Ladies and gentlemen silent Mike welcome back to another edition of fix your form We're talking squats today if you want to get involved I need three reps that's seventy percent preferably from the side and from the front email to ask M.I.K.K.E At gmail.com and if you appreciate this if you've learned something be sure to subscribe and give the video a thumbs up right now Let's see if we can get to a two thousand likes my man right here from the first rep I could already tell that stance just looks a hair wide for you and the weight looks a hair heavier than 70% Overall the form is pretty dang decent now what we're talking about here with a lower bar position on the back You will get some lean in the squat. I don't think overall that's going to be a big issue But what we don't want is that angle the hip torso angle to get drastically worse as we come up and where you can see There your hips shoot up a little bit early So we need to focus on is really flexing those quads sometimes some occasion that is the tightness in your stomach and lats Sometimes I believe it's actually even Quad weakness where hamstrings and low back are trying to take over so I'd suggest moving that stance in a hair Making sure you're flexing your stomach real hard get your timing and tempo down So when you hit that hole you're really pressing into the bar with your back So we get our knees and our hips locking out at the same time the same motion overall pretty dang decent my friend Moving on to the next one. What do we got ladies and gents? Oh, he looks tired look back at us Looking sad looking angry. I like the garage gym set up He's got the headphones in Comment below Ladies and gentlemen, what you think my man here in the yellow is listening to I need an artist and a song Which you think this fine gentleman is jamming through the ears. I got I got hit me baby one more time Brittany Spears as he's just warming up with this 70% it's not a big deal for him So he's just listening to that. He's got the Brazil shirt on he's multicultural. He likes Brazil He likes Brittany, etc. Decent little walkout looks tight. Let's see what we got Overall the form looks really good We talk about it a lot in many instances in the squat in particular and the bench a bit tempo pacing and tempo now you do Often lift more weight when you're moving quickly often when you move down you get to rebound out of the hole You get some of that elasticity out of your muscles and you can fire a little bit better Plus you're not being under load as long. So I do like a quicker eccentric on the squat and the deadlift, but The issue is is you want to be quick, but don't hurry if you guys are sick of me saying that Then fix all your lifts and I'll stop saying it You want to be quick but don't hurry you want to be quick enough and fast enough, but still maintain tightness You want to move as quickly as you can While staying in the groove and while staying tight and my man right here looks like he's just moving a little bit Too quick for your britches. I'd like to see you slow down that squad. I almost think about my feet being in bindings almost like a spin bike or even a snowboard and I'm pulling myself down to the ground like my shoes and my feet are Stapled to the ground and I'm pulling myself into the ground knees forward knees out Maintaining that tightness not only in my legs, but my my stomach rigidity and then firing back up Overall really decent form, but I make sure that you're staying tight here We got a side form you might feel still a little bit better The the issue is both the bench and the squat particularly in the squat if you descend The eccentric too quickly under heavier and heavier loads One you're going to lose tightness and you're going to end up failing in the hole And in my opinion you should never fail in the hole if you're failing in the hole The attempt was just too heavy.  You're going to lose balance You're gonna have to good morning the weight up which above 90% just will not happen So with this load he's smashing it because it actually looks like it's about 70% or even lower than his one Or at max so you can kind of do it however you'd like And you're going to end up having some type of success from this angle Also, it looks like you're a little bit too much into your knees Where it's making depth a little bit difficult So focus on pushing those hips back just a little bit and knees out a little bit more as well as controlling that squat So then when you get into the 80 85 90 percent range, you'll be able to maintain that squat both ways on basically All lifts minus the bench press a little bit You should be able to play your squat forward and reverse and it look very very similar in the deadlift and the squat And the bench press is going to be a little bit different because our E-centric or descend the way down to our chest is going to be a straight line Or fairly straight where our press up optimally It's going to be a little bit of a squiggle if not a big squiggle and an arc Back up towards our neck towards our eye line towards the rack But the squat should be straight up and down And as I mentioned here if you start moving a little bit too quickly and losing that tightness you're kind of falling down It's going to be really difficult to maintain that on the way up Again right there you can see this angle is a little bit better. It looks like you're a hair high in the squat my friend So some pause squats finding depth having a video there or a training partner tell you when you hit depth Hanging out there for about three seconds and real enforcing those knees out. We got another squat here. Oh This guy's got a little stumpy legs.  Here we go And we'll see where that depth is it just looks a hair high to me And regardless of your powerlifting or not Yeah, it is a hair high. What we want to do is always change the mud change He won't want excuse me. Bring that back DJ. Oh, what we won't want we want to train our Muscles in the longest range of motion as we can that's gonna allow us to build the most amount of muscle and the more muscle We build over time the stronger and more jacked and beautiful as humans that we will be so Move that stance in keep pushing into those knees a little bit I think just moving the stance and alone will allow your hips a little bit more proper depth And I might feel a little bit smoother I feel a little bit weird as all these cues any coaching cue especially in powerlifting Among other sports, but I'm up in powerlifting any cue you get or doing it properly won't magically add 50 or 100 pounds to your PR what it will do is allow you to train more volume Injury free and more efficiently over time so that you know four six Eight weeks from now. You'll be hitting PRs or feeling smoother and more efficient So take any cue I give you give it a good four to six weeks Doing it best you can from what I have explained and then make a judgment call So yeah, I think without that silent mic. I had something right. I do feel better doing this I'm gonna stick with it or nah I liked it better the other way and by all means if you're not getting injured or you're not hurting Or anyone else you can do whatever the hell you want to do. I don't really care We got my man in a mono lift. It looks like serious power lifting Little higher bar position, which is absolutely fine We're not gonna get in the details of being more upright or low lower bar position That's second one looks pretty good when I talked about pacing and being a little bit more aggressive and that last one looked a hair Sloppy so you see the first one He was a little hesitant getting into the hole the second I think was just right kind of like the three Red riding hood and the three little bears or whatever story goes and the last one was rushed just a little bit and that's kind of the Practice of powerlifting, you know doing singles doubles triples allows us to practice that perfect repetition Over and over so we can get not only the strength and practice of walk out and racking the bar But the pace itself that second one's gold and then this last one it looks like you just rush a hair So then you get pitched forward just a little bit. I'm digging the kicks my man He's rocking the Reebok overall really really good You also make pretty good efficiency of your leverages if I do say so myself I think long-term you may be a little bit more comfortable and lift a little more weight With a slightly lower bar position, but overall if you prefer squatting this way I think it looks really really good. You'll build up a nice squat And some nice quads that way keep forcing those knees out keeps forcing that middle down The one thing is I can't tell from this view But the tighter the tighter you can get your lats and the tighter you can get your upper back The stronger gonna feel the more Efficiency and transfer of power you'll be able to press those legs and into the bar so overall really really solid Here's that front view I was looking for Really really good really really good. I got nothing to say breathing everything looks pretty dang solid Legs knees are tracking great But again if you can get that upper back as tight as humanly possible You'll be nice and rigid from your hip to your shoulder and you'll be able to really push into that bar about great work Oh, and we got this slow-mo remix everyone. I do appreciate you guys for tuning in Everyone says these love these series But sometimes it doesn't always get the views and love that I believe it deserves So be sure to share this out with your friends subscribe turn on the notifications give this thing a thumbs up Let's see if we can hit 2k likes if we hit 2k likes this video may get some love on the YouTube a world Ladies and gentlemen the last one of the day my man going beltless a little bit lower bar position Let's see what he's got efficient walk out. I like it and Ascend Pretty dang solid pretty dang solid what I would say is in that lower bar position You're going to probably need a hair more Torso lean to it although you'll again, and I mean this in the fondest way ever You are a little stumpy from your knees to your hips so you can hit depth what looks at very efficiently But you have a little bit of torso lean right there what I would say for you my friend He's just forced those hips back adjust a bit not only On the start and the walk out make sure you're standing tall being too Flaccid if you will in your knees and hips on a walk out can just add some unnecessary stress So we want to be as stacked as possible back looks nice and tight breathing looks nice and tight But make sure those quads and hips are slightly locked not only on the walk out But then the first descent I want you to lead with your hips just a hair more Again, I don't want to get in the conversation of leading with hips your knees I do think you should kind of lead with both Overall you don't have to change a thing But I do think if you push your hips back just a hair more you might get a little bit of power into that Low back glutes and hams And of course if we're lifting weights, we want to use the most amount of weight and musculature Possible to lift the most amount of weight possible again. I appreciate you guys Thanks for all of the support happy holidays to you We're dropping a video all through the holidays every other day that new fat loss series is dropped So be sure to check out episode one the video before this appreciate you guys sound like head down chin up I'm out of here


So, the Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory is formed by a multidisciplinary group of scientists. We have from biophysicists as I am to bioengineers. So, the whole idea of the department is trying to use the Regenerative Medicine to try to address some of the cardiovascular needs in the field.


