The Linux show starring Nick Carter, master detective, presented by Acme, America's great producer of fine quality paints. This is the story of a man known the world over as one of the most daring and resourceful characters in the history of detective fiction. A man whose name has become a symbol of the triumph of right and justice over the sinister forces of crime and lawlessness. A man recognized as one of the great masters of deduction. Nick Carter, master detective. His baffling case, The Mystery of Hangman's Wood. Another exciting chapter dramatized from the life story of Nick Carter. In just a moment we'll hear how Nick Carter discovered what caused the ghostly shadow of a long dead pirate to appear at full moon upon the side of a deserted barn and why and what he did about it after he found out.  Not only on Mother's Day, but the whole year round. She deserves the most attractive home, the greatest convenience, the utmost leisure modern living can provide. And now American science has given her the modern shortcuts to happy home-making. For example, the three great Linux home brightness. Linux self-polishing wax, Linux cream polish, and Linux clear gloss which works such magic in the care of furniture, woodwork, and floors. Linux self-polishing wax, the amazing new wax product, beautifies floors with a satiny yet tough anti-skid finish. Linux cream polish for fine furniture cleans as it polishes, leaving no surface oil to attract dust. And Linux clear gloss, which is brushed on, dries to an elastic transparent surface that protects all wood and linoleum in your home. Give your home a new easy beauty treatment now with the three great Linux home brightness. You'll find them all at your hardware, paint, or department store. Your headquarters also for ChemTone, the miracle wall finish. And now for today's exciting case from the life of Nick Carter. As we join Nick Carter and his secretary Patsy Bowen this week, we don't find them in the old house in the corner of Fifth and Fourth. Instead, they're watching the sunset on the terrace of a little inn and watching the placid waters of the Potomac. But it's only a busman's holiday. They've come an answer to a frantic telegram sent by Professor Markett. That famous archaeologist is explaining his problem to them in cultured but slightly agitated tone. You know, it's extraordinary, Mr. Carter. I might even say fantastic. Never have I come across a more curious manifestation of local superstition. As you know, I've been investigating the so-called pirate caves of the Potomac. Doesn't sound like a very cheerful thought, doesn't it? Very conjecture as to the origin of these holes, Patsy, but the most logical explanation is that they served as hiding places for pirates in the times when they preyed on Virginia shipping. As we believe, they were also used as hiding places in which to store their loot. You didn't send for us to discuss these pirate caves, did you, Professor? Oh, good grief, no. Mr. Carter, I want to see if you can solve the mystery of the specter of Hangman's Wood. Specter? That sounds promising, Professor. I hope you're right, Patsy. Now, Professor, you say it all started night before last. You and your assistant, what's his name, had been working later than usual. Yes, Mr. Carter. Harvey and I had become so absorbed in our search that we pursued our digging until long past suppertime. In fact, the moon was just rising above Hangman's Wood when we emerged into the open air. Look, Professor, the moon's rising above the treetops. Yeah, sure. I had no idea we'd work so late. Oh, I had, Professor. I'm starving hungry. You know so am I, now that you mention it. Well, let's pick up the shovels. We'll be getting back to the inn. Yes. Oh, the moonlight is beautiful, isn't it? Turns the trees to silver with long, mysterious shadows stretching up below. That's eerie, if you ask me, sir. I wonder why they call this place Hangman's Wood. Because it was here that they hanged many the pirates and robbers who waylaid ships coming up the river. That great gnarled and leafless oak that stands over there, Harvey, between us and the deserted barn. That's supposed to have held as many as seven bodies suspended from its branches at one time.  Out of sheer horror, I'd say. Oh, good lord, what's that? Oh, just an owl of some kind. Well, as I was saying, Harvey, during the full moon, the spirits of those hardy buccaneers who were hanged there on the gallows' tree are supposed to return. Professor! Professor, look! Over there, where? There's the side of that barn. There's a shadow of something hanging from one of the limbs. It looks like the body of a man. Yes. Yes, Harvey, it certainly resembles the shadow of a body hanging from a rope with its head bent sharply to one side as if the neck were broken. The interesting thing about it is that there isn't a body hanging from the limb of the tree to cast that shadow. A shadow of a man who'd been hanged, but no body to cast the shadow. You investigated, Professor? Well... No, as a matter of fact, Mr. Connor, Harvey was rather upset by the whole thing, and, well, I'll admit, he didn't have to argue too hard to persuade me to leave the vicinity. You say that local superstitions, there's these manifestations, occur when the moon is full. That's right. But you saw that shadow two nights ago. Wasn't that a bit previous? The moon isn't full until tonight. Exactly. That's why I warned you that it was imperative for you to come this evening. I propose to return to Hangman's Wood and see if the phenomenon will repeat itself. All right. How about you, Patsy? Want to come along? Oh, yes. Yes, of course. I'd love to. Well, here we are, Mr. Connor. Now, this is the gallows tree, and there is the old barn on which the shadow appeared. Everything is just as it was the other night. I don't see a blessed thing. Do you need? Where till the moon rises above the tree tops? That should be any moment now. Yes. There it comes. Shadow of the tree begins to fall on the side of the barn. I don't see any hanging bar in it. Hmm. As a breeze rising. Yes, it often comes up with the moon, they tell him, Mr. Connor. Ah, yes. The full moon rides clear of the top branches of the old oak trees. The wind pressions the branches. Oh, goodness, Nick. Did you hear that? Yes, Patsy. The screech owl. And our screech owl in this vicinity, Mr. Carter, is supposed to be a harbinger of ill fortune. I rather suspect that particular screech owl professor is even more ominous than that. There. Look at that shadowy shape, slowly materializing in the moonlight on the barn door. Nick, it's just as the professor said, the shadow of a man hanging by his neck. Yes. And as you can see, there's nothing hanging from the tree which would cause that shadow. Nothing at all. That's not too significant, Pat, Professor. The interesting feature of that shadow is that it doesn't sway in the breeze. What, sir? Yes. This breeze is strong enough to move any object hanging from the limbs of that tree, provided it were hanging. I do wish that bird would go away. He's probably got a nest somewhere in that old barn. I think we'd better investigate that barn, Professor. Particularly that door that frames the hanging shadow. Oh, Patsy, while we investigate the barn at Reston, you wouldn't care to climb the gallows' tree and see if you can discover the origin of the shadow? I would not. Not that I think there isn't a perfectly normal explanation of some sort for that apparition, mind you. Well then. But nobody in his right mind has any business to go climbing trees in the dark. Okay, Patsy, we'll come back tomorrow in the daylight for the tree. The barn door. I think we'd better investigate that right now. Very well, Mr. Carve, if you think it best. Oh, let's see. Oh, you know, this barn door is interesting. Very interesting. This old lock is rusted with age. Done broken cobwebs cover all the hinges and lintels. Well, that means no one's been inside the old relic for a dog day. On the contrary, Patsy, someone has been inside. And very recently... What? A horse and wagon. Look here, the ruts on the soft earth. The ones going into the barn are rather light. But here, look at these that are superimposed on the first ones. Yes. Notice how much deeper they cut. How the horse coming away from the barn duggies hoops in as though pulling a heavy load. Oh, good heavens, Mr. Carter. You don't mean there's another mystery besides the shadow of the hanging man? Oh, dear. Now we have a horse and wagon that can drive through a barn door that's been locked for years. Yes, and the door disappeared into thin air. No, the trick is slightly more obvious, Patsy. I'd like to have a look a little higher up. Professor? Yes? Bend over so I can climb up your back. I want to stand on your shoulders. Like this? Yes, that's it. All right, not steady. All right, I've got you. All right. Yes. Yes, I was right. There's a long crack running parallel with the ground. That means the hinges are on the inside. The whole wall swings inward. All right, steady, Professor. I'm coming down. I sure am. Now, let's see what happens if we push the bottom of the wall right about here. All right, all together now. Oh, Nick, it's swinging up. It's all pink. See, that's neat. Must work on a system of pulleys and counterweights. Gosh, Nick, it's dark in there. Well, it's not too dark when you get used to it. I've got an idea. There may be something interesting hidden in here. Something that someone has gone to great pains to keep secret. The hidden door, the body of the shutter were all part of the plot to keep interlopers from... Nick, Nick, something swished at me. Commissar patches. Only a bat. Old barns are usually full of them. Yes, there's another. I definitely don't like that. They're getting your hair. Nothing here. Nothing but a bit of old hay in this corner. There's nothing in it. Wait a minute. Hold on. What is it? There's a hole under the hay. A hole leading down. Give me the flashlight, Patsy. Here. Thanks. Great Scott, look there. It's the entrance to another pirate hole with a ladder leading down into it. That looks like one of the deeper ones. Nick, you don't expect us to crawl down there. No, Patsy. Whatever was hidden down there was removed in the heavily laden cart whose tracks we saw outside the barn. Here's the imprint of cake that had been rolled across the soft ground. And here one was stood on end. Yes. And look. Here, one of them sprung a leak. It's a small trail of blackish powder. Now what do you make of that, Patsy? No sort of acid, Nick, like gunpowder. Right. Oh, good grief, Professor. Put out your pipe. What for? Who is dangerous to smoke a pipe in a place that's bulging with gunpowder? Well, it's not bulging with it, Patsy. There isn't enough left here to fill a firecracker. Someone's got wind of the fact that Professor Makert called us in and the whole lot's been removed. Yes, but where, Mr. Carter? For what purpose? I wish the heaven I knew. The amount of explosive that was carried away in that heavily laden cart can do a great deal of rather serious damage. Nick, what are you supposed to be planning to blow up? I don't know yet, but I hope you find out shortly. First, we send off two telegrams. Okay. One with the FBI asking for any information they may have regarding Dynamite Joe Porter and his gang. Dynamite Joe? Yes, I've heard of him. He's the notorious English criminal who specializes in blowing up banks. And also Rex Railroad Train. If he thinks they're carrying anything that might interest him. Well, it's the second telegram time. To Annapolis. Well, why Annapolis? Because Annapolis, which is a bare five miles up the river, is the site of a government powder magazine. I want to know if they've missed any of the stores lately. Yes, and I think I may even send another telegram to the Port Authority at Norfolk. Come on. We better hurry back to the telegraph office before it closes. There are great many things to do and too little time to do them. Well, Nick must suspect that big things are afoot from his reaction to what he found in the old barn. Will he be able to find what these things actually are and put a stop to them before any damage has been done? We'll see in just a moment. If you want new beauty, new protection, new skid resistance for all your floors and linoleum, it's high time you use the new Linux self-polishing wax. Until you do, you don't know how different, how perfect a quick drying wax can be. 