Okay, I think we're ready to start. Thank you everyone for being here and let's get started, apologies for the slight delay. The Chinese Premier Li Keqiang yesterday said something to the effect that as part of structural reforms you need to reduce the number of approvals that you need to get to get things done. And I was wondering whether in the international arena we're going in the opposite direction, some sort of reverse structural reforms. And that's really the subject of the debate today. The question is, will intensified geo-economic competition derail economic growth and impair the steady march of integration that we've seen for many years prior. Particularly when you look at it from the perspective of business, trade, supply chains, capital flows, investments, or is it completely a flash in the pan? Is it a blip? Is it just noise that will not have any material impact on either globalization or economic growth? So that's the subject of our debate today. And before I come to my distinguished panel here, I would like to invite the distinguished audience, members of the audience around this arena, to please vote your position on this motion using your smartphones. That's the URL, wef.ch, slash vote, I'm told it's very easy, if you wouldn't mind taking a moment to hit agree or disagree, please. So what I'm hoping for is that this will give us a starting point for the baseline, the starting point for the needle that we start the debate with, and we'll see whether it moves, how far it moves at the end of the debate again. I should also say that during the entire course of the debate, if you'd like to participate, send in your comments, and this applies to people that may not be here in the room as well, you can tweet your comments. The hashtag is hashtag equal growth and it'll appear in the iPad that I have here. And if I can, I'll try and bring some of those comments in as well. And of course during Q&A I'd very much appreciate active, aggressive participation from all of you here. OK, Donald, should we take a look at the results, please? OK, 60% agree, 40% disagree, and I should say that the online poll that we had before the start of the session, it was pretty much, it's pretty much consistent with this. It's about two-thirds agree and a third disagree. So let's dive straight into it. Let me introduce my panel, please. I'll start with Mr. Pasquale Lamy. Pasquale Lamy is honorary president, not Europe, Jacques Delors Institute in France, former European Trade Commissioner and Director-General of the World Trade Organization, WTO. To my right is Dr. Lee. Dr. Lee Darqueer is professor of finance at Tsinghua University and formerly member of the Monetary Policy Committee of the People's Bank of China. Annabel Gonzalez. Annabel is senior director for trade and competitiveness at the World Bank, previously minister of trade in Costa Rica. And Kirill Dimitrov. Kirill is chief executive officer of the Russia Direct Investment Fund, formerly with Goldman Sacks and McKinsey. Ladies and gentlemen, a round of applause for my panel, please. OK, so my first question, Mr. Lamy, I would like to start with you, sir. If you wouldn't mind giving us your position on the debate and whether we should really be worried. Yeah, I've been, like you, assigned on the side of the yes side, i.e. there is a strong risk that geopolitical and geo-economic competition derails the present course of globalization in terms of integration and growth. Now, I think the starting point is pretty clear. There is a growing discrepancy, sometimes on the verge of rupture, between economic integration on the one side and political integration on the other side. And this is a very risky zone, as one big philosopher in the 20th century was called Karl Polanyi, showed when he analyzed the reasons that led to the Second World War. His basic point was that the fundamental reason was what he called a disembedding of economy on the one side and society on the other side. Now I think this is something that might happen. Why? Basically because these two beds, these two clusters, are run differently. At the end of the day, the big aggregating factor in integration, in globalization, is technology, market capitalism, markets which in many ways are rational. It's the domain of reason. Of course entrepreneurs have to use passion and the relationship they have with the consumer sometimes is about passion, but the system as a whole works with the law of reason. Now politics on the other side works with the laws of passion. Politics is about mobilizing people on your side, whatever argument you can find to put them on your side, and we know by experience that irrational pitches are in politics sometimes much more efficient than rational pitches. So that's in my view the root of the problem. This is why we are entering a very dangerous zone. We still have old issues of the previous centuries which have to do with territorial ambitions, disputes, wars, what's happening between Russia and USEU on one side, for instance, is a clear resurgence of 17th, 18th, 19th century classical conflicts. There is a bit of that brewing in the China Sea, although both Japan and China have been let's say behaving as responsible Westphalian animals so far. So we have this set of issues. But on top of that, we now have a political mobilization under the form of populism, which is based on identity, preservation or promotion, and where lots of populist movements on this planet are mobilizing proximity against distance. And in an era of globalization, mobilizing proximity against distance can be politically extremely efficient. It's us and them, which is a good old story of how to divide politics. If you take the relationship this has with the economic side, it's no coincidence in my view that populist movements, whether in Europe, in US, in India, you'll tell us about China. I'm not quite sure how I would define populism in China, but I'm sure there's a bit of that down there, Indonesia, South Africa, Brazil. It's no coincidence that whether on the right or on the left, all these populist movements are protectionist. That's a fact. And this is where I see the red zone, and I think we've already stepped into that. Now, if there is a solution to that, intellectually there are two possible solutions. Number one is slow globalization, which is what some are advocating. Number two is adopt some sort of charter of how to responsibly wrong globalization in a responsible way, which has to do with morals, with ethics, which is a bit more than what exists in the international system. Now, the first avenue in my view doesn't make sense. It will not happen. The reason that have pushed globalization to its present stage will keep pushing globalization further in the future, and the main reason being technology. So that won't happen, and the time humanity adopts a sort of new UN charter with a sort of serious moral compass that will align ethics so that populistic forces bump into a sort of ethics wall. That's in my view far away, which is why I'm quite pessimistic. I see. Would you say this? I had to be pessimistic. Thank you for making the case. Would you say this rupture, this dissonance between the political forces and the economic forces, the divergence between the two? Has that just crept up on us unexpected? Is it because people have given up on growth, and so they're just looking at how to cut the pie amongst themselves? What happened? All right. There's a bit of that short term. It's obvious that given what you have to redistribute in some systems for collective welfare, the lower the growth, the more the debate on how to share the little you create is tough. That's true. But that's not the fundamental problem. There is a sort of dialectic between the force, the speed of globalization, and the mobilization of identity. There are strong elements of unity, again, economic integration, market capitalism, finance, technology, but there are also strong elements of social fragmentation. And one of the reasons for that is that, as we all know, globalization is incredibly efficient, but it is, so far, socially also incredibly unjust. And we've known that, including recently, where this whole debate on what you do with the concentration of wealth, what about the middle class in further globalization with the impact of technology on the sort of middle range of job classification? So these two phenomenons, in a way, feed each other. Right. Thank you. Carol, if I may come to you, I would have thought, given that you are certainly from a geopolitical sense in the eye of this storm, or eye of a storm, you would be very concerned about the world. Is that not the case? Well, actually, I'm moderately optimistic that the forces of wisdom and integration will prevail, but I do agree that geopolitical fight intensified dramatically in the last couple of years. And frankly, I'd like to divide, you know, this geopolitical competition into two parts, the healthy one and then healthy one. And the healthy one is, for example, is technology. So when somebody is competing for resources, for being efficient with other countries and advances technology, it's healthy competition, because at the end of the day, it makes the country stronger, but also fosters integration. And the unhealthy one is the one where you actually try to weaken other countries. And sometimes some people try to do it by actually setting a regional conflict that weakens the whole region. So we find this unhealthy competition unhealthy. And we find the... How would you characterize the current situation? So I believe it's currently very unhealthy. And I think lots of new tools of economic warfare emerged. And we can talk about economic and media warfare, which is sort of a new reality of using ideology, media, combined sanctions to affect pressure. But still, why do I believe that despite all of those tools of economic warfare will be OK?  And when people try to use payment systems, rating agencies, you know, other methods, sort of alternative emerge. And we see, for example, in many other countries, they develop their own payment systems, they develop their own rating agencies. And frankly, I think people are very much aware of this economic warfare tool chest that some people have, and they want to move away from those systems. The second point is we see a significant and rising cost of that kind of behavior. So I'm very surprised that people don't talk much about Iraq or Libya. But I think it's very clear that once you, you know, do some actions, and as a result, there is a regional conflict, the costs of this are tremendous. So frankly, it's almost like a surgeon who keeps on operating, gets things wrong, but doesn't lose license and continues to do surgery. And we need to recognize those costs because, for example, some people are excited, Russia is having an economic crisis. Well, actually one of the top hedge funds gave us this number, that if Russia has a major crisis, Europe will lose 300 billion dollars. So let's talk about this cost, this real cost of sort of economic fighting, which is quite significant. And I almost feel we need the world anti-monopoly committee. Because just in economy, when you have a monopoly, it's bad for consumers. When you have some people try to assert geopolitical economy, it's bad for countries, the cost is very significant. And the third reason I'm quite optimistic is that actually for growth, basically politicians, business people, employees, people, they need growth. And for growth, really integration and communication is the only way. So that's why G20 is operational, that's why BRICS is happening, that's why lots of unions are happening to promote that. We ourselves cooperate quite a bit with other sovereign wealth funds, and we created a big partnership with sovereign wealth funds. And we find it quite a good model. So to conclude, we believe that geopolitical competition is impossible to stop. It's almost a Darwinian process that will happen going forward. But we really need to promote healthy ways of geopolitical competition. And really ask the right questions. And the right questions are when we are facing need to fight cancer, when we are facing need to do lots of great things. Why are we so divided at this point in society and in different countries? And for example, if you are so concerned about Ukraine, should you be asking the right question, which is, how do you pay $20, $30 billion? And who pays it to actually make Ukraine a stable economy? Very few people asking this question. Kill, the bit I don't get is your moderately optimistic position here. You seem to be very pessimistic. And I generally believe that we'll go through this part of the cycle. That frankly, the challenges for us are so significant that only by forward-looking approaches, by something that we just discussed here in Davos, by understanding the real cost of negativity will be positive and optimistic. That makes sense to me. It doesn't have to be destiny, I guess is what you're saying. People can get together and solve that. If I could just ask you specifically about sovereign wealth funds. Would you say that sovereign wealth funds are a force for stability in a pool of funds non-mark to