I will just give some you know idea on like different types of disasters right earthquake slimes like some disaster which is major disaster they may ask question on this actually right. So, you should know what it is.  So, what is the difference between earthquake and tremor? Intensity is low. If you have a less than 3 magnitude we will call it as a tremor if it is more than 3 magnitude we will call it as a earthquake. So, that is what we generally classify. So, I think most of you know earthquakes happening in you know how earthquakes are happening I will just simply you know explain. So, you have a earth. So, you know the radius of the earth is 6378 kilometer and this is the depth right. So, we have a inner core we have outer core we have a lower mantle we have upper mantle. So, this top layer is called lithosphere. So, we have lithosphere litho means rock. So, what happened earth is rotating it is like a egg right. So, egg you have a yellow yolk after that you have a white color then over that you have a you know the plate small thin layer ok. So, like that earth is also like that actually. So, this outer you know the lower mantle outer inner core is like your you know yellow color thing right. So, outer layer we have very thin layer is 100 kilometer layer called lithosphere. So, when earth is rotating due to this earth rotates movement. So, it will you know fastly rotating right. So, one over the each other start you know whenever there is a chances of you know cracking. So, all over the area due to conventional current there is a conventional current it will flow all over the lower mantle right. So, it will whenever there is a conventional current flow. So, it started cracking the area that is why we get lot of volcanoes and other things. So, wherever the possibility of evacuating this you know lavas outside that area we will get a cracks ok. So, we have a two point of earthquakes one is inter plate earthquakes other one is intra plate earth. So, inter plate earthquakes is nothing but this between collision of two plates. Two plates are collide each other then we will get earthquakes. Inter plate earthquakes for example, Gujarat earthquake we have a Gujarat within Gujarat we have number of faults this faults will time to time reactivate then we will get earthquakes. So, what is the advantage and disadvantage? Advantage of this one is like we can assess suppose if I know this fault line I can easily tell which are all the area in Gujarat is going to affect by earthquake. I can probability I can say next to 50 years how many this much magnitude earthquake will occur in Gujarat I can tell this is a probability assessment. I can deterministically say this fault can create what magnitude earthquake I can tell approximately. I cannot tell which location, but I can say this is a kind of assessment so that you can go for earthquake resistant design or kind of building activity. So, whatever is possible by a administrator that can be possible right. And in this is a inter plate earthquakes is a country-country moment we cannot do anything right. So, it is a bigger event this is a smaller event. So, here you can go for some kind of assessment there you cannot only you know you can do only monitoring you cannot do for any further bigger activity right. And this what it happened like you know this is our continental drift theory actually generally people used to say like once upon a time we have a single rock single plate and after that the country has divided into two Lureshi and Gondwana land you know India is here right. So, where is Sri Lanka? Sri Lanka is with Tamil Nadu. So, now the problem is solved India's Sri Lanka problem. Sri Lanka is part of Tamil Nadu. So, Australia is here, Africa, US, Asia right. So, all Kashmir, Afghanistan all part of India. So, that problem also is solved right. So, this is 1 million 50 years ago right, Jurassic period. So, you can see this structure and this structure right this two structures this is called convergent boundary and this is called divergent boundary. When Earth is pulled apart each other. So, one Earth one mass is pulling apart we will call it divergent margin and coming towards each other it is called convergent margin. So, it is due to convergent margin India moving towards North-North East this 100 million years before the Sri Lanka is pulled apart from India. It is going towards North and this is 50 million years before. So, you can see this structure it is increasing before that it is not there now it is increasing and this structure also it is increasing right and this is the present situation how Earth is. So, that is why we have this convergent boundary India moves towards North-North East hits over Himalaya. So, now it is subjecting. So, it is already you know hits that is why Himalaya formed now India is going down. So, maybe after 50 million years no Kashmir nothing all will go down that is what scientists say they they used to say right. So, we do not have any Kashmir problem we do not have Arunachal problem all this problem will be solved by geology ok. So, this boundary right this boundary again this boundary this is a convergent boundary this boundary wherever we have we get lot of earthquakes. So, this is a settling era. So, now Earth is settling that is why we get lot of earthquakes during this era and this is after 50 million years you can see that line is not there right that is not there. So, it means Earth is going to settle in next 50 million we do not now we may not be there 50 after 50 million years but scientists they say this is the you know this is what it is going to happen. So, the aramark is nothing but how the Earth is moving towards you know the plates are moving right and why do we have earthquakes in India. So, this is another thing is plate tectonic theory ok one is continental theory this is a plate tectonic theory plate tectonic theory either we have ocean continental collision ocean and continental we have a collision then we will have a form of you know Himalaya that is why Himalaya form right ocean and ocean collision we have ocean and we have ocean that is why your you know two oceans are colliding each other then we will have a island ox that is what your Philippines and other things are formed sorry this one is continental continental collision then we have a Himalaya right. So, this is continental continental collision. So, ocean and continental collision ocean will go down ok when these things are happening we will have island ox and two you know continents are continental collision then hills are formed right that is why our Himalaya form and this what our Indian plate moves and Asia hits over there and Himalayas forms ok how earthquakes are measured. So, one is magnitude the other one is intensity. So, what is the difference between magnitude and intensity magnitude ok. So, magnitude is the size of the earthquakes which is measured at the focal the intensity is nothing but what we felt for example earthquake happened some more here ok this was epicenter location. So, what I am doing I am not measuring this earthquake over here. So, what I am getting I am measuring the earthquake effect over here. So, this was the epicenter this is the intensity. So, this may amplify this soil may amplify the ground right say earthquake may happen in 10 kilometer or 15 kilometer or 20 kilometer 70 kilometers below the earth. So, the from the epicenter point the earthquake you know instrument can measure the earthquake based on the velocity of this all this you know material all these things they will measure, but what we felt in the surface is nothing but the intensity right. So, the magnitude will range from 1 to 12 right 1 to 10 the intensity will range from 1 to 12 ok. So, this will you know mainly people they this you know you cannot say by you know by manually you need to have an instrument to record a magnitude it is called seismograph. And this is nothing but intensity you can tell build on your experience if the wall is crack you have chances of this much intensity like that ok. And this what the focus is nothing but the energy where it is for example, you have a rubber band right. So, what happen when you stretch a rubber band it stretches right after that it will if you leave it it will come back otherwise it will break why elasticity will become plastic form that is why it is breaking right ok. Similarly, earth has a accumulation of stress over here particular case say example this is the consider this as a homogeneous body I am pressing over here here ok. So, if I press like this nothing will happen if I press too much it will break where it will break wherever the stress accumulate right it will break. So, it is like a heart attack. So, the place where you have accumulation of stress is called focus in that point there is the elastic limit will become plastic limit that is nothing but your stain energy point. So, the your stain energy will release because of that the earthquake. So, this is the focus, but wherever we have you know the state you know line over in the surface of that that is nothing but your epicenter that is what people they used to tell you know epicenter is location in the in the Indonesia like that people. So, they cannot go and measure the earthquake inside, but they have a you know instrument seismograph based on that they have some you know formulas they will measure the earthquake epicenter based on that and this is the instrument called Chinese seismograph in olden days how they measured earthquakes So, these are all the dragons and bottom of that you have some frogs. So, you have a ball over here. So, this is in around AD 130 a Chinese scholar Zhang Heng reason that waves must ripple through the earth from the source or on earthquake. So, what he did is like you know he attached to this one with a you know iron brass rod inside. So, what happened when there is a earthquake earth will move from which direction it is moving. Suppose it is moving from this direction the rod there is a rod and there is a again one more small rod with a ball one small iron ball will be there inside. So, it will move one side. So, this ball will go and hit over the ball on the you know dragon. So, that ball will come down. So, it means earthquakes might be happened from some direction of this. So, each frogs will be there in a one direction. For example, this is north south east west north east south west like that the frogs will be fixed over in the one one direction. So, from VC direction the ball is filling people they assume that from that direction is earthquake has happened. So, this is olden technology after that we have a analog seismograph analog seismograph is nothing, but your you know simple pendulum method you have a wire you have a ball right. So, what happened in simple pendulum after you know leaving a ball it will swing it will come its original portion. So, same method they used. So, we have a wire and a ball kind of thing attach it with the pen bottom of that there is a recorder drum recorder this drum will continuously run when there is a earthquake this will move that pen on the recorder will have a you know mark in the paper. So, they have a duration they identify based on the duration P wave allow you know this much time P wave will come this much time S wave will come what is the time duration to reach this waves to the station. So, I do not want to go into detail on P wave S wave all this most seismology right. So, if you want I will tell you what you know right. So, these things you know very well or jar if you are ok. So, others everyone knows now if you know you just tell me then I will skip a lot of other things are there I can tell you. So, have you seen this. So, this is a digital seismograph that is analog seismograph this is a digital seismograph each seismograph will cost 13 lakh rupees. So, this is the one recently you know people they are using this can measure