us, but there were times where we played with some of my friends Which I think really helped ease him back into my social circle When the school year ended, he started coming to our town a lot to hang out with us Sometimes we all go to the city and hang out at his house Unfortunately, the road between my town and his city is mostly just one long stretch of road So we can't really meet halfway However, he's here a couple of times every week and in our group chat So we all talk constantly My friends are now his friends too I mentioned above that I wanted to update around mid-June The reason for that is because that's when I finally told Ryan about my posts I had given myself a deadline of the first week of July But before that happened, we got into a silly argument About something stupid and didn't talk to each other for two days I know that's not a long time, but we went from talking every day We basically had a non-stop text conversation To complete radio silence On the third day, he sent me a message asking, are we still brothers? Which just really made me realize how dumb our fight was And it wasn't worth staying mad over, especially when The argument had nothing to do with either of us personally We'd never really acknowledged each other as brothers out loud before he said that I realized then that I couldn't keep meeting up with him, laughing, and joking with him When I knew my unkind words about him were out there on the internet And there was a chance, however small, that he might stumble upon them someday So one day, I went over to his house while our dad was at work I had put all of my posts on a flash drive Because I didn't want him to read the harsh comments about him I told him the truth that the only thing I removed was one line If you followed my original posts, you probably know what I'm referring to That I felt should stay between me and our dad I know that may disappoint some of you As a few people said I should be completely honest and not edit the posts But I really feel like that would be volunteering hurtful information for no reason And I'm sure it's something my dad would never want Ryan to know I was terrified that I was about to ruin everything we'd built up to that point I let him know it was all in the past and I didn't feel that way anymore I was in a bad place emotionally at the time I promised him my last two posts were after we talked, and much more positive He asked if he could read those ones, so he read those posts by himself While I was panic texting a few friends in the next room He came back and handed me the flash drive He did, thank me for being honest and for the nice things I said about him being genuine in his remorse But he said he'd rather leave the rest in the past He reminded me he said a lot of bad things to me and had made up lies about me to other people He'd already admitted this a while back He did make me swear that I wasn't acting or just being his friend for our dad's sake Which I did swear to because I do genuinely consider him a friend now He swore the same, and after that, we just ended up watching a movie Until our dad came home We've been back to normal ever since I did ask if he was okay with me posting an update here And he jokingly said it was only okay as long as I lied and told you guys that he now Spends all his free time volunteering at homeless shelters But in all seriousness, he's doing a lot better At the beginning of the year, I never thought that I would say it, but he's my brother I claim him, and he claims me as such I even have a nickname for him I've recently started calling him Rai-Fai because he's a huge techie slash gamer guy He says it's a stupid name, but he also told our friends that only I'm allowed to call him That when they tried to make it a group thing I think he secretly likes it I think the best indication of showing how far we've come in the last few months Is that we can call each other names like asshole or say freaky to each other Knowing it's just jokes Dad That man has the patience of a saint So we had our talk shortly after my last post I somehow gathered up the strength to be honest with him About everything I went through from January to mid-March I did make him promise not to punish Ryan and to keep it all between us Which he did After hearing everything I had to say, he understood why I walked away when I did I told him about my fears that he would decide I'm too much of a headache and just drop me from his life He actually seemed really hurt that I felt that way He assured me roughly 26 times that our relationship is forever And there's nothing I could ever say or do that would make him stop loving me Since then, things are mostly good I hate to admit it, but for some reason, I'm holding on to some anger I'm not really sure why, but sometimes I get irritated at him over the dumbest, smallest things These are things he shouldn't feel guilty or bad about, and yet I still get mad at him And he's so ridiculously patient with me when, realistically, no one could blame him if he Told me to just get over it or stop making a big deal out of nothing He just lets me berate him and then calmly tries to talk to me To find out what I'm really mad about And I never have an answer for him because I just don't know It got to the point where recently, my mom had to sit me down and tell me that I have to know I'm being incredibly unfair to my dad when I get mad at him over little things that she knows I don't really care about I honestly don't deserve a dad like him It's weird because I've grown up seeing all my friends' dads as the tough love, man up, classic dad So that's what I expected him to be once I really got to know him But my dad is almost like two different people When he's out in public or at work, he's very assertive, but at the same time, he's still charismatic And friendly I've noticed that he's the kind of person that people seem to gravitate towards He's not afraid to speak up and call people out on their BS However, with me, Ryan, and my mom, he's a lot more patient and understanding He never yells, and he always listens when me or Ryan are mad at him about something Even if he has to be firm that his answer is still ultimately not what we want to hear I honestly thought he was putting on an act for me and my mom because it kind of blows my mind how patient he can be with us But it's been long enough that I now know that that's just who he is when it comes to the people he cares about It just makes me feel worse when I get mad at him over stupid stuff I recently decided to see Ryan's old therapist Ryan sold me on the idea Because he told me it helped him figure out the cause of his anger and how to get past it So I'm hoping she can work some magic and fix whatever is wrong with my brain So I won't be a venerchanitzel to my dad Other than those moments, which really aren't that often, my dad and I are great We see each other a lot now that Summer is here He's here every week Sometimes, we do things with Ryan, sometimes with Ryan and my mom, but a good amount of the time it's just me and him He took me on a weekend trip just the two of us recently, which I think really helped us bond even though nothing big happened The only bad thing about us getting closer is I can't play harmless pranks on him anymore I used to be able to mess with him a lot in the beginning of Summer One time, I went over to my dad's house for dinner and he made lobster and crab cakes So I pretended like I was allergic to shellfish and couldn't eat anything he made I actually thought he knew I was lying because he said he had asked my mom about food allergies months ago Which I didn't know and she never mentioned shellfish Luckily, he didn't catch on I did tell him the truth shortly after because he started looking in his cupboards to make something else So I started to feel bad Another night, I texted my mom that my dad fed me cereal and she called him right away because she was pissed Thinking that he made me drive an hour just to eat cereal for dinner My dad was so confused because he had actually made a whole Italian meal And they both ended up laughing and jokingly grounding me when they realized I was messing with them There were a few more pranks I played but my dad knows when I'm lying now So I can't get away with it anymore As a whole, things are good between us and I see him and Ryan a lot more My dad owns his own law firm with his business partner so he can leave work or choose to work from home almost whenever he wants He's made the drive to my town at least two times a week, usually more So we see each other a lot more than I was expecting But it is summer, so I imagine it'll slow down once school starts again My mom continues to be the best I actually think the biggest adjustment out of all of us has been hers In really starting to understand she's not my only parent anymore It's been just me and my mom for so long and now with my dad added in things are a bit different For the fourth of july weekend. I went to josh's cousin's house for the night We were just gonna do fireworks and hang out. It was just a small group of us But josh's cousin is 21 and has his own house with his girlfriend So he would be the oldest one there When me and my mom were talking about it. My dad asked her you're not really letting him go Are you he was confused as if that was completely unacceptable Now that was an awkward moment Me, josh, and ryan noped right out of there to let them talk My mom has known josh's family for years So she knows his cousin and his cousin's girlfriend are people she can trust to let us stay the night at their place And nothing bad will happen My dad, on the other hand, does not know them and he thought it was crazy to let me go somewhere Where the chaperones are two 21 year olds We don't really need chaperones, but I can understand where he was coming from It's really weird for both me and my mom that there's now someone else involved in making decisions about my life My dad has eased our financial situation significantly Just to be clear, I'm not saying he showed up and pulled us out of poverty or anything My mom and I were doing fine. I didn't have to get a job when I turned 16 I did that because I wanted to make my own money and pay for my own car So my mom didn't have to my dad, however, insisted on paying off the rest of my car and has since taken over my insurance payments And it's not just the financial help. He's always there when I want to talk Like I said above, he's patient and understanding even when I'm acting like a dumbass My mom says he's earned the right to have a say in things and that his opinion holds some weight I agree I can't just accept his money and love and not let him be an actual dad I won't lie I was actually really annoyed that it went from a done deal to me possibly not being able to go if my Parents didn't agree on it But I can tell it means something to my dad to be able to have a say in things I don't know how to put it into words exactly, but I can just tell he was satisfied Not because he's controlling, but he's mentioned a few times that he hates that he didn't get to be a part of my childhood I think him having a say in what I'm allowed to do makes him feel more like a parent to me if that makes sense I don't know. Maybe I'm just overthinking it. I tend to do that Thankfully, they agreed to still let me go on the condition