, they were central to cities. And I think starting in the 1860s and 70s with this movement and a bunch of other changes, we see by the 1920s or so that animals are largely marginalized in cities, right? I mean, one historian says it best, I think, says that by the 1920s, it's pests and pets. You know, it's the animals we love tremendously and the ones that we try to keep out of the cities. So this whole world, this whole culture, this of human-animal relations changes. And Henry Burg is sort of a lightning rod in the middle of that transition. Okay, yeah. Tell us a little bit about his arc because he started out quite radical and, you know, progressed to lobbying the New York legislature.  And not a lot of sort of street advocacy like that that I know of really on a lot of other issues at the time. For Burg. No, I mean, Burg, I mean, people called him the riddle of the 19th century because something happened to him during the Civil War that led him to devote his cause to this. Up to that point, he didn't even particularly like animals. By any, he didn't have pets, he wasn't, he didn't, you know, that wasn't his cause. But when he was 53 years old, he had this sort of conversion experience. He always described this as the moment he was working for Lincoln as in the embassy in St. Petersburg in Russia. And he was bothered by the way teamsters were treating their horses in the streets. And one day he just finally snapped and he demanded that a teamster drop his whip, he's beating his horse and the man did it. And Burg said, wow, that's the first really useful thing I've ever done. You know, that felt great. I'm gonna devote my life to this. And it's interesting, Burg's not the only one of these 19th century reformers who describes almost a religious conversion to this kind of devotion for the rest of his life to the cause of fighting what he considered to be one of the great evils, the cruelty to animals. Yeah. Well, tell us a little bit about his upbringing and his background and sort of, you know, what his life was like before he came to that conversion point. Yeah, and that added to the riddle. He was, you know, he was the heir to a fortune. His father was a very successful shipbuilder in the early 19th century. And so Burg dabbled in shipbuilding, decided he didn't like it. Had a couple of years of college, I went to Columbia University and then took his fortune and went to Europe, married another wealthy socialite and they sort of wandered the capitals of Europe. Burg wanted to be a playwright and a poet. And he wrote a lot of apparently very bad plays. The few that ever got mounted got terrible, terrible reviews and maudlin sort of silly poetry. So I think he, you know, here's a guy who was at a sort of crisis point in his midlife about what the meaning of his life had been. But he had some real tools because he was wealthy, because he was articulate, because he was dramatic. He understood the theater, right? And part of what he had to do after that was to dramatize to his fellow Americans the problems of animal cruelty, which had been there were invisible because they were so common, right? And he had to kind of bring them forward, force people to look at them and to reckon with them. Yeah, well, you wrote about one really dramatic episode for us in the piece you did about the horse flu of 1872. And some of the participants here may not have had a chance to read that article, but it's just a fascinating episode that I had never heard of before when you brought it up. So why don't you tell people a little bit about that and how Berg really sort of used that as a sort of not grandstanding is the wrong word, but sort of spotlight moment, I guess. That's when I first met Henry Berg, was standing in the middle of the streets in the middle of the great horse flu of 1872. This started in the fall of 1872 in Toronto. It was an influenza virus that spread incredibly quickly all across North America. It finally burned out a year later in Nicaragua, but everywhere it went, about 5% of the horses and mules in that city would die, and the rest would be debilitated. 95, 90, 9% of the animals would suddenly get sick really within a day or two because this was so contagious. And so they weren't able to work. And it was really, in some ways a fascinating experiment to test how important animal energy, horse energy, horse power was to the modern city at that point. Everything relied on horses. We think of this as the great era of the steam engine with the importance of the transcontinental railroad and so forth, but even the railroad didn't run without horses to bring coal to the trains, to haul things away from the trains, to move the trains around in the yard. So essentially the entire economy comes to a grinding halt in 1872. This influenza would take about four to six weeks to work its way through the city and then move on to the next one. The real problem came because people were desperate to force their animals to work. This would be equivalent to having a gas crisis. Suddenly it's an energy crisis essentially, and many people were desperate. Many people felt if we don't force our horses to work, we are gonna starve. We've revealed that cities themselves were absolutely dependent on horses bringing materials in for food. So they started to work their horses even though they were sick. And when they did that, these horses would very, very often develop a secondary illness and would die very, very quickly. So it's at that point that Berg and his fellow agents from the SPCA were in the streets arresting drivers who were forcing their horses to work as an act of cruelty. And it was a, as I suggested in that piece, it was a turning point I think for public opinion because many people thought Berg was a little bit eccentric or a lot eccentric caring more about horses than humans. But in this particular case, horse suffering was so visible and the dependence on the health of these animals was so obvious that many people started to say, you know, actually we need to rethink this. We've been taking horses for granted. Maybe Berg has a point. Got it, yeah. Tell us a little bit about how when he founded the ASPCI, how many followers did he have? Did he have a small handful of radicals who's latched on or how did the movement grow? And sort of how did it evolve over the decades that he was doing this? Yeah, it's really interesting. There's several things to say about that. One is that there's an obvious antecedent here in the anti-slavery movement, which had itself organized in many of the ways that Berg tried with the, you know, using the printing press, using conferences, using the sort of appeal to the problem of cruelty. So there was already in 1866, you know, a sense that, okay, this is how we move society forward. This is how we battle an evil. Unlike the anti-slavery movement though, nobody was gonna sign up, you know, against an anti-cruelty movement, right? I mean, nobody's in favor of cruelty. So lots of people, you know, when Berg first proposed this idea, he got support from the mayor and the police chief and lots of distinguished philanthropists and they were happy to support this. So passing the law was the easy part. The problem came when he also, as part of that law, got the authority to go out and make arrests and he started to go out and start to arrest people who thought, wait a minute, you know, I'm against cruelty, but what you're picking on me for something that I have every right to do, right? It's my horse, it's my livestock, it's my dog, you know, mind your business. And so suddenly, once he started to actually apply the law, it became much more controversial. But I think it's also worth, you know, one more thing, I think it's important to note that it wasn't just Berg. I mean, Berg was the most interesting, eccentric, extreme promoter of this cause. But almost simultaneously, Philadelphia found an SPCA movement of its own with a particularly strong branch led by the women of the movement and also in Boston. So it's in the air. Many people are recognizing, I think after the Civil War, you know, this is one of the next important causes to move progress forward. Interesting, yeah. Were there other animals besides horses that really sort of grabbed the spotlight? I mean, you can see how horses were so central because they were moving commerce everywhere. Were there any other types of animals that were particularly kind of notable? Sure, well, I mean, another important piece of this was livestock and, you know, this is pre-refrigeration. So, you know, rather than having meat arrive in a grocery store wrapped in plastic and refrigerated, the meat would walk on its far hooves down the street in the middle of the city, right? So any major urban environment was dotted with livestock pens and with slaughterhouses. And hence the meatpacking district in New York, right? Yes, absolutely, right. And so people began to notice the cruelty that was inherent in that. And it starts with getting them there in the first place. So the SPCA movement was very interested in trying to fight the problem of the fact that people would put these animals on the trains in the Midwest or sometimes as far away as Texas or Kansas. And they would ship them to New York or Boston with hardly a break at all. They would essentially have no food and water for weeks sometimes. It wasn't unusual for 20% of the animals to just die en route. It was just considered part of the spoilage of the process. And then once they arrived, there were really no standards, no sanitation standards and no humane standards in terms of how animals were slaughtered. So it's both a public hygiene problem because the refuse is all over the place in downtown environments. But for many of the people like Berg, they said having less live in the midst of this animal slaughter coarsens us. Lots of kids like to go watch the animals get slaughtered as kind of an entertainment. And he said, we need to rationalize this, we need to move it out of the cities, we need to hide this in a way because it's going to, it's going to, people are gonna start to enjoy this or at least lose their sensitivity to animal suffering if we don't move this out. And linked to this, I mean, it's interesting. They also were really at the beginning of the cruelty-free movement. They were arguing essentially eating animals who have been treated cruelly means that you're eating animals that themselves are poisoned, diseased, stressed, and ultimately it's bad for human beings as well. So they began to try to make this link that I think is very familiar to us now about the link between kindness to animals and also our own concerns about human health. Well, and certainly at this same time, this was when cities were all starting to build public water systems and sewer systems and things like that. So you can certainly see how the waste and all of the carnage would really kind of combine with that public health movement, yeah. That's right. And so those sort of centralized slaughter houses, the sort of that developed ultimately, we all think of Chicago as the center of this. It certainly was not driven by humane considerations, but in other ways that the Humane Society applauded this because it centralized this and got it out of the streets where everybody was participating and watching and so forth. Right, ironically now animal welfare activists are trying to show people what's happening in slaughterhouses because they're saying people don't see it and it's out of sight, out of mind. So kind of come full circle on that, I guess. Absolutely. Yeah, I don't want to miss this next question which we could probably spend the whole hour on which is Berg's relationship with P.T. Warnum. And I think most people know that the Ringling Brothers Circus just within the last four or five years has stopped using elephants in their shows and things like that. So they've had a very long arc of their own on animal issues, but please tell us about Berg and Warnum and how they intersected. Right, yeah. I think it's a mild word for it. Yes, they became sort of friendly rivals over time. Berg was very, very critical of Warnum's use of animals. Warnum himself said, this is an educational process. He created not just the circus that we think of, but also and people knew him most for the American Museum that he founded in New York which was the major tourist attraction in Manhattan for decades. And this is an era of European colonialism when the market in wild animals from Asia and Africa begins. And so Warnum was an expert at buying and bringing for the first time the first orangutan and the first, you know, the early giraffes and the hippos and that sort of thing. And his argument was this is educational. This gets people to know and appreciate God's creation. I'm a benefactor. That's certainly a longstanding argument for zoos too. Yes, exactly, right.  