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Whether you choose Linux self-polishing wax or Linux Clear Gloss, ask for it by name, Linux, and get the finest. You'll find all three great Linux home brighteners and Chemtone, the miracle wall finish that dries in one hour at hardware, paint and department stores everywhere. And now back to our story. As we rejoin Nick Carter and his assistant, secretary and right-hand man, or should we say woman, we find them at breakfast the following morning. They're at a little hotel near the site of Hangman's Wood and it's somewhat later than their customary hour for breakfast as Nick well-known. I knew I should have ordered another poached egg. I'm hungry as a bear this morning. Must have been the night air passing. Nick, I wonder what caused that shadow of the hanging man we saw last night. This neat little device I have here. What in heaven's name is that? A little tube I found passin' in one of the lower branches of that dead tree. I took a stroll out to Hangman's Wood before you were up this morning. I'm certainly glad you didn't wake me. I hate early morning walk. Precisely why I didn't wake you. This gadget I found out there is an ingenious telescope-like lens with a small black silhouette inserted somewhere in the middle. The light of the moon shone through at a certain angle, of course. The silhouette was projected and made a shadow on the barn door. Had to be something like this, Fatsy. Anything hanging from the trees would have moved in last night's breeze. The moment I saw the shadow was stationary I knew the answer. Good morning, Professor. Oh, good morning. The innkeeper gave me these telegrams for you, Mr. Carter. They just arrived. Oh, thanks. Dynamite Joe Porter released from Sing Sing Prison beginning of last month. What makes you think that Dynamite Joe doesn't exist? Oh, I just have a hunch that this is one of his jobs. Let's see what Annapolis has to offer. 24 kegs, latest super gunpowder, missing since Friday week. Have you located it? I wish to heaven I had. But what is there in this neighborhood that would interest Dynamite Joe? It has to be something big to tempt that high unit. I know banks for this trouble. You can't be planning to blow up a train. One keg of gunpowder would be more than sufficient for that job. Now, what in this neighborhood would take 24 kegs of the deadliest stuff?  No, no. In that case, he'd have finished the job when he stole the kegs. Great, Scott.  No, Washington is upstream. He wouldn't have hidden the Dynamite five miles downstream. That was what he had in mind. Oh, of course. Besides, neither of those blastings would interest Joe. He only dynamites for personal profit. What did that feed between here and Annapolis? Well, there's nothing between here and Annapolis, Mr. Carter, but the Smithfield marshes. Dr. Dreary is stretching the whole Potomac Valley. As you know, the ocean's tides are still in evidence in this district, and from here to Fort Whitney, the flats or marshes behind the river wall are well below the level of the river at high tide. You know, the last time the river wall broke, the water level of the river dropped so fast that several boats were left stranded on the shoals. That's it. Of course, the river wall. Oh, what a fool I was, not to have thought of it before.  Professor, get your hat. Fancy? Tell the innkeeper to provide us with a small boat suitable for rowing. We'll need two pairs of oars. One for you and one for the professor. What are you going to be doing while we row? I'll be doing the investigating. Now, come on. If only we had a reply to the wire I sent to Norfolk, we might have the answer. But in any case, there's no time to lose. We must keep Joe from blowing up that river wall. I'm pulling as fast as I can. If you wouldn't insist on hugging this river wall, there's a nice breeze out in the middle of the stream. No signs of the dynamite yet. We've got to find it. It's sent for the river patrol to help us, but it'll probably take hours before their speedboat can get here. Oh, Nick, I just remembered something. What? Another telegram. It came for you while you were singing about the boat. It must be from Norfolk. Oh, have me have it, please. Oh, I'm sorry, Nick, I was just talking such a flurry. It went right out of my mind. Here you are. Thanks. The Nancy Connliffe carrying cargo of captured German gold found in salt mines due to reach due to the point at 10.30 this a.m. What? So that's what dynamite Joe was after. Quickly, both of you. Back to your oars. Right. Now, wait a minute. Wait a minute. Here's something. Something in a cylindrical tin container tucked into the side of the wall just above the waterline. And here's a wire connecting it to another. And another. Yeah. So this whole section of the wall is mine. You want to set it off by an electrical charge running along this wire. What time is it now? 10.21. If that boat is due at 10.30, the explosion is due any minute. Let's get out of here. No, Patsy, we've got to go on. Slowly. Slowly. There's something I've got to do. Got to find out where this wire leads. Where he's hidden the machinery with which to set off this explosive. It seems to lead to that little shack half overhanging the water, doesn't it? The one over here at the end of the river wall. Yes. Yes, this is the place. All right, stop, Patsy. Okay. Guys pass till we won't drift away. No granny knots, please. You can depend on me, Nick. I used to be a grub scout. Let's see. Oh, there's a little trap door on the floor of the shack where it hangs over the river. I hope it's not locked. Ah! Open. I'm going to take a look inside. If I stand up, I should just about be able to see. Yes. Yes, this is the place. Oh, Nick, you're rocking the boat.  You too can follow suit. Steady. You next, Professor. You'll just give me a hand, Mr. Carter. I'm not as agile as you are. Oh, thanks. All right, come on, Patsy. I think we can pull you through between us. I can make it myself, thanks. Maybe, but I'll give you a hand anyway. Now, up your cover. Oh, you didn't have to be so rough about it. I'd have made it. Right. Oh, you know, you get your hands up in the air. Nick, look. Yes. This, unless I'm mistaken, would be dynamite Joe Porter. Stick him up, as you say, on your side of the ocean. It seems to be determined. All right, Joe. They're up. That's fair. Well, kept you blokes. I've been waiting for you all morning. I hope Joe wasn't going to be late for the big event. I wanted to show this, Mr. Nick Carter, how it's done on our side of the big pond. Well, now, that's right, neighborly Joe. Why don't you go to search us first to see if we're armed? Not me. In the first place, I ain't giving nobody a chance to do me dirt whilst I'm busy with another chap. It's hard. Weapons will do you no good.  What are you going to do with us, Mr. Dynamite Joe? I got that all planned out, sister. There's a little steamer coming up the river in a few minutes. The Nancy Cunliffe. Not much to look at, but she's got a cargo of gold bars in her hold that'll make me as rich as Mr. Rockefeller. Delightful. You and me and Mr. Carter here are going to wait right here until this Nancy Cunliffe runs round the bend. You keep your hands in plain sight all the time, and we don't have no trouble. See? When the boat shows up, I blows up the river wall, the water rushes out across the lowlands, and the boat finds she ain't got water enough to sail in and runs aground. Then my lads have a launch already in waiting. They know what to do. They take over while I finish his off you nosy snoopers so you won't never bother knowing again. Understand what I'm doing, Ed? I'm afraid I do, but I don't quite like it.  Don't get discouraged yet, Patrick. Spoken like a man, Carter. You don't disappoint me, you don't. I've heard you as a gay man. Thank you. How much longer do we have to wait for the Nancy Cunliffe to appear? Only a few minutes more, matey. Just make yourself comfortable while you're waiting. I'll finish off now, but the boat might even sigh in the middle of the execution. And I can't make nothing interfere with that part of the plan. Press the boat, then you blokes. That's the way I planned it, and that's the way it goes. Nick. Yes, I heard it. I heard it too, mates. The time's come. When she gets a little further upstream, I'm going to press this ear lever in this box. When I do, it'll be the biggest wreckage you ever heard. All right, now, here she goes. And I can't tell you how happy I am to have you here as audience. And then, one, two, three. What the? Is something going wrong, Joe? What could go wrong? I'll fix this up myself. It's got to be right. What the?  That's better. I'll keep him that way. Oh, good for you, Nick. Oh, that was excellent, Mr. Carter. I feel much relieved. How do I? Professor, get that rope over in the corner and tie up this big shot from overseas. I think the authorities would like to take care of him for the rest of his life. In just a moment, Nick will return to tell us about the clues which enabled him to solve the mystery of the hangman's wood. A lovely home adds to the joy of living and the three great Linux home brighteners add to the ease of keeping your home lovely. Linux cream polish, for example, renews the original gleaming beauty and fine furniture, the handsome appearance of the wood grain itself in one quick, easy application. For Linux cream polish actually cleans as it polishes to save you one whole step in your cleaning day routine. Yes, that cloudy look left by dust and previous polish is erased in one quick process that also removes blurry fingerprints and helps conceal scratches. And what's more, Linux cream polish leaves no surface oil for dust to cling to. So do as many wise modern homemakers do. Take the streamlined way to furniture care. Linux cream polish, which cleans as it polishes. Ask for all three great Linux home brighteners, Linux cream polish, Linux self-polishing wax, and Linux clear gloss at your nearest hardware, paint, or department store. Your headquarters also for ChemTone, the modern wall finish that beautifully decorates the average room for only $2.98. Tomorrow marks the beginning of the mighty Seventh War Lone Drive. And the most important thing you can do to support our fighting forces is to invest in war bonds, an investment in final victory, an investment in peace, an investment in America's future, and yours. 