to another episode of In The Studio. I'm Lynn Weaver, and the topic, our topic today, is the collection, new organic collection program coming to Davis in July and August. And to talk a little more about this so that we understand what it is, is Jennifer Gilbert. She is the conservation coordinator for the town. And welcome. Thank you very much. Thank you so much for being on our show. And I'm looking forward to learning more about this program. Thank you very much. So the way I understand it, this new program will be a city-wide program that has already been tested and will be implemented city-wide. Yes, that's correct. OK, so let's try and attempt to describe how this program is different from the one we have now. For example, now, at least, I know that the branches and the leaves are collected once a week, and then I put out my recycling and my garbage once a week as well. So now we're going to add the organic waste to this collection. So can you tell me a little more how it's going to happen? Sure.  That's right. So once this program starts this summer, single-family homes will be giving a third cart, the organics cart. So that cart, you can place all of your yard material debris from your landscape clippings. And you can put food scraps, food soiled paper, tissues, Kleenex, paper products like paper plates, paper cups, corn cobs, bones, eggshells, all that kind of stuff can go in there. So food, leaves, branches, and paper, all right? So here, we have a picture of this. It's a very attractive picture. So you've already described what these are. So for example, can you talk a little bit about this picture? I'm sure you had something to do with that. Yeah. So this picture is showing the organic waste cart and what can be placed in the organic waste cart, and then what would still be placed in the yard material piles. So the yard material piles that you were describing earlier, they're not going away. Oh, all right. We still have yard material piles just instead of those piles being picked up every single week and material being placed out in the street every single day. Yes. The yard material piles will only be picked up once a month and then every week during the leaf drop season. So mid-October to mid-December, when we have the most leaf fall, every week those piles will still be picked up. But then for the rest of the year, it's just one week out of the year where they're doing pickup. In order to make sure that we don't have yard debris just sitting in the street for weeks and weeks before pickup, the yard material can only be placed out five days before a scheduled pickup. I see. So before we go a little further on this, I'd like to show the new cart. And apparently what differentiates it from the other cart is it has a brown top. Yes. And that's consistent with the rest of the county, too. So countywide in Yolo County, all the organic waste carts have brown lids. Woodland, West Sacramento, unincorporated. So we wanted to make sure that we're similar as the other jurisdictions around us. So brown lid means organic waste. So we can put our brown lid cart somewhere else and it will be picked up. And you can think about the compost is going to be the stuff that's placed in the brown lid cart is going to turn into compost, which is brown, so you kind of have an association with that. A very philosophical association here. So how do I know, as a resident, what do I still put out on the curb, branches, leaves, and everything, and what I can throw into this brown top lid? So anything that can fit into the brown top cart should go into the brown top cart. I mean, anything larger, like a large branch that's not going to fit, you would save that for putting it in the piles on the streets. We want to see all grass clippings and leaves placed in the cart unless the cart's already full. That material can easily be blown by the wind all over the street or down into a storm drain all the time. It is, because people generally leave it out for many days. So the idea of having a time limit five days before the pickup makes a lot of sense. And five days allows that even if you have a pickup, like on a Thursday, you still have the weekend prior to do the yard work at home. So that's why there's five days is so that everybody has a chance to utilize the weekend. Right. And then the recycling bin, the normal recycling paper and covers or whatever. Bottles and cans. Yes, bottles and cans still remains once a week. Once a week. And what about the actual trash? See, that's the fun part, because once this program starts, it is the fun part, because you get to come in. OK, I'm going to convince you. Once this program starts, there's going to be hardly anything that should be going in that cart. The only thing that can go that's not going to be recyclable or compostable is stuff like expanded polystyrene, like styrofoam, or plastic wrap and diapers. Pretty much everything else is either going to be accepted for compost or will be recycled. Even if you think out, if you go to get some takeout food and you've got your cup with its lid and the straw, the cup is going to be compostable, because it's a paper product that's compostable. The lid and the straw are recyclable. The bag is compostable.  So you're going to have less space being taken up. Yes. And then you can get a discount under Garbage Bill. All right. So it is better. It is exciting. It is exciting. And you've explained it very nicely. And I think I'm clear now about what's going to happen, what I should put out, and put in. But now let's talk about the reasons for doing this. Now I understand that at the moment, the landfill, the organic waste, if you like, the food product that we now put in the trash bin, are generally, they generally go into the landfill. And one of the problems with landfills is that organic waste in landfills is that they emanate a lot of methane, which of course is a very bad gas when we talk of climate change. Now I understand now these organic things will be going into a compost, like a gigantic compost pile. So explain to me, and I'm putting you on a spot here, explain to me how it is different. The compost pile, doesn't that also give off all this methane? No, it doesn't. So composting is an aerobic process. So as an aerobic process, it doesn't generate methane gas. Methane gas is produced as a byproduct of anaerobic decomposition, like what would happen in a landfill because there's no air. So in a composting facility, they're injecting lots of air into the piles so that it's aerobic. So there is no methane produced from that system. That's very interesting. So it's much better. And it has been proved, of course, because you've tested this with restaurants in time. Yes, we've been collecting food scraps from restaurants since, I want to say, 11 or 12. We've been doing this for a number of years. And they've been doing a fabulous job. We've been collecting about five tons of food scraps every week from restaurants. Five tons? Five tons, yeah. So we've been testing this for a number of years to work out any bugs, no pun intended, in the system that might be with collecting these. So we know what the issues are. We know how to address them. We've got a lot of data already about how the collection process works. So now we're just ready to roll this out. Well, it seems like you've done all your homework. You've tested it, which is very assuring. I just wanted to show maybe our last picture, which is a diagram. There it is. So this is the new collection types. Could you maybe describe this a little bit? Sure. So the card at the top is the organics carts. And you see there are different types of food scraps. And some of them are dweezed. And the brown lid on that cart, yeah. And you can even see things like takeout containers, milk cartons, chopsticks, pizza boxes that can go into that cart. Yes. Then in the middle is the recycling cart that we have right now, just showing the wide variety of materials that you can place into that recycling cart.   I mean, there's not much left. And rags, maybe. Yeah, something like that. Yeah. And some scraps of wood, I suppose. Compost. Yeah, you can compost. Oh, you can compost wood, of course. Of course. All right. Well, this gives us an idea of what we can look forward to, except that for the current trash bin, it should be tiny. Because otherwise, people will keep throwing a lot of the organic waste to continue to throw. And that brings us to my other question. How are you going to enforce this? So we're still working on a plan, the detailed plan of how we're going to do this. But it's mostly just going to be an educational process. We've already started with a number of community meetings, inviting the public to come and ask questions and learn about it. I'm reaching out to the homeowners associations and meeting with them and doing presentations to their boards and to their members. And I'm glad you mentioned that. Because you have here, you've given me a list of workshops that are coming. And one is on the 16th of February. And by the way, at some point, we can display the web link so that everyone can go and read a little more about this program. So there is a workshop on February 16. It's, say, Tuesday. And it's in the game room of the Veteran Memorial Center. And then there's another one on the 25th of February in the same location. And sorry, I didn't say the date. I'm in the time 6.30 and 6.30. And I'm sure that you'll have other workshops as we go into the spring and July, August. How difficult do you think this is going to be? Will you have a lot of resistance from the town? We will have some. We know that some people are very, very excited about this. And some people are not so excited. This entire program is a compromise. It's a hybrid program between there's a lot of people in town that love the yard waste piles. And they don't want to see those going away. That's right. And then there's another whole section of the population that really does not like them. They don't ever use them. They don't have large yards. And they don't have the need for these piles. So we've got two completely separate groups. And we had to find some meeting in the middle. And that's how we came up with this program. It's a very similar program to what Woodland and Sacramento has. We try to simplify it a little bit and make it Davis-specific. And that's how we got where we are. So is the goal now, assuming everybody is very conscientious and does and dutiful, how the goal is to be 75%, 80%? 75% waste diversion by 2020 is the state's goal and the city's goal, too. Right now we're at 64%. So we're really close. That last little bit is going to be the tough one. And the question comes to mind. What do you do with this compost? It's sent to a composting facility and turned into a soil amendment, which is then sold back to farmers. And we're working out a deal with them. So hoping to get some of the compost back to give to our residents as well. Free? That's the deal. That's the goal. Well, this is wonderful. Thank you so much for coming to talk to us about this new program. And I'm afraid we're out of time. It went very quickly. It was very interesting. So again, thank you so much for your time and for the great job that you do. And thank you all for watching. And if you'd like to watch this program again, you can go to our website at dctv.davismedia.org. And there you can stream this program. We're also on YouTube. So you can see some of the previous programs on YouTube. And on our website, when you're there, you can check out some of our other programs and topics. We have interesting topics and outstanding guests. So from all of us here at Davis Media Access, thank you for watching. And see you next time.