even if you do like this. So, even less than 1 magnitude earthquake also you can measure using this instrument. It is a costly instrument if you want to measure one earthquake epicenter point you need to have a minimum 3 instruments. So, this is the data acquisition system this is sensor this can continuously monitor the earthquake including all artificial vibrations everything ok. And so, in Tamil Nadu we have that is what I told this is seismic generation map of India earlier it was zone 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 like this. So, this white colour areas are in zone 1. So, now we do not have that zone 1. So, zone 2, zone 3, zone 4 and zone 5 the occurrence of magnitude during Quina earthquake this is 6.3 in Quina and 6.2. So, earlier we consider like you know the South India is stable in that is why we say like you know South India is stable we do not have any earthquakes in South India. So, after this 2 earthquakes in you know Quina and Latour then we revise this map ok. The Government of India they revise this map and because of that only this map has come in 2002 ok. So, this is the seismic generation map of Tamil Nadu which is an old one like you know I have to superimpose all this new district boundaries ok. So, these are all the area where you have zone 3 Tiruvannamalai Vellore, Tiruvallurkanjipuram, Dharmavuri, Salem part of here all these things will be in a zone 3. In this side you have Neil Grease, Coimbatore and up to Kanyakumari. So, this this orange colour will be in zone 3. It means you may expect a magnitude of 6.9 ok. And this is what generally we do actually after any earthquakes happen like you know we will go and measure the I told about intensity like this is called isocestral. We will go and do the intensity mapping based on that we will identify approximately without having any instrument I can say like this area it has happened. This is another thing like you know hazard map. So, earthquake hazard maps like you know which are all the areas like you know I told Tamil Nadu in the zone 2 and 3. But if you add all this new earthquake epicenters and we can calculate like if this fault is going to accelerate. So, this fault it is going to helpful for the district administration. So, if this is going to activate in future it is a kind of assessment till which district till which place the energy will dissipate we can calculate. And like this I have calculated for other part of Tamil Nadu, this Utti, Coimbatore these are all the major faults in Tamil Nadu actually. So, government of Tamil Nadu wants to do some study actually we have done this study long back. So, we can say like you know for example, this source A 0.212 is the maximum ground acceleration which may happen during if there is going to be earthquake of that location this is the maximum or the acceleration it means like maximum magnitude 6 and which city will have how much magnitude you know how much you know PGA value. So, that you know suppose this is the A if this earthquake is happening it is going to happen again it may create acceleration like this. So, if this is going to accelerate which city Coimbatore will get more impact. So, other cities may not get more impact. So, what I have to worry about if this is going to happen only this area people will you know have to have around that. So, we need to do the precaution measures only for those people. So, like that we can you know analyze. And earthquake mitigation measures like you know we can go for seismic hazard assessment for individual sites. So, generally you know this technique people they use like you know recently I told like if this is a fault if your building is here you have a lot of earthquakes from this fault from this building what is the energy dissipating based on that you can calculate. This is a one technique people they use that is called PGA value another one is isosesmal maps. So, it shows like you know for example this is a 1900 Coimbatore earthquake. So, when 1900 Coimbatore earthquake happened there is no much instrumentation but these are all the felt maps. So, earthquake happened over here but I said I am not much bothered about this area, but this area showing orange again this area showing red why it is red. So, this question raised with a lot of scientists they said like you know we need to go and do the new research in this area. Ultimately we find this is the problem of filling soil filling. So, what people they do nowadays they simply fill the lake area they construct the house over that. So, if you feel one time earthquakes over there then you can feel earthquakes you know two to three times more over there. So, it is a very dangerous phenomena like you know places like Valachery in Chennai. So, all areas Coimbatore. So, whenever there is earthquake in Indonichai Coimbatore will shake Nungambakkam will shake because once upon a time Nungambakkam Coimbatore Valachery and all it is a lake area people they filled they constructed houses over there. So, that is why you get lot of you know shaking over that it will amplify the soil fault that is what fault only generate earthquakes. So, mountain is not necessarily all mountains can generate you know faults there is a again you need to go for more detail on geology. So, there is a tectonic movement in the fault. So, tectonically active faults are there many faults are there these faults are not active. So, like volcanoes active volcanoes and passive volcanoes are there like that faults also buried faults are there active faults are there and dead faults are there. So, like the different kinds of faults are there each fault will have a it won't characteristics. So, whichever active fault means like last 10000 years wherever the fault we have earthquakes that we call it as a active faults. That is why I classified to only I showed 5 major faults that is active fault in Tamil Nadu. So, we have to do the lot of geological study for that actually if you want you know separately otherwise these people will get bold actually. So, more geology involved. So, you need to do the lineman mapping. So, lethological mapping geomorphological mapping is a different area again it is a big area right. So, this is what I told Chennai this is in 1900 you have lakes right now it is not there right. So, these areas generally people they filled they constructed houses that is why you have a you know amplification right soil amplification. So, another phenomenon of earthquake is liquefaction how many of you know about liquefaction you know about liquefaction. So, you have seen a Tamil Nadu called Melakthiranthadu Kathabu. So, you know in that batch it is not 90 skits it is 80 skits. Okay, 90 skits. It is a very famous film but the heroine will fall into it. Pothakudi.  Okay, you know Pothekudi right. So, sand will be there in that area. Otherwise, in the Suryan part Mankudi. Okay, other than Pothekudi you know Mankudi. Okay, Mankudi in India. Mankudi. Okay. So, Suryan part of the Gondamani wave is around there.  So, what happened this liquefaction is nothing but if you have a shallow water table, if you have a sandy soil in the ground. Okay, if you have more than 6 magnitude earthquake the soil will become hot soil will become you know liquefied. So, building will go down. This is the phenomena like you know where why these buildings are fall down. So, like in Chennai also prone to liquefaction like you know wherever you have such kind of problem shallow water table with the soil because this soil may be deposited in the recent years. It is not compact soil. So, soil hot soil will become liquefied. So, that is why the building will sunk. So, this has happened in Gujarat Gujarat Kachay earthquake the white color. These are all the sands which is come out from the in our ground during Gujarat earthquake. So, these are all another part of Gujarat. It looks like this. So, it is like a sand volcano. We called it as a sand volcano. So, it looks like this. So, the sand will come from the bottom to top. So, it will be like this. So, the building will directly go down. So, because of that the loss of light shall be very high during earthquakes. But only thing is like you need to have minimum 6 magnitude earthquake to generate this kind of things. And mitigation what you can do you can go for you know monitoring earthquakes that is the one thing. So, we have earthquake monitoring system in Tamil Nadu. So, four places these are all the places one is in Hozoor, another one is in Balaja and one other one is in this is in near Vellur not exactly Vellur. This is near again there is an engineering college in Vellur actually for the most side. And another one is in Kallakurchi. So, four instrument they are there, but now they removed actually I think last couple of years back I think they removed. So, I am the one who installed all this instrument. So, I am the first person who nominated to monitor whole Tamil Nadu earthquakes. After I left the job from Anna University it is closed actually. So, this is my work actually during my colleges. So, now it is not there actually. This is we did it immediately after Bhuj earthquake after 2001 Bhuj earthquake government of Tamil Nadu they want to monitor earthquakes in Tamil Nadu. But after I left my PhD then people they stopped this work because they do not have expert to work on that actually because people they are not showing any interest on monitoring earthquakes in Tamil Nadu ok. And another one is like you know one thing is you can monitor earthquakes other things you can go for a vulnerability assessment at the building because any disasters like you know earthquakes all these things which is happening based on the building right. So, if your building is safe you do not need to worry about you know much on earthquakes. So, you can go for a building assessment. So, this is called rapid visual screening actually we used to do for you know bigger cities. So, if you are administrator right obviously you will ask I want to do survey for this area. So, immediately you will ask how much it will cost right.  So, you do not agree right generally. So, 20 crore rupees where the money will become right. So, in this area around you know we have 5000 buildings all over this area. So, that time our Chief Minister Geraldha was there. So, when we start this work you know everybody they refuse to do this work because 5000 buildings it is not possible to go and do the survey right. So, we you know identify a quick technology called rapid visual screening. So, now everybody is doing this work, but that time known as known actually. This is the work we got it from Hazard US the technology from US we modified for Indian condition. So, what we did it without going into much detail. So, we used satellite data and some ground truth verification. So, we can say like out of 5000 building how many buildings are safe for an earthquake in Chennai city because why we select this area this is a Tinagar area. So, Tinagar area where you have more of you know floating population. Per day floating population that time it is 4 lakhs people in Tinagar. Now, it may be dispersed actually earlier it was only shopping's point during that time during 2006-07 and all only shopping point in Chennai is Tinagar. So, we want to do the exercise for Tinagar. So, we did it this called rapid visual screening. So, it is a simple survey sheet we made from that we can say like you know these are all the score values are available I am not going into detail based on that you can say suppose this building is there I can say within one hour this building is safe from earthquake or not within one hour if you give I have this chart I will go around the building within one hour I can say this building is from safe from earthquake or not. So, like that any building any part of India you can do this. So, this is a one exercise like you know you can tell if you are in high seismic hazard prone areas. So, places