market that can potentially be a source of patient capital, infrastructure investments and so on? Or are the engines of, or perceived engines of economic statecraft, which in a low trust environment doesn't help? How would you? Well, all the key sovereign wealth funds they sign Santiago principles, which basically they abide to be pure economic agents. And that's very important because they have long-term capital, they can go through ups and downs of crisis. So we believe that sovereign wealth funds are incredibly positive force. And Arab sovereign wealth funds is a good example. When oil price was high, trillions of dollars went into those funds that now provide good stability for the region. So we frankly believe that sovereign wealth funds is a good force for good and cooperation between sovereign wealth funds is important for future growth. Thank you. Professor Lee, why should we be worried? Well, coming from China, I follow the tradition of Confucius, that is to always respect and follow the senior and the wise guys. Here we have Mr. Lamin, well, I'm joking. Despite his being here, I still argue that geopolitical competition derails economic integration. Why? Because economic integration requires concrete things, requires business to business investment, and the business to business deals. Requires to people to people deals like tourism, like consumption, like importing goods, consuming other countries products. And also requires government to government agreements to lower the barrier of trade than Mr. Lamin's whole career. As part of it, it's devoted to this government deals. And today, in our world of intensified geopolitical competition, we see all three areas, things are slowing down. Take the example of the China-Japan dispute in South China Sea. By the way, the Japanese side, even today, the government, refuses to recognize there's a dispute. This sounds very strange, right? There's a dispute, and they say there's no dispute. We are the owner of the islands. Whatever, it sounds very ridiculous. That's why I follow, I fully respect Mr. Lamin. Politics is irrational, it's passionate. Anyway, so what's the consequence of the South China? We have some Japanese members in the audience who are able to bring them in. Well, here are your views, right? I was only stating a fact. I'm not making any points, right?  We can come back, we can come back. We can come back. At least the government of Japan's statement, I can quote them, right? Anyway, what's the consequence? The consequence is that Japanese goods should be doing well in China. Take the example of Japanese cars. Japanese cars are actually wonderful products for the habits of Chinese consumers, right? But unfortunately, for the past two years, Japanese cars are not doing nearly as well as imported cars from Germany and other parts of the world, right? Because people-to-people exchange, the feelings are not normal, right? And take the example of the Russian. The Russian-Ukrain dispute. When you ask a dispute, do you agree with this dispute? Maybe you say no dispute. Anyway, it doesn't matter. It's an internal Ukrainian matter. OK, internal Ukrainian matter, right? It's a matter. It's a matter. I just love the fact that you're looking to have a dispute with everybody around. That's right. It's wonderful. I'm just trying to recognize the facts. So the Russian, with a consequence of the dispute, the Russian economy is not doing well, right? The projection is that it will contract 5%. Another 5% this year on top of last year's contraction. And then now Russia is speeding up its negotiation with China in building oil pipes and gas pipes. Well, this may be wonderful for the Chinese interest. However, from a global interest point of view, this may not be. Why? Because part of Russia is close to Europe. Russia should have done projects with Eastern Europe, with other parts of the world. Rather, Russia is looking to China to look for deals. So this is locally beneficial. However, globally it's not beneficial. So overall, I would argue that geopolitical competition is not good for global integration and growth. Thank you for that, Professor Li. Annabelle, if I may come to you now. We just had a very active demonstration of why we should be worried. I don't know if this was staged or not, but you proved the point very well. Why are you optimistic? Well, I think that geoeconomic competition as a factor derailing economic integration and growth is highly overrated. I think that in the first place, trade integration, economic growth, are not controlled by the state, except at the margins. And we may come to this. Second, other factors are more important. The private sector, multinational enterprises in particular, drive global trade and investment close. Statistics, for instance, from UNCTED, say that 80% of the world trade today is organized around international production networks. So I think that this is a very strong force in favor of growth economic integration. Second, and it has been mentioned here before, technology is also a key driver of a trade of integration of growth. Technology, for example, enabled global value change by lowering transportation costs and enhancing communications. It can also have an impact on trade, for instance, and we will see that in the years to come with 3D printing, for example, or robotics and others. And institutions are also an important factor underpinning trade and economic growth. And in particular, I think that the WTO and its agreements have played a very important role and play a very important role in providing a framework that will permit trade and investment to flow and economic growth to happen. Just recently, for example, the WTO ruled that some restrictions that China had placed on rare heirs, for example, that was a very controversial matter, were contrary to the WTO. And China has expressed that it will eliminate those restrictions. So private sector technology institutions are very important factors influencing global growth. Now, geoeconomic competition cannot either deliver meaningful agreements. Geoeconomic competition may play a role in deciding to start a negotiation of an agreement, but it is not enough to conclude the agreement. Normally, there are very strong domestic forces within a country that oppose meaningful agreements. So for them to be able to be realized, you need to have strong economic and commercial underpinnings. And finally, I would like to say that the evidence on where geopolitical competition is taking us as regards integration is not totally clear or is mixed, if you wish. If you look at negotiations of the Trans-Pacific Partnership or the Trans-Statex Trade and Investment Partnership or the Regional Cooperation Economic Partnership by different parts of the world, you may think that they're going in one direction. But on the other hand, you also have that China and the US are negotiating a bilateral investment agreement, the EU and China as well. Maybe soon we will have negotiations between India and the US again on investment. Then there are bilateral negotiations in the US where, for instance, China is participating or interested in participating as well. So to me, the signals are rather mixed. So I wouldn't go all the way to say that geopolitical competition is actually derailing economic integration. Thank you for that. I can relate to the argument you make that there are other factors that may be further up the hierarchy. I read a report here in Davos just a couple of days ago that suggests that underinvestment in global infrastructure globally is probably the number one headwind against global growth.  Particularly if you could cast your mind back to the WTO days. And both of you have worked there before you, of course, as Director-General. Were those the good old days? And is this the new context where everyone's fighting? Or do we have a roast into view of how good it used to be and how bad it is right now? In order to answer this question, I'm afraid I have to change camp. OK. The powers argument. You should change the sit-down. I'm afraid I have to change camp because, A, I very much agree with what Annabel said, which is that what the factors, the shaping factors of economic globalization and integration are there. They are stable. They will keep integrating. That institutions, some institutions may play a role in this. And I would very much agree that, I mean, among other international organizations, the WTO has a sort of specific efficiency coefficient. It works better on the purpose it has, which is reducing obstacles to trade than other organizations who have other purposes but in the same global level. And I totally disagree with this notion that because there are bilateral deals going here and there, the multilateral system is in chambers. That doesn't, I mean, it doesn't work. What matters at the end of the day in this trade field is whether trade obstacles are growing or shrinking. And the reality is that trade obstacles are shrinking. There are skirmishes, you know, there. Now, where I would retake my camp answering to Annabel, what Annabel says, it looks fine. It works without governments. It's business, it's finance, it's technology. Don't bother these governments who are in the realm of fashion. Well, governments matter, Annabel. And governments have to be sustained by a sort of legitimization process. They need a stock of legitimacy to remain in place, whether in democratic systems or in other systems where legitimization is taking a different shape. And in order to keep this legitimization base, in many cases, they need to mobilize passion. And we are in a world where there is a lot of passion available, notably, and I'm not saying this because I'm French, on religious grounds. The world of today is a world where religious antagonisms are stronger than they were 50 years ago. Well, that's not a good sign. Well, I'm very glad you came back to your line of arguments, and I think for Professor Lee, it's going to pose a problem because the Confucian's values, if you're going to follow him, I don't know how that's going to work out. But if I could, you mentioned China and the Rare Earth incident. A more recent one is what you might characterize as economic nationalism under the guise of cybersecurity. So I want my own ATM machines. I want my own Windows operating system because I may not trust the foreign ones. Do you think that is taking hold? This pullback, protectionism under the guise of cybersecurity? Well, first of all, wearing doubles. So we have to follow the internationally accepted principles. So I'm not always blindly following the senior and vice people, right? I've sent out my own judgments, right? OK, come back to your point, whether they are economic nationalism under the cybersecurity stuff. I think there's some truth to it. There's some truth to it because behind all these policies, they are real economic interests, right? They are real investments done by local people who try to get better benefit by excluding imports from other countries. But that being said, let me still strongly argue that they are real cases. They are real cases in which the cyber technology, the internet technology, is used by some countries or some groups of people to exploit other groups of people. So there are lots of evidence of that. And again, it's dispute. No one knows what really happens. But we know for sure lots of this is very, very dirty parts of the world, right? So in this regard, I do argue that because of geopolitical competition, right? Internet, unfortunately, is utilized as a weapon to attack other groups, other camps. So therefore, this slows down the necessary integration of the economy. And you wanted to come in. I'll come to you. Yes, I want to take a couple of the points that Pascal was making to say that I certainly recognized the role of governments. I was a minister myself, so I need to support the idea that governments are relevant. Now, I think that the question is, I think you're right in saying that governments need to have legitimacy and that sometimes they use populist measures to find that legitimacy. But I would also argue that governments cannot go against economic rationale for too long a time. There are a few exceptions, certainly in the world, but there are very few. Because governments that do that will not remain in power for long. I say I recognize there are a couple of exceptions out there. Do I ask for names? No, no, not necessarily. And the third point is that we have been discussing here, I think, different things. Because we've been discussing geopolitical competition and then other factors, for instance, such as religion. And I do think that all these factors may come to play. And at some point, they may come together into a melange that is not very good for the world. But what I would argue is that these other forces that I mentioned are a much more stabilizing factor, again, in most cases. And that history has shown that to be the case as well. Carol, if you just look at it from a business point of view, there is very low visibility on how state actors may or may not act in a coordinated manner. Regulatory authorities are not working in a coordinated manner. How can it not derail