Very good morning to you and thanks for joining us on the run-up. My name is Snyamgul Agadji, and my name is Uche Chuku Onoda It's a wonderful Wednesday morning Somebody asked me yesterday what day of the week it was because they have lost count That's what happens when you overstay in the holiday mood Okay, we also have a bio loa key there by a good morning and welcome to the program I said everybody should continue holy day Everything like the traffic the legos traffic remain as it is now Everything returns back to normal, but the roads should please remain free. Yes, even this morning. Welcome into work I still got here in less than an hour, which is still very great news for me Because I was trying to like experiment if I get up Later and I'm trying to get to the office How much time will I need to get to the office and the roads were still free today even though people? Are back to work, but I'm sure maybe a good percentage It would remain the same until next week maybe by Monday We would have this the real or should I say the natural legos traffic return. Yes Okay, well we're talking about transportation and how free the roads will be We're hoping that when the blue rail or the blue line, whatever name it's been called But these train services really kick off As the government has promised that it is this first quarter of the year that is going to kick off a lot of people will Have every information the need about how that thing is going to be operated I've been seeing a video on what's up Few times, but I never opened it until this morning and that was when I got to know that The blue line is going to be powered by electricity That's what Lamata was telling us that is going to be powered by electricity and it's going to be but like 750 volts now the normal Voltage in the house for domestic use is usually like 250 Where you have your it's heater your iron your everything, but it's like 250, but this one will be powered with about 750 volts that's three times the domestic Voltage that we have that means and according to that video when that thing is an operation Anybody who as much as crosses the line Could die. I Don't know bio. Why do these people keep doing this because as soon as the new that the rail lines will be ready That information would have been going hand-in-hand so that whoever hears about a rail should hear that you are You could die or you will die if you cross the rail line And I'm afraid for the people of Lagos who actually trade on top of the rail lines What can we do? Well, I Think this phenomenon is associated with Developing countries. I remember when I was in India We would find so many people on top of the train. There are always not people on top of the train are inside the train you know Of course not the natural because it also has a natural You know Electricity But the community trains a diesel power trains you always have that phenomenon But specifically to what you mentioned regarding the three line Let us to be powered by the blue and red lines the I've seen the time in the process they want that national theater and the one on Marina beautiful beautiful But then that beauty could become a tragedy But for me if like you said people do not respect the right of way of the train and I agree completely that Between now and when the system eventually starts the legacy government needs to intensify publicity or about the risks You know that will involve Crossing or stain on those lines. I I myself never understand why lines I'm the biggest Biggest I don't have the full Acrony for the matter now, but they have the responsibility to be clean now To to encourage or dissuade people from trading on the rail lines It doesn't even mean sorry. It shouldn't be because the train would be part of the city nobody should be trading It's it's it's unreasonable and it's risky If you go to a gigi for instance, they say an entire market on the rail line because that's what I can say You're crossing over from the other side to where you're going to go to Meron I Bullet bar and the rest of the yeah, but markets as well Yeah, so people are on the rail lines Wherever you go in a cage. I is the same thing. That's where they have a market So to speak on the rail lines and I'm wondering this habit has been there for like forever And it's going to take a lot to get the people off the rail lines because first of all that's where they found the space to trade and What are you going to do to make sure that these people will really leave the rail line? So like you said, it has to be very aggressive. That's what they found space You know that leaves a question in my head Is that place designated to be a market that is another question that needs to be answered because I think it's a Hobby that we have in Nigeria people find space and they just start trading and before, you know It keeps growing and then they name it becomes a market place About trading on a rail track is never even the local locomotive train is even very dangerous They cannot imagine it's an entire system powered by such high voltage of electricity I think there is a lot of awareness that needs to be created and we haven't even started I mean, there are people that don't even know that the blue line is coming in the first place She get and then the fact that it's going to be powered by such high power electricity power is a lot of work on the on the part of the legal state government and The orientation agency what what type of doing? This is your walk What do you see like I think the religious organizations Help me to sensitize Because this is a majority of our people it's what the man tells them So the government and the general Support of the religious clerics to grab broadcast this information to the Okay, because yeah, that's good because like in Lagos for instance Do you know the name of the ballet of your wherever wherever you're staying and that's the chief you would not know There is no community meeting like village meeting that people will go or a town crier that will go around and tell people This is the thing but like bio said going to the churches. I think that's a very very good move But again Like you asked is that place designated for trade? No, it's not but why are those people there the circumstances that led them to? to colonizing that space to speak to make it a Trading complex should also be factored in and question because because now When they leave that place that means they're leaving a place that they've been having some livelihood There should be some kind of provision where they can go back to because like that gig I mentioned if you leave the Raylines, I don't even see any other place the place that is supposed to be like the market itself is Saturated already. So when these people leave where are they going to is there an alternative market a space that people can see The government can say, okay You must leave here But when you leave go to this place and get a space even if you need to pay for it and and do your trading Because families will be affected and this is this are legitimate traders, but in an illegal space So what do we do about them? So from all sides? I think we just need to look at the whole picture I mean what happens when the system that is supposed to designate a proper space for the markets and Give these people. Yeah, where to trade the system sees that they are on illegal space But it's also taxing them. Yes on top of the legal space So how do you now tell somebody that you've been taxing on an illegal space to get up and go somewhere else? These are the issues. Oh well, but we do hope that there will be some kind of solution and When that real line really starts my concern is that we should not have to lose someone before the message sings let whoever is responsible carry this message and You know broadcast it the way they can broadcast we can do only as much as we can but the bulk of the work will Be left in the hands of the agencies that should liaise like But by or said the religious bodies and all that give them the correct information so that when they're relating it They will also know what to say, but it's but we we also talked about Yeah, yeah PDP elections and so many other things that we need to talk about but I think the crux of the matter is how prepared Are the candidates for this year's election that should form or that will form the basis of our discussion today We are going to be concentrating on just four of them And that is the presidential candidate of the People's Democratic Party the presidential candidate of the all-progressive Congress the Labor Party and the new Nigerian People's Party. I'm talking about Boobak Ticqua Boobak Shiawajubola Tinubu Peter Obi and Juan Cueso, okay So any other time we'll discuss about other people but for today we're going to be looking at this for candidates How prepared they