like Chennai city so, we say 6.9 magnitude. So, all buildings in this areas is prone no. So, out of 5000 building which are all the buildings is going to have a problem. So, ultimately only 15 percent of the buildings in Tinagar area have problem. So, we reduce the cost of survey we reduce the cost of you know investigation everything instead of saying that spending 20 crore rupees we spend only 20 lakhs. So, this is the advantage of now technologies are available you can do actually. So, why I am telling this kind of technology is there. So, when you are going to any you know services. So, you can apply this technology and you can reduce the cost of the you can save lot of money on that ok and this is what we did it. And this is another thing like non-destructive testing is there you can check even after the study then we have identified some of the buildings are dangerous. So, we can go and do this non-destructive testing without damaging the building we can do this exercise and say which building is safe or not. See where you can use this like you know nowadays like school buildings are very very important. So, lot of government school buildings are there. So, they constructed 20 years before 30 years before are they under proper condition or not. This conditional test we can do and we can say that whether the building is safe or not ok. And this is called seismic building codes. So, now you know government of India they have arrived with a lot of new you know advantage in this actually we can go for a you know additional retrofitting of a building. So, already a building has constructed. So, from that initially I said assessment I can assess the area is prone or not then I can go to the building and check the building is prone or not. If I think like you know this building is prone I can go for NDT and say like whether this building is safe or not. So, what further I can do if the building is safe if I am going to construct a new house I can you know use this technique and go for new buildings seismic you know building codes all this things I can use or if the building is already constructed say this building is constructed. If I thought like you know people they may not know this is you know dangerous, but what I can do I cannot go and demolish this building. So, what I can do I can retrofit the same building. So, this is the technique it is already available people like civil engineers they knows very well actually. So, you can go for retrofitting techniques and another thing like you know people always you know worry about money and they implement this kind of earthquake resistant design. So, if it is a masonry structure you can go for only 1.5 to 2 percent RCC building is maximum of 3.2 percent. So, you do not need to do for everything like you know all buildings only for the building which required earthquake resistant you can go about say example in zone 5. So, you can go for this you know you know building course you can use it places like you know Tamil Nadu zone 2 and zone 3. We do not require more of earthquake resistant what we can do we can do assessment say if I do assessment I can identify which are all the areas prone to earthquakes in Tamil Nadu and say like which are all the high hazard area I can make aware the people. So, call the people give the training that is all. So, I cannot go for earthquake resistant. So, you do not need to invest so much money on earthquake resistant design right this enough. So, risk management even we go for further you know analysis we can go for scenarios if there is going to be a higher magnitude earthquake what happened. So, I said like in assessment I can say 6.5 it is going to happen for Tamil Nadu, but if in case of 7 happened in case of 8 happened how the state should be prepared. So, that also we have done actually we have given the report to that time again Chief Minister Jailalka actually she was very much interested in all these things kind of studies actually. She invited us and we presented all these things actually we created a database even including how many hospitals are there how many beds are there how many doctors are there. So, it is a clear inventory of whole Chennai city we have done during that time. So, we said like you know if there is going to be a different magnitude even we can say in which date you can open the school after the earthquake everything we can tell now the technologies arrive and we can go for land use regulations. This is another thing like you know whenever you are going out smart cities are right. So, whenever you go for any smart cities you just superimpose the earthquake hazard map or flood hazard map or landsliders hazard map superimpose and check and go for further and we have policy issues evacuation planning these are all again. So, this what I told like new technologies arrived now search and rescue in earthquakes like you know this robots are it is like a snake robots. So, we just put this robots inside the debris it will go and move and if somebody is breathing inside then it can sense the send the signal in the outside people like you know people who are so search and rescue is you know easy now and safety measures again this is not generally for you school kids we used to do. So, that is what I told like you know during major you know earthquake prone areas you can go for earthquake resistant other things but places like Tamil Nadu you can go for much of awareness creating awareness how to do during you know an earthquake or flood or all those things. So, so landslides this is another disaster. So, this is in Nile Greece actually. So, particularly for landslides actually in Tamil Nadu we have a lot of landslides actually.  You need to have a slope you need to have a somewhat triggering factor it may be a rainfall it may be a geological factor it may be anthropogenic activity. So, anything can happen. So, anything can trigger a landslide. So, particularly in Tamil Nadu we have a lot of landslides in Nile Greece. So, such a long history from 23rd October actually 1865 December 2001 we have in 1979 we have 300 landslide recently in 2009 we have 1150 landslides in Nile Greece. So, landslides are different from earthquakes earthquakes is a very you know bigger one high region oriented this is very focused. So, you can go for a particular area go for assessment do the analysis that is very much possible. So, this can be mitigatable compared to earthquake it is not mitigatable this can be mitigated. So, you can strengthen the slope. So, this is number 2009 we have a lot of landslides. So, this is the main problem we are facing in Nile Greece actually particularly. So, this is a place called Lavadel Road from Konur this is on 10 11 2009 actually the landslide which is happened on 9 11. So, we reached immediately after one day and checked like you know these are all the structures which is constructed in the top and this is the area where we have a landslide here some 4 5 houses are there totally washed away some 6 people they died actually in this location particular location. So, what they did like generally you know there is a resort over here to go to that resort people they simply construct this slope you can see the height of the slope this is the vehicle generally the JCB it may be around 2 meter height maximum right 2 to 2.5 meter height just see this is 4 times more than the JCB height. So, a slope which is cut nearly 10 meter height they should not do this actually without doing any proper engineering machines they simply cut because there is another resort of a minister. So, minister wants to construct a road simply these people they followed. So, they cut the road because of that they destabilized the slope that is the one reason another reason like you know water.  So, that also people they diverted like this you can see this they diverted without doing any engineering machines. So, nature it follows its own you know way. So, it it would not like listen to you may be an engineer or a doctor or a collector it does not bother. So, it follow its own path. So, ultimately when there is a landslide the whole area got washed away. So, these are all some of the closer places you can see this one this are all some of the nearby area where the water is bleaching out. So, one of the dangerous area like where we have lot of buildings have you know in this particular location. So, we have a landslide hazard map. So, prepared this is given in 2001 itself to all district authorities collector is having this map, but they do not know what to do.  Suppose, if I give this map ok. So, this is the map of Nilgris if you are a collector in Nilgris. So, what you can do with this map? First thing you know whole district is not prone for landslides it is very clearly known right only the red colour area. So, further what you can do? So, I put red colour all over this part from Metapoleum to Utti Metapoleum Kundur Utti right whole area whole stretch I am putting red colour, but not all area is not prone again. So, you need to go to that in a particular area and do the assessment for detail. So, already this maps are prepared by the local authorities. They prepared actually the local universities are there already they are scientific people they are doing this exercise. Take that map and do the you know precautionary measures for those areas. One you can do one is either go for slope stabilization. So, they have already identified these are all the slopes are not stable. This may get failure in future for that you can go for slope stabilization. So, that landslides may not happen in that slope one thing otherwise what you can do you can go for early warning system. If you feel if you want to stabilize the slope you need to spend crores of rupees or lakhs of rupees. So, your state government is not giving money. So, district you do not have a fund what you can go you can go for a simple early warning system. See nowadays committee based early warning systems are there which is available in OTs now they are installed. So, a kind of siren right. So, now we have a early warning system using artificial intelligence recently we developed in in my office actually I developed one new early warning system for landslides. So, I can if my instrument is installed in this place it will trigger it will say you know it will give a warning in advance. When there is any small movement in the slope you can get a message in your mobile. So, that much advanced technology we developed recently actually. So, this called new Neil Geary early warning system we supposed to launch shortly we are going to launch this system actually. So, that will say like you know this is based on IoT and wireless sensor network. So, we have a sensors that sensors will be installed in the slope when there is any movement the sensor will detect if any rainfall is coming it will detect it will run through the software and check if there is going to be any you know warning we have to give or watch we have to give or alert we have to give to the people or whether the message can be sent to only collector or the message can be sent to the lower level officials or the message can be directly sent to the public because 3 level warning system we have because sometimes you know it is only watch. So, we cannot make the people panic. So, the information will go only to collector. So, then collector can send a message to the DRO and RDO then RDO can send a message to the Thasildar and RIS. So, that they will know like you know Thasildar and R I only know the people right the local people. So, they will alert the people in that particular area if I am say this slope is going to failure tomorrow they will alert the people they will evacuate that can be possible. So, now the technology has developed that is one thing early warning you can do. So, slope stabilization you can do another one like you know slope stabilization is a costly thing you can go