that I had to answer any FaceTime calls And if I missed a call and didn't call back in 10 minutes, I was grounded Basically, my dad was worried that I was going to be talked into drinking or smoking. I didn't Know when there did by josh's cousin and the cousins gf My mom only called me once, but my dad FaceTime me six times throughout the night It was a bit much, but he had his reasons for being concerned There was also one moment where my mom was a bit upset about my growing relationship with my dad I had asked my dad for advice about a girl that I wanted to ask out I never told my mom about her but my dad did, which made her a little sad that she didn't hear about it for me I explained to her that there's just some things that I feel more comfortable talking to my dad about it I wanted my dad's advice because he is a complete gentleman I've seen him treat every woman he talks to with nothing but respect I've never heard him say a single bad thing about his ex-wife He treats my mom like he's been in love with her all his life I guess I should also mention that my parents have been dating for about a month now While I was initially afraid of all the drama that would bring, it's thankfully been an unissue They handled it completely right in my opinion I've known my dad has had a crush on my mom since his birthday party in February I didn't ask, but I believe my mom started developing feelings for him in May after his mother's day gift to her They sat me and Ryan down last month and told us that they had feelings for each other and wanted to see where it would go But they promised they wouldn't pursue it if both of us weren't on board This was only five days after I came clean about my online post to Ryan So they didn't know it, but I was panicking thinking that it was horrible timing They told us to take a few days to think about it and talk to each other about it They didn't bring it up again until we were ready to talk about it Ryan and I did discuss it I told him the truth that it didn't bother me But I let him know that I would completely understand if he wasn't comfortable And if he didn't want them to date we could just tell them that we both were against it So he didn't have to feel the weight of being the one to say no He wasn't sure how he felt at the time, so he took a couple days to think about it He told me our dad talked to him at home and said he can be honest if it was too much My mom had basically the same talk with me at our house After that, Ryan told me that he likes my mom and he would rather our dad be with her than some random lady who tries too hard like his last girlfriend Thankfully my parents don't make a show of their relationship They pretty much just go on date nights and in front of us they keep it tame with simple hugs and kisses to greet and see each other off It's definitely weird seeing my parents kiss But my dad treats my mom a lot better than any of her other boyfriends have and they both make each other happy Ryan and I have begun to joke with them about their relationship So we're just starting to get out of the awkward phase and into it just being our new normal Last but certainly not least Josh has been busy this summer He's working for his dad and playing in a soccer league Usually at least one of our friends will be at his games to support him But there have been a couple of times where no one in our friend group could go Once my mom and dad went with Josh's mom and the other time ryan and our dad went which I thought was really cool of them Ryan and josh talked the first time that ryan hung out with us in person It wasn't a big moment at all ryan just apologized for what he said at our grandparents house Josh said he knows ryan wasn't aware of his grandpa's death and apologized to ryan for trying to mangle his face We all laughed at that and that was it. We've all been cool since then Josh and my friends did have some issues when I would hang out with ryan Sometimes ryan and I would hang out one on one while my friends did their own thing They would say that we could all just hang out But I think it's important that ryan and I hang out by ourselves every once in a while Some of my friends said I was choosing ryan over them, which isn't the case I see my friends almost every day Ryan lives an hour away, so I see him a few times a week And I don't think it's unreasonable that every once in a while we hang out just the two of us Josh and I got into an argument a couple of months ago when ryan first started coming here He got pissed one day when he asked if we could hang out And I told him I couldn't because I was going to the city to have lunch with my dad and ryan And then I had to work that night He accused me of changing and replacing my mom and friends with my dad and ryan It came out of nowhere and it was really unlike josh to get so annoyed over something so small I'm not sure if I'm allowed to write what happened next on reddit But that night josh did something really dumb and reckless After that he ended up calling my dad to pick him up because he was in the city And my dad was the closest adult he knew My dad had to call josh's parents to come to get him It was a whole thing I found out the next day that he was having problems at home with his parents And he just found out his girlfriend, ex-girlfriend now, was cheating on him He was just having a terrible day and said he felt like he had no one to talk to When he found out I couldn't be there to talk to him, he took his anger out on me I felt horrible because he's always there for me when I need to vent Especially when I had endless problems with ryan Josh is the kind of person that won't tell you something is wrong or that he needs help Unless you're looking at him in the face and he can't hide his emotions I should have known something was up when he asked me to bail on my lunch plans with my dad and brother I would have if I had known what was going on and he knows that Either way, it all worked out and he did apologize for what he said to me I don't hold it against him because I know he didn't mean it And he's not someone who acts like that at all normally He and ryan are also good and no other arguments have been brought up since then Weirdly enough, that situation caused my dad and josh's dad to become friends And now they do business together too It's strange how quickly and how much ryan and my dad have become incorporated into my life now I don't mind it, but it's crazy how much different my life is now compared to seven and a half months ago Not only that, but how much just two people can switch up the dynamics of several relationships Aside from that, josh is doing just fine There's not really much to tell other than he's keeping himself busy this summer As for me, I'm taking a creative writing course with my friend jimmy All of your comments about my writing made me curious about trying my hand at actual writing The course has been really fun, and I feel like I've learned a lot I've got two weeks left in it I've tried writing fiction stuff, but it's really hard When I'm writing about stuff going on in my own life, I just word vomit and don't shut up But, trying to create a story from scratch is difficult I feel like I have a lot of good ideas, but I sort of finish the story in my head and never get it written down on paper I might not be cut out for writing Also, I know a lot of people were wondering about my grandparents Me, my dad, and Ryan went to visit them a couple of weeks ago It went significantly better than the last visit Now that Ryan and I get along, there were no fights or arguments We all had a great time, and my grandpa told me he was so happy to see me and Ryan getting along now At one point, my grandparents asked about college, and I told them a few of the universities I was considering applying to They told me to apply for any scholarships I want, but that they would take care of the rest I'm still in disbelief I knew this family was well off, but I didn't know they were put together a four-year college tuition fund and a year and a half kind of well off I got emotional because I couldn't believe that level of kindness These people owe me nothing I haven't done anything for them I offered to come clean their house and yard on weekends if I go to the university I'm considering that's 30 minutes away from their home They just laughed and told me they would love if I came to visit when I can, but I didn't have to pay them back They said it was just making up for all the Christmas and birthday gifts They didn't get me They are incredibly generous, and I'm extremely grateful and lucky to have them as my grandparents I guess that's all there is to tell for right now I hope you guys have all been having a great summer You can't even imagine how happy I am to be able to give nothing but good news in this post All the turmoil from the beginning of the year seems to be becoming more and more of a distant memory every day Thanks for listening to my story Take care of yourselves and the ones you love One year from that fateful day, I can write you the following A man walked into my workplace I thought he was strange and honestly a bit of a weirdo by the way he presented himself It was just nerves I had no clue who he was, but he knew that he was my father It wasn't until several months later that I learned that after he left my work He drove back home an hour away and had dinner with his son, my half-brother Ryan After Ryan left to his mother's house for the weekend, my father returned to my town and told my mother that he couldn't stay away and wait for the right time, as he'd agreed with her earlier that day I got off work at 9 p.m and went home to find them in the middle of an argument that ended in my father admitting who he was to me, and my mother confirming that he was telling the truth That was the catalyst for what has to be the longest, strangest year of my life If someone had asked me, where do you see yourself in a year? On any day before December 18th of last year, I never could have guessed correctly I have two parents again My mom is dating someone who makes her truly happy I have a blood brother Despite a very rough start, he and I are pretty good friends now Of course, not everything in life goes smoothly I gained a new set of grandparents They've been nothing but warm and welcoming to me from the moment they learned about me While I did meet my daddy a year ago today, that night didn't end well Instead of sitting down and hearing what my mom had to say, I panicked I left to stay the night at my best friend's house, and after he fell asleep, I ended up panic posting on Reddit I didn't get much of a response at the time To be fair, it was around 11 o'clock at night where I am The few responses I did get were helpful It was a relief to get to vent and receive advice from people with an unbiased perspective I got lucky back then What could have been an awful curveball and my life ended up being one of the best things to ever happen to me Though it did take some time to get to the good part My dad and I have had ups and downs in forming a relationship with each other over the past year It hasn't been easy There's been a steep learning curve I've had to learn that he's not an infallible storybook hero He's just a man who tries his best but still messes up sometimes He's had to learn that I'm not Ryan and parenting is