are a for the 2023 general elections? and the figure of registered voters for the 2023 general elections has a little above 10 million Differences against the 82 million people registered for the 2019 elections in which only about 28 million turned up to vote but this could be higher this year because of heightened interest in some quarters and Perceived disenchantment among some citizens across the country about beyond this how prepared are the candidates gunning for the plum job Projections from both local and international monitoring groups had it that there might be a Tell me at the end of the ballot next year. It might run into a runoff. Yeah, something like that. Yeah, sounds like runoff Okay, but that also Begs the question how prepared also are the people who are supposed to select from among the people who are Contesting to get the number one job in Nigeria as it stands now I like has come out to say that six point seven million PVC's are yet to be collected So is Nigeria prepared because the difference between the last election and now might be insignificant If the new entrance for instance refused to collect their PVC's and the old people who registered just because maybe they were made to Register failed to collect their PVC's So you need to collect your PVC's because it ends on the 22nd of January By the way, we're being joined by two gentlemen who will be talking to us or discussing with us on these issues We have Ibrahim Abdul Karim the DG OB DATI independent presidential campaign council Good morning, and thanks for joining us. Mr. Abdul Karim We also have a member of the PDP Boris Tatungi Abdul Hamid who has also joined us. Good morning and welcome. I Don't think he's available yet, but hopefully he will be joining us before the end of the conversation Okay, good. So we have just one man to talk with us. Let's begin with you. Mr. Abdul Karim Yes, when we talk about preparedness as especially at this time We talk about how how we your candidates or the candidates have been able to permeate The citizenry go to every nook and cranny of this at a country with your principle, for instance OB Peter OB There is this talk about the fact that he may have a following in the south But he has not been able to make inroads into the north as well as he should so it might affect his Not only campaign, but the election outcome might be affected by his inability to capture the north Is this a true story or what is the real scenario? I think Mr. OB don't have to be pushing himself forward Much more deep into the north and the living is on base If you want to do a campaign who wants to win an election, your base is very important to you Then you know think of why it's going to be a battleground And also decide how you are going to have your input and how you are going to win Election is just like a game But what you have is that we have One of the best candidates in person of Mr. Peter will be an etiquette with him with a Betty Baba made When we are presenting it's a new angel here What we're presenting somebody that is competent somebody has done it before and then people can do it I think entertain as I guess this person is going to be He was going to take responsibility on anything that is going to happen with us. So this in the north It's not about the billboard We have what is called wasn't not in our place when we are doing for mr. Peter will be and We have an up what is called the time of all up Are we based our activities in one hundred and seven six thousand? And we are bringing in people talking to them Best on what is happening in the country everybody knows that some Nigeria has been place We have everything that we need to be one of the biggest country in the world The lack of leadership has brought us where we are today. So in search of this leadership Everyone in Nigeria has come to testify that this is the major problem having to do having a group of Indians that believe That they can work again. And also we have to stop the bleeding So in trying to make the human world into the mouth We have to start with the young people Because in the north You know how a place where you see this elliptus endorsing you anyhow Is the people and the narration we are going to put in the airwaves looking to people in the puppets Also, we call it is just like they are fellows in the in the in the column part of the country And the videos are very important to us because that's where we send the information And the information is just simple From 1999 to today any politicians that I know Will somebody going very close to politics will bring going close to politicians his life has changed Like for example, you can see PE is Anything you can think of their life has changed. There are children maybe are not even storing somewhere outside the country But if you look at the nurses the voter You see that his life is going backward from 1999 to 80 If you know somebody that is poor then it's living in a rented apartment 100,000 that he can afford before Maybe unless he is part of that system that is So what we see is that okay, what is the nature problem that is not giving us what we want And we realize that for us to get the leadership, we have to first unite and criticize citizens Just a moment It's very important for us. So in the north and all the things you are seeing happening in the north today Is the injustice that is causing it from the body tree To the kid mapping to the all the things I love seeing religious fight and all the things we are seeing is the issue of Justice and if you want to move a country forward We have to bring somebody that his many purpose of his individual is to unite the country There's somebody that will just look at you and tell you he uses his time He just want to be on president and that's he says long-time ambition And he will do it even with a Muslim Muslim ticket irrespective of how he wants it to be He just want to and when people ask him We don't have this issue before for example. We don't have the issue of Muslim Muslim as part of our foot lines We have a lot of foot lines in this country But if you bring it on your ticket today, you know add another Variable on top of the already existing variables that break us apart So that's what I say. I always call it a toxic ticket if you want to rule or you want to govern or you want to Push a country forward what you need fast is the unity look at Wanda as a case study When they had serious problem But when they come out the first thing they do is they forgive themselves Because the fault line is to see Ibrahim can you hear me? Okay, so we're looking at we will get to the candidature of your principal that is a conversation We're going to have today. I'm not talking of another edition of this program But for now we're looking at the preparedness and my question is coming from where my co-host stopped he asked about how that you know your your Principal had it's been said that he has not been able to permeate the north Apart from that that there has also been conversations around structure in the Nigerian Palans there has been talks about how that the label party Presently does not hold any political position in Nigeria. The label party does not have Establishment in different parts of the country and and these are questions, you know that beg to be answered Especially for people who are rooting for your principal and your and your party. How do you react to that? And what you have to say about that structure too? Everybody is angry, but what is happening parents are angry workers are angry Farmers are angry It is called protest campaign. What all we are said selling is a new country in the Nigerian You can't do it within the structure that caused the trouble for the country So if he wants to go on the conversation, that's why even us in the independent campaign council We're not we're not so eager in trying to go into Rallys to do to showcase our safe as a PC was PDP rent crowd and do do rallies That's not what we our intention is so we created what is called a hybrid of online offline structure Which happens to be used in Kenya to win for what oh it's used in Malawi and other places in Kenya They even just use what is called a wasp application in each wasp They create a platform for themselves.  Nobody is seeing you but actually you are on ground That's why this is technology. This is the age we are so little people are saying mr Obi is not on ground you go to bouti you go to Sokoto you go to remote place in Brinica B You will see people going door-to-door house to house showing people what label party is all about and telling people This is the party you supposed to go and every pool unit They have a community a community that has sit down what you even don't know about About the OB movement is that we even going to do a mock election a week before the election and test our strength As I talked to you today go to online and download from www.obidete.support You will see the town hall application that town hall application is when you enter Once you register it to take you straight to your poll unit Once you go to your poll unit the first thing you do is that if you see or say a loan That's mean there is nobody that registered on that platform to issue duty now to bring 10 or five people into that Town hall you can move yourself to the world level and see within that world how many of you are there you can move yourself to the To the to the to the local government and see how many of you are Obese supporters obedient at that local government and you can post videos you can do your meetings That's how we monitor them. So on the election day anything that happened we snapped as a Beaver's is snapping and sending we are snapping and sending too We have our agent in one brand since local government not only one we are creating 10 power power We are putting up. We are putting up a structure that it will last in the next hundred years We are not going to leave it. We're just because we are putting a president No, we are put that's why in the big 10 we created this what they call Independent presidential campaign counts the idea is for us at the long run even if he become president It will be like like like a reporting Feedback mechanism for him to know how he's been fairing in trying to deal with the structure