السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم والصلاة والسلام علي أشرف المرسلين سيجدنا ونبينا وحبيبنا وشفيعنا وقائدنا وقرة عيوننا سيجدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم يا عربنا لك الحمد كما ينبغي لجلال وجهك وعظيم سلطانك اللهم نفتح علينا فتح العرفين اللهم علمنا ما ينفعنا ونفعنا بما علمتنا يا أرحم الرحيمين اليوم ان شاء الله سوف نتحدث عن اشخاص محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم انهم دورة بانتو أبي لها برضي الله وعنها والخنساء رضي الله وعنها لذا دورة بانتو أبي لها برضي الله وعنها كان من الوصول من سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم انها اخباره she's his cousin she accepted اسلام and she believed in سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم despite her parents vicious enmity for islam so she embraced islam without fear she didn't care about her parents she didn't care about her family so she joined the sacred ranks of the companions and she was a very strong believer in الله سبحانه وانتعالى and his messenger so her father أبو لها and her mother those were amongst the worst enemies of islam and they were amongst the worst enemies of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and the extent of أبو لها's enmity towards islam was for example when سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم called people publicly towards the truth so أبو لها openly attempted to denounce him and tried to distance people from him what about his wife أم جميل would cover the path of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم with with thorns in order to harm him so for those parents the daughter was a completely different person سيدا دورة رضي الله عنها was an amazing companion so in these difficult circumstances دورة رضي الله عنها تسكارد تسكارد تسكارد تسكارد تسكارد the religion of her parents أب اندني سيدها من حياتي أضبار إسلام وزال فاتحة سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم these these points were evidence where proofs of her recognition of the truth ويجب أن يكون هناك مجموعة من هذه المجموعة. أولئاً دورة رضي الله عنها كانت مجموعة من مجموعة whose name was حاري سبنو نوفل ومجموعة لديهم ثلاثة أطفال أقبة وليد ومسلماتها حاريس لديها فهي تصمرني أحتفاً ووأخذت في هذا النبي ثم دورة رضي الله عنها خطر المجموعة يوجد مجموعة من سيد محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم كانت مجموعة من المجموعة وعندما تذكره، جيبريل علي السلام سيكون أفضل في حاله عندما تشاهدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم فدورة كانت محمد Whose companions who migrated from Mecca to Medina to escape the oppression of the family and of the society لذلك عندما رضي الله عنها حصلت في مدينة she stayed at the home of one of the companions whose name was Rafa and some women from Zureiq tribe said to her so you are the daughter of Abu Lahab regarding whom Allah سبحانه و تعالى said so may both the hands of Abu Lahab be destroyed and he has been destroyed so how will you attain any reward for migrating so دورة رضي الله عنها was saddened by these words and she shared this experience with سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم what did he do? صلى الله عليه وسلم سيدنا محمد reasshoot her and he told her to sit he asked her to sit with them and after reading the prayer he ascended the pulpit and he made a declaration so what did he say? he said مابال أقوام يؤذونني في ذوي نسبي ألا ومن آذى نسبي وذوي رحمي فقد آذاني ومن آذاني فقد آذ الله so سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم said oh people why am I being troubled about the affairs of my family by Allah he's weird by Allah my intercession will reach my relatives so whoever hurts me with my people with my relatives then he hurt me myself he hurt me and whoever hurt me has hurt Allah so this is how سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم defended the oppressed he stood firm and he told people to be careful he warned them so در رضي الله عنها narrated حديث of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and she narrated two hadith of sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم one of them was when the prophet was on the pulpit someone asked him oh messenger of Allah who is the best of people and sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم answered he explained the best of people is the one who is most mindful of Allah who commands right forbids evil and maintains family ties the most so sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم gave us the example the characteristics of the person who is the best of people fearing Allah سبحانه و تعالى doing the right and commanding doing the right commanding people to do right stays away from evil and asks people to stay away from evil and he has good ties with the family so this is the first hadith that was narrated by رضي الله عنه and the second hadith that she narrated about sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم was the messenger of Allah said a living person cannot be harmed in retaliation for the actions of the deceased so these are the two hadith that رضي الله عنه narrated for sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم so she was رضي الله عنه was an immensely pious she feared Allah سبحانه و تعالى she wanted she wanted Allah سبحانه و تعالى to be pleased with her she did her best for that and she was a generous person and ابن حجر العسقلاني رحم الله described how generous she was and he talked about how generous she was in feeding people so it doesn't matter who the parents are it doesn't matter if they are believers or not it doesn't matter where you are raised but what matters is the faith that's inside the heart the being faithful to the to the religion that we have in our heart and to apply the orders of Allah سبحانه و تعالى to follow the footsteps of sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she was the daughter of the most people who were who were against sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم but Allah سبحانه و تعالى has given her an honor when she migrated and when she refused the religion of her fathers of her four fathers and the best of that honor was جبريل عليه السلام would come to sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم on the form of her husband دحية الكلبي so this was دورة رضي الله عنها so from this amazing female companion we get the strength in our relation with sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she did not care who her father and mother were she did not care about anything but she wanted to support sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she wanted to prove how good Muslim she is so from this character we have to look at ourselves we have to look what are we doing for our religion how are we faithful to our religion what are we doing are we good models for people around us with people when looking at us say we want to follow this religion we like the radiance on the faces of this person when Allah SWT loves a person he throws the light in his heart he guides him so he would know what path to follow so being guided by Allah SWT means that the person is on the right path so we ask Allah SWT to guide us to the right path to sيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم to whatever pleases him to accept our deeds and to make them faithful to make them just pure for his sake moving on to our second companion female companion her name is Al-Khansa and her title is a distinguished poet and the mother of the heroes so who is Al-Khansa her name is تماضر بنت عمر الامري بن الحارثي بن الشريد so it was the year 8th of Hijra a lady was amongst the delegation of her tribe she they came to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and she was a noble a lady of a noble origin she was extremely beautiful she was well mannered she was very elegant so she was with سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم with the delegation and she was and she embraced Islam and she started saying some of her poetry and سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم said to her hey ahunas so who is this lady who was she before being a Muslim she was a poet before Islam and she was very famous for the sort of poetry that she was reciting about the death of her brothers her brothers صخر and معاوية passed away and she said poetry very sort of poetry about them so she said about صخر عينية جودا ولا تجمدا ولا تبكيعني لصخر الندى ولا تبكيعني الجريئ الجميلة ولا تبكيعني الفتا السيدا so she said oh my eyes she tears generously will you not weep for صخر the generous will you not she tears for the adacius طول هنسم ينجمان who possessed the qualities of leadership and who led his people her poems were so eloquent so what type of a change that happened to خنساء when she became a Muslim and what type of a change does Islam do on the life of the companions so the life of خنساء was the best example to know how she moved how she changed from being one person to another person before Islam and after Islam so as I mentioned the change started when she came to Medina with the delegation of her tribe بن سلين she came to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she embraced Islam and she pledged her alliance to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and she became a good Muslim سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم when she would be attending a gathering he would ask her to say a few lines of her poetry she would listen to the Holy Quran from him and those ayahs though this Quran that she would listen to these حلقas that she used to be in where the keys of خير that made her close the pre-islamic doors and opening the doors of faith the doors of نور so she changed from one person to another and she started to raise her children as per the rules of the new religion she would encourage them to be courageous she would encourage them to be to follow the jihad she will encourage them to be ready to sacrifice themselves for the sake of Islam for the sake of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم in the battle fields so she was a model to all moms so she lived during the time of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she learned a lot from سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and after his death she lived in the time of سيدنا أبو بكر and سيدنا عمر and she witnessed the armies of the Muslims going all over the place just to spread the religion of Islam so this army would talk to people before starting the battles the leader of the army would encourage the enemies to become Muslims if they would accept they won't fight them so the banners of Islam spread everywhere moving people from darkness to light and seeing that she was remembering how what it means to be a Muslim and what it means to be a non-Muslim she used to remember her life before Islam now her life after Islam so she would thank الله سبحانه و تعالى that he has guided her to become a Muslim and that he has honored her to become a Muslim so they are now people who call for Islam as we said she lived in the time of سيدنا عمر رضي الله العم and at that time the armies of Islam used to go everywhere so one of the battles that happened at the time of عمر الفاروق رضي الله العم عمر ابن الخطام was one of the armies headed to conquer Iraq and الله سبحانه و تعالى and her four children to be with this army going to قادسية so they all went with the army to participate in this very important battle القادسية so what did الخنساء do? الخنساء before the battle she got her four children and she was talking to them encouraging them to fight courageously firstly for the sake of الله سبحانه و تعالى she told them she reminded them that they died and their death will be the key for them to enter paradise she reminded them that being victorious and having victory is only from Allah سبحانه و تعالى so she sent a lot of things for them she encouraged them a lot and of what she said was my sons you embraced Islam and you migrated willingly you are old sons of one man as you are sons of one woman وقد تعلمون ما أعد الله تعالى للمسلمين من الثواب الجزيل في حرب الكافرين you know the great you know the abundant reward that Allah سبحانه و تعالى has set has assigned for the Muslims who fight against the non-believers so her words now she's trying to get them to get them healed to fight for the sake of Allah she continued and she said و علموا أن الدارة البقية تخير من الدارة الفانية I want you to know that the everlasting abode is better than this vanishing one and I want to stop here I want to stop here to say a few words about this vanishing life that we are living in and about the everlasting one now we see people competing for this dunya this one has a house I want to buy a better house this one has so much gold I want to get a lot more than what they have this one has this type of car I want to get a better type of car so this competition is about dunya but will anyone who who is dying get any of these dunya things with him to the grave no so this competition is getting a person to be a loser but there is a a better competition in this dunya what is this dunya how can we benefit of this dunya how can we compete in this dunya if we want to know that we have to go back to the Sahaba to the companions of Sayyidina Muhammad they used to compete but how when they would meet one would ask another how many ركعات did you pray at night how much Quran did you read tonight how how much did you pay for the sake of Allah and they would answer each other not for the sake of showing off no they would answer each other just for the sake of competition for and this competition is pure for the sake of Allah so while competing in this dunya they are actually competing for the not for the dunya because the result of these actions will be the reward will be achieved in the day after and not now so the more you read of the Quran in this dunya the more reward you will have in the Akhira Allah سبحانه و تعالى will say to the person read and elevate with each ayah that you recite on the day of judgment you will be elevated one level in Jannah so this is the real competition in this dunya so we are working in this dunya but our aim is to be of the winners of the everlasting life so Allah سبحانه و تعالى she continues and she now she is continuing her speech to her children so she's reciting surah 200 when she said يا أيها الذين امنوا صبير و صابير و رابطوا و اتقوا الله لعلكم تفلحون oh you who believe endure and be more patient be more patient than your enemy be more patient than what you have been before be more patient to everything that Allah سبحانه و تعالى has put you in and this is a lesson for us so we have to accept everything that Allah سبحانه و تعالى puts us in we have to follow these orders so that we would understand what's going on after so استبروا و صابروا و رابطوا و اتقوا الله so be patient and guard your territory against the enemy and fear Allah سبحانه و تعالى so why لعلكم تفلحون so that you may be successful an amazing speech about encouraging her children her sons to fight fiercely on the battlefield so she says فإذا أصبحتم غدا إن شاء الله سالينين فاغدوا إلى قتال عدوبكم مستبصرين وبالله على أعدائه مستنصرين when you wake up in the morning الله سبحانه و تعالى this is how she's praying for them go go and fight against your enemy with conviction and seek Allah's help over his enemies فإذا رأيتم الحرب شمرت عن ساقها وضرمت لذا مساقها فتا يممو وطيسها when you see that war has become tense so what you should do engage yourselves in the fight تصفروا بالغنم تصفروا بالغنم والكرامة في دار الخلدي والمقامة so that you may attain treasures and honor in the abode of eternity so she's