The United States says there is no plan to relocate its Africa command from its current base in Germany to Nigeria or any other part of Africa. Despite the Western state of insecurity in the region, the U.S. gave the response a belly-two weeks after President Mohammad Abu Hari appealed to the U.S. government to concede that relocating Africa to Africa to assist Nigeria and other adjoining countries to combat the Western terrorism, banditry and other security crisis. The President made a plea in a virtual meeting with the U.S. Secretary of State Anthony Blinken on April 27. Germany-based Africa command Africa is the U.S. military health court that oversees its operations in Africa. Abu Hari's request followed a series of recent military casualties in Nigeria's decade-long fight against Boko Haram terrorist. Don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hi, this is Tanzeela Sheikh from E4M. We are reporting live from Fikiframes 2023 which is happening from 3rd May to 5th May. We are bringing in some interesting stories from the live event that is happening and the beautiful, wonderful sessions that are happening today as well as tomorrow. Tune in to or log in to exchangeformedia.com to read some interesting panels and stories from the life, from the world of media and entertainment and the advertising industry.


What's better one take down here? Welcome back to new video today I'm gonna be explaining to you how to game share on the PlayStation 4 This is something that me and my boy Jack wanted to do for a long time I wanted to share with him some of the games I bought on my ps4 that way he'd be able to play them as well So we have basically been looking on YouTube to try to find out how to game share on the PlayStation 4 And we tried quite a few different methods Honestly some of the methods that we found on YouTube We couldn't get past the first step And I think there was only one or maybe two that we attempted that worked But they were only for a short period of time and after a couple days It just all of a sudden stopped working and the games that he downloaded from me had the lock symbol on them After about two maybe three weeks of trying to find something that works so we were able to game share I decided to contact Sony themselves Which is something a lot of people don't try to do but I wanted to see what they had to say on it The first thing that Sony told me was they do not recommend game sharing because whenever you purchase games digitally on the ps4 Or even ps3 I think but whenever you purchase games digitally that you're not purchasing the game You're just purchasing the rights to play the game And those rights are only supposed to be for one account on one ps4 Then they proceeded to tell me that there is a way to game share and they share that information with me The first thing that I want to mention is only game share with somebody that you can trust because you are going to have to give them Your login information. I would recommend either family members or a best friend I consider Jack a brother so that's why I'm game sharing with him But in this video, I'm not going to be showing you how to game share because number one It is so easy and number two I already have it completes and I don't have Jack's ps4 here to basically show you but let's get right into this So the first thing that you are going to want to do is on the account that is going to be sharing the games You're going to want to deactivate it as the primary by doing this You are going to lose some features But the two that only affect me are number one You no longer have the ability to auto save onto the cloud But you can still go and manually save everything It is a little bit more of a hassle because your PlayStation doesn't automatically save to the cloud But it's something that I can deal with and the other thing is you have to be connected to online PSN to be able to play it downloaded games So that means if your internet is out or the PSN itself is down You cannot go and play those digital games But for me that doesn't matter so much because I do have a couple disc games and my internet's usually always there But if those don't matter to you then you can continue on with the rest of this video The next thing you're gonna want to do is give the person that you're going to be game-sharing your log in email and Password after you give them your log in information. They are gonna want to go on their ps4 and log out of their accounts They're gonna want to sign into your account on their ps4 And then they're gonna want to set your account on their ps4 as the primary Now after they activate your account on their ps4 as the primary while they're still on your account on their ps4 They can go into your library and start downloading the games that you purchase from the PlayStation store Once they've selected all of the games that they wanted and they have already started to download It can log out of your accounts and they can log back into their account Once the games are finished downloading They should be able to go and play those games on their ps4 on their accounts Now other methods that I've tried whenever it comes to game-sharing for the ps4 Only work for a little while and then the games that you download from your friend will show up a locked symbol And it will not let you play those games It will actually tell you to go and purchase them from the store even though you downloaded them You're not able to play them by doing this method which I just shared with you It works every time and that is because they have your account on their ps4 set as the primary and it lets them play The games now the only downfall to this is your ps4 will no longer be able to be Primary which in a way does suck I wish that they had it so two ps4s can be set as primary But all of the primary functions don't apply to me because the only one that I really wish I'd be able to use would be The auto upload to the cloud but at the end of the day I can still manually upload and my ps4 is almost pretty new I just had it less than six months ago So I'm not gonna have any issues with that But if you are concerned of what you are going to lose if your ps4 is not set as the primary You can always look it up on the PlayStation website and they will tell you everything that you will lose by Deactivating your account as the primary like I said There is other methods on YouTube on how to game share and a lot of people don't like to deactivate their account as the primary And to let somebody else have their account as the primary on their ps4 But to me that is why I said only give it to somebody that you can trust and only game share with somebody You can trust because my boy Jack right now My account is set as the primary on his ps4 And that is why he's able to play my games that I purchased from the store But at the end of the day you can still try some of the other methods for game sharing They may work for you but for us they did not work So I wanted to share this with you because this actually came from Sony Sony is the one that actually shared How to game share it has worked for us for over a month Maybe almost two months now, so it does work So I hope this has helped you learn how to game share on the ps4 because this came straight from Sony Like I said some of the other theories and methods may work for you But you just have to try and see what works for you. So I hope you guys did enjoy. I'm gonna leave this video here Please take care peace


TFNN, headline news update. Good afternoon everybody, I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN, one PM Eastern time on Friday, three hours left to go on the trading day. We have markets just under negative territory right now, pretty muted day so far in the markets, it's jobs Friday. Right now, S&Ps negative two points trading at 32.74, we've got the Dow negative by trading at 28,886, NASDAQ minus three points, currently trading at 91.99, we've got gold up $6 at 15.60, we've got oil off about $0.28 at 59.28, and the dollar index off 108 ticks at 97.34, we'll start things off, I have a chart of the S&P up here, S&P futures will start it off 32.73, you can see the low that we made just after noon Eastern time at about 32.68 overnight, a new high in the S&P is 32.87, pretty remarkable, we had 29,000 in the Dow today, 3300 reachable in the S&P's, we'll jump over to some of the other indices, pull up that chart, there was the Dow, there is the Dow I should say and there we were above 29,000 early overnight, back above that level at about 36.30 am this morning in the futures, currently trading 28,860, NASDAQ 100 futures, March futures contract back above 9,000, trading at 9,008, we covered the S&P's over about the last hour, we've traded up about five points at 32.75, there's your crude oil market, we were as high as about 59.80, we were below $59 just prior to 11 am, currently trading 59.20, there's your gold contract catching a bid on the jobs number this morning, 145,000 jobs added, we'll jump over to that in a moment, we pulled back initially, but from there, gold's traded up about $10 from that level we were at about 9 am, and the Euro US dollars trading at 111.23, as I mentioned, jobs Friday, non-farm payrolls for the month of December, 145,000 jobs added in the month of December to end out a banner 2019. And where are those jobs? There's your chart, CNBC article, the top sector retail 41,000, leisure and hospitality 40,000, education and health 36, construction at 20, and from there it goes down. Stay tuned folks, we got our man Steve Rhodes coming up live right now with the Trader's Edge, Dave White will be live at two o'clock with the power trading hour and Tom O'Brien wraps up the trading week live from three to four. Stay tuned folks, we'll be right back with Steve Rhodes.