not one size fits all Ryan and I are very different people, and our dad has had to adjust the way he talks to and treats me over time Therapy helps It's embarrassing to say now, but a year ago, I thought that therapy was only for people who were either depressed or mentally ill It's not I like the therapist I talk to She helped me figure out some things about myself and what I want in my life and relationships My dad and I had a couple of sessions together that were difficult but ultimately necessary I think those sessions really helped us see eye to eye on some things and say things We'd both been holding back for fear of hurting one another It's still a work in progress. I think it'll take a lot more time Maybe even years for us to get to a place where we're fully comfortable and secure with each other That's okay with me in the beginning. I was worried that I would mess things up I thought that I had to be a certain kind of person for him to love and accept me If I made a mistake, he would leave. That's not the case He like my mom needs no other reason to love me than the simple fact that I'm his child Unconditional love is incredible I don't want to bore you all with another 4 000 word post so I'm keeping this one short I just wanted to take a few minutes to reflect on the past year I didn't think my dad would remember what today was but of course being the sentimental person that he is He remembered He took me out to lunch at my favorite restaurant in the city It was a relatively normal lunch But he did mention that it's been a year since we first met and we talked about it for a few minutes He said he's incredibly grateful that we managed to beat some ridiculous odds to find each other And that he can't imagine his life without me in it now We also took a picture together to add to the photo album I gifted him for christmas last year It's been getting filled with photos and mementos from the past year It really means a lot to me that he has kept it and updated it throughout the year like I hoped he would Other than that, we just made plans to watch it's a wonderful life again this year on christmas Which will be at his house this year That's all I really have to say Thanks again if you're still here checking in and reading updates Even though they're mostly boring and uneventful since ryan and I started over last spring I hope those of you who celebrated have a fantastic christmas and I'm wishing everyone a happy new year And not that anyone asked but I absolutely gave ryan crap about last new year's eve No way.  I'm so glad you two are forming your own We love our movies Get ryan involved too I really hope you all have a lovely christmas He's more than welcome, but I highly doubt he'll sit through it's a wonderful life I think just the fact that it's black and white will be enough for him to sit there on his phone the whole time If not just go play games in his game room. Hope you have a great christmas as well That brings us to the end of calib story Something new I tried on this channel, so I'm checking the comments every chance I get to see what you think of it I hope you enjoyed this story as it went up and down more than an actual roller coaster And maybe we even learned that when a curveball enters your life, it might be chaos at first But a gift in the end Thank you for staying till the actual end. You're the one I make these episodes for you're awesome Don't forget to ask the like button to borrow their tesla for a test run But before you give it back turn their language settings to chinese See you in the next one


Why I decided to take a TEFL course Over the last month and a half, I have been completing a TEFL course. I am currently working as an assistant language teacher at a Japanese high school. Overall, I have found the experience to be very useful. The following reasons are why a TEFL course should be completed. Firstly, you gain a better understanding of how English grammar works. Secondly, from my perspective, it has reinforced and improved my current teaching strategies and practices. Thirdly, it gives teachers a structural theoretical framework to create lessons.  For these reasons, it is important to complete a TEFL course. English grammar From my experience probably the most important thing I will take from the TEFL course is a newfound understanding of how English functions and its grammar rules. Being a native speaker of English I, for the majority of the time, do not need to think about how to create language as it comes naturally to me. The most basic example of this is making verbs past tense. For instance, when turning a regular verb like work or sleep into the past tense all you need to do is add add work becomes worked while sleep becomes slept. Conversely, irregular verbs like go or swim have their own specific past tense word that you have to memorize. There is no specific rule. Go changes to went and swim changes to swam. This is just one example of the grammar rules that I was not aware existed before completing my TEFL course. There are many more examples of grammar that I learned and this is why you should complete a TEFL course. Developing new skills Because I have currently been teaching for one year and a half there have been some things that I have already learned by myself. A positive of completing a TEFL course has meant that I have been able to reinforce or gain a deeper understanding of some things that I was already aware of. For example, I currently teach at a high school in Japan. Although many teachers find it hard to get some students to be active and engage in class, particular in Japan schools this is one of the main issue teachers face. When I first started teaching, I would often find it difficult to get students to volunteer to actively communicate during class. After some time though I quickly learned some tricks to get the students to be more active. Some of the strategies I employ are using pair work, lots of controlled practice, role playing and little prizes for students who contribute. Some of these are described as good strategies in the TEFL course I just completed. It was nice to have this reinforced to me. Designing lesson plans Being given a framework for structuring lessons and corresponding activities is also a good reason to complete a TEFL course. The lesson planning framework this TEFL course advance is the Activate Study Engage Framework. Broadly speaking, in the Activate stage the teacher is meant to start getting the students thinking in English. In the study phase, the teacher introduces a new language point and gets the students to study them. While in the Activate phase the teachers focus on building fluency. During this time students are often given more flexibility to experiment and communicate with the language they already know or have just studied. Before doing the TEFL course, I already loosely structured my lessons around this framework. Now, however, I have a concrete framework and theory to base my lessons around, which I do not have before. Getting Teaching Ideas Furthermore, the TEFL course also gave me activities and lesson plans ideas to help teach certain language points for each of the engage, study, activate phases. For example, if you want to teach the third person present simple, the TEFL course advices to play engage activities like find someone who or questionnaires. This is one of the things I will find most helpful leading forward and will constantly refer back to my notes and TEFL course materials moving forward. Are you ready for your TEFL course? Ultimately, the TEFL course was a positive experience. I learned many things about teaching English as a foreign language. My reasons for completing a TEFL course were, firstly, you gain a better understanding of how English grammar works. Secondly, from my perspective, it has reinforced my current teaching practices. Thirdly, it gives a structural theoretical framework to create lessons.  Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us tollfree at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


Welcome back to Drinks Made Easy because cocktails don't have to be difficult, much like this recipe. During the colder months, a Kentucky Mold Sider can be an awesome and super easy cocktail to make in small amounts for yourself, or you can batch them and it's a great easy thing to have for your parties. If you haven't already, please go ahead and click on the bell icon on the subscribe button so you'll be notified every time we release a new video. If you have any suggestions or comments, please be sure to leave them below. Without any further ado, let's make a cocktail. To make Kentucky Mold Sider, you'll start with 32 ounces or one quart of the apple cider of your choice. Now, this is not going to be a sparkling cider or an alcohol cider, at least for this recipe, but if you have one that's already spiked, you can use that, but just adjust your alcohol accordingly. Next, you'll add one cup or eight ounces of bourbon, three halves of cinnamon sticks, or depending on the size. So these are your regular maybe three and a half inch cinnamon sticks. Sometimes you're buying the really big ones. Check those in half, count them as two. Otherwise, you're going to have a really overpowering amount of cinnamon in your mold cider. Next, we'll add three whole allspice berries, five whole cloves, and six whole black peppercorns. Now, this is something where you can also play around with different types of peppercorns if you have ones that you particularly enjoy. Doing a combination of pink, black, and white peppercorns can sometimes add a really nice roundness to the pepper that you're adding to your cider. Once you have that all together, just put it over medium-low heat and cover it for approximately one hour. You want to make sure you don't bring it to a simmer or a boil, or you'll start to both condense your cider and you risk burning off some of that alcohol. Once you've allowed the ingredients to blend together over heat for at least an hour, you can ladle it out into the glass of your choice and garnish with a wedge of lemon and a little piece of cinnamon. Now, another thing you can do that I enjoy is if you have the longer cinnamon sticks, you can use those as a straw, especially if you like a lot of cinnamon, as I do in your mold drinks. Now, if you're batching larger amounts, scale up with the amount of spice, and conversely, scale down if you're doing smaller portions. If you use the amount of allspice, clove, and cinnamon in a batch of one or two of these, as we did in this whole quart of cider, it's going to get really, really strong in terms of those mulling spices to the point where oftentimes it's not very good. Try it out and let us know what you think and leave a comment below. Until next time, cheers from Drinks Made Easy.


This review provides an overview of the current state of the art in ion-doped calcium phosphate, CP, based coatings for orthopedic and dental implant applications. It examines how the addition of ions can affect the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of these coatings, as well as the potential benefits of combining them with other components such as antibiotics. Finally, it discusses the effectiveness of these coatings against certain types of bacteria. This article was authored by Marco Fosca, Alexandra Strezza, Julian V. Antoniak, and others.


