In February of 1861, Lincoln finally left Springfield, Illinois to head to Washington, D.C., to be inaugurated on March 4th. On the way, the president-elect planned to make several speaking stops. One of his stops would bring him to Baltimore, which was scheduled to pull in at the Calvert Street station on the morning of February 23rd. People gathered at the station, including Baltimore's Mayor George Brown, but they were disappointed to find that the train only carried Miss Lincoln and her three children. Secretly, President-elect Lincoln had traveled ahead of his family and boarded a train at 3.30 a.m. hours earlier. He was already well past the city by the time Miss Lincoln arrived. This was done on the advice of his security guards, who believed that there was an assassination plot planned in Baltimore. When he reached Harrisburg before traveling to Baltimore, he was also advised to replace his iconic stovetop hat with something less conspicuous. When he reached Philadelphia, his last transfer before Baltimore, he was escorted to a car reserved for invalids, and all telegraph communications were temporarily suspended. Instead, Lincoln took the advice of the private Pinkerton National Detective Agency from Chicago. Lincoln had hired them to serve as bodyguards since the government did not provide bodyguards for presidents at this time. The Pinkertons, as they were known, believed they discovered an assassination plot and convinced Lincoln to move secretly through Baltimore. One of the men implicated in the alleged plot was Police Chief Cain, since he was a vocal advocate of secession. Lincoln later came to regret his decision to follow the Pinkerton advice. One member of Lincoln's party, Colonel Charles Sumner, not the same Charles Sumner who was caned by Preston Brooks, referred to Lincoln's secret transfer as a quote unquote, damned piece of cowardice. He wanted the president to travel openly, but with a regiment of cavalry guarding him. Some newspaper cartoons depicted Lincoln as being disguised in women's clothing, peeking cowardly through cracked doorways. The supposed assassination plot has always been an interesting question of history. Speculation about the plot has pointed to a Corsican immigrant named Kipriana Farandini, if I'm pronouncing that correctly, who managed a barber shop in the basement of Barnum's Hotel, which was a popular meeting place for Southern sympathizers, including John Wilkes Booth. Some people have even speculated that Farandini and Booth may have even met there and planned the conspiracy, and the speculation was the inspiration for an opera written by Hollis Thoms entitled The Mustache. Farandini was even summoned before a congressional committee that was investigating any possible plans to interrupt Lincoln's inauguration. Farandini was happy to admit that he favored the South, but he denied any plot to assassinate Lincoln. The Pinkerton agents said that they met with Farandini at the hotel, where he informed them quote, Lincoln surely must die, end quote. Many historians doubt that any assassination plot was actually concocted. All we have are rumors and unproven allegations. Since Lincoln decided to pass secretly through the city, we will probably never know what might have happened, if anything at all. But news of the alleged assassination attempt spread through the city and gave Baltimore a bad image, deserving of its nickname, Mob Town. It's unlikely that we'll ever find any source that can confirm such a plot if one actually did exist, but even if Baltimore did not deserve the reputation it earned from the assassination rumors, it would earn its nickname, Mob Town, on April 19th during the Pratt Street riot. I'm Chris Calton, and this is the Mises Institute podcast, Historical Controversies. We've recently covered the bombardment of Fort Sumter and Lincoln's subsequent call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion, as he called it. But the status of every upper South state, aside from Delaware, was in question in the weeks after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, and Maryland was among the most important states to keep in the Union. Lincoln is a famous, though apocryphal quote about Kentucky supposedly saying that he hoped to have God on his side, but he must have Kentucky. Nobody's been able to substantiate this quote, but it remains popular. But Maryland was probably even more vital to keeping the Union, because it was the only state other than Virginia that shared a border with Washington, DC. So if it joined the Confederacy, the Union capital would be completely surrounded. Thus, Lincoln and his generals made harsh and controversial decisions to make sure that Maryland would be kept in the Union, if not by choice, then by force. The first passenger train in the United States was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the same B&O railroad we know from the monopoly board game. But in 1831, the Baltimore City Council approved an ordinance prohibiting any trains from passing through the city. For anybody taking a train through Baltimore, they would have to take a horse-drawn carriage along Pratt Street from one terminal to another to complete their journey. The ordinance unwittingly created the stage for the Pratt Street riot. That would take place in the city of Baltimore on April 19th, 30 years after the ordinance was passed. After Lincoln's call for volunteers on April 15th, 1861, he needed to get some of the earliest volunteers to Washington, DC to protect the nation's capital, and this meant that the troops would have to march on foot through the city of Baltimore. In many ways, this makes me think of Germany's Schleifen Plan in World War One, in which the German strategy to invade France was to march through the neutral country of Belgium. They assumed that since Belgium was neutral, they would be able to move through the country without interference, but the Belgians saw it as an invasion and they resisted. Likewise, many people in Baltimore did not support Lincoln's actions against the South. Many of them wanted Maryland to join the Confederacy, and the idea of union troops passing through their city in order to force submission from the seceding states did not sit well with a large number of Baltimoreians. Baltimore's chief of police, George Cain, was an outspoken advocate of secession, and he learned that the union troops from New York would be passing through his city. He sent a telegram to the Baltimore agent of the Philadelphia Wilmington in Baltimore Railroad asking for confirmation of the news. His message on April 16th, red quote, Is it true, has stated that an attempt will be made to pass the volunteers from New York intended to war upon the South over your road today? It is important that we have explicit understanding on that subject. End quote. The next day, Baltimore's mayor, George Brown, issued a proclamation of his own. He urged the citizens of Baltimore to stay calm and avoid harsh speech. Only the day after this, now April 18th, Secretary of War Simon Cameron sent a message to the governor of Maryland, Thomas Hicks, a message warning him not to try to stop the union troops from passing through Baltimore. Nobody in any position of authority it seemed was unaware that having the troops pass through Baltimore would likely cause trouble. But the news spread that two artillery companies and four companies of Pennsylvania militia would be passing through the city, arriving at the Bolton Street station and would pass through the city to Camden Station. The artillerists were part of the regular army and they had military uniforms. But the Pennsylvania volunteers had only their civilian clothing and many of them did not even have weapons. There were too many of them to use horse-drawn carriages so they would be marching on foot. Police chief Cain made sure his police officers were at Bolton Street to prevent the mob from breaking out into violence. And for the most part, this was successful. Most of the abuse levied at the volunteers was verbal. Though some did throw stones and the black servant of one of the officers, a man named Nicholas Biddle, was struck in the head making him the first casualty of the Civil War by some counts, though he wasn't killed. But it was the sixth Regiment of Massachusetts volunteers who would receive greater resistance. They came the next day, on April 19th. The men of the sixth Massachusetts had uniforms unlike their Pennsylvania counterparts. They were also full of pride at being the first volunteers to answer Lincoln's call for troops, thinking they were upholding the legacy of their forefathers who served as the first Minutemen to resist Britain in the Revolutionary War. Knowing that these volunteers would be arriving on the 19th, a group of Baltimore's more well-respected citizens gathered on the 18th in what they called the State's Rights Convention. They resolved that they would not allow any more Union troops to pass through their city. Word of the coming Massachusetts Regiment spread