85 million Americans hold war bonds, and 85 million Americans can't be wrong. Get your extra bond now. Now let's hear from Nick Carter himself. Well, Nick, that was a pretty close call you and Patsy had. Not as close as you might think, Ken. If something hadn't gone wrong with Joe's apparatus, the gunpowder would have gone off, and you wouldn't have had as good a chance to capture him the way you did. But I knew the gunpowder wouldn't go off. How could you possibly know that, Nick? Well, it was this way. As we rode along the sea wall, I punched a hole in each can of powder with my knife. And as the tide came in, I can't say, but suppose the tide had been going out instead of coming in. Wouldn't have made any difference, Ken. Because just to be sure, after I punched holes in the cans, I also cut the wire. You always think of everything, Nick. Thanks for the word of confidence, Patsy. Nick, tell me, when did you first suspect that it was the work of an English gangster? When we heard the voice of that screech house, which was the way that Joe's gang warned each other. You see, our screech house was very written. When I heard that peculiar eerie call, I realized it was an imitation of the British screech house, which is a bird definitely not found in the woods of Virginia. Well, well, live and learn, I always say. And now, how about a hint or so about next week's story? I don't see why not, Ken. It's a story about one of New England's most famous possessions, the rocking chair. Rocking chair has a good homing sound, hasn't it? But this rocking chair only rocked at certain times. Certain very definite times. Just before some member of the family was to die. Has a nice homie sound, doesn't it? Well, there was nothing homie about the deaths. They happened in all sorts of ways. Until Nick took over the case. Then both the rocking and the death stopped, suddenly and for good. And what do you call this exciting story, Nick? I call it the Haunted Rocking Chair. Carter, master detective, is copyrighted by Street and Smith Publications, Incorporated. Lawn Clark is starred as Nick Original music is played by Lou White. The programs are written by Edith Meiser. And any resemblance there into actual persons, living or dead, is purely coincidental. The entire production is under the direction of Jock McGregor. Her master detective is presented at this time and over these same stations each week by the three great Linux home Brightoners. Linux Clear Gloss, Linux Cream Polish, and Linux Self Polishing Wax, created by Acme, America's great producer of Acme and fine quality paints. This is Ken Powell speaking for the thousands of Linux dealers all over America, saying so long until next week. This is the Mutual Broadcasting System.


A very good evening aspirants, I welcome you all to the Hindu Daily News Analysis brought to you by Shankar Ayes Academy. Today, I am going to cover important news articles from the Hindu's paper dated 15th of September 2023. Displayed here is a list of news articles that we will be discussing today. At the end of the video, we will also have problems practice question discussions. So try to watch the entire video and a kind request to you all, those who haven't yet, subscribe to our YouTube channel, do subscribe and hit the bell icon button so that you will get regular notifications about our current affairs videos. Now let us get into our first news article discussion. Look at these two news articles here, both these articles are related to rubber plantations. Now let's take up the first article. Yesterday, the rubber farmers from the states of Kerala, Thirupura, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka held a protest in New Delhi against the central government. The farmers have demanded a fair, remunerative price of at least Rs 300 for a kilogram of natural rubber. Apart from this, the farmers also alleged that the policies of the central government are in favor of multinational tire manufacturers and it does not benefit the rubber farmers of India. Therefore, the farmers said that they should be adequately compensated in accordance with the increase in the cost of rubber production. Okay, this is all about the first news article. Now coming to the second article, this news article says that the rubber board is currently implementing a project to expand the area of natural rubber cultivation in the northeastern states. The project is implemented by the rubber board through the help of the central government and the Automotive Tire Manufacturers Association. The executive director of the rubber board said that the project would bring 2 lakh hectares under natural rubber in the northeastern states except Sikkim. The project also includes West Bengal state. Okay, this is all about the second news article. Now in this discussion, let us learn some points about rubber from an exam perspective. First of all know that the natural rubber is a naturally occurring polymer. Here polymer refers to the class of natural or synthetic substance that composed of very large molecules. See many of the materials in living organisms are made up of polymers. From this the polymers form the base of many natural and man-made materials. Okay, now coming back to the natural rubber, see natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene. So basically natural rubber is a very large molecule formed by the repeating units of isoprene. The natural rubber is obtained from the latex of rubber producing plants. Here latex is nothing but the milky white liquid that drips from rubber producing plants. See the natural rubber is obtained primarily from the tree of Hevia brasilensis which is a tree indigenous to South America. During the late 19th century, this tree was introduced to several other countries in the tropical belts of Asia and Africa. Okay, now coming to the climate requirements, see the rubber is actually an equatorial crop. But under special circumstances it is also grown in tropical and subtropical areas. Because of this suitability only, the Hevia brasilensis is able to grow in tropical climate of India. Okay, see the rubber requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. The rubber trees grow well and the distribution of rainfall is uniformly high all over the year. Since it is basically an equatorial tree, a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius is optimal. The rubber trees pretty steady and can withstand temperatures ranging between 20 degrees Celsius to 35 degrees Celsius. But when the temperature falls below 20 degrees Celsius, it is detrimental to the rubber tree. Okay, this is about climate requirements of rubber. Now coming to the soil requirements, the rubber trees grow well in deep and well drained soils. They also grow well on acidic soils. Okay, see the rubber is an important industrial raw material so it is commercially valuable. Due to this, the rubber trees are grown as a plantation crop in India. See, plantations are a type of commercial farming where a single crop like tea, coffee or rubber are grown with the help of huge labour and capital. Okay, now let us look at the rubber production in India. According to the NCRT book, in India, the rubber is grown mainly in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andamanakubar islands and Galo hills of Meghalaya. See these are the traditional areas. But currently, rubber plantations have been established in other areas also. And these areas are called non-traditional areas. These areas include Goa, Maharashtra, Kongan region, coastal Andhra Pradesh, Azam and Thirupura. Know that Kerala accounts for the majority of the rubber production in India. Kerala accounts for 75% of the rubber production in India. And it is followed by Thirupura, Karnataka, Azam and Tamil Nadu. Okay, now when did the rubber cultivation introduced in India? See the commercial cultivation of natural rubber was introduced in India by the British. In 1873, the British made an experiment of commercial cultivation of rubber at the botanical gardens of Calcutta. And after several years, the first natural rubber plantations in India were established at Thatte Kaudu Kerala in 1902. Okay, now finally let us see some points about rubber board. See the rubber board plays an important role in the development of rubber industry in India. The rubber board has evolved from the Estuwal Indian rubber board. See the Estuwal Indian rubber board was established under the Rubber Protection and Marketing Act 1947. Then in 1954, the Rubber Protection and Marketing Amendment Act was passed. This act renamed the Indian rubber board to rubber board. And as of now, the rubber board derives its power from the Rubber Production and Marketing Act 1947. So it is a statutory body. Note that the rubber board functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The board is headed by a chairman who is appointed by the central government. Apart from this, the rubber board also has 28 members representing various interests of the natural rubber industry. Note that the headquarters of the rubber board is located at Kaudu Kerala. Now come into the functions of the rubber board. See the rubber board is responsible for the development of the rubber industry in India. The board assists and encourages research, development, extension and training activities related to rubber. In addition to this, the board also maintains statistical data of rubber in the country. Apart from this, the board also takes steps to promote marketing of rubber and it also undertakes labour welfare activities. These are all some of the important functions of the rubber board. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about various aspects of rubber and we saw some points about rubber board. See this topic is very much important for your prelims exam. So revise all the facts that we discussed. With these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article from the science page. This article talks about the Vega snow and the possible connection between Vega snow dysfunction and long COVID. So in this discussion, we will cover the basics about Vega snow and we will also understand the important points mentioned in the article. Now before looking at the Vega snow, let us first familiarize ourselves with the parasympathetic nervous system. See our peripheral nervous system is divided into two types, such as somatic and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system consists of nerves that go to the skins and muscles. And this nervous system is involved in conscious activities. The autonomic nervous system on the other hand consists of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the visceral organs such as heart, stomach and intestines. And this nervous system is involved in unconscious activities. See the autonomic nervous system is further divided into two types, that is sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the fight or flight system. Its primary function is to prepare the body for action and to respond to stressful or challenging situations. On the other hand, the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to regulate the body's rest and digest responses. It also helps conserve energy and promote relaxation after periods of stress or activity. I hope you understood about the peripheral nervous system of our body. Now having covered the basics, now let us take up the Vega snow. See the Vega snow forms a key part of the parasympathetic nervous system. As you can see in this image, it is not a single nerve but a pair of nerves that start from the brainstem. And it is the longest cranial nerve. It passes through important parts of our body like neck, heart, lungs, abdomen and digestive tract. As it travels through the body, the Vega snow regulates spallowing, vocalization, breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, immune responses and the