Hi Yes, I mean good to see you again. Good to see you Understand they want a couple of Christmas I saw in front of the desk and then so you see that's not perfect. You can just chat I understand Well, I'm gonna tell you for years This wife and son and We partnered it up that way, but he had been His name that the name is you know, pep atone. Well, you know, it's a nickname and He had been a captain and the royal dad He could still shout I was in the ring writing he could still shout he'll stone Is a great writer Well Oval Office to Carl I Think George Washington used to be strong about that The only decorum in here is dictated by they Took them a long time to get around to telling me that that eagle over there used to be over here Was coming out How did you enjoy the festivities and I mean you really enjoy it There's a pretty hectic pace Police told us you know, I just thought of New York as a place where But they said that all of those jammed crowds Great friendliness and good There were no Pleasants And they'd been expecting some terrorism It was something to take the helicopter down as we had to really time we went down or something and then go over Ships all the way from little rubber And the military vessel naval vessels no, but they were so thick That at night You really did a grand job You know that didn't go to the spot Investigates all the judges Tell them how many we have paid Totally there's two hundred eighty eight. I'd like to press 288 Well, the one's been stopped in committee and One is on the flow now. We hope to get him You might just out of the gun Control legislation only a lot of people. Yes on that and I sponsored it Yes Well, it is now signed into law well good That'll make them very happy to So that's my fine. Well, that's going to what it's taking Really nice to meet with you There may be another And So I have come to recommend someone to me I Have mentioned before that South Carolina is a I mean the south is one pole for the nation and population And it's one pole in the area of both So we could really have one more than that. We're still Just being the portion to the area in the population Before I pick that up Helping special so for heaven's sake his name is Charles claims, but I thought maybe you liked it Well, thank you very much


Up next Chris Herndon of the Jets. We've seen it now for a couple of weeks with the chemistry there and Sam Darnold Yeah, and that's exactly right. The Jets have no weapons none They have zero wide receivers healthy outside of Jermaine Curris who I've somehow started in fantasy football two weeks in a row And I don't get why yet Chris Herndon who did nothing through the first three quarters this past week Scores that late touchdown of salvage's value We say it every week Maria all you need is a tight end to have a shot at a touchdown to have some sort of value and Herndon's done that now each of the past couple of weeks I don't know if Robbie Anderson is coming back next week against Miami, but if he doesn't just more opportunities for Herndon He's one of the top options. I know it was just one catch last week, but it was a touchdown fourth round pick He has some talent again. You can go in a different direction I want jacked out Doyle more but Chris Herndon is slowly but surely becoming valuable and viable in fantasy leagues Just not too many options there for Darnold and the Jets Herndon seems like a good calculated risk to take moving forward


What's the word y'all? Amen, I got it, man, I'm a little bit disappointed. Even though my expectations were not high for a trade to go through on December 15th, we saw it have been Sims report a couple of days before I thought we might have a possibility because if you didn't know, December 15th is the day that 83% of the league became eligible to be traded. Y'all know I'm a trade guy. You know what I do on my main channel? I like to see teams make trades and try to see how those gonna work. But we got pump fake, it's cool though. In today's video, we are reacting to the updated trade target list for every NBA team. This is for Zach Buckley. I'm just curious to see what Bleach Report think that every team should be looking to do. Obviously, every team will not be making the trade. One, you know, between now and the trade deadline, but hopefully we see some type of movement. This is what keeps going through my mind when I'm thinking about trades, and specifically with my Chicago Bulls because I'm a homeowner and I think about the Bulls often. Is it worth it to package in two to three quality players to go get somebody bigger for the bigger name for the better player and 2021, 2022, but we're seeing across the league, teams having to play with nine players and three of them be G-leaders or teams having games completely postponed. Debt might be the most important thing you can have in a season like this. So those are the type of conversations and things I'm thinking about when I'm thinking about teams potentially making trades right now. I've shout out to Zach Buckley and the people over at BR. We are starting off with the Atlanta Hawks and I would guess just by this picture they're talking about the defense because the defense has not been up to par. Atlanta Hawks have been a very, very weird team for me this season. I don't know how to gauge whether or not they're gonna be a team that might fight to be the real deal just because of what happened last year. But they're saying Mark is smart just how they gear, temple and what those three people have in common is they can raise the defensive floor of the team because right now it's close to the floor. Also what I'm thinking in my head, so you gonna give me a target list but how do we make that happen? Now the Atlanta Hawks have so many assets and stuff that making a trade for a person is not that big of a deal. You have to figure out whether or not the Celts are willing to sell. Mark is smart, but they have so many pieces. I feel like the Atlanta Hawks can be a team that can make those trades. But some other teams we gonna look at and make me question whether or not they can do those type of deals. Oh, the bosses Celtics have Cam Reddish and they have Mark is smart. Let's make a deal happen. That's funny though. I was expecting the bosses Celtics to have a higher in talent on this list more than Cam Reddish who could be higher in in a few years, whatever or Brent Forbes or Terence Ross. I would expect them to be trying to go get that third star because though the team doesn't work well right now I just feel like there's still a third star away from doing anything of value. Brooklyn Nets, Ben Simmons, Christian Wood, Mike Muscala. See now this is these are the type of things that like give me a super high end potential trade, give me a mid tier trade and give me a trade that I have everything don't work out. Let's go get this due. Give me a super good medium tier and low tier talent. And I like, I mean, well that's disrespectful to these two dudes because Christian was better than the middle tier and Mike Muscala is better than the low tier but you understand what I'm saying. Charlotte 100% needs center play. 100% needs center play, my God. Yesterday, even though it was a well-rounded game the Phoenix Suns end up dominating and DeAndre Aiden, I think he finished with like 15 total points but they let DeAndre Aiden score 15 and then Javel McGee had like 20 off the bench.  And Miles Turner, I mentioned in the video when the Indiana Pacers were saying they were starting to sell that Miles Turner should be on the priority list or the Charlotte Horn is more than anything ever, ever. Obama is a good case. And the Derrick favors, I would love to see Derrick favors on a new team just because I still believe he's a contributor and player for a team that's trying to make a playoff post or something like that, similar to some of the other OKC players in previous years. Okay, I like that, I like that. I think the Bulls definitely need bigger wings that could come into the fan play to three and a four a little bit more. We definitely lack in that position. If one person goes down now we're scrambling and we're running people that are normally guards that power forward. So I like the idea of maybe HB or Radish if you're looking for another player to grow with this team and grow with Zach Levine and all those players. But what are you saying in the answer? If the Bulls want to keep riding this wave, they could go big at the deadline provided they're willing to cut ties with both Patrick Williams and Kobe White. I hate that. If I'm throwing Patrick Williams and Kobe White to a trade I want it to be better than Harrison Barnes. But again, we talked about this before. I don't know if I'm overvaluing Patrick Williams but if we trade to Patrick Williams and get back Harrison Barnes for what? Two seasons I'd be kind of disappointed in us unless we win a championship which I doubt Harrison Barnes is making us win a championship. So if I'm trading Pat, give me something higher tier than this. I don't know if that exists right now but that's just what I'm thinking in my mind. I have come to the conclusion that I would be willing to trade Kobe White though. The Cavaliers, okay so this is a good top in mid tier, low tier type talent. The Cavaliers are the surprise team of the entire NBA. I think they're sitting at the four seat or maybe even a three seat at this point of the NBA season. They're in a six game win streak and even though their defense has been stellar going from one of the worst defense in the league to one of the best, they can still use some more scoring and Brandon Nigram will be nice there. I don't know how the heck you make that happen or whether or not the Pelicans are looking to do that especially since they still believe that they can make a playoff push. I guess with Zion coming back in eight weeks or whatever it is but Brandon Nigram in that uniform will be kind of tough and I just don't know what the Pelicans will be willing to accept for Brandon Nigram Trey right now. But a young guy like Cam Redis to grow with the young core will be dope. I'm seeing that Cam Redis is on everybody's target list so far. He has been on if you need a perimeter