Now, they can go buy their ships, pay their army, and have whatever war they need to have. And the central bank is happy because the most powerful banks in the world, the most connected, at that point in England, now we're sure that nobody is going to destabilize their system of fractional reserve banking, where they loan out most of their money and make an interest on it. And at this point, people pretty much had to store their gold with these banks as part of the cartel because they were printing the currency that was used to buy anything in the whole country. So this is the system that we have now. This is a system that's spread from England. And you can see why any kind of a state would really favor a system like this because whatever financing needs to be, whatever financing a government will need, the central bankers are ready to provide it any time. And of course, the state always needs money because the state has no money of their own. How can they make money? They can either tax their citizens, in which case the citizens revolt if the tax is too high, or they can just talk to the central bank and the central bank will buy their bonds or print money. They're not buying these bonds with real money because they don't have any real money. They didn't make any real money. There's no profit there, but they can create it because it's the law. They're the only ones that are allowed to create currency. So how did we get from where we were from that system where we are right now in the US? And the gold standard is pretty much written into the Constitution. Not pretty much. It is written into the Constitution. And this was a big problem for the government in the US for a long time. It kept the government very weak because they had to finance all their expenditures with real money, with gold. Or they had to tax the citizens. And the citizens don't want to get taxed. Americans are very individualist. They like to think for themselves, relatively speaking to other countries. They were very rebellious people because they came from Europe and they were afraid of any kind of authority over them. So there was a few central banks instituted in the United States history, but their charters eventually expired because they were very short term. And the United States, its biggest period of prosperity really became a world power was after the Civil War when the United States was on a gold standard the whole time and it was a constant period of deflation, where there was a gold standard, there was no central bank, and money constantly became more valuable. So if you just hold your gold, you could buy more and more with it over time. Because there was more goods being produced constantly, production was increasing, technology was getting better and better, more goods were being produced for the same amount of money. And what started happening around the early 1900s was very powerful interest like the Rockefellers banking family and oil family and the J.P. Morgan's inherently understood again the problem that has existed with banking for centuries and they also needed a way to get rid of this problem. How do we get security in the banking system? So there's no runs on banks, so we can take out more loans, we can leverage more and we can control the interest rate, so it's not as competitive. So everybody can loan out at 5% let's say and make 5% on this money that they don't really have. And also at the same time corporations, of course standard oil, the Rockefeller interests and other very big very well connected, corporations always want an easy way to get loans. So they started lobbying the government to institute a central banking system. And you may have heard this meeting in Jackal Island where all the press was paid off not to write about it because people understood the problems and they really wanted to know about any kind of central banking, cartilizing going on, cartilization going on. So a lot of press was paid off to not talk about this meeting in Jackal Island, Georgia where these interests, the Warburgs from Europe, which were connected to the banking interests in Europe, J.P. Morgan interests and the Rockefeller interests and a few others got together and wrote the Federal Reserve Act together. And they got Woodrow Wilson to institute and write this into U.S. law or legalize it. And the way they sold it to the people is there was regional central banks so to speak. There's a Federal Reserve in New York, there's Kansas City, there's of course a few western ones, there's a southeastern one. And the guys is it's a democratic system. There's not one central banker deciding everything. So what happened was there was some backlash but when Congress was out of session they instituted this Federal Reserve Act. And of course what happened soon after was World War I. Something else was also written into law at the same time that the Federal Reserve Act was written into law. That's also the income tax. They could see that World War I was going to take place. They also understood that they're now going to print a lot of money. And they needed a source of revenue to pay back the loans that they were going to take out from the Federal Reserve. So they knew that they needed an income tax. They needed another source of revenue from the people. And it really started off at a very minimal amount. So then after World War I we had the Roaring 20s, if we're not sure, heard. It's a period of great prosperity in the United States. Well why did that happen? And you'll always hear blame on capitalism and greed and these financial interests, these brokers that are hyping up stocks. What happened was the Federal Reserve had very low interest rates which encouraged lending. So they lowered interest rates so they could lend more money out. And this encouraged a lot of people to take out loans and it added a lot of liquidity to the system. So when you have a lot of liquidity it inflates the money supply. You have an issue where prices of everything go up, including stocks. So of course eventually that system becomes unsustainable and there's a crash. And that's what happened in 1929. When this crash took place you'll hear a lot about Hoover being a very non-interventionist president. Actually he was the most interventionist president up until that time. And FDR came in saying that he's not going to be an interventionist president. He's not going to try to stimulate the economy because Americans were very much against that. They understood that it really doesn't work. But what ended up happening is FDR, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, which is really by Americans is almost deotized. He's almost a deity. He's almost a god at this point.  Probably him, Woodrow Wilson, Hoover, a few others. They're all pretty much bad but there's a few that are decent. Halfway. Harding I would say is probably the best president of the 20th century. And why would I say that is because Harding was president right after World War I. And there was a threat of a big recession. And actually there was a big depression, not even a recession. GDP dropped by something like 30%. If we had something like that happen at this point then I don't know what would happen. Everybody would just go crazy probably because they're afraid of these kind of numbers. But Harding said, listen, I'm the president. I'm not a business person. I'm not going to tell business people how to run their business. I'm not going to print any money. I'm just going to sit here and play some cards. He was famous for having these poker games at the White House. And that's pretty much all he did. And the economy recovered from this crazy depression in about six months. Why? Because entrepreneurs are smart and there was no meddling with the economy by bureaucrats who think they know what they're doing. And that's why you never hear about the great depression of 1920 because Harding knew and understood what was really key to a prosperous economy. And also the Federal Reserve was very young at that point. So at this point they didn't have the power and didn't really have the bravery to go out there and stimulate like they do now. So in the 30s you have FDR. Now also at the same time there's this progressive movement. There's more socialization going on. Of course you had the revolution where the communists came into power in the Soviet Union. And there was a lot of more socialist leading governments and progressive leading governments all over Europe at the same time. So this type of a pressure created the type of presidents we had in the late 20s, early 30s. So Franklin Delano Roosevelt, even though he said he's not going to intervene in the economy, what does he do a few years after he comes into office? He declares a bank holiday so there's no run on banks. And he also under threat of jail time, prison time, 10 years, he makes everybody take all their gold and bring it in and to the government and just get currency in return. So he takes the people off the gold standard. So this is the point where the real money is taken away from the people and in return they're just given a paper currency. So you see what's going on there. He's finding a way to have complete control over the money supply and be able to print as much money as they want without it actually being backed by gold. Now so at this point the central banking system was still on a gold standard. So countries and central banks in different countries could exchange with each other on gold but no longer was the US citizen on a gold standard. It was illegal. So then we get to about 1944 close to the end of World War I. World War II, sorry. And what we have is the Bretton Woods. Bretton Woods was an agreement because the United States was really the only big industrial power left standing that the whole world was now going to be on a US dollar standard. So the whole world would view as the dollar as their reserve currency. And that's because the US government, Fort Knox and all that, really still had more gold than any other central bank in any other country. But it was just held away from the people and it was held in certain areas, the Federal Reserve of New York and Fort Knox and a few others. So other central banks agreed to the system. Now there was a lot of Austrian economists and Austrian is a certain school of economics that is becoming popular because they really understand what's going on and they predicted all these crises. They predicted that Bretton Woods would fail. But it went through anyway. Why? Because all the elites, all the elite institutions, all the elite corporate interests and banking interests, they're all on the same side. And of course most politicians are as well because they're financed by these interests. So Bretton Woods was enacted and the reason it worked is because the United States promised that any central bank, if they use the dollar as their reserve, could always come back to the United States Federal Reserve and redeem their dollars, their paper dollars for real gold.


So, just to recap what we were talking about is diffusion and in particular where we left off last class was the cell signalling problem right. So, we had the diffusion equation and del rho by del t is equal to d del 2 by del x 2 and we solved it for the case of some chemicals getting absorbed onto the surface of a spherical cell. So, this was the cell signalling problem that I had a spherical cell of radius a and very far away as r tends to infinity there was some constant concentration and we asked what is the diffusion current. So, what is the current rate at which particles get absorbed onto this spherical surface and we came up with an answer which was d n d t that is the number of particles per time which was like 4 pi d A C naught right. So, this was the case for perfect receptors this was the case for perfect receptors which means that whenever molecule performing random walk came onto the surface of this sphere it got absorbed without fail. So, the all the receptors are 100 percent perfect and that gave us this nice answer which is called the diffusive the diffusive limit this was the diffusive limit right. So, this was like the fastest rate at which particles can get absorbed onto the surface of the spherical cell. We then did imperfect receptors we then did imperfect receptors where there was some rate k on at which these chemicals got absorbed and in that case we got some d n d t which was I think m k on C naught by 1 plus something which was m k on by 4 pi d A and we showed that in the limit that k on was very large. So, the receptors approach this perfect receptor limit we go back to this perfect receptor result. Ordinarily this is less this rate is lower than this perfect receptors, but as k on becomes higher you approach that limit and if k on was very small then nothing gets absorbed and the concentration is basically C naught throughout right. So, we will use this number this diffusive limit of 4 pi d A C naught as a sort of rule of thumb to estimate how fast diffusion happens or this sort of cell signaling happens the rate at which this happens. So, before this to clarify a couple of points we did work this out for the spherical for the spherical cell right. So, you could ask that how the shape affected sphere as we discussed is the easiest geometry to solve, but you can solve other you can solve other geometries at least symmetrical geometries you can solve analytically. So, for example, if you take a disk I will not solve it you can look up standard diffusion books or electricity books because it is ultimately the same as a Laplace equation. So, if you solve it for a disk shaped cell of some radius A of some radius A then you would get a d and d t you would get a d and d t of I think 4 d A C naught. If on the other hand you were to do it for an ellipsoid if you were to do it for an ellipsoid let us say of major axis A major axis A and minor axis B. Again you can solve this analytically and you would get d and d t is equal to 4 pi d A C naught divided by some log. So, you can try out all of these these are not very difficult, but the main message is the following that what regardless of the geometry what you get on numbers which are of this order. So, for an arbitrary shape for an arbitrary shape you could write this