In this video, you're going to learn how to use near, near to, and nearby correctly because these are some very common mistakes that I see with my students, even my most advanced students, but I'm going to make this very easy for you. By the end of the video, you'll know how to use these no problem. Of course, I'm Jennifer from jforisenglish.com and this channel is dedicated to helping you sound like a fluent, confident, natural English speaker. Now, before we go any further, make sure you subscribe and hit that bell notification so you're notified every time I post a new lesson. Now, let's dive in with this video. In this video, we're talking about near, near to, and nearby. I'm going to give you a sentence and I want you to tell me which one we need to complete the sentence. The sentence is, I live downtown. So which one do we need to complete the sentence? Do you know? Make sure you put it in the comments. So let's talk about this. First of all, I'm going to make this very easy for you. Right now, I want you to take near to and throw it out. Get rid of it. Exit out of your book. Take it out of your brain.  It doesn't exist. I hear it so often from students though. It's one of the most common mistakes I hear with near is simply adding a preposition to when we don't need it. So remember, near to does not exist. It's never correct.  So that was easy. And now we're left with two choices. So now which one do we need? Near or nearby? I live near downtown. I live nearby downtown. Well, the answer is near. I live near downtown. So let me make this very easy for you. Okay, specific to location. When we're talking about location, if there is a noun, so someone or something after the choice is always near. So that's a really easy way to think about it. Near by is going to be the last word in your sentence. And you're not going to use a noun after nearby. But you are going to use a noun after near. So let's take a look at this sentence. She lives her boss. She lives her boss. So which choice do we need? Near or nearby? Put it in the comments. Which choice? Well, of course, the sentence ends with someone. It ends with a noun. Because of that, we know we have to use near. Near by is not an option in this case. So that's why it's very easy to know which one you need. So in this case, we need near. She lives near her boss. Okay, so now let's take this sentence. And I'm going to get rid of her boss. Okay, she lives. She lives. So now what do I need? Near or nearby? What do you think? Put it in the comments. She lives nearby. We don't have a noun, right? So because of that, we need nearby. Now, what does this mean? She lives nearby. Near by where? Or nearby what? Well, in this case, when you use nearby, it's wherever you are now. So let's say you're walking down the street, okay? And you're with a friend and you're talking about another friend, that's a woman. And you can say, Susie, oh yeah, she lives nearby. Well, it's nearby wherever you are now. So if you're walking down a street, that's the location that she lives nearby. Okay? If you're downtown, then that's the location she lives nearby. If you're in Central Park and you say she lives nearby, in that case, the location is Central Park. So just remember that with nearby, the destination that it's close to in proximity is wherever you are now or whatever you've established based on context. So let me ask you about this next question. What if I said, oh, do you live near? Do you live near? What do you think? Is this correct or incorrect? What do you think? Put it in the comments. This is incorrect. And why? Why is this incorrect? Well, because we're using near. And when you use near, you need to include the somewhere or the someone. So in this case, do you live near? What can we say after this? Do you live near here? If I wanted the location to be wherever we are now, I would say here. Do you live near here? Sounds a little weird, near here, but it's what we would say. Do you live near here? Because I can't just say do you live near. It sounds incomplete. The other person is going to be waiting for you to say where near where. So you could say do you live near here? Do you live near downtown? Do you live near Central Park? Do you live near your boss? You could include anything. And that's kind of the difference because at this point, it doesn't matter where you are now. We could be sitting in a cafe in the suburbs, but I could ask, oh, do you live near downtown? We're nowhere near downtown right now, but our reference point is downtown. So remember our current location and our reference point can be different when you use near. But if I ask you, do you live nearby? What do you think about this? Is this correct or incorrect? Do you live nearby? This is correct because we can end a sentence with nearby. We don't need to include the noun after. So this sentence is correct. Do you live nearby? But remember it's always where you are now or whatever you've established based on the context of the conversation. So I think that difference is really easy to understand when you think of it that way. If you want to include the somewhere or someone, then you need to use near. If you don't want to include it, then you use nearby. And near to is never correct. So you only have the two choices. Pretty easy, right? So now you can permanently fix this common mistake that I hear my students make all the time, even my very advanced students, but this mistake is very noticeable to a native English speaker. But now you can confidently use near and nearby. So before you go, make sure you practice. So leave in the comments, leave two sentences, one with near and one with nearby just to make sure you got it as well. If you found this video helpful, please hit the like button, share it with your friends and of course subscribe. Now before you go, make sure you head on over to my website jforsenglish.com and download your free speaking guide. In this guide, I share six tips on how to speak English fluently and confidently. And until next time, happy studying. All right, now you're sounding way more fluent, way more natural because you're not going to say near to, right? Is never correct. And now you know how to use near and nearby. That's awesome. Before you go, make sure you subscribe so you can keep improving your English and I can't wait to see you in my next video. Bye.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. Today we have with us Professor Satyajit Rat and we are going to discuss some of the drug trials which are on and some of the results which have come and also on some of the vaccine trials. Satyajit, good to have you with us as always. We are going to start with this hydroxychloroquine trial which the WHO has said that they are longer going to use on the one arm of the solidarity trials. What does it mean and why did this happen? So as far as one can make out from information in the public domain, the WHO solidarity trial which is essentially many medical centres from many countries participating with a common protocol in a WHO coordinated set of trials rather than just a hydroxychloroquine trial. So it's really a framework for COVID-19 related trials to be simultaneously held in multiple countries so that one can sort of leapfrog drug and vaccine development. What seems to have happened is that an examination seems to have come up with information that there are possibilities of side effects. Now I'm not actually sure, I haven't seen the information clearly enough to be sure exactly what side effects although given that hydroxychloroquine generates heart-related irregularities and similar side effects, one assumes that it is that. But WHO's trial related advisory group which recommended stopping the arm has apparently said that this is being done not because there is clear difficulty with hydroxychloroquine but simply out of an abundance of caution just to be on the same side. Now there's a twist to this very recently and the twist is how many participant medical centres are based in Australia and from those how many people have been affected in which category of death and severe illness and so on and so forth seems to be somewhat uncertain. So there is a 69 cases versus 73 cases and four centres instead of five centres difficulty going on. Part of the difficulty is also because the data collation and management is being done by a private company and this company, I'm missing the name, not biosphere but some similar name is being politely so far accused of a certain lack of transparency, they in turn are being indignant about this. There seems to be some data weaknesses that's a polite way of putting it and it's not very clear what the numbers have been. So given that the argument would still be that it is still unclear that whether there is any benefit or not. So let's be very clear about this. So far there is one positive finding and one negative finding that nobody will dispute. The positive finding is hydroxychloroquine does have side effects. Nobody is going to dispute this. So it's one thing for people with an illness for which hydroxychloroquine is an appropriate medicine to be taking that and dealing with the risk and the side effects. It's completely a different thing for completely healthy people to be taking hydroxychloroquine, a drug with known side effects and significant ones, as a prophylaxis, as a preventive. So that's what I'm calling the positive finding, that it does have side effects, nobody disputes this. The negative finding is... The Trump should be aware of it by now or he is not really familiar with science so it's all right. It's not clear whether the President of the United States of America is actually taking it or not. That he's saying he's taking it is not evidence. Particularly in his... So let's go further on the hydroxychloroquine. The negative finding about hydroxychloroquine that again everybody will agree with paradoxically is that currently there is no clear cut strong evidence that says that in a clinical situation either as a preventive or as a therapeutic hydroxychloroquine has demonstrated effects in COVID-19. Everybody who is advocating it is not advocating it because they think there is evidence to support it. They are advocating it because they think it's possible that it may have effects. And that seems to me remarkably wishy-washy basis on which national authorities are basing a propagation of hydroxychloroquine either as a therapeutic or as a preventive. So you are talking in this case of the ICMR strongly suggesting that they will go forward with hydroxychloroquine as a medicine in COVID-19 cases. So the most recent information in the public domain that I have seen is that ICMR says that ICMR has its own data and evidence that hydroxychloroquine does offer COVID-19 benefits. Now because that's just a statement in the public domain, we have no idea whether that's as a prophylaxis or as treatment. We have no idea what the numbers are. I find myself unable to comment because we don't know. So if they have it, does transparency demand that it should be in the public domain? Well, particularly when you appeal on the basis of science, not on the basis of belief. But on the other hand, ICMR's advice about hydroxychloroquine then is in the same category as the Ayush ministry's many advisories about many interventions for COVID-19 are both as preventive and as free. And we will politely leave it at that, not go further in the kind of advisories they might have issued. Coming back to the issue of drugs, among the repurposed drugs, earlier also said that antivirals would have some effect provided it's given early. Remdesivir could be a part of that. Some other antivirals are also being used. But apart from that, for instance, other medicines which have recently been talked about like blood thinners because clotting seems to be one of the major problems that people have encountered, particularly those with lung conditions and also pulmonary conditions and also about heart conditions. Do you think that makes some sense? Oh, I'm sure that it is worth trying. Clearly, there is a rationale because in severely ill COVID-19 affected individuals in whom, as we have noted earlier in these conversations, there is an extraordinary and interestingly wide diversity of symptoms and of organs affected, which includes blood clotting related difficulties. So clearly there is a rationale for testing these sorts of, shall we broadly call them supportive therapies in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Again, I have yet to see a formal clinical trial result, but there are an increasing number of anecdotal reports of these kinds of inventions being useful. Again, that's normal practice that hospitals, intensive care centers, especially academically inclined intensive care centers, will systematically plan and look for these, what appear