for some natural materials like you know Nepal they do within you know few thousand rupees slope stabilization they are using some plans there is on the plans itself they do it. So, that also possible in landslides. So, one thing is like understanding like you know first you need to study the old area like how it is happen. So, what is the present condition of the area whether this area is going to again have a landslide or not that you need to identify and monitoring you can do. So, this what I told like you have a rain gas station battery, geofonds, pore water pressure deep. So, if you monitor the slope you can do early warning system and sorry. So, then you can go for a soil bioengineering that is nothing but your slope stabilization again ok. So, the other one is cyclone cyclone we have again cyclone azar map of Tamil Nadu we have low damage risk zone moderate damage risk zone. So, this kind of maps will be very very useful actually. So, you can see what yeah. So, you have soil bioengineering technique you have a geosynthetic techniques. So, what we do generally like you know if you have a slope we study the slope first. So, whether the slope will be having a geotechnical characteristics. For example, most of the slopes like you know they have a slope failure right. So, we need to identify the stability of the slope the slope will failure or not that we have to identify. So, in geotechnical if you take the soil sample you can analyze and say we have to identify the factor of safety. So, factor of safety if it is one then the slope will be same then if it is less than one safety is not there. So, what we do those kind of slopes we will identify ok. So, then we will analyze the slope and we will go for the trimming first the slope will be trimmed first and we will analyze we will take the core sample what kind of material is involved in this particular soil. So, either we can go for breast wall or you know gabion walls we have some kind of engineering techniques. Engineering techniques are more or more towards like you know blocking. Say example if you have a slope in the bottom of the slope because this rolled up material only it is going to hit the public right the buildings. So, what we do we will block this area. So, that the slope one even though the slope will move it will not come down. So, that is one thing and second thing what we do like you know in the slope itself we will make some kind of you know bench kind of structures in that we will have a kind of you know cementing material they will stabilize that is one kind, but that is against nature that is what I told about soil bioengineering. Soil bioengineering what they do generally they will trim the slope they will plant the native material of the thing like you know for example if you have a slope in that area different zones different kind of plants we will put it. For example in the bottom of the area we will put some kind of bamboos. So, if you put bamboos in the middle of the slope then it increase the weight again it will trigger landslide, but if you put a bamboo in the bottom of the slope it will catch the material ok that is one. And another kind of bush and like kind of we have a broomstick material right Thodapam in Tamil right. So, that kind of you know grass if you planted over there in the middle of the slope it will hold the soil. So, most of the shallow landslide we used to have this kind of you know different kind of plant materials we have to study actually we have to study the nature, climate again it is a soil bioengineering again one semester you need to study in your subject. It is a very big subject I am just telling like you know. So, that material you can use it you can stabilize the slope and now people they are using like they will put some jutes on the slope and they are planting some trees on that. So, that soil will be stabilized. So, it won't move. So, it is nothing but the binding capacity of the soil might be increased that is the basic thing in stop. And lot of engineering things are there people they drill they put something and they have a drums they put it on that they put some iron rods you know fence they put it inside the. So, so many methods are there they put some tire they close it. So, so many methods are available. So, if you want to read more about those things like there is a book by USGS a handbook landslide handbook last time also lot of people interested actually I shared that book if you want I will share it with you a very nice book about landslide if you are from Neal Greece definitely like a lot of people from last time Neal Greece they want that book actually. So, you can read that book is very very nice book 130 page book. So, cyclones we have cyclones every year. So, advantage in cyclone like I am not much going in the cyclone because cyclones are very frequent everybody knows about cyclone right. So, we have a cyclone warning center. So, IMD is the nodal agency we are on among the world is doing best in cyclone warning compared to other countries also I can tell. So, we are the best in India among the world particularly on cyclone warning we have a very good warning system people in India they are doing we have a cyclone detection network we have some 60,000 models particularly for tracking the cyclones. So, we have lost 200 to 300 years cyclone database. So, based on that we are exactly predicting cyclone tracks. So, now even we started using mobile apps and other things for particularly for tracking the cyclones. So, ozone monitoring we have remote sensing monitoring we have pilot balloon studies pilot balloon I think you might have heard right pilot balloon. So, every time they used to fly the balloons. So, in the balloons they have a sensor the sensor will see like you know every day they put this balloons in the IMD like they put it they will see like near airport and all you can see this balloon. The balloon will fly in a particular height it will move and it will study like what are all the features it is there during that time they will have some climate sensors that sensors will detect like you know what are the you know climatic activities going on in this altitude. So, we have a radars also we have remote sensing satellites also. So, everything will be monitored by indiametrological department I think tsunami also you know very well. Tsunami is nothing but an earthquake in a ocean. So, all earthquakes cannot generate tsunamis that is very simple if you have a strike slip fault if a strike slip movement you will get tsunami if you have a deep slip movement if your plate will move down then there is a chances of tsunami and again minimum you need to have 7 magnitude to generate a tsunami that is the basic things in tsunami and this Indian Ocean tsunami. So, tsunami monitoring now we are doing very good actually you know who is the in charge for tsunami monitoring inquires. So, inquires reason why is that they are monitoring tsunami based on this boy eyes. So, you have a sensors the sensors will be attached with the ground and we have a surface monitoring system. So, this will be floating in the ocean. So, this will be connected through satellites and when there is a earthquake the ground will shake the ground when there is a ground shaking the sensor will deduct and when there is a change in the water level the boy eyes will give the water level. So, if any changes in the water level as well as in the movement then only the signal will be given to the station which is in the inquires. So, again they have a model. So, any part of the ocean if there is any change immediately the model will detect they will go on pinpoint if for example, if you have a ocean say example this ocean. So, this is the location for example, your Chennai for example, I am telling Chennai is here. So, if anything happen over here what they do they have a grid pattern like this small small grid pattern this will deduct earthquake immediately the velocity of the wave it will be calculated and any part of the like you know if there is a epicenter over here here here any epicenter. So, once you click that it will automatically calculate what is the effect to your particular city that will be calculated the information bulletin will be sent it to the concerned government authorities like our chief minister of his news will come. There is a control room the control room news will come to Tamil Nadu state for example, Tamil Nadu state we have a control room it will come to there and this will be monitored thoroughly and every time they have a watch watch alert alert three things. So, you can also see anybody can see this. So, either you can go to inquires or you can go to NOVA NOVA NOA. So, national atmospheric agency ocean atmospheric agency. So, there also you can get lot of information. So, they will continuously monitor if there is any change like you know when there is any earthquake happen they will you know work on the model immediately they will calculate the velocity then they will watch they will give alert then they will withstand the alert also both thing they will do they will give initially alert there may be a chances of tsunami, but after sometime they will withstand withdrawn. So, that is also possible they are doing now and tsunami production again again it is based on the wave movement and other things. So, generally tsunami production they can go for you know raising of the building from ground because tsunami waves this one thing which is coming from you know coastal side. So, based on the wave white if you know the wave inundation height then you can easily plan for your and that is what we have a coastal regulation zones now. And another things like you know reason days like people they started using mangroves. So, mangroves can stop tsunami, but you cannot plant mangroves everywhere mangroves you can plant only where you have your wetlands. So, that is nothing but your southern So, wetlands wherever you have you can plant mangroves that is. So, the mangrove you know roots will have a very you know deep and kind of spin nature. So, that it will reduce the velocity of the tsunami that is another thing they can use it. And this is another you know principle of avoiding tsunami actually. So, we have some kind of measures mitigation measures for tsunami. So, how to distribute the houses in a tsunami prone area instead of going for a collective colony all those things and clustered a lot and instead of going for avoiding the tsunami. So, what is the maximum height you can plan you can go for a some kind of obstacles that is one thing. So, that you can reduce the wave height and you can go for a bypass wall and you can go for a breaking wall. So, before some engineering measures people used to give and this what I told the tsunami warning system for increase and this what they measured this is the instrument like earthquake measuring instrument it will go to satellite and the same instrument I showed there for earthquake same one for tsunami also. So, this what they monitor. So, continuously they monitor they pick any part of the world any part of the world if anything happen they can immediately catch and they can tell and flood you know very well again flood also you know very well right. Okay. So, so five major types of floods are there one is periodic flood flash floods river floods coastal floods and seasonal floods this is important because we always fail when you do any flood hazard assessment people generally they take any basin material right they say like identify some if you have you know from geography background. So, you know very well right they will take a basin okay in that basin area which is the river flow based on that they will calculate but in our case in Tamil Nadu flood is not only due to the you know basin level information. If it is a seasonal flood you can say you can take a basin level information you can do the study it is possible but our floods are different. So, we have a periodic floods in a certain period you have a floods that is also there in Tamil Nadu and flash floods floods will have suddenly it will have a floods you will have a cloud burst then because of that you have a flood and dam failure like we have a reservoir failure the you know open up reservoir because of that we have. So, those flood kind of assessment we are not doing in particularly in Tamil Nadu we are not assessing and another thing is coastal flood coastal flood is due to cyclones. So, because of the cyclone we have a rain based on that we have a flood. So, but what our flood inundation mapping is doing they do they have a river catchment area in that river catchment this is the inflow this is the outflow this much rain is coming so that this much area will inundate. So, that does not work.  