diffusion limited current whether. So, in the limit of perfect absorbers as something like whatever it was for the sphere 4 pi d A C naught times some factor k where generally this k is of order 1 where generally this k is of order 1. So, we will get some differences due to shape of course. So, in that sense this k you can think of as like the capacitance it encapsulates the geometry of the object, but it will not change the order of magnitude of the result mostly unless you take a very unless you take something which is infinite in one direction and point like in another direction for any reasonable things this will be of the order of 4 pi d A C naught. So, we will use this spherical result as sort of the benchmark and keep in mind that for an arbitrary shape you will have the effect of geometry, but that effect is generally not very strong ok. So, that is number 1. The other thing that we saw when we did this imperfect receptors was that if you plotted the current as a function of the number of receptors if you plotted this dN dt. So, this was for the case of imperfect receptors if you plot this dN dt is as a function of the number of receptors on the surface of the cell this m over here. Then for when m was small of course, it increases linearly almost with m, but as you increase keep increasing m more and more it saturates to this diffusive limit. So, this is my 4 pi d A C naught. So, it saturates to that like this. So, in this region if you increase m a lot you do not get a lot of increase in the rate at which particles are getting absorbed ok. And we put in some numbers to that and we saw that in order to get half this maximum current the area coverage on the surface of the cell was roughly 0.001. So, the fraction of the area that was covered by these receptors was for 0.001. So, even if you have a relatively sparse coverage on the surface of the cell. So, here is my surface of the cell and I have some receptors on this and let us say these receptors are relatively sparse. So, they are quite well spaced on the surface of the cell. Even then the rate the current that you get that is very close to the theoretically maximum limit that you achieve ok. And you can understand why this is in the sense that if I have a particle which is starting off here and it is doing its random work and it hits some point on the surface of a sphere where there is no absorber right. It of course, it feels to get absorbed because there is no absorber here, but it does not immediately run away back to infinity. It will wander around somewhere on this close to the surface maybe it wanders here, it hits this point there is no receptor here then at some point it will hit one of the receptors and get absorbed. So, as long as you have approached close enough to the surface the random worker will tend to spend some amount of time wandering near this near the surface and therefore, it will hit these absorbers even if there are relatively few number of them ok. So, that is why a relatively sparse coverage does quite well as far as the current is concerned ok. So, what I will try to spend today doing is to firm up this concept. What is the probability? So, the question that we will ask is that if I take a random walker which has been released at some point at some radius whatever what is the probability that it gets captured on the surface of a cell as opposed to the probability that it sort of escapes away to infinity. So, what we look at firstly is this capture probability is this capture probability and then next we look at what are the times that are involved. So, if I want to ask that ok let us say that it does get absorbed how fast is that process. So, what are the time scales involved for this capture? So, those are the two things that we will try to do today. At least for this part we will try to firm up this concept that how often does it visit the surface of the cell once it has approached the vicinity of the cell itself ok. All right. So, let me set up the problem. So, let us say I have a spherical cell again. So, having discussed that shapes do not matter a lot I will go back to the sphere and I will keep using this sphere for me be a 1D line. So, here is my cell of radius A. I release a random walker at some radius at some radius away from the cell which is let us say B ok. So, here is my starting point for the random walker and I want to ask. So, B is obviously greater than A. So, B is greater than A. So, what I want to ask is what is the probability that the particle will be absorbed at r equal to A. So, the surface of this cell is uniformly absorbing that is my assumption. So, I will ask what is the probability that this random walker released at r equal to B will get absorbed in the surface of the cell rather than wandering away to infinity ok. So, what is the probability that random walker gets absorbed on cell surface? And for example, how would this probability change if I change the distance at which I release this random walker? So, how does this probability go as a function of B? All right. To do this I will first set up a similar problem. So, here is my cell, here is my random walker. Let me say that I have another sphere at some radius C ok. So, here is another sphere r equal to C which is also absorbing. So, I have let me say A less than B less than C ok. A is the surface of the cell, B is the distance from which you are releasing the random walker, C is this outer sphere outer absorbing sphere that I have considered. So, here at this radius at this radius B where I am releasing the random walker let me say that I am maintaining a constant concentration. So, C at r equal to B is some C naught ok. And let me say that these two absorbers the cell and this outer sphere that I have considered they are both perfect absorbers which means that at the surface of the cell r equal to A and at this outer sphere r equal to C my concentration is 0 right everything gets absorbed. So, now, I want to solve the diffusion equation with these boundary conditions. So, I want to solve del C del t is equal to d del 2 C d Laplacian of C. Again this problem is very has I assume it to have spherical symmetry. So, I will write only the radial component of the Laplacian. So, this is 1 by r square del del r of r square del C del r and I will solve for the concentration in the steady state limit again as before ok. So, this is going to be equal to 0 in the steady state. So, what will this? So, what will the C of r rate? Anyone? We did this last class as well right it is a similar problem. How does the concentration profile look like? So, if at r equal to this is r equal to A let us say r equal to B and r equal to C at r equal to A I know it is 0 at r equal to B I know it is some C naught at r equal to C it is again 0. So, what will the concentration profile look like? Yes, it will go up and come down in what form? Hyperbola. This is going to be linear. Again remember this is a Laplacian equation it cannot have any maximas or minimas like Griffith's electromagnetic electrostatics in fact, basic electrostatics. So, if you specify the boundary conditions, the solution of the Laplace's equation is always the smoothest function that you can use to interpolate between the boundary conditions right. So, it will look something like that and then of course, you have to put in these boundary conditions. So, once you put in these boundary conditions let me just write it. So, what you have is C naught 1 minus A by B 1 minus A by r for A less than equal to r less than equal to B and C naught C by B minus 1 C by r minus 1 for B less than equal to r right. So, this is in the inner region between the cell and the source this is in the outer region between the source and the outer sphere. So, if I put r equal to A then this goes to 0 as it should. If I put r equal to B then this 1 minus A by B and 1 minus A by B cancels it goes to C naught right and similarly for this outer region ok. So, that is easy. So, at least for these 1 D diffusion equations you should always be able this effectively 1 D equations you should always be able to solve for the solve for the concentration of the probability density. So, here is my here is my concentration. I can calculate the flux the radial flux what is J in terms of the concentration that is fixed law right minus D del C by del r right J is minus D del C by del r right. I have the concentrations therefore, I can calculate the fluxes. So, what does this read minus D del C del r. So, minus D C naught 1 minus A by B A by r square right A by r square. This is again for the inner region and for the outer region D C naught C by B minus 1 C by r square ok. So, this is the this is the current the diffusion current or the diffusion flux in these two regions ok. So, now, what I want to know is that what is the current. So, this was the flux this is the diffusive flux. Flux remember is number per unit area per unit time. So, if I want the current which is the number per time at the inner at the inner sphere let us say current at inner sphere. So, that is the cell what is the diffusive current. So, let me write it as i in what is that going to be this is going to be this flux into the area of the sphere right. So, 4 pi A square. So, D C naught 1 minus A by B A by r square into 4 pi A square. So, this is the current at any general r this I should use at r equal to A right. So, that means, that this will become 1 over A. So, if I do that this will become 1 by A that will cancel out that A. So, 4 pi D A C naught. So, 4 pi D C naught A by 1 minus A by B ok. So, this is the number of particles per unit time that is coming and getting absorbed at the surface of this inner sphere. Similarly, you can find out what is the current at outer sphere which is i out which is i out. So, I substitute r equal to B over here and then the area is 4 pi B square. So, D C naught sorry I substitute r equal to C the outer sphere is at C. So, C by B minus 1, 1 by C 4 pi C square. So, this is 4 pi 4 pi D C naught that is the same C by C by B minus 1 right. So, that is the number of particles per unit time that is getting absorbed at the outer sphere ok. So, these are my two absorbers in the system I have calculated the currents for each of this in the steady state all right. So, now, if I want to therefore, ask that what is the probability that a yes yes what is 1 upon r yes this axis is actually drawn wrongly. This is true indeed for Cartesian, but for spherical I should not draw it really right. So, this r square factors. So, once I have multiplied by these r squares it will become linear. So, in the Cartesian it is linear in the sphere in a curvilinear coordinate it would not minus. So, this is let me see this is r minus a by r let me not get into that let me just plot this C as a function of r itself along the r axis and you will write this would not on the r axis it would not that is my thank you ok. What was I saying right the diffusion currents. So, I have this diffusive currents and on the inner and the outer spheres. So, I have this i in which is the number of particles per unit time reaching this out inner sphere at r equal to a and I have this i out which is the number of particles per unit time reaching the outer sphere at r equal to C right. So, then I can ask now that I have these currents I can ask that what is the probability that a particle which I released here at r equal to b that gets absorbed on on the surface of the inner sphere as opposed to the outer sphere. So, what is the probability that particle released at r equal to b gets absorbed in the inner sphere. What is that probability if I know these i in's and i out's yes. So, it will be i in by i in plus i out right. I am releasing this particle it is either getting absorbed here or there the number per unit time here is i in the number per unit time there is i out. So, therefore, the probability that it is going to get absorbed on the inner sphere is that and what is that. So, now I can substitute for this. So, let me see. So, that 4 pi d c naught I do not bother about.  What is this can somebody just simplify. So, this is hopefully a b by b minus a into b minus a c minus b by b square c minus a. So, this cancels this cancels. So, this is a by b c minus b divided by c minus a is that right. So, that is the probability that the particle gets absorbed on this inner sphere as opposed to this outer sphere and of course, outer sphere is 1 minus this because the particle will have to get absorbed somewhere all right. So, we started off with this problem that what is this what is the probability that if I release a particle here it will get absorbed on the surface as opposed to going away to infinity. So, I put in this sphere if I am now interested in infinity I can take this radius of this outer sphere going to infinity right. So, I can move this outer sphere all the way away to infinity. So, the probability particle gets absorbed at r equal to a rather than 1 dot to infinity rather than go off to infinity is going to be what what is the limit of c tending to infinity a over b. So, if I remove this outer sphere all the way away to infinity then the probability that this particle would get absorbed is a over b. So, the further away you release this particle naively one might have thought that this probability might go off as down as 1 over b square because that is sort of the solid angle sort of argument that we generally think of, but it actually falls off as 1 over b ok. So, that is the first part of this problem. So, this is in some sense the probability of the captured probability that I release a particle here the probability that it gets captured on the surface of a cell made up of this perfect absorbers is a over b. So, the captured probability is a over b so, this probability is a by b. So, now, so remember this sphere was absorbing which is why I had c of a was equal to 0 right it is an it was an absorbing sphere. So, now, let me change the problem a bit and make this a reflecting sphere ok. So, if a particle comes and if a particle comes it hits here once it hits it would get reflected back and again do multiple it might come back again and so on ok. So, let me now try to calculate this for this reflecting sphere. Let me write that result as well the finite limit is a by b c minus b by c minus.