quickly throughout the city. At 11 a.m. on the morning of the 19th, the 850 volunteers in the sixth Massachusetts arrived in Baltimore. Colonel Edward Jones, their commander, received a telegram warning him of the dangers of marching his men through the hostile city. Jones was surprised. The previous day, while the Philadelphia volunteers were being booed by Baltimoreans, the sixth Massachusetts was being received as heroes as they passed through New York and New Jersey. He was surprised to learn that Baltimore would not view them the same way. So Jones made a change of plans on how his men would pass through the city. Instead of marching on foot, the men would remain in the railway cars. The cars would be detached from the train and each car would be hooked to a team of four horses, which would then pull them through the city along Pratt Street's rails. Before the men arrived in Baltimore, Jones visited each car to inform his men of the change of plans and see that every soldier received 10 rounds of ammunition. In addition to the Massachusetts volunteers, the train also carried another regiment from Pennsylvania. The 850 men of the sixth Massachusetts were armed, but the 1200 Pennsylvania volunteers under the command of Colonel William Small were not armed. So there was just over 2,000 men total that would have to pass through the city and less than half of them had weapons. Before their 11 a.m. arrival, a mob had emerged on Pratt Street as the horses were being brought to the station. The men of the sixth Massachusetts were loaded up first and Governor Hicks actually advised the unarmed Pennsylvania volunteers to return home to avoid danger from the mob. Meanwhile, the sixth Massachusetts were making their way along Pratt Street with each car carrying maybe four companies at a time. The 10th and last car carried company C, D, I, and L, and the car was led by Captain Albert Follensby, who was in charge of company C. By this time, the mob had blocked their car with rocks and anchors laying on the track and according to one soldier's testimony, given 20 years later, the men were ordered out of the car. According to this testimony, Captain Follensby ordered his men to exit the car and retreat but to only fire on the citizens if they were compelled to do so. When this was going on, Captain Jones was on the other side of Pratt Street and the first car of soldiers. When he learned that Follensby had turned back, he issued an order telling him to march his men on foot to Camden Station following the railroad track. Follensby instead had his men wait at President Street until he could receive further orders. The other nine cars carrying troops to Camden Station received both insults and stones from the Baltimore mob. By the time they arrived, some of the cars had broken windows and some members of the mob pressed up against the cars, threatening the soldiers with knives and revolvers. Just as the day before, the police were forming a protective barrier between the mob and the soldiers as best they could. When the soldiers changed cars, they cocked their muskets to be ready for violence but no shots were fired and all nine cars made it successfully through the city. But it was Captain Follensby's car of about 350 men that saw the worst of it. There was now a mob of about 20,000 secessionists separating them from the other 500 men in the 6th of Massachusetts. Finally, Follensby decided that they would have to fight through the mob. As soon as they started to move, they were charged by a group of Baltimoreans, one of whom, a man named George Koenig, was carrying a Confederate flag in one hand and an iron chain in the other. Koenig was one of the leaders of the riot and he would be the only rioter to be convicted for his participation. But the soldiers broke through this group only to find themselves completely surrounded by the Baltimore mob. The mob started hurling rocks at them. Two of the soldiers went down and nearby members of the mob pounced on them until nearby police officers rescued the injured soldiers and found them shelter in a nearby drug store where their injuries could be treated. The rest of the troops started to scatter, abandoning military discipline as each soldier tried to get away from the mob. If it hadn't been for the efforts of Mayor Brown, Marshall Kane and the city police, the soldiers probably never would have made it through the mob and this is noteworthy, especially on the part of Kane, who was himself an avowed secessionist and would find himself in legal trouble for it in the coming weeks, despite his efforts to keep the Union soldiers safe from fellow secessionists. The police formed a barricade behind the soldiers to protect them from the mob at their rear as they pushed forward. But once they reached a gay street, Baltimoreans were able to get behind the soldiers between them and the police. This is finally enough that the soldiers turned around and fired their muskets at the mob behind them. The secessionists returned fire. Four Baltimore civilians and two Union soldiers went down. Major Watson had been in the ninth car of troops, being the one just ahead of Fulensby. His car had been derailed by the mob and Watson tried to commandeer a loose team of horses led by a nearby conductor to help get his car moving again. The conductor refused to help. So Watson pulled out his pistol and threatened to shoot the conductor in the head if he didn't help get the car moving again. One of Watson's soldiers said he was hit by a bullet and Watson ordered his men to return fire. Fulensby's men caught up to Watson's car enough to be in view of each other. Watson's men were still inside their car, giving them some protection from the mob, even though it had smashed windows and at least one soldier had taken a bullet. But this was more than Fulensby's men had as they were completely exposed and on foot. One of the rioters left a description of the violence. He wrote, quote, a soldier struck by a stone fell almost at my feet. And as he fell, dropped his musket, which was immediately seized by Edward W. Beatty, a port customs officer who raised it to his shoulder and fired into the column. As he fired, he turned into the crowd and asked if anyone had a cartridge. I gave him one or two and showed him how to reload and then but took myself to the protection of the first doorway, thus escaping the bullets that were sweeping the street. The rear files faced about and delivered a volley into the crowd who responded with pistol shots, stones, clubs and other missiles. A perfect fuselage for the next few blocks was kept up by the troops and outrage mob, end quote. This testimony and others like it illustrates something important. The Pratt Street riot was not just a mob of young hotheads. Many of the active participants were well-respected citizens of Baltimore, officials and merchants and other well-to-do citizens. Some of the participants, such as Francis Scott Key's grandson, McHenry Howard, was an attorney and his father, Charles Howard, was the president of the board of the police commissioners. But when he learned of the Pratt Street riot, Howard asked if he had time to put on his uniform as a member of the 53rd Infantry of the Maryland Militia before joining the resistance. This picture of the riot is important because regardless of whether we see the rioters as justified in their actions, it was not just driven by violent hotheads. The mob consisted, at least in part, of many people who believed that as citizens of Baltimore and Maryland, it was their duty to protect their city from Northern invasion. And foreign invasion was exactly how these people saw the troops from Massachusetts. But the soldiers continued to push forward. Mayor Brown emerged from the crowd and ran up to Captain Folensby and shook his hand, saying, quote, I am the mayor of Baltimore, for God's sake, don't shoot. He then took his place beside the captain and marched with the soldiers, trying to calm the mob. He urged Folensby to slow down the pace of their march because it only encouraged the rioters and made the soldiers appear panicked. It was of little effect, and the mob only grew angrier. Captain Folensby, to contrast to the explanation, I just gave about the respectable citizens participating in the riot and their view of the troops as an invading army, said to the mayor, quote, we are attacked without provocation, end quote. This was probably his genuine view. His men were citizens of the same country as the Baltimoreians, so they were only trying to peacefully pass through the city on the way to the nation's capital. So here we have two contrasting views. The rioters legitimately saw the union troops as foreign invaders who had no right to pass through their city to bring violence against the seceding states, even if they were only meant to defend Washington, D.C. So this apparent invasion was certainly a provocation in the minds of the rioters, but in the minds of the soldiers, their presence was not a provocation, so both sides legitimately