encouraging them for the everlasting life not for this dunya what happened her sons left having accepted her administration and they were determined to implement her words so when the morning came they set out early towards the battlefield and they all fought gallantly and courageously of course how do you think they would fight after these encouraging words so they fought until they were murdered one after the other so they all died they were all murdered for the sake of Allah and of course what happens the news spreads so the news of their murder was swiftly approaching what was her reaction what was it what was she going to say is she going to to say lines of poetry sorrow poetry about the death of her sons and to praise them what would she say so the words that we are going to hear from الخنصة when she heard this great news she remembered nothing but Allah SWT she remembered Allah's promise and she said الحمد لله الحمد لله الذي شرفني بقتلهم وأرجوا من ربي أن يجمعني بهم في مستقر رحمته so all praise is due to Allah SWT so all praise is due to Allah who honored me with their murderdom she's thanking Allah SWT and she's considering their death as an honor because they died for the sake of Allah SWT they were all murders and I hope that my lord will make me join them in the abode of his mercy أرجوا أن يجمعني ربي بهم في مستقر رحمته so they all passed away she did not say any words that were not accepted by Allah no on the contrary she thanked Allah SWT now so what happened her children opened the door of death before their mom she knew that everyone is going to pass through this door so when people die when our kinship die when our fathers, mothers, grandparents everyone children relatives so when anyone passes away we know that they opened the door and they went in before us but we are all going through that door and this is actually what makes our grief less and less because we know that one day we are passing through this door to meet our loved ones and we ask Allah SWT that we all meet with them and then we say محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم this is our ball in this life that when we pass away Allah SWT is satisfied, is happy with us when he is then we know where we will be so we always ask Allah SWT for حصن الخاتمة the best of endings that he would be pleased with us at that time so عمر ابن الخطاب رضي الله عن after the death of the poor children الخنساء he used to give her the the the amount the entitlement of her four murdered ones annually which was about 200 dirhams and that happened year after year until he died or until she died so if we stop here for a second and if I would like here to address myself and all the mothers of today all the Muslim women all those who are raising children in الخنساء there is an example of a role model for all of us if we all follow her footsteps in raising our children we will have pious, good, fearing and courageous young men women and when this happen what will happen then we will have a strong so as mothers we should not love our children only for this dunya we should not only care about providing them with all they need no we should love them for their akhir we should always advise them we should always talk to them we should always guide them to Allah SWT we should always make them love Muhammad SAW we should always get them to be connected with the Quran we should always raise them to have good manners that Allah SWT would be pleased with we should raise them to be proud of being Muslims so may Allah have mercy on Al-Khansa may Allah be pleased with this belief leaving a patient female companion of Muhammad SAW and may he raise raise her ranks just as she raised such pious, good fearing children may Allah SWT unite us all together with SAW and until we meet next week I send your Salam and my Salam to SAW والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركات


Do you know what device authorization flow is? Think of a smart TV that can connect to the internet. Instead of the user logging in through the TV, the apps might give the user a QR code or a link to login using the smartphone. The process of continuing the login with an external device is known as device authorization flow as it was drafted in the OAuth 2. It involves a device you want to login from, like a TV, and a browser on another device to finalize the login process. This helps avoid poor user experience when logging in on these input-constrained devices. Now you know what device authorization flow is, and this has been Identity in a Minute.


Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining us for this presentation. I think you have a high quality panel that will be shared by Mark Bale, and I don't want to stand in the way of such interesting discussions. I just want to do some introductory remarks. And trying to avoid any loss of time through hyperbolic rhetorics, I will try to make you a very structured presentation of a piece of paper that was submitted to the ECB decision-making organs a couple of weeks ago, which has been adopted by the highest decision-making body, the Governing Council of the ECB. And this is still a high-level paper, and the ECB has basically mandated its committees to deep down, to drill down, according to the lines that have been approved. Now there are, I would say, two main axes according to which we see this medium-term strategy. The first axis would be the reaping of benefits from proximity between target two and target two securities. And I would say there is a second axis that I would call to comply with technological advance and also to try to meet new business needs. When I come back to the first point, the synergies between the two existing platforms, you know that target two is basically a technological animal from the late 90s, if I can call it that way, while the target two securities in that respect is a little bit more state-of-the-art taking on the technological advance that has taken place over the beginning, the first decade of the century, because it was initiated about 24, 25, and it was built up over the coming years. Now these platforms were evidently also built up according to the prevailing political consensus at the time, and also they were built up on assumptions, technical assumptions concerning volume that have not always been met with reality. Let me only mention that obviously, for example, the question of volume going over target has been affected by the establishment of target two securities where some of the volume that would have gone through target would now go through target two securities. We have also seen that in the area of retail payments we have had through the SIPA migration also a loss of volume that was initially rooted and directed to target two. The same goes in the future, we expect that if we will have in Europe a European system for instant payments, obviously that will also affect the amount of volume that will go through target. But that is something that is only normal. What we try to do is to remain cost conscious and despite the decline of volume we have also seen an expansion in the geographical scope for which the platforms are available. And I think the potential for geographical expansion is especially large for T2S platform insofar that it is also a multi-currency platform. Now when I speak about synergies I would say we will have obviously technological features where you could have synergies, technological features between target two which is the older system and target two securities where obviously you would have some duplication and the technological features could be brought together. But you also would have some functional features where you could read some synergies. And I think the committees have been tasked to come forward with