We need to, you know, this is a civic responsibility if it's worth doing it all. And so the zoos begin in this period. But Berg says, this is exploiting animals. And he's way ahead of his time in terms of protesting against the training of elephants and the use of them in entertainments and circuses and menageries and so forth. But he was also against zoos, you know, the main attraction of the Central Park Zoo, which was not a very scientific institution at the time.  Warnum would store his winter animals there. So Berg was very critical of that and basically said, this is not entertainment. This is cheap sensation at the expense of these animals and they should be returned to the wild or you mainly killed. This is unacceptable. And here's another, you know, this is another example where Berg pushes the argument to the limits because these were enormously popular. You know, the Central Park Zoo was a tremendous attraction. And many people just laughed at Berg. You know, this is another eccentric idea that he has that circuses and zoos are exploitive. Warnum enjoyed fighting with Berg because Warnum was great at turning every fight into a way to sell tickets. And so he- Was he the one who said there's no such thing as bad publicity? Absolutely.  You know, Berg appealed to his supporters by protesting. And Warnum got his ticket sales by, you know, saying, you come see for yourself whether I'm abusing these animals and so forth. Interestingly though, I mean, this happened over the course of two decades of Berg's career. Warnum lived a bit longer. When Berg died, Warnum went to his funeral and he said, you know, he and I were both true animal lovers. And when Warnum died, he left $1,000 to build a fountain in his hometown of Bridgeport, Connecticut in Berg's honor that's still there. So they, you know, he came to respect, they differed, but there are kinds of debates about what's an appropriate way to observe animals. Where's the line between education and exploitation? I mean, I think it's a very relevant set of questions that still we should wrestle with today. And they really were sparring partners in starting that conversation. Well, and it played on for decades afterward. I mean, when I was little, I grew up in Washington, DC. And I remember when Ringling Brothers Circus came to town, you would go down to where the rail yard, they would unload all the animals, they'd parade the elephants through the streets to wherever the, you know, temporary barns were and things like that. It was a big thing and crowds came. So then things have really, over the last few decades changed a lot, but yeah, it was a long, long process.  Humans and animals are relating in a very intense way that is not part of modern life anymore. But at the same time, we get this incredible infusion of animals from around the globe that for the first time, Americans, you know, not just scientists traveling somewhere, but also, you know, anybody can not a Saturday afternoon go to the zoo or attend the circus. And so the exposure to the world's animals as morally complicated as that may be really begins in this period. So, you know, we take that for granted too. And I think that's really another legacy from the late 19th century. No, it is a real eye opener. I mean, even now when you go to an aquarium or a zoo, sometimes you see people really learning things. And you know, that's one reason why those arguments are so complicated. Before we go to questions, let's talk a little bit about the title to the book. Was Berg actually called a traitor to his species or was that more sort of your encapsulation of how he was seen? That's an encapsulation of what many people essentially said that he was putting, you know, in one case after another, he was protecting animals at the expense of humans, right? And Berg's argument was it's the expense of human frivolity and, you know, and cruelty, right? It's your thoughtlessness, you know? But for example, you know, one of his major wars was to shut down horse railroads when they were, this was the mass transportation system in the cities. The trolley companies would work these horses right to the edge, you know, use them up, recycle them within a few years by working them so hard. And Berg and his agents were out in the field stopping this, right? And when they did, the horses would have to go back to the barn, the traffic jam would cause, everybody would have to get off and walk, right? And so Berg, for Berg, this was a moment when he got lots of publicity.  Berg, you know, as I said, he wasn't an animal lover, he was a hater of human cruelty. And, you know, Berg pushed the envelope in many ways. And the one way that got the most feedback, I think, was when he said that those who are cruel to animals and to women and children should be publicly flogged. And- Oh, that's a really interesting connection because now, I mean, police will often take cruelty to animals as a sign that someone could become, you know, physically violent against people. Oh, sure. Yeah, yeah. So, you know, he was onto something there very early, it seems like. Absolutely, absolutely. Yeah, the link between protect animal welfare and protection of dependent women and children, they're very closely linked as a movement. In fact, Berg was very important in connecting the two. Yeah. Let me see, it looks like we have some questions here. So let me see what people have. Were there any incidents or people that you would have liked to include in the book but weren't able to? Well, what was fascinating about Berg was two things were important about his law. One was that he not just passed a law against cruelty, but he also sent agents into the field.  And that was absolutely controversial but absolutely crucial. The other thing about Berg was that he wrote into the law, horses, cattle, livestock, and other animals, all other animals. And this is where Berg got really interesting. And because he essentially, you know, everybody said, yeah, of course we need to protect horses. Yeah, we shouldn't abuse the cows that we're about to eat. But when Berg started to push against mistreatment of turtles being shipped up north and for turtle soup in cruel ways, when he started to worry about the buffalo, when he started to worry about rats that were being part of the entertainment of ratting contests where terriers would try to kill rats, people were shocked. And that's what makes Berg, I think, so controversial and so fascinating is that he pushed this in all sorts of directions that I couldn't possibly touch all of them. So he had a campaign against boiling lobsters, for example. Wow. I just couldn't get in. I couldn't, you know, even though I'm a manor with a history of connection to lobsters, I couldn't fit it. And it goes on and on. I mean, because people would push him and say, I found this on the web for history of connection to lobsters. Siri is trying to help me here all of a sudden. No. Seriously, would you like to order a lobster? Never done that before. Yeah, so he would push it in all sorts of directions and I could only touch on samples of the way he pushed the argument. But that's fascinating though because all the things you mentioned, cock fighting, there's a famous essay that got published about 10 years ago about cruelty and lobsters. I mean, you know, he really, I guess there's this hierarchy of sort of within the animal world that we tend to care most about the charismatic furry animals and less about say chickens and certainly less about snakes or fish or things like that. So he really was seeing way far ahead of where a lot of people leave not today. I mean, that's really interesting. And well ahead of his own followers. And very often they would say, you know, well, we can't quite go that far. Right, horses, yes, snakes. Yeah. So, yeah. And that was another area where he got into trouble because he would say any living creature is as valuable as a human being. So he really had the sort of complete view of things. Yeah. He might've been trying to just provoke people when he said those things. Cause you know, he did not wage a campaign to protect mosquitoes, but he held out the possibility he might. Yeah. Oh, interesting. Well, let's see, here's another question. Given the history of this time period and its impact on our perspectives on non-humans, how do you think this impacted behavior researchers such as Harry Harlow, I think the wire monkey psychology researcher and their use of animals? Are there any readings you can recommend on the history of human animal relationships in research? Well, Berg and his allies were really founders of the anti-bivisection movement. So that's really, you know, that's the place to look is sort of the longer history of that. And there is some interesting work. James Turner, the historian has written a lot about Victorian ideas about pain and suffering and the relationship between humans and animals. So that might be a, it's called reckoning with the beast. But yes, Berg and most notably, Carolyn Earl White, who was the, I mentioned Philadelphia had a very strong women's branch of the SPCA. And so they launched the American anti-bivisection society which is still going. There's another classic example of a conflict where the critics said, look, this is going to pay off in reducing human and animal suffering because we're going to understand more about the body. So this is, you know, this is suffering that these animals just have to put up with. And Berg was an abs, you know, basically an abolitionist who said, under no circumstances is this acceptable. There's some knowledge we have no right to know. And that would include any knowledge we would get out of causing this sort of excruciating pain to animals.  