in the problems of this country So if we have every person that is reporting from pulling it That's me every contractor that is giving a contract to control the road or to do Electricity issue or whatever he wants to solve or this are feeding program We will come from that program from that application and tell our principal whether that thing is happening It's not happening and also to see how we are going to collaborate with the state and the local government to move this country forward So it's an all you say it's a system That for example the big 10 that we started as a third force is now becoming the first force what people are not understanding is that Last eight months. You don't even know about label party Nobody even knows about anything that is going to happen with label party. Well, look at where we are today Look at the endorsement that are coming look at the number of people look at how other big parties that are they are From 1999 they've been in existence. Look at how they are feeling about what is happening today This is what we are saying. We are not saying that we are we are where we want to be But at least nobody will take it away from obedience that they have done a very very good job in the election of 2022 2023 for example, if not without if not because of Obesity movement and also the other Option party who will not be having the excitement that Nigerians are having today Everybody will just be just doing his thing because he knows how these two other candidate become presidential candidate Some of them with a very very toxic ticket like the Muslim Muslim ticket And you can see how they pay the money to become president and we can see the allegation coming from all quarters of The other platform so Nigerians feel that we need to have somebody among these four candidates Where young people can rally around and create an injury that you believe in an injury they want and then we choose label party We choose mr. Peter will be and here we are today and we are put in a very You don't know you don't know that we're trying to have a conversation here So it'd be nice if you listen to us and we listen to you Because we've been trying to get your attention and you know Don't worry We will come back to you to explain more things you've talked about a lot of technology that has gone into that We do hope that the political climate in Nigeria and that of Kenya can be the same But there are specific questions. We're going to ask you in in a bit But right now we're being joined by barista Tunji Abdul Hamid of the PDP and we're glad to have you join us finally Welcome to the program barista Tunji Thank you for having me it's my pleasure Okay before we hand you over to our colleague bio who is standing by ready to ask a lot of questions But we would just like to know when you talk PDP now everybody remembers the g5 and We don't know how that's going to work because before now a lot of People from your party that we ask questions about what is happening then burglar that's happening in your party They've always said either they'll tell us that the problem will be solved It's a family thing or they will tell us that the people who are involved are insignificant You can't move on without them, but right now we hear that your party is worried I don't know whether you really are worried or not, but The endorsements have come from Edwin clark for instance. They part a banjo for instance the From a president o bj or bus and joe for a different party other than yours And even then we hear that the g5 has had a meeting with the apc presidential candidate What are you really doing to go into this election? 2023 We it's a divided house will be disaster for you What are you doing to make sure that these never happens? Or if these people become the ones that will leave the party you have a plan B. What are you doing? Yeah, I think let me also put it on impression. There's no crisis now in my party. There's no problem in my party We're not worried. We're not disturbed Do as a point as a political party Let me get it clear you Because it might seem like it's a different party we're talking about I'm talking about I'm seeing it I'm talking about go ahead. I said there's no crisis. There's no problem in PDP There's no crisis and it's not worry. The party's not worried. The party's not by a Disturb as you know that we may be distraught in a way because as a party who love everybody to be in our party If I give on the 12,000,000 Yeah, that's wrong 12,000. Yeah, I've been a party will be happy with it So if we have somebody leaving or whatever it will not be happy about that, but at least that that is not disturbing us That is not a good major concern as it is now because If you look at the party we have moved on since Immediately after the primary the the first party to conduct this primary was the PDP The first party to start is to bring out is a program is a PDP The first party to start campaign is a PDP And we have been we have done over 70 percent of or 60 percent of the of the rally And we are doing our work. You see the labor party are struggling to To give us a what they are doing in terms of setting up a platform and this and that because they don't have that structure On grand or edit all this thing is talking about is already in there in PDP over six twenty years ago So what is structure on grand so we don't have a But to build our set to start setting up a new group a new A platform or whatever to see whether or not people will be carried along So as far as I'm concerned though, we are program with a member of the party who are briefed that is g5 We have a that's not that's not limited to PDP alone All party have their own a fair of the crisis even the labor party that's a new party Yeah, it's not crisis the the publicity tree is in there is a problem with it The the the dg campaign was certainly set aside because of the court case And the the new one that that was brought in that initial needs Regarding is a whether is a member of a PDP of a labor party or Ten labor party a pc the same thing there is issue of the together left a pc because of the same ticket The Daniel Buala left so many other people are leaving so and there are other crisis there The only problem we had while the PDP always been Taking this way is because the people involved in other words one of the members of the part of the group They are not they are they are making statement that is not very proper for a leader to be making in that in that In that that's why we're seeing that they are not in in quotes. We do we do respect They are not doing it Responsibly and that's why you are you are thinking there's a problem Much problem in the in the party compared to other parties all other parties have their own fair of the crisis So it's not limited the crisis is limited to only PDP and that crisis of g5 or whatever It's not it's not it's not the barrier. It's not the clock for the party to win the election We wait all without them PDP will win the election and we are doing our best. We are preparing ourselves We are going along ahead with our campaign We are we are working our plans and we are doing everything Doable to ensure that things are done and the party win the On the February 25th And i'm telling you that you may be seeing crisis I'm not seeing crisis the party's not crisis. We're not seeing any issue that can make us do that election Two gentlemen in your hands for now Thank you, young girl. I I actually lost you for a moment, but I hand the last part and and it's been quite interesting listening to Mr. Brian McElcury and the DGO Vidati independent campaign organization As well as by Stan Tungi Abdul Hamid And if I just Just stand with by Stan Tungi because he spoke last There are three words I want you to To tell me which because you used to vote crisis Okay, and that okay. Yes. There's crisis, but it's nothing to be worried about but Is what you have in the PDP a disagreement a conflict or a crisis Because elections that you have rightly upset and just one month And maybe 10 days from now And the optics indicate That this little crisis you have spoken about Does not seem to be going away And if you look at the number of voters and the Influence of governors Almost it has 3.5 million voters Rivers has maybe a little bit less than that But that's a sizable chunk if you consider the fact that your candidate will party against A candidate who is influential in Lagos with 7 million voters and the candidate is influential in Kano Which is next to Lagos so You can see where we are coming from when we think and my colleagues think it's bigger than what you have said Or maybe you can assure your support class It is not bigger. It's not bigger. It's where you are looking at it. And let me collect an impression. I did not say crisis I say we have a disagreement party between Party members I agree party members. So it's not a crisis. It's a disagreement Which we are trying to see out and resolve We are manner one of the parties going about it and make it difficult in a way and to thinking about If because we have issue the g5 governors that will affect our chances of winning election I don't think so if you look at the history of this country look at 2015 when the election was conducted The PDP was in power at that time The the PDP won all the all is all is all is all is what's called the Got major foods in the southeast southwest and the south east and the south south south south Even including reverse states including all your states Yet, we are not able to win the election to become the president The president Today we won in 2019. It did not win in south south. It did not win in southeast It did not win reverse states yet today become is a president So if you are saying because we are losing south south or we are losing south Refasting that that is a crisis for us not to win election. I don't agree with that and if you look at Your state governor wiki is not like he's in such a he's not fully in charge of your state in terms of a Controlling the force in your state. Not at all The governor back in the egg himself cannot sit and say I am sure which even without crisis Without disagreements with the party that I will win the election. I always always 50 50 So it's not it's about as far as I'm concerned