growth? Well, I think as the force to address key issues for the world is a very important one. And what we see is, for example, technology example. You mentioned the computers that nationalism will take. I think what happens is for society is they want to use economic punishment tools. They will suffer. Because if you can buy a computer from that nation and you know if you misbehave in the opinion it explodes, then you'll buy it from a nation that doesn't use tool of economic influence and aggression. So I think we are a big believer that for the world growth to happen, something that Pascal mentioned before is really critical, which is WTO kind of cooperation on trade, similar kind of cooperation on investment. And that is the force that will be more powerful than isolationist economic ways to affect situations that over the long term will not really work. And the final point is I believe actual terrorism is a byproduct of unhealthy geopolitical competition. Because maybe if you look at the roots of terrorism and why it exploded so recently in the recent terms, then you start thinking about why it happened and what's your geopolitical competition place there. Animal, if I think about the Gordon Brown G8 meeting 2009 that was supposed to be the one that led to a coordinated response to the global financial crisis. Well, firstly, we don't have a G8 anymore. But emblematically, that sort of cohesion, is it gone for good? Well, I think that we are in the process of transformation, if you wish, of the international economic and political order. And we see signals of that every day. If you come to think about the participation of developing countries, for instance, in global trade and investment flows, it's quite significant that today the amount of trade coming from developing countries trade is about 50% of global trade. Investment flows are about a quarter of investment flows originating developing countries. So we are indeed seeing a very important transformation. And I think that to me, it's a question of more, what is the dynamic that we are going to follow to reach a stability-induced new order? Is it going to be sort of negotiated top down, as it was previously? Or is it going to come through different combinations of agreements and integration mechanisms that eventually may come together? So I think that this is the question that we have before us. But there is no question to me that we are indeed moving towards a new normal, if you wish. If I may on this one, I think the example of the G8 versus the G20 is an interesting one. The G8 started with a G5, which were pure economics. During that period, let's say, it started in 1974, 35 years, it moved slowly into geopolitics. A large part of the G8 discussions, and I was a G8 sheriff for a long time, were geopolitical issues. So in a way, it was a time where this integration was still there. Now, take the G20. The G20 can only discuss economics. It's no coincidence that even things which are in between geoeconomics and geopolitics like environment, for instance, have been totally evacuated from the G20 table because the disagreements were too large. So that's a strong argument to show that this integration of the past is now in bachet. I'm looking for arguments, a few arguments. That's a very good one. That's a good one. Let me turn to the audience now, if I may, to see if we have questions from people in the room who'd like to start with the first question. Nanatole? OK, if you want to take a few more minutes to think, I will ask my next question to Professor Lee. When China and the BRICS, they set up their own bank, the investment bank, the infrastructure bank, is this a new world order in the sense that it's a competing ideology versus what we have right now, or do they just want their own version of the IMF and their own version of ADB? And so there's really no clash of ideology in the geopolitical sense, but it's just I want my own. Neither, neither. I think all the infrastructure, institutional infrastructure being proposed last year within the BRIC countries actually are efforts to gradually and constructively push evolution, the evolution of the existing global economic governance. So take the example of the BRIC investment bank. The BRIC investment bank actually operates to cooperate with existing institutions, like the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank. And the working language most likely will be English. And the voting rights mostly will be equally shared among the member countries. And so the BRIC investment bank is not meant to compete with the World Bank, rather to augment the size and the impact of the World Bank. I see. If I could now just, if we have a microphone, please, give it to Mr. Hasagawa from Dakeda, Japan. Audience is expecting me to raise the territorial iron dispute issue, but I'm not going to raise that. That's another story. But since government leaders and the World Organization leaders are here, I'd like to ask about the free trade agreement. We are now focusing on concluding the TPP Trans-Pacific Partnership amongst the 12 nations. But the United States and Japan are leading this discussion. And hopefully within a few months, in this year we will be able to reach a conclusion, at least bilaterally between the United States and Japan. Both countries are producing more than 80% of the terminations congregated total. So we are the leading position. But at the same time, we are in parallel from Japan's viewpoint pursuing free trade agreement U and also RCEP, regional comprehensive economic partnership in major Southeast Asian countries. And also bilateral with Australia was just concluded. But unfortunately, his former leadership organization WTO just didn't work to put this together. There are so many different reasons existed. But what do you guys think about this type of the regional or geopolitical group free trade discussions and agreement? Thank you, Esegawa-san. If you want to just hold on to that question, I'd like to pass the microphone to Sir John Soros, please. Thanks very much. And I was one of those who voted no to the question because I thought it was, whilst there's no doubt that geo-economic competition does do some damage to international growth, the chance of it derailing economic growth on its own, I think, are limited. And that's the current disputes or disputes that Mr. Dimitrov was talking about. They do cause damage to the European economy. But it's not going to derail. There are other things, other bigger derailers than that. But the one I'm most concerned about is the US-China relationship, where there isn't a threat at the moment of geo-economic competition, correct me if I'm wrong. I'm just interested in Professor Lee's thoughts in particular about how the economic dimension of the US China relationship can be taken forward to entrench what will be the most important single political relationship in the 21st century to avoid it becoming the sort of geo-economic rivalry that could both destabilize the large parts of the world or, and at the same time, have a really serious impact on economic growth. Professor Lee. Wonderful question. This actually gave me a chance to illustrate my proposition. US-China relationship, I think on both sides, especially with the new leaders coming in on the Chinese side, governments recognize that this political relationship is extremely important, is most important for China and perhaps for the US. So leaders on both sides, also elites on both sides recognize that this relationship is more important than pure economic and trade. So on the Chinese side, there's wide recognition that China should do number one job. Number one thing in its diplomacy is to maintain a working and good relationship with the US. Even though China and Japan are not enjoying the best relationship, but China works very hard to maintain the relationship with the US. And so to put it in the simple language, China said the US is still the boss, number one. China is not going to challenge the US supremacy, not in the near future, perhaps never. Starting from this, all economic deals can be relatively easily resolved. So it's not the other way around. It's not the economics working for the political relation. It's the political relation changing or anchoring the economic relationship. Mr. Lemme, so would you like to respond to Mr. Hussain? I'll, of course, respond. But on this one, I'm certain that that's what you wish to happen. I'm not certain that this is what will happen. For one reason, which is a simple one, which is back to this economics versus politics. If I'm the US president, I will need a lot of energy to convince Congress to sign something that has to do with trade with China. Why? Because lobbies will be affected by this. We'll use an anti-Chinese narrative in the US public opinion, which is available. Now, same on the Chinese side. Let's assume these discussions take place within the Politburo. If I want to oppose a measure that the majority of the political things is good for China, I would say you're caving in to the US. And this has a lot of resonance in Chinese public opinion. So again, that's what you wish. And then there are the political realities. And it sometimes may be different, which in a way, which is why we need clever politicians. Otherwise, there wouldn't be of much use. Now, on opening trade, on this, I'm extremely pragmatic. I'm with a Chinese proverb. Don't mind the color of the cat provided it catches mice. Now, whether the cat is multilateral, regional, bilateral, plurilateral, what matters is whether trade is more open or not. Now, trade is more open than it was five years ago. It was more open than it was 10 years ago, which is, by the way, where you have to judge the record of the WTO, not by the scenery of negotiations, which are a big theater where, again, domestic constituency should play a big role. What matters is that all these processes taken together synergize in eliminating progressively obstacles to trade, which change with time. This is what will happen with TPP, which won't be a great thing, but it will be done. Now, the arbitration between substance and speed, which is always a big problem in trade negotiations, has reached the state of majority with TPP. I think the partners in the Trans-Pacific Negotiation now all agree that they spent enough time and that just get what's in there. It's not much, by the way, but let's get it done. This is how things move. Thank you. We just have a few minutes left if I could ask Kirill for your comments, and then Hannibal, and then you first. I think a very fascinating question, and I think a very interesting discussion here. I think whenever we have a world, and what just was discussed, the US is so possessive of its number one role in the world that it expects other countries to sort of treat it as a boss, and whenever somebody gets strong enough, it may retaliate effects or partnerships. And do we want a world where that is an ever-going reality going forward? I think my reality is that China will get stronger, and it would not want to do what you mentioned, to treat US as a boss who needs to be dealt with as a boss. And I think we generally need to move to a world where leading nations do not try to be so possessive of number one place, but recognize that only by being more humble will the world be a better place. If we go back to our question, will geoeconomic competition derail economic growth and integration? I continue to say that, no, it may be a factor that may impact it, but other factors again will tend to stabilize this. So I think that we are in a good position. Firstly, 30 seconds. Very quick, two top priorities of Chinese leaders, whoever they are right now at 20 years. Number one, make sure making peaceful relationship with the rest of the world. Main thing, the US. Second, make sure the economy continues to grow. And currently, and from now on, the economy is no longer as dependent on trade as it used to be. Trade as a share of GDP is coming down. That's why I maintain my point that maintaining good relationship with the USA, regardless of trade, is most important. Okay, we've come to the end of our time for the debate, it's time to look at the results to see if the collective opinion of people in the room has changed or not. So you know the motion, geoeconomic competition derails economic growth and integration. Agree or disagree? Please vote one more time. You're not voting, sir. You can tell me or no, disagree, okay. Okay, Donald, should we see the result, please? Uh-huh. It was 2%. We did. We have a 2% of the votes. The needle did move. If we had more time, it would have been better. And Mr. Hasegawa had used the voting pad, would have gone even a little bit more towards an even split. So it looks like we're... And also, people kept on shifting their positions, which to me suggests that there's still hope that there is hope for conversions. It doesn't have to be polarized. I just want to thank the panel, particularly because you were very supportive and took polarized positions on a topic that is highly nuanced and obviously reality is always somewhere in the middle. So thank you very much and thank you obviously to the audience as well.