to be small interventions, but that will, if they are even moderately successful, make a lot of difference to patients who are critically sick. So I suspect that at least for some patients, these kinds of interventions are going to be useful. And this would also explain why the oxygenation levels are low, but the patients are not that badly off initially. And could it be that because blood clotting does affect that in the lung is one of the reasons? Yes, I know that's being said. And quite frankly, I haven't quite understood the logic that connects those two pathways. So for me, the happy, hypoxic COVID-19 patient to use sort of hospital speak, that the reduction in oxygenation levels is quite drastic. And yet the patient is not feeling as horribly ill as those levels would lead the doctors to expect. That scenario still remains somewhat of a mystery to me and I would be very interested as in when people working on this field in clinical research begin to find at least indications of what combination of circumstances in the bodies of these patients lead to this outcome. Coming back to the vaccine, the other issue that's of course of great interest to everybody. Do you think that there is any further revelations in terms of results that have come? For instance, we discussed earlier that we have yet to see the modern results. And they have been a lot of criticism later that they were supposed to be 46 or 45 patients, which was supposed to be tested. Why only eight results were declared or 12 results declared? So does it mean that this are the good ones to show and the others were not that controversy doesn't seem to have resulted in any later data releases were modern? Not again, not that I have seen. And for me, it's interesting that there is so much of understandably obsessive focus on what ought to be careful, cautious evaluation. First of the safety and second of the simply the immunogenicity, meaning the ability to generate an immune response, not the ability to protect, mind you, just to generate an immune response. On those phases of human trials, for all of these vaccines, instead, we are now obsessively focusing on every small piece of either data or its absence. And it says something about just how anxious the world is for there to be a vaccine. And countries to actually try and push this things up in the belief that they will control the vaccine market. The US has been sort of driving off Sanofi earlier now as to Zenka as well. So they seem to be going around the world with with money bags and saying, hey, we get the first dibs and we'll give you so many billion dollars and try to buy companies which they didn't succeed. So do you think all of this is also the reason why it gets so hyped up? Apart from the share price in modern it doesn't have any medicine or vaccine in the market. But it's now this share price is somebody I think 30 billion dollars or something, the total market capitalization of modern it's a very, very high. Absolutely. There is no question that the profit motive of major biotech and pharma industry is playing an enormous outsize role in a great deal of the discourse around this. But let me make two points about this. One, we have now come to the point where we begin to look at one individual apparently in the vaccine trial, who has complained that he or she, they would have felt more seriously unwell with the vaccine. And the response of one individual has now become a major talking point. And that says something both about transparency and about the stakes involved. But less, less likely and more seriously. It's also interesting from the point of view of the rest of the world that yesterday's issue of science, I think carries a large opinion piece, a perspective piece, I think it's called. It's authored amongst others by Anthony Fauci and Francis Collins, the former as the official point person of the US government for infectious diseases director of the National Institute of Allergy and infectious diseases. And Francis Collins as the director of the National Institute of Health. They have written a perspective that is somewhat at odds with a completely market oriented approach to vaccine distribution and dissemination. They have now laid out a very tentative and not very long on detail, but at least a kind of initial conversation about public private partnerships and how vaccines will be made available via combinations of public sector and private sector commitments to the poorest of this world. Now, as I said, it's a very long on good intentions and short on detailed piece, but the very fact that senior American academics in the forefront of the anti COVID-19 research effort, who speak for the government in a variety of ways, have now begun to put themselves into situations where the accessibility of vaccines is an issue that they are beginning to discuss. I think these are the early steps that are going to shape the international political economic discourse as we go forward with the emergence of more than one vaccine candidates as moderately successful in terms of how to make these vaccines accessible. You know, it's an interesting issue that Fauci Institute, what you talked about in the NID is a partner in the modern trials, and it has also not issued any statement. It's really kept quiet, even after the modern press release. And modern as market cap is no more than $200 billion. So say $30 billion was insulting to modern. So I apologize for that mistake. Now coming back to the issue that you raised public private partnership. Now the voluntary patent pool was the World Health Assembly's resolution that all countries backed except the United States talked about a voluntary patent pool in which countries with institutions and companies and hand over their vaccines and medicines. And the United States actually gave a note of virtually a note of dissent. It says that this is against intellectual property and which is what drives modern science, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. So it was the only holdout to that. So do you think it shows that the American administration is not in favor of considering it a public good, but would like to use it for the strategic interest. If you deal to me say, yes, sir, you are the greatest God, sir, then we'll give you the vaccine. Otherwise you can line up wherever you want. Do you think that would be where it might end up? Well, certainly the political leadership of the US government appears quite unambiguously of that position. I don't think there's any great doubt about that. Nor, to be honest, is it particularly surprising given given the long track record of the US government in protecting its so-called intellectual property rights of its industry. It's why I'm finding this recent write up interesting because one can interpret it in a variety of ways. One can interpret it as a sort of second string tactic, a plan B to function as a negotiation ploy. One can interpret it as the sheer ethical indignation of these officials as individuals and they are putting a little bit of pressure perhaps on the much more hard-line political leadership. One can interpret it in a variety of ways and that makes it an interesting point of conversation. So as we go forward, we will hear from political leadership in response to this piece. We will hear from other scientific leadership from within that's not as closely aligned to the government nor to Moderna and many of whom have very strongly advocated a completely public good approach to the vaccine and how this part of the progressive community within the US responds, how the US partner governments particularly in Europe respond to this, all of this is going to be interesting. And it's going to be important and consequential because as we go forward into what I have been calling the vaccine wars, the vaccine negotiations going towards the end of this calendar year, these are the initial tactical positionings that will show us the configurations of that struggle. In fact, President Xi and President Macron both have come out openly saying they should be public good and most countries of the European Union have also said so that's already on the record but coming back to the last question I have a few. Satya, you have also been part of the intellectual property rights debate and now you're really talking about patents for remdesivir. Other antivirals which are being tested, we already used them in the AIDS campaigns and they are available because we have the ability as India to supply them to any country in the world and with a compulsory license allowed by the Doha declaration of WTO. So that's already there and in fact we don't need any patent pool for instance if we want to supply those retrovirals but remdesivir will need a compulsory license and so will any Moderna vaccine or a similar vaccine coming out right now. So we also have other countries, not India alone, other countries also have the instrument of compulsory license on which they can rely on. Oh absolutely and as a matter of fact, I would take the position that the COVID-19 pandemic, if the COVID-19 pandemic does not fulfill the section 3D conditions for compulsory licensing, I cannot imagine. That's a different condition, section 84 and section 92 of the Indian Patent Act. So if COVID-19 pandemic situation does not fulfill the condition for just off the cuff compulsory licensing, I cannot imagine what does. So that if we cannot invoke compulsory licensing in a COVID-19 situation then we are essentially making a mockery of the law. Because we are basically saying, we cannot imagine a situation in which we can actually invoke it. Yeah basically surrendering to US multinationals and to the US government which is treated as you know after the use of the next of our compulsory license, we have fallen foul of USTR 301. Of course we have always fallen foul of it for different reasons. But this has been a specific example given on compulsory licensing and you make a very important point that if these provisions don't, we don't know what will. And that's exactly the Doha Declaration which was signed in 2001, if you remember in WTO, which said two things. It said public, it said epidemic, not pandemic. It said epidemic. And it also said health emergency. And if COVID-19 is neither an epidemic or a health emergency, we would be very, very surprised. So that's a clear declaration that exists, an instrument that exists. And from what you discussed with us earlier that it is possible for countries such as India and other countries also to duplicate what's happening once we know something works. Duplicating is much easier. And remdesivir is actually a small molecule. So it's not a one of the biologics which are more complex and more difficult. So it shouldn't be much of a problem to also use it or redevelop it again in India. Certainly, certainly, quite frankly, I'm a little less deeply concerned about drugs such as remdesivir than I am about the vaccines. Because of a concern that I have expressed previously, which is that you refer to just now, which is that antivirals will have a modest effect in treating the severely ill people. This is not to say that they're not important. It's simply to say that that's a more restricted effect. For me, the vaccines and the vaccines in the plural are going to be the major to use a term that Mr. Trump has somewhat trivialized. The true game changers are going to be the vaccines. And therefore it's on the vaccines and their wide accessibility that I think attention needs to be focused. And that's the reason why I have been focused on arguing that all Indian academic efforts at developing vaccine candidates for COVID-19 in India need to be strongly supported. Because whether they succeed all the way or not, they provide clear and present evidence that allows us to argue against the patentability of these vaccines in the first place, since this is widely understood art. And therefore, I think that it is that landscape of struggle that's going to take interesting shape as we go forward. Sir, good Satyajit, what you're pointing out is not only the political struggle, which we can use compulsory licensing, but also the struggle, the scientific struggle or the struggle in the laboratories we have to wage in order to make some of this possible. So one without the other will not work. We come back to the key of the science movement and the health movement, that science and people's health and movements have to work together. Thank you very much Satyajit for being with us. And we hope that as it continues, it's going to go on for quite some time as it looks like, we'll have you with us repeatedly and certainly before we have successfully meted back the COVID-19 pandemic. Thank you very much. This is all the time we have news click today. Do keep watching this click and do also look at our science shows.