concrete proposals as well as a concrete timetable over which these synergies both of technological origin and of functional origin would be able to be put into place. Then a second area where we obviously would see some synergies possible is that target two would be benefiting from state of the art approaches that have been offered in target two securities. This one obvious example, target two securities is running on the standard of ISO 2022, target two is not yet. We had taken the decision and we stand by that decision that target two will also move up to that standard. But rather as having it as a separated single decision and then implementing a strategy afterwards which would again imply some change management we decided to merge both and it will only be at the beginning of next year when we will publish the new timeline when target two will move to 2022. This is also in order to avoid costly intermediate stages for the banking industry. And then finally I think if one speaks about synergies there is also at a certain line of benefits the reflection about new services or new service opportunities. And in this respect what comes first to mind is that it would make sense that if you enter the ECB market infrastructure you would have a single point of entry whether you would like to go to target two or whether you would like to go to target two securities. I think that is then the third line of reflection where we ask the committees to come up with concrete proposals to see whether such a single point of entry would make sense what would be the business case for such an approach. This is the first work screen synergies. The second one is the second driver of our strategy is to comply with new technologies. And there I think it is also it lies on hand that with the infrastructure that we have attained we could also become much more service oriented in the area in several areas for example increasing cyber resilience that could be done as well in a better way through those infrastructures. Another way is to meet the increasing burden regulatory reporting burden that is faced by the industry and we are already right now trying to analyze how we can extract and mine data that are available on target two securities shifted back to the customer to our users in order to ease their reporting what should I call it burden as a regulator or their reporting requirements. Let's put it politely that way. Then I think especially these regulatory requirements are heavy in the area of anti money laundering in the area of counter terrorism financing. I think we could be of help in these areas and from that point of view I think these infrastructures could and should be service oriented. A third element where I will dwell a little bit longer on in the moment that is optimizing also collateral management. I think we have to try to save collateral to use it in the most efficient way and there are two ways of harmonization standardization in the area. I would say we should definitely support cross-border tripod the services. That is one direction in which we could go another direction which is on the reflection is to look have a look again at the repatriation requirement that is in place right now and whether this would still be warranted in the future. But it is not only about liquidity saving as such it is also giving it a harder look whether we would really be having optimal governance by having 19 different countries having different collateral management systems and then try to bring them together. Would it not be more efficient to have a single European collateral management system? We are totally aware of the obstacles that are still in place of different natures legal or withholding tax and so on. But I think we should give it a hard look to see again whether a business case is there to see what are the prerequisites to go into that direction because if we go into the direction without having achieved a priori a certain stage of level playing field or harmonization and standardization obviously we would be again meeting a roadblock as we have seen in the recent past. Then I would say under the heading of new business needs obviously there is one area also in the retail payment system that is instant payment. And there too I think the ERPB has requested DPC to come forward with a design of instant payment scheme that is based on the SEPA credit transfer and we also ask to give us their views on the requirements for clearing instant payments. We hope that by the next meeting of the ERPB end of November we will be able to make progress in this respect. But the euro system in any case will also be more closely involved probably in this area through the layered approach that we recommended layered approach being differentiated between the scheme at the top the clearing scheme at the clearing layer in the middle and then the settlement layer as a base. And obviously the committees have been tasked to deliver a proof of concept also by the second quarter of next year for the settlement of instant payments in T2. Should the market however not succeed in delivering a competitive and open clearing landscape for instant payments I think the euro system is quite open and stands ready also to be a little bit more force coming in this area in addition to the settlement services but our preference for the moment would be to let the private sector come forward with solutions. I would say to close that this is a very clear agenda according to through access to access that I delineated it is a certain amount of ideas and tasks which are no nonsense hand on tasks and where we intend to follow up with concrete work in the months ahead and I think it is now up to the panel to tell us whether they agree on the different work streams that are suggested. Thanks a lot for coming again. Thank you.


With forward pay from Appalachian Wireless, you'll avoid contracts and credit checks while taking advantage of some awesome perks like unlimited talk text and three gigs of data for just $44.99, or with five gigs for a mere $59.99. Forward pay, that's today's Appalachian Wireless. During the month of October, it's all about festivals, hay rides, and gearing up for Halloween. Pikeville police and fire officials have spent countless hours preparing for the third annual cut through mountain hauler adventure. Police and firemen have been working every day for the last couple weeks because every year we tear this stuff down and clear the trail back out. So they start back over from scratch, get new ideas and go to work and they've worked really hard and put in a long time up here. The house is bigger, there's some new things along the trail that I'm not going to give away, but there's just some new things that are going to be interesting. There's some spots on the trail that they have to get off the trail and go through some cabins. In the barn it's going to be different, they always try to change it up, it's not the same all the time. People can keep coming back because it's something new. While officials would like for visitors to have fun while on the trail, it's important for everyone to be safe. The biggest thing, our families, we have kids that work the trail, so we will not tolerate any offensive language. Any kind of physical interaction with our actors, be minded that they are a police environment, so anything physical is going to be handled because we're here to have fun and present a good time for people and to raise money for the kids, so we just want to keep it at a fun level and have a good time for everybody. All proceeds raised during the Cutthru Mountain Hauler Adventure benefit Pikeville's shop with the first responder event in December. Reporting in Pikeville for EKB News, I'm Shelby Still.