Welcome to JSA TV and JSA Podcasts, the newsroom for telecom and data center professionals. I'm John Markleam and joining me today from London is Jonas Kano, director of EMEA and APAC at Airdale International. Jonas, thank you so much for talking to me. I was just saying that we haven't spoken to each other for nearly three years. I mean, how are you? I'm very well. Conceiving the crazy things that's been going on due to the pandemic and what have you. Yeah, well that's good to hear. But look, the pandemic has brought as much as many challenges as it has brought opportunities as well for this industry. And I think we all agree that the industry has embraced them quite well. What would you say has been a couple of interesting things that you've seen changing over the last 12 18 months in the data center space. I think it's quite interesting because for, I would say, three to five years prior to the pandemic, everybody's been talking about transformation, 5G, all the various things about IOTs and what have you and the potential. And it seems that the pandemic itself has just forced that potential through. So one of the real changes we're seeing is companies are re-evaluating actually what do we do about digital transformation. It's a reality. Because everybody's forced from working from home and working on Zoom just like we're talking on Zoom now. A lot of companies are thinking we need to make this a reality and we're seeing the fruits of that implementation as we speak. It makes sense and I guess this is not going to go away either once we are over the pandemic. No, I think it's a catalyst. Aside from the whole health scenario, from an IT perspective, from a data center perspective, digital transformation, I think this is the big catalyst that there's almost before pandemic and after post pandemic. And so they're not going to go away. I think it would accelerate already with the big rollout of 5G. And with the movement that electric cars are making the market, which is an edge into that driverless car dream, which Tesla is pushing. You can see that the basic infrastructure for the new world, the new digital reality, is being put in place now. Well, and first, it's good to see that all this infrastructure has been recognized now as critical infrastructure, almost everywhere in the world, especially in Europe. We've seen it really being spoken about by governments and we've seen data since being put down as critical infrastructure, which is really good. We've literally frogged an entire decade in the space of 12 months. But with this as well, I mean, of course, we leapfrogged a decade, more data center power is all requires also more power and cooling. What have you seen? What have you seen within the cooling space in the data center? Change. It's an interesting question because there's been, as you know, there's always been a lot of talk of new cooling technologies, whether it's liquid cooling or what have you. But I think from a technology progress perspective, not much has changed. What has changed is the massive increase in deployment. I think what's driving this is, you know, you have hyperscale companies, which obviously are moving very quickly, you have technical real estate companies. And they are businesses that have particular business needs. And the pandemic and all the digital transformation process after that has really driven those business needs as it were. I think we're, we're more busy with, you know, looking at innovation around making sure we can keep in step with these particular needs. So for example, in, in technical real estate, again, it's just real estate, right, just like office, but obviously it's technical space data centers co location. And there's a massive drive across Europe to really look for these powered facilities. And at the same time, a massive drive to really get the hyperscales to come in as tenants. And so the big innovation now is if they come in at the last minute because they don't want to pay until they've got, you know, assigned contracts to come in. So how quickly can we deploy the various infrastructure, very physical infrastructure, which you obviously include is calling is the, the, the OPEC side of things. How can we use various free calling methodologies to keep that OPEC as low as possible. So that's where the innovation is, you know, the business process, the way that we actually deploy these units, not to say there isn't massive innovation when it comes to pulling technologies. I think that's still in step with new ways of looking at data center design, like OCP. And that step is slightly at a different pace to the massive business demands of the location. Okay, well it's interesting because we can then distinguish the speed of deployment that we need right now, and over the next half decade and then what's going to change in terms of technology and going to really reshape the inside of the data center or maybe the outside. Well, you know, just on that point, I think, not to say that in the near future, there won't be massive change. We know that obviously 5G, because of low latency, and, you know, decentralized computing will create a massive change just in itself. We're not quite there yet, but we know that the infrastructure is there to actually drive 5G. Also think HPC as well high performance computing which is now becoming a massive, you know, area only because there's more number crunching to do is more things that that AI drive to be able to get that information. And that would obviously create new technologies and new ideas. So it's there. I think the real focus now would be how do you need the current business need for these large physical infrastructure. Hmm. Okay. Well, I mean, and speaking, speaking how to provide for those needs that we have today. I mean, Airdale is one of the biggest players in this space in the data center world. What are the reasons? What's there like today? How have things changed or how has market demand changed over the last 12 months? I guess we'll kind of lined up with what you just said. And what's next? What are you guys planning on to launch to to unveil to to buy? What's what's next? Well, Airdale is an interesting company. Well, it started off as a relatively small player. 1974. That's when I was two. And it incidentally started off or interesting enough slide off in the IT space. Then it was data processing. So it's cracking with air conditioning. And then it got into chillers. The main state for Airdale up until probably about four years ago was commercial chillers, either in the commercial HVAC market, like, you know, schools and hospitals and commercial buildings just in normal chillers as we were. So within the, how do I put it, the enterprise data center space, where a company has it on data center relatively small. It's only in the past three years or so before years that it's got involved in the big oil location hyperscale. And I was brought on to accelerate that process. And that's probably enough. Airdale in 2005 was bought out by a company called Modi. And Modi in class themselves with the largest thermal management company, but mainly in vehicles. So, you know, you're calling with the contractors and vehicles and also cars will have you with companies clients like Ford. They realized only recently that electric cars is probably not the way to go when it comes to pulling their business. So they've sold off their vehicle their departments, our heavily looking at the building HVAC space, particular data center. So the position between molding saying, let's start investing our real might because they're $2 billion company. With one of the acquisitions, which have left alone until now with this massive growth in data center. So, I was on the road, massive change now molding have 42 factories around the world. And so, rather than having one huge facility leads, which is what we've done to export globally. Now we're trying to become a very different player utilizing a lot of these factories around the world, having a America and then obviously ultimately a pack region and being a true global player. Because the funny thing is, when you're dealing with publication, I just got a company, the dealing with global companies that want a global standard that don't necessarily look at the products as engineered solutions but look at them as, you know, products that need to be put in, in the right place at the right time so it becomes about logistics comes about service management. And therefore they need a player that can deal with them globally. And so we are turning into a, if a very good niche player, you can niche player into a global phenomenon. Interesting, very interesting. Just picking up what you said so of course you're becoming a niche player in that sense but because of the past with the automotive industry for example you do have expertise on how to deal with verticals. It is something that we're going to see the working more with so automotive companies we've seen Volvo for example announcing they're going to be a large data center. I believe in Sweden. I think it's within in the coming years. Range Rover did the same last year. Let's see you guys working more with automotive companies as well to build their own data center facilities and even other verticals so healthcare schools, government, etc. Yeah, of course, that's one of the things we're looking at. I mean, so it's interesting because you mentioned two verticals that are, you know, hand in hand so one hand, we're in a data center. We have the transfer transfer. So it will still provide commercial HVACs to various vegetables, but also you would have the data center. Data center solutions division, as it were, that will be provided into hyperscale and collocation. Now we will always have data center products, but therefore verticals can still sell our products within, you know, their particular vertical. So it's interesting because we've just gone through the transition where rather than look at our sales organization from a geographical perspective, we'll now turn it into verticals. So the case is how do you create strategies for these various verticals, because they're slightly different, like you can products require the slight different demands, and the biggest vertical at the moment of these will always your hyperscale and collocation. Yes, we will still be involved in the marketplace as a whole wherever there's a requirement for industrial based cooling and thermal management will be there. Okay, how would you describe Erdal's journey for the next 12 to 24 months in one word. AI. Okay, that's interesting. So, I say that because, you know, we will continue to build innovative products will continue to market will continue to be commercially astutes, because the market's changing and going through an explosion, and the various things that one has to do to be able to navigate these changes, and that's a given. So what we feel will differentiate us is we're seeing ourselves less of a product company to manufacture stuff less involving just thinking about how do you manufacture products and how do you get shipped and more of a solution provider a particular service. I think about it. If you're the service is cooling, right. And yet cooling is very interesting because you would think, well, let's just keep the cool in as low as possible. Let's keep the temperature as low as possible.  