In my introduction to day two earlier, I mentioned that today we would focus on the nuts and bolts of how to deliver on the promise of a DevOps platform. Well, I am excited to deliver you exactly that with our next talk. So one of the benefits of a DevOps platform is simplicity. And in our next session, Amina Mansour, from our sponsor Google, will walk you through the details of how to create CD pipelines in GitLab that can deploy to your Anthos clusters without having to worry about many of the typical authentication and connectivity hurdles you might expect. Let's see how it works. Hi, everyone. My name is Amina Mansour and I'm a Solutions Architect at Google Cloud. Today I will be talking to you about deploying to your Anthos clusters anywhere with GitLab and Connect Gateway. I'll start with a brief overview of Anthos for those of you that may not be familiar with it. Then I'll introduce you to Connect Gateway and how it enables you to deploy to your clusters no matter where they are running. I will, of course, end this with a demo of a CD pipeline on GitLab that leverages Connect Gateway to deploy to these clusters. Let's start with what is Anthos? To quote our director of outbound PM, Richard Sirota, Anthos is a managed platform that extends Google Cloud services and engineering practices to your environments so you can modernize apps faster and establish operational consistency across them. Now that's really great, but what does it actually mean? So let's break up the definition into smaller sections. The first one being managed platform. It's a managed platform, meaning Google provides the updates, manages the stack, delivers things such as OS updates, Kubernetes components, and the platform itself is mostly self-operational. The real value of Anthos comes from the fact that it's not just Kubernetes. Yes, Kubernetes is at its core, but it incorporates different Google Cloud services and engineering practices. It's made up of open-source software that we've created like Istio, Knative, Tecton and others, and it also includes some practices like Site Reliability Engineering or SRE, allowing you to do things like create SLOs. We've codified all of these practices into the platform to make it simpler for you. Turning all of that into one platform that you can put wherever you want. You get to choose where you want to run, whether in one environment or multiple, whether on-premises or on other clouds or on GCP, and Anthos is there to support you. Giving you a single experience for your developers and operators, regardless where that is. That really enables you to modernize faster. There is no new stack to learn and no ramp up time on every provider and new environment. You can build better systems and get greater visibility. Really modernization with Anthos and Google Cloud is not just some toolkits, but it's things like technology to help you migrate from VMs to containers or migrate from Cloud Foundry to Kubernetes and Anthos, or even Cloud Code Integration that will help your devs get things done faster. So it's really an active approach and partnership. This would all fall apart if it's a lot more work. Yes, of course, there is some additional work. But if we think that the future is a scale problem, then how do we make sure that this is not a linear scaling of operations investment as well? How do you reduce or manage the operational cost by creating consistency across your fleet? But also, how can you have that consistency when you're running in all of these environments? This is where Anthos really supports you with the services that we will talk about in a second. So we can have this control plane that will allow you to run the platform everywhere and you can manage it consistently while getting your velocity upshipping software. The first thing I want to highlight is deployment options with Anthos. Where can you run your Anthos clusters? As you can see here, of course on Google Cloud, but you can also run Google Kubernetes Engine, or a managed Kubernetes offering on AWS, Azure, and on-premises, both on vSphere and on bare metal servers. You can also attach any Kubernetes-conformant cluster to your Anthos fleet. So think of other Cloud's managed offerings like AWS's AKS or Azure's AKS, as well as OpenShift and Rancher and even DIY Kubernetes clusters. Next, let's look at some of the components of Anthos. This slide is not exhaustive, but it shows us some of the value-add services that Anthos has to offer in areas such as application development, service management, and config and policy management. In particular today, I'll be highlighting the Anthos Connect gateway. So let's briefly talk about some of these services before diving into our topic. Like I mentioned before, Google Kubernetes Engine. If you're running on GCP, it's the same GKE you've been using all along. But now you have the option to run it on other Clouds or on-premise, what? It gives you rich support for workloads, including Windows and mainframe applications. And it provides work class, GPU and TPU integration, as well as a record-breaking 15K node scalability for a single cluster. Next is unified management hub. You get a single pane of GlassView into your clusters, no matter where they're running. You're able to orchestrate and manage the clusters and workloads from one central location. Anthos Config Management is really one of my favorite Anthos products. It's a multi-cluster configuration manager that helps you have consistent policies across your clusters, whether they're on-prem or in the Cloud. It uses a central gate repository to manage access control policies or source quotas, namespaces, basically anything that you can do a cube control apply on. You can add to your repository. It's also declarative and continuous. So once you declare a new desired state, it will continuously check for changes that go against state and do drift management for you as well. And there's no need to rewrite any of your existing Kubernetes configurations to work with Anthos Config Management because you used your YAML or JSON file as is. Anthos Service Mesh is our managed service mesh offering that's based on Istio Open APIs. It gives you a lot of observability and telemetry out of the box. It allows you to do a lot of fine-grained traffic management and it also offers you a simpler approach to security, giving you things like MTLS very easily as well. And then last but not least is cloud operations and operational efficiency with logging, monitoring, and APM and having the same consistent experience for all your clusters no matter where they are. So all this sounds great. I just told you about Anthos, where you can deploy it, so many different options. I'm showing you that slide again now just to remind you how awesome that is. And no matter what clusters you deploy, Anthos can help you to manage them. That's great. So I'm not going to dive any deeper into the details. So what is the problem then? The problem is that using kube control or any client tooling for that matter on these Anthos clusters is annoying. And this is not a problem unique to Anthos. It's just the nature of the different clusters and the different cloud providers and the different networks that those clusters are on.  The first one is you need to know what clusters exist. Remember, you've got clusters running anywhere and everywhere. You need an inventory of those clusters. Next, you need to be able to actually connect to them over a network. These clusters may be on different VPCs and clouds or on different VLANs on prem or in some use case, not even reachable without lots of work. And networking is messy. We see most of our customers leveraging a combination of jump hosts and VPNs to get them onto the same network as the clusters, just so that they can run a simple kube control command. And if that wasn't bad enough, you need a kube config for each one of those clusters. So what ends up happening, if you're lucky enough to have a good platform team, they'll end up curating these kube configs on prem and with Anthos multi-cloud. And across clouds, you'll need to download the respective CLI tools. So for GCP, AWS, Azure, depending on the cloud that you're attempting to attach to Anthos in order to get access to those Kubernetes clusters. And then finally, when you're done with all of that, you may need to authenticate differently with each of these clusters. GKE, you use GCP IAM. On prem, you may use OIDC with Active Directory. And in AWS, there's AWS IAM. Many people end up using Kubernetes service account tokens to authenticate users and automation with their clusters. So this is where the good news come in. And this is where Connect Gateway is here to help. Connect Gateway is a GCP-hosted service that provides a common front door to any Anthos-connected Kubernetes cluster. And on