microbiome of our intestines. See Vega snow being a bi-directional nerve, it helps the brain and the body to communicate with one another. See due to the wide variety of functions performed by the Vega snow, many in the scientific community believe that triggering the Vega snow will help treat many health conditions. Ok, these are some of the basic points about the Vega snow. Now let us see the applications of Vega snow stimulation or triggering. See people use implantable Vega snow stimulators to treat epilepsy and depression. In this, the trigger stimulates areas of the brain that are responsible for seizure and mood. People also use non-invasive stimulants like the one shown in the image to trigger the Vega snow. In addition to treating epilepsy and depression, the Vega snow stimulation is also used to treat inflammation. And note that research is underway for the use of Vega snow stimulation to treat various diseases like migraines, polycystic ovaries syndrome, alcoholism, arthritis, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis and gut disorders. Ok, now having seen the application of Vega snow stimulation, now let us see the relation between Vega snow and long COVID. Here what is long COVID? Long COVID refers to a condition where individuals who have record from the acute phase of COVID-19 continue to experience a range of symptoms and health issues. See long COVID can last for several weeks or months after initial infection. Common long COVID symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, brain fog, chest pain, joint pain and loss of taste or smell. See recently scientists have found that people who suffered long COVID also had Vega snow dysfunction. And there is also increasing evidence that symptoms of long COVID are linked to the effect of the coronavirus on the Vega snow. To put it simply, the long COVID hinders the function of Vega snow. So scientific community believes that symptoms of long COVID can be addressed by stimulating the Vega snow. They said that stimulating the Vega snow will prevent the effect of long COVID on Vega snow. Ok, and that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about the Vega snow. Then about the functions of Vega snow. Then we saw about the Vega snow stimulation and finally we saw some points about the relation between long COVID and Vega snow dysfunction. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article here. This news article is about the National Judicial Data Grid. Yesterday the Chief Justice of India announced that the data related to cases in the Supreme Court are made available on the National Judicial Data Grid. See earlier only data regarding the subordinate courts and the high courts were available in the grid. But now the data related to cases in the Supreme Court are also made available on the grid. So now everyone will be able to assess the data relating to cases admitted, cases pending and cases disposed of by the Supreme Court also. Ok, this is all about the news article. Now in this discussion let us learn some points about National Judicial Data Grid. The National Judicial Data Grid is a flagship initiative of the E Committee of the Supreme Court of India. Basically the National Judicial Data Grid is a system for tracking the backlog and resolution of cases in the Supreme Court, high courts and subordinate courts. Anyone visiting the National Judicial Data Grid portal, they can easily assess the data. The data in the portal provides clear cut information regarding the pendency of cases at national, state, district and individual court levels. What are the important features of the National Judicial Data Grid? Firstly, the grid provides real-time data. That is, the data in the portal is updated in real-time basis. So this helps us to have a clear cut idea about the pendency of cases in the Indian judiciary. Secondly, the pending civil and criminal cases are categorized separately for easy understanding. So this makes the portal very user-friendly. And finally, the National Judicial Data Grid acts as an information warehouse for the Indian judiciary. This means that whenever the court wants any information regarding the cases, they can assess through National Judicial Data Grid. Okay, these are all some of the important features of National Judicial Data Grid. Now what are the intended benefits of National Judicial Data Grid? The most significant benefit of the National Judicial Data Grid is that it brings in transparency in the Indian judiciary system. See, all other benefits are derived from this benefit. The transparency brought about by the National Judicial Data Grid will help the people to monitor Indian judiciary. This will make the judiciary more responsible and it will bring down the pendency of cases. In addition to this, the transparent data available in the National Judicial Data Grid will help policy makers to take informed policy decisions. Apart from this, data will help the Indian judiciary to better manage its limited workforce. This in turn ensures efficient use of resources and it will also bring down pendency of cases. Finally, the transparent availability of data will make the people more empowered. And what will the empowered people do? See, the empowered people will start asking questions on the judiciary. So this will make the judiciary more accountable to the people. Okay, these are all some of the intended benefits of National Judicial Data Grid. See, based on the data available in the National Judicial Data Grid website, I have displayed some data regarding the pendency of cases in the Supreme Court. Just make a note of it. And you can use the data in your main sensor. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about National Judicial Data Grid, then about the features of National Judicial Data Grid. And finally, we saw some points about the benefits of National Judicial Data Grid. Now, with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this editorial here. Recently, the presidency of the COP28 of the UNFCCC has called for an agreement. The agreement is about a global target regarding renewable energy. The target is to triple the renewable energy capacity from current levels by 2030. And this was also a hard topic in the recent G20 summit that was held in India. This is the background of this editorial. Now, in this discussion, let us understand the important points mentioned in the editorial. Now, first, let us understand the definition of renewable energy. See, according to the UN definition, renewable energy is an energy derived from natural sources. As we all know, crude oil is also derived from natural sources. But the advantage of renewable energy over the crude oil is that the energy sources of renewables are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed. On the other hand, the crude oil can be replenished. From this point, we can observe that the renewable energy is sustainable in nature. Some of the examples of renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, hydro power, geothermal energy, bio energy, etc. As we saw at the starting of the discussion, an agreement is going to be tabled at the upcoming COP28 meeting to triple the renewable energy capacity from the current levels. Now, why we need to triple the target of renewable energy production? There are various reasons for this. Now, let us understand the reasons one by one. Firstly, renewable energy is an important weapon to fight climate change. As we all know that in the COP27 Paris summit, world leaders agreed to limit the global temperature from rising beyond 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by the end of this 21st century. But the latest synthesis report of the UN says that the world is not on the track to achieve this goal. So, it is necessary to triple the renewable energy target in order to achieve Paris Agreement goal. Secondly, shifting to renewable energy will protect the countries from geopolitical shocks and inflation. The recent UN report says that about 80% of the global population, that is about 6 billion people, lives in countries that are net importers of fossil fuels. So, if there arise any geopolitical tensions like coups or wars, it affects the energy security of the net importers of fossil fuels. Therefore, rising the renewable energy capacity will benefit the countries that mostly relies on imports of fossil fuels. Thirdly, enhancing the renewable energy production will benefit rural people and poor. See, most of the villages in backward areas of the world lacks access to electricity. This is due to various reasons like energy insufficiency, presence of hot terrains and so on. In such places, the renewable energy will play a significant role. For example, we can create wind or solar power generating plants in local areas, which in turn provide energy security to the poor and rural people. And fourthly, renewable energy is important to fight pollution. According to the World Health Organization report, about 99% of people in the world breathe the air that exits air quality limits. So, the polluted air severely threatening the health of the people. And it is estimated that more than 13 million deaths around the world each year are due to avoidable environmental causes, including air pollution. As we all know, currently the world is mostly relying on fossil fuel to get electricity. And this is the main reason for high pollution in the world. Therefore, enhancing the renewable energy production becomes more important to fight air pollution in the world. And fifthly, enhancing the renewable energy production will also create additional employment. According to the International Energy Agency estimates, every dollar of investment in renewables creates three times more jobs than in the fossil fuel industry. So, enhancing the renewable energy production will help the countries to alter us on employment. These are all some of the advantages we will get out of tripling the renewable energy capacity. Now moving on to see about the current renewable energy capacity of the world and India. See, in 2021, the global installed capacity of renewable energy sources was stood at 3026 gigawatts. That is, the renewable energy accounts for 39% of the total energy generation capacity. But the problem is that in total electricity generation, the contribution by renewable energy sources was only 28%. And this shows that there is leakages in production. But now we are speaking to triple the renewable energy capacity target by 2030. So to meet this target, we need to achieve the renewable energy generation of 9000 gigawatt from current 3026 gigawatt. This means that we have to add about 6000 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity between 2022 and 2030. Now coming to the data of renewable energy capacity in the world, see the chart here shows the renewable energy capacity addition from 2013 to 2023. This data is sourced from the International Renewable Energy Agency. Here we can observe that the renewable energy capacity addition was almost stagnant between 2013 and 2019. In 2020, there was some rise. But due to COVID-19 pandemic, the renewable energy capacity addition again dipped in 2021. And currently there is some rise, but it is not sufficient to meet the tripling of renewable energy capacity. So the world needs to increase its space of addition of renewable energy capacity to meet the target. Now coming to India specific data, see India stands fourth globally in renewable energy installed capacity. And it is the third largest producer of renewable energy. In COP26, India has enhanced