You've got more HPC environments coming in you've got mixed environments within a particular one space. How would you deal with these various cooling needs and also to do with maintenance, because you know that impacts the resilience of the city. And we find that AI is a solution. You know, whether it's the case of getting these cooling facilities to talk to each other to react to learn the pulse of that particular data. Every day so it's different. How do you learn using, you know, trend information and analyze that and train, you know, the cooling, you know, units to actually call in a more efficient way. But also, how do you create a scenario where you, you know, to maintain the unit before it actually needs to maintain predictive maintenance. One of the things that will make us unique in that scenario. The problems isn't about calling anymore. I mean, that's just mechanical. Yeah, you know, we just be another mechanical cooling manufacturer. And we'll always be, we'll always strive to be the best of course. But the issue is now if you've got a unit in there that will last for let's say 10 years, the life cycle of a data center is 20 30 years now. You know, how would that machine do what it's meant to do over that lifetime, because provocation hyper scale, the physical infrastructure is about is a cost base. So it becomes a financial analysis for the owners of this. And that's where we feel will be different. Okay, I mean there's very interesting because as you say that you took me back to 2015 when I went to, I mean, literally when I went to Stuttgart to a conference there. And this is what Bosch was saying that they're going to be doing around the end of the decade so around last year. They weren't really followed up to know if they did or not, but they were talking about all this as well so creating the digital twins creating this health healing infrastructure getting the AI enabled infrastructure that can run itself. Not just on a cooling and power perspective but with other things that come with a factory which are different to a data center. So I think that's that's very, very interesting. I'm sure there's a lot more that we can talk on that level because it seems like a big shift as well within Airdel as well. It is, it is a big shift when you're going global. Jonas, if people want to find more information about Airdel and what you're doing and then of course this AI future that's coming over the next year. Where can people go to find out more. So our website has always been there. So it will be www.airdel.com, very straightforward. That's the view of what we're doing certainly in Europe. To get a bigger view of, you know, how we are working with our parent company Moudine, then it will be www.moudine. I think those two websites will give you an overview of where we are. Okay, well that sounds good Jonas thank you so much for your time. It's been nice to catch up after three years. And thank you I've used for tuning into JSA TV and JSA podcast and don't forget to check out social channels for more content until next time. Happy networking.


Y Ffajibiru ar y bydd yw'r ysgol yn ymddiad yma yw'r ddweud yng nghymru, yn ddod o'r ddweud ymddiad yma, yw'r ddweud ymddiad yma, a'r ddweud yw'r ddweud yw'r ddweud ymddiad yma, a'r ddweud 8 miliwn. Mae'r ddweud o'r $20,600. Aelodd Cymru, Ymddiad, Cymru, yn gweithio amdano'r cymdeithas Cymru, o'r ddweud i'r cymdeithas Cymru, a co-conspirator Chibwzaw Kelly Vincent. A document issue by the United States District Court for the Central District of California and dated February 12, 2021, alleged that Hush Poppy contracted the services of Kiari after Chibwzaw allegedly threatened to expose an alleged $1.1 million fraud committed by or against a Catery businessman. Kiari provided the account information for a bank account at a Nigerian bank, Zenis Bank, in the name of a person other than Kiari himself. Page 59, item 45 of a document, stated. FBI agent Andrew John, innocent, made the allegation in the criminal complaint by telephone, or other reliable electronic means, filed before the United States District Court for the Central District of California. So you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hello, this is Hans van der Kraas, Senior Lecturer at ICH Delft Institute for Water Education. This video will demonstrate how to derive a catchment and its streams from an SRTM digital elevation model. The procedure in this video will use the new PC Raster Tools plugin. So make sure you have it installed in the correct way. We'll really start from scratch, so we need some orientation. You can use the Quick Map Service plugin, which can be installed from the Plugins menu. Search for Quick Map Services and install the plugin. Click Close. The plugin is installed in the Web menu. But here you see that the list of options is quite short, but if you go to Settings, you can go to the tab More Services and click Get Contributed Pack, which will install many more Web Map Services. Here you see the complete list. We're going to use the Open Topo Map, because we need some topographical information to make an estimate of where approximately our catchment is located. We're going to derive the Roor Catchment, which has an outlet near Vermont, but we need to look at the river systems on the map and the mountains to see where approximately the area is and to zoom to that area. Once we've determined the approximate study area, we can create a polygon layer from the extent. In the Processing Toolbox, search for the tool Create Layer from Extent. There you can use the drop-down menu to use the map canvas extent. However, the coordinates here are in the coordinate system of the background map, and we need to use the coordinate system of our project, which in this case is UTM Zone32 North and WGS84. So I changed the projection of the project to 32632 as EPSG code, and then I can use the map canvas extent. And now it uses the correct coordinates. I save the file to bounding box, make it a shapefile, I run it, and there it is with the default color. Let's style it to make it a nice boundary line, so I use outline simple line, a little black line there to indicate the boundary of our study area. The next step is to download the SRTM tiles. You can do that from USGS Earth Explorer, but there's also a nice plugin. It's called the SRTM Downloader Plugin. Install the plugin from the Plugins Manager. Click close after installation, and it has added this icon here to the toolbar. Click on the icon, and click on set canvas extent. It will now use the boundary coordinates of your map canvas. You can click the download button, at some point it will ask for your credentials to log in to the portal where the data is downloaded from. Use the link to create a new account, or if you already have an account, type here the credentials. You can also save the credentials, and then it starts downloading. If it's interrupted, you just click download again. Like here it says connection closed, just click download again, and it will proceed. If this doesn't work on your computer, then you can use the USGS Earth Explorer web interface to download the tiles. So it has downloaded four images, then click close, if I zoom out I see it covers a much larger area than our extent that we have determined for our study. Because we can't work with all these separate tiles, we're going to mosaic them. The easiest way is to make a virtual raster. We go to raster and select build virtual raster, and we choose there the four tiles. We keep the default settings here as they are, and we save it to a new file. This will be a very small file, which does not really copy the whole data, but just provides a virtual link to the data, and it's very efficient, because we don't want to continue with this whole data set all the time. And here we see it. I can remove the separate tiles, and I drag the bounding box to the top. Let's change a bit the style of the bounding box, so it's clear with the grayscale background. Make it red. And you see that our study area is much smaller than this mosaic of the DM tile. So we need to clip and re-project, and the easiest way to do that in one step is to click right on DM mosaic, and then choose export, save as, and there choose a file name, go to DM clipped, and I can choose the bounding box as the coordinates, but I first need to change the projection to the one of the project, otherwise it will be in latitude longitude coordinates. Let's do that again. Now with the correct coordinates, I'm going to change the horizontal and vertical resolution to 30 meters, and I use as a no data value and out of range value, which is minus 9999, which is often used. I click OK, and it's performing the clip and re-projection, and I can remove the mosaic, and there is the result. Let's quickly style this DM. It's a continuous raster, so we use the single-band pseudo-color renderer. There we can use the drop-down to select a new color ramp, and we're going to use the catalog CPT city, which has a lot of nice presets. There we go to topography, and we can simply choose elevation, or any other one here that we like. Then we need to click classify to apply the colors to the pixels in our DM. Then there's a nice trick to add the hill shade to the DM colors by using blending. So we're going to duplicate the DM layer, and it's good practice to rename the layer, called hill shade, and let's make that one active, and here I use the hill shade renderer, which on the fly renders the pixel values to hill shades. When I zoom in, it gets a bit blocky, so I change the resampling to bilinear for zoomed in and cubic to zoomed out. Now I can use the blending mode on the DM clipped layer, and I use multiply, and this gives a nice effect with adding the hill shades to the colors of the DM. To further process the DM for catchment delineation, we need to install the PC Raster Tools plugin. There are alternative ways using grass or saga, there are also videos on my YouTube channel about that. But the PC Raster Tools provide a robust way of deriving the catchment and streams. PC Raster has a GDAL supported format, but we need to convert our DM first to the PC Raster format, so therefore we choose the tool convert to PC Raster format, and it's important to choose the correct data type, which is scalar. Scalar is used for continuous rasters, and PC Raster is strict on the data types, and we always check that when you perform the tools. So now we have the DM in PC Raster format. The next step in the workflow is to fill the things and to derive the flow direction. PC Raster does this in one step using the LVD create tool. You can find in all these tools a link to the documentation, which describes how it works and what the different arguments are that you can give to the tool. Here you see the different arguments, and their descriptions, and it will result in a flow direction map with the directions encoded with these numbers, and these numbers correspond with the numeric pad on your keyboard. The different settings of filling are illustrated with this figure, and you can find some examples on the bottom of the page. We use the DEM of PC Raster as an input, and we keep all the defaults to fill to the maximum possible, therefore we use those large numbers. This flow direction has an output, and I run the tool, which can take a while. This is the most intensive calculation that you do in this procedure, so be patient and just wait until it finishes. You can close the dialogue after processing, and now we can have a look at the result. The flow direction is a discrete roster with values for the flow directions that correspond with our numeric pad. To have a look at it, I use the palleted unique values renderer, and to see the unique values in the roster, I click classify. Here we see the different numbers, the colors they don't really make sense, so we need to style this in a better way, and for flow direction we need to use directional ramp. Because the PC Raster values are not very organized in a linear way, I'm going to convert the values with a lookup table to