That took quite a bit longer. Yeah. Here's a modest question. Dr. Fieberg, I'm fascinated by this story and the questions surrounding how we as humans interact with other animals. What do you think the future of animal rights will be and should be? Yeah, future is not what historians do, but I think that's a very good question. I think it's clear if we look at, you know, Berg was considered an extreme radical at his time. And now we look back, and there are many people involved in the animal welfare movement, the animal rights movement, the animal liberation movement who would look back. And I think they should recognize Berg as a, you know, as an important milestone that sort of started this conversation, but it's clearly expanded enormously since then. And so I think it will continue to do so. I think that our growing understanding about animal sensitivity, sensibility, is it contributing to that? One very blind spot I think for Berg and his movement was an absence of ecological or environmental understanding. And so there was a lot of focus on the urban problems of animals, but very little way to even understand what was happening more broadly. Berg did try to intervene with the slaughter of the buffalo in the 1870s without success. But beyond that, it's really hard to find evidence of him or these others in this movement, understanding the kind of cruelty that's involved in species destruction, in habitat destruction. Well, and he was really working at the time of Westwood expansion too, so yeah. Right, absolutely. You know, and partly I think this is, you know, it's easier, I shouldn't say, it's not easy, but it's easier to focus on the cruelty that's in front of you than to understand the systemic cruelty that's going on. And it's also easier to focus in a reform movement on an urban problem at a time when many of these urban problems were being dealt with and there were strategies for doing this. And much harder to, you know, the example I use in the book is this focus on the treatment of turtles that were being shipped up from Key West and they were shipped upside down with a rope through their flippers to keep them together. And when Berg started to say, this is cruelty to animals, the reaction was turtles aren't animals, you know, and then the reaction was, well, maybe they're animals, but they don't feel anything. So, you know, they're so far down the chain of being that, you know, and so Berg had to sort of push this. But what he never said a word about in 20 years of fighting, he never won a case to help the turtles. But he also never realized that the turtles themselves were being driven really to the brink of extinction by consumption. So it was easy to see the turtle in front of the saloon clipped on its back with a sign on its belly that says Friday soup at noon, you know, and the treatment of that animal. But to see a species, I think, I mean, this is a long way of getting at sort of where's the movement going? I think environmental consciousness is a big part of expanding the animal welfare movement. Right, well, and to be fair, you know, we have reporting from the scene now that didn't exist back then, you know, I mean, someone once pointed out to me that at the time when Laurie Ingalls Wilder was writing about, you know, homesteading on the prairie and, you know, freezing in tar paper shacks during the winter, that's exactly during the gilded era.   There just wasn't a lot of connection. So, you know, and now we have that, you know, we have photos from the scene and things like the undercover investigations and, you know, much more sort of awareness of what's happening where. Let's see, we have more questions here. What do you think of Stephen Wise and the non-human rights project? I'm not aware of what that is. Is that a name you're familiar with in an organization? Yeah, yeah. Well, I mean, I think, you know, this is expanding on this idea, which would seem so surprising at the time that an animal could have rights, right? And obviously the conversation is pushing much further at this point to attribute much more rights and agency to animals, right? So, you know, these sorts of efforts to expand on this, you know, trace their way back. I think their right to say that, you know, there's a, this was the minimal possible amount of rights that you could propose, that Berg proposed to say, you know, every being has a right not to be treated to unnecessary suffering, right? We have a right to use animals in any way we want. We're not allowed to abuse them was essentially the, you know, that was the nature of rights that Berg is proposing. And obviously this is expanding to suggest that animals have a right to a full life. And, you know, at the farthest example that essentially, you know, we have no right to interfere that our engagement with them will be interference with them, with their rights. It's the extension of a conversation that began 140 years ago. Well, and certainly, I think a lot of people who are animal advocates, some will talk about animal welfare and others will talk about animal rights, which I think is intended to go further than just welfare, correct? Sure. Yeah. Absolutely. Right. So this question actually sort of loops back to the idea of focusing on the cities as opposed to things happening beyond them. Did enforcement of these laws extend to the farms where production took place? I assume meaning when Berg was doing this kind of work. No. No, it didn't. It really, it was, you know, they began to organize for the first time. Really what happens is these SPCAs are very local. They're based on state laws. They're organized around cities. And it's really cattle transportation that begins to unite them into what became the American Humane Association as a sort of collaborative because they realized that this is an interstate problem, right? So they solved the problem of cattle transportation from Texas to Boston by just worrying about what's happening in Boston. You have to check it out every way along the way. But really they did not intervene with the process of raising the animals. But once they got into the transportation system, that's where they tried to intervene and tried to expose the cruelties that were built into that system and change the laws. In fact, the first successful federal legislation was called the 28 hour law, which required the railroad companies to take these animals off of the trains every 28 hours, give them a rest, give them food and water. It turned out not to be a good idea because these animals were so tortured by being on these trains that once you took them off, you had to torture them again just to get them back on. So it wasn't the solution to the problem. They moved instead to try to find shipping cars. And ultimately it was, you know, slaughter closer to the point of where they were raised became a way to minimize that kind of cruelty. Yeah, you really, you had the animal. I mean, you mentioned how there were slaughterhouses in big cities and things like that. And there's still in a lot of cities, you can see some markers of animals once being there. You can see all the little carriage houses in Brooklyn that used to have horses in them behind, you know, which are now residences themselves. But certainly the animal processing industry has moved out to the Midwest and the South and the Plain States really dispersed away from cities. And the main societies were surprisingly, you know, I came to this knowing like everybody knows that Upton Sinclair is the jungle, right? In the early 20th century, which exposes the cruelties of the meatpacking industry in Chicago to both humans and to the animals. But in the 1860s and 70s, this looked like a great improvement, you know, so that these humane societies were pushing the idea that it was okay to eat meat that had been slaughtered a thousand miles away and shipped in a refrigerated rail car. That this was actually, you know, cruelty free would be too extreme. But that basic idea, this is gonna be less cruel. And so while this was in, you know, a good thing for Swift and Armor and the other companies to be promoting this, it also was something that the humane societies surprisingly also said was going to be an improvement. Better than what was. Yes. Yeah, yeah. Here's an interesting question. Did Berg favor vegetarianism and was he a vegetarian? Berg spent a lot of time in slaughterhouses, as I said, you know, he saw some very terrible abuse of animals. He said, it almost made me a vegetarian. He never was, which is interesting. But he said, humanity made a wrong turn at some point. We should be vegetarians. We're not now, it's too controversial. I mean, there were clearly, there were vegetarians, there was a vegetarian reform movement in the 19th century. But it was radical and Berg decided, this is one step too far to try to advocate for this. So he, you know, he said, I care about turtles, but also turtle soup. So. Interesting. Yeah. It was a compromise. He felt like, you know, he said, you know, basically civilization, he had an idea that civilization is going to purify and get better and better. Eventually all human sin is going to be wiped out by progress. And so he figured vegetarians, you know, would rule the roost sometime down, you know, down the road of history, but not right away. Yeah, well, and he also, this was really before nutrition research and things like that. So, you know, part of it may have been that people didn't really understand, you know, you need certain things in your diet and you can get them different ways. Right. I'm sure. That's a whole new angle we have on that now. Here's a question. This may go back to the vivisection issue. How does this extend to medical research? Was it happening then? And if so, did he protest it? So vivisection probably, I think, is mainly the kind of medical research that was going on then, right? That's right. That's right. And they would, it was interesting conflict over this in Philadelphia, where one of the leading surgery colleges, one of the leading medical schools, routinely would get stray dogs from the city pound to operate on in front of their students, for the students to experiment on these live dogs. The SPCA, the women in Philadelphia who really founded the first animal shelter in America. Up till that point, the pound was a very brutal, very quick visit for animals that'd just be dispatched as quickly as they were gathered. It wasn't a year round thing. It was only done in the summer usually because people were worried about rabies. And so these women created this animal shelter and they won from the city the right to control the stray dogs. As they were gathered up, they would be kept there and they were euthanized mainly after a certain period, but otherwise they would try to find adoptions and return dogs to their owners. So the doctors come to them and say, give us some dogs. We'll take them. We're ready. And they said, no way, you're not. And so there was this battle, particularly a gendered battle where the women were being accused of being sentimental and soft and the doctors were claiming this was disrupting progress and so forth. And this is really what escalated into a pamphlet war that became the anti-bivisection movement. And also helped the doctors recognize that this was a potential threat to their practice of vivisection. So they ended up making sure that whenever an anti-cruelty law was passed, that there was an exception made for medical experiments. Interesting, yeah. Sorry, go ahead. Yeah, I mean, Berg considered that to be a betrayal of the whole movement. One of the worst exceptions granted and devoted his life to trying to stop that without success. Interesting. There's another question here, asking for a little more about the animal rights movements in Philadelphia and Boston at the same time Berg was working. So you've talked a little about that particular part in Philadelphia. Boston certainly had the advocacy from the women who founded Mass Audubon, who worked to get people to stop putting complete dead birds on women's hats, but I'm sure there's more to it than that. Right. Yeah, I mean, the really important contribution from Boston comes from a man named George Angel, who was the founder of the Massachusetts SPCA, along with the many reformers, sort of the Boston Brahmin reformers of that era got behind this movement. Berg believed, as I said, in whipping, in finding, in dragging cruel men to jail, basically said they're never going to learn. The best we can do is hope to just terrorize them so that they will stop terrorizing animals and women and children. George Angel was much more optimistic, and he is really the founder of what became humane education. So he started right away, and this is in 1868, two years after Berg had launched his movement. He found a newspaper called Our Dumb Animals, unable to speak, unable to, for themselves, Berg Angel is speaking for them.  