If you are in Chennai you can go for combined with the river flood and coastal flood and seasonal flood. So, like that you need to study. So, one kind of flood assessment it would not be helpful for you know saving people right and you need to identify where it is so, you can manage the floods. So, now lot of techniques are available to manage the floods actually particularly flood mitigation measures are available. So, you can assess the flood which area it is and you can avoid the flood you can divert the flood and you can go for some kind of zone regulations like this. So, this is the regulatory flood way and kept open for carry flood the black color and two the next two area is the regulatory flood wave fringe use permitted if protected by field flood proofed or otherwise protected regulatory flood limit builds on the technical study out the limit of the flood wave fringe this area and so, this one this one and fourth is the standard project flood limit area subject for possible flood by very large floods. So, you can identify this area very clearly based on that you can permit people to go for a construction of the houses as well as the you know any infrastructure development you cannot just like that say like you know in any alluvial plane or flood planning area you can go and have a you know construction after that you can you have upgrade people that is not you know advisable. So, this kind of map you have to prepare. So, for district level now people already they are doing district level, ward level, toilet level even go for village level in panjai level there they have maps now in all in Tamil Nadu everybody have this map you know in government office how many of you have TN smart app you have TN smart app. So, if you have a mobile phone you can download it is a free app TN smart app you can read many thing from this app Tamil Nadu smart TN smart. So, our CRA former CRA initiated this Satya Gopal sir. So, very good app particularly for people who are you know working in revenue department. So, many things are available in this map you can read also. So, all vulnerable locations of your district suppose if you are from some district in mock interview we will ask question about your district right that is what you know yesterday somebody was from Tiruvannamalai I am from Senji. So, I always curious right if if he is from my place nearby place I know many thing about my place. So, I last so many questions in mock we used to ask. So, then everything is available in this you know if you if you are from Tamil Nadu all district disaster related things are available in that you know app you can download and you can easily open and see all vulnerable places in each district how many flood vulnerable places are available which are all the places maps what are all the remedial measures government has taken everything is available you can use it. So, fire I think fire everyone knows right. So, you need to have minimum you know any one of this. So, if you want to have a fire you need to have a any one of this then only you will have a fire and mainly we have common causes is kitchen electrical and lighting and class A, class B these things you know very well right I am not going into detail like because we have very less time I will cover other parts ok. One of the chemical disasters I will give the PPT you can read these things ok. Yeah this is another thing important things like we we have desk inventory. So, desk inventory is nothing but disaster inventory system. So, this is very much useful for administrator particularly people who are working in district level if they want to know say because IIS offices are changing right today one IIS officer will be there suddenly another you know 6 months and he will be transferred to another district. So, this is the problem we face initially whenever we go for any disaster related work. So, you do not understand particularly because we used to discuss with the earlier collector for one year. So, when we about to start the project collector might be transferred another IIS officer will be there again I have to start from the base it is a very difficult task that is why this system actually 42 countries we are using this system in old India is one among them in India only two states are using you know which are other states Orissa and Tamil Nadu and among all the best database in old is Tamil Nadu. So, why because all the database is collected from here is only from government records you know government records you know daily records what is my daily records in any collector office the daily record would be like you know if something happened. So, they have to give the compensation to that person for that they have a daily record in that daily record they will report everything right. So, one person died by lightning they will mention one person missing by flood they will mention they have to give the compensation that we use and we created this database. So, so nothing will be missed actually because everything is involved money you know so all data will be available. So, that is why this is the only authenticated data in this is there available in Google if you search Desinventor it will be there whole Tamil Nadu data will be available online ok you can search by Desinventor plus GB Ganapathy if you put my name actually I am going in charge to monitor this one for Tamil Nadu state ok. So, if you if you type then you can easily get this database ok. So, what we do generally in this like you know we have a data card this is called Desinventor data card.  So, which sector got affected everything will be here. So, this is a simple data card we will go to field. So, we have a database for all you know districts all dialogues you know village level data this is the data card it is in Tamil and English. So, this data card we will take to the collector office we will sit in the collector office those days I used to go and sit in the all collector office all 32 districts during that time sit with them and do you know just make a tick take the record one by one this is a huge task we did it for somewhere around 30 years data 30 years record we collected and worked on the data and what kind of disaster. So, what is the magnitude. So, what causes everything we put it. So, we have a state level database we have a district level database division level Tasa level village level we have a data and and this is the software it can be downloadable. So, here what is the disaster type state this is for whole India we have but only for Tamil Nadu and Orissa we have a data. So, if you click Tamil Nadu all the district name will be displayed if you click the district then all the blocks names and taluk names will be there and that what causes the disaster. Suppose if you want to identify data. So, I want to know so a collector comes right. So, the old collector didn't tell anything you need to collect the data. So, every time he has to go back and search something right instead of doing like that you can just say from last 5 years what is happening in my district if I put this here and click you will get everything related to disaster you can get everything in one click all how many people died how much money we give as a compensation. So, what are the disasters happen in my district. So, how many houses damaged. So, everything I can get it in one click. So, report. So, that is what we made the system very simple for government and we enter the data in data card and it will be like this. So, event wise state district and block wise which date location comments how many people died every information will come in the and this is another thing to you know compare like which year we have more data which year we have more death which district we have more death compared to neighboring district what is our you know status. So, everything we can compare for analysis and this is block level for different districts and this is again for district level calculation like how many people died during this time for you know different districts because of different disasters and we go for a impact analysis also 30 years what is happening in Tamil Nadu which district is faced more problems. This is more realistic analysis instead of go for you know your normal assessment all those things are scientific. This is based on impact really the data which is provided by the district we identified. So, these are all the districts have more problem and so you can allocate fund. So, that is what we did it for whole Tamil Nadu even you can go for you know state level district level, taluk level, village level internally.  So, whatever the way you want to collect if you want a report you can get a report if you want a map you can get a map. So, it is a very simplified database for whole the state is available. So, anybody can download and see what is happening in your district this is a more authenticated and this was appreciated by UNISDR and they appreciated our Tamil Nadu government and my name also in 2011 global assessment to prepare this data because wherever I go like you know in any UN meeting they quote this word like in whole out of 42 countries Tamil Nadu is the best database even recently also in Delhi they quoted the same word like out of 42 countries database Tamil Nadu is the best database national disaster management authority is quoted this. So, I was a very complete database till 2013 we have a data. So, after that last 6 years we stop this database like we are going to have a new you know system. So, that is why we stop maybe another one or two years again NDMA will give a new software. So, new you know system actually for this we will have a new software and other things we will do. Yeah. So, we have our 10th fire plan based on that in that mainly disaster prevention and mitigation preparedness and capacity building is our that is what we do all these things whatever I am talking like last you know one hour one and a half hours mainly because of our 10th fire plan and this what I told the Sendai framework. Sendai framework is a success of here a framework in 2005 to 2050. So, building the resilience of national and communities to disasters and here in Sendai framework they have a goal. So, the main purpose of Sendai framework to present framework will apply there risk of small scale and large scale frequent and infrequent sudden and slow onset disasters caused to by natural or man-measure hazards as well as related environmental technological and biological hazards and risk it aims to create multi hazard management disaster risk in development at all levels as well as within across the all center it complete. It means it is complete we are mainly focusing on disaster risk reduction that is what our mainly focus and we have 7 targets in that based on our sustainable developmental goals in this Sendai. So, substantially reduce the global disaster mortality aiming to lower average per 100000 global mortality. So, we have to we have a challenge in 2030 we have to finish this we have to compare and show to the other you know countries that is what our