the target of 500 gigawatt of non fossil fuel based energy by 2030. But this is not sufficient to meet the tripling of renewable energy capacity. See to tripling the renewable energy capacity, India would need about 717 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity by 2030. But the target of India stood at 500 gigawatt. So India also needs to enhance its renewable energy capacity to meet the tripling target. This is all about the rate of renewable energy capacity in the world and in India. As we saw earlier, tripling of renewable energy capacity will provide various advantages. But there are some challenges that are left behind the countries in achieving the tripling target. Now let us see the challenges one by one. Firstly, the current model of renewable energy capacity is dependent more on hydropower. The data shows that more than half of the renewable energy generation was from hydropower. Whereas the solar contributes 13% and wind contributes 23% of renewable energy generation. The problem here is that, with the current model of hydropower based energy generation, we can't be able to achieve the tripling of renewable energy target. This is because the construction of hydropower plant requires years and years. So probably we can't able to construct the hydropower plants in short term to meet the tripling target by 2030. Secondly, the problem lies with the equity in renewable energy capacity. See, there is no such thing called global electricity demand. That is, electricity demand is different for developed and developing countries. For instance, developing countries like India and China needs more energy than US and European Union. This is because of huge population in India and China. On the other hand, the United States and the European Union needs little energy to meet its demand. So to meet the tripling of renewable energy capacity, India and China need to work more than the US and the European Union. Ultimately, the burden shifts from developed countries to developing countries. This is the second problem. Then the third problem is the absolute opaqueness of the target. See, the tripling target does not take into account the non-renewable energy demand of the poor and developing nations. It also does not take into account the storage and battery infrastructure of developing nations. This is the third problem. And finally, the resource constraint of the developing nations is not considered while framing the tripling target of renewable energy. These are all some of the challenges in achieving the tripling target of renewable energy.  Firstly, the world countries should increase the cooperation to ensure the meeting of tripling target by 2030. Secondly, greater investments are needed to ensure a just transition to renewable energy. It includes technology transfer from developed to developing nations, green-skilled development, joint research and development, etc. Thirdly, the government should shift to the subsidies from non-renewables to renewables. See a data from IMF says that about 5.9 trillion US dollars was spent on subsidizing the fossil fuel industry in 2020 alone. So the subsidies should be shifted to renewables to meet the tripling target. Finally, tripling the investments is a key to triple the renewable energy share. The recent World Bank data shows that at least four trillion US dollars need to be invested in renewable energy per year until 2030. This includes investment in technology and infrastructure. See the investment is necessary to reach net zero emissions by 2050. So enhancing the investments is a much-needed one to triple the renewable energy capacity. Okay, and that's all regarding this discussion. As the discussion is about the advantages of tripling the renewable energy capacity. Then we saw about the data regarding renewable energy capacity addition in the world. Then we saw about the challenges in achieving the tripling target. And finally, we saw some points about the steps that are needed to be taken to increase the renewable energy capacity. See this topic is very much important for your main exam. Then use these points while writing your main sensor. This will differentiate your main sensor from the others. Now moving on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article. This news article highlights various initiatives taken by the government towards the development of Indian fishing sector. This article particularly highlights the initiatives taken under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampath Yojana. This is all about the news. Now in this discussion let us learn few points about Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampath Yojana. Before that, let us see some points about Indian fishing sector. See the fisheries and aquaculture play an important role in Indian economy. These sector provides livelihood to about 2.80 crores fishers and fish farmers. In addition to this, fish is an affordable and rich source of animal protein. So it helps in mitigating hunger and mutant deficiency. But the problem is that the fisheries and aquaculture in India are mostly inefficient. So to address the inefficiency and to increase the income earning potential of Indian fishers and fish farmers, our government decided to initiate the blue revolution. As a result, the government introduced Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampath Yojana. This scheme will bring about blue revolution in a sustainable manner. This scheme is being implemented by the department of fisheries which is functioning under the ministry of fisheries, animal husbandry and varying government of India. And note that the scheme is implemented in all the states and union territories for a period of 5 years. That is from financial year 2020-21 to financial year 2024-25. See through the scheme, the government aims to ensure a holistic development of the fisheries sector and also to ensure the welfare of the fishers. Now what are the objectives of the scheme? Firstly, through the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampath Yojana, our government aims at utilizing the full potential of fisheries in a responsible and equitable manner. Secondly, the scheme aims to enhance fish production and productivity. It aims to enhance production through expansion, diversification and productive utilization of land and water. Thirdly, the scheme aims to modernize fishery-related value chains. The scheme also aims to enhance quality through efficient post-harvest management. Fourthly, the scheme aims to provide social, physical and economic security for fishers and fish farmers. Fifthly, the scheme aims at creating a good regulatory framework for efficient fisheries management. Finally, the scheme aims at doubling fishers and fish farmers incomes and generation of employment. The scheme also aims to enhance fish exports from India. Okay, these are some of the objectives of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampath Yojana. And note that the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampath Yojana has two components to realize these objectives. The first component is a central sector scheme component. In this component, the support is provided to government entities to take beneficiary-oriented activities. See, in cases of central sector scheme component, the central government provides 100% its funding. Then the second component is central sponsored scheme component. For the central sponsored scheme component, the funding is sad between the center and the respective states. The central sponsored scheme component is further segregated into non-beneficiary-oriented and beneficiary-oriented activities. And note that the central sponsored scheme component has some subcomponents. The first subcomponent is related to enhancement of fish production and fish productivity. The second one is related to creating fishery-related infrastructure and post harvest management. And the last one is fisheries management and regulatory framework. Okay, these are the two main components under the Pradhan Mantri Matsi Sampadhy Yojana. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we covered important points regarding Pradhan Mantri Matsi Sampadhy Yojana. See, this topic is very much important for your prelims exam. So, revise all the points that we discussed. Now, with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this editorial here. This editorial is about new post office bill 2023. Recently, the bill was tabled in the Rajasabha. Because of this only, this editorial here is written. This article speaks about some of the important provisions of new post office bill 2023. So, in a discussion today, we will understand all the important points mentioned in the editorial. First of all, know that the new post office bill 2023 reveals the Indian Post Office Act 1898. See, previously the role of post office was restricted only to the mail services. But the new bill has changed the role of post office to become a vehicle that delivers a variety of citizen-centric services. So, according to the new bill, the post offices will provide mail services and it will also focus on delivering citizen-centric services. Okay, now moving on to see about the important provisions of the bill. Firstly, the bill enhanced the role of director general of postal services. See, under the Indian Post Office Act 1898, the director general has powers only to decide the time and manner of delivery of postal services. On the charges for postal services are notified by the central government through various notifications. But the new bill has done away with this provision. Under the new bill, the director general can make regulations regarding any activity necessary to provide postal services including fixing charges for postal services. Apart from this, the director general can also make regulations on supply and sale of postage stamps and postal stationery. See, this provision is very important because the parliamentary approval will no longer be a condition for revision of charges for any service offered by post office including traditional mail services. Okay, so the postal department can now respond quickly to market demands. And various initiatives of India Post to dispense citizen-centric services will now have a strong legal framework. Okay, this is the first important provision of the bill. Secondly, the bill brought in some powers to intercept postal shipments. See, previously the postal interception may be carried out by the central government, state governments, or any other officer specially authorized by the governments. The grounds for the interception was public emergency, interest of public safety, and tranquility. But now the new bill lists few grounds on which interception of a shipment transmitted through post can be carried out. Such grounds include security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order emergency or public safety, and contravention of the provisions of new post office bill 2023 or any other law. See, according to the new bill, the interception will be carried out by an officer empowered by the central government through a notification. The bill also empowers the officer to open or detain the intercepted item. Okay, see this provision has both good and bad thing. The good thing is that it will arrest possibilities of smuggling and unlawful transmission of drugs through postal services. And the bad thing is that there is no similar legislation for courier firms. Cynthia Post has a share of less than 15% of market in courier or express or parcels industry. So this provision only detains any item in the course of postal transmission. But it does not take into account the courier firms. Okay, this is the bad thing. Okay. Now coming to the third important provision, the new bill provides standards for addressing on the items, address identifiers, and usage of post records to the central government. See this gives a boost to India's digital addressing vision. See digital addressing is nothing but replacing physical address with a digital code using geospatial coordinates to identify a specific premise. It is a futuristic concept and it can ease the process of sorting and facilitate accurate delivery of mails and parcels. This provision may even facilitate the delivery of parcels by drone as it is being experimented in some countries. Okay, this is the third important provision. Finally and most importantly, the new bill has done away with the provisions of exclusive privilege provided to the central government. See previously, the act provides that wherever the central government establishes posts, it will have the exclusive privilege of conveying letters by post as well as incidental services like receiving, collecting, sending and delivering letters. But the new bill does not contain any such privileges. Previously, the act provided for the issuance of postage stamps as per the rules prescribed by the central government. The bill also states that the postal office will have the exclusive privilege of issuing postage stamps. Okay, these are some of the important provisions of the new post office bill 2023. And that's all regarding this discussion. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next part of the video that is to discuss preliminary practice questions. Today we are having three questions. I will solve two of them and one will be a quiz question for you. Look at the first question. This question is regarding pendency of cases in India. Look at the first statement. In the Supreme Court, the number of pending civil cases exceeds pending criminal cases. Now look at this chart here. Here you can see that the number of pending civil cases exceeds pending criminal cases. So first statement is correct. Now come to the second statement. More cases are waiting to be heard by the nine-judge bench than the seven-judge bench in the Supreme Court. Again look at this chart here. Here you can see that there are more cases left to be before nine-judge bench when compared with seven-judge bench. So second statement is correct. Now come to the third statement. The Delhi High Court had the highest number of pending cases in India with 10.3 lakh cases awaiting resolution. See this statement is incorrect because it is the Alhabad High Court which has the highest number of pending cases in India with 10.3 lakh cases awaiting resolution. So third statement is incorrect. Here only first and second statements are correct. So the correct answer for the question is option B only two. Moving on let's take up the second question. This question is regarding National Judicial Data Grid. Here three statements are given. You have to find how many of the statements are correct. Look at the first statement. The National Judicial Data Grid was built as part of phase two of E-Courts project. See this statement is correct. The National Judicial Data Grid was created during the phase two of E-Courts project. Now come to the second statement. The platform has been developed by the National Informatics Centre. See this statement is also correct. The National Judicial Data Grid portal was developed by the National Informatics Centre. Now come to the third statement. The National Judicial Data Grid works as a monitoring tool to identify, manage and reduce dependency of cases. See this statement is also correct. It is one of the objectives of creating National Judicial Data Grid. Here all the three statements are correct. So a correct answer for the question is option C all three. This is a question for you today. I will post this question in the community section. Try to answer it. And displayed here are the main questions for the practice. Go through the questions, write your answers and post it in the comment section. With this we have come to the end of the video. If you found our video to be useful, do like, comment and share it with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe Shankar AS Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.


Myself, Mrs. Veena Sunil Patki, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics Engineering, Vulturen Institute of Technology, Solapur, welcome you for this session. At the end of this session, students can compare different starters of three-phase induction motors. So, first let us see about the different methods for starting of three-phase induction motor. This method depends upon the size and type of the motor, direct on-line starting, stator resistance starting, auto transformer starting, star delta starting and rotor resistance starting. So, already we have discussed about the ABC in last session. So, today we are going to discuss about the star delta starting and rotor resistance starting. So, star delta stator is the type of reduced voltage stator, we use it to reduce the starting current of the motor without using any external device or apparatus. This is a big advantage of star delta stator as it typically has around one-third of the in-rush current compared to DOL stator. So, direct on-line stator generally we are going to use that for a very small machines less than 5 HP and we cannot decrease the current for that stator, but here we are going to decrease the voltage which is connected to the motor so that we are going to decrease the in-rush current of the motor. So, this is the diagram of the star delta stator. So, at the starting the reduced voltage is connected by connecting the winding to the star connection and then we are converting that winding to delta winding so that the full voltage is given to the motor and motor run with full speed. So, this is about the diagram of star delta stator. Now, let us see how that reduced voltage is given to the motor. The stator phase windings are first connected in star and full voltage is connected across its free terminals. As the motor picks up the speed the windings are connected through a switch and they are reconnected in delta across the terminal voltage. The current drawn by the motor from the line is reduced to 1 by root 3 as compared to the current it would have drawn if connected in delta. Now, we shall see how the star delta stator reduces the starting current of three phase induction motor. Let us consider the VL is the line voltage, ILS is the supply line current, IPS is the winding current per phase and Z is the impedance per phase winding at stand still condition. So, if the winding is connected in star the total voltage VL line voltage is given and the voltage per phase is given by VL by root 3 and line current equal to phase current. For star connection the relation is phase voltage is given as VL by root 3 or we can say that line voltage is given by root 3 into phase voltage ok. So, line current and phase current both are equal. So, we can calculate that ILS equal to VL by root 3 Z. Now, if we consider the delta here you can see in this diagram the line voltage and phase voltage both are same, but line current and phase current has some relation line current is given by root 3 times phase current. So, we can calculate the phase current equal to VL by Z and if we calculate the ratio of delta connected and star connected here we will get the relation that is ILD divided by ILS equal to root 3 VL by Z divided by VL by root 3 Z that is nothing but 3. In delta connected system the current flows 3 times greater than the star connected system means we can also say that in star connected line system the current flows one third of delta current that is the relation between the line current of star and delta. The advantages of star delta starters include this starter is inexpensive, no heat is produced or tap changing device needs to be used, hence efficiency increases, starting current reduced to one third of direct online starting current, so produce high torque per ampere of line current. Now pause the video and think about this question and auto transformer starter is suitable for A star connected induction motor, delta connected induction motor then both A and B and none of these. Yes, what is the answer? Answer is C both A and B because the auto transformer starter is suitable for star and delta connected induction motor both. So, let us discuss about the rotor resistance starter. The name itself indicates that the resistance is inserted in rotor circuit, so generally we cannot use these starters for squirrel cage induction motor as we cannot add the external resistance for that rotor. The variable resistance is connected with the rotor circuit to limit the rotor current, the external resistance is inserted in each phase of the rotor circuit through slip rings and brush at starting the resistance is kept to its maximum value as the motor picks up the speed the resistance is gradually reduces. You can see in this diagram the rotor and the slip rings are given with that slip rings we are going to insert one rheostat external rheostat and that rheostat actually is kept at the maximum resistance at the starting, so that we are going to reduce the starting current which is flowing through the rotor circuit. When the motor attains the normal speed the rotor windings are short circuited through the slip rings and brushes as the external resistance been removed and this operation may be manual or automatic and this method not only limits the starting current but also increases the starting torque due to added rotor resistance because the torque is directly proportional to rotor resistance that is R2. We can also increase the starting torque by using this starter. Now let us see the comparison between the three starters direct online starter, auto transformer starting and star delta starting. So, full voltage is applied to the motor at the time of starting requirement. The starting voltage can be adjusted according to the starting and for star delta starting each winding gets 58 percent that is nothing but 1 by root 3 of the rated line voltage at the time of starting. Then for DOL the starting current is 5 to 6 times of the full load current. For auto transformer the starting current can be reduced as desired and for star delta starting the starting current is reduced to one third that of the direct online starting. Then direct online starting only three wires are to be brought out from the motor. For auto transformer only three wires are to be brought out from the motor but for star delta starting six wires are to be brought out from the motor. So, direct online starting the cost is low auto transformer cost is high again for star delta starter low cost is there. Direct online starting is very easy operation but auto transformer starting not so easy to operate skilled operators is needed and for star delta starting not so easy to operate since the connections are first to be made in star and then in delta either manually or automatically. For DOL starter used for motors up to 5 HP auto transformer starting used for large motor ratings and star delta starting is used up to 10 HP motors. So, this is about the comparison between DOL auto transformer starting and star delta starting. You can refer the book Electrical Machines by B.L. Thareja, Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta. Thank you.