the ones used for Saga. So in our case, value 1 is the south-west, and in Saga that is value 5. Because Saga starts at 0 for north, 1 for north-east, 2 for east, etc., while PC Raster uses again the numerical pad of your keyboard. Special value there is 5 for PC Raster, which means flat, and in Saga that is 255. So this will be our lookup table, which converts the PC Raster directions to the Saga directions. Make sure you change the range boundaries to be exactly the minimum and maximum, and for the output format you can use byte, because it's 8 bits, which can store values from 0 to 255, which will be sufficient. Let me save it to flowdirector.tiv. After processing, close the dialog, and then you can start the styling. Go to the Layer Styling panel, switch to Paleted Unique values, click Classify, and here we see the numbers 0 to 7 and 255 corresponding with the Saga flow direction values. We remove the 255 because we're going to create a ramp for the other numbers based on the spectral color ramp, so we choose the spectral one, and we can click on the ramp and say Edit Color Ramp, and there we can modify those stops. First we're going to make the first color the same as the second one by picking the color. Then we change South to Yellow, which is R255, G255, and B0, and for East we make R0, G255, and B0 to make it green, and then for West we use MacInta, we create that by using combination of 214, 60, and 170. If you want to do it very correct, you also need to change the last stop, which will be the Northwest, to a color that is somewhere in between the MacInta and the blue, so somewhere between the Southwest and the North, and click OK when you're done, and then the color ramp is applied, so here we have a directional color ramp. The problem is that we still need to add 255, if we click the plus it adds 8, but 8 doesn't exist in the dataset, so we need to type 255 for value, and then we can type the names of the labels to make it human readable. So each of the value numbers corresponds with a flow direction that we need to type as a label. 255 is flat, and therefore we also give it a white color by changing RGB to 255, 255, 255, 255, and we type here flat, and there's the result, which we also see in the legend in the layers panel. You can use blending with the hill shade by putting the hill shade below, and changing the blending mode to multiply for the flow direction, and when we zoom in we can see then some patterns, if you go to the hills, and we can interpret these colors, and we can use a little bit of smoothing by changing the resampling settings there. So that's the result of the flow direction map. There are other ways to style the flow direction map using arrows, which is explained in another video. The next step is to derive our streams, and therefore we need the strahla orders. You can also use as an alternative the flow accumulation using aquiflux, but here we use the stream order tool from PCRuster to calculate the strahla orders. As an input we use the PCRuster flow direction, so not the one used for styling, and we save this as strahler, and then we run the tool, and it results in this nice map, for every pixel strahla order, and we can style this, and larger the number, the bigger the stream, so we can use palleted unique values, because it's an ordinal scale, and we use their blues as a color ramp, and I click classify, we get this nice effect where the darker blue pixel gets the bigger the river is. In reality not all pixels belong to a river, so we now need to do some calibration to determine which strahler order threshold should be used to consider a pixel as being part of a river, and we can do that by calculating Boolean maps with strahler order larger or equal than a certain value, and compare that with OpenStreetMap, or with a satellite image from Google Satellite for example, and then the threshold that matches best with what we see on the map, or on the satellite image is then the value that we use for selecting the rivers from the strahler order map. So we can do that by using the raster calculator, and I double click on strahler, use the larger than or equal button, and I start with a value of 5, and then I save the result as strahler5, the output will be TIFF files in this case, click OK, and there we see the result, and I use this styling from the palleted unique values, remove the zeros, keep the ones, can make it blue to correspond with the color of rivers, and I need to remove some of the layers below, and hide all, keep the strahler5, and here I'll use OpenStreetMap as a background, and then I compare the result, and I can already see that there are far too many streams when I use order 5, so too many tributaries. So you repeat this for different values, I'll now skip a few values, and go to 8, called strahler8, I can copy the style to save a bit of time, and uncheck strahler5 to see the difference, we see now that many tributaries have been removed, and this one looks like it corresponds quite okay with the rivers on the map, the amount of tributaries, that's what we control with the threshold, and it is a calibration of a model, so you will never get it perfect, but try to find the best result here. So now we can use that threshold value that we determined for further analysis to derive the streams. So I go here to the spatial tool, the spatial tool simply creates a raster with a data type based on a value, so all the pixels will get that value in that data type, and I use here a value 8 on an ordinal scale, and I use strahler as a clone, and I call this ordinal8, and there's the result, all pixels have value 8, that is because the PC raster tools use mostly maps as inputs, so I can now use one of the conditional and boolean operators here, the comparison operator, and then I say if input raster which is strahler is larger or equal to ordinal8, then give me boolean2, otherwise give me boolean false, so those will be our channels, this will tell us boolean2 for channels and boolean false for where there are no channels, we'll paste the style here again and it will end up with the same map when we have strahler8, but now I want to have the strahler orders for the river, so I need to use if them, so the boolean condition is that if there are channels, so if channels is true, then give me the strahler values, else give me no data, that's what if them does, with if them else you can also control what happens if it's false, I run this and now I see that our pixels of the river have the strahler orders which I can style with pelleted unique values because it's an ordinal scale, use the blues again and there we see that it has 8, 9, 10 and 11 as order for this area, of course it's much nicer to present our channels network as vector lines and therefore we need to convert the raster to vector lines and an essential step there is to use the r.pint tool from grass to make sure that the raster lines are only one pixel wide and not as in this case multiple pixels, so as an input I use channel strahler, I keep the maximum number of iterations and I save the output to a geotiff, I call it channels thin, make sure you change it to geotiff and then I save the result and run it and there we see the results and we can now compare channels thin with channel strahler and we see the difference that it has on one pixel width now, but we also see that we can suspect some other geometrical problems later when we convert it to vector which we'll do now, so I use r2vect from grass, use channel thin as an input, line feature type, I check the box to use raster values as categories instead of unique sequence that makes sure that it uses the pixel values and not give unique numbers, choose to line and I save the file and call it channels, I click run and when it's done close the dialog and there we see the result, it's not perfect there are some geometrical issues like overshoots and dangling nodes but overall this is something we can now proceed with, there are procedures to correct this but that's out of the scope of this tutorial, let's have a look at the attribute table of our channels vector layer that we just created, click write, open attribute table and there we see that the cut field contains the original raster strahler order values, but we need to change that into real strahler order, so I add a new field order with length 1 and I'm going to write here an equation to convert them, I use the case when then end function and I write here when cut equals 8 then give value 1, so all values 8 will turn into strahler order 1, when it's 9 make it strahler order 2, 10 will be 3 and 11 the maximum in our case will be strahler order 4, then I need to close this with the end statement here and when I click okay now we see that those orders have been applied, so those are the real strahler orders from the method because the raster ordering system gives every pixel strahler order on reality only the streams get an order, then I can use the graduated renderer for the vector styling, I use the order field and I use the size method and change the size from 0.3 to 1, change it to equal count and then we need to change the legend to discrete strahler order numbers, you can also change the precision then you have to type again, change the color to something blue and now we see how our strahler orders nicely styled, so the thicker the line the higher the strahler order and the bigger the river in newer versions of QGIS you can easily use tapered line styles, there's another video that explains that, there's still an issue that it still looks a bit blocky because of going from raster to vector, so there's a way to smooth this a little bit, so we can look for a smooth tool here in the processing toolbox and I want to do this with in-place editing, therefore I click that button there in the processing toolbox and I use five iterations here in the tool and the advantage of in-place editing is that it will immediately save it in the layer and not in a copy, you can inspect if it's okay or not otherwise you choose another iteration value and then when you're okay with it you save the results and the whole line is selected so we need to unselect and here we see that it's now smooth, so now we can compare the result with the map, so I switched on open topo map you can also use open street map or google satellite and see how well the smoothed line matches with the river system and here in the upstream it does it quite well, downstream is a bit more human modified and now let's look for the outlet to do our final step which is deriving the catchment from the outlet, so there's the rule river on the map and here's the mouse and where the rule gets in the mouse we have to choose our outlet and that needs to fit with our model, so we need to use the delineated stream, so we either use channels thin or channels stroller for that, then we click write, copy coordinate and use the map coordinates, paste the coordinates in notepad and add comma one, so it's a comma separated file with x, y and id number, if you have more outlets for which you want to derive the catchments you can add multiple lines to this file and it will with the catchment tool or the sub catchment tool derive all the catchments and sub catchments that you list here, so save it to a text file and then I can use the tool to convert this to a map, so column file to pc raster map choose outlet.txt that we just created, as a mask we use the flow direction and output data type is nominal, so when you have multiple points each catchment will have the values, the nominal numbers that it finds in the outlet map, we choose close, now to below our open topo map so I need to drag it to the top then I can style this, always good to check if the result