mandate and again affected people we have to lower and reduce the direct disaster economic loss we have to show in GDP we have to lower again this one and substantially reduce the disaster damage and critical infrastructure and again increase the number of countries with the national and local disaster risk risk strategies by 2020. We have to collaborate with other countries and again enhance the international cooperation developing countries through adequate that is all we have Asian programs we have to adopt all these things with our Asian programs. So, whatever we are doing like this framework will be aligned with our global framework. So, we have to show all our countries in UN meeting we have to go and say like next year when we are going and presenting our you know things like this is our progress we are focusing on our Sendai framework in 2030. So, this is our you know goal we have to compete with other countries also. So, we have to compare where we are with other countries and we have main four priority area one is understanding disaster risk and strengthening disaster risk governance to manage the disaster risk investing in disaster risk reduction of resilience and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and build back metal. So, this is what we are mainly you know focus recovery because recovery we are not doing very quickly so far. So, that is why our focus here after we do all these things but we are not recovering very fast countries like Japan within one week they are recovering 10 days they are recovering people like in Tamil Nadu it takes like you know 2004 tsunami still it is not fully recovered in many place. So, we have to recover very quickly that is another our major challenge and disaster management history in you know in India we have a high-powered committee set up in August 1999 until 2001 it is responsible with Agriculture Ministry that is what earlier we have only Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation because all our disasters related to flood cyclone and drought. So, people we are not much bothered. So, after 2001 Bujji earthquake we think like you know India we have earthquakes that is why we have to you know distribute our work. So, that is why Government of India it is transferred to Ministry of Home Affairs in June 2002 because Ministry of Home Affairs plus military. So, earthquakes is not managed by you know properly managed during that time. So, only military can able to handle the situation that is what they have given to Home Ministry in 2002. Then National Disaster Management Authority established and Disaster Management Act is passed only in December 2005. So, that is what our you know history and in DM Act they told we have to start NDMA and NDMA they have to have a district level state level we have a DM structure NDMA is the apex body we have a national executive committee at the center level central ministries will continue as an order of responsibility state level SDMA. So, our chief minister is the head and state executive committee will be there and DDMA will be there at district level collector is the magistrates that is what any IIS officer is like equivalent to like chief minister you are the chief minister of your district. So, in disaster concern it is equal you have a equal role like what are all you are doing related to revenue for your district same equal role you are going to play for disasters. So, you are the chairman of district disaster management authority. So, state level you have a state disaster management authority. So, each district now we have a district disaster management authority committee the committee will have a people including DRO, RDO and other technical people. So, every district they have a committee district level committee is there and this is a NDMA mandatory they have a policy guidelines and coordinate with disaster policy plans prevention mitigation plans with capacity building laid out broad policies all those things are done by you know NDMA. So, already they have done and so that is what the government of India they focus they decentralize then they after that they started this kind of projects. So, retro footing of lifeline buildings, national earthquake risk mitigation project, urban earthquake vulnerability project, mainstreaming mitigation. So, these are all the projects government of India they started after you know 2001 Bhoj earthquake to you know make people to aware on disaster mitigation and management and preparedness also they have you know developed all these things response teams health preparedness hospital preparedness incident command system earlier it was not there in our country actually. So, we have only military they help we have only fire department they help but after you know 2001 Bhoj earthquake after NDMA formulated. So, we have to work with all this you know different kind of people particularly for you know mitigation preparedness and management part all three this is what our NDMA. We have a structure government of India high level committee NDMA, NAC state level everything but one thing is like you know NDMA mainly focus on empowering stakeholders for improving the effectiveness of disaster management in India. This is very very important because earlier they work government means they work government separately now it is not like that. So, government they have to work with the private and NGOs together and they can go for a you know collective results. So, that is what our mandate and this is our NDMA structure Marendra Modi is the chairman Shashidharidhi is not there actually there is no vice chairman now. So, maybe he is from Congress they removed and this is the structure and they have a roles and responsibility mainly they have a plans and policies and guidelines that is their mandate and they have a divisions different divisions and these are all the guidelines. All these guidelines are available in NDMA website you can download it is everything is free of cost and they have all they prepared all the guidelines that is their mandate they have already done it and then NDRF they formed. So, under NDRF is NDRF is part of your paramilitary force. So, they are taking care of relief operation, rescue operation and they have a NADM NADM is nothing but nationalist of disaster management they are taking care of capacity building they teach training all those things for government officials. And nodal agencies earlier I told like only one agency is Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation. Now, we have you know different ministries for Floyd Ministry of Water Resources Cyclone IMD Earthquake IMD Epidemic Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Aviation Flow Aviation Flow is Ministry of Health Chemical Disaster Minica of Indian Ocean Forest Industrial Disaster Ministry of Labor Rail accident Ministry of Railways Air Accident Ministry of Civil Aviation Fire Ministry of Home Affairs Nuclear Institute Department of Atomic Energy Mine Disaster Department of Mines. So, like that they decentralize they give each you know you know ministry to one one disaster. So, the lessons what we learn from all these things like you know preparedness and mitigation bound yield more effectiveness than the distributing of relief of disasters creating a culture of preparedness and prevention. So, evolve your code of conduct for stakeholders. This is the thing what we learn from these disasters and what government is doing. So, that is why our main focus here after like you know instead of going for spending you know post disaster activity plan for pre-difference. So, that is what we call pre-disaster proactive approach that is our mandate. In 2005 there is a disaster management bill passed by government of India. So, they from that they start working on this you know paradigm shift call. And we have a seismic station after that they install seismic stations. We have you know satellite ground stations now for disasters specially. We have a disaster support system in you know in India for all disasters ISRO is doing this. Now, we have a endem. Endem is national disaster emergency management system is available by ISRO. We have a Bhuvan.  So, all these things ISRO already started and they are working on it actually they are also giving lot of information. Immediately any disaster they are giving the real time information. So, this disaster management is supporting system also is one among the. I will give some you know glance on like district disaster plan because you are going to be a you know future collector right. So, each district should have a district disaster management plan in that we have to comprehensively tell about your district and your status of disasters and how you are going to handle the situation if any disasters happen. So, for that you need to have a basic information and you have to have a database first for your district how many schools are there colleges are there. So, all these things will be helpful for your preparation of your emergency shelters district disaster management organization structure. We have a method of information dissemination in district actually this is for a value district I prepared actually. So, I am just. So, we have an emergency action plan for the district what we have to do. So, we have a goal for the district. So, every district should have a goal for 2017 actually we have goals for 2017 to 2030 what we have to do and we have hazard vulnerability and capacity analysis this every district should do this exercise. So, this will differ from each and every districts hazard map which I shown that is for regional level, but your district level you are the in charge you are going to do this exercise. So, you need to identify which hazard is high for you because you have to give the priority. So, earthquake is there vulnerable I know very well, but again for my district from during my period I have to much concentrate on flood because it is going to happen every year. So, that is also my priority in my area. So, our idea of this disaster management plan is to understand about your district identify top disasters in your district like you know if I identify top 10. So, top one is flood. So, next to 10 years. So, I have to eradicate flood in my area flood may happen, but flood death should not be there. So, you need to you know totally reduce the risk that is our mandate for any disaster management plan. So, that is what you have to do this exercise first we have a score value flood means there you have a flood. So, here that is what I told that is regional level here in Valour means where I have a flood, Pala river whether I can get Pala river flood or not. So, what is my probability occasionally it is not regular and vulnerability rating medium again ranking is 4 like that and drought deficit of rainfall crops in your area frequently yes we have high yes. So, automatically if I have frequent and high the score value will increase. So, I can prioritize earthquake yes occasional, but we have high probability of damage. So, fire yes high probability. So, in my district so, which are all the top disasters I can rank myself. So, we have a cold wave heat wave problem that is also there and seismic hazard where we are whole district is prone to seismic hazard and flood hazard, cyclone hazard this is a simplified flood map of Valour. So, you need to go in detail this is a simplified flood map of Valour district and again we have a seasonality map. So, which month we have to focus because we have regular work revenue department have regular work. So, I cannot go and do all this disaster work every month right. So, which month we have to do so, for that where which month we have flood. So, if you have a flood for this month then then I have to start my work I have to plan. So, this are again seasonality mapping and resource capacity. So, where I am so, in case of a disaster whether have required resources or not.   