believed they were acting defensively. But the rioters certainly behaved as rioters, regardless of whether or not they might have had the right to defend the city, and much of the mob activities do them discredit. They looted local businesses for weapons to use against the troops, effectively turning against their own city as well. And as soldiers fell to the ground, injured by the rioters, it was other Baltimore citizens who helped carry them out of harm's way to treat their wounds. The day after the riot, the Baltimore Sun gave this account of the violence, quote, as one of the soldiers fired, he was struck with a stone and knocked down. And as he attempted to arise, another stone struck him in the face. When he crawled into a store and prostrating himself on the floor, clasped his hands and begged piteously for his life, end quote. Rioters tore down telegraph poles and laid them across the railroad tracks to obstruct the movement of the troops. And the city's police did everything they could to clear away the obstructions. But the mob was able to put another telegraph pole down as soon as the police removed the previous one. Some of the city's merchants found a cart of sand that they dumped on the tracks, according to Mayor Brown's account of the riot. Other rioters simply tore up the railroad tracks, which made it impossible for Major Watson and the men in the ninth car to be pulled to the last two blocks to Camden Station, forcing them to exit the car and join Colonel Jones on foot. But Fulensby's men were still behind them and the mob was at its worst as they passed Light Street. Four soldiers were killed here.  Fulensby ordered his men to go back to marching double time. And the men ran on, dragging their muskets with them as they struggled to reload and fire on the rioters as quickly as they could. The troops in the rear took the worst of the riot. As they tried to move forward, they were constantly being pelted with rocks from the mob behind them.  When the regimen arrived at Washington Station, they let off another volley of musket fire. And in return, the mob with guns fired back. And those without guns hurled bricks and stones at them. Finally, Fulensby and his men rejoined the rest of the soldiers at Camden Station and were loaded up in the train car waiting for them. They were no longer under attack, but one soldier fired his musket out the window of the train and killed Robert Davis, a highly respected Baltimore businessman. One final slap in the face to the Baltimoreans who participated in the riot. The train took off for Washington, D.C. with the soldiers who made it at 1.30 p.m. I've read accounts of the riots that conflict in their tally of the deaths which were exaggerated in reports, but as far as I've seen, there were 12 civilians and four Union soldiers killed. One of the civilians killed was a young boy named William Reed who worked on an oyster sloop and was not a rioter, but was hit in the abdomen by a mini-ball as he watched the riot on the dock connected to Pratt Street and he died later that evening. The soldiers were gone, but the leaders in Baltimore knew that the trouble for their city was only beginning. With a handful of Union soldiers killed in the riots, they understood that their citizens had effectively declared war against the Union. They immediately took steps to defend themselves against the anticipated response. Mayor Brown had won the respect of the Union soldiers by marching with them through the city and he was no secessionist, but he was an anti-war Democrat. With the soldiers gone, he decided that he couldn't allow any more Union troops to pass through his city. Police Marshal Kane agreed. Kane was tough and he was awarded his position after Baltimore suffered mob violence from the city's know-nothings during the 1859 elections. So the state legislature responded by passing a law removing all authority over police in the city of Baltimore and handing it entirely to Marshal Kane. It was really the ultimate authority in the city, even more so than Mayor Brown. And even though he had done his job in having the police protect the soldiers from the rioters, he was a secessionist and he would end up leading much of the secessionist activities in the city. With 12 of their citizens dead, at least one of whom wasn't even a participant in the riot, the secessionists effectively owned the city of Baltimore. A few hours after the Union soldiers left Camden Station, a meeting was held at Monument Square. A leading secessionist and doctor started to address the attendees, but he was interrupted by Mayor Brown. Brown told the crowd that both he and the governor of Maryland had requested that no more Union troops be transported through the city. He denied the right of secession, but Mayor Brown said he did believe the oppressed people of the South had a right to revolution. I don't really understand what distinction he was making here. He also said that he and Governor Hicks did not agree with the Lincoln administration's decision to use one section of the nation to subjugate another. Then one of the most prominent lawyers in the city, S. T. Walis, gave a short speech to the crowd in which he said, quote, I have not come to speak. If the blood of citizens on the stones in the streets do not speak, it is useless for man to speak. I assure you my heart is with the South and I am ready to defend Baltimore. I hope that the blood of the citizens shed by an invading foe will obliterate all past differences and seal the covenant of brotherhood among the people. End quote. Again, we see this perception that the Union troops were an invading force. This is a mindset that is hard to comprehend in modern minds, but in the years in which a standing army was nearly non-existent and almost entirely stationed in the Western territories, having the militia from another state pass through your city without permission was genuinely similar in the minds of Baltimoreans to the 20th century invasion of Belgium by a German army who thought it would simply be passing through without incident. But Governor Hicks was not popular among the secessionists and he was called on to address the crowd at Monument Square as well. They wanted to see which side their governor would take. As he was brought to Monument Square, the crowd was in an uproar. Finally, Governor Hicks spoke quote, I coincide with what your worthy mayor has said. I bow in submission to the people. I am a Marylander and I love my state and I love the Union, but I will suffer my right arm to be torn from my body before I will raise it to strike a sister state. End quote. With this, the city of Baltimore had effectively seceded from the Union. The city was fully in the hands of secessionists and quick action was taken to prepare the city for further invasion from the North. No telegraph could be sent without permission from Marshall Kane. Mayor Brown was permitted to send a message to President Lincoln informing him that no more Union troops would be allowed to pass through Baltimore. Governor Hicks added to the message that he fully agreed with the decision. They also sent word to the railroads to not attempt to transport any more troops to Baltimore. The city's militia was ordered to begin drills. Marshall Kane sent a message of his own to the militia leader in Frederick, Maryland, Bradley Johnson. The message read, quote, streets red with Maryland blood. Sint expresses over the mountains and valleys of Maryland and Virginia for the riflemen to come down without delay. Fresh hordes will be down on us tomorrow. We will fight them and whip them or die. End quote. This was two days after Virginia had made the decision to secede. And when the telegram reached Frederick, their militia was sent to Baltimore to help repel any invaders. The mob activities weren't done either. The rioters took to the streets that night and demolished the office of a pro-Republican newspaper and its editors were expelled from the city. Even worse, word reached the city that evening that more troops from Philadelphia were on their way to Baltimore by train. Then at midnight, another telegram came informing Marshall Kane that another regiment was on its way from Harrisburg. Kane went to speak with Mayor Brown and Governor Hicks and proposed the destruction of the railroad tracks and bridges. Brown and Hicks agreed. And at 2 a.m., the city's police and a group of Maryland guardsmen set fire to the Gunpowder River Bridge and then moved on to do the same to the Black River Bridge. Another group of guardsmen and city police took to destroying the railroad leading to Harrisburg. They destroyed five miles of track and then set fire to the Melville Bridge before dispatching some more men to the nearby relay house where a fourth bridge was destroyed. The men also cut the telegraph wires that ran alongside the railroad. Baltimore was now completely cut off from northern railroads and telegrams. With rumors spreading throughout Baltimore, citizens filled the streets the next day expecting