Years ago, it was shown that vitamin D isn't just the sunshine vitamin for us, but for mushrooms as well. You take some shiitakes, for example, put them under a sun lamp for an hour, and they make vitamin D just like we do, lounging at the pool. Now most mushrooms you buy at the store don't have any vitamin D, because they're grown in the dark. But there are now sun bathed varieties on the market that boost significant levels, even now available in sprinkled form. Some mushrooms grown outside in the wild may have some as well, but only about 12% of ones recommended daily allowance per cup. Is the vitamin D in mushrooms bioavailable, though? In 2008 there was a case report of a dark-skinned individual living in England in the winter, who, like the other 9 out of 10 South Asians living in the UK, was vitamin D deficient. His physician prescribed a vitamin D supplement, however, after doing his own research the patient decided to self-treat. He bought a UV bulb from a local hardware store, and proceeded to shine this directly onto two cups of regular mushrooms a day, before stir-frying and consuming them. He repeated this on a daily basis for three months, and indeed his vitamin D level shot up and he was cured. So it's reasonable to assume that such mushrooms may be able to provide a source of vitamin D for those at risk for deficiency. This was only one person, though, so further studies are necessary, and finally those studies have been done. Bioavailability of vitamin D from ultraviolet light-irradiated button mushrooms in healthy adults deficient in vitamin D, a randomized controlled trial. They compared the mushrooms to vitamin D supplements to placebo, and both the mushrooms and the supplements were equally effective in raising D levels compared to placebo. The type of vitamin D made by mushrooms, though, is vitamin D2, which is typically derived from yeast, and is the form traditionally prescribed by doctors to cure vitamin D deficiency. Most supplements, though, are D3, which is the type found in plants and animals, and typically derived from sheep's wool. Back in 2008 it was established that vitamin D2 was effective as D3 in maintaining one's vitamin D levels at standard daily doses, where their folks were given D2, D3, or a combination of half D2, half D3, and it didn't seem to matter much in terms of improving vitamin D levels in their bloodstreams. But that was five years ago. What's the update? Is vitamin D2 better than vitamin D3? It apparently depends on how much you take and what your starting levels are. Taken daily and doses up to 4,000 units a day, there appears to be no significant difference in the ability of D2 or D3 to raise vitamin D levels. But if you take mega-doses on a weekly or monthly basis and doses up to 50,000 units at a time, D3 works better than D2. And if you're not vitamin D deficient, if your vitamin D levels are normal, for example, you live in California and get enough sun, then D2 for mushrooms or supplements doesn't appear to raise your levels further. But if your levels are fine, why take supplements in the first place? The only reason we care about the levels in our blood is because of the benefits we expect to get from those levels, such as a longer life span. The latest Cochrane review on vitamin D immortality found that while D3 supplementation may be able to reduce mortality, other forms of D, including D2, did not. This may be because most of the D2 trials used mega-dosing regimens up to 300,000 units injected into people. But you know, until we have good data suggesting D2 supplementation can actually extend one's life, D3, the type of vitamin D found in animals and plants, may be preferable to vitamin D2, the vitamin derived from fungi. The best animal to get D3 from is yourself. But if you live at a latitude where you're not able to make enough, then there are both animal and non-animal sources of vitamin D3 supplements.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unizor education Continuing topics related to random variables and today's topic would be a variance of the sum of two random variables I do recommend you to watch this lecture on Unizor.com Website because it contains notes. Notes are very important. They're basically a short description of the lecture plus obviously this website contains exercises, exams for registered students, etc. So it's very beneficial to to work with the website itself, not from some other reference website or YouTube Alright, so we are talking about variance of the sum of two random variables Now we have already discussed that expectation or expected value or mean of the sum of two random variables is equal to sum of their expected values. So if you have two variables then their expectation is the expectation of their sum is sum of their expectations. Now obviously it would be very nice to see something like this with variances or standard deviation, etc. Well, it's not exactly like this. So let me first state the goal of this lecture. I would like to prove that the variance of the sum of two different random variables is equal to sum of their variances, but only if are independent. So independence is very important property. Now we discussed the independence of two random variables in the previous lecture so now I'm going to use it and one of the very important properties of the independent random variables is something like this. That the probability of one of them taking the value x and another simultaneously taking the value y is equal to the product of their probabilities. So this is something which was discussed in the previous lecture and that's the property which I'm going to use in this particular lecture to prove this equality for independent variables, random variables, c and eta. Alright, so let me just do in an ordinary fashion I have stated the goal of this lecture, so let's try to pursue it. Okay. First of all, let's introduce our random variables. Let's say we have a sample space which contains certain events. Now these events, elementary events have certain probabilities and let's say I have a random variable c defined on this sample space which takes the corresponding values of x1, x2, xm. So basically right now what we can say is we can really forget about the sample space and just concentrate on the random variable c which takes the values x1, etc. xm with probabilities p1, etc. pm. That's sufficient for our discussion. Now let's introduce another variable, random variable eta, which has values y1, etc. ym with probabilities q1, etc. qm. So we have two random variables and again we assume that these random variables are independent, which means that the probability of c taking one of these values and simultaneously eta taking one of these values is equal to the product of the corresponding probabilities as if taken separately. All right, now variance is basically or it's a weighted average of the squares of deviations That's how we can write it. If a is the expected value then c-a square is a new random variable which basically is a square of the deviation of the random variable from its mean value. And then if I am applying the expectation it means that I'm actually averaging with weights equal to probability. Now in other words, it's the following. So if a is the expectation of c which is as we know x1 times p1 plus, etc. plus xm times pm. All right, that's what the expectation of the c is. And that's a. Now this means x1 minus a square times p1 plus, etc. plus xm minus a square times pm. That's what it is. So we are weighting with weights p1, etc. pm, the different deviations of the values of our squares, squares of deviations of the values of our random variable from its expectation. All right. Now similarly the variance of eta would be y1 minus b where b is the average square q1. That's the probability of taking y1, etc. And the last one would be yn minus b square qn. Now these are very long expressions and I usually use the symbolic for the sum using the Greek letter sigma. So basically I can rewrite it as follows. This would be sigma, which is sum of xi minus a square pi where i is changing from 1 to m. Which means first we substitute 1, then 2, then 3, etc. and sum them together. So I will use this notation as the simpler one. Similarly in