So, all these people from district level authorities they have to come and sit and discuss and prepare this and transport railway network where it is how many kilometers we have and registered mobile vehicles how many vehicles in Valour we have and railway length closest to airport closest to helipad closest to seaport and communication how many telephone lines how many public call officers number of telephone exchange and they were police police forces armed forces police station police outspots bank nearest to NDR of office NGOs and educational institutions radio river canal power grid nearest IMD office district emergency operation. So, everything you have to document and these are all some of the maps there are the fire stations and road railway network location of post office and water bodies. So, these are all like you know again regional level map again we will go and zoom in the local level also we have maps for everything and severity. So, each disaster we have a list in that we have to prepare the severity that is also there and so earthquakes where all earthquakes happen in Valour district. So, disaster these are all list of earthquakes happen in Valour districts again damage year wise crop which from olden days what is happened in the this you need to analyze the whole you know the olden days and percent everything and floods because of flood if anybody died or houses no damage all the data we have to put it in the database. And here was death pay this were rain related climatology and extreme weather condition in the district and road accident how many people died and flood this what I told like you know how many flood vulnerable places we have moderately 50 places totally 90 places last time. So, this year we reduced 2 places. So, 2000 this 2017 data now in 2019 data we have shown 2 villages we have totally reduced flood vulnerability it means in that village here after even if flood comes nothing will happen. So, our collector has done a very good job now is the collector of Salem, Raman you may have heard his name. So, it is very very meticulous person as a aggregate background. So, since he is aggregate background he understand mainly on this kind of drought and flood issues. So, totally we eradicated 2 villages now you can say 100 percent there should not be any flood. So, that much effort we put like this we put a clear maps details of vulnerability maps rural a circle level maps in that area. So, this is the circle level map which are all the area even shelter, filter everything what all the mitigation plan how much bond we have prepared yes that is what he implemented all the mitigation plans. So, flood mitigation plans we identify the vulnerable locations for example, in this location we have some 5 spots. So, in the 5 spots how water enter right. So, if I am there in this particular location so, I have to go and do the analysis for this 5 spots. So, one thing is like water enter is overflowing of water right. So, when overflowing of water through some canals right. So, what we need to do you need to desilting. So, desilting he has done. So, strengthening of bond he has done simple things it is not high 5 engineering things very simple things. So, strengthening of the bond. So, some area you know a lot of plastics got you know struck because of that encroachment was there he has done eviction also in some of the places. So, like that you have cleared and all this areas after that like you know this is 2007 2018 we have a rain same rain same area, but nothing will happen. So, like that all this canals he have cleaned because of that water will go and mix with you know directly in the river it is not stuck over there in some places overflow. So, we do not have a you know flood like Chennai. Vellure is not like that much of big place, but we have small small problem in Vellure. So, he totally so that is our focus. So, once we identify these are all the areas we have problem. So, focus on that area and do this kind of mitigation measures and obviously you know the the we can say like you know this area may not have a flood in future. So, that is what totally you can say like eradicated flood is eradicated flood may happen, but people may not him. So, they removed everything. So, like that and this is for mitigation plan. So, for drought we have a promotion of support rainwater harvesting awareness on government this thing and these are all the schemes actually lot of government schemes are there already. So, those schemes we effectively use for example, we have a Nagar Nadi project. So, maybe you might have heard about this project it is very effective project in you know in India. So, Vellure got award for that from Prime Minister. So, what we have done in Nagar Nadi project actually not me our collector actually we are all part of the project actually. So, we did the rainwater harvesting structure inside the river in some places and so that the whole area got you know highly recharged. So, instead of become you know drought prone area at least we have you know a few centimeter increasing in water in that particular location. So, that level he brought out because of the recharging. So, now after continuous rainfall now we have very good almost all the wells in that area are not recharged. So, people they do not have any drinking water pump. So, that much effectively people are doing. So, that is what if a collector wants to do really a good work we can do. So, this is the best example even our Prime Minister gave some award also for. So, what we did now we use simply this 100 rupees workers right. But people are working daily wages some what is this name? Engineering. So, same people we used for that purpose we cleaned all these channels.  So, recharge we did a scientific study recharge almost all this areas got you know now there is no drought almost the whole Naganadi project area is cleared. So, people they are very happy actually. And action plan we need to have in that like this each and every department. So, in the district should have action plan in case of a disaster what they have to do. And incident response system. So, what collector is who is the incident commander information will go to who operation section planning section logistic section finance and admin in case of an emergency how to act that is there. And important contact numbers collector DRO project officer DRA personnel as all these people information details numbers and list of fire station phone numbers in case of emergency medical team numbers ambulance services selected NGOs all these things we will put it like we have a big big document almost like 200 to 300 page document the disaster. So, it is a complete document. So, one who can refer and we can say like you know these are all the things now we are preparing this sustainable developmental goals for districts. Now, so because our government of Tamil Nadu district disaster management state disaster management plan is over. So, what they said like you know you have to go for a developmental goals for your district now you have to go for detail investigation on. So, next to 20 years what your district is going to do in developmental activities that also we are and that is one thing. So, hazard is over vulnerability is over risk is over mapping everything is over right that part. So, in case of a real event how to handle. So, this called mass casualty incidents mass casualty incidents is a huge number of people involved. So, number of risk viewers will be less compared to the victims. So, for example, if you are here right some 60 people are there right only 2 people are here to rescue then this is a mass casualty right people are not available to rescue only 2 people are to rescue then we call it as a mass casualty incident. So, those kind of events we need to handle. So, for that we need to have a tabletop exercise.  So, they will come and show something right that is drill demo and tabletop exercise across the table we have to sit and plan I will show you a video better I will show you a video for this and functional exercise is like a scripted scenario. So, you need to have a real scenario unless you do this scenario you cannot understand say example what we do we will create a artificial scenario a building collapse in that time how other department people are working like you know. So, what collector should do what the arrow should do what the PWD should do what police should do what fire department should do. So, how much time it will take to reach the place. So, for that you need to do the mock exercise that I will show in video better. Then another one is like you know transferring traditional indigenous in disaster management it is very very important. So, this is the one temple in Japan right. So, this is 1300 years old temple there were around so many earthquakes happened in this area, but none of the earthquakes you know damaged this temple. So, such a way that they constructed the temple earthquake resistant using some wooden bolts. So, you know the technique where they learnt from it is from India the architect who came to India learnt this technique from India he implemented the technique in Japan, but that now this technique is not available in India we forgot. So, our forefathers they are very clever right.  So, those kind of information we are not using right now, but other people they came to India they learnt from India and they just simply implemented that is one thing and this is another one called Babab tree you know Babab tree. Babab tree is very famous for drought monitoring. So, the tree has a very big you know trunk. So, it means it will have a very high holding capacity. If the tree starting drying from the bottom it means the area is undergoing some drought. So, our you know farmers they watch this tree and they say like you know in this area they will say simply this area is going to undergo some drought. So, there is no scientific simply they say like from this tree they can identify and flood warning. So, you know the sparrows nest. So, this will be in the downstairs before 24 hours of you know flood the sparrow will shift its nest they know. So, when the race of water birds know there is going to be a race of water based on the climate they know they will shift the house on the top. It is another way of flood warning and flood protection this is called vaju protection.  So, river generally they have a meandering in geomorphology you might have heard about meandering. So, meandering is one area it will erode another area it will deposit. So, people they identify this erosion area they will plan the tree so that the riverbund will be strengthened so that you do not have a you know flood in that area. And mangroves I told like you know if you have a mangroves it will reduce the velocity of the tsunami water. And this I always put you know wherever I go this is my native place I am from a small village you can see the structure and there is a pond. So, this Senji is very famous for you know flood and drought these two either you love a flood or you love a drought in those days. So, mostly we have a drought our kings are how clever they have this pond they have a structure here this is called granary. So, all this Danium right Dania catungal. So, they store food in that huge food in that it is a very big structure. So, for drought condition what you need food and water they store food you go and see this tank now or even 365 days whatever maybe the drought condition you will have water in this.  