this slide, it says it's in preview, but the great news is very, very soon is going to be GA. Connect Gateway's main goal is to make using kube control and other Kubernetes clients like Client Go with any Anthos-connected cluster easy. This means that users and even automation, so your CI CD pipelines as well, can easily access any Anthos cluster running anywhere. It takes care of four things for you. The first one is organizing, because all Anthos clusters are registered and connected to GCP. You can run a simple command to list all your clusters. You can even attach metadata to them so that you can filter the list and see only the cluster that you care about. You no longer have to think about where you are in relation to the cluster from networking perspective. So it takes care of connectivity as well for you. All you need to do is point your kube control client at GCP and we'll take care of the rest. And we're also reusing the same connection that the cluster makes to GCP that we use for automation in the Cloud Console UI single pane of glass. The other areas it takes care of are authentication and authorization. So remember how each environment had potentially a different way to authenticate? Well, with Connect Gateway, you can just use your GCP IAM identity. We even provide a familiar command to get your credentials. For authorization, there are a few levels of that. But just to note, we do one level of authorization at GCP to validate whether a user can use Connect Gateway. The second layer of authorization is done on the cluster using standard Kubernetes RBAC. And because we're using a common identity with Connect Gateway, you can author authorization policies that apply to any cluster anywhere. And in this case, even in our demo, we're using Anthos Config Management and those RBAC policies. And that's our recommended approach. So you no longer have to think about organization, connectivity, authentication, or authorization. With that brief introduction to Connect Gateway, let's move over to our demo. And before that, I'll just show you what the personas are that we're going to be using in our demos today. So our first persona is Alice, who's an appra-service operator. She'd like to deploy something against the many clusters that are available for her, that are part of the environment she wants to deploy to. And in this case, there needs to be a lot of things that need to happen in order for her to have access to that, whether a Kube Config file or a CLI tool that's missing or a whole list of things that we were just talking about that need to be done. And this is where Charlie comes in. He's our admin who will set up Connect Gateway to make it so much simpler for Alice to accomplish the goals that she has. And in this case, all that Alice has to do from that point on is just get credentials for each one of those clusters and run all the Q control commands she wants to run.  They are all part of the same environment, all connected part of the same mesh with Anthos Service Mesh, and all managed through Anthos Config Management. I'll be deploying the online boutique application. If you're familiar, if you've seen any of Google's demos before, we like to use this application a lot. It's a microservices-based application, and I'm going to be using GitLab CI to deploy it on top of those four clusters that we just looked at. And with that, let's move to our console. So the first thing I want to show you is the fact that we can see all four clusters here. So the two GKE clusters, you can see type is GKE, and the two external clusters, and in this case, they are our EKS clusters. This is, like I mentioned, the Unified Management Hub. Over here you can see any Anthos cluster that is registered to your fleet, and you're able to see the workloads, services and ingress, you're able to manage those workloads, you're able to do a lot more than just see them through this interface here. Okay. So the first thing we're going to do in this demo is actually take on the persona of Charlie, the admin who's going to set up the gateway, and in this case, I have a script that I've created for that so I don't fumble with copying and pasting throughout the demo. It's interactive though, so we'll get to see what it's doing. The first thing that's going to happen is just setting up some environment variables and enabling some APIs to get us set up. And in this case, you see the project ID and the member email. And the member here is the service account for GitLab that we're going to be using to deploy to the four clusters. Then we're going to add some required roles or permissions to the service account. Like I mentioned, there are two layers of authorization, one at the GCP IAM level, which is what we're doing by adding those roles to the service account. And then the other layer is through our back with cluster roles and cluster role bindings on the Kubernetes clusters themselves. Now, instead of going and applying the kubectl apply on the four clusters that I want to apply the configuration on, I'm going to leverage Anthos config management, which like I mentioned, there's a Git repo that I commit some configuration and policy to and then it makes sure to apply it to all the clusters that are registered to it. So let's start with that. We're just going to create a couple of files that have the cluster roles and role bindings. And then once that is completed, we're going to commit those files to the config repo. And then we're going to check that those configurations got applied correctly. Now, if we go to the config repo, we can check the two files that we just committed. I've been permission.yaml and impersonate.yaml. And both of these, like I mentioned, have cluster roles and role bindings necessary for setting up the gateway. We can also go to the Anthos config management screen and see the syncing as it's happening. So these three clusters are synced and one is in progress and will be done soon. Now, next we can actually move on to GitLab, where now I'm going to take on the persona of Alice, who is an app or service operator wanting to deploy to those four clusters. So I'm going to run the pipeline because it's going to take a minute or two. And then I'm going to move on to show you the GitLab CI file. So let's do that. In this case, what I want to highlight is that it's a very simple step from then on. It's so easy now for Alice to do her job that Charlie already did the setup for her. All of the above is just some setup for credentials and authenticating with GCloud and then a couple of steps for cloud operations that are not relevant to this demo. But in this case, I want to highlight one of these steps here. And you see that it's repeated four times for the four clusters. But basically, it's just one command to authenticate and get the credentials. So essentially create a Q config entry for the cluster. And then the next command is a very simple Q control apply of the manifest that I want to apply to the cluster. So let's go back to our pipeline and take a look. I see it's taking a minute to start, but it should be going in Let's just give it a second. Okay. So let's look, it looks like it's already deployed to a couple of the clusters. You see here, it says that a new Q config entry has been created for this cluster and then it deployed and it repeats for each one of our four four clusters as the commands are there. Okay. Let's head back and ensure that we actually did deploy. So going to Kubernetes engine workloads loads. I can check the ASM ingress gateway and in this case, the application sorry, services in ingress. In this case, the application will be available at the IP address for the ingress gateway because of how Anthos service mesh is set up. And here we are online boutique is deployed lots of fun products here to shop from. But essentially all we needed to do as an app or service operator with the cluster was run one command to authenticate and then a second command to just the Qt control command that you would normally run. And with that that concludes my presentation and demo for today. I hope you enjoyed it and a lot more information is available in the documentation so please feel free to go and look at the connect gateway docs in addition to that, like I mentioned it's going to be GA very soon so you can actually use it for your production workloads. Thank you so much.


The study found that there is a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than underweight among university students in Nigeria. Additionally, the study also revealed a double burden of malnutrition and the emergence of non-communicable disease risks with potential lifelong implications on their health and the health care system. This article was authored by Abiyomi Alabeo Joshua Ateneo Akanyemi, Majisla Mornike Auyawassanu, and others.