It had news about the movement. And Angel had this distributed, first of all, to every schoolhouse in Massachusetts. And then it was a nationwide distribution. He produced millions of copies of this monthly journal. This was also an avenue for the women in the movement, and the majority of the rank and file of this movement were women. And they were not in a position to go out and wrestle with Teamsters and go into the slaughterhouses and take on the butchers. But humane education was an important avenue for them to participate in the movement. So they created what they called Bands of Mercy, where they would invite young people, and their targets were particularly boys, assuming that boys were more cruel than girls, and they would invite them to be part of this club and they would sign a pledge that they would devote their lives to protecting animals. They would read literature, they would get badges, and these sort of support them. And George Angel and others who were advocates of this said, if we can raise a whole generation of kind boys, we're gonna solve all kinds of social problems. We're not just gonna stop animal cruelty, we might stop wars. We might stop all kinds of abuse if we can touch the hearts of kids at the right age. And having a pet, having empathy for animals is heart training, right? Sort of the high watermark of George Angel's contributions down to today was that he was the one who brought the novel Black Beauty to the United States. That sold a zillion copies. He called it the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the Horse. So it's again, a link to the anti-slavery movement. This is gonna touch people and move the whole public. And it was a British novel, but he published the American version and gave it away for free for decades. Wow, that's a really effective piece of action just by itself, boy. Yeah, still going. There's a huge animal hospital here in Boston named for Angel. Yes, right. As you might expect, yeah. That's his institution, for sure. Yeah, mm-hmm. Here is a question from a fellow UT volunteer. Were you cognizant of agenda-setting theory prior to writing the book? Though it's not explicitly mentioned in your book, Berg, the way that Berg used the press to promote his animal rights cause is a classic example of the theory in action, although it wasn't formally founded until the 20th century. Nope, I don't know agenda-setting theory. I know Berg was indeed a powerful user of the newspapers. And I think this is partly his theatrical training. He understood also that it was important not to be ignored. And so there were times when he very intentionally said, yeah, I lost this case, I lost the turtle case, but everybody read about it, everybody thought about it and better to outrage people than to have people not think about us. So in that sense, I think he was a very savvy manipulator of the press, and if that's agenda-setting theory, then there you go. Yeah, well, and certainly he sounds like he had that in common with Barnum believing there was no such thing as bad publicity. Right. Yeah. Yeah, they were masters. Right, equal foes. How would you compare, this question says, how would you compare the climate today for promoting animal protection relative to that in Berg's day? Well, I think it's enormously different. We are far more, first of all, I mean, it's one thing to have sympathy for animals. It's another thing to actually have the power of a law and even more important to have the institution that is making sure the law isn't forced. So I think Berg and the SPCA founders really deserve credit for that. But I think it's expanded tremendously since then, right? So I think the awareness of this, the default assumption that cruelty is a problem that human comforts and privileges have to be balanced with respect for animals. I mean, we have obviously a long way to go on this. And I think one of the interesting struggles that emerges out of the book is to what extent are problems solved simply because they go out of sight? Right? I mean, if you remove slaughter from downtown where people are seeing the suffering of these animals in the livestock pens coming off the trains and they're seeing the brutality of slaughter, do you solve that problem by moving it somewhere else where you don't see it? Or do you just hide it, right? And I think this gets back to your point earlier about animal rights activists trying to expose often against, you know, surmounting state laws that are making it difficult for them to expose the kinds of abuses that are happening in factory farming situations, for example. Yeah, there's actually a term called ag-gag laws. Right. Laws that states adopt to prevent people from basically usually going undercover and getting hired under a different name or something so that they can take pictures and show conditions on farms and states, a number of ag states have tried to criminalize this. Yeah. Yeah, so some of the problems that, you know, it's also possible, I mean, I think technology solved a lot of these moral problems of the 19th century. There was no pet sterilization, you know, in this period. And, you know, the problem of horse abuse in cities was solved not by an upsurge of kindness, but by the engine, right? Replacing gradually over time, it took quite a long time. So some of these problems evolve and change and new technology poses new threats. And as I said, I think our awareness of the breadth of the problem is much greater with the animal rights movement and also with the environmental movement. And to meet that, I mean, there are many, you know, the SPCA is still with us and still going strong, but obviously there are many, many, many organizations that are organized around particular problems of factory farming and environmental degradation and so forth.   And they keep them mostly inside or mostly are completely inside and in very small spaces. And it's very efficient, that's how you get, you know, inexpensive meat, but there are a lot of concerns about the welfare of the animals in those settings. And also you have these enormous lagoons of manure and air emissions and all kinds of environmental issues. So that's definitely a point now. Yeah, so, you know, that's an intensification of the problems that were happening in downtown areas. You know, and still with us are issues about the link between the way we treat those animals and the impact on health when we consume those animals. Yeah, here's an interesting question sort of back to the micro level. What advice and funding ideas would you give to small zoos when they struggle with proper housing and expensive care? We unfortunately lost two giraffes at the Reston Zoo in the Washington DC suburbs to a barn fire. They have constantly struggled with funding. Heartbreaking, beautiful zoo, but huge responsibilities. Woodburg have supported small zoos. Yeah, you know, I would say no. I would say that, you know, he was in ways that I think are surprising to a modern sensibility because I think we do, many of us would recognize the value of getting closer to these animals in terms of raising our awareness and our concern about them. You know, Berg from what Berg saw, you know, and of course, you know, what we're talking about now is our modern ideas about zoos that have evolved into a very different kind of institution, you know, concerned about species protection and conservation, much more sensitive to the environments that these animals are in. So, you know, it's hard to know, but I think he was certainly at the time very skeptical about our right to do that to any animal. We need to wrap up in just a minute. So, Ernie, are there any other sort of angles or questions or things that, you know, you just found particularly interesting that we haven't touched on here that you'd wanna raise before we summarize? Well, I think it's interesting that Berg, you know, he went after dog fights. He went after these sort of working class saloons where there was rat pits where terriers would be put in these pits and would battle against rats and destroy them. And he was often accused because he hated this and he would stamp that out. He was often accused of going after poor people. And Berg wasn't elitist and he was a nativist.  And he went after wealthy people, for example, in their hobby of shooting pigeons. They would have massive tournaments where pigeons, often passenger pigeons on their way to extinction would be shot out of traps, it's a trap shooting. And Berg was a big advocate of the clay pigeon as a replacement and took on, you know, the Vanderbilts and Gordon Bennett Jr. And these, you know, various people who are very, very powerful and always insisted that cruelty is something which cuts across class, that everybody is against cruelty except for the cruelty that they particularly find convenient or interesting. And pop back in. Hi, everyone. That was a fascinating discussion. Thank you so much, Ernie. Oh, sure. Fantastic. Thanks for the invitation. Yeah, and having some of your expertise leading the conversation has been wonderful. But we're doing something, so thank you. This is not possible without the generosity of our individual supporters. So thank you for those who donated. It directly goes to these webinars. So if you do support us, thank you. If you don't, please, we'd love you to consider doing so. I do, we're doing something new. We're gonna try to have a book club because we are called The Conversation and Dr. Friedberg has been kind enough to agree to come back and talk about the book if there's a group of people who wanna read it. And so this has been an experiment, but I put in the chat that if you would like to be part of our book club, to be traded to a species, Henry Berg and the birth of the animal rights movement, please email Lisa dot ting at The Conversation. This will be also in a follow-up email to all participants as well as a recording. We've gotten many, many requests for a recording of this talk. And we're gonna all gather back for some of you will gather back on, I believe it's late April on the 28th for a discussion, kind of a more free-flowing discussion with our book club if there's people who wanna join. So please think about it. Thank you all so much for coming to The Conversation webinars to the seventh of a series. We've started since the pandemic began and we're really grateful for you to coming. And thank you so much again, Ernie and Jenny. My pleasure. Thank you. Okay. Take care. Bye everyone. Thank you.