hordes of Northerners to descend upon them. Their fears weren't ridiculous either. One New York newspaper published an editorial calling for Baltimore to be attacked, quote, through breaches in the walls, by sappers and miners with crowbars, with sludge hammers, with picks, with gunpowders and small bags armed with hand grenades, revolvers and cutlasses or other weapons that should be best adapted to the storming party and hand-to-hand conflict, end quote. Both pro-union and process session newspapers ran headlines touting the quote, unquote, Civil War in Baltimore. New companies of militia were organized. Horses were procured from the city's stables and military drills were conducted throughout the city. Rifles were donated by citizens of both Maryland and Virginia and Mayor Brown called for donations of ammunition as well. The city council authorized Mayor Brown to raise half a million dollars for the defense of the city and some bankers met the call by offering to advance him the money, which Mayor Brown accepted and called it an act of, quote, great patriotism, end quote. More volunteers began to arrive from outside the city to help defend Baltimore, the first being the Frederick Rifles and then the Patapsco Light Dragoons. On the morning of April 21st, a steamer named the pioneer brought 60 armed men and two hours after this, 35 more dragoons from Howard County arrived. Baltimore was ready for war. At about 10 a.m. on Sunday the 21st, a man on horseback raced to city hall and informed Marshall Kane that somewhere between five and 10,000 Union soldiers were only a few miles north of the city and they were marching toward Baltimore. Word spread and church bells started to ring out warning for the city to prepare. Since it was Sunday morning, many Baltimoreans were in church at the time but the congregations were immediately dismissed so the city could prepare to defend itself and those who couldn't fight could find refuge. The troops in question were actually a regiment of 2,500 Pennsylvania volunteers under the command of General Wincoup from Harrisburg. These men were untrained and many of them were unarmed and wearing their civilian clothing. They had no tents and no food. General Wincoup didn't really know what to do in regards to Baltimore either so he halted his troops in a wheat field in nearby Cockiesville. This was a good decision by Wincoup because the Baltimoreans would have certainly slaughtered his predominantly unarmed men. Almost a certain was that had he attacked, Maryland would have been pushed even further into the hands of the secessionists. But while Wincoup's men in the Baltimore militia were waiting for somebody to start a battle, Mayor Brown, Senator Anthony Kennedy and a handful of other prominent Baltimoreans met with President Lincoln, Secretary of War Simon Cameron and General Winfield Scott. They spent much of Sunday in discussion with each other and Lincoln was finally convinced to find an alternative route to bring Wincoup's volunteers to Washington. However, when Mayor Brown asked for assurance that no other troops would be marched to the city, Lincoln responded, quote, if I grant you this concession and no troops shall move through the city, you will be back here tomorrow demanding that none shall be marched around it. End quote. At 4 p.m., word of the decision reached Baltimore. After six tense hours of wondering if the Union soldiers were going to attack, the city relaxed, but they didn't let down their guard completely just yet. The Pennsylvania troops were kept under guard by Lieutenant John Merriman and his Baltimore County horse guards. When the orders to take the alternate route reached the Pennsylvanians, they began circulating their own rumors that they would soon be attacked by 6,000 troops from Baltimore. When they heard the galloping of horses in the distance, they panicked. One private from Easton, Pennsylvania, suffered a burst blood vessel, presumably from the stress, and he fell dead. When the sun finally came up on the morning of the 22nd, the soldiers had not been attacked and they were able to board their train safely and leave. John Merriman and his horse guards followed the train and they stopped 10 miles south of Pennsylvania to burn one more bridge just for good measure. Washington was now fully cut off from the North by Baltimore's de facto secession. Merriman's actions on this day would help place him in legal trouble with the Lincoln administration and the Union military as he would be arrested and held in prison and the right to habeas corpus would be suspended. Even though Lincoln and General Scott appeared to have conceded to the wishes of Mayor Brown and Governor Hicks, what they did not know was that Lincoln had already resolved to bring war to Baltimore. The city was too strategically important and it would have to be forced to submit. Six days after the meeting with Brown and Hicks on April 27th, Lincoln issued General Order 100. With this, the president had just declared martial law in the city of Baltimore and other parts of Maryland, suspending both civil law and habeas corpus and giving soldiers the power to arrest and jail civilians without any charges being brought against them. This will be where we pick up the story in the next episode. Historical controversies is a production of the Ludwig von Mises Institute. If you would like to support the show, please subscribe on iTunes, Google Play or Stitcher and leave a positive review. You can also support the show financially by donating at Mises.org slash supportHC. If you would like to explore the rest of our content, please visit Mises.org. That's M-I-S-E-S dot O-R-G.


Sodium laurel sulfate is a common detergent used in toothpaste. It was featured in famous internet hoax nearly 20 years ago. Colgate toothpaste has it, supposedly proven to cause cancer. At least by buying Colgate rather than Cresce, you wouldn't be supporting Satan, or so claimed another famous hoax. The hoax that sodium laurel sulfate in toothpaste and hair care products was linked to cancer became so widespread, the American Cancer Society was forced to publish a response to shampoo the link. Radical emails have been flying through cyberspace, stating sodium laurel sulfate causes cancer, and it's simply not true. So I just ignored it all these years until I was doing research on canker sores. You know those painful shallow gray ulcerations you get inside your lip or cheek, also known as aphid ulcers. They can often be set off by trauma, like if you accidentally stab yourself with a toothbrush or something. And so they recommend to try to avoid biting your lip, and also to avoid sodium laurel sulfate containing toothpaste, not because of cancer, but apparently for irritation, which at least makes a little more sense. I mean, why would a detergent, a soap chemical, be carcinogenic?  Although SLS has been used as a foaming agent in toothpaste since the 1930s, our story begins 25 years ago, with an abstract presented at a conference on the possible effects of sodium laurel sulfate on recurring canker sores. They took 10 men and women getting more than one sore a week, nearly 18 on average over a three-month period, using a regular SLS-containing toothpaste, and then they switched them to using an SLS-free toothpaste for another three months. And they went from 18 canker sores down to around five. That's like a 70% decrease. And indeed, what they thought was happening is that the sodium laurel sulfate was adversely affecting the protective mucus layer that lines our mouth. You always have to be cautious about published abstracts, though you always want to make sure that they actually go on to publish their findings in a peer-reviewed medical journal. And indeed, in this case, they did. So you can confirm that yes, indeed it was a double-blind study. Yes, indeed they used the exact same toothpaste, just one with the regular concentration of SLS and the other SLS-free. But still, just 10 patients? It was considered a preliminary study with apparently such a dramatic effect. A series of experiments were performed to see what might be going on. As simple as just applying some SLS at the concentration found in toothpaste onto someone's gums with a Q-tip for 90 seconds and measuring the spike in blood flow to the area, which is a sign of inflammation, presumably because the detergent was penetrating and irritating the gums. Yeah, but does it actually damage the tissue? Researchers smeared some toothpaste on the gums of some dental hygienists. Two minutes twice a day for four days. And while the SLS-free toothpaste didn't cause any problems, the ones with the typical amount of sodium lauryl sulfate caused desquamation among most of them. In other words, a sloughing off or peeling of the topmost layers of the inside lining of their mouths. No wonder it might make canker sores worse. It's funny if you go back to the original American Cancer Society debunking, their response was sodium lauryl sulfate is not a known carcinogen. It's just a known irritant.