Last I'd say four to six videos that we've put out Have everything to do with creating online programs Ebooks I Mean I've gone down the list of a lot of different ideas here and before we dig into the video I want to be really clear if Right now we are in April of 2020 Most of the world is shut down Right. It's not just in the US. It's happening everywhere. If you're not using this time to Go online with your business or create a product or Create an online service for your clients Then I don't know what you're doing right and Here's the thing Like this. This is hopefully something that will help you and encourage you most coaches that I'm helping right now have transitioned Everything that they're doing About three to four weeks ago All right, that was back in March early March People who are waiting right now business owners that are are Wanting to write it out I Don't know what to say and if you're following me on this channel, you know that I haven't stopped I haven't stopped creating videos. I haven't stopped working We've ramped up what we've done significantly over the last month okay, and it's Very critical though, but before we dig in To understand that your business is up to you You get to decide where you go and You can either be hesitant Like most people are or you can step up and be a leader and I have to say that before we talk about today's topic because None of this matters like creating an online product. None of that matters unless you like actually just do it All right, I don't I'm not here to fill your head with ideas or Try to get you to chase some bright shiny object. That's not me I'm here to give you like actionable steps that will help you This way you can utilize the time that you do have you can turn off Netflix and you can start to turn on your business brain and Go make money during this time and go add value to Your client's lives and you can start to expand your message all right now today's topic is How to create the best product right and I put the best pride in quotes and I did that because a Lot of people I would say most business owners when they think about creating an online program or An offline program it really doesn't matter They try to make it perfect and because they try to make it perfect They don't end up doing it because your product will never be perfect All right And when we create the best product that means We know when we launch it It's the best version of it right now and we know we can tweak it and make it better and better and better as time goes on And that's been my approach From day one when I first came out with a digital product. This was Only for the kids that I trained. This was over five years ago and I'll tell I'll give you a little bit of background of how I did it and I promise you if you just follow these steps It will work for you, but you have to follow each step all right and I have the steps on here Okay, so very simple the first thing I did is I talked to mr. Jones and mr. Jones I talked to my current clients and If you know anything about me, I have a soccer training company I've had that company for a long time now. We specialize on right now we specialize in group training and we specialize in Mental training and the mental training is all done online the group training is done in person and What I did though is I didn't go create a product Until I talked to my clients and I talked to the parents and I said hey I'm thinking about creating an online program that Johnny can follow from home here's What I feel like it's gonna be included is this something you guys would buy if I create it right and I went to every single client. Here's what I didn't do. I didn't send everyone a text I didn't send everyone a tweet. I didn't tag anyone on on Instagram. I talked to people like a normal human being All right and that took a long time not only did I do that with the parents? I did it with the kids too. I got the kids all excited about it The kids that I train and I said hey, I'm coming out with this thing Like I want to make sure this is something you're gonna go through Will that be something that you can commit to Johnny now? I'm talking to Johnny All right, so now I have the parents on board. I have the kid on board. I have everyone on Board that needs to be on board here all right But before I picked up the video camera to shoot one video I Got people excited All right, I wasn't running Facebook ads. I wasn't running Instagram ads. I was I did not do any of that All right, and I want that to be very clear. I Went to just go talk to The people that I know now. Let's say I didn't have any clients Well, I'm gonna go online at that point build an online following and then start to talk to the online Following and do the same thing. Hey guys, I'm thinking about creating this program. Is this something you want to do?  I wouldn't have spent the time to go make the program All right, I hope that's clear Because a lot of people try to create stuff that people don't want or people aren't aware of or they're not aware that they Need I made sure that mr. And mrs. Jones and Johnny Needed this because I asked them about I told them about I got them excited about it All right Remember there was not one email that was sent. There was not one text that was sent to promote it I talked to people all right And how did I do that? Well?  I didn't even tell them how much it was I but I got the validation then I was like all right cool I'm gonna go create a small outline And a portion of the program Okay, notice how I said that a small outline and portion Of the program And how did I do that? Well? I looked at all right Here's what I do. I'm a technical trainer Here's or some here's some drills That I know players need help with that they can do by themselves They don't need me all they need is a soccer ball and a couple of cones All right And then it was like all right What are the the different topics that I'm gonna focus on here? And I create the outline And then I created a small portion of the program so I created the first week of the program And that program The first week has five videos Okay, so I created five videos those five videos did not take me that long. All right, I did that within um I believe I did those five videos within an hour All right, they're not like three hour training videos All right, they're short. They're to the point And again, I just created one week's worth of videos All right Then I knew okay people have already told me they want it They've already given me the validation. I have the kids excited. I have the parents excited I already have something built So what did I do? Well? I went to create a landing page All right, and if I if I still had that page I would show it to you right now I don't because I've evolved that program a lot over the past multiple multiple years um But all I put was I I had a landing page with a video That Showed me doing a couple of different moves and exercises of the program And there was a button below it said buy now Like I'll tell you that video that I put out was not good I wasn't talking it just showed highlights of the program Like knowing what I know now I could have made it way better But again, I already knew that my clients were going to buy So I wasn't worried about making things perfect. I was like, all right. I need a page There needs to be a quick video. There needs to be a buy button That buy button will take them to a checkout page where they will purchase the program Right So that's what I did And with that once I had that ready what I did Uh back in the day my email system was down that week So I had to individually email every single person A customized email with their kids name And I talked about how this program would help them That was the thing that took me the longest And I sent that to a lot of people because I have a lot of Customers in my database. I have a lot of people who have who had come out of my email list who hadn't bought before I sent it to every single person Right The product was $47 initially. All right, and I told parents The first three days it's $47 then it's going to $97 And I will Never forget how it worked. All right, and this is the first product I ever created. Keep in mind I already got people to tell me before I created it that they want to buy All right And I remember launching that program in the morning It was on a Friday morning I sent my first email To the person that I knew was gonna like it was for sure they're gonna buy Um, I sent that around six o'clock in the morning All right, so six a.m. Is when I started sending emails I stopped sending emails probably around 11 in the morning Right, and I wasn't just copy-paste. I was writing personalized emails Same sort of content, but I was personalizing towards their kid How they would benefit from it now because I took the time to do that I knew personally That you know what? I think this is going to do pretty well I didn't have a lot of expectation, but I knew people some people would buy it, right? And the rest of the day I sat by my computer And I kept clicking refresh on my email And I remember I got my first sale like because I didn't look at my email Uh Like I wasn't checking things. I was just sending out the emails Uh, I got my first sale. I think it was probably 15 minutes after I sent the first email And why well, I told parents. Hey, I'm going to be sending you emails early in the morning on friday I told like I prescripted it All right, and I created urgency. Hey, if you get this in the first three days you get it for half off Right, I didn't just randomly do it. I it was all calculated and By the time I got done writing my emails I believe I already had um I think it was like 20 people had already bought so like 800 dollars all right Actually, no. Yeah, it was it was uh, it was around a thousand dollars That happened once I got done writing emails and What I realized was like wow, this is this is crazy like I can't believe that I can make that many sales And with the work that I did And then by the end of that day Total it was 2400 dollars in sales Okay Now I just told you exactly how I did it Talked to miss jones Talked to the kid I created an outline a small portion of the program I did not create the entire program And what I did is I told everyone in the email before they bought You will have access to week one of the program as soon as you buy All right And here's what I did after everyone after a lot of people paid for it I went to go finish the next week because I bought myself time I gave everyone a week to go through the first week And I went to go finish the second third and fourth week of the program All right and I want you to think If you follow the steps that I just laid out And you do that How could you how could you not succeed With your first program? right And here's the funny thing After I did that I in my head I was like oh, okay. Well now everyone who's by is going to want more products and programs and I stopped doing the formula that I just showed you Right I did not talk to mr. And mr. Jones again about creating a new program So you can imagine the next two products that I created didn't do as well initially Right Then I realized you know what okay I need to go back to that formula tell people what I want to do Tell them how it's going to help them Create an outline like go through the process. I still do the exact same thing though, right years later and After I sold that first product after we did it was a $2,400 day Right I realized you know what I can do this online I've proven to myself if I can make one dollar doing this If I get one person to do it I can get a thousand people to do it And at that time I just didn't know how to get thousand people then I started to Look at YouTube I hired a coach I hired someone who's like one of the best people on the planet All right. I paid him a lot of money. I learned All right I didn't do everything on my own. I invested my money into a coach right Then I figured out YouTube That soccer channel