player or a wing, Cam Redis is the guy. And I guess it kind of makes sense because Shams reported a couple of weeks ago that they are listening to Cam Redis offer so sure if you need some guy that to grow with the team, Cam Redis is the dude but we've seen six teams and four of them, Cam Redis is on it. I think the Dallas Mavericks still need to be looking for a secondary star. I like Porzingis and he's having a solid season but if Porzingis was the third best player on your team that would be dope. I don't think Miles Turner is the second best star or even Jeremy Grenn is the second best star but if you could somehow get DeMonte Sabonis to the team that would be crazy. I like that a lot but you have to be willing to maybe Parwaze or Porzingis and ah, the Dallas Mavericks I made a whole video about I don't know how the heck they make this team better for their future. Go check that out. Denver was a team I wasn't gonna guess whatsoever. They have Karris Laverg, Cam Redis and Aaron Niesmith. I don't know how you make a Karris Laverg trade happen but it's the NBA and any trade can happen if you have the right people trying to make the trade. Three teamers, four teamers, all of that stuff. Oh, so the Detroit Pistons got draft picks. Okay, now that I know that's a sign I'm gonna try to predict some of the next one. So draft picks Tyler Horntucker or Taylor Horntucker and Marvin Bagley. This means this is the Jeremy Grenn to the Lakers trade. That's what they're trying to do. I don't, I don't know if the Detroit Pistons are trading Jeremy Grenn for Jess Horntucker and some roster filler. You go, I would want, if I am trading Jeremy Grenn away which it seems like they might be looking to do at this deadline. I'm looking for this more than I'm looking for this. You feel me? I want future assets more than players that teams are willing to give up on. Even though I think that's how that Taylor Horntucker can be solid, I just don't know. Next team is the Warriors. What do the Warriors need? Give them another big.  Turner, Alex Linder, Kenny Hussle. I would love to see Kenny Hussle on the Bulls because I feel like his value is not super high that you have to trade Patrick Williams or Kobe White.  I think Kenny Hussle can help a team dramatically off the bench and just be a very solid player. There's a video coming out very soon. The Kenny Fruits All Stars and Spoiler Alert, Kenny Hussle is one of those players. Don't let him go to the Warriors though.  All right, next team, Rockets. I saw that they said Detroit Pistons, draft picks, I'm guessing the same thing here. Draft picks, Jackson Hayes, and Jalen Johnson of the Atlanta Hawks. Okay, I can't complain there too much. Draft pick, draft pick, draft picks. Even though they are eight and five or whatever it is in their last 13 or so, you still want to get your draft capital up. Next team, Pacers, I don't know. Vince Simmons, okay. PJ Washington and Kam Reddish. All right, the Vince Simmons trade is, I don't know. But the PJ Washington trade is if you're trading Miles Turner to the Charlotte Hornets plus whatever, whatever. And Kam Reddish, I don't know what the Pacers are looking to do. I know they said they wanted to add a little bit of a reset. We don't know if they want a complete reset and a complete reset. You're looking for draft capital, but they might not be willing to do that in Indianapolis where they're trying to continue to get people to come watch them play. So I don't know. Next team, Demontis Sabonis, Karris Laverde and Tyus Jones. I've actually seen Clippers fans say this to me when I was asking about a Sabonis trade. But what are you giving up to get Sabonis? You know what I'm saying? Like what do you have that the Pacers will be like, yeah, we'll take that as the centerpiece of a Sabonis trade. When other teams have more picks or better young assets, I just don't know how. Like, yeah, it'll be dope that next season they had Kawhi Leonard, Paul George, and Sabonis, that's a squad. But just, I just don't know how you get there. Lakers, they're going to have Jeremy Grant because they already had the Horton Tucker trade. Yep, Jeremy Grant, just a holiday, Kim Rich Williams. They all, I would love for them to try to look for a big man that can rebound the ball or at least box out because you saw yesterday they still struggle on the glass and I know they were missing a couple players and one of them being Anthony Davis, but they still need players that can rebound. Miles Bridges as a trade target, interesting. I mean, I guess this is saying that, hey, the Charlotte Hornets are willing to pay Miles Bridges the amount of money that he probably wants after this breakout season. But the way Miles Bridges and Lamello Ball play together or like each other so much, I'm doing whatever Lamello Ball thinks is best for the team and I think resigning Miles is probably better and deciding what you want to do with Gordon Hayward is the better. Like, I would pick Miles over Gordon for my future. That is Ben Macklemore. Okay, we just going to look past that. The Bucks, the more people that can shoot, more people that can shoot. Okay, Ben Simmons, I kind of expected that. It had been rumored for a long time that they were interested in Ben. I just don't know how you make it happen. For Thaddeus Young, I'm surprised the first time we're seeing him, 18 teams in because he has definitely expressed that he is unhappy with his current situation and with the Spurs and he feels like a person that can come into a team and help them play. So for the Pails, they're seeing Draftpig Bagley and Bow. I wouldn't expect them to say, hey, Pelicans go sale because you're getting Draftpig's you're selling. And it's just taking a flyer or a two-doot who haven't worked out in the first stop. New Orleans won't go on a fire sale route but should shop arguably any one name William, not name Williamson and Brandon Negrome. I don't know. The Knicks, Dame. Okay, well, Dame's starting to hoop a little bit. In the team on a two-game win, she got the B and one and nine. So I don't know. De'Aaron Fox and Karris Lavert, maybe more realistic options. The Knicks, say what you want about the Knicks and their struggles right now. They have assets. If a superstar player were to say, hey, I won out and it might be Dame or this player, this player, the Knicks would be able to put together an enticing package. They still got a pick from the Dallas Mavericks that have to convey. I think they have another pick. I don't remember if it's from the Lakers or it's one other pick that's not theirs. And they still got all their picks. They have quickly, Obie Toppin, RJ Barrett, a combination of some of those dudes as young assets to be thrown in the trade. They got salary filler in, cause you may want to give up on salary filler of every 48, but he's got like three years left. I don't know. The Knicks have enough to put together a solid package if they wanted to go buy in on a star. It's just whether or not a star will become available. 21st team. Okay, so give them more draft picks. Mobamba Bobo, cool. Knicks, Magic, first round pick, Redis, Horton Tucker. Their picture is like, get rid of Terrence Ross while you can. Not that he's bad, but like do whatever you can and use Terrence Ross to get first round picks, get one of these other dudes. So for the 76ers, these are Ben Simmons trade packages potentially, Dame, Jalen Brown, Tarys. We will not be talking about Ben Simmons much more unless a big news come out that he has been traded or a trade is about to happen. Phoenix Sons. Okay, so there's another Thaddeus young. Robert Coveton has been coming off the bench the last couple of games and Reggie Bullock. I mean, it seems like the 76ers aren't giving you Ben Simmons without getting Dame. I don't think DeMonte's a bonus for CJ McCullough makes sense for the Pacers. So I just don't know how you make these two happen. Harrison Barnes might be the most realistic thing there. The Kings, Jeremy Grant. Jeremy Grant will be a nice player to have on the Kings. For sure. Glue guy type dude. DeAndre Hunter, interesting. And Karris Lavert. The Kings are an interesting spot. They're seeing a lot of point Tarys Halliburton over the last couple of days and it's been working out well for them. He's looked amazing as the primary ball handler and I'm excited about that as a friend of his. And they have to make the decisions, man. They have to make the tough decisions on what to do with this team. And just keeping it the way it is currently is not gonna be enough to get what you want done. So you have to do something. And I'm excited to figure out what the heck they decide to do. Next, the Spurs. They're in an interesting spot. Brandon Ingram, Ben Simmons, draft picks. Okay, this is a conversation I've had with the guys. How valuable are the Spurs pieces? Not named DeJante Murray. How valuable is Keldon Johnson, Lonnie Walker, Derek White, Brent Forbes, David Vassel? Like all of those players that might be on the mark. I just don't know how to gauge their value across the league. If I am the Spurs, everybody is available, not named DeJante Murray. Everybody. And you see trades right here. Brandon Ingram, Ben Simmons. I would add Demandus a bonus. But will those other teams be interested in trading for those other players? How valuable are they in those type of trades? Raptors, Christian Wood, Obama, Jackson, Hayes, Jess, because they're sitting in pressure to you, cannot score from three feet in front of the rim. Utah Jazz, Jeremy Grant, Cam Reddish, Garrett Temple. If Jeremy Grant found his way in Utah somehow and they still kept that core, that would be deadly for the league. And the very last one is Cam Reddish, who ended up on 27 out of 30 teams trade target list. Is he the hottest commodity on the market right now? Maybe. Josh Hart and Kenny Hussle. I don't know, man. Let me know who you think your team should be targeting right now. If they're on this list or if they're not on this list, the comment section is always open. I got my Kenny All Stars ready. I just gotta film the video. I don't know if I want to use footage or whatever. I don't know. But expect the video tomorrow and I see y'all then. Peace.