What's up, my name is Sonali, welcome to vlogmas day two. I'm daily vlogging until December 25th, so subscribe, turn on your post notifications so you don't miss out on any videos. This morning, I actually ran into some trouble with my blog, so I woke up to a comment saying that my blog wasn't working and I freaked out, and so I literally was up at 5 a.m. trying to call GoDaddy to get it fixed and thankfully they fixed it.  My friend is actually coming to visit me, my best friend from college, she was my roommate for one year in the sorority house. She's actually at grad school in Missouri so she wanted to drive down to Florida because she has so much time off for the holiday. She's passing through Georgia and I was just like, please come visit me, I literally have not seen my college best friends in too freaking long, like obviously because of like the cold COVID thing, we were trying to like plan to meet up and stuff but it just never worked out because the COVID cases just kept getting higher and higher and we're possibly going to go to the mill which is like kind of a small hike. So I was like, okay, not working out this morning and also like, I don't know if I told you guys this but I fell down the wood stairs and so this side of my back is like so sore but I also have been doing arm workouts so I'm hoping it's the arm workouts but I'm pretty sure it's just cause like I fell down the stairs. I have a work call in a few minutes talking about some holiday campaigns. We're going over the final graphic. In yesterday's vlog I shared the graphic that I animated so that's gonna be super exciting just to see everyone's reaction and then after that I'm gonna eat a quick breakfast, my chocolate chip oatmeal cookies that are kind of healthy, they're like kind of vegan I guess so those actually keep me really full so I'm gonna go hop on my work call and I'll talk to you guys later. Okay, actually I wanted to show you guys my hair first before I go. This is what it looks like after sleeping on it I kind of just put it in a bun but it looks so good. I remember I went to dry bar once and the blowout literally fell like that day but this is like me sleeping on my hair and it's still pretty like, you know, like voluminous and like has that blowout look. I did my first impressions of the Dyson Air App in my vlog yesterday so if you guys wanna check it out I'll link it down below. I don't know where the time went but it is 12 30 or no, it's like one, it's one 30. What the frick? The holiday campaign call went well I had to actually make another animated graphic but this one was easier and like they're both really easy so it was actually really fun to do but now I'm starving and I have not bought groceries since I've been here and my dad doesn't really have anything because he's still at the beach house so I found this in his pantry but then I'm gonna try it it's just spicy food noodles so I don't know, I hope it's not too spicy because I don't like love spicy stuff, not super spicy so I mean like the spice that has flavor I like but sometimes when my dad makes Indian food and he makes it so spicy it just like does not even taste like anything but like something that's like poison, you know what I mean?  Hopefully this one does not do that to me because I'm not trying to feel that way. Let's go find a bowl because I usually just put it in the microwave but maybe I should do it in the pot but I don't really wanna do it in the pot so maybe they'll have a bigger bowl. All right, I'm gonna do a taste test. Hopefully I don't burn my tongue. Pretty good. I feel like the spice hits you a little after but it's not that spicy it's like a good spicy. It's really good actually. I think it needs like salt though but maybe I'm just crazy cause I just love salt. I feel like there's two types of people like the one that pours salt on anything and then the one that just looks at the person that does that and they're like, are you crazy? Because Ryan always does that to me. He's like, are you okay? Like you do not need that much salt. I'm like, yeah I do. It's just something I need. Guess who's here? College, this is Charlotte. We were roommates our junior year when we lived in our sorority house. Really it feels like it felt. She's here, she's visiting me and she's on her way to Florida for a couple months, two months she said. Yeah about two months. That's kind of crazy. It is crazy.  So I feel like I would not be able to do two months. I had such a hard time packing but at least you have your car because I don't have like my stuff. Well here's the thing, my friends are coming to Florida at the end and they're gonna drive back with me. So I couldn't like stuff my car with stuff. Yikes. Well I think I'm gonna take her to the mill.  So we're at the mill. A lot of people take their senior photos here and like family photos and fun fact I'll try to find my senior pictures and put them in this vlog but I took some right there. I like just made my mom take it because I had a nice camera at the time and she just took them for me. So shout out to you mommy for taking my senior pictures. I was just telling Charlotte that it's pretty crazy that me and Ryan used to go swimming in this water. I think I still would go in it just because I love like playing water but it's so much like muddier than the waters in Austin like the Barton Creek spillway.  I mean, I still would. Me and Charlotte are at dinner right now. It's very dark but we're at Ips and we got these giant garland pools. Dangerous. We ended up picking up wine on the way home. I honestly don't really like wine or red wine at least. I like the sweeter stuff like my go-to is in Scotto still. I know I'm literally still like a freshman in college but Charlotte said I should try out this. It's Roscato and it's a red wine but apparently it's sweet so I'm gonna try something new tonight because I want to like wine. Like I wanna be like a cool person that drinks wine but my taste buds say otherwise. We love a twist top, don't we? Oh my God, me and Charlotte. Okay, so obviously we weren't supposed to drink at this already house. We had this wine bottle one time and we thought it was like a twist top but obviously we didn't have like a wine corkscrew I guess and so I wonder if I still have the video but what did you use to like try to get it off or get the cork out?  Remember so we tried to light it on fire. I don't think people have said that that worked for them. Yeah. Like the heating thing. Yeah. Cheers being back together after, I think the last time we saw each other was last August during mock recruitment. It kind of tastes like that Welch's sparkling juice and I like it. Yeah, it kind of does. Why does it taste sparkling? I thought you would like it though. It is sparkling. Oh it is? I like that. I kind of forgot about that but that's why I was in the sparkling section and I couldn't find it. Now we know. This is with the sparkly ones. It tastes just like juice. It's good. What's the percentage of alcohol on the ship? Let's see. Probably not. 7%. Yeah.  Shocker. I asked you guys to ask us questions on my Instagram stories. So we're gonna go through some questions and answer them. I feel like me and Charlotte just haven't seen each other and you remember that we did this once when we were carving pumpkins or something? Do you remember that? Yes I do. So this is my best friend Charlotte. Like I said she was my roommate junior year and we, okay this is how we met. We met in the same sorority before that cause we went through recruitment at the same time and we met in the recruitment line and cause both of our last names are starting with a P. I feel like I meet a lot of my friends in the lines. Like me and Lara met in a line of orientation. Yeah. Maybe I'm just a good like conversation starter, you know? I often saw you like every day cause we were always in the same line but no you were a good conversation starter. Like some people didn't want to talk but I think it was like during recruitment people were so mean in the line cause they think they're better than you and those people, no offense but they ended up in what they didn't think they would end up in. Let's just say that. They just didn't have a good attitude about it. Yeah. So we went through recruitment together not like in the same like row gamma group but in different ones but they would just always be in combined lines and then we went Katie, comment down below if you're Katie, AOT. And yeah, so that's how we met. We went to UCF, University of Central Florida in Orlando and Charlotte's from Jacksonville. Yes. And I was actually- St. Augustine Jacksonville. But I was born in Jacksonville so that's why I had to go to Florida for college cause it was prepaid and he regrets in college things you wish you'd done or wish you didn't. I would say I wish I got involved more. Like I honestly like wish I got involved with the student, what's it called? Student Union. Like I wish I worked there cause they all seem so like close-knit and like, you know, you're like cool on campus and like, I