The governor wiki is not putting the party in crisis But he's putting himself in crisis. If you listen to a news yesterday Some some stakeholder media circulars in the party came out and say look governor. You are your home We have it at equal. So how is it going to do it? I don't know So as far as I'm concerned the crisis and the problem is for the pdp The problem is for those who are fighting us gonna we can ask candidates who are running under the pdp in reverse states How is he going to do it governor autumn as it as as candidates who are is also contesting election You know In the benefit he has seven local government to control out of those seven local government for so within a user Facinity so how is it going to do it? I was going to win In terms of votes number of votes you may affect our party But in terms of general results, it may not it may not affect anything. Yeah, okay. Thank you very much Thank you very much To to miss a brand map Kind of kareem. Thank you very much also for your your Perspectives Some people argue that for your candidates to be well prepared for this election He must consolidate his home base, which you have alluded to as well by you know when you spoke earlier on But also he must also make major inroads into the middle belt And into the north east Now we don't seem to see that happening and if you look at his home base All these issues with ipog with esn stopping people from going out Not a few people believe this can actually undermine A cohesion of voters given the bloc Votes, you know as a base for your for your candidate. What would be your reaction to to this? Those who make these assassins First, um, we have a first release. Uh, just uh two days or three years. I don't know why your tv station is not here Up upset. They are not going to announce any seat at home during the election And they are not going to announce any big curtain of the election They will want people to go out and vote And um, some of this thing that happened in the bombing they were seeing some of us are even seeing that there is hands of Of course of the other opposition party and other people that are just trying to make sure at least they Deny us having the base that we want and um, we are talking to a lot of people the security agencies are on top of their Work now at least they have apprehended the mastermind of the killings and also They have done a lot of work within the last two months because of what ainec has told them about that if the situation has Not changed then there is going to be problem for the election to conduct to be conducted and similar But as I tell you no matter what you see happening in the south is is just a baby If you compare to what is happening up in the north here, most especially in the northwest We have more than 40 local governments as I talked to you today That election will be very difficult for them to conduct in that place If you know from quara to mina, you know only ribbon. I think that is one I think his name is most about also is a swap asset the person that planted the the attack and the Oh, honey, oh, oh, honey There's the decogisted when the president has went to they said they're looking to see how they are going to kill Mr. President and things like that You see in the op not here There is no family that you can see that it's not affected with this banditry and also this kidnapping issue that is taking place As I talked to you today this morning People have been kidnapped and there's a lot of I know of a town in I think Around those Emma and so that they have taken almost four four hundred every man as ransom because they they they used to what they used to do is that they asked a Local government or a town to pay Ransom for them to do the farming or to do their activity So those come and tell you give you a letter that you're supposed to bring 20 million So people has to put themselves around to see how they are going to arrange 20 million They will come and kill you So this has been happening for almost getting to three years now You understand what do you think if you're thinking that okay It's the business that is so been affected. No, it's the whole country that the skin security is affected So what we are just saying what we are doing in labor party is that we have to tell Nigeria is the truth You understand because the idea of us Both bringing apc in 2015 is just to ask questions about what is happening with Nigeria for the 60 years of pdp That's the idea of people come together and call themselves progressive at that moment And what do you do you think what we are asking before is that we had a national security advisor that said that The Boko Haram Members are in the cabinet of Jonathan that time And then ninjas are so worried when they see him He's this in crash and He died that's as and then a lot of ninjas want to see what is the truth about that So people comes together to see okay, this subsidy issue Who is subsidizing who as far as I said before and all this issue Come to see how we're going to check what has happened and then instead of us to have answers We have no questions So Are you making an inroad do you agree with those who say For your candidate to be well prepared for this election He must win his base He must make an inroad into the middle belt and he must make an inroad into the north east I I agree with all you have said about Social security being nationwide, but what is your candidate doing? You you had a strategy by strategy abdu abduhami, you know told us, you know what they are How they see the election going even if they don't have certain states Okay, we are doing our campaign Every day every blessed day somebody is going into the hinterland and doing campaign showing candidate I have videos because from our mobile app. We are we are we are monitoring all the activities Every blessed day a radio program is being played In kanu in jungles are being played every blessed day We're having programs on radio talking to people how they are going to work away from these two toxic tickets And also for us to get usher us in new Nigeria and also the reason for us to forgive ourselves and create citizens That will pull this nation forward You have to see traction come into that particular passage We have to see what we are trying to do in trying to for example in kaduna last week We do what is called free ride From all the locations in the 2020 vehicle for each location that we want to do and then it's flagged off by the by the commissioner Candidate and we'll also take people and I can show you I can send videos to you Why people have been happy at least helping them to come out from one place to another It's in turn of I made reaching out to those that are undecided because in this election It's not about the pdp guys putting themselves in a In a stadium bringing their members from all the local government Giving money for people to bring people and now we do rallies. That's not what campaign is all about Campaign is going to talk to those people that are undecided which are in the big number That's what we are doing. Everybody's anger. Love. For example, I gave you that almost 40 Local governments are being occupied by band three in the north. We are talking to them Did you see any problem a solution coming to you? That actually is no. I hope the apc guy will be here to see how he's going to Asuadu Gula imitabu with this apc government, but now we're standing. Let's talk about the The pdp all we always tell people is that PDP the major problem Nigeria's are having with PDP is that Atiqui is not supposed to be their candidate. They have a chance to give Nigeria's Not something that will cost trouble to us in years to come for example I know that people if the argument atiqui is doing today is that he is not coming after a muslim northerner Buhari is coming to continue from what where Jonathan stop That's me. He ignored the eight years of what happened to us. So what happened is that maybe if label party for example We don't win and now I become them the major name in 2023 and I'll still look at the Eastern People and tell them don't worry. This is not PDP This is not apc. It's label that is going to bring Ibrahim to come and continue another northerner from Sokoto after after atiqui It's not good for the nation. It's not good. See in candidacy the first thing you're supposed to do If you want to do any candidacy in as a party you supposed to have your caucus That's why you have BOT you sit down and listen to the ears of the people What are the complaints of Nigeria's Nigeria's are bitterly seriously seen a government of Buhari Running in a politics system and also one-sided Thank you, thank you. Thank you, Mr. Abdul Karim. I think you made your point clearly Just to give a quick chance to various that unge Abdul Hamid Is your candidate going to be able to withstand you had but Ibrahim Abdul Karim has said This is something which is a major issue by the way. I sometimes him. They don't say me There are those who have also written quite a lot about that that not only has a large Antiqua Gubaka You saw the rotational ticket of your party or arrangement But also you chairman of your party is and the presidential candidate out from the same place Which is an issue you have with your five governors And it's something which is resonating in the country. You must admit that but what's your reaction to that? I think I disagree with them saying that we're like you have At Antiqua Gubaka also the rotational pattern of the PDP is not correct If you look at the if you look back at our history the last president from the from the from PDP is from the south President for former president So I see, you know, some people are making mistakes. They are looking at PDP as Nigeria In other words, yes, we are because of that influence and that that that that capacity So they are looking at what PDP as Nigeria in other words How can you compare a PC what happened a PC with what happened PDP? Once you PDP determines is on a way by what is happening with a PC The the PDP the APC is only part of the Morab grant Not to give his ticket to any not another game because the current president from is from the north So is a party so PDP The traditional formula did not is where there's no breach of any Any rotational