This study uses remote sensing and model-based datasets with a machine learning approach to predict global land subsidence magnitude at high spatial resolution, two kilometers, estimate aquifer storage loss due to consolidation of 17 cubic kilometers per year globally, and quantify key drivers of subsidence. The results show that roughly 73% of the mapped subsidence occurs over crop land and urban areas, highlighting the need for sustainable groundwater management practices in these areas. This article was authored by M.D. Fahim Hassan, Mayan Smith, Sonos Vagidian, and others.


An airstrike on the logistical support headquarters of an Iran-backed militia in central Baghdad Thursday morning killed a high-ranking militia commander, militia officials said the IT was not immediately clear who had carried out the strike. Officials with the US military and embassy in Baghdad did not immediately respond to requests for comment the Popular Mobilization Force, a coalition of militias that is nominally under the control of the Iraqi military, announced in a statement that its Deputy Head of Operations in Baghdad, Mushtaq Taleb al-Sadi or Abu Taqwa had been killed as a result of brutal American aggression. The strike killed two people and wounded five, according to two militia officials who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to comment. One of them said that al-Sadi was driving into the garage of the headquarters affiliated with the Al-Nujaba militia, one of the members of the PMF, along with another militia official when the car was hit and both were killed.


3, 2, 1 I have 5 questions for you Okay And I have one quick answer Your favourite Maruti card It's the Gran Vitara Your favourite Maruti campaign It's India Comes Home in Maruti That general campaign for the brand Overall brand, yeah Your favourite Maruti Offices This can be globally Like Suzuki Offices also Yeah but for me it is that old office Which we have we no longer use in Cannot Place And the reason was only that I was very young when I joined There was a lot of good samosas And the Saiga shots down So that was the only reason why It still remains my favourite A Suzuki car that you would like To see launched in India So there is this car Of course now I don't think it can be launched India, it's called the Capucino It's a small car, sporty Very nice design And that's something which would Look fantastic on Indian roads So why it is not being launched I think it's rapid fire I should not ask you that And your favourite Urdu couplet That you can recite for us Look what is Urdu poetry If you start It will go on It will go on for a week But you know the reason I said why Urdu poetry is good It gives you that feeling Which is like You may learn something With experience over long period Maybe the whole lifetime And they put it into two lines And that sticks with you It's great And for example When you Go through your life At different points of time And it's competitive of course But that will always Rooting for you Some people who want to put you down The thing is that people who Put you down Are also serving a purpose Because you have to be sure That their feedback is taken And you have to be close Just to take the negative But not to be moved And be under pressure On the negativity Like Ahmed Faraz for example And this is something that I am very conscious about Because this is I am sure For everybody That And he put it in very That is that you have to be close To those people And also wish them well Because they are actually doing good Good to you Not avoid them And pray for them So it goes something like this Umr bhar Kwan nibhata hai Tal lo kitna Umr bhar Kwan nibhata hai Tal lo kitna Meri hai meri jaan Ki dushmanon Tujhi Allah rakhi


Right, so this morning we're gonna change things a little bit in terms of our speaker lineup. I don't know how many of you get to attend conferences other than LCA, but something I kind of enjoy and something I wanted to throw into the program was a mix of speakers one morning, keeping it short, sharp, interesting, hopefully relevant. And I'm really pleased to look at some of the people from the industry that we've got here this week. And so I tapped a few of them on the shoulder and said, look, can we do this? Can we make this happen? And I'm pleased that they said yes. So, we have Cooper Lees from Facebook, Carol Smith from Google, and Mark McLaughlin from Red Hat. So, if we're ready, I'd like to introduce Cooper Lees from Facebook. Good morning, everybody. How's the heads? Yeah, don't worry, I feel the same. But I've got experience with hangovers. So, we should be fine. Not with microphones. So, how you doing? Good, good. Yeah, we should be good. All right. Alrighty. So, today, why we get this happening, I'll start talking, because I know we're limited on time. I'm going to talk to you about Facebook and our open source initiative at Facebook. Just a quick show of hands. Who here knows that Facebook open source is a lot of code? That's pretty cool. That's a lot. I'd say it's about 60 to 70%. And who here has actually got some Facebook quality, bug-free code running in their production environment? Who's running ButterFS? Who's using Mercurial? There's plenty of projects. So, we, and one of the cool things working at Facebook are encouraged to open source things. We've tried to improve when we go back to some of the early projects we threw over the fence. We literally did that. And we've now tried to focus on doing the full ecosystem of an open source project. So, let's get numbers, because nerds love numbers. We have hundreds of GitHub repos, and GitHub is our primary source of where we throw our open source code to. We have thousands of contributors from all across the world. Weird speaking, Australians, such as myself, all the way up through North America, everywhere. And we get a lot more collaboration and involvement across all our repos these days. We love graphs, so let's look back at 2012, where we first sort of started open sourcing many of our projects. And we've sort of grown all the way up to today. You'll see that big dip at the top. That's us throwing out some old projects that we no longer maintain or look after. And we think it's a disservice to leave that code up there if we're not going to work on it. You see the same kind of trends with our commits, naturally. The number of total commits in all our repos. And the commits per month. I always thought this would be a weird statistic, but you can see the trend up. Where you see the big spikes is where we fork projects. An example would be MySQL into WebScale SQL. Would be one that would cause a big growth there and things like that. One of my favorite stats looking over the numbers with James Pierce, who's our open source sort of liaison, is that our pull requests have grown. So I thank you guys, whoever submitted a pull request to anywhere at Facebook, to any Facebook code base, thank you. And this is one of the main reasons why we do it. Yes, we get to share our cool code that we do write, but we also get value from you guys sending it back. So please keep it up. We want to be good citizens. We know that we were not perfect when we first open sourced our code, and I'm sure you've probably cursed our name before. But we're now trying to do a better job. We've ever made an organization or a collaboration called todo, todo.org, where it's with other leading industry companies to try and work together and do it better for all you. So let's talk about some of our top projects. Is anyone running any of these? So React is a JavaScript UI framework that we use extensively throughout all of Facebook in dub, dub, dub and other things. HHVM is one of our most popular open-source projects. It is the PHP virtual machine runtime that has made PHP quicker for not only us, but also recently Wikipedia, which I believe was two to three X times quicker running on HHVM as opposed to mod PHP with Apache. The async display kit is, as it says, an asynchronous display kit for your iOS apps. It used extensively throughout all our iOS apps. And one of my favourites is Presto. And Presto is an SQL-like interface that sits on top of large data stores so that you can query it and pull the data out that you want. So you can put that on top of RocksDB, for example. We also have a culture now of upstreaming things. I, myself, have upstreamed some code. Don't yell at me if you get some bugs. But some examples there are Chahire, which is a Go BitTorrent tracker that we use extensively within Facebook. LibTorrent, I've put some fixes up, predominantly for IPv6, now that we have v6-only clusters. We have many core Utils developers. We have two of the leading ButterFS developers. We do a lot on grep. There's like a speed increase of some significant number that we recently released into grep. I'm sure you've all used grep. And then Mercurial. We're really hammering out and scaling Mercurial for our needs and your law benefit from us making Mercurial faster and easier to use. So code.facebook.com is our hub, our blog, and talks about all the things that we're open sourcing and what it does, and also links you to all the code repositories. And github.com.com.facebook will get you straight to all our code. So let's go a bit more in-depth to the area of Facebook iWork. I work in the NetEngine department. We have a large network. I was larger. Google was large. And we have recently started dabbing and running our own Linux-based top of rack switches. So I'm going to talk a bit more about that. OCP is the Open Compute Project. Who here has heard of the Open Compute Project? Excellent. That's a big show of hands again. The Open Compute Project is where we're open sourcing our complete data center ecosystem so that you guys can all benefit. And I was actually talking to someone last night at the dinner who's using our rack design, our service design, and possibly the switches as we move forward. Fboss, as we're wearing the shirt, and if you have any questions about Fboss, the rest of the team is wearing the same shirt today. Is our open source switched software? It's not open source yet, but it will be. We're looking to do that. We want to make it bug-free first. So why are we doing this? What do we want from our open source network devices? So think about when you deal with your network vendor today. It's pain-free. There's never a bug. It works so well. Said no one ever. So we want to try and break that apart and disaggregate the software from the hardware and make the switches more open and friendly and more automatable. We want programmability, we want openness, and we want to treat our switches like we do our servers. We have a vastly larger cluster of servers throughout the Facebook infrastructure than switches and they're a lot more automated. So we want to do that to our switches. So how are we going to do that? This is the first Facebook-built data center in Primeville, Oregon. Right now, it'd be snowing there and a lot colder than that photo. But this is Primeville, Oregon. And when we designed all this, we actually did a lot of work first and designed all this and had all this design that we benefit from, but we don't make money from data center design. We don't make money from the rack design. We don't make money from our standard server design. So this server that I'm showing here is our standard web server. When you get a www.facebook.com or open your mobile app, these are the things you're hitting. There's many of them. These are our racks. So this is the sort of open compute rack that you'll see and the PDUs to the side. And all these designs with the complete data center infrastructure are open source for you to use. And I was so excited last night to hear that a data center being built here in New Zealand is using these designs. The open compute project. It's been really successful, just like even hearing as further strengthened that. Why did we do open compute? The big thing is saved dollars. We saved a lot. We have more control over all our