this case, I will also use the same notation and that would be sum of for j. I will use another index j. yj minus b square qj. Now let's talk now about the sum of these two random variables. Now sum of these random variables is xi plus eta. What kind of values this particular sum takes? Well, for instance, this can be x1 and this can be y1 or this can be x1 plus y2 or x1 plus y3, etc, etc, etc. So all the combination or xi2 and eta1, xi2 and eta2, etc, up to cm, I mean xm and y1 and xm and y2, etc, etc. So all the different pairs of different axes and different y's are actually possible. So this takes different xi plus yj. Sum of these two, where i is from m and j is from 1 to m. So i and j indices are changing all the different pairs. It's m times n different pairs. So we have m times n different values. All right. So first of all, what's the expectation? Well, that's easy. We know that the expectation of sum of two random variables equals to sum of their expectations. So it's a plus d in our notation. If you remember, we have assigned a as a value of expectation of xi and b is the expectation of eta. Now the variance is a little bit more difficult thing. So let me just calculate the variance of we don't really need these values m and n. We kind of understand them, right? So variance of xi plus eta. Well, what is it? Well, that's weighted average of the squares of deviations of this sum from the average. Now, this sum takes all kinds of values of these pairs. So I will do two summations, i from 1 to m and j from 1 to n. And for all different pairs of indices, i and j, I have this is the value of my variable. This is the expectation. So I have to square it. And multiply by the probability of this particular value, probability of xi plus yj. So what is the probability? Okay, probability of xi plus eta taking the value xi plus yj is the probability of xi taking the value xi and eta equals yj equals. Now you remember in the game, this is extremely important, xi and eta are independent variables. And therefore the probability of their simultaneous taking these two values equals to the product of their probabilities. Times p of eta equals to yj equals to pi times qj. Because this is the probability of xi taking xi is pi and probability of eta taking yj is qj. So here I can put pi qj. So this is basically the end of a creative part of this lecture. Everything else, whatever follows, is just technical algebraic transformation of this particular expression into something which resembles the sum of variance of xi of xi plus variance of eta. So all I have to do is just have some smart transformation of this. Well, let's try to do it. It's not such a big deal. Alright, so first let me just open up this square. Now I will put it separately. So sigma, sigma. Now if you don't mind, I'll put i and j and I assume that i is from 1 to m and j is from 1 to n. So it's just shorter for me. Now I will transform this slightly. I will put xi minus a plus yj minus b square pi qj equals. Alright, this is the same. I just regrouped them. Now this is sum of two numbers squared and I'll just open the square. It's square of this times double product this and this and square of this, right? So double sigma from i and j.  Well, now every member of this sum is multiplied by pi qj. So I can basically represent it as three different sigmas. First, I will do this plus. Then the second component times this to xi minus a yj minus b p q pi qj. And the third component is square of this. Square Okay. Great. Now, let's examine this thing. Well, you understand that whenever we are summarizing by i and j it doesn't really matter what's the order of these sigmas are. First, we summarize by i. Well, you can consider it as a matrix. So i is the index to the row and j is the index to the column and on the each cell on the intersection of row and column, we have this member. So now we are summarizing all the elements of this table. It doesn't matter how we summarize by column or by by row. So what I will do here, I will do the following. I will use this. First, I will put i and then j xi minus a square pi qj. This is the first member, right? I just change the summation. Now this thing does not depend on j, which means if we are summarizing by j, this is a constant. It's all i and i is here. So I can just move it outside of the first sigma. I forgot pi. Now, what is this? Sigma of all probabilities q basically is equal to 1, right? Because this is all the different probability, sum of all the probabilities, which Eta can take. So obviously the sum of all probabilities is equal to 1. So this is 1, which means that my first member, this one, is equal to this. And what is this? Well, this is war by definition, right? So this thing is actually variance of xi. Okay. Next. Next member is this one. Okay. Let's just consider what this actually is. Two, I can move outside of all the sigmas because it's just a multiplier. Every one of them is is multiplied. And then I have sum of products of all the different values of xi minus a times all the different products of yj minus a. What it actually represents is the following. Here is my statement that this is equal to product of these two things. Because if you again imagine what is this? This is a sum of m different members. And this is a sum of all different n members. This is a sum of their products where indices i and j are going through all the possible values. And that's exactly what happens if you multiply one sum by another, right? It's first times first, second times first, third times first, m's times first. And then second times first, second times second, etc, etc. So all the different pairs. This is exactly the same thing as this. That's what I'm saying. And what is this? Well, this is easy. Because you understand that you can rewrite this particular thing as x i pi i p i minus a p i equals x i p i minus a sigma p i, right? I just took a out of the sigma. Sigma of the difference is difference of sigmas. And then the second sigma I just factor out a. Now, what is this? This is equal to one. It's sum of all the different probabilities that c can take. And what is this? This is a. This is an expectation by definition. So it's a minus a, which is equal to zero. And absolutely similarly, this is also equal to zero. Although it doesn't really matter because if one multiplier is equal to zero, then the whole thing is equal to zero. And the whole thing is equal to zero. I wipe it out. Finally, I have my last member. And as you understand, it's very similar to the first one with similar results. So let me just show you how it is. So I have sigma j i y j minus b square p i q j. Now, why j minus b square and q j are constant while I'm summarizing by i, right? So it's equal to sigma by j y j minus b square p j, sorry, q j. And here I have sigma p i by i. Now, what is this? This is equal to one because it's sum of all the probabilities the random variables you can take. And what's left? Left is variance of eta. So instead of this, I can put variance of eta. Well, that's it. As I said, it's just a couple of relatively easy algebraic transformations of the expression for variance. Now, I was using sigma because it's really easier. Instead of sigma, I can put just completely sum of one to m or one to n. It would be really much more bulkier on the board. So sigma is really an easy thing to do and it's very easy to operate with. So that's it. That's the end of this particular lecture. And again, let's just remember very, very important property of these variances. The variance of the sum of two random variables is equal to the sum of their variances, but only under condition, we proved it only under condition that variables are independent. And that's why we could replace the probability of one taking some value and at the same time another taking some other value as a product of the corresponding individual probabilities because proof actually is based upon it. All right, so let me just suggest you to go again to Unisor.com and read the notes for this lecture. It would be just easier to understand and it will better inculcate in your mind. The proof actually is there written, so I do suggest you to read it. It's always beneficial for you. That's it. Thanks very much and good luck.