don't know. I just always thought they were cool. So like either working there like on a marketing team or something but like I feel like I did a lot. Like I feel like I was involved as much as I could have been because I just like, I don't know but like I was like booked up every second which was great. But that then like post-guide it was really hard for me to feel like fulfilled because I didn't have anything to do every second. Yeah. So that kind of sucked. I think for me, one of mine is kind of like that I was because I was also like eight a.m. to like six p.m. I was like either working or like in a research lab or studying or like doing something. And I don't feel like I missed out on fun stuff. Like I still made it to every social. I still like, I never said no to like doing things. I don't think, did I? I'm not really. I think I just did all of it. But I like wanted to die. I was so stressed. I think it's not that I wish I would have cut back on like the academic stuff a little bit more so I could do fun stuff. I think I just wish I would have cut back a little bit so I wouldn't have been so stressed because I don't think I missed out on anything. I think it was just a lot. And in my opinion, like the classes I had A's in, if I just spent three less hours a week on them and just chilled, I still would have had none. So I was like, I don't know why. Like I don't know. Yeah. Or like it would have been fine if I like needed a day off from one of my labs or my job, like everybody was understanding. But it was just me. I just couldn't stop myself. Right. So I think I would have chilled out a little bit more about that. I think I would have gone out more, to be honest. I feel like- I think I was, it was the right amount for me. So we had two other best friends, Megan and Kailin. Unfortunately, they couldn't be with us today because obviously they live in Florida. Charlotte is in grad school. Kailin's in PA school. Megan has an awesome marketing job. And so yeah, that's what they're all doing. I feel like all of us were really chill and like we didn't like, we weren't crazy party animals really, but I kind of wish like a little bit that we just went out more because now I look back, especially during these COVID times, I'm like, shit, I just wish we like went out like three times a week or like, but obviously, you know, we, like there's sacrifices and that's why we did so good in school. And that's why we were so involved cause we obviously like made this sacrifices, you know what I mean? But okay, maybe not three times a week, but I just felt like I didn't go out as often, especially summer B. If you guys go to UCF, you would know what summer B is. I just feel like everyone went out every single night and I did not know because I didn't know how to. I just kind of wish I went out more just because especially now I feel like I'm such a lame-o and like, like, what were y'all's go-to food spots in Orlando? Suicide. Three two, okay, yeah. Sorry, I'm coming over. Suicide, suicide. Suicide eat station. It's like a poke bowl, but not a poke bowl. It's like, put all this junk food seasoning. Yeah, it's literally like. So good. Sushi. Sushi. Not a poke. Yeah, it's different. It's definitely different. It doesn't taste as like fresh as poke, which is what I love about it. We're just like crunchy fried pieces.  Next question is most embarrassing thing in college you did. I don't know. Okay, first ever time I blacked out, took what, 10 tequila shots? Too many. Yeah. I don't know how many. Yeah, I don't know why I did it. Anyways, so we were going to guilt and we were gonna see loud luxury. They sang, body on my, losing on my innocent, no, okay. And at the time that was the only song they sang that. Like, that was the only good song. That and like one other song, but no one wrote it. Maybe, but we were just waiting for body. That was it. That was the only song we wanted to hear. And so we went to guilt.  When we got there, yeah, I don't remember anything else. And it's so sad because I feel so bad I took them away from the concert. We were pretty bomb. I know. And me and Megan like, I'll be honest, we very rarely have like that much fun out. Yeah, like me and Megan really don't have that much fun. When we go out and me and Megan were having so much fun that night.  And then somebody was like, hey guys, this is kind of your job. Like if you're that person's like best friend, people come and tell you like, hey, you're friend. Right. It's like whatever. So I think it was like Tiff or someone. Or maybe it was younger girls. And they were like, hey, so always out on a curve. That was my first time blocking out. I never even knew what that felt like. I don't understand when people are like, yeah, let's block out tonight. Like, who wants to feel that? Like what, is that some kind of freaking torture joke? Well, I guess the embarrassing part was going back to the sorority house because I lived there.  Like I literally look at pictures they took at me. I don't think I was alive that night. But thank God I woke up the next morning because I was filming the spirit splash because I was on the UCF social team and I was the intern then. And I had a big day.  I will literally like insert video clips of me wanting to just like die. Because first of all, it was a lot. It was very overwhelming because there's like thousands. I don't know how many people are there, but like literally so many people just surrounding you. So much, so much loud music. Not a good scene for a hungover person. Let me tell you that, especially because it was like so many. It was hot. Yeah. I mean, it doesn't sound very embarrassing, but like the fact that I don't remember what happened and that my friends had to tell me what happened like literally makes me want to like cry and like. That's a terrible feeling. I feel like so many people think it's like so funny.  And like to me, I'm like, oh my God. Like I don't. Which I didn't do anything crazy. I was just a noodle like I said, but like it's not a good feeling to be a noodle. Like I don't, I felt so bad. Charlotte lived in the house three years. So she studied sophomore year. So I lived in the house my sophomore year and not a lot of sophomores live in the house. So it's not like I had a lot of friends. Like I was still kind of young. Like people didn't really like know me that much. Like, I don't know. I mean, they obviously knew who I was because I was living in the house, but like we weren't like BFS or anything. Enough, I didn't know them enough to get super embarrassed about this. And so I forgot that we couldn't open our windows. Oh yeah. There was like a frat house across the street. And they were having- At the same? Yes. And they were having like a EDC, not EDC, EDM. What's it called? I don't know what it's called. Key West Fest? Key West Fest. Yeah, so they were having like a EDM house music like concert across the street. And I didn't want to go by any means, but I wanted to listen to it. So I opened my window to listen to it. And you know how like EDM music and house music like sometimes has like the siren noises? Yeah. So our house alarm started going off and I thought because I opened the windows that it was the sirens from the music across the street. So I was literally just sitting in my room looking out the window like that. So it was music. While the alarm was blaring and then somebody came to my room was like the alarm is going off and I was like right. And I did not put two and two together that it was because of me because I opened the window.  So it kept going off and we had to call the fire department to come to me. Because she kind of turned it off and she was out of town.  Like I was so annoying. And I didn't know it was me. So I was sitting there like, oh my God. And then I realized it was me and I asked my roommate like, oh my God, do I say anything now? Because now it looks like I was lying that I still didn't know. So eventually I was like, guys, wait, I think it could have been me. Like I happened to have opened my window. And then I think they charged me for that too. So I had to pay. This is where he house his grin all the time. Yeah, I was mortified. I think that may have been the most embarrassing. We're gonna end this Q&A and probably this video because all we're gonna do tonight is eat cake and probably watch something on TV. Subscribe and don't forget to turn on your post notifications to get notified for every video. I will see y'all in my next video. Bye.


So, how do you feel about this initiative of exchange for media? My huge congratulations to E4M for organizing this absolutely brilliant program for 40 and 40. PR industry is extremely human resource oriented, there are a lot of talents which are required. We see that there is dearth of good professions. So, what this does is bring together talents, help them to nurture their skills by giving them recognition, it boosts morale. So, I think it is an extremely relevant and timely intervention for running and in the days and years ahead, I wish it a lot of success.