Welcome to course on advanced geotechnical engineering. This is in module 5 on stability of slopes lecture 7. So in the previous lecture we introduced ourselves to different slope stability analysis methods and in this lecture what we do is that we try to look into these slope stability analysis methods by using some softwares which are basically based on the Geostudio 2012. And this what we are going to demonstrate in this lecture is that how the effect of anchor will be there on the slope stability and nails how the nails can increase the slope stability and then piles as vertical reinforcement that pile members the discreetly pasted piles within the you know row of within the slope area and then finally we look into the stone columns then we look the seismic displacements of the slopes without any strengthening measures. So in this particular slide the illustration of the effect of various reinforcement options in maintaining the slope stability are discussed. So the slope stability analysis is performed numerically using limit equilibrium method software and which is a product of slope W by using slope stability and is a product of Geostudio 2012. The following reinforcement options have been considered one is that anchors nails and piles and stone columns and attempts have been made to compare the analysis results with the results published in the literature. Attempts have been made to compare the results with the published literature results. Now the example problem one illustration of the reinforcing mechanism of anchors in slopes this is the theory part we actually have discussed in the previous lectures the according to CHI and UGAI 2003. In this the analysis has been performed on a 8 meter high slope having one vertical one horizontal slope inclination and the analysis was performed by using Bishop's method. The properties and configurations which were actually given by CHI and UGAI 2003 were considered the installed anchors consists of a tendon of having 6 meter length and 32 mm in diameter and a grouted body of 6 meter 6 meter long and 90 mm in diameter that means that entire length of the anchor is actually grouted with 90 mm diameter grout and that tendon diameter is about 32 mm and was connected to a rigid circular plate of 300 mm in diameter on the slope surface. So the anchor was actually placed on the slope surface and with different inclinations so different inclinations were considered the anchor orientation with reference to the horizontal from varied from 0 to 45 degrees just to see the influence of anchor inclination on the slope stability and its spacing that is the spacing along the slope surface that means that the spacings were actually considered in the range from 1 meter to 3.5 meter. So what will be the optimal spacing or what will be the spacing effect on the slope stability analysis of slope reinforced with the anchor was studied. So this is the input file for the slope W with anchor used in the slope stability analysis and the based on the calculations and details provided by CHI and UGAI 2003 the tensile capacity was given as equivalent to that of the data which was given 1500 kilonewtons and no reduction factors have been given and the bond diameter as has been told 90 mm diameter grout body so the details have been given bond length that is the entire length is grouted so 6 meters and anchor spacing for this example which is actually shown is 1.5 and factored pullout resistance and maximum pullout resistance ranges were actually given there. Now this is the FEM mesh of the slope section showing the anchor installed this is a cross section of the slope with anchor and in this particular example the 30 degrees inclination of the anchor with the horizontal was considered. So as it can be seen here this inclination with the horizontal is 30 degrees and here is the plate which is actually placed and the slope configuration which is actually shown here so this is the horizontal distance and this is the elevation and the model is more column and unit weight is 20 kilonewtons per meter cube and cohesion 12 kilopascals and friction angle about 20 degrees. So this is the analysis was done for comparison purposes with and without anchor so this is the stability analysis results of unreinforced slope and for the configuration which is considered the least factor of safety is obtained by using Bishop's method as 1.061. So the stability analysis results of the unreinforced slope are shown and this is the zone of you know the potential failure surface so this yields a factor of safety of 1.61. Now the similar configuration was analyzed with anchor wherein in this the anchor is actually inclined at 30 degrees so the factor of safety which is actually shown here is 1.2 so there is an improvement in the factor of safety for a given type of nail and for a given type of anchor and for a given anchor inclination and it can be seen here the total resisting moment is more than the total activating moment. So here the presence of anchor enhances the stability and also contributes to the change in the slip surface that means that the slip surface goes away from the face of the slope so this can be observed from the cross section which is actually shown here. Now in this particular graph which is actually shown here anchor inclination with horizontal is plotted on the X axis and factor of safety which is nothing but the resisting moment by driving moment which is obtained by Kai and Ugai 2003 and the analysis results were actually compared so in this the parametric study was carried out wherein when anchor inclination is about 0 degrees when anchor inclination is about 0 degrees you know both you know the analysis done by you know FEM analysis was done by Kai and Ugai 2003 and the present analysis found to have you know good agreement but the trend which is actually presented like with an increase in the nail inclination there is an increase in the factor of safety from 0 degrees when the anchor inclination is increased there is an increase in factor safety and further increase beyond 10 degrees there is a decrease in the factor of safety. So this indicates that there is an optimum you know inclination of the anchor which contributes to the you know the resultant the factor of safety. So here it actually yields both from the Kai and Ugai 2003 and the present analysis by using slope W program it actually says that about 10 to 12 degrees the optimum about 9 to 10 degrees there is an optimum you know factor of nail inclination of the anchor where there is an increase in the factor of safety but with an increase in the anchor inclination there is a decrease in factor of safety and the similar trend was actually also reported by Kai and Ugai you can see that with an increase in the anchor inclination there is a decrease in the factor of safety. So this lead to you know instability of a slope so one need to consider that in the slope stability analysis by using slope stabilization measures the depending upon the slope configuration with the slope inclination or back slope inclination and one need to understand that there is an importance of this anchor inclination on the slope stability. It is not that you know each and every slope has same anchor inclination that depend upon the type of geometry of the after due analysis one need to ascertain the optimum inclination for the you know given problem. Now in this slide the factor of safety variation with the anchor spacing. So it can be seen that with an increase in anchor spacing from it has been varied from 1 meter to 3.5 meter at 1 meter anchor spacing there is an increase in the factor of safety was about 1.27 but with an increase in anchor spacing that is the center center distance of the anchor spacing along the length of the slope it appears that there is a decrease in the factor of safety and these analysis results are also found to be in agreement with Cayenne-Ugae 2003. So in this particular slide the anchor inclination is considered about 15 degrees. So for 15 degrees anchor inclination what it can be seen that there is a decrease in the factor of safety with an increase in the anchor spacing. So increase in factor of safety was observed with a decrease in spacing so it appears that for a given anchor inclination the anchor spacing between 1 to 1.5 meter for the given slope inclination and is found to be you know idle and also it depends upon the one also need to consider the position of the anchor also from the distance that means that where we are actually putting the anchor that is at the you know mid distance also. In this particular case the anchor was actually located a single row of anchors were located in the mid distance of the slope. Now after having discussed the slope stability analysis problem by using anchors now we actually have discussed about influence of nail inclination and influence of you know the layout of the nails on the slope stability. This example illustrates the reinforcement mechanism of nails in slopes and this basically 10 meter x square slope reinforced with four levels of or four rows of nails was considered and the nails are spaced at 1.5 meter in this example and they are out of the plane direction and each nail is approximately about 9.8 meters in length with a bond diameter of 0.35 meter. The inclination of the nail was kept with respect to horizontal is about 12 degrees and for a difference here the stability analysis was performed by using Jan Boos method. So in this particular example the reinforcing mechanism of nails in slopes was is discussed and it is a 10 meter high you know excavated slope and with reinforced with four rows of nails and that is at four levels the nails are actually placed. Generally in the case of excavation as the excavation proceeds the top down approach is adopted the nails were installed and then next level of excavation is done. The nails are spaced 1.5 meter both in horizontal and vertical direction that is sv is equal to sh is equal to 1.5 meter and each nail length is about 9.8 meters that means that about length of the nail is equal to height of the slope was considered and bond diameter is about 0.35 meter inclination of the nail with horizontal is about 12 degrees. So this is the you know typical input parameters for the slope W analysis the details were actually given in the as an input for the analysis and this is the you know the typical cross section of an under reinforced slope section where in the properties which are actually taken are 5 kilo Pascal's and 27 degrees is the friction angle and the slope is having you know the inclination which is actually shown in the figure with this level at 10 meters and this is the particular inclination is about 79 degrees between 63 to 79 degrees with horizontal then this is the stability analysis results of the under reinforced slope it can be seen that this particular for this particular height for the type of properties which are given the slope actually has an already you know gone below the factor of marginal below the factor of safety of 1. So the stability analysis results of the under reinforced slope cross section is shown here and which actually implies that the slope has already undergone failure. Now the stability analysis results of the reinforced slope are shown where it can be seen that nails inclined at 12 degrees placed at you know distance with 1.5 meter in vertical direction and you can see that these are the length of the nails which are actually taken that is 9.7 meter length of the nails and this is having a 0.35 meter diameter grouted body and this is the you know slip surface which is actually obtained the factor of safety resulting factor of safety is obtained as about 2.158 where the total resisting force is about 1500 kilo Newton and activating force is about 700 kilo Newton's. So this is you know the about the you know the stability analysis of the slope reinforced with nails. Now this is an example this is example 3 basically this is illustration of the reinforcing mechanism of piles in slopes and SOHITS et al 1997 have given the stability analysis of the slopes reinforced with piles by using friction circle method and the similar configuration and properties which are actually given by SOHITS et al 1997 was considered and this domain comprises a slope of height of 13.7 meter height and angle of 30 degrees the slope is actually having very flat inclination one vertical close to one vertical to horizontal inclination and the piles are assumed to be of about 600 movement dia that is 0.61 meter in dia with a center to center distance of about 1.5 meter that means that the piles are actually spaced you know as discussed in the while discussing the theory that the efficacy of this you know piles stabilized slopes depends upon the spacing of the slopes and location of the piles within the slope. So here it says that the sloping the spacing of S is equal to 2.5d approximately the 2.5d was considered but