right now it has like 90,000 subscribers All right pumped out a lot of content on there Then I was able to use the same skills to Help a lot of coaches that earn our mastermind Help a lot of people have gone through our ebooks. I've been able to use the this template To do everything right so I'm not hiding anything here. I'm showing you this. This is how you do it This is the smart way of working online because you're getting data from customers or prospects They're telling you how to create the best product They're telling you if they want it people don't if people go outside today and they're Not hungry. They're not going to go get a hot dog right If they're hungry, they're going to go eat a hot dog The hot dog stand has to be there. He probably needs to market himself a little bit He needs to tell people about what he's doing. He needs to tell people about when he's going to be out there right He's not going to go out there if no one's eating out He's not going to waste his time same thing here All right, that's why you have to go talk to people and you have to be good at talking to people And if you're shy if you're if you feel like oh, I'm not good at sales You're not selling anything You're asking them questions You know, would you use this? I'm thinking about creating this thing like be cool about it Thinking about creating this thing Do you think you guys would use this? Cool. Why not? Okay, well, okay Great. Why would you use it? right ask people questions And I can tell you just from experience Of succeeding and failing I've failed a lot when I've put out products because I chose not to use this outline this outline here If you start from absolute scratch even if you have zero clients right now And you build an online following or you start to build clients in person whatever it is This formula here if you stick to that For 12 months is proven to get sales And it doesn't matter to me if you're selling a training program online consulting online If you're selling ice cream. I don't care what you're doing All right, this works Here's why most people don't do it this way though because they don't put their ego To the side. They think I know what everyone wants I'm going to create something that I feel like every single person wants and this is the thing That's going to make the most money because no one's doing it yet Can't think that way. You need to go talk to people All right, and I know I've said that a hundred times already But I'm saying it because it's important and I know if you miss that step You can't succeed online You can't get clients to pay For something that they don't think they need All right, it just makes sense logically.   I don't know how to set up the checkout system I don't know how to deliver the product like where a client's going to log in and View this product What what happens after they finish the product or am I going to sell something else? Like if those are questions you have Reach out to me. I'm here to help And guys, like I know I say this I've said this a couple times over the last week I'm not this youtube guru right I don't care about being popular on youtube. I care about helping you and That's why I'm here why I'm creating these types of videos because I cut through the bs that I know Is online right now? About how to sell stuff how to go online. I'm showing you what what works Obviously, I'm showing you what works for me too right and I built online brands from scratch When I started online saw ourselves calm no one knew about me right When I started this youtube channel started from scratch This youtube channel in the next four to five years will have over a hundred thousand subscribers Why well, that's because I'm going to be really consistent And I follow the pattern that I'm showing you here I ask people what they want what do they want to see on here If it's something I've already experienced I'm going to do it All right So if you need help with any of this stuff if you want to build an online brand you want to start selling digital products You want to start selling consulting any of that Reach out to me my number is two one zero nine six zero five seven seven one text me i'm going to get back to you Like the only way I won't get back to you is if you text me at like three o'clock in the morning Right, I'll get back to you the next morning So that's it guys. Hopefully you can learn and implement here When you do that you'll get results And I know when you get results you're gonna probably want to work with me on a deeper level All right, that's why I created this video. I want you to use this.  Don't wait. All right, that's it guys I'll haul it to you later


So exponential and logarithmic we're going to introduce an entirely new function an entirely new button on your calculator By the way, you want to be thinking about if you haven't if you're whether you're going to buy a graphing calculator or rent one from me You're planning on borrowing one from the school. You need to bring a hundred twenty five dollar deposit check in the next couple of days Or you can purchase one from staples for probably about a hundred and ten bucks. I would borrow one anyways We're going to be introducing an entirely new button on your graphing calculator on your any calculator It's gonna be the log button, but that comes later review exponent laws The parts of a power are listed below. So we call this entire thing a power We call this thing that's at the base of the power at the base. That's a convenient name We call this an exponent and in grade 9 and grade 10 you learn the exponent laws and Believe it or not.  I Have a math degree. I didn't learn anyone. I learned how to apply them in cleverly. I could modify some of these Yeah, let's bring them from now on folks So the first one is the product law The product lot x to the m times x to the n for example Had my way. We'd all leave right now and go to a different classroom Need to find someone who's got a block a prep X to the m times x to the n when you had don't write this down when you had something like this x to the fourth Times x to the fifth. What was the answer? Louder So what do you do with the exponents when you're multiplying in the bases are the same? So we would write this as x to the m plus m Now that you've seen how we're going about this What was the rule when you were dividing exponents and the bases were the same? What did you do with the exponents x to the m minus m? What was the rule when you had a power to a power when you had an exponent on an exponent? Do you remember? Don't you multiply so I'm gonna write that as x to the m and because if I don't write anything that is multiply What about if you had several things in brackets a product being multiplied together What did the exponent do? I'll tell you this one because you all know what you don't quite realize what they're asking for What we wanted you to realize was the exponent would go on to the first term and on to the second term Go on to everything and if there's a third to what as long as there wasn't a plus sign in between them If there was a plus sign then you had to foil with brackets and all that stuff. That's a different entirely different rule Power of a quotient This is also the same idea what we want you to realize is that if you have a fraction all to an exponent That's really the same as Changing mr. Do it That's really the same as the top term to the exponent Divided by the bottom term to the exponent Oh, but we're being fussy the denominator can't be zero why because you can't divide by zero Why I think I showed you my little six divided by two six divided by excellent stick when we did reciprocal Then we have this you did most of this in grade nine, I believe Then we have the integral exponent rule. I think you do this in grade nine, but you do it more in grade 10 What did a negative exponent mean? How could I write this as a positive exponent? One over the X back. Here's how I teach my grade 10s I always tell them that a negative exponent acts like an elevator and causes that term to change levels So this would be Different color mr. Do it one over X to the M you see my rule is more general because if I gave you this I Would say a negative exponent acts like an elevator and it causes it to change levels. It's in the basement Now it's on top. In fact, you're going to hear me frequently say during this lesson Elevator what I'm really saying is move this stuff up and down and then the very last one you learned in grade 10 Is what a fractional exponent means for example, don't write this down, but something like this eight To the two-thirds. I'll give you a hint It involved that symbol suddenly showing up and the eight ended up there It gave you certain roots. Yeah, you remember I'll give you hits either the square root of eight cubed or the cube root of eight squared. Which one say it louder. You're right So Brett said it's the cube root of eight squared which it is now Really kids kind of remember this the real issue is does the two go there or there? Does the three go there or there allow me to show you what my grade 10 teacher taught me all these years ago? She taught me flower power Say what she said when you have that fraction The top is the flower and the bottom is the root of the flower and the root goes to the root and the flower Goes to the power and so she always gave us the little thing called flower power for us to remember What goes where you can use whatever you want to? But you got to keep straight what goes with what so in our generic rule down here This would end up being flower to the power root to the root and then it says or What we want to write here is this to the M What it's saying here Trevor is look If it's easier to do the root first and then do the exponent go ahead If it's easier to do the exponent first and then do the root go ahead the order here doesn't matter Pick whichever makes the math easier It's something that really depends on the numbers that are there those are your exponent rules. That's it Let's use them. This says write each expression without brackets and with positive exponents Here I have two things being multiplied together. I have a one-half and I have a why The one-half is a fraction. Is this a fraction? Yes, it is because it's over. What it's invisible, but it's over what See, here's how I would handle this then I would say to myself self on the top I have a one on the bottom. I have a two and this thing here is a negative exponent put it on the elevator I don't let myself get confused with how do I multiply fractions? I don't need to one term at a time What's on top? What's on the bottom? now There is an order of things that I do and this is mr. Dewey's method. I have not yet seen this in any textbook I tried to suggest this to some math teachers because by the way, I think it's an easy one I can do almost all these in my head. I'm gonna teach you how to do that technically My method violates bed mass technically But it will always work anyways It's one of those times when the order of operations you can do it in the wrong order and still get the same answer and by doing so It's way way easier. So I'm gonna say try my method up here. We have the exponent rules. I always do These two first always I'm always looking for a power to a power. Is there a power to a power? Is there a power to a power? That's my checklist. I always do this next I Always get rid of any negative exponents and put them on the elevator. I cause them to change level By doing that, I end up with something that I can almost always do the rest of it in my head in one step by cheating cleverly so When I go to be I say are there any power to a power are there any brackets with exponents outside of them say no Say no So I did that check though. Now elevator Does the five have a negative exponent on it? Leave it Does the X have a negative exponent on it? elevator I've taken care of the top. Does the Y have a negative exponent on it? Elevator Have I taken care of every term good? I'm done see I See brackets. Are there any exponents outside of the brackets? No, I'm going to do elevator first always and this is where you could argue that I'm starting to violate some bed mass rule But I want to show you why this makes it so much easier what I'm trying to get rid of here Haley is the Negative exponent divided by a negative exponent where you're supposed to go a minus minus and what they I'm gonna ditch that totally watch I'm gonna say I like the four. I like the X cubed. I like the Y. I Like the two X to the fourth ends up down there. I like the Y squared You okay with that Haley? Now here's why that makes life so much easier that one step I will almost always write out and I can now do the rest in my head first of all Final answer numbers by numbers. What's my coefficient going to be? Can you see it? See the eight how many X's on top grand total? Three how many X's on the bottom grand total for how many X's left and where? Did you hear me ever say negative in there and that we Bypass the whole negative exponent at what the heck do I do we said look I know there's gonna be a single X on the bottom How many Y's on top grand total? Three see him see him How many Y's on the bottom grand total trick question? None how many Y's left and where three on the top? That's how I do these I always get rid of negative exponents as soon as I can And then I just say how many on top how many the bottom how many left and where and Trevor it gets rid of the Whole do I do a minus minus here? Do I do what if I have a negative exponent on the bottom? I never will Never will Why not make my life easy?  