Okay, today's we're going to try to answer some questions. This one's from Commodore 256 who was someone who was hung out in my IRC channel before and I've talked to before. And he's asked me, do you know anything about real-time blender video texture overlay outputs that are people that do live Linux shows and live chroma keying and Skype and guest as a 3D layer in their live feed? But they are on Hackintosh and run Wirecast to do it. So basically do I know of anything either with Blender or other software in Linux that allows you to do live streaming of video with chroma keying? And the answer is no. At least not open source. I mean, in the past I have seen, I'm sure there are some proprietary really expensive video editing software for Linux. And that's something I realized when I first came to Linux is at the time there was very little open source editing and there were some commercial video editing software that would run on Linux. But I mean like big time commercial where it was a couple thousand dollars and I'm sure there's something like that out there for Linux but as far as free and open source unfortunately not. And this is one of those cases. Once again, if that's something you need then that might be a case where it would be alright to use proprietary software. As I said in a previous video, my personal opinion is the only time it's okay to use proprietary software is kind of when you're forced to. You need to accomplish a task and there is no open source software that does that. So at least not that I know of, I don't know of any and I feel like I've been asked this before because I think I looked into it a little bit. Hopefully that's something we'll get in the near future. I would suspect that MLT melts the back end for Cayden Live. I could definitely see them doing something like that in the near future. After reading this question, I did a quick Google search and it looks like there might be plugins for VLC that does this. I didn't look into it too much. I don't know if those are proprietary plugins if they're Linux compatible. I've thought in my head how would I try to accomplish this. The only thing I could think of was I could probably stream video into Python through PyGame, cut out the background and pipe that into a file and then stream it with VLC and going through my head it would be kind of a complex setup and it probably would look horrible because it probably wouldn't have feathering and stuff. So the quality probably wouldn't be good and I wouldn't know how to stream the audio through PyGame but hey, if there's a viewer out there that thinks they can do this, that'd be a great little project to see and have someone create. I'm not saying there isn't one out there, I just haven't seen one but I would suspect that in the near future we probably would have something like that. Just like a year, year and a half ago we didn't have any video tracking and now Blender has got all this video tracking or any really decent video tracking and now Blender has all these video tracking and 3D tracking tools and camera tracking tools. So definitely I think we will have something like that soon. If you need something like that now, may have to go with proprietary software unfortunately. Next question, how do you SSH between two private networks like between home and work? And someone did answer that question in the comments so hopefully that person's got the answer and this is something I haven't done a tutorial on before because different routers will label things differently but basically, here we go, let's get some visuals here. Let's say this is your computer, actually let's make that the router because it looks kind of like a router. Let's say this is your router and this is your computer inside your house.  So the only thing the router is supposed to let through is stuff that's requested from inside. So what you would have to do is go into your router settings through the web interface, if you don't know how to do that then this is going to be really complicated for you. I'll just give you a quick overview of this but basically you go into the router settings and look for a tab that says either virtual servers or port forwarding. And basically you tell it to anytime someone tries to connect to port 22 on the router from the outside redirect that to port 22 on the computer on the inside. You can also use some security through obscurity and use a different port that isn't commonly used on both of them. It's not really security but if you leave port 22 open on your router and you check the error logs in the machine it's going to you're going to see a whole bunch of hits every day from some place over in Asia trying to break into your system. Most cases if you disable root on it and you use secure password and user names the chances of them getting your slim but you're going to be hit a lot from these servers in other countries or even your current country. So definitely I would use a different port but basically you open up the port on the router and you let it go through. Now you also need to one set of static IP for your machine behind the router because if the IP changes the router doesn't know who to send it to. So set a static IP on that, forward it through. Now you also need to know the external IP of your house of your modem. Obviously if you go to something like what ismyip.com or what ismyip.org it will tell you your external IP. Now this may change regularly depending on your system now with cable if I don't unplug my modem or have a power surge which my modem is on a battery backup so hopefully that doesn't happen. You could go months without the IP address changing but it could cause you know if you have that power surge you to be assigned a new IP address and then you won't be able to connect to your system. There's ways around this. There's services out there that will give you kind of like a domain that you can forward to your house and then you install a program that constantly runs and updates that server with your current IP address. I personally haven't used one of those. I have my personal own personal reasons for not that just probably mostly paranoia. The way I actually do it is I do SSH into my Pogo plug regularly and I have a cron job that runs a little batch script I wrote that grabs my external IP address from a website and then it takes that and actually sends it to a Google Form inside my Google Docs. So I have to do that every so often so anytime my IP address if I go to Kinect and I can't I can go to that spreadsheet in my Google Docs and I just look at the last one logged and I know my new IP address. So that's how I do it but you're going to need to do something either pay for a static IP address with your cable provider or internet service provider or use one of these tools that assigns it. So that's an idea of how it works obviously if you've never done this before you have to look it up. Big thing is just Google port forwarding and you should be able to find instructors on that. So I hope that helps answer the questions. I hope that you have a great day. Please visit filmsbychrist.com that's Chris of the K and I'll go ahead and ask questions in the comments below. Have a great day.


is still one of them. We are on to the first conversation of the day. We went to speak on Bata's career, particularly successful career choice and nurturing. So how exactly do you get to making the right choice? And then how do you nurture that? And for that we are joined by one Lillian Cullola who is a professional baker, CEO of Imora Luxury Cakes. She's also a makeup artist as I had told you before and she also owns an online thrift shop. Karim Pusana-Linette, glad to have you with us. So you want to tell us a little bit about yourself, how you started, your story, anything that you want to share? Okay, my name is Linette Cullola. I am grateful that I am here today this morning and I am so happy to be here and I'm glad to meet you too. So I am a professional baker and I'm a businesswoman who I've been doing business for the past years and also about my cake business. I started last year and it has been a year in this cake business and most of the time I do my cake business, it is online. All my cake business thrift and make up, I have been a makeup artist for almost five years now. Wow, amazing. So for you it's been a journey. Do you, has it been like discovering yourself like first you started with makeup and then now the online thrift business and then baking? Is it something that you discover or you can do or is it something you knew you could do but you've taken time to get to all of them? Okay, let me say this since I have been having, okay, first let me say I have a disability and I have a earring problem which I use a earring aid and I've been using this earring aid. Okay, for the past years I was not using a earring aid. So since last year I got this earring aid for the old 20 years I've just been like that without an earring aid. So all those past times I couldn't do many things like getting a job, I couldn't even communicate with clients properly. So it was so difficult for me to be employed. Okay, so I decided to think about let me do a business, let me self-employ myself, like I employ myself by doing something. So this is something that I discovered from before. So I had a passion of being creative of doing a lot of things. I needed to balance this and this and that. So in this business it is something that I have discovered in the past time because I knew very well I could not get employed in any type of job. Okay, so I decided to do business because this business is easier for me because I myself, I know what I am doing, I know who I am talking to and I know what I am trying to build in my career. Wow, amazing, that's very encouraging that you don't need to be self-employed if that's not an option then you can always employ yourself and you can make it as you have. So how was it for you getting out there, you started with the makeup first? Yeah, I started with the makeup first because I went to school and I went to school for a celebrity makeup party school and I did makeup by rose. I went there, I started doing my makeup that is when I had the passion of doing things with my hands because I believed myself my hands is possible to do many things. So I started with makeup, then when I started with makeup I went to drift business, which the drift business has been there for like two years plus, three years there. So then I thought of I cannot just stand with only two business. I did the cake business and my cake business I started last year, July until today. So I mark maybe it's going my next month it's going to be a year anniversary. Well, and we have a cake here as you can see, we went to feast to it in just a few probably off-camera but thank you for the cake again. Wow, amazing.  