the larger the spacing you know the piles will tend to behave like a individual you know individual piles so when the closer the spacing there is a possibility that arching develops into the picture. So what will actually happen is that the piles will you know attract the load in the form of you know when they undergo the soil undergoes arching along the you know the region within the piles and that prevents the movement of the piles you know the movement of the piles the movement of the slope so hence the slope stability can be enhanced. So the stiffness of the pile is taken as 16.55 mega Newton for meter square and the stability analysis was performed by using John Booth's method. So this is the cross section of an unreinforced slope wherein the slope height which is you know by having a 30 degree inclination the cohesion is about 23.94 kilo Pascal's and friction angle of 10 degrees and gamma 19.63 kilo Newton per meter square was considered and here this is cross section of unreinforced slope and the pile was assumed to be located at 5 meters from the toe of the slope there is a possibility that the pile can be located you know at a distance it from the literature review it has been found out that the location if the location of the pile is at you know at the mid distance from here there is a possibility that there is a good formation of the good you know reason for having stability of a slope but in case if the pile is actually placed at the you know crest of the slope and there is a possibility that if the slope is actually steep enough then there is a possibility that it can undergo failure in front of the pile and the portion you know beyond the pile may be protected but the pile with you know pile which is portion which is actually beyond the pile may be subjected to failure. So the research study which is actually carried out at IIT Bombay reveals that the if this is the distance Lx if this is the distance Lx and if this is the distance Ll horizontal distance when the Lx by L is equal to 0.5 approximately you know the maximum factor of safety and maximum performance can be ensured. So this is here the piles are actually placed in a single row and the space at a 1.5 meter distance in fact here also there is a possibility that if the heads of the piles are connected and then that also contributes to the you know in additional stability and sometimes for some applications like in landslides where their deep seated failures are there the piles are actually installed and at the upper portion the walls are actually connected and these are actually called as suppressor walls and is arrest the movement and you know rock fall and any other events. So this is the stability analysis results of the unreinforced slope for the given configuration and the properties the slope the unreinforced slope factor of safety obtained as around 1.107 and the factor of safety reported by Assoids et al. is about 1.08 and the stability analysis of an reinforced slope with pile placed at 5 meter distance from the toe of the slope where in it actually says that the you know the factor of safety has improved and it is about 1.295 in the present study and as reported by Assoids et al. is about 1.3. So this is actually found to be in good agreement with the results published by Assoids et al. 1997. Now after having discussed the stability analysis using piles and we also said that one of the methods for enhancing the slope stability particularly the slopes below the you know berthing structures where unstable slopes can actually lead to the you know movements of the soil and then induce lateral forces on to the piles supporting the berthing structure and this was one of the application where it was used in Kondla and other areas where this was actually used for increasing the stability of a slope. So we actually have discussed this scheme saying that if you are actually having piles if you are having granular piles and which are actually having you know the granular charge which is actually having charges you know sizes from 10 mm to 40 mm to 50 mm and well graded mix if it is there there is a possibility that the factor of safety can increase and then we also have discussed that when we use the stone columns to stabilize an unstable slope the pile the granular piles which are actually place can serve as a restraining capacity as well as the you know they actually also have a capacity of having you know adequate drainage so that the pore water pressures which are actually possible that you know they can build up during the you know the construction of slope or in the you know in the field they can actually come contribute to the dissipation of this pore water pressure and thereafter you know there can be an increase in the factor of safety also. So here the slope stabilization by using stone columns here once again you know this you know the theory is actually shown this is actually one of the patterns of the arrangement where the triangular pattern is actually arranged like this here and it can be seen that the each pile each granular pile or stone column contributes to the you know certain area so this is nothing but the diameter of the stone column to the influencing area and that is called as the area ratio. So here this is for the square layout and this is for the these two are for the triangular layout but if you look into this here when there is a certain load and when you have got stone column material with high you know stiffness and clay or ground having you know low stiffness there is a you know the stress concentration makes it to attract more force that is sigma stone and sigma stone and sigma ground try to you know apportion the load which is actually applied on to the you know the composite system. So by using you know the method we can actually find out the you know the composite shear strength parameters or average shear strength parameters and the stability calculations are carried out by using the conventional slope stability analysis methods where in we actually have assumed that piles the stone columns has individual elements and also calculated properties by using the average shear strength parameters where C average is actually obtained as cohesion into 1 minus ar into cohesion of the stone column but as stone column is free from fines and so that is equal to 0 and similarly tan phi average is obtained based on the aspect ratio and the other parameters which are actually given. So these are notations have been already discussed and these are actually shown here once again in the stability analysis of the using stone columns. So the analysis problem which was considered is a you know a slope actually having 13.7 meter height and 13 degrees slope inclination and the stone columns are assumed to be 1 meter in diameter and the center to center spacing is about 3 meters and they are assumed to be in the triangular pattern and the stability analysis was performed by using Jan Boos method. So considering the effect of inclusion of stone column separately and by taking the respective C phi and gamma and values so the both the cases were actually done so here what has been done is that we actually have got soil and at number of locations the stone columns placed in you know at within the slope were actually considered and the respective soil parameters were actually considered that is one way but the method which is actually proposed for analyzing this is actually the calculating the average shear strength parameters based on the you know the stress concentration factor and all. So for triangular installation the influencing diameter can be obtained as 1.05 into spacing so here the spacing is actually assumed as 3.15 meter hence we can actually you know calculate the influence diameter so this 1.05 into spacing is 3 meters so the influence diameter is about 3.15 meters that is the you know the each granular pile or stone column you know caters the area which is equal which caters the diameter which is equivalent to 3.15 meters and area of the column which is nothing but diameter of the stone column is about 1 meter diameter so 5.4 into 1 square which is about 0.7857 meter square and area of the soil is 7.8 meter square so area ratio which is nothing but A column divided by A column plus A soil so based on that what we have got is 0.092 and the stress concentration factor is assumed as n is equal to 6 and it actually varies from you know 4 to you know 10 but here it is assumed as 6 and the value of m which is actually computed as the area replacement ratio into n that is stress concentration divided by 1 plus A into n minus 1 which is obtained as 0.38 so C equivalent is equal to 1 minus A into C soil plus A into C column so with that what we have got is that 27.24 kilo Pascal's similarly the tan pi equivalent is obtained as 1 minus m tan pi soil plus m tan pi column so this is equivalent to pi equivalent is equal to 72.7 degrees so this is these are the you know the resultant parameters for the you know zone which is actually influenced by the you know presence of stone columns in this slope. So this is the cross section of the unreinforced slope is actually shown here wherein we have the same properties which are actually taken the properties are clay as actually having C 30 kilo Pascal's and phi is equal to 0 and the sand actually having you know properties of friction angle of 30 degrees and gamma 20 kilo Newton parameter cube was considered. Now method 1 analysis considering the stone columns to be the individual inclusion within the slope and here 4 rows of stone columns are actually shown here so this is the zone which is you know strengthened by the stone columns here and then by using method 2 the analysis considering the slopes to be homogenized with equivalent values of C and phi with the positions of the stone columns and the rest of the portions here the properties of that of soil were given but here in this zone the equivalent properties like C is equal to 30 kilo Pascal's the C is equal to 27.24 and phi equivalent is about 17.7 degrees was actually given. So you know then the results are actually compared for without any stone columns with individual stone columns and with homogenized equivalent values of C and phi. So this particular figure shows the cross section of a slope without any stone columns that is actually an unreinforced slope the factor of safety obtained about 1.024. So hence there is a need for improvement of the factor of safety in the particular example slope stabilization by using stone columns was considered. Now here this is the cross section of a slope which result of a factor of safety where the slope is considered the effect of inclusion of the 4 individual stone columns which is actually shown so where the factor of safety found to be increased but where in the factor of safety is obtained is about 1.304. Now this is you know the by taking the equivalent properties in the zone influenced by the stone columns. So the factor of safety was found to improve where in you have the factor of safety which is about 1.432 with the presence of stone columns. So with these examples what we have understood is that the in designing this slopes with stone columns first we have to decide what is the diameter of the stone column and depending upon the method of installation the type of installation need to be selected. Once it is selected then you know we have to see the based on the you know the stone charge properties and then the gradation we need to select what is the you know the possible friction angle. For the stone metal which are used in stone columns the friction angle actually varies from 38 to 42 degrees and which are assumed to be you know placed at maximum dry density and then the proper layout has to be selected. Generally the triangular layout was found to be you know give you know uniform you know improvement in the stabilizing behavior. So then after having selected then we have to see the calculate the average shear strength parameters by using the average method which is suggested to get the C equivalent and Y equivalent and this is depend upon the layout of the stone columns and if the stone columns are spaced further and the stone column diameter is smaller then there is a possibility that their factor safety may not actually have much improvement and when we actually have got this improved area the zone increases but there is a possibility that the factor safety increases for the entire slope. So this is one you know application wherein you know the slope stabilization can be enhanced by using this presence of stone columns. So in the particular analysis what has not been taken is that the presence of stone columns when there is you know the seeping water or when the slope is saturated when there is a possibility that these stone columns can also act like drains and in that case they actually have got hybrid effects one is called you know for drainage other one is for reinforcing