formula in that in that in that regard because like I said the last president from the PDP is from the south And you see the other point he made about regarding Aladji Atiqua Gubaka is saying I think it's not correct. It's not correct that he said he wants to continue something Where he stopped in a way that is not that's not correct. That's a that's a wrong impression He didn't say that at all He has his agenda five five five point agenda and there was nothing like that in that agenda as far as I'm concerned And you see the the the different between PDP and the party is far far far ahead We are we are running on a meter. We are already at 80 80 80 meter to the tape. They are still at 20 meter gaps and that's why they are doing what they are doing now So you can't compare PDP and a little party together. We are not we are not the same a platform They are they are far behind a PDP. They don't have the structure that we have and that's what they are going through All these all these all these threads are going through. So if you say you see the issue of the g5 fighting about injustice It's not correct. Look at it. It is true. Even the level party I'm going to take it up from here. Thank you so much You will get the chance Everybody will get a chance to conclude and give their final words But for now, we need we need to take a quick break We're going for the news and when we return you Barry Statsunji and of course Ibrahim everybody will get a chance to give their final words. We have two gentlemen one from the PDP and the other one from The labor party and we were just to take their final words before we wrap up this show because there was a lot boiling in their heart In their bellies that people would say. So let's just pour them out We have like two minutes for each of them. Let's begin with you The PDP chief tea barista. We're beginning with you because you had the final word Caught from you when you were still talking. So let's just get a final word from you About things happening in your party and about what Nigerians should expect and your chances if you can cram all that into two minutes place Yeah, I was just trying to correct an impression which make a PDP look like A party don't don't respect a fairness or justice. We are talking about fairness or justice The the labor party has no moral right to even say so the chairman of labor party The premier candidate of labor party the dg campaign of labor party They're all from the south and they are compared about PDP that they have the chairman from the south Are from the north and the premier from the federal candidate from the north the governor wiki and co who are also complaining about the Fairness or justice or whatever because the chairman and the premier candidate are from the same place Check what happened in reverse states. Where is the wiki from? Where is They are from the same place the current government candidate of the PDP reverse it At the same state from the from the chairman So all and the the candidates of the PDP reverse it were singularly picked by governor wiki and he talked about fairness and the justice The the autumn who's part of the g5 It was one who added the The the committee the garden sony. He said they should try to open So I'm with the now they now want at the now laws election And when I say that they now talk about g5 because they believe they would they've done they have worked to win that election And the and the the laws and that is that that is the cross of the matter. It's not about justice of fairness So let's people understand that so what I'm saying is that we all without the g5 The PDP has done enough To win this 2023 election and like you article backer is is ahead of all the candidates He has he has he has a capacity. He has the experience. He has knowledge. He has he has The the the the destabilized Nigeria is is well is known across but it's not just starting to put up the the structure as a Labor party and other people are doing now the apc is well known legal state and that the governor chief The pen and candle apc is just is just a local champion legal state He has never been at national level. So he will learn you on the job given the opportunity. So as far as I'm concerned the The what what's my joint day in the in our democracy? They were all part of the work of a larger He FCC was part of it He the the icpc the audience institution to garden in a corrupt fight against corruption He was part of the system. The economy. He was in charge at that time. He brought okunjo wala He brought a the former The later clearly he burst I verify he burst so many of the people who are slaves into the into the system And you are saying it's not qualified. It's not it's not it's not ahead of other people Tell me what and what the other people have done the apc candidates Has never been at national but at national level. They have never worked at national level Detailed the the is the Labor party candidate has done at the is level is to be essay to to the former President janitor and that you can't compare that with the first president for eight years So I think when we talk about the two parties the the the different between PDP and other other parties cannot cannot even be Talked we're not we're apart. There are only two parties. I know PDP and others Okay, uh, I'm glad that you've landed because we're trying to Get your attention to to just give us a moment to do some things, you know still converse with you Okay, maybe we'll have maybe we'll have a little time on our hands We can come back to you, but we need to hear from Mr. Ibrahim Also to talk to us and give us his words Because there's something when you were talking earlier that came up that we must have to unravel For people not to misunderstand, but now let's it be the time for mr. Ibrahim Abdul Karim to talk to us Thank you very much. I think I'm we're not supposed to sit down and just think of Everybody is just a politician in Nigeria When it's your first before we are party members So so nobody can come here and bamboos Nigeria on the issue of party and the party structure about party can do That's not what we're talking about. We are talking about for us to exist as people To unite as people to push ourselves to the need where we want to take we already we already suffered enough Nigeria have seen it bad Everybody is crying We can't go back because let me tell you is the same article you are talking about That move away from ap from from from pdp Join pdp Where we we joined apc with saraki and others and defeated his party So are you talking about somebody being a party person somebody? No, we are beyond that party Whatever you are talking about what we are talking about we are talking about like for example in victims is also a group of professional Nigerians We just believe that we will create the dot force We will get behind somebody that we feel he will unite this country because that's the essence of where he wants to go Let me tell you the presidency of system Why even atiku pick pita hobby in 2019 because he knows he's a good man And all of you celebrated him all of you tell us that he can help atiku to manage the economy That's what you told us in 2019 Then he now he now become nobody he now become he cannot do anything because he's not in your party You do all the things you are telling us in the party go to so koto go to dinik a bit Go and see what pdp people has done to Nigeria to Nigeria is it's the same pdp people that move today Abla aramu that is hitting apc it's not from ap from from pdp Appabio is not from from pdp all these people that we have seen in this comment is not from pdp What we are saying is that it's about Nigeria's where is attraction going to I tell you this But this leadership that you have the apc and pdp ticket are toxic Tickets that are going to give a very very bad presence in the future We are not thinking about today And I'm giving you an example. I said if for example Because your candidate is saying that the last president you have is in ap a is junata So so you are skipping general mama the body So when label party become the greatest party maybe by 2031 and now they now Put me on top and said we don't even have a president So I want to start from the north see Nigeria is a country that have north and south Muslims and christians and we have to let me tell you what is missing in this country for us to get a leader That will manage our diversity. That's just what we need We all have but we don't want leaders that will create more Of the problem. We we just want a leader that will come and say okay. This is yoruba. This is hausa This is muslim. This is christian. But what we have is to build a nation that is going to be envied of everybody in the world We have our people in diaspora people that are very talented very educated We have the raw materials on the ground. We have a very good weather What we need is that we have a fault line a fault line of trouble and religious dissent How will we your presidency? Push that dissent and close that gap. That's what we are asking Why not a party you know nobody can come and tell us rubbish because of party and Little people because of party. We're not going to hear ma'am.  