How was it for you communicating and getting into that line of business? Okay, for the thrift business, let me say it was a bit difficult when I started because all I did it was all to depend on online. Because online, you know, the technology nowadays is about online marketing. So anything I do before I couldn't even receive phone calls from my client. So any time my client calls me, I find it difficult to explain to him or her where I locate. Okay, I am located this blah blah blah or maybe I am at this place my shop is at my store. No, I didn't have a physical shop yet but I was renting a shelf whereby I put my things there so that people can come and pick them because it was an online business. So it was so difficult for me to communicate with clients where are you, what time are you delivering. So the main important thing, since I got this it became very easy for me to receive calls because my hearing aid is connected to Bluetooth. So when a client calls me, I can hear it. But before it was so hard because all I could do was just texting, chatting, so you couldn't really speak to them on phone completely. Mostly I can speak to some of them but not all of them. So most of the time I tell my clients, you can find my client and I am there, how much is this, where are you located, how am I going to get this. And I find I have not heard what the client has said properly. So I end up saying yes and I have not heard it. So I decided I tell the client kindly text me so that we can communicate properly. So now with the hearing aids, it got better for you. And even in the cake business because I know they receive orders, everything came better. Manoeuvring through the three of them, now we do all the three. How is it creating a balance? Let me say it is difficult. Business is not easy for everyone.  Wow, that's like a whole different job on its own. Wow.  Yeah. So all those things I try to balance, I just put one business app and the other business app. So it is about balance. You know all my business are on social media platforms. Instagram, Facebook and WhatsApp and TikTok, you see. So like Instagram, I manage like makeup page, baking cake page and thrift page. Wow. All by yourself. And also Instagram the same time. So I post, depending with the day in my week, I have to make sure that I have been consistent in every page. Even if I just post only one thing. So I must make sure that I am improving in my posting in how I do my work step by step. It is not easy. I cannot say it is not perfect. But you have to, you know, I have to balance everything. But I am grateful because God has blessed me in this. This is the work of my hand that I am very grateful.  Whatever you find to do, do it. You know, I think I believe there's a scripture like that. Whatever you find, okay, probably not a scripture I've had it so many times. Whatever you find to do with your hands, do it. And that's exactly what you've done. So what would you advise people in choosing the right, for you, this is your career path, right? Because this is what you're doing. What would you advise people, someone who's looking to getting into formal employment, another person looking into getting into entrepreneurship, how do you make the right career choice? Okay, so, okay, for me, what I can say for those people who are trying to do, trying to do business or trying to start a business, I can tell them that you know, you have, I'm sure you'll have the fear of starting this kind of, any kind of business. You have to talk to God and tell God, give me an idea of doing this. Give me an idea. At all, I didn't even know if I could be baking cakes now. So I came up with an idea like I have an oven. I have my hands. Okay, it's just eggs, sugar, you put them together. So I was like, why, if I have an oven, why should I just sit down in the house and say that there is nothing to do? I decided to use my oven to bake the cakes. One step at a time, one cake I post. I was just baking a cake for at home, just for eating, not for selling. So I create content with the cakes that I am doing them at home. And I cut, I eat and do everything I decorate. So I was just trying, you know, so that is how I started getting clients from here to there posting, showing them what I am doing. So people were surprised. I just went to study to do cake for only just one day. I didn't go to a school. Just one day. I didn't even go to school of baking. So I have been teaching myself for a while how to do this, improving new recipes, learning new things, decoration, being creative, doing my research. I've been sleeping late night, doing all research about these cakes. Wow. Yeah. All self-taught. I mean, that's why you need to be paid so much because it takes a lot. It takes all you and it's the effort, the passion that you have. And all this came from an idea. That's what you're saying.  That's, you know, it's easy saying that because many people are unemployed. So it's easy getting into that talk, you can't do your job, you can't have money to buy, but you can also try and think how you thought. I have this oven. So what can I do with this oven? Look at what you have inside the house and use it to go. What do you think are common mistakes that people make in their career or even starting their career? Okay. The common mistakes are fear. You know, some people have fear of starting a business. Like you say, I cannot do this. No. And you have to believe yourself that you can do it. Okay. So sometimes, you know, in business, you need a budget. Okay. It is all about plans. Actually, in my cake business, I didn't even start with a lot of money. I just used the small money that I had just to buy the tools, blah, blah, blah, just to try them out. After buying the tool, start to restock everything together. Actually, up to today, I don't have everything you're using what you have available. Yeah. So it is just step by step. So many people think that most mistakes they do is that they think that if you want to start a business, you need to have a lot of money, like everything. No, you don't need everything to start a business. You just need what you have to start a business. Wow. Yeah. Amazing. Just what you have available. Start with it. The rest will follow as you go. So how do you nurture? Yeah. How do you nurture it? This is your business. This is your baby. For example, the cake business almost a year now. How have you nurtured it all through? Okay. Okay. For all this time, I have been I mean, how do I clarify this? Maybe you can clarify from what you mean because I've not understood it. How do you make sure that it doesn't die? You can start a business some months into it. Probably you don't have clients so it dies or you do not push yourself enough. So you give up on it. So how do you make sure that it grows basically? Okay. Or what I can say consistent. Be consistent. You know, never give up. Like if you do it today, you should not stop. Keep going. Like if I post today, you can find some people in business they just joke a lot. They say, I'm gonna post today and tomorrow. No. Maybe next week. No. Maybe you forget about your social media platform. So you have to be consistent even if you don't have any clients. Just find a way. You could just bake a cupcakes. Okay. Bake cupcakes. Do content. Okay. Show them how it looks inside. What flavor is this? How did you bake? What ingredient are doing these cupcakes? You see. So it can give you every day at least you have a way of posting a way of showing people that you did something and you know very well you don't have clients. Okay. So you don't have just to sit because you're waiting for a client to come. Okay. Me, I'm going to do that today. So maybe I wait for a client to come and post a picture. Yeah. No. You have to do something. Check it. Check them how you mix. Show them how you put your ingredients. Just do anything so that you every time and make sure you have to post every day. Wow. Speaking about posting every day. There's something about once had that you need to no matter what you're doing, whatever profession, whether you're employed or self-employed. There's one thing that you need to do. You need to market yourself monolously. That's one thing that you owe yourself. What do you say to this especially in this era? How has that helped you? In marketing. Because you've been speaking passionately about posting consistently. Yeah. So me I can say in marketing for let's say like Instagram where you advertise yourself maybe you pay for advertisement. So you can find some influencers are charging people how to post for you the cakes or the pictures. So you have to find a way not every day but you have to find a way like Instagram ads. You have to make sure you pay maybe a month for the advertisement. It depends on how you want to use your money. So you can even pay for a week for two days for five days. Does it work? Yeah. It works. It works depending on how you be creative in posting. You cannot just post just a name you have to look for a very good cake, a very good picture you put and make sure that is the picture for advertisement. So you make sure it looks so nice. When somebody can come and say hey this girl she's making a very beautiful cake. Let me check the page and see what she's doing. Many things about the cake. So me I just make sure that I be creative with what I am doing. Like this cake today. I have made it and I have taken a picture. Actually it is my first time to make a bento cake. This is a bento cake. First time when the one is launching it. Amazing. A bento cake. What is a bento cake?  So that is what we call a bento cake. It is just like a treat. Wow. I don't know if the camera can capture this so that you see the bento cake that we are talking about. Let me see. Wow it looks so nice. I mean I am already salivating to it. Let me open it on behalf of our viewers because we are going to eat the cake on your behalf. Beauty of being a host. I am sure that we are eating. Wow wow wow. Well packaged. Beautifully packaged. I will just show you try and show you just in a while. In a little while. Wow. Here goes the cake. I don't know if you can see it. Yes It looks so lovely and yummy. I can't wait to eat it. So this is a bento cake. How long does it take you to make it? Okay for me for that it is okay. When I start baking it takes an hour to bake the whole cake first before I decorate it. So it takes maybe after the cake to cool down you have to get back again to decoration. So it can take like two hours to bake in the oven it takes like an hour. And for decorating it takes like an hour and thirty minutes. So basically around two hours thirty minutes. Two hours thirty minutes. But remember before you start decorating you have to remove the cake out of the oven to cool. So there is a lot of things that get into it and there is a lot of time that it takes. Because when you get the prize of a cake this is a trending cake nowadays. It's a famous trending cake. Bento cake is something famous today from 2022 to 2023. Many people have told me experience about bento cake. So I saw this idea and decided to do something crazy because I've been seeing the international people have been trying to make beautiful cakes so I decided to catch up and check that idea.  