So why not get rid of that step? Gotta be full disclosure though technically Somewhere along the way if you're paying attention, we violated bed mass. Don't worry about it. It'll always work. Yes To get the X Okay, so we're looking here. How many X's on top grand total there's three of them See him how many X's on the bottom grand total four of them when I cancel how many will be left and where? One left on the bottom Okay, now the see the other way you could have done this as you would have gone Well, these are being multiplied. So I add the exponents. I have an X of negative one What the heck do I do with the X and negative one? Oh, I better put that as a frat I managed to avoid all that and do it in one step, which I think is a better method Trust me D. I don't know how your math 10 teacher taught you but I'm gonna guess that your math 10 teacher might have told you to go Well, these are being divided right here.  First of all, are there brackets with exponents on the outside? No, good elevator Let's change colors. Mr. Do it The 24 I'm happy with the M to the fifth. I'm happy with I do not like that P. I'm gonna put it down there elevator I'm good with the Q to the fourth I'm good with the negative four. Wait a minute. Isn't that an elevator? It's not a negative exponent Ryan That's just a negative number right negative exponent moves levels a negative number stays where it is I'm good with this M to the fourth I'm good with this P squared But this Q of the negative two elevator Move to the top by doing that. I can go to my final simplified answer now in one step ready Ellen Numbers first. I got a 24 on top. I got a negative four on the bottom. What is 24 divided by negative four on top? How many m's on top grand total? Five how many m's on the bottom grand total for how many m's left and where? How many Q's on top grand total six how many Q's on the bottom grand total none How many left and where six on top? Which letter haven't I tackled yet? Have you kept track? Yeah, okay, it's easy to keep track. How many P's on top grand total none How many on the bottom grand total five how many left and where five left on the bottom and That avoids the whole minus minus dividing by a negative what that gets rid of it and that's simplified E is there an exponent outside the brackets in E? Then we do that first and I remind myself as our that it goes on to everything I usually draw those in because it takes all of one second it's going to be Three to the third X to the to the what? six Y to the what? nine I Would accept this They might write three to the third is 27 what's the rule for that honestly? The rule is if you can do it in your head write it as a number if you can't do it in your head don't write it as a number 27 X to the 6th y to the 9th is there an exponent outside the brackets Elevator I'm happy with the 12. It doesn't have a negative exponent. I don't like that be the negative a half I'm going to move it to the denominator I've got a three down here. I'm good with that and I've got a B down here. I'm good with that Numbers first I got a 12 on top. I got a three on the bottom. What's 12 divided by three? Okay, by the way, don't write this down Carly. Just watch what if this question instead? Had the three on top and the 12 on the bottom I'd still have a four But where would it be on the bottom? Okay, so in other words, you're kind of reducing fraction You don't keep stuff in its proper place Jumped suddenly So if I simplify this there's going to be a four How many bees on top? none How many bees on the bottom grand total? One and a half. Can you write that as an improper fraction because one and a half? I don't write this down this Is bad math matters because also you can't tell if that's one and a half or one to the one half power It's really awkward to tell so what is one and a half as an improper fraction? Three over two so you could do that now. I don't know what answer they're looking for We could also because I have a fractional exponent. We could flower power it We could go for all over the root symbol The bee goes there root to the root flower to the power Now technically you don't need to put the two there to mean square root We decided a long time ago as math nerds that because square root is the most common root if you leave it blank We assume it's a square root. We assume there's a two there That's why you never bothered writing a two there, but they're technically is turn the page says find the exact value of the following and verify with a calculator Okay Nine to the negative three flower power One over nine cubed no calculator What's nine to the third? Correct me if I'm wrong, but if you turn back one page to the previous page is the facing page a blank page Or not Yes page what page number is that? Turn to page 90 write this down on page 90 Exponents worth Memorizing this test the log test the first half of it will be non calculator I'm going to expect you to memorize certain exponents Well, I'm fibbing Memorize isn't quite the right word Tyler I'm going to expect you to recognize certain numbers and when you see them you should know hey That's two to something or three to something. Here's what you need to have memorized write these down, please two squared Two cubed To the fourth To the fifth two to the six with no calculator What is two squared? Four what's two cubed don't you dare say six eight? What's two to the fourth? I'll give you a hint. It's this times two sixteen What's two to the fifth? I'll give you a hint. It's this times two thirty two Two to the six to sixty four What do I mean by you need to have these memory memorized? Mitsu when you see a 32 you better right away say I know that's two to some power and Then I can figure it out two four eight sixteen thirty two sixty four a hundred twenty eight hundred two six five hundred and twelve one thousand twenty four two thousand forty eight four thousand ninety six eight thousand one hundred ninety two sixteen I can keep going if I need to They're a bit more familiar to you guys because they're also computer numbers because computers are all powers of two You may have noticed that any RAM chip is actually a power of two You need to know this Three squared three cubed three to the fourth three to fifth. What is three squared nine? What is three cubed? 27 what's three to the fourth? I'll give you a hint It's actually three squared squared. It's nine times nine What it is 81 in your head multiply 81 times three to get three to the fifth And we all get two hundred and forty three don't we? Eight times three is twenty four one times three is three twenty four three You need to know this Four squared four cubed and sort of four to the fourth it pops up once in a while Four squared is sixteen Four cubed we all know is sixty four Four to the fourth is sixty four times four You need to know this and for the rest of them really all you need to know are the squareds and the cubed So we're gonna fill up the rest up to ten five squared 25 five cubed it's 25 times five boys and girls 125 you need to know six squared and six cubed Six squared is 36. What's six cubed? Well, it's gonna be 36 times six 216 and again Brienne when I say you need to know what I'm really saying is from now on for the rest of the year when you see the number 216 right away you should be thinking hey, that's an exponent of something and I'll give you a hint if they end in six They're almost always an exponent of six except for 16, but every power of six ends in the six Don't believe me play with your calculator. You need to know seven squared and seven cube Seven squared 49 seven cubed Look up. It's not 49 times 7 if you're doing it in your head It's 50 times 7 minus 7 because 50 is a much nicer number to do math with. What's 50 times 7? 350 minus 7 because it's really 49 times 7 343 I Get 243 and 343 mixed up You know why because they both had in 43 And they're both from prime exponents and I can't fly anyways I've just given you a way though it if you ever need to find 7 to the third. It's 49. No 50 times 7 minus 7 You need to know 8 squared we know 64 Also happens to be 2 to the 6th power Also happens to be 4 to the third power 8 cubed 64 times 3 I'll be honest this one you don't really need to know because I don't have it here This is one of the ones that when I see it I recognize it and I go that's 8 to some power So somebody on your calculator was a what is 8 to the third power? 512 that's right 512 Which is also a power of 2? Why is anything that has an 8 in it a power of 2 as well because 8 and you need to know 9 squared. Oh, mr. Duke. You've been alternating colors. Why not continue 9 squared and 9 cubed 9 squared is 81 9 cubed which brings us to the question that we were just doing I think by the way 9 cubed is Look up 80 times 9 plus 1 more 9. What would 80 times 9 be? 720 plus 1 more 9 again It's worth memorizing them.  