We know the bockelham issue during Well, nobody can gaslight us just think that nothing happened during during during the PDP We know a lot of things happen. Nobody will tell us nothing happen. See our idea in big 10 is that let's keep changing these politicians It got into their head that the powers belongs to people. Let me tell you if we put mr Peter Obi in 2023 and by 2027 we feel he's not united Nigeria We are not progressing. We are not moving forward. We're still rally around another person not in apc Not in label not in PDP so that at least every good man in Nigeria can choose One of the 18 parties if he knows what he's doing not thinking of any structural structure of what structure of corruption That's about structure. We will we would let people to to know that if I kuma if you want to vote vote people Irrespective of you can vote apc label party PDP issue as discretion If they put a good person that knows people you can go to your primaries in kanu for example We know that places send the people that want to send away take some somebody that paid money And now he become your country and then at the end you tell me that this is the person there Mr. Karim Thank you very much. I I even said that We're going to come back to barista tunji, but at time must run up a run out, right? At this time, but we're hoping we'll have another opportunity with you guys Some other time so that we can finish dealing with this I'm hoping that whatever the questions are in the PDP or the labor party that we didn't exhaust them today And we're going to find time to give you guys the opportunity again to talk to us at that time We'll know whether in the PDP. There's a crisis already. There's a misunderstanding In the labor party. We'll know whether there's a there's a structure or there's just a social media presence We will find out all these things but for now we'd like to say thank you gentlemen for coming on the program Thank you So a very passionate and heated session Yeah, I must say barista tunji Abdulhamid of the PDP and Ibrahim Abdul Karim of labor party Well, it's these people put together Well, it has been fire. Is it just me or The PDP I did really not speaking with one voice because we had a conversation with one of them last week And he assured us that the PDP is going to unify and I mean by last week we're selling 2022 He assured us that PDP was going to unify And that they would not move into the election proper without one One complete party family and I mean Barista tunji said a very totally different Things today about how that whether with the g5 or not He believes the PDP has done enough to get them the number one seat in Nigeria And that that kind of strikes a chord and I believe it would strike a chord with a lot of other people who listened to this conversation today Because how do you want to go into a critical situation like The general elections. I mean the presidential seat of a country like Nigeria with a divided house I'm hoping that before that time comes the PDP would be able to heal the wounds Five governors is quite a number. Yes for a party that doesn't have the The power in the center How many governors are there of the PDP that you will still remove five and expect to make a mark in the Ford coming election, like I said the fate of the politicians is more than the monster seat In fact, but one thing that worried me in the course of his talking to us this morning Is that um He he said that Nigerians are looking at PDP as Nigeria, but they are a party So it means that it doesn't matter If in 2020 27 Inordina comes from another party So long as it's not from a labor party or PDP or APC It is all right because that's not Nigeria. So the zoning does not affect the parties They can make their own choices. Okay. So that's that's why if the president is coming from the north PDP can now choose someone from the north because it doesn't matter. They are not the ones that are in power So next time Another maybe AAC will choose someone from the north. It doesn't matter whether the sitting president is from the north So long as you're from a different party For the party that started the whole zoning conversation in the first place I mean you all can do better So it will now even give APC an edge because APC will say okay when we came in we saw that the president Was from the south. So we brought in inordina. Maybe that was not their intention But they will not use it as as something to say. Okay. We we understand the sensitivity of that Office and everything what Nigerians will feel I think PDP should look into that and see how they can talk to Nigerians to convince us But it's not enough to just tell us that we are not APC and we are not Nigeria Who else is Nigeria by the way? Because once you become a president, it doesn't matter the party that you are. Yes They will be looking at you as okay your competency competence. Yes Where are you from? What are some of the things that will make Nigerians have confidence in you and stay united? And you tell us that you're not Niger so you can take any decision We're hoping that you know as we're looking at the preparedness of the candidates The political party is vying for the number one seat in Nigeria We're hoping that we would have other representatives of other parties Just like barista toonji and Ibrahim came today come talk to us about their own Candidates and how prepared they are. I'm hoping that we will not have the case that has been repeating itself of bouson people Avoiding conversations and town halls Maybe you need to come and talk about your candidates. You you might be doing yourself A good service if I'm to use that word. Well, we are in the village square waiting We are going to ask you the relevant questions. Tell us what you plan to do Tell us the things that are worrying us at this moment, but If they do not come well There's nothing we can do but if they do come Nigerians will also have the opportunity to hear them And they also will have the opportunity to win the hearts of Nigerians I do not forget that you still have the opportunity to go ahead and pick up your pvc It is your right to vote. Uh, and I would advise that you clench it And fully, uh, exercise that right. It is very important You still have the opportunity to get your pvcs. Please go ahead and do it the run-up will return But it will be tomorrow at 11 a.m. Until then my name is Uche Chuku Onoda, and I am Nyamgul Agadji. Thanks for being there


All right, so I will give a short introduction to curve-based crypto then I will talk about basically a top-down approach of our implementation, so I'll give some info about our signature and key exchange scheme Then go down to the building blocks, so the Jacobian and the kumar arithmetic Finally some details about the finite field arithmetic And I will conclude by comparing our results to the state-of-the-art implementations So a short executive summary We are basically the first software-only implementation of hyper elliptic curve crypto on microcontrollers In particular the first to do a signature scheme based on kumar services And we show significant improvement both in terms of speeds size and also stack usage compared to other implementations So everything I will be talking about is available on my website, which is displayed here So feel free to download it and have a look Right so For an introduction into curve-based crypto, most of you will have heard about elliptic curve crypto Maybe not so much about hyper elliptic curve crypto. So I will talk about both of them here So basically what we can do is we can classify curves by their genus And in this case we just care about genus one, which is elliptic curve crypto And then genus two in which case we talk about hyper elliptic curve crypto And why do we care about this for crypto purposes? Well, basically the idea is that An elliptic curve gives us a group and namely we can take the points of the elliptic curve And we can define a nice group operation which can then use in cryptographic protocols which rely on groups so Snore signatures or defi how man can be done using groups and the same is true for For Jacobians of hyper elliptic curve. So in this case, we don't take the points of an unhyper elliptic curve But we have to do something a bit more generic but the details are not important that the ideas that we still have a group and With a group that we have basically two operations or one operation, which is addition And a subset of that is like doubling operations And it's very easy to see that we can combine these operations into some sort of scalar multiplication By using some double and as or Montgomery letter kind of technique And using scalar multiplication. We can very easily build defi how man so Yeah, you do one scalar multiplication on one side and one on the other side and you somehow combine it into into a key Moreover for signature schemes We have snore type signatures for easy dsa or at dsa Which basically rely on scalar multiplications, but I also want to emphasize that these rely on generic group additions as well And it will be important for basically my next slide And I also want to say that these operations on Jacobians are generally Not as easy to make fast as the operations on their elliptic curves and also not as easy to make Constant time, which is important for a side channel attacks, of course So since elliptic curves have been studied so much, there's also a lot of research on how to make these things fast And one idea is basically to take the points on the curve and then identify points with their inverses And in practice what that means is that we can represent these points by two finite field elements X and Y And basically we can just drop the Y coordinates and By doing that we lose the group structure Which looks like it could be a problem, but we still have these operations Which are called X double and X adds which kind of salvage the situation because we can still use these operations To create a scalar multiplication routine And that's what we need for Diffie-Hellman. So key exchange is still okay since we still have scalar multiplication On the other hand by losing the group structure, we lose generic additions. So we lose the We lose the ability to do snore type signatures So for example curve 2.519 uses these X only operations to very very fast key exchange But for the adds of the assay signatures, they would move to the adds 2.519 So the twisted Edwards form which is kind of an equivalent curve Right, so why do I talk about all this elliptic curve because it's kind of easy and It's used a lot and the kumar case is really close to that So instead of working with these points we now work with Jacobian elements and we can do the same thing We can identify elements with their inverses and Again, we destroy the group structure, but as same as for elliptic curves We are still left with these X double and X add operations Which allows us to do a scalar multiplication, which again allows us to do key exchange So key exchange on kumar surfaces is kind of easy But again by destroying the group structure. We lose the ability to do signatures using kumar surfaces So summarized We can either use elliptic curves or their or Jacobians and we can do key exchange and signatures Or we can go down to the kumar varieties Which gives us a very fast a much more efficient and easy constant