If you've ever read the label of dairy products in the supermarket, you'll notice things like pasteurized, homogenized, and you might have even noticed the color difference between certain types of dairy products, like a deep yellow cheese versus a stark white cheese. And the pasteurization and homogenization process compromise the nutrients in milk. Pasteurization heats the milk, it can reduce the vitamin content, and the homogenization process shrinks the fat globules, contributing to things like leaky gut and making the form of castine protein, the type of protein that's in milk, more damaging to the gut and the intestines. It makes it something unnatural that we're not meant to consume. And that's even if the milk has nutrition in the first place. When you feed cattle grain and you take them off the pasture, the grasses that they naturally consume, you're losing the nutrients that the cows are getting from the grass. So this dairy that is pasteurized and homogenized might not have even had any significant amount of vitamins or minerals in the first place. I'm not going to really touch too much on the nutrient profile of dairy, other than saying that it can be nutritionally complete depending on the quality of pasture. Dairy can have every single vitamin and mineral your body needs, vitamin A, B, C, D, E, K2, the precursors to omega-3s, it has iodine, it has all the elements, all the minerals. Dairy literally has every single thing your body needs, whether it's milk, cheese, butter, cream, it has everything.  That will vary the vitamin profile in favor of vitamin B12. The B vitamins are specific to protein, that would be the main nutrient difference, but all of the fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, elements are contained in all dairy products. Granted, the animal was on quality pasture. There were several indigenous groups that subsisted largely off of dairy, one that I constantly reference is in Weston Price's book, the Swiss in the Loschento Valley. Weston Price was a dentist in the early 1900s who explored people that were still living off of the land. These people in Switzerland in this isolated valley got a large percentage of their calories from rye bread and cheese that was made during the summertime when the cows were on the nutrient dense grasses. These Swiss people also drank milk and they ate the meat of the cattle, but they were in perfect health despite getting a very high percentage, probably 40-50% of their calories solely from dairy. The Masai is a very famous tribe that subsisted largely off of dairy and there are a lot of northern Indian groups of people now that consume a lot of dairy products, butter, ghee, yogurts, milks, and they are in excellent, excellent physical health. So we know dairy can be an important contributing factor to our health. It's just modern forms of dairy have lost their nutritional value. So we know modern dairy can be more inflammatory because of the homogenization process, changing the composition of the fat particles and the pasteurization process also removes beneficial bacteria that are contained in the raw milk. When you have a pasteurized dairy product, the milk can go bad. If the dairy product is raw, it starts its natural fermentation process. If you guys are thinking, oh, well, where do I get raw dairy? I only have access to supermarket dairy, is this okay? You can go to local farms, realmilk.com is a great resource for this. Eatwild.com is also an incredible resource. I think this is a bit on the expensive side, but any quality food is expensive, and we're going to take a look at a couple of different products today. So we have a comparison between milk, of course, raw grass fed milk and regular milk. We have some colostrum. Colostrum is from the first milking of the cow or the first few milkings of the cow. It contains special immunoglobins that help your immune system and the immune system of the animal. Colostrum is also important in recovery. When they gave it to athletes, they recovered a bit better and their immune systems were stronger. We have a comparison between butter and then we have some cream on its own. Now the A1 versus the A2 protein stuff, I'll touch on that in the video I'm going to do next week that goes more in depth, but this is all a combination of A1 and A2. For those of you guys who are unfamiliar, A1 Cassine and A2 Cassine depend on the breed of the cow. It has a slightly different amino acid structure and people can have different tolerances to different versions of them. Goat milk and sheet milk are naturally A2, but as I said, I'll touch on that next week. Now we see a very dramatic difference in color between these products. That is a direct indicator of the quality and not only is there a color difference, if we take a closer look at the milk, you'll notice there's a separation here and that's the cream rising to the top. That's because this milk has not been homogenized. This is also the reason that cow's milk is used more often for butter and cream. It's because sheet milk and goat milk is naturally homogenized. It requires a very special machine to separate the fat from the goat and the sheet milk where cow's milk, it's possible to do naturally. So direct indicator here, the raw milk is usually beige in color and it can get a little more yellow, but the stark white color of the store-bought milk is a testament to its lack of nutrition. And on top of that, they tend to add nutrients to it. They tend to add artificial vitamin D, artificial vitamin A, ESE here, ingredients milk and vitamin D3. And sometimes they even add vitamin A palmitate, which can be very dangerous for your liver function as well. The colostrum is a much bigger color difference. This is because of the nutrients contained in it. This is regular colostrum, which is yellow. And this is the first colostrum. This is right when the cow gives birth. This is even darker yellow, if not one of the darkest color things I have here. It's an indicator of the nutritional profile of the food. Here we have some raw butter, which is very yellowish in color. Those Swiss people in that valley used to literally light candles with this butter in the summertime because they knew that the properties of the carotene and the butter were nutrition for them. You know, vitamins A, vitamins K2, vitamin E. And compared to the white supermarket butter, it's really insignificant. Now I have some Keri Gold here for you Keri Gold lovers. But as you can see the farm butter is much darker. And one weird thing I've noticed is the surface of the Keri Gold tends to turn darker color than the actual interior. So that's something else I would keep in mind. And the cream here also has a slightly beigey, almost yellowish color. Let's touch on the flavor as well as textural differences between these products. And when people talk about grain fed versus grass fed meat, a lot of them are actually in favor of grain fed meat. The important thing to keep in mind in this regard is that nutrients as well as toxins are stored in the fat and that flavor in the grain fed fat is usually masked by the cooking and there's not too much fat in some grain fed steaks in the context of how much protein there is.  