infrastructure now. Yes, we have to have and control more of the pipeline. We have complete control about changing designs, working for us and scaling. And then to get the benefits from other people using it. So we sort of group open compute into multiple different facets. We have sort of the normal service. So I showed you our web server. We like to refer to them as webbies. And then we have like all the different parts. So we've open sourced our database servers. We've open sourced our storage servers where we store all your photos, cats, pictures, selfies, all the important things of life. And the last piece that where we're really adding in is going to be the networking part. And I'm really excited to be working on that and working on putting in our new switches. As I said a bit earlier, we want to just aggregate and pretty much fully open our network and automate it. I don't want to configure a switch ever again if I can avoid it. Somehow I find that hard, but at least we can automate it. So where are we at with the networking project in open compute? We are here today. We have open source switch, which I'll introduce in a bit. It's called wedge. And then we have operating systems from different vendors already out there for people to use today. So what is an open compute top of a rack switch? At its simplest form, this is it. We have compute, memory, RAM, storage, running an operating system. And then we talk over hardware to the hardware switching AC, which is just merchant silicon, which all the big vendors use as well. So what components have we had to work on to get the switch up and working? Well, first of all, we need an installer, naturally. And this is just an x86 server. So it's the same pixie boot install method that you'll use on all your Linux machines today. So you can use the same tool that you use to install OSs. You get an operating system. So our switch is running CentOS, funnily enough, the Facebook version of CentOS. And then on top of that, we have an API to talk down to the AC and program it. So to put the switch port into its VLAN, get some routable interfaces, talk and get them usable and forwarding frames and packets. And then on top of that, you need the routing control, the brain to actually work out the topology, talk to other network devices and make sure it's configuring the ports correct. So let's treat our switches as servers. Our switches actually run Chef as well and have cookbooks that configure all the NTP and do all that. And that is awesome that I don't have to worry about that anymore. So let's go to the hardware, wedge. Has anyone sort of seen wedge or using the open compute switches? I found one guy last night. Anyone else using white box switches? It is very new. So wedge is 16 ports of 40 gigi. What we're also doing to put it into existing racks with 10 gig next is using breakout DAC cables directly attached copper so that we can have four 10 gigs per 40 gig and that's how we can fill the whole rack up. It's the Facebook blue, matches this shirt and that's very important with nice blue LEDs. And we've actually wrote some sweet code to do fancy things with the LEDs. That's the most important part. I remember we were sitting in the lab that we had a temporary lab that we had near where we sit at Facebook one night and we're all sitting there watching the lights and one of the HR people that sits nearby walks past and goes, what are you doing? We're all sitting there staring at the LEDs and he goes, is that why we pay you all the money for them? We're like, yeah, this is the coolest part. You can't beat blue LEDs. So that's wedge. It's pretty, it works. I've seen it work. It's folding packets in our data center today. So what's in it? Basically you'll see here, as I said, it's just our OCP server plugs into the board and basically programs the merchant silicon. In this case, it's Broadcom and all the switch ports and the LEDs. Epos. We need to control a demon or a routing demon to both program the switch ports and do the routing. So today it's a C++11 demon that sits there, starts up like any other normal Linux demon, runs and will talk via the API to the switches. We'd like to disaggregate the protocols out of the controlling demon and talk thrift. We're using the thrift RPC API or calls to talk and communicate. We're trying to get away with the traditional CLIs and just have a config file and automation change config as you need. We're looking forward to open sourcing it and it is a priority to get done. So if we can help you route and switch in the future. So let's treat our switches as servers and move forward to open sourcing more of our stuff. That's sort of what we're working on at Facebook in the open source realm and thanks. Right, we're gonna do any questions if we've got time at the end or you can catch up with all the participants in this afterwards or in the corridor. Okay, so we just wanna keep things running. So now I've got Carol Smith from the Google Summer of Code program and the open source program at Google. Yeah, that was very nice. My name is Carol Smith. I work in the open source programs office at Google and I'm here today to talk to you about the program that I manage Google Summer of Code. For those of you who aren't familiar, Google Summer of Code is not advancing my slides. Hold on just a second. Let's try just representing how does that sound? There we go. Google Summer of Code is an online international program that is designed to encourage university student participation in open source software development and it started with the idea that university students should get experience that is related to the things that they're studying in school outside of university and it would help them in their careers after they left school. So the program provides a framework for students to work with an open source organization of their choosing and pays them a stipend in exchange for that development so that they can focus on the work that they're doing for the organization. Students get exposure to real world software scenarios like etiquette on a mailing list, working with developers across time zones and using version control. And this isn't just an experience that's useful for students who are majoring in computer science. These are skills that are applicable to all sorts of university students who are majoring in all sorts of different things. They're just useful life skills. So the students also get references in contacts within the open source organizations that they work with. These contacts often last years, if not lifetimes, people make friendships and they also get references that they can use while they try to network in their field and also after they leave university and are looking for their career. Also many of the students who participate in Google Summer of Code are new to open source and so this also helps bring in new developers and new lifeblood into the communities that they work with so that our open source organizations are continuing to have thriving, vibrant communities long after Google Summer of Code. And Google Summer of Code gets more open source code created for everyone. All of the successful student projects at the end of the year are posted to our program website and are available for the public to use and access however they so choose within the licensing requirements of the code. So the general framework is that early in the year and this year it's going to be in February, which is coming up soon so pay attention if you think you might be interested in this. Early in the year mentoring organizations apply to Google, submit their applications to participate and then Google reviews those applications and chooses the organizations that they would like to participate in the program. That's gonna be in March of this year. And then students submit their project proposals to the organizations that they would like to participate with. And they can submit up to five proposals to potentially five organizations or one organization. It's up to their choosing how they distribute it. So they have a wide variety of organizations to choose from and can submit a bunch of different kinds of project proposals, some of which might be more applicable to the organization that they're applying for depending on what projects they're interested in. And then the organizations will choose, review the applications and choose which students they'd like to participate. They also pair them with a mentor that they would like to help them through the term of the program so that the students always have someone that they can reach out to and ask questions of and someone who can really help them through the whole process. We announce which students are accepted in April. And I just want to take a second because this is the 11th year of the program. We celebrated our 10th anniversary last year and we've learned some important things about what makes Google Summer of Code so successful and what has made the program so long-lived. And one of those things is this student-mental relationship that I was talking about. It's an incredibly integral part of why the program succeeds every year. Having someone who you can ask questions of and who can really help you through the open-source community that you're working with is really an important part of the whole process and of the program's success. So once the students are announced and accepted, the students work on a project for about a four-month time period and they execute two milestones that they laid out in that original project proposal for their organizations. And the students and the mentors go through two evaluations, a midterm and a final. And this isn't just the mentors evaluating the students on their project progress. It's also the students evaluating the mentors and their organizations on how well they're doing as a community and mentoring that student. And we take a lot of that feedback into consideration in the following years of the program to make sure that the organizations that are mentoring the students are doing a good job and are continuing to foster a really open community. At the end of the term, in addition to passing a final evaluation, the students also submit their entire project to our program website. And again, that becomes available for anyone who's interested in participating to use. So as I said, 2014 was the 10th anniversary of the program and thank you. And thank you for the applause because my next slide is going to be that we really want to say a really profound thank you. There's probably some people sitting in this room who've participated in Google Summer of Code over the last 10 years as students or mentors or organization administrators and we literally could not have done it without you. So thank you, give yourselves a round of applause. You guys are what has made this program as successful as it has been. So we made some changes to the program in 2014 in celebration of the 10th anniversary and those are going to be staying in place for 2015. It's a program and I want to talk about a few of those. One thing is that we raised the student stipend from 5,000 to 5,500 US dollars for a student who successfully completes the whole program and so that's gonna be staying in place for 2015 and hopefully it keeps the program competitive with other internship and other opportunities that the students might have when they're looking around at university. Another is that we accepted more Google Summer of Code students than we ever have before, 1,307 in all and we're hoping to accept a similar number in 2015. And again, this is an international program so these students are literally from all over the world. Over the past 10 years, we have had 8,616 students participate in Summer of Code. Please give them all a round of applause. And we also accepted more mentoring organizations in 2014 than we ever have before, 190 in all and again, we hope to accept a similar number this year as well. In the last 10 years, we've seen the most students from the United