is what you think it is, so it only contains one value, one nominal value, one in this case for the outlet and that's the outlet for which we are going to derive the catchment, so I'm going to know which area drains to this point, I use the catchment tool for ldd, I use the flow direction layer for outlet, I use the outlet and I save the result as a catchment.map, I run the tool, now I click close, zoom to the layer, now all the pixels with value one belong to outlet one, so if you have multiple outlets they will have their unique numbers, now it's much nicer to present this as a polygon, so we can use polygonize from master conversion, use the catchment layer as an input and then save the output and let's call it raw catchment, I run it, that's the result, I open the attribute table because I only want the catchment boundary and you see that there are multiple features here with values zero and values one, if I zoom to a one I see that there are some geometrical issues there because of going from vector from raster to vector, so I'm not interested in those individual pixels but I want to know the whole catchment and here I found it and what I can do here is invert the selection, double on the editing mode and simply remove everything that is not the catchment by clicking the trash bin and save the result, so there's our catchment boundary polygon, note that there's a little donut hole in it, that's because of one of the mines that has its own little catchment inside the catchment, the fill sinks, algorithm didn't solve that part, so I can now use a technique called inverted polygon shape burst fill, so I change the renderer to inverted polygons and the other symbol layer type to shape burst fill, I change the first color to gray, so 000 is black, 255, 255, 255 is white and every combination in between of equal values of RGB results in a gray intensity, the second color is white and I'm going to apply opacity of 65 percent here and you can see the effect on the map canvas in real time, so set the distance to 4 and I'm also going to increase the blur strength to 10 and now you can really see the catchment popping out of the map canvas which is a very nice effect if you want to highlight the study area and to shade the areas that are outside, I also want a black line so I added a second symbol layer and added a black line with a stroke width of 0.46 millimeters, I want to apply this or visualize this with the DEM and the hill shade I have to rearrange the layers a bit, move the channels to the top, in fact it's nicer to have the catchment boundary on the top so it shades the rivers that are outside, you can also clip that in the tutorials written how to clip it, use the hill shade there, put it below the DEM and that's a nice result, the DEM with the hill shade highlighted in the study area with the rivers on top of that, let's clip the rivers, we choose channels here as an overlay, I choose rural catchment, we call it rural channels, run it and move it to the top and I want to copy the style so I don't have to do that again and there it is, but now this looks great and we can use this further for our map design, now if we want to store all this data that we created we can package this in a geopackage so we use the package layers tool and we select the input layers that we want to package and I'm interested in rural catchment and rural channels only and you can see here that the checkbox saves the layer styles also in the geopackage that's very useful, everybody who uses the geopackage will then have the styled layers with the same styles as we defined here, note that we can only store vectors in this way, if we want to store a roster we can drag it to the geopackage, so here in the browser panel we see our geopackage and I'm going to add here the dmclips layer, the geotiff and I drag it to our geopackage, when I release it it's imported and there will be a message that import was successful, click okay, if I refresh the browser panel I see now that dm is also there but it doesn't have the styling, so what we need to do for our project is to make sure that the layers refer to the layers in our geopackage and not the ones that we have on our hard discuss files, so I'm going to copy the style of the dm to the one of the geopackage and remove the original one, for the hill shade I can simply recreate that by duplicating the layer renaming it to hill shade and then choosing the hill shade renderer, so I remove the original hill shade and I add the rule catchment boundary, if you hover your mouse over it you can see if it's the shape file or if it's from the geopackage, so here are all our layers from the geopackage at the top I can remove the others, now we can also save our project in the geopackage, so we have everything together in one file in the geopackage, so I choose rule data and I save it as rule, so now our project and the style data are in the geopackage and can easily be shared with others and we can use this for further processing or adding other data


This 2017 Ram 1500 Crew Cab Short Box, 5'7'' Short Box, is stock number 11597ZA. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, you're new and used light duty truck and Ram headquarters. This 2017 Ram 1500 has the 5.7L V8 Hemi motor. It has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. Blue Streak Pearl is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p, 60 frames per second so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone or television turn them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality and condition of the truck before seeing it in person. And if you'd like to subscribe to our YouTube channel to get videos each and every day of the new and used inventory we have here at Summit, in the lower right hand part of the screen is a gold subscribe button, click that and then click the bell notifications to get updates every time we upload a video of one of our inventory pieces. This one comes with the painted alloy rims. It has brand new Kelly Edge HT tires, these are 26570R17s. We put these on in our safety inspection, you can still see the little wear knobs on there so brand new tires all the way around. Front fender is in excellent shape, I didn't see any dents or dings on there, the headlight lenses are nice and clear. The bumper is in okay condition, it does have a couple little dents and dings here and there but it is a used truck, front or the hood is in excellent shape and the grille is in nice condition as well. Passenger side front fender looks really good, I didn't see any dents or dings on there and the passenger side rim no scuffs or scrapes. This blue streak metallic got a lot of metal flake in it, if you can see it there, there we go, really a good looking color in the sunlight. As you go down this side of the vehicle, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the truck, you can see the truck, hear the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart buying decision from the comfort of your own home. Pretty clean down this side, I didn't see any major dents or dings, has the plastic wheel well liners which keeps your under body looking good, back tires are brand new as well and this back rim no major scuffs or scrapes and underneath the truck very nice and clean, lower rockers look really good and a little head on to the back. It does come with the full towing package which includes a receiver hitch, four pin and seven pin wiring, the bumper's got a couple little dings on it, once again used truck, tailgate's a nice shape I didn't see any major thing on there, oh there is one little ding down here but that's why we do the videos we want to have full disclosure on everything, has a nice access soft roll up tonneau cover and it has a very nice spray and bed liner, no major dents in the box looks really good, locking tailgate and as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger side, box looks really good and for full disclosure there's back rim no scuffs or scrapes on there, down the rest of the side of the truck looks pretty good, does come with the heated power mirrors inside the SLT package gives you the gray cloth interior, there are no rips there are no tears on the seats, side curtain air bags comes with factory floor mats, those are a nice shape, auto headlamps, power windows, power locks and power mirrors we'll hop inside take a look at the ignition and the radio, this truck has 79,066 miles you do get a digital speedometer compass and outside temperature display, steering wheel has information and bluetooth controls on the left, cruise controls and gear selector on the right you do get the eight speed automatic transmission, the push button, four-wheel drive, you have the five inch uconnect radio and FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities on here and you can connect it to your bluetooth cell phone, down here are your climate controls, stability control tow hall and it does come with an aftermarket brake controller and a 12 volt power point right there and one on the other side, I'm sorry that's a USB plug-in, passenger side floor mat and seat are in excellent condition and the headliners in really nice condition on this truck as well map lights, power side mirror window and you do get three cup holders in this center console which folds up for 60 or 40-20-40 split bench seating in the front, so up to six passengers on this vehicle we'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll start it up and take a look under the hood, back seats are in nice shape as well no major rips or tears back here, it does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have, power sliding rear window and factory floor mats back here, you do get in-floor storage bins with removable containers for easy cleaning, you can put ice and drinks in there it's like you got too many coolers wherever you go jack tools are back here and a nice storage area underneath here as well side curtain airbags, you do get the child safety locks on the back doors and the bottoms of the door, door jams looks good we'll start it up and take a look under the hood, starts right up no check engine lights or anything like that I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside and out under the hood we have the 5.7 liter v8 hemimotor with the MDS system, engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth once again this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this one is 100% ready to go, four brand new tires blue streak pearl, one of my favorite colors on the rams and to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, half tons, three quarter tons, one tons you name it we got it go to our website right there www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com and if you like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact the second you will see link to subscribe to our youtube channel the upper left the link to more ram 1500 truck videos like this one the upper right link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left of the link to one of our latest youtube videos in the lower right click those check us out and we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2017 ram 1500 crew cab short box slt in blue streak pearl remember to click like subscribe and click those bell notifications to get updates on videos we do each and every day here at summitauto.com thanks again