What is going on? It's Brycat 2.3 here with Xtrades. Today we're going over some member requested tickers. One is Baidu, the other is Amazon, and then the other is Disney. Now Disney doesn't really have a setup that I'm gonna go into a lot of detail about because I do think it's very much still kind of ranging. So more of the technicals are gonna be focused on Baidu and Amazon. Now Baidu has my favorite technical setup because it really looks like we've just broken out of this double bottom reversal. So really what we're looking at here again is we have this downtrend that's formed and off of that downtrend we took a bounce, went up to this what's called the neckline, rejected the neckline, and came down and retested roughly the same price level. Give or take a few percentage points and then bounced up towards the neckline again and we broke out above the neckline and are now still trading above it. So a few things to talk about here. With these double bottoms, the percentage meeting price target is pretty good. So you're looking at about a 65% meeting price target. Once you do break out of the trend line resistance or the neckline, so I do feel pretty comfortable about the potential for a decent run. However, you do have to keep in mind that when we have these throwbacks in price towards the old resistance area, it does kind of lessen the percentage move that you could expect to see after the breakout. So the performance isn't quite as strong once you get a throwback. So it's not the most ideal situation, but again it is tradable because if this is the low volume pullback that I do expect it to be, then we will take a bounce off of support and we'll probably find a nice reversal candle in here over the next day or two. So that's definitely something to keep an eye on and there could still be a strong move in price because again, the 65% meeting price target does include throwbacks and non-throwbacks alike. So that's just kind of like the blended average. So again, it doesn't mean that this doesn't have the potential to move far just because there is a throwback to the support zone. So definitely I think that this is a pretty strong play overall and I would keep a watch out for it over the next couple of days. And I think that there's potential for it to run right into that 215 or 216 price area. So again, the reason that I say that is with these double bottoms, you take the distance between the neckline and the double bottom area. So again, where those two supports formed when prices rejected from the neckline and when prices first came down in the downtrend. So we're looking at that 183 price range, 182 price range. So that's really what we're taking. And then obviously we know that our neckline is right around that 203 price area. So again, it's the spread in between those, which is right around $20, $21. Again, give or take a couple cents. And then we multiply that by our 65% meeting price target, which gives us roughly a $13 move. And then we take that 203 neckline resistance and add that $13 move to get our kind of price target provided we stay above this old neckline and what should now be acting as a support. So that's kind of what we're seeing. And again, it's nice when you see these price targets have confluence with areas that were previously areas of support. So obviously this 215, 216 price area you can see previously there was some higher volume concentration in these areas judging by judging by the candles that occurred here just again, the count of candles and the amount of consolidation that we had along this price range. So you can definitely see that this will be a sensitive area to break. So once we do get, if we do get that continuation to the upside and we're able to hold this support and make a bounce, then that 216 price area would be a good target. Again, because we'll likely have to consolidate after we continue upwards because this should act as an area of resistance, because previously, it was a strong area of support. So definitely keep an eye on that. But again, I do like the setup overall, and I'd be bullish pretty much above this this lowest candle, like so I'd be bullish really above kind of 201 in terms of maintaining my bullish bias for this double bottom to play out. But there could be some selling below 201. So definitely think that there's good upside here. Just again, keep an eye on the next few candles and watch to see if this low volume pullback plays out. And we get some reversal candles in to really try and continue this uptrend to the 216 to 15 price area. So that's really what I like with Baidu. Again, I think it's my favorite setup that I'm going to cover tonight. So definitely a big fan of it, really healthy pattern, really nice to see the double bottom just having really a nice equilibrium in terms of the time that it took to form both of these bottoms. So it's really nice to just see an even distribution and price. And then just a good breakout. But again, we're just kind of lacking the volume and the surge that we needed in price. So we're getting that throwback back to support and then hopefully bouncing from there. So again, really like Baidu. And I'd love to see it run to 215 216 over the next few weeks. As far as Amazon goes, this is one that I definitely won't be playing. But I do think it's good just educationally to go over it because this is definitely kind of like a bear flag setup. Again, it's on the hourly timeframe. So it's going to have a little less conviction than some of your longer term timeframes that you're watching. But really what we have here is a pretty strong downtrend that formed essentially starting at that like 3500 marks 3510. And that's where our flag our flag pole formed, running down to this three, essentially this 3400 price level, just kind of rounding it to make it a little easier. But essentially, we ran down from 3510 to 3400 pretty quickly, and I'm pretty heavy volume as well. And then we bounce and prices kind of channeled upwards and really this is kind of like the flag. And and with these flag poles and both bearish and bullish flags, it's important to remember that the price targets are determined by again, the height of the flag pole. So we take this 3510 and this, you know, 3400 essentially. And we subtract that to get the height of the flag pole, which gives us, you know, 115 or 120 as the kind of full height of the flag. But then we look at the last touch of this resistance area. So in this uptrend, we measure the expected move from the last touch here, so it's going to be that 3470 price level. So again, it's not measured from the break of support, it's measured from the last touch of resistance within the flag. So I think that that's something that's always important to touch on, regardless, just because it's something where it's different than a lot of other price patterns. So it's something that's good to keep in mind. So again, I definitely won't be taking any positions against Amazon, just because I definitely don't like betting against Amazon. But just looking at this surely from a technical standpoint, I do think that this is just a nice, a nice setup for a bearish flag and a bearish flag bearish breakdown and continuation. So really based on this, again, the height of the flag being around $115 percentage meeting price targets are pretty low for bullish and bearish flags just again, because there's usually such a large expected move. So again, sometimes difficult to maintain that bullish bias, and then some profit taking occurs, etc. So really what we're seeing is about a 55% meeting price target. So taking that and applying it to the height of the flagpole again puts us right in that $60 expected price move, which would really give us a potential move to like 3410, which again, would align with an area that we gapped up from. So I do think that, you know, all things considered, this, this price target does make sense conceptually. But I just think in terms of Amazon, I just think there's way too much bullishness with Amazon in general right now, and in the market in general. So I definitely won't be taking a play here. But I think it's a really good example of a clean setup for a bearish flag that you can look to model other bearish flags or if you invert it, you can model other bullish flags off of a setup like this, where you can really see just a nice, healthy continuation downtrend setting up. And I really do think that it's a nice technical setup overall, I just think that seeing 3410 is just very unlikely again, because of the bullishness in the in the market, and just because, again, it's Amazon, and it's just the market leader. So really nice setup overall again, but I just doubt it plays out as the technicals kind of claim it would. Again, part of the reason is also because this is on the hourly timeframe. So it's, it's, it's a chart timeframe that can get overridden by a lot of other longer term views and a lot of other longer term biases. So there's a little less conviction on this timeframe as well. But again, it's a really clean setup overall. And if you guys have any questions or just want to discuss it, definitely let me know. Or if you want to draw up some bearish or bullish flags on other charts, other tickers and take a look at them, definitely let me know and I'd be happy to go over them with you. Again, I just don't think this is one that's going to play out even though I I love this setup overall. It's just Amazon is just a beast. And then looking at Disney, there's not too much going on here in my opinion. I just think that we're going to be range bound for a little bit longer. So I don't think there's really too many high risk to reward trades to enter here at this point. Again, if you like trading ranges, then you could definitely try and trade this up to the next touch of resistance, trying to get into that, you know, 178, 179 price area, or even potentially trying to tap this dynamic, this dynamic price level, which should be the 50 day simple moving average. So again, if you like trading in ranges, then that's definitely something that you could do. But again, I prefer kind of trading the breakouts as opposed to trading ranges. So really for me, I really have to wait until this pattern develops a little more fully. And then again, it kind of depends on really how this breaks out because typically triangles, especially symmetrical triangles are kind of continuation plays. And we obviously had a downtrend that was leading into this. So I'd be leaning a little bit more on the bearish side. But at the same time, it's just very early in the process. And with symmetrical triangles, it's much better to just play the breakout as it happens, rather than trying to kind of infer a direction, because ultimately, the consolidation phase is just so neutral. There really isn't any serious distinction or imbalance between the buyers and the sellers. So this is one where if I'm looking for a strong breakout play and a large move in price, then I'd really, I'd really want to wait until we get closer, or until this range squeezes and gets tighter, so that we could try and play a breakout of this range, and potentially get, you know, a 10 or $15 move in a shorter timeframe, when we break out of this range, whether it's to the to the upside or downside, again, depending on when we get that price breakout and the volume confirmation. So ultimately, I do think that there will be a setup here in the near future. Just in terms of trading a breakout, I don't think we're at that point yet. A lot of you range traders could definitely take advantage of this though, as it is just ranging in between these the support and resistance of this symmetrical triangle. So that's really all I have for you guys today. Again, if you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below or reach out to me in the chat. Again, by view, I think has the best setup. Amazon is really just a good example of a bear flag, I definitely don't expect it to play out. But I do think it's a good, a good example for you to model bear flags off of, and just to see how they look conceptually and how to measure your price targets. Again, because the bear flags, you have to take it take the height of the flagpole and use it against the last touch of resistance, as opposed to, you know, the area where where we broke out from. And then Disney, obviously, this is just premature, personally, for my trading style. But again, there definitely could be a play here if you like the ranging trade. So if you guys have any questions, let me know. And thank you so much for joining. And I hope that you guys have a great day.