States, India and Germany but we are seeing a trend where we're having more and more students from underrepresented and developing nations participate and we're really proud of this and we hope that this trend continues. For the last three years in a row, we've had more students from India than we have from the United States and I hope that it continues to grow that we see more students from new countries where we've never had participants before and hopefully you guys can help us get the word out to those students in those developing nations, those underrepresented nations so that we can continue to see a really diverse community participating in Summer of Code every year. And lest you think that Summer of Code is not represented in the Southern Hemisphere, we have had 28 students participate from New Zealand and 83 students participate from Australia over the last 10 years. Yay! We estimate that over the last 10 years there have been 50 million lines of code produced by Google Summer of Code students. And also Google Summer of Code, as I said, isn't just for computer science students. We've had students who have been majoring in cartography, linguistics, music, film, business. There's all kinds of majors represented in this program and these are skills that help students no matter what they're majoring in. It's not just specific to computer science. It's also not just an undergraduate program. We have students who are graduates and PhDs who participate every year as well. If you think that you might be interested in the program, I would encourage you to participate and we'd love to have you. And our applications for mentoring organizations are gonna be coming up on the 9th of February and they run until the 20th of February. If you represent a mentoring organization that you think might be interested in applying, you should speak to your community and start getting together an application. We also post all of the questions that we ask on our application for mentoring organizations on our website so that you can just start preparing your application now with your fellow folks in your community so that you are all prepared for February 9th. And we're gonna be announcing which organizations are participating on March 2nd. And then if you are a student who might be interested in participating this year, we are gonna start accepting student applications on March 16th and those run until the 27th. If you are a student who is interested in participating, I would encourage you not to wait until the student applications open. I would encourage you to get involved with an open source organization now and start volunteering and contributing. It will only make your applications stronger. We're gonna announce which students are participating in the program on April 27th. And then we have a community bonding period that runs for a month from April 27th to May 25th. And this is another one of the key aspects of why we feel Google Summer of Code has been so successful is because it provides a month for students to get familiar with the code base they're gonna be working on and also to learn any skills that they need to know for their project. And it also lets them get to know their mentor and their community and makes them feel more welcome, more at home and more comfortable with the work that they're going to be doing over Google Summer of Code. They're not actually expected to start coding until May 25th and so again, they have some time to get adjusted and get familiar with what they're gonna be working on. We have, as I said, mentor evaluations that start on June 26th and run until July 3rd. This is actually a change from last year's program. We're gonna be running the evaluations for a full week as opposed to five days to give people an extra few days to submit their evaluations. And like I said, this isn't just the mentors evaluating the students progress, it's also the students evaluating the mentors. And we do pay close attention to what the students say about their organizations and we take it into consideration. Final evaluations are the 21st of August to the 28th of August and all the students who pass their final evaluations are also expected to submit their code by September 25th. And I just wanna take a moment to say that if you're thinking about contributing, GSOC is a really rewarding experience and we've heard from mentors over and over again that this is a really wonderful program and if you're on the fence, I would encourage you to participate. Students as well have formed lasting relationships and bonds that last year's, if not lifetimes and it's a wonderful program that lots of people have benefited from all over the world. Just some links for you guys if you're interested, google-malange.com is where we administer the whole program from and I have a short link to our discussion list if you'd like to just see what kinds of questions are being asked or contribute to the discussion. That's a short link for our mailing list you can subscribe to and then we have two manuals that I would encourage you to read if you're a potential student or a potential mentor or a potential org admin. These are written by students for students and by mentors for mentors and they have really hands-on advice and interesting knowledge for you guys to make use of. Also, I just wanted to say one note about the conference. A lot of the AV volunteers who are here were funded by GSOC, which is awesome as well, so. Thank you guys. Thank you Carol. And as Carol mentioned, yeah, we've got a team, several of whom have come in from India who are working on the AV software for this and future conferences and they're working with Tim and the team around developing the HD platform. Hopefully we'll be using a future LCA, so I mean it's great to see programs like this benefiting conferences like ours and moving things into the future. So coming up next, we've got Mark McLaughlin from Red Hat. So we've heard it from Facebook about some of the cool things they're doing in the data center, particularly around hardware in the data center. Now let's have a look at how software is impacting the future of the data center. Hey, morning everyone. I'm not here to talk about GNOME, that's just my desktop background, although it did work on GNOME for quite a while and still a big fan of GNOME. Here I am. So my name is Mark and I work at Red Hat on OpenStack and I'm here to talk to you today, I guess from Red Hat's perspective, how we see open source really changing what's going on in the data center these days. So times are changing, right? Hopefully we're all seeing it, we're all aware of it. We're aware of things like infrastructure as a service, platform as a service, new application architectures like microservices, how people are aiming for scale out architectures and their applications. We're aware of things like continuous deployment, agile and DevOps. These are all part of the same team, the same trend, the same kind of desire on the part of people who want to have ideas and want to bring them to the market, bring them to users as fast as possible, get feedback and really iterate and really learn from their users. So this is our new reality, right? This is the world we live in. You might notice one morning your phone, your Google Hangout app, for example, has completely changed one morning. This is the world we live in, but it's evolving like crazy. And so like often in this space, the behemoths, right? The Amazons, the Googles, the Facebooks and the Microsofts, they're leading the way, they're showing a lot of the trends here, there are a lot of the innovations coming from there and they're building it on open source. And I think that's really positive and there's a lot of opportunities there. And we're seeing, we heard from like Cooper and Carol about a lot of the work they're doing in the open source world and the benefits we're getting from the work they're doing there. Because we don't want it to be like this, right? This stuff, this new way of delivering applications, it's a competitive advantage, right? It's, if you can master this, if you can master these ways of architecting your applications, if you can master these ways of operating and delivering your applications, it's a real competitive advantage and everybody wants a piece of this, right? Even telcos. So this has really surprised me lately and I'm just learning a lot about it myself. For me, I guess I've worked in the open source world for 10, 15 years now and my really only understanding of the telco space up to now has been we're special, right? Telcos, any conversation, it's about how special the telcos are, how different the use cases are there, how when you pick up the phone, the dial tone has to work, lives depend on it, demands for high availability that no other sector has, demands for deterministic performance that no other sector has. It can be quite an off-putting conversation sometimes but telcos these days are really squeezed and really scrambling, right? If you think about how much you used SMS five years ago versus now you're using Hangouts or WhatsApp or Snapchat or whatever it is, telcos really are, the world is changing very quickly for them and they're learning that they have to adapt quickly. So telcos need this agility, they need this responsiveness just as much as anyone else does. But if you look at the current telco data center, the reality of telcos' lives right now, these data centers are filled with big expensive proprietary boxes and it's not just networking forward in gear, it's not just the mobile packet core, it's not just all of that kind of stuff you think about. It's basically all of telcos applications, all of their ways of delivering value to others users, they're all locked in these big expensive boxes. And these applications, they take years to build, they take years to phase out and they're really difficult to scale and this is the complete opposite of the agility and responsiveness that telcos need in this world. And so to me, that's how I imagine telcos these days, just pure frustration, they can't respond fast enough and they need a new way of doing things. So you might have heard of this new buzzword acronym that's going around at the moment called Network Functions Virtualization. It took me a little while to understand what this was all about and how it fits in the broader scheme of things. But it's about making that shift from the current telco data center to modern data centers where your infrastructure is behind an API where it's fully automated and the kind of data center that you can then build modern applications on. So virtualized applications that scale out, that iterate quickly. But they still need carrier grade, right? They're still special, they still have all these requirements that they think no one else has. But interesting enough, there is real industry consensus right now around building these new data centers with an open-source stack. So if you think about some of the pieces that these data centers have been built, it's open stack, it's things like the SDN controller called Opens A-Lite, Open V-Switch, it's Linux, it's KVM, it's Puppet. It's all of these things that we're building other data centers with. The telcos are also going with these too. And so one of the interesting things that's happened in the last year is Linux Foundation and a bunch of telcos and telco vendors and companies like Red Hat founded this organization called OPNFE. And the idea here is not so much to build a new software but to build kind of a reference architecture for the telco data center using all open-source components and really get collaboration across the telco industry on this. So why are these telcos doing with open-source and why are we seeing open-source just generally dominate on this space right now? It's all about collaboration and co-opetition, right? If you think about the spot the telcos are in right now, they realize that to get out of that and to survive I guess in the long term, they need to collaborate together. They are in competition with each other but they're actually more jointly in competition with a broader change in the world right now. So collaborate together and they can all benefit together. But also I think there's a growing understanding that diversity in projects, diversity in collaboration and diversity of interests really drives some really interesting innovation. If you've kind of got just homogeneous interests in a project, you know, you don't really get new and interesting stuff coming from that as much. But it's also about sustainability too, right? If you think about something like Linux, for example, it's been around a long time and we all know it's gonna be around a long time too. And that's what you're really aiming for. And also a demand on the part of say telcos, if you think about them purchasing for vendors, they really want the ability to not be locked into specific vendors. They want the ability to move between vendors and that's something generally open source delivers on it. So I guess what I'm here to say today is there's a lot going on here. I'd encourage you all to really think about being involved here if you're not already. Choose your mission, play your part. But I guess there's different ways of thinking about how you might approach this, right?  