So, how nicely drainage management they have done. So, water will be there 365 days if you go at least little water will be there in this tank I was really you know stunt to seeing this. So, same thing you can see the same structure in the top go to the top there is a small pond in case of a war or an emergency this whole area get blocked or a flood situation the king may not come to downstairs they can have fluid and water in the top itself. So, how our forefathers they worked they cleverly and this another area in Senji actually this there is a 4th 1 4th and 2 4 small 4th totally 3 4th will be there. So, now we use technology for optimum site analysis mobile phone technology right you go here there is one small you know structure will be there from that one wall will be there from that hole you can see the structure. Raja can see Rani from one 4 to another 4th it is there still I am not lying you can go and see right it is there Raja can see Rani how cleverly the line of sight alignment they have done it those days and this area is full of weathered rock all rocks are boulders small small boulders you cannot construct any tunnels over that but they constructed a tunnel from Senji to Vellore which is 85 kilometers underground tunnel 85 kilometers what is the technology they have used we are talking so much now but in those days kings how visionary they are and you can see this kind of structure in any temple in Tamil Nadu so they use for incident command system. So, if I am speaking over here it will echoing right here and there go and talk in any temple it will not echo it will be audible to everyone such a way they design the temple for you know wartime any you know big gathering they use temple as a that is why the bengal temples are very big in India right and Tanjavur temple you all very know but I am not going to talk about that so so they diverted this temple they diverted this one this is the original river they diverted the river and constructed the Tanjavur temple no single water goes inside the temple how nicely drainage man no flood if water comes it will go inside but not inside the temple all water is going you know away from the temple and this what and Chidambaram temple Rameshwaram you know Rameshwaram temple it is very famous right thousand cyclones were cross this temple so for none of the cyclones were hit this temple why you know ambassador car why ambassador is very famous all those days all I collectors use only ambassador right accident proof accident proof why accident proof wind proof right so if you see the structure of ambassador will be like this right it will be like this so wind will come it is aerodynamic so it is working on flight technology flight so wind will come it will heat but it won't damage it will you know go like this right so like this all our temple if you see all our aerodynamic it will have a shape like this so wind will come it will heat but it won't damage so how you can see all temples in coastal area in Tamil Nadu particularly all our same kind of structure our temples are withstand you know the coastal you know cyclones that's why our forefathers are very very clever to handle disasters you can see this structure and you know very well Kalanai thousand years old right so this is constructed whatever the liquefaction swine I told about liquefaction this is on a liquefaction sand if you go and put your leg and it will go inside so you don't even have a small crack in the stem you know damn now how our forefathers they constructed so main thing is in disaster like you know we need to apply our traditional and indigenous knowledge that is very very important you know we have technology lot of technology I'm not blaming the technology but little you need to understand the nature so if you understand the nature definitely you'll get a solution so that's what I always this is my personal opinion anyway so I'll just tell and this is our state emergency operation number 1070 and this is our district emergency operation number in Tamil Nadu okay right and thank you and I'll show some small video you can see on Moghudal the other photos shows like before Moghudal we have to explain like each and every department that's what I did it actually in the initial photos all you know government officials police NDRF so I'm the incident commander over here in this event so I'm explaining what I'm going to do so how the activity will go on so each and every one have a role so they have to play the role so we are explaining then after that minister came and with that our that is our collector this NDRF person initially we have to explain everything to the because any Moghudal you know there may be a cause of you know injury or death also during Moghudal also this is happening generally in Delhi and all whenever we conduct people they unknowingly they will come inside like without knowing when buses are running ambulance are running people they may come so to avoid that we have to explain what we are going to do everything because this is informed event some event we don't inform some events we have to inform the people and all this so collector is explaining to our minister in this we are just giving a sound earthquake sound


What's up everyone takedown here welcome back to another video today I'm finally going to be reacting to the official trailer for fast and the furious cross roads Of course if you guys see my last reaction video for this video game I reacted to the official gameplay trailer now. I did not hype that up whatsoever I really was bashing it quite a bit because it didn't show too much of The actual gameplay it showed pretty much the same thing over and over you as One of the characters in certain vehicles Trying to take down and pull off heists, but it didn't show any of the cutscenes or any other options I'm really hoping this trailer shows a little bit more. Let's get right into it That car is not in the gameplay trailer that I watched And it shows more of like an illegal street racing, which is what I wanted the tuner right there looks on point These cutscenes look amazing. So this trailer looks a lot better than the gameplay trailer. I've recently reacted to there's Dom Of course And there's the part where there's from the gameplay trailer. I've seen that they're trying to take down the enemy Think they do heists as well The graphics look amazing for this game not really up par with racing games that I play for the new day Like a new speed and such but graphics are still really good I'm hopeful with the first scene of this that there's gonna be more street racing But as of right now it's showing mainly action Which I'll be on point with and I probably still will purchase the game for that But I really wanted the fast and furious street racing aspects. We could get cars like this part right here Seeing this Brings me hope for the game that there's going to be some racing aspects from the early days of the movie franchise This trailer looks a lot better than the gameplay trailer. I recently reacted to so I gave it a lot of hate in that video This one looks like it's gonna be awesome the official trailer. I wish I just reacted to this one to be honest Nice So this was the official trailer for fast and furious crossroads like I said I reacted to the gameplay trailer before reacting to this one before even watching this one and honestly the gameplay trailer Did not give the game justice whatsoever. It looks like it was all about the action the heist the shooting and The aspect of the current day and age of the fast and furious movies Instead of what I really wanted to have some aspect of which was the illegal street racing from the Early movies from the fast and furious franchise So seeing this clip where they're actually are doing street races and stuff like that in the official trailer It shows it in the gameplay trailer. They did not They really missed the ball on the gameplay trailer if they added that in the gameplay trailer where you can Do the illegal street races? I think it would have been a way better gameplay video Trailer and I think I would have loved it a little bit more I honestly gave it so much hate in the previous video that I reacted to for the gameplay trailer But this trailer here that we just watched Makes it look epic and I honestly can't wait to get it I have high hopes for the game now in the last video when I'm talking about the gameplay trailer I was not giving it high hopes now. It looks like it's something I'm gonna enjoy It has best of both worlds the street racing the story the actual characters from the movie franchise and The action from the new age Fast and furious movies, so I honestly right now think it's gonna be epic I'm of course gonna get it because I'm a huge fast and furious fan and I can't wait to check out this game So thanks for watching comment down below what you think the game and how you think the game is gonna be Do you think it's gonna be awesome? Are you gonna be getting it? Let me know down below and leave this video here Please take care peace


So in this video, I'm going to show you how you can add an active hyperlink to your LinkedIn story So this is great because if you want to encourage viewers to Visit your website, read your blog, perhaps book a ticket to an event Then you can do this by adding a link to your story So there are a couple of considerations So first of all the good news is that if you've got a company page Then it's possible for you to add links to all of your stories It would be nice for everybody to be able to add links to their LinkedIn profiles as well But unfortunately you've got to meet a couple of criteria So first of all you do need to have 5000 or more followers or connections and Secondly you need to have the follow button enabled rather than the connect button enabled On your profile, but if you meet those two criteria Then you can add links on your personal profile as well as your company page So let me take you through the process of how to do this So we're on my Android smartphone and we're on the LinkedIn mobile app It's worth noting that you can only create the LinkedIn stories on the mobile app Whilst you can view stories on desktop and also receive notifications You do need the mobile app to actually publish stories So let's use the NILC company page as an example And what I'm going to do is create a story to promote an e-learning workshop On LinkedIn as it happens, LinkedIn for business it's called And I'm going to add a link to that story So let's click on the icon here at the top And what happens when you do that is that the camera opens And so you can take a photo or you can hold down the shutter button and shoot a video So the other option is to pick up a photo image or video from the gallery And that's what we're going to do So I'm going to just double click this image here But I could also select any video as long as it's less than 20 seconds But for the example, I'm just going to double click this So that has now populated the LinkedIn story composer And you'll see that what's happened is that a link icon has now appeared on the top right So I'm going to click on that And from the clipboard, I'm going to paste in the link to this e-learning course So that is now done So if I want to actually preview that page to make sure that I've got the correct link I can click on the link once again and go to preview link And so there it is already So I'm just going to close that down to take us back to the story And the final step is just to click on share story So that is going to take a few seconds to process And then we're going to click on this again to make sure that it is all published correctly And we will see that the link is in place So let's just click on that now and that pops up And you'll see that we've got the see more option here And the little arrows here pointing upwards Indicating that you can also use a swipe up motion to reach the page Or of course you can click on see more So let's just click on see more And once again it takes us to the desired page So that is how you add a link to a LinkedIn story Thank you for watching And if you'd like to learn more skills by watching short videos Please subscribe to our channel here on YouTube And if you'd like to continue your learning journey with NILC Please visit us at nilc.co.uk See you next time