So according to Brad Stainbrook at Stainbrook NFL, the Ravens have been in contact with one Jarvis Landry. Let's read his report verbatim. He said, free agent wide receiver, Jarvis Landry has not heard from the Browns as of late following the team drafting two wide receivers in NFL draft per league source. I'm told another team in the AFC North, the Baltimore Ravens have expressed interest in Landry since the draft ended. And I don't think there's going to be any one of you that would be surprised by that at all. I'm not surprised by it. I know most of y'all are not surprised by it either. This was expected. I think literally every Ravens fan, especially after the draft, they traded away Hollywood, we all expected, okay, they definitely drafted and receiving that. They didn't do it. They've been signing a lot of undrafted free agents that wide receiver big body guys that undrafted free agent wide receiver too, by the way. But it's just in the Ravens to add that veteran. And I've been saying that I don't expect them to go into this year just with their young guys. I don't expect that. Like all their receivers, second year Rashal Bateman, third year Pro Shae, third year Duvenay, second year Wallace. Like they ain't about to just run with that and be done. No, of course they're going to add a veteran but who is that veteran going to be? Now Jarvis Landry, what could he possibly bring to the Baltimore Ravens? Well, one thing, one big thing, leadership. And with Jarvis Landry, leadership will go such a long way with this group. Now, of course it ain't all about leadership because you gotta be able to play on that field too. Because you could be the best leader in the world. But if you sorry, ain't nobody gonna hear your message. But Jarvis Landry is not sorry. Jarvis Landry, he would be the sort of underneath receiver, catch a lot of short stuff, then take it a distance. And that would actually change a lot and help with the short game because the short game is something that the Ravens need a lot more of. Because we know like Lamar, Lamar is a homerun hitter. He is a homerun hitter. He wants the deep pass each and every play.  But anyway, Jarvis Landry being that underneath type of guy, he would help just take the Ravens passing game to another level in that aspect. Another thing too, I was just talking to my guy JT about this earlier today. He brought up a really good point about leadership and Lamar Jackson and the Ravens offense. These guys, a lot of these guys, they look to Lamar for leadership. We know Lamar is not this big outspoken leader, anything like that. But Jarvis Landry is. He would bring that veteran presence in the huddle. He would bring a sense of just sort of, not even peace, because ain't no peace in no NFL game. But he would be able to sort of calm the guys down because these moments are really big. And Jarvis Landry, he's been in a lot of big moments. He's been in a lot of big spots because he, again, he's a veteran. Another thing about him that he would bring to the Ravens that they were certainly missing last year. And everybody got hurt with it was health. Jarvis Landry, now last year was an anomaly for him because he did get hurt last year. But usually Jarvis Landry is always there. Always available, can always play, always. So his health is his wealth and he's very wealthy. Now, two things. One thing, I wonder if this is a smoke screen for something else. I wonder if this is a smoke screen for somebody else. I wonder if this is a smoke screen for a different potential move. And I don't know what it could be, whether it be trade, whether it be them really trying to assign somebody else, whether they really interested in a whole completely different player. Because, you know, again, these reports they get leaked for a reason. Now, another thing, and this was the first thing that came in my mind, especially when I saw who the report was from. I was like, oh boy, here we go. Are the Ravens really about to get burned again? Are the Ravens really about to get used again as leverage? The report came from Brad Stainbrook. Again, his ad is Stainbrook NFL. Let's read his bio so y'all could feel what I'm saying. Covering the Cleveland Browns for the OBR slash 24-7 sports. And I know something else. Covering Cleveland Browns, okay. Like Jarvis Landry's been at Cleveland Brown for the past couple of years. We would think that reporters from the Cleveland Browns, they would have the insight on Jarvis Landry and where he's planning on going, or who he's heard from and whatnot. And that's true. But it has been said for a while that the Browns, especially after they made the change at quarterback to Deshaun Watson from Baker Mayfield, it's been said for a while that the Browns were interested in bringing Jarvis Landry back. And even possibly bringing Odell Beckham Jr. back. We know Jarvis Landry, he didn't want to leave, but he also didn't want to take a pay cut. So I wonder, and this is the big reason why I'm not like, oh yeah, let's go! Sorry for anybody with the headphones in my apologies. But I am very, I'm cautiously, I'm looking at this from a cautious point of view. And I'm feeling like I'm somebody that's been burned enough already this off season. And I know a lot of Ravens fans feel the same way. We've been burned enough, we've been tried enough this off season. We've been used enough this off season and we are not gonna fall for this. The only time that we're gonna get excited is when we see pen to paper. Because the Ravens, they were interested in Bobby Wagner. What happened? Leverage, he goes to the Rams. The Ravens were interested in Zidaria Smith. What happened? Well, he agreed to terms with the Ravens but ultimately signed with the Vikings, Leverage. The Ravens, they were interested in Emmanuel Agba. Or was it Larry Oghan-Joby? I think it was one of them to always get them too mixed up. But they were interested in him and, but you know the rest of the story. You know how this thing goes. So I'm just, and a lot of us again are just cautiously optimistic. But I just wonder if this is going to be another Leverage move. Another move to where it's like, oh, well, hey, these Ravens, they interested in me. And then the Browns are like, whoa, whoa, whoa, Ravens out of all people interested in you Jarvis Landry. Get me on the phone with his agent right now. Bring him back. Give him an extra two, man, bring him back. We don't want Ravens getting them. Because stuff like that happens, especially within a division. I mean Steelers, Steelers like, boy, you know Steelers and Ravens, they are petty with each other, man. Of course they go back and forth with the, in the games and stuff, but it's a game beyond the game. It's also a game within the game, but it's a game beyond the game. Because in drafts, Steelers know Ravens want somebody. Steelers slightly interested in that person. Ravens about to pick, hey, no, go get him. Go get him. Hey, Pittsburgh, let's draft that guy. Mine, ha, got him Ravens. And the same could be said about the Ravens with the Steelers too. Ravens, oh, Steelers interested in them? Oh, we slightly interested in them. You know what? Since Steelers are interested in that person, you know what? We're that much more interested now since we know that Pittsburgh, you know, get him, get him. He's ours now. Ha, how about that? So with the Browns, again, this could be Jarvis Landry's camp putting this out here. This could be his camp putting this out here like, hey, Browns, you don't want me? Guess what? I know somebody who does.  So if you don't want me, hey, I got somebody that'll take me right away. So try it if you want to. We've been talking for a while and if this how you wanna end things, try it if you want to. And that could have a Brown scrambling and a few men like, oh my goodness, what do we do? So again, I'm not even sure what to really make of all of this, but I'm not gonna get overly excited. If the Ravens add them, cool, cool. I wouldn't be mad at that at all. I wouldn't be mad at them or add in a Jarvis Landry. Now I do still think that there would need to be just a bit more because as far as a downfield threat, who would that be? Who is that? And I feel like that's a big part of Lamar Jackson's game and I feel like it should continue to be a big part of the Baltimore Ravens game, having that downfield threat, that speedster. Right now, the Ravens, they don't really have that. They got some guys who can move a little bit, but that true speedster. Like, doing that, he can move. Rashard Bateman, he can even move a little bit too now. But they're not those downfield threats like that. So that's one part of this whole receiver equation. In my opinion, that I feel like would be missing. Now with a Jarvis Landry, it would add quality to the Ravens why I receive it. It certainly would. But I just feel like even if they do add a Jarvis Landry, there should still be more. So we'll see what happens.  Oh, hey, Jarvis Landry, he got beef with Marcus Peters. He got beef with Martin Humphrey. They ain't got no real beef, man. They ain't got no real beef, man. They on the same team, they will be completely fine. All that is, that's just that competitive trash talk. That's it. That's it.  I don't like you. No, they not on that, man. But you know, Marcus Peters, no, no, no, no, Marcus Peters like that, man. Marcus Peters don't play, man. Well, you know, Martin Humphrey ain't on none of that. Martin Humphrey done choked O'Dell Beckham Jr. out, but I'm sure he would give him a hug and a heartbeat. Um, but Marcus Peters, that's the one that you really gotta watch out for. Over here calling people Homegirls and all that and then going on IG live, but anyway, it would be fine. It wouldn't be anything that you would have to seriously worry about at all, man. So we'll see how this apparent interest goes. We'll see if this is real, if this is significant or not. Or we'll see if this just ends up being yet another person that the Ravens are interested in where they either can't seal the deal or some other team ends up sealing it for them. And they just got played in the whole equation of things. So again, I'll keep y'all posted and I'm sure y'all will keep me posted as well. Jarvis Landry, cool, cool. But again, not getting super excited over because again, we saw how this off season has been. And I know a lot of y'all are already super on guard and y'all not letting just any report get you all hyped up and excited and whatnot because we need to see something significant. Now, one last thing. My dream scenario, I don't think it's likely. It's not impossible, but I don't think it's likely. We did just saw a report today. We saw a report from Pete Carroll from the Seahawks that said, oh yeah, we expect to get a deal done with DK soon. I was thinking, oh yeah, okay, okay. But my personal dream scenario would be that with this Jarvis Landry thing, that could be a smokescreen. And I would hope that it would, and this is just me. This is just me, my own dream scenario. I would hope that it could be a smokescreen for the Ravens leaking that information that they're interested in Jarvis Landry. And it could be them trying to show to the Seahawks that if they had been in talks with the Seahawks for DK Metcalf, it could be the Ravens showing like, okay, hey, we willing to go in a different direction. Y'all might want to bring that price down just a bit because we willing to move on elsewhere. We don't have to give up draft picks to sign Jarvis Landry. We don't have to give up anything to sign Jarvis Landry because he's a free agent. So Seahawks, if y'all want to really make this thing happen, y'all really want to make this trade happen, come on, let's get it. Because this could be the counter to the Seahawks report that came out earlier about Pete Carroll saying, oh, we plan on signing DK Metcalf soon. Because it's a game within a game. But again, that's just my own thoughts that I hope that it is. But we'll see. Team Keep It Clean, I love y'all so much. I appreciate y'all. I hope y'all having a good Friday and we out.