And I know that's not the most politic thing to say here, for example. But what I mean here is there's a lot of, there's a lot being invested in this space right now and why not have some open source people and make some money out of it? Some people that actually understand how open source works. But also hopefully have a bit more of a higher purpose here. I guess I'd describe my purpose in this space as, it's about building diverse communities, dedicated to writing and maintaining software that solves problems users care about. There's a lot in that statement, right? There's a lot to unpack there, but hopefully there's a lot of stuff that you get to resonate with you guys there. But I think listening to Eben's talk in particular on Tuesday, it's also about being involved in influencing a future of IT which empowers and enables the future free societies that we all want. So there's a lot going on here. There's a lot relevant to all of us here and I'd encourage you guys to get involved. And thank you. Right, well, we actually are running under time so I'm gonna invite our three speakers back up and we have actually got 10 minutes for questions which is also at you first, wow, that was quick. Hi, it's actually a question for Carol. Seeing a lot of Twitter comments about this one actually. With the summer of code, we've only got about 1% of people in the Southern Hemisphere participating at Google considering setting one up perhaps that the Southern Hemisphere could participate in. We actually run a program that is during the Southern Hemisphere summer right now and it's called Google Code-In and it's for 13 to 17 year olds and it actually, I think, don't quote me on it, just everyone on the live stream just don't quote me on this. I think it either ended this week or last week and so basically we're a team of three and one of us runs Google Summer of Code and one of us runs Google Code-In so unfortunately the answer is we don't really have the time constraints to be able to run yet a third program, not at this moment but we still have lots of participants from the Southern Hemisphere every year in Google Summer of Code and I hope that people are able to make schedule concessions and if they're not then we also have OPW available to them as well to participate in and there's other opportunities too. Okay, my question is for the three of you. First, Carol specifically is to do with the students as well. How many, what sort of diversity do you have in your organizations? And I'm not just talking about women, I'm just talking about people with disabilities and people who are probably not, I would say maybe not as widely accepted in the world but they do some fun things. So like I said in the talk, we're seeing a trend of more and more students from developing nations, underrepresented nations, which is awesome, in terms of women, we have about 12, 13% women who participate in Google Summer of Code. In terms of disabilities, I honestly don't know because we don't ask people to disclose that to us when they participate in the program so I don't really have statistics on that. Sorry. So I'm probably the worst person at Facebook to ask that. We have Australians. No, we... I get constantly reminded by my British coworkers that I'm a convict, so I don't know, is that cool? We have people from all over the world all across Facebook infrastructure. We have a very high percentage of females for an engineering company, like the line, the group that I have here is all of Europe and America and myself, so I guess we're kind of diverse but I can't give you numbers or anything because I don't know it. Oh, I actually have a mic here. Yeah, in the open-source world generally, I think we're doing pretty terrible. And at Red Hat, we're pure play open-source companies so it's pretty reflected within our organization. You know, the way I like to think about it and talk about it is, you know, within our communities, and Leslie gave a great talk yesterday and has given it before about, you know, taking about our privilege and unpacking our privilege, you know, it's a really important thing to think about within open-source communities and, you know, I like to bring it to, you know, very easy to understand examples, like just simply if you don't, say, speak English or if you're, you know, from a culture that you maybe perhaps not want to bring yourself forward so much, it's really, really, really difficult to get involved in some of our communities and influence those communities and anything we can do to, you know, to bridge that gap and be more welcoming communities and more understanding communities. I think that's great, but we have a ton of work to do. Can I just add a little something from our diversity program from this year as well, just to give you guys an idea of what's been going on? You people, you fellow humans. We funded, it's, you know, you guys know, I work for Red Hat, but within the conference I tried to step away from that, particularly when we've been doing selecting of the program, the keynotes, all the bits of the process, I have to be objective. Even within the diversity program, it wasn't until after we funded, people, we realized we'd actually brought in two female interns from Red Hat, one based in India and one based in Dallas, Texas. That's an example of what we're doing in our intern program. We also ended up bringing in an open-source engineer of VMware based out of California. So this is awesome to see these businesses investing in intern programs and in open-source programs in a diverse manner. So that's really, really good. And again, I wanna thank the people who helped fund that diversity program for us. Right, any more questions? Gentlemen from Facebook, I just wanna know whether Facebook, I just wanna know if Facebook's putting any pressure on hardware vendors, lower on the stack to open-source, and I go with open-source harder, open the firmware for the biases, open the whole stack from top to bottom? We put a lot of pressure on hardware vendors. We've suggested that many times, and we've seen some response. So Juniper is one example. They now have an open compute switch that you can purchase and put Junos on it. I don't think Junos has been open-source, but they've made it support on the open hardware. So that's one part, one example I know. The other vendors I don't know yet, but we have suggested we hope by us doing this and more white box switching becoming more pervasive, it will happen. You're all hung over this morning. What's going on, come on. Not the question. Yeah, it's all hung over. This one's primarily for Facebook and for Google. I'm reading a lot about companies complaining about shortages of potential employees and the like. Red Hat, I've noticed, have quite a good remote working contingent, but companies like Facebook and Google want you to move to Sydney in places to work. I can answer that very quickly, which is I have no idea about any of the hiring that happens at Google. I focus entirely on Google Summer of Code, so I don't have an answer for you, I'm sorry. So Facebook, we have our locations. Sometimes people don't wanna go to those locations to work, just so I've understood it correctly. You think Facebook should open more locations to get more people or like? I think there's a whole world of talent and they shouldn't all have to move just to work for these places. There are a lot of... I agree, but I'm not an official like at that level at Facebook. I chose to move to Menlo Park or in San Francisco in the United States of America, got there. But it is an American company, it was started there, so it is American-centric. Google's growing pretty well. I don't know what our plans are on that, so I don't know how to really answer your question, but yeah, I agree with you. There is a world of talent. I know trying to recruit Australian friends and people down here in the Southern Hemisphere, not everyone wants to move to America, but it's personal choice, I guess. I quite like living in America, it's good fun. I will probably come back to Australia one day, though. The way I look at it is I work from Dublin, Ireland, I've been working from my home for the last 11 years, so with our open source projects, to be a part of these projects and make an impact and make an influence, you can be anywhere in the world, and that's valued at a lot of organizations. So that's where we go at right now. We value people around the world who work remotely and it's a model that works really well and very compatible with working on open source, I think. I was just gonna throw in, I'm not in an official capacity, but we have a very strong engineering office in Sydney, Australia. We have, this is Google, and we, sorry, Google has a very strong engineering office in Sydney and we are hiring people all the time. Similarly in Europe, we have quite large offices, so it's true that there is the largest body of engineers in the US, but that's not true, that they're the only ones. Right, this isn't turning into a hiring fast, but if you wanna go and talk to them about a job later, that's up to you, and I think Carol's got some things to give away at Red Joe later if you wanna go and find her. Now, we've got one last question. So this is less a question and more of a call to action. With the comment that maybe there should be a summer of code for the Southern Hemisphere, and obviously it doesn't look like that's happening anytime soon, but we have representatives of many companies here, some of whom have fairly large presences in Southern Hemisphere countries. So maybe someone else could step up to the plate and run a summer of code for the Southern Hemisphere. I would love that, please, let's do that. I've got a full-time job, surely somebody else could take it. Catalyst locally in New Zealand, actually run a whole series of programs through our summer, particularly our student program. So there's things going on, we need more of them, but it's awesome we've got one of our partners is actually running a local program. Yeah, I don't know if it's obvious or not, but the Google Summer of Code model is open source, and so anyone can replicate it, and we would welcome you too, and people have, and it's freely available for anyone to model, however they would like. And oh, by the way, the software that the program has run on is also open source, so if you need program administration tools, you can use that as well. Okay, I want you all to thank our three participants this morning. I hope you got something out of it. I know what I did, it was great. Enjoy your morning, morning tea is being served. You wanna come and find Carol? Hopefully she'll have a few pens and giveaways during the day. Don't bug her too much. Thank you.