Bill Taylor, who is the president and managing partner of the Map My Rights Foundation. Noel has 16 years of experience working on land administration in developing countries and is formerly the VP of strategy and international operations for Thompson Reuters government. Welcome Noel. Thank you. Well, like Chris I was fortunate enough to wake up one morning and think oh my god what am I doing here moments shortly after I quickly wrapped up my uni degree and headed to Armenia to work on a USAID funded project for land titling and made use of the free alcohol that existed on the planes flying through London over at that point. But it was only after one or two weeks in the field that I quickly learned that a lot of the theory I'd been studying on land rights and the importance of catastrophe and land rights in developing countries was BS. Once you get on the ground it's a whole lot different to what you read in the books. So you know I've been very fortunate enough to work in that field for a long time and have seen the number of the same places that Chris has. I lived in Sri Lanka for a while. Fortunately I got out two days before the tsunami. A lot of time in Afghanistan over the last three years as well. Guinea more recently and lived in Egypt for a couple of years as well as Ukraine. So although property rights may be something that you don't instantly associate with humanitarian crises this issue of property rights seems to follow this what larger issue of human rights and humanitarian crisis around the world whether they be disasters or human made issues. And I think that the property rights is an area that the humanitarian aid sector isn't really dealing with very well and they've even recognized that themselves in some of the reviews they've done. So if we look at property rights I know in, am I skipping here? In this part of the world we're very familiar with having secure property rights and secure tenure. Now security of tenure really is a perception. It's what we've grown up with. It's what we feel comfortable with not necessarily formal. If you look at property itself it really brings identity to people and communities as well and underpinning the importance of property is the role that it plays as part of the wealth effect. And if we look at the wealth pyramid we have almost 80% of the world living holding wealth of less than $10,000 per household. You have 90% of the world which holds less than $100,000 a household in wealth. Property rights make up a large percentage of that household wealth and in developing countries this is actually magnified considerably. So if you look at some of our neighbors and examples nearby with Indonesia and India upwards of 80% contribution towards that household wealth. So you see what an important role it plays when we start dealing with the issue of rights and if we have disasters or conflicts. But there are other problems that actually start hitting up this sector itself as well. More than 80% of the world's population do not have formal property records. There's no record of where they live. Now that's fairly shocking but you've only got 30 to 50 OECD, I mean, sorry, 30 to 50 develop common land systems in place. So it's really no surprise that this large population of undocumented property people and rights out there. And that exacerbated displacement from conflicts or crises, particularly humanitarian crises. If we look at the tsunami obviously that was a shocking event. Hundreds of thousands of people displaced and killed. If you look at the land office though, there were 60,000 property records destroyed. Around 12 months later I think it was in West Java there was civil unrest and one of the land offices was destroyed with 160,000 property records. Now that population is still in place but their records are gone. They were paper-based, they were just in a normal government building. And this feeds into this whole conflict between statutory systems and the customary systems that exist out there for managing property rights. We see this legal pluralism trying to be dealt with in some countries and in a lot of places it just doesn't work. That opens itself up then obviously to land grabs that we see happening a lot in Africa and in parts of South America as well. The world has tried to respond. The World Bank is one of the major donors in this area putting billions of dollars into this over the last 20 years or 30 years and they've had 60 land sector projects alone and there are around 20 that are still going on at the moment. One of the key areas they always try to invest into is building up the the surveying sector or the formal land professional sector. Unfortunately though there is still a dearth of resources globally in places like New Zealand and Australia. There's even a looming shortage of of surveyors. Give you an example in Uganda there are less than 50 licensed surveyors for the whole country and the situation is worse in other places like Guinea where there are no licensed surveyors per se and the number of government staff there is actually minimal at work in this field. So that drives this issue a little bit further as well and even those countries that do have formal systems in place are usually corrupt or they're not actually meeting demands as well. So Transparency International identifies land as one of the most corrupted sectors globally and it's something that I've personally seen in a lot of places as well particularly places like Ukraine which is obvious and in Afghanistan as well. So people stay out of the system they don't want to come into the system. When I worked in Cairo more than 90 percent of the population of Cairo was actually outside the formal system. That doesn't mean there's not a vibrant land market and that things aren't happening. People just choose to stay outside the system. So these interventions coming from donors like the World Bank, USA, DFID, they're not really hitting the mark on what they need to do. And IT always plays a big role in these projects as well. So unfortunately a lot of the IT is dictated by surveyors when it comes to these projects and I can say that because I've come from the surveying background myself. Hopefully I'm painted with a different brush given the background that I've had in the exposure but it's a sector that is very slow to move and adopt change. Gradually though particularly with pushing from the likes of geographers and others the role of GIS and particularly now web mapping and cloud solutions has come a long way. So the web maps or the layers brought by web maps help us normalize the data and bring greater transparency to all of these different data sources in terms of compiling it, visualizing it and analyzing it. And it's really that analysis piece that gets left behind as well. A lot of people don't understand the value of being able to analyze that data when advocating for change. If you can bring evidence-based results and show conflicts that are gender-based or minority based it strengthens the argument to drive change within government and also brings pressure to bear from other governments on those scenarios as well. As I said the sector for land with surveyors driving it has been slow. The International Federation of Surveys to its credit has worked in developing standards through ISO such as the land administration domain model, the social tenure domain model and more recently coming up with a document on spatially fit for purpose. But this really sort of acts as a two-way street. Surveys use this as a little bit of a control mechanism as well. So we have to balance the fact that these standards are being developed and on the other hand we see stuff going on around in the background where they're still trying to retain control and that's one of the big risks associated with technology. Over the last few years the UN FAO has developed an open source solution for land administration which started off as a client-serve application and now they have a field app as well but it's very much limited to the idea or the concept of formalising property rights. Going out just doing data collection in an environment which would be agricultural rule or urban and then giving somebody a piece of paper at the end of it. It's very narrow focus and they also get to control who gets to log in and create these community servers and put their data up. Similarly UN Habitat has created not to be too confusing but STDM software so it's called social tenure domain software even though that is a subset of the ISO standard as well and it's only just been opened up to the community to a very narrow group within the community to start talking about the source code and how they might improve that as well but that's still very much a desktop solution at the moment and hasn't gone mobile and it's not been embraced widely by the sector because it's really been built around the concept of enumeration surveys and that's reflective of what the UN does a lot of in terms of going out and collecting data on where they may start to assign more resources as well. DFID in the UK has supported Rainforest UK in developing and mapping for rights not to be confused with Map My Rights platform. It's built on some open source technology but again it's Rainforest UK who gets to control who gets an account to log in and the data they're collecting is not publicised but there's no API you can't feed that back out and reuse it. You have to specifically request to do that. They have understandable reasons for doing some of that but they're a lot more locked down than would normally be the case if you're adhering to an open data concept and in principle WRI looking at the global For Us Watch platform built on KatoDB which enables you to do some tracking for displacement of indigenous populations in those communities as well and more recently I was involved in a mobile technology pilot for Land Rights Starter Collection which is going on in Tanzania and that's sort of embryonic steps towards what we're talking about with the Map My Rights Foundation as well and that brings us to the foundation now like any good startup and we are a very much a startup Map My Rights is facing some trademark issues so we won't be operating under this banner for too much longer we're going through a renaming project as we speak but this is what our vision really is it's supporting communities and citizens directly being open and transparent not just on land and property but other resource rights and enabling other people to use what we have bring other data sources very much like you know the missing map projects will be a key data set that we're able to value add to we're able to use to it and then feed data back in as well as we update data through you know our network of intermediaries as well and make it open there will be some challenges around that and we'll talk about those in a little bit but it's a little bit different to those other scenarios in that we're not going to be bound by the use case those other solutions that we're talking about are very narrow fields of focus