So there's also the need to be very curious about what's happening. Move with the trends in your path especially in business because there's a lot of competition. How do you handle competition? For me I say about competition I say like I don't compete when it comes to business. I just do what I know what I'm doing but most important I do my research first. Okay let's say if someone is doing the same thing as me it is okay I don't mind but I have to come up with a creative idea because sometimes competition in business is not something that I should be doing because everybody is capable of winning. So you find your own inspiration and then you move with it. Because then everyone has their unique touch to something unique about your cake. So most of the time as you find that this is a bento cake I come with my idea of making tall cakes you know? Tall cakes. Have you ever seen there is a difference between flat cakes and tall cakes? The tall cakes that they cook, the cakes that they come up like they are in 4 inches. Yeah tall. So that is cake that I bake a lot and people discovered that how do I manage to put 2kg cake into 3 tier? Yeah. So everybody have been asking me how is it possible or are you lying to us? So it is my idea. So I just come up and say I can do it I think you should think what you are going to do with this. Wow. So your creativity as you said it and people are interested in that as well. Yeah. Wow okay for your business now do you have any people that you have employed at the moment? Okay no I do everything by myself I have not employed anyone at this moment because right now this economic situation you know you can't be employing everyone in your business since in my cake business I manage but if it is someone who is helping me to deliver I employ anybody who can deliver for me the cake because I am always held up between delivering 5 cakes the same day. Wow. So I have somebody to help me deliver the cake but employment about employing somebody I have never even talked about this so I think doing everything by myself I can do it. You can't but as the business grows do you think that that will be possible? Yes of course. So for people who are starting would you also advise that when the business is still small still in the baby stage that they should just do it on their own before they employ someone because when money goes out you really don't make profit or is it by choice? Yeah. So for the people who are in small business like they haven't achieved yet in the business like me I can say I'm not a big business person but I'm trying I'm not perfect. Clearly you're good. So I can tell those people who are in small business I don't think that money will come first so you have to be patient. Be patient with your small business it can take even 5 years for the business to grow you never know so you can find some people who are a business can grow in a year and a business can grow into a year so it depends with how the level of how you push your business so if your business is still young you need to keep going don't give up just keep going and do whatever you can do. Okay. Amazing. Before we wrap up on this I want you to take us through or give a picture of the different kind of businesses because you're in three of them. Maybe someone just wants to be a makeup artist someone just wants to get into the thrift business selling clothes or someone just wants to get into baking give us a feel of the different businesses the spaces let's start with makeup. How is it? For makeup it is good and for makeup it is a long time ago after finishing my makeup training and for makeup it is good and you know right now I can say me not really perfect like 100% because you can find the economic situation you see right now you can find the beauty products have been taxed okay. Every beauty products have gone up so you can find you can be charging a client depending on how you want to charge your client you know. Mostly in my makeup business I am a freelancer makeup artist I don't have a studio I go to a client's house I do the makeup if it is wedding I go to the location of the wedding I do the makeup. In terms of pay does it have good money or is it something that you grow into and once you get somewhere is it like a business you know you have a good brand then you start making money for makeup I can say it has money let me say beauty industry is a multi-millionaire industry you know so everybody does makeup but according to me I can say I am just trying like I am just doing it because makeup is my passion makeup is something that I discovered since when I was so young so I wanted to do this because I love everything about makeup but for now let me say according to the economy right now not everybody can afford to pay makeup like a normal makeup just to go somewhere you can find some people are doing makeup every day so many people decide to just learn how to do their own makeup and do their own makeup like a normal day. Okay all right now on to the thrift business how is it like how do you get the bills, the timber and then you know sell it at a good prices okay for from timber business my thrift business I've been doing for three years and what I do I wake up very early in the morning I go to the combah I pick actually I don't open the whole bill I pick one by one by one I choose so you know I have a taste in choosing something nice so I love something nice when this is nice I take it and I go and sell it so about opening the bills I have not been thinking about that because you can find some bills they can come with what you don't want what I do I go to combah very early in the morning at 5am by 5.30 I am there I start walking around and choose one by one by one I pick I sell dresses and I sell bikinis so I pick everything one by one into combah and it gives you good money it has good profits actually in timber business you need to have a taste in what you are looking for because you can find some things in combah they are so expensive you can find some of the bills over the overpriced but you can find that thing is overpriced but you have to make sure this thing this dress is overpriced but it is very good and it is beautiful it's a very good quality and when you post it someone will buy because people will say that for you to go to combah you need to know the people you need to have your own sports because if you just go there like an ordinary person it will go expensive and everything so what I do I know people there first of all in the beginning when I started it was so difficult knowing people like I get this guy has been opening the bills all the time I pick one by one so you can find somebody who doesn't know can't even talk to you because he or she knows you are a new person here but once you get used to the more you go the more you connect to the people check their numbers talk to them tell them tomorrow morning I am going to come to the market and pick this and this so make sure I am there so you talk to them make the friends with them there is no way you can go to the combah I am going to pick this you have to know people get in sync with them and that's how you build your business slowly and slowly and now the kick business for kick business it is so good I am grateful I love it because sometimes kick business can help you you can relax your mind it is like playing with art, applying butter, cream so you just have to be creative your mind is not thinking too far it is focused on what you are doing you forget your problems you forget everything about the stress and the kick business is so good I am grateful because it has been giving me profit and I have been trying just a year and I have baked enough cakes how many cakes approximately have you baked within this time since it started almost a year now I cannot say how many cakes because I don't even remember how many they are I mean that's a good thing the fact that you can't remember means you have baked a lot and a lot before we close there is this campaign that you are championing for another media interview that you are in for the other media it was the trend I can't really remember but the digital space disability in the digital space getting to work within the spaces and everything according to the enable it is called enable it is a company that supports people with disabilities to help them to improve in their digital platforms like you can find people with disabilities how do they use their digital platform like marketing doing their business that is all about enable so how do they use their phones their laptops their computers communication how can someone who wants to know about it find it if someone wants to know about the campaign ability where can they find this material you can just go to Google and research about the enable I don't have much details about that because I am part of the team I am not I don't know everything about that but I am part of the team they have supported me they have helped me in this journey of knowing a lot of people you can find them on social media they are calling I think they have a social media platform on Instagram and Facebook and also Google website what is that one thing that you would say is your secret or one thing that someone should take away from this interview from how you started your journey in business to where you are now and to where you see yourself in future what is that key thing that you would give us advice to someone watching that's your camera one advice that you would give to someone who is watching regarding taking a leap in business building your business and being successful in business the advice I can give to people outside is that keep doing what you are doing keep moving and doing whatever you want to do and also business can be hard business is not something that you can start today and be successful tomorrow you have to be patient and be consistent with what you do and fall in love with what you do if you have the passion of what you are doing do anything you want don't let your mind stop you for what you want to do don't let your mind stop you from doing what you want to do wow and it's for everyone business thank you very much Lynette, so where can people find you on your social handles you can find me on my Instagram page in Moral Luxury Cakes for Cakes and for Drift it is Summerware Kenya 254 Facebook and Instagram and for make up it's just Lynette Kulola but for Facebook you can say I can tell you it is Glam by Kipulupulu Glam by Kipulupulu you have heard it from Lynette she shared such amazing insights it's very encouraging because we are about to take to eat some good cake right here and the show courtesy of Lynette I hope you have been inspired by it remember the hashtag is one the morning at 1254 channel we are going to take a short break and then Brad and Sakura will be coming up with a very interesting conversation that you definitely don't want to miss see you on the other side


Welcome to the Tick-Mail Update, I'm Kiana Danielle, the founder of the Investeva Movement. On Friday, the U.S. consumer sentiment came in higher than expected for November. Chinese President Xi said that Beijing wants to work for a trade deal with the United States, but it is not afraid to fight back. This week, we have more data from the U.S., Switzerland, the Eurozone, and towards the end of the week, we have Canada's GDP numbers for the third quarter of the year. Today, I'm looking at the Dollar-Swissie pair, which finally confirmed a break above the daily Ichimoku Cloud. If this isn't big enough, it also opened above the 0.9971 Pivot level for the first time since June. But the future cloud remains bearish, and we know that historically, the Dollar-Swissie pair normally trades between the narrow range of 0.9971 and 0.9852, and sometimes it expands the range to a higher resistance level of 1.02 and a lower support of 0.97. This is of course unless some major job-owning happens like what we saw back in January 2015. With that, while we could see a temporary pullback towards the upper band of the Ichimoku Cloud, the Dollar-Swissie range appears to have widened up a bit. Of course, trading in the financial markets involves a risk of loss, and you should only trade the money that you can afford to lose. If you liked this video, give it a thumbs up and subscribe to the Tick-Mail YouTube channel. I will get back to you with more updates tomorrow.