When you compare grain fed fat to grass fed fat, that's where it's an objective decision that the grass fed tastes better. The same usually occurs with dairy. Almost everyone says that Keri Gold butter tastes so much better. But that's not the case with grain fed meat. Just an interesting analogy there. Some of you guys may have heard me mention an allergy protocol a couple of weeks ago and I'm still working on that so I'll get back to you guys on how that's going as I am allergic to milk but things are looking a little bit optimistic. The basics of that is introduce a very small amount of the dairy product over a period of time so your body adjusts to it but as I said I'll get back to you guys on that. So very stark color difference between the two milks. I'll try the store bought milk first. It's very watery. You can definitely recognize the homogenized texture and the flavor is very mild. It almost tastes like calcium. It's kind of weird. There's not much flavor to it. So this is the raw milk. This is a completely different food guys. This is unbelievable. It's creamy. It has a nice texture. It has a very full bodied flavor. It's very complex. You could taste the grass, the hay, the cows were eating. World of a difference. I don't know if you guys can tell but at the bottom of the colostrum there's also a pretty drastic cream separation. So let's try each of the colostrums. So this is the regular colostrum. This is probably like a couple of days to a week after the cow gave birth. Doesn't actually have a lot of flavor to it. Colostrum usually has a chalky texture to it. I'm noticing that here. Alright, so this is the first colostrum supposedly the most nutritious milking of the animal. Yeah, it's very, very pungent. Not doesn't taste as pleasant as the milk. I can't even describe the flavor. It's like medicinal. Like you could taste that. It's almost like you could taste that. This is, there's something different about this. Definitely not as enjoyable as the milk but something to consider to try out for your immune system function as well as muscular recovery. So overall there's a huge difference in complexity between the store-bought milk and the other milk products. Let's move on to the cream. We'll just taste this real quick. Just a little bit. The main reason I wanted to show you guys the cream is because the texture of this farm cream versus cream from the supermarket is so different. Cream from the supermarket it's like, it's runny. It's like, it has a very unique taste that's specific to supermarket heavy cream. But if anything the cream is the most significantly different product. All of these products are incredibly different when you go from raw to supermarket version but the cream might be the most astonishing difference in both texture and flavor. Oh my god. This is how you get fat. This is literally how you would get fat. That's crazy. Unbelievable. That's so good. Some of my favorite things to do with cream are put some honey in it, put a little bit of berries in it. Truly truly delicious and texture wise it's much thicker than the store-bought cream. Sometimes even it's like you could stand a spoon up in it and it's like almost as thick as butter and the flavor very complex. It has its own unique flavor that you've never really tasted before and when you try it it's like, oh this is how dairy is supposed to taste. Again another big color contrast for the butter and I'm sure all of you guys have tasted regular supermarket butter when I taste it it reminds me of toast in a way. And Kerrygold tastes a little bit better. The supermarket butter has a very unique like buttery flavor to it. When you switch to Kerrygold that buttery flavor is still there. It's just a little less prominent and then there are other flavor notes that make up for it. The farm butter is a different story. This honestly I'm not going to say it tastes better than Kerrygold because the butter is different. The butter is more like what you're used to and what you're accustomed to. The butter will taste of whatever pasture the animal was on. So when you taste raw farm butter you might not actually like it as much as Kerrygold or even regular supermarket butter. This is because butter is usually accompanied with other things. What I recommend doing is eating it as you normally would with other foods and seeing how to gauge the difference there but the nutritional difference between these two things is very significant. This has all the beneficial bacteria, all the vitamins, all the minerals. This not so much. The pricing this is about $7 to $8. This is $12 to $15. The way I look at it is with all of these dairy products would you rather spend $3 on a cheap gallon of milk or $10 on a nutritious gallon of milk. It doesn't make sense to spend money on something that isn't good for you whereas you can actually invest more money even though it might be 3 to 4 times as much and actually have a nutritious product that will contribute to your health. To me if someone asks me if Kerrygold is okay to consume or if I don't have access to raw butter, my answer is what other fats do you have access to?  They go rancid, it can become an inflammatory food, just not good for you in general. In regards to storage I do usually put these all in glass and the butter can actually be frozen for a very long period of time. Weston Price actually did some studies indicating that butter retained its nutritional properties in a freezer for up to a year and we didn't really talk about cheeses or these fermented dairy products, kefir, yogurt and these products are higher in vitamin K2. So if you do have a high quality raw dairy source of a fermented product you are getting additional vitamin K2 in addition to the other fat soluble vitamins that are normally contained in dairy and those products can be easier to digest. Some people do say that raw dairy contains the lactase enzyme, that's not actually true. Sometimes they do add that strain of probiotic to certain yogurt cultures but raw dairy does not naturally contain the lactase enzyme. That being said, thank you guys for watching. If you would like to support the channel please check out some of the other videos that I'm going to link at the end here. Recently I did launch Frankie's Free Range Meat. We just added raw cheeses to the website, some of the most famous cheeses in the world guys. Parmigiano Reggiano, raw cow's milk cheese. We have some raw English cheddar. We have Gouda. We have Gruyere. Check out frankiesprerangemeat.com if you want to pre-order some meat in addition to some raw cheeses to obtain nutrient density. If you guys do want to read more about the goal of the company, bringing you guys high quality animal foods, that's on the website as well, again frankiesfreerangemeat.com. You guys enjoy the rest of the week.