that they're working in so we want to be able to use new sensors and basically we're all walking talking sensors with a mobile you know phone these days ourselves but here we have guys doing your land use planning in Afghanistan associated with land tenure formalization as part of the informal settlement upgrading you know 30 years of Taliban rule and you have people living outside what were the the soviet city maps so how do we now bring them into the system how do we put roads and infrastructure in place you have your resource conflict in Burma artisanal diamond mining in West Africa working with government as well government needs to be part of the solution we're not talking about excluding government we very much want to bring progressive governments in particular on board a lot of governments don't have the capacity to build the infrastructure required to manage these effectively let alone the idea that they may not be accepted anyway you know working in urban environments in terms of infrastructure coming in post disaster you know look at tsunamis look at the Haiti earthquake one of the biggest problems that some of the aid agencies faced was unclear tenure situation so they couldn't start rebuilding shelter for people because of you know land issues and you know a contentious one obviously is agricultural investments there are some agricultural companies out there that do want to adopt principles of good governance there are investment funds that want to work with clients and you know do those but we also need to be able to capture those that aren't working in that area if they're just doing land grabs and being able to show those and the advocates have the data then to work you know to improve those situations so open open sources very much at the core of what we're talking about you know we're regularly getting emails from the likes of easery and others the big GIS providers to say can we provide your platform we've got the solution ready for you you don't need to do anything just give us the data uh that's not where we're going to go we will obviously engage with those sorts of groups where we can if they have data that they want to provide and provide it widely and and free of charge but open source as the infrastructure itself is what we're all about we mentioned the missing maps project and i don't think the value of of what kate and hot are doing can be um you know overstated it's uh it's vitally important to map people we talk about the idea of rights but it's the identity that comes with capturing people and property together as well which is really a great outcome from what we're trying to do although we'll have a hosted platform and you know agencies or NGOs individuals will be able to log on create their own spaces and put their own data up we want a collaborative layer where an open network of developers and users comes together and develops their own apis and that's why i'm saying we don't want to be bound and we're not going to be bound by the use case itself so we have to figure out how we're going to bring in a lot of unstructured data and bring some sense to it all and it won't just be you know digits it'll be photographs videos audio the works how are we going to hold that but land and resources is really at the core of what we're talking about so um we're not going to go too far into other gis areas like transport health etc we're really looking at at land and resources and we want to serve that data back out as well so yes we'll get data in from our users but we want to put it back out having the technology there is fine but what's really going to make this work and what is different again to those other examples is the fact that they've stayed very much in house apart from the the UN FAO effort they've kept it all locked down they haven't thought of the ecosystem beyond who's going to use this who's going to maintain it who's going to get the greatest value who's going to bring the greatest value so we want to link in with NGOs and CSOs that can share their successes and their stories to expedite the work of another group over here we want to work with academics so that they can do the research into this looking at unintended consequences from formalizing data we want to engage with governments as i mentioned and we definitely want to engage with the open source developer community as much as possible as we start building out our platform and you know certainly not the the lowest priority but the highest priority is the citizens and the communities themselves how do we get to them crowd sourcing is a fantastic concept but if people as individuals don't know that something exists how do you get the scale to bring them into the platform and that's where NGOs and even government enable us to bring scale of data into the system and that further reinforces the utility of what we're going to do it won't be one of the biggest challenges that we we face is unintended consequences last year i was at a conference and there was a presentation by transparent Chennai who'd been working in some urban slums around Chennai and they'd published the data and then all of a sudden the community was outraged because all they're now on the map they didn't want to be on the map that's just given the governmental list of people to go and bulldoze the houses for or if you don't protect the data you don't give people the decision on what data they want published you give the ruling elite you know the hit list fine let's go out now and just wipe these people out this is something that we're looking at in terms of user data user driven data privacy what do they lock down so you can see that there is a property there and it's owned by somebody but you don't necessarily see who owns it because you know it's getting that location information and you might supplement that with other data like household survey or census data if you're collecting that as well to be able to use it for other applications so we're going to work with the open data institute in the UK and tactical technology collective in coming up with policies on this but also developing training materials that we can put out for NGOs or the implementing groups to understand the concept of data security data security and privacy you know over the last 16 years I've worked on programs that have formalized hundreds of thousands or actually a few million properties but when I think about it there was no training to the the companies on protecting the the data you've got on your computer someone could just walk away with a laptop with 50 000 properties and all of the details of the people on that because they've gone out and they've collected that data but no one's actually thought about that and a little more complex is is the trust and rating systems how do we know that the data that's going in there is actually correct and this is where we need to start working initially with NGOs that can bring some scale and get trusted intermediaries and get those rating systems in place as well there are some automated routines obviously to check that yes if this is coming in off a mobile phone is the location actually close to where they're saying this property is located financial sustainability is a big issue for a startup but thankfully you know we're we're well along the way of achieving that for our first few years of operation building the team behind myself and the others who are on board now without having that financial sustainability over the last nine months I've found it to be challenging on board and say yep I'm going to do it not knowing whether the money is there or not but since we're getting there and we've got some support from the immediate network that that is even less of an issue now and user adoption you know it's great to just throw something out there for use but if you don't already have the target audience or the market identified or some examples to go by it makes it even harder it is a sector which is screaming out for more work in this areas so what we're going to do is focus on building some depth of scale in our initial pilots in talking with the founder of Ushahidi last year the one thing that she said she would have changed is not looking at how many countries they can immediately hit with their platform because that's a nice impressive number but getting depth of scale of where they're working so they can show real results you know a large volume of data in you know much smaller number of places so where do we currently stand well once the the agreement was reached with a media network we were able to become incorporated in in November the paperwork is going in to have us registered with IRS as a US non-profit and it might sound a little strange that there's an Australian accent up here that's got them US incorporated group but that's how it is we're location agnostic I like to say so we're not necessarily just trying to lock people down and move them around we're very flexible as a team and you know I've worked with a a disjointed group over the last 15 years in software development it works if you've got the right people processes and systems in place and it's you know it's been an issue that people often bring up well how do you how do you do this is this going to be a big issue and it's about getting those things in place at the beginning. Pierre Amidia and the Amidia network have you know given us a four million dollar grant for the first three years of operations and we're going through due diligence with DFID right now for almost another 3.2 and that really gives us financial sustainability over the first three years to to not only focus on building a platform that meets the user needs rather than rushing to try and build a Rolls Royce and then come out in 18 months and say okay what do you think but incrementally get pilots and partners on board without having to worry about going out and trying to scratch together that money and with others that I've spoken to in this sector I understand how significant an amount that is for a group like us in this nonprofit world. We're going to work with Habitat for Humanity and our initial pilots in Columbia where they're working with informal settlements around Medellin and Carly and Lanternia formalization is part of that but that's only part of it. They do a lot of other data collection that they want to use this platform for. Thankfully now we're out starting to recruit for a lead technologist and I use that term rather than CTO because it's it's not the traditional CTO sort of model it's it's somebody who's going to have a much wider remit than just a CTO and and roll not just on the technology side but also on the community side when we come to the open source developer place and and really now just starting to to build the rest of the ecosystem so hopefully you know I can come back in 12 months if the humanitarian team gets a another invitation and present on the results that we've achieved in what we think is going to be you know a very important technology piece in this sector that really needs it. Thank you.