Given a quadratic equation, we can solve for x using the quadratic formula. We often encounter equations that we can transform into a quadratic by a change of variables. A useful idea equals means replaceable. If we introduce a new variable, we might be able to rewrite a more complicated equation as a quadratic equation. For example, consider this equation. While we could expand and collect like terms, it would be a lot of extra work. Instead, notice that our variable k appears in the expression 1 plus k and 1 plus k squared. So if x equals 1 plus k, then x squared is 1 plus k squared. And using our substitution, x equals 1 plus k gives us... ...and rewriting our equation in standard form. And now we can apply the quadratic formula to get our solutions. Now, it's important to remember that we've actually solved for x, and so remember, put things back where you found them. We actually went to solve for k. So x was equal to 1 plus k, so we'll replace and solve. The key here is recognizing when we can do a substitution that will give us a variable and the square of that variable. So in this equation, we might notice that v to the fourth is the same as the square of v squared. And so we can substitute x for v squared and x squared for v to the fourth. And using the substitution gives us... ...and again we have a quadratic equation which we can solve. Again, we'll restore our original variables. Now, we can solve v squared equals 8 by extracting the square root of both sides. However, v squared equals negative 1 has no real solutions. And so this doesn't give us a new set of solutions, and our only two solutions are plus or minus the square root of 8. Or let's consider a more complicated equation. So if we let u equal 1 divided by 1 plus x squared, then u squared is 1 divided by 1 plus x to the fourth. And also 5u is this term 5 divided by 1 plus x squared. And so using the substitution gives us a quadratic equation we can solve. And it's always helpful to break apart the plus or minus into the two actual solutions it represents. Again, putting everything back where we found it, we know that 1 divided by 1 plus x squared is 5 plus square root 13 over 2, or 5 minus square root 13 over 2. Now, we still want to solve for x. So let's take one of these equations. Now we can verify in a calculator that the right hand side is positive, so we can take the square root of both sides. And this gives us where because we're taking a square root, we need to make sure that we include both the positive and the negative square roots. Taking the reciprocals and solving gives us two solutions. And we'll get another pair of solutions from our other equation. Thanks for watching.


Hello friends and welcome back to another Pokemon how to guide here on the channel My name is Lee also known as Osiris and in today's guide We are gonna be showing you how and where to find Regi rock So if you've already been given the legendary clues from peony there are three of them You've Legendary clue one is all about calorex and we've already done a guide on that if you'd like to check that out It'll be linked in the top right hand corner for you guys now the next guide is Legendary clue of the giant so we've got all the legendary Giants here So you've got Regi rock here, which is into the Giants bed lies a temple where the giant of stone sleeps and you've got Regi ice I would imagine and snow slide a slope and then you've got Regi steel And and then you've got what are probably going to be Regi Alecki and Regi Drago So I think we have to go through these in order and so what I'm going to do for this guide is break them down And this one will all be about Regi rocks. So we need to go to Giants bed And we are starting off in freezing tin At peonies house. So you want to come out of here and you want to make your way down into This little area here and this is will take us down This is frost point field and this will take us down into Giants path now where Regi rock is actually located It's quite a journey. So it will take us a little while to get there, but I'm interested because I haven't actually Done anything with the Regi's up to now I do know where Regi rock is located So we'll be able to make our way You literally just want to head right down the middle here Try and avoid pokemon if you want if you want to just get on with these missions like myself I like to kind of just try and do them as much and as quick as possible So we're back in the Giants bed. Don't worry if you come across the the graveyard there. It will Kind of feel like you're going out of Giants bed But you're not if you just carry on and you'll come right down to this bottom corner here And this will take you into this like crevice area. So as you can see, it's quite straightforward to find it There's a little distance away But here we go here is the Regi rock temple Um, and you'll be able to see it here. So I'm not sure how we get into it But I'm assuming we will soon find out get the Rotom up. Beep beep beep Oi, oi, it's peony. How are things chief? What's that? You found some place Rooney looking? Uh, that's got to be one of those places, you know where the legendary Giants supposed Uh supposed to be uh, do you see a door with a mysterious writing on it? I hear no one's ever been able to get it open if If all that's true, I think I'd call this particular adventure Okay, the terrible titans lurking locked away Peony has the best names. I love peony already. Such a great character. Uh, well, that's Grab you right then chief. I'll easily leave the rest of this research in your hands. Talk to you later. Okay Well, let's have a look at the door because he has said no one's been able to get in here Oh, something is written on the door Let the first pokemon hold a never-changing stone So in my mind We need to hold the ever stone and give it to urshifu and I'm sure we do have an ever stone And I'm sure if you guys have been breeding or whatever, you'll have a bunch of these and I know if you played the Isle of Army, you'll have a bunch of them. I'm just worried in case I've sold a lot of them. I don't think I have Um Where are you ever stone? So we'll give to a pokemon hold it the first pokemon And that that should do it. I'm hoping that will do it Let the first pokemon hold a never-changing stone There we go. We got it. Okay. So it is an ever stone All you need to do is attach it to the first pokemon in your party and you're going to be able to enter this temple And uh, this is the rock peak ruins. So what do we do now? Okay. Do we just light up all of these? I wonder if there's a certain order with all of them or if we just have to Light them all up or if we just get lucky and guess the right combination I don't know but we are seeing something change in the air. So I wonder if we can go up to the statue now a rocky power is amanting from the pokemon statue Do you want to check it out? Yes So this is where regi rock will appear and we can encounter it now Now I would advise before coming into this battle Just to save your game just in case anything goes wrong because if anything goes wrong, at least you can Come out of it and try and catch this pokemon again. Thing is I'm pretty scared I know it's got massive defense, but I'm pretty scared to knock it out with ushifu. We are level 100 Um, I guess we'll see we'll find out. I don't think we could blow critical hit should take it down I shouldn't it's got huge defenses. Okay, perfect. I'm just about enough All right hammer.  That would be the question. I don't think I've got any dusk balls. That's strange Okay. Well, we're gonna have to try let's try a luxury ball I mean, I would love it to get one in a dive ball, but I don't know what the chances of getting one in a dive ball Probably going to be very difficult to get in a luxury ball as well as the superpower comes out and we barely Barely hang on just hoping that regi rock hasn't got any attacks that say cause recoil Um, so let's try an ultra ball now It's not ideal, but it probably gives us a best chance outside of everything else that we've got Otherwise we can just spam dive balls. Wow. This is going to be really difficult to uh To capture. Um, I don't know what its catch rate is, but it is going to be very difficult This is very reminiscent. You know, this is something I haven't experienced at all in sword and shield yet where The catch rates of pokemon are ridiculously strong um Or hard Most of the pokemon that we've encountered so far have been pretty easy Uh calyrex, I kind of wimped out on and used the master ball on but uh, I kind of wishing now that I Farmed more master balls when I had the chance to um, okay I really want it in a dive ball dive balls my favorite. So we're just going to span the dive balls and hopefully get it Let's see if we can get one One we we got one there there it is it is it is helping So we're just seeing some curses now So i'm going to continue to try and catch this pokemon and then we'll be right back when we do capture it So we have finally caught red urock after many many many dive ball attempts, but we got it in the dive ball Which is amazing. I am so happy about that Like I said before this has proper throwbacks to all generations and the legendry has been absolutely Nuts to capture. So just be prepared for that peeps when you are going to uh to to catch these pokemon. So um You jotted down the current status on legendary clue two. So Uh, let the first pokemon hold a never-changing stone When I give the pokemon an ever stone to hold the door opened and I found regi rocks So the second clue is going to be in the second part of this It's going to be a separate video for regi ice, which we will get to in a short while So thank you so much for tuning in friends. I hope you've enjoyed today's video If you have please remember to drop a like on this this episode Do subscribe to the channel or consider it if you are enjoying this content and other pokemon content We do a bunch of stuff here on the channel and it's always a lot of fun and leave your comments down below Let me know if you've had um what you've caught red urock and and what your favorite experience is so far in the current Under have been so um, I will leave it there. Thank you so much See you for the next episode very soon take care of yourselves and bye. Bye