Look at these up So it will probably take care of itself back to the notes So I'm guessing mr. Duke. This is one over 729 why yes it is flower power The what root of what to the power of what? the fourth root of 81 To the third I said to you the order that you do this doesn't matter You could go 81 cube first and then take the fourth root of that Do you know 81 cubed in your head then you know what let's do the fourth root first What's the fourth root of 81? Some number to the fourth power equals 81 Give you a hint turn back a page 81 appears twice in one of those columns it appears next to something to the fourth power, huh? This is actually the same as three to the third. Oh and three to the third. I know is don't say nine See 25 to the zero What's anything to the zero one? Why I have a lovely explanation, but another time D. You know what I'm gonna do first in D Elevator this is one over 16 to the one half Now This is flower power, but this is a shortcut. That's just worth remembering one half as an exponent is a very special route What is one half as an exponent? What route is one half as an exponent? Yeah, this is one over the square root of 16. I'm we're gonna write this in our notes This is one over the square root of 16 But if you jumped straight to the final answer of one over four without writing this intermediate step I'd be happier There are two exponents that are fractions that are worth memorizing a one half power Which is square root and what was a one third power a one over three power? Cube root. We're gonna use those pretty interchangeably. Whatever we want skip this Do this Here is where my method that I've showed you Will start to make you a wee bit happier. You'll say oh Derek you should publish this I Tried bringing it up at a math meeting but because it technically violates bad math. They refused Okay So I'll just continue to do exponents. I hadn't get all the right answers with less work What was the first thing that I said we look for is there an exponent outside the brackets? Yes, there is that exponents gonna go on Everything it's gonna be Four to the negative three x to the negative three y to the positive six The next thing I told you to do was elevator always get rid of negative exponents This four is gonna move to the bottom this x to the third is gonna move to the bottom This y to the six is done is four to the third one of the ones that I told you to memorize Then I'd expect you to actually not write four to the third. What is four to the third power? I would probably if I gave you this as a multiple choice This is what I would have is the answer and this is what I would prefer you to write B. Ah, don't panic First thing you'll look for are there brackets with exponents outside the brackets? Yeah, take care of those first negative a b to the negative six All over b to the negative one a to the eight Right power to a power rule Sorry, yeah, I'm right I missed a fifth I missed a five Let's try that it there. Don't forget your exponents Now what elevator Is this a negative exponent? No It's a negative number. In fact, what number is sitting right there? It's invisible Yeah, I'm going to just treat that as a negative one kicking around, but I'm not going to write it I'm just going to remember it. I'll drop the negative down I'm okay with that a to the fifth because it's not a negative exponent b moves down there What about this b here elevator moves to the top What about this a stays And now we can go to our final answer. First of all numbers. What number is on top sitting there a negative one? What's on the bottom a one what's negative one divided by one? There's going to be a negative kicking around How many a's on top grand total? Brett how many a's on top grand total? How many on the bottom grand total? How many left and where? See, I'm trying to avoid the whole having to go five take away eight get an a the negative three and then freak out because It's like we don't need to There's three left on the bottom. How many b's on top? How many on the bottom? How many left and where Eric? Can I leave my answer like this? No What now do I need to put on top because there's nothing there? Now I have to put the one in but I waited until I had to I was kind of hoping the letter would end up there. You can see ryan. What do we do? We're avoiding negative exponents. I get rid of them here and I never bring them back Don't need to see Is there an exponent outside the brackets? Yes. Oh, it's a fraction So that exponent's going to go on to everything on the top and everything on the bottom It's going to go here here here and here I'm going to get this Three to the negative two x to the negative six All over four to the negative two y to the positive four now what Elevator Does this stay or does this change levels? And do you mind can I write it as a nine right away because I'm pretty sure that's what it's going to become Does this stay or does it change levels? Does this stay or does it change levels and I'm going to write it as a 16 on the top if that's okay Why do the fourth stays where it is? Is there any simplifying I can do? Does 16 over 9 reduce? No. Are there any x's on top or y's on top? Oh, this is done One line of work D I see two big brackets. Is there an exponent outside any one of them? Then let's rewrite the one with no bracket. I'm just going to say okay Let's rewrite this bad boy here. This is a negative an eight an x to the eight a y to the fifth A 25 an x squared a y And this is going to be This two is going to go on to everything so it's going to be a 25 or the 25 come from Five squared it's going to be an x to the sixth a y to the 18th all over What's a negative squared Gone because that's really a negative one in front of the four. I treated it separately So a negative squared is going to be gone a four squared 16 x squared y To the tenth and we're going to go right to the final answer in one fell swoop Really? Yeah. Hey look closely. How many 25s on top grand total? One how many 25s on the bottom grand total How many left and where Right, I just saved myself a bunch of math because I noticed that Can you do that mr. Do it? This is all being multiplied now So this is one big fraction on top and one big fraction on the bottom. Heck yeah Let's do numbers So the total numbers that I have on the top is what oh first of all how many negatives on top grand total One how many negatives on the bottom grand total? Is my answer going to be negative or positive? Oh, don't use red mr. Do it back to blue Let's do the numbers the top numbers simplify to an eight See it the bottom numbers simplify to uh 16 See it What is eight over 16 and lowest terms? By the way, do you think if there'd been like a three here like other numbers? Could you have handled figuring out what the top number was just by multiplying it in your head and what the bottom number was? Yeah Now you're ready How many x's on top grand total see him 14 see him How many x's on the bottom grand total? Four how many left and where how many y's on top grand total 23 Yes How many y's on the bottom 11? How many left and where? Think about that. We did that in one line. It's not that I think my method works pretty good I don't know why they don't teach it that way. Yes Isn't what y 12 Isn't what y 12? I don't know. Let me see how many y's to the uh 23 11. I think 12 Ellen you get a candy later I can't do math. I'm so bragging about doing all the math in my head. Apparently it was the grade one math that tripped me out subtracting Turn the page. I think turn the page or did I miss a question? No Okay The last skill by the way, I don't know what happened when I sent this printed this it looks like It chopped off the edges, but it didn't chop off the questions. I'll fix this another time Today's notes. It doesn't look like the the page number seemed to have got chopped off, but you know where we are Says changing the base What was the base of the exponent? I think the base of the exponent was the number that was in the base of the down here One of the skills we're going to pick up this unit if you want to be able to take one base and write it as a different base And that's also why I had you write all those exponents on the previous page all those powers It's easier to show you than to try and explain how we're going to do it. It says this Convert each of the following to the base indicated write that as base three. What this is saying is this Instead of a nine to the two x I would like a three here. How can I write a nine as a three? Is that still nine to the two x? Except now I have power to a power See it If I simplify it Not three to the four x. I have just rewritten the base nine as a base three Believe it or not That's actually going to be useful. We're going to be able to solve certain equations that we were unable to solve before b 125 to the two minus x rewrite that as base five okay The exponent is two minus x but instead of 125 right there I want a five to a five to what? I heard three and I heard four which one It's five to the third now what oh Power to a power and I guess it's going to be three times that and three times that I think my final answer is going to be five to the six minus three x Apparently five to the six minus three x is the same as 125 to the two minus x c Eight times 16 to the x power to base two by the way You can't go eight times 16 and get cell eight times 16 is uh 200 no you can't 128 sorry, but you still can't Why because that would be violating bed mass that's got an exponent on it This one doesn't get to the exponents first instead I'm going to write this as a two And the two to the x How can I write an eight as a two? Too cute How can I write a 16 as a two? I'll give you a hint two To the fourth Now I can take this and simplify a little bit further. I have power to a power yes So I can write this as two to the third Times two to the four x I can do one more thing though. What's the base in the first bracket? What's the base in the second bracket? Are you saying my bases are the same and I'm multiplying? What do I do with exponents when my bases are the same and I'm multiplying? Ah This is actually two to the three plus four x Apparently that's the same as eight times 16 to the x. This is kind of fun. Mr. Do it again. I It's not really mr. Okay D this To base two Okay, it's gonna be a three x Now I didn't tell you to memorize this one everybody put your pencils down Everybody get your fingers out Close your fingers ready with me two some four eight 16 32 double it Double it 120 double it 256 double it 512 is two to what power This is why I didn't have you remember the twos are the most common ones and technically you should know the first nine You know what if you can just double things and most of you can you can get there two to the ninth Really that's going to be one over Two to the 27x But we're not done. This is not base two Technically you could argue and I would agree with you Caitlyn. This is base a half Because the two is on the bottom It would be wonderful if there was some type of operation that caused it to change levels like an elevator as it were How could I get the two to the top? Introduce a negative exponent This is the same as Two to the negative 27x because I would have elevated it to get it down there. There that's a base two Not a base one half the last one Probably the toughest one, but nearly cool. What do they want me to write this as base? What? Two over three They want me to write it as the base of a fraction Which probably means they gave me a fraction in the brackets. Did they? Can I write the 16 as a two? Can I write the 81 as a three? That's not so bad In fact I'm going to argue this first of all. I would probably write the x plus five because I feel better. It's no longer blank 16 Is two to the what? 81 is two to the what? This is or is three to the what? Four did you say the same exponent for both of them? See, I think I can write this two-thirds to the fourth is that not 16 Over 81 and they did that on purpose They wanted to make sure I had the same exponent for the top and bottom because otherwise How could I possibly write it as a two-thirds if I had different exponents this wouldn't simplify properly? Joel do I have a power to a power now outside the brackets? Do I have an exponent and inside the brackets? Do I have an exponent? Say yes So I'm going to go like this No, no, and I'm going to get two-thirds all to the power of 4x plus 20 by the way, you know what the most common mistake here instead of writing 20 would a kid's right? They put a five because they're in such a rush. Yes, I'll have that as an answer to pick from on the multiple choice In fact, I'll put that as a the first answer you spot Check your math So there is a review of exponent loss with mr. Dux handy dandy shortcut for never having to deal with stupid negative exponents Because I don't think you really need to And a quick review of not review quick brand new of changing the base of objects. What's your homework? um I'm gonna go one a one b one d one e ab the Two is good Okay, we're with me now like I seem like I've lost some of you already stay with me I'm skipping three.  I'm calling them out Number five. We're on number five. So you should have turned the page by or be on the next number five I think I like Well, let's see. We got easier ones and nastier ones. You know what? I'll go five a c e and f six all eight Oh, wow, and I gotta gotta do 10 Fractions and negatives and brackets. Oh my yeah, look with it It'll be fine. It's not as bad as you think


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