the slope. So after having discussed some typical methods of you know the slope stability what we try to look into is that you know the how these you know earthquake loading can affect the slope stability. So in order to investigate the effect of earthquake shaking on slope stability a coupled analysis was carried out by using you know two modules of Geostudio 2012 one is quick w other one is slope w and here a typical slope configuration was selected and was subjected to earthquake loading for about 10 seconds and the stress generated during the event was investigated by quick w and was fed to slope w to study the stability of any permanent deformation of the slope. So this particular analysis was carried out by using you know the slope w and quick w and this is the typical slope configuration selected in quick w where the soil slope with the following properties is actually shown here and this is the input horizontal earthquake record which is actually given and vertical component of acceleration has been ignored. So here with the time seconds and then acceleration which is this motion is actually given as an input for estimating for seeing this effect on the you know the displacements and then subsequently the factor of safety was calculated. So this is the deformed mesh at the end of the 10 seconds of earthquake load the this is actually magnified by 150 times so it can be seen that the slope actually has undergone deformations. So the displacements observed at the crest of the slope at selected time intervals during earthquake were actually plotted. So it can be seen that the crest displacements are actually ranging from minus 0.1 meter to plus 0.1 meter because of the you know subjected to the ground motion. So the variation is actually reported like this which is computed by using quick w module and this is the displacement observed at the toe of the slope at selected time intervals during earthquake wherein it actually shows the toe movement is about minus 0.04 meters to plus 0.04 meters which is actually reported as the maximum here. So after computing the static and dynamic ground stresses developed during earthquake in quick w and by using the equivalent linear dynamic approach the stability analysis was carried out by using slope w and an initial static stability analysis was performed by using quick w generated stresses to establish the in situ factor of safety for the slope and then next what has been done is that the variation of the factor of safety with earthquake shaking was monitored in slope w by using the quick w newmark deformation analysis that means that the deformed configurations were feed it and the analysis was actually carried out by using slope w and the rate of change of velocity acceleration deformation with the time was also studied. So in this particular analysis what has been done is that you know this is actually found to you know this particular analysis is found to be very applicable when we are actually constructing say canal embankments for you know for when you are actually constructing embankments on soils which are actually prone for earthquake. So wherein you know if the embankment which is actually coming above ground level is about say more than 5 meters then there is a need for you know performing this dynamic analysis and once this dynamic analysis is actually performed then suppose if case you are actually doing you know construction by using embankment construction filling above the ground level and then we have to ensure that the crust displacements or toe displacements are within the tolerable limits even after subjecting to a certain ground motion. In such situations we have to see that if the you know the subsoil properties are inadequate then you know there is a need for improving the subsoil by using an appropriate you know improvement measures and then enhance the and maintain the you know the compute the stability analysis you know with this particular cases. So this was actually done in one of the projects wherein for the canal embankment slopes where it actually has been taken that the limits for this you know the lateral displacements obtained from the dynamic analysis were actually set like you know horizontal displacement if at all if it is there then it has been said that it should not be you know more than the thickness of the filter which is provided in the canal embankment and vertical displacement was found to be you know should not be more than the free board which is actually maintained in that particular embankment. So if the displacement which are actually resulted after subjected to dynamic loading if they are less than these you know set parameters then we can actually ensure that you know the so and so configuration is actually stable against so called the earthquake loading and if the particular slopes which are actually being constructed either the institute or the slopes which are going to be constructed then appropriate the stabilization measures like you know after construction if they are found to be you know the analysis was the proper analysis was not done during construction then if they are found that you know they are vulnerable for failure then appropriate the slope stabilization method need to be you know considered and then used in the analysis. So here the slope properties used in the slope supportive analysis the slip surface was specified by using the entry and exit method and which is actually shown here then the initial factors safety the slope in static condition is actually obtained as about 1.131 then this is the you know particular graph which actually shows the variation of the factor of safety during the earthquake event where the factor of safety with the time which is found to be like you know varies with the time. So the lowest factor of safety for the critical slip surface is below 0.8 and that is about 3 seconds that means that the slope would have already undergone the failure into the shaking and highest factor of safety is 1.7 at about 2 seconds into the shaking so that particular you know configuration might have ensured the high factor of safety but at about 3 seconds itself it is found that you know the slope is actually subjected to failure and the average acceleration during the shaking period which is obtained as you know which is plotted here so in this what has been done is that where the time in seconds is plotted on the x axis with the average acceleration. So the accelerations are in the range of minus 2 meter per second square to plus 0.2 meter per second square and this is actually shown this is during the shaking period. So variation of the factor of safety with average acceleration so you can be seen that the factor of safety was found to you know decrease with an increase in the acceleration and yield acceleration is about 0.085 where the factor of safety 1 is actually obtained the factor of safety is inversely proportional to the average acceleration so with an increase in you know the acceleration the factor of safety average acceleration the factor of safety is found to decrease and the yield acceleration for the given problem is found to be with factor of safety is equal to 1 is about 0.085. Now these are the plot this is the plot which is actually showing velocity variation with the time and velocity was time plot during the shaking period is obtained by integrating the area under the curve and when the average acceleration corresponds to yield acceleration and these are the permanent observations observed during the shaking. So in this case you know this time which is in seconds and then deformation which are actually shown so the permanent deformations were found to increase you know but at the end of say third second or so and then found to be about 0.18 meters and then which increase it to about 0.237 the maximum value of permanent deformation is recorded as about 0.237 so this was actually obtained by integrating the area under the velocity graph when there is a positive velocity so within the positive velocity zone the whatever the area which is actually there and over a period of time that has been integrated to get the different deformation plot. So the permanent deformations observed during the shaking is found to be about this value so this analysis was actually done by using undrained dynamic deformation analysis according to Kramer 1996 this type of analysis only appropriate if there is a less than about 15% degradation in the soil strength due to shaking and this type of analysis is not considering phases when there is a large build up of pore water pressure which in turn may lead to large strength losses causing soil to liquefy. So in this particular you know the lecture what we try to understand is that the slope stability analysis methods we actually have you know many slope stability analysis method like starting from you know the method of slices and then extending to the Swedish method of slices and then extending to Bishop's method of slices and then to Jan Boos method and Sarmas method and then many you know these many investigators actually have attempted to incorporate this reinforcement elements between the slopes by modifying the you know the Bishop's method of slices or Jan Boos method of slices and nowadays there is also the horizontal slide slope analysis methods actually have come that is called you know the horizontal method of slices. In some cases particularly when we are actually trying to do with slope stability analysis by using you know geosynthetic reinforced slopes and this is actually applied for by many investigators that is the method of slope stability analysis by using horizontal method of slices. The listeners can actually refer to Shagoli's method in 2000 wherein he actually has presented about you know the authors actually have presented about the method of slices by using you know the horizontal method of slices. So now after having considered these methods and then when different methods like we have discussed about you know some information like the nail slopes and you know anchored reinforced slopes and then so here also we actually have got different possibilities like when the anchors are you know active anchors or passive anchors for example active anchors are the example is nothing but the pre-stressed anchors. So in that case there is a possibility that certain type of the pre-stressed is induced on to the top surface of the slope and that actually contributes to the additional factor of safety. Then also these methods can be extended for understanding the deformation behavior particularly in selecting the proper layout of say nails where you know whether what should be the vertical spacing what should be the horizontal spacing and what is the nail inclination which is required to be adopted. So if these slopes which are actually constructed are going to be constructed in the areas which are actually prone for earthquakes then the inappropriate dynamic analysis is required to be performed then in that case the incorporation of this you know the analysis can be performed with let us say once we ensure that an optimum nail inclination and optimum layout of the nail and that particular nail reinforced slope can be subjected to the dynamic analysis where in the dynamic with the resultant method of slope stability resulting due to you know the enforcement effect of nails we can see the whether the crest settlements or deformations of the slopes are under control or not in case if they are not then you know there is a requirement for the change in the design. Then we also have discussed about the slope stability analysis by using you know the stone columns and it appears that there is a need for doing further work in refining this particular you know method particularly by using for slope stability analysis using nails using stone columns and the another important application what has been discussed is that the slope stability analysis by using lime piles or lime columns where in the limited you know data is actually available and particularly for when the slopes like expansive soil slopes when they are actually subjected to lateral movements and this is one of the viable options if the expansive soil is actually not having adequate amount of surface then there is a possibility that we can actually consider this using the lime columns for increasing the stability. So in this particular module of slope stability we try to introduce ourselves to different methods of slope stability analysis as well as the you know the different analysis methods and we actually have solved the number of examples where in particularly without any you know strengthening measure and then with strengthening measure. So this actually gives an idea about the important of this particular module and where this techniques which were actually discussed can be used for this existing slopes or also for the you know the new slopes which are under construction.