time key exchange, but we lose signatures so it was basically the situation for up until a couple of months ago and Now there's a new result which was presented last week at suck by chung Costello and Smith where they They say, you know, you cannot do signatures on the Jacobian But you can still abuse this fast efficient kumar arithmetic For this And the idea is really that you know, you start with a point on Jacobian and instead of doing all these Jacobian operations You really map down to the kumar You do all your efficient operations there and then you somehow recover to a point on the Jacobian And The point is that the kumar operations are really easy to get time constants and they are the key dependent operations So if we can somehow get this project and recover up and down reasonably efficient, then this will benefit a lot in an implementation So what has been done so far? So on larger platforms. There's some implementations of kumar services So they're doing kumar key exchange So by Bernstein and some others And they got really good results basically. They're only being trumped by the 4q implementation by Costello and longa We use endomorphisms on elliptic curves And for microcontrollers the situation is that there's really not much Hyper elliptic curve based crypto. There's some Implementations which use hardware, but for software only implementations. There's not much there So basically we this leads to two questions First one is how well would kumar based key exchange do on the microcontroller? And that the answer is reasonably predictable There's no reason to believe why they wouldn't do well or as well as on large platforms also because The fields are generally smaller than elliptic curve case. So could maybe even expect them to do much better But the second more interesting question is how do these kumar based signature schemes? Perform so they have really never been implemented anywhere and there's this proposal by to Costello and Smith But it's really not obvious how this translates to a real-world implementation. So that's the main Question that we want to answer here, right? So what did we implement? So this is our signature schemes, and there's a lot of stuff on this slide. I would urge you not to try to read everything This is basically a snore signature. It's very close to the at the SA with some minor modifications So what we need is this public generator a point on the Jacobian And we need some kind of hash functions or our implementation uses shake 128 We need a secret key and a message And we get three functions. So we get a key generation function a signing function and a verification function And the first thing I want to point out is that these elements are really on the Jacobian as I said Without Jacobians, it's hard to do signatures. So these elements really have to be on the Jacobian But the actual work is still done through the kumar So, you know, it looks like this stuff is all going on a Jacobian But underneath we are just all the time mapping down to the kumar and doing the hard work there and then recovering back to the Jacobian And finally by going through the kumar surface we kind of Lose the opportunity to get efficient batch verification And since we already lose batch verification, we may as well do some optimizations in the signature size So this was already proposed by by schnoir So instead of sending over some points, we can send over a hash of the point which has only half the size Which which reduces our signature size from 512 bits to 384 bits Which is quite nice. And also this means that in verification one of our scalars is a bit smaller So we also get some some speed optimizations there And finally, this is not very apparent on the slide, but there's a lot of compression going on of Jacobian points here Which is not really relevant at the moment So the key exchange scheme is much simpler. So for this we can just do stuff on the kumar surface So our generator is just the point on the kumar and we have some secret key Basically, we have two operations, which are actually the same So we can take some points, which is either the public generator and we multiply by the secret in which case we have some key gen Or we can take some public key multiplied by our secret scaler and then we have some kind of exchange function So some kind of key exchange, but there's really nothing more than a simple Tiffy-Humman So What did we actually implement? So we use the Godry Schost's curve Which is a genus 2 hyper elliptic curve. It's defined over a very nice finite field So it's this fq where q is 2 to the power of 127 minus 1, which is a prime Which has a really nice shape So this curve has Jacobian, which you can simply define and it has a kumar surface which can also define by identifying points in their inverses and the point I want to make here is that So I don't want you to read all these operation counts But the idea is that you can very easily just express all these operations in number of operations on the finite field So you can see that it's very straightforward to make all of this constant time Like we have an addition function on the Jacobian, which we need basically only in verification And then we have the projection function, which takes a constant number of operations And there's this x double adds which is basically the function underlying scalar multiplication on the kumar So it's basically doing x double and an x at the same time which you can do So if you do this you you get some efficiency And then there's this recovery function Which goes back to Jacobian from the kumar, which is reasonably expensive But since the kumar operations are so much better than the Jacobian ones. It's it's kind of worth it Right so finally some notes on finite field arithmetic So the first platform we implement our things on is the AVR at mega. So this is family of 8-bit microcontrollers So what is really important is that we need big integer multiplications and squareings So you can represent their elements using 128 bits since their field elements over prime fields 2 to the power 127 minus 1 So here we kind of cheat. So there's this implementation by Hooter and Schwabba Where they use 256 by 256 big integer multiplication and they use Karatsuba So they use three-level Karatsuba and they use multiplication and two-level Karatsuba squaring and by the way Karatsuba works is that it reduces it down to a couple of 256 by 256 reduces down to a couple of 128 by 128 bits multiplications or squareings And since they already highly optimize this there's really no reason not just to use Dare multiplication techniques directly in squaring techniques. So this reduces the level of Karatsuba we do by one So instead we have two-level Karatsuba multiplication and one-level Karatsuba squaring So on top of that we need some kind of reduction since we are working in the field And this prime has a very nice shape again. So we have basically 2 to the power 128 is converted to modular prime So whenever we do a big integer multiplication, we have 128 bits number overflow We can multiply by 2 and add it to the bottom and that's already enough for our reduction So combining this we get field multiplication and squareings So one property of this kumar surface that we are using so the kumar surface of the Godry Shost Curve is that it has a lot of small constants So for some efficiency gain we can define a separate multiplication by constant function So that's 16 by 128 bits Finally we have an inversion which is just an exponentiation based on Euler's theorem Which therefore is also constant time So the second platform is the ARM Cortex M0 So this is basically the idea is the same. It's a 32-bit microcontroller So instead we have four 32-bit words again. We have one bit redundancy, which is Very nice for implementation, which makes additions and subtractions easier to implement And again Not by coincidence. There's another 256 by 256 bits big integer multiplication implementation by by dual and some others Here they use three-level Karatsuba multiplication and squaring. So we lift out their 128 by 128 bits Big integer multiplication and squaring and we are left with two-level Karatsuba multiplication and two-level Cut Shuba squaring and Reduction and multiplication by constant and inversions are done Exactly in the same way Right, so I have quite some time So for results and comparison So on the AVR mega I want to emphasize that I'm really comparing skater multiplications here So all the other implementations have not implemented full scheme So not full the Fihelman or full signatures. They only implement skater multiplication So I want to compare our kumar skater multiplication whenever they use key exchange and our jacobian skater multiplication whenever they use Signatures because that's what you would need for for the scheme So how well did we do well the fastest implementation out there for key exchange was basically implementation by dual et al who implement curve 255 19 Basically we reduced the number of cycles by 32 percent but we also almost have the code size and we have the the stack usage Which is really nice or even the stack uses even much more so almost 80 percent So for signatures, there's the implementation by Venger under Lugauer and Werner Basically there we reduce the number of flow cycles by 71 percent, but we do increase stack usage a bit While the code size is kind of similar And there's one other implementation out there which really implements full signatures So it's by Neschimento Lopez and the hub But it do at the assay signatures using at two five nineteen So there we almost have the number of flow cycles And we also reduce the stack usage compared to them and they do not report code size So we cannot actually compare those So on the other platform the arm critics and zero again only comparing scalar multiplication So for key exchange again do a let's haul have the fastest by a curve to have a 19 implementation Reduce the number of flow cycles with 20 27 percent and we have code size and stack usage so there we are doing much better For signatures, it's again Werner under Lugauer and Werner very reduced the number of flow cycles by 75 percent Although we again increase code size as that usage That was already it so thanks for your attention