What's going on guys, it's your boy DPJ here today with another Destiny video and today I bring you top 5 Titan Super Plays of the Week. Now if you guys do enjoy the video, leaving a like is much much appreciated. Thanks as always for stopping by and I'll catch you on that next one. The ammo on the way. I can't believe what I'm seeing, you're unstoppable. Heavy ammo available.


Valuation of spinal tuberculosis on 3 Tesla MRI AK study, POTS disease, a tubercular infection of spine was first described in 1779 by preservival POTS is the most common cause of non-promatic papillage in the world, the spinal involvement is usually a result of matrogenous spread of mycobacterium TV virus peritrary tract or intestine into the dense vasculature of cancerous bones or vertebral bodies, involvement of IBD which is also in loss of disk height and collapse of vertebral body result in sharp angulation called as kyphus. According to WHO in 2006, nearly 2 billion people about one third of world's population had tuberculosis. Spinal TB accounts for 2% of all TB cases, 15% of all cases of extra pulmonary TB and 50% of skeletal TB. The clinical presentation of TB spine is variable and in-situ is an onset. The most common symptom of all being low-pacted. Constitutional symptoms such as loss of weight, anorexia, low-grade fever and mildews are more commonly associated with pulmonary TB than with spinal TB. Play next day CT and MRI at the prime modalities to assess the POTS spine. There must be at least 30% destruction of bone mineral loss is needed to show the radial nuisance your next day. CT is an excellent tool for delineating bony details. However, it is inferior to MR for early assessment of neural structures as well as soft tissue extension, so it is not preferred due to radiation exposure. MRI provides excellent details of neural as well as soft tissue extension in spinal TB, therefore beneficial for early diagnosis as well as planning management. Aim of the study is to study the role of 3 Tesla MRI in evaluation of spinal tuberculosis objectives to describe the pattern of occurrence of TB, a spinal TB on MRI, to evaluate the role of MRI in assessing the extent of disease and its correlation with the neurological status of patient of spinal TB. The study was done in the Department of Retrodiagnosant Imaging PT Metisherma PjMS Rotherk, 85 patients were taken irrespective of age and sex, who were clinically suspected to diagnose cases of TB. Inclusion criteria is all clinically suspected or diagnosed cases of spinal TB. Exclusion criteria is previously operated or completely treated patients of spinal TB, any metallic implants, claustrophobia and traumatic and degenerative cases.  Results. The study was carried out on 85 patients out of which 49 were male and 36 were females, the mean age of subjects were 37.2 years, maximum number of patients were between age group of 20 to 30 years. The most common symptoms in this series were back it which was present in 73 out of 85 patients, 85 percent patient had constitutional symptoms, neurological involvement in the form of food pain was present in 32 patients, whereas paracels was present in 23 patients. ESR was raised in 82 out of 85 patients, Montu was done in all 85 patients, found to be positive in 75 of them. Chest X-ray was taken in all patients, PFU, it revealed associated pulmonary TB in 27 patients. Plain X-ray finding were abnormally in 72 out of 85 patients, involvement of body was present in 66 out of 85 patients. Typical picture of tuberculosis spined that is paradiscule was present in 18 out of 85 patients. Osteitis was seen as T1 hyperintensity and T2 hyperintensity. On T1 images 74 out of 85 patients showed hyperintensity signal and 80 percent patients showed hyperintensity signal in T2-weighted images. Stur sequence, stir sequence, 87 patient shows hyperintensity signal intensity, 53 out of 80 patients showed for peripheral in the accident. Maximum number of vertebral body, vertebrae involved in a single patient were 14, minimum work, vertebrae in a single patient. On MR imaging, average number of vertebrae involvement was 3, lumbar spine was the most common site of involvement seen in presence 30, 36 out of 85 patients showed involvement of lumbar spine. Second most common site was dorsal spine with involvement of 27 out of 85 patients. Least common site was cervical dorsal followed by sacral. 47 out of 85 showed epidural collection, 22 out of 85 showed changes in signal intensity of spinal cord. Case 1, 25 year old female with chronic fatigue, low grade fever and bowel and bladder weakness. First image is the frontal radiograph of sacral spine showing blurring of flumbo-sacral region. Second image is the T2-weighted sag showing large pre-vertebral and anterior epidural collection. Second image, 42 year old male with chronic low backache with acute onset weakness in bilateral volume. First image is non-contiguous involvement of tubercular spine. Second image is the typical peripheral enhancement of collection with enhancement of involved vertebrae. Third case, 6 year old child with visible deformity of back and unable to fall. First image is the frontal radiograph showing kyphosoliotid deformity. Second image is the coronal T1-weighted showing peripheral enhancement of the paravirtebral collection. Discussion, the age group of patient range from 2 to 88 years with mean age of subject was 37.2 years. The study population showed slight male pre-dominance with 42.4% female and 57% male. Similar observation was seen in study by Bhatnagar et al and Sainan et al. In our study, most common presenting symptoms was chronic low backache seen in 73 patients. Yandrapati et al also reported backache as the most relevant important history further focused. 14 out of 25 at 26 showed sublesinitis spread of infection. Similar results were seen by Antonio Archie. In our study, contiguous pattern of infection in spread is the most common pattern seen in 79 patients. Similar results were reported by Anil et al and with 95% patient showing contiguous pattern of spread. In present study, common radiographic findings of spine were consistent with spine reverses were vertebral body hand plate erosion seen in 76.77%. Then the antitravir et al reported end plate destruction 43% cases. In present study, the most common site of involvement was lumbar spine followed by dorsal spine. Roth et al reported two most common site of involvement were dorsal and lumbus acral spine. In present study, 87.1% cases showed hyper intense signal on T1 weighted sequence. T2 hyper intensity is noted in 80% of effective vertebra with hyper intense signal on star sequence in 87.1 patients suggesting 80 meters changes due to inflammatory process. These observations comparable to a similar study by Batnaker et al revealed T1 hyper intense signal with hyper intense signal on T2 and star. In our study, epidural collection was seen in 47 patient cases, which was similar to observation by Arsing et al. Janakia et al observed epidural collection in 80% cases with similar finding in study by Anil R et al. Conclusion. Since MRI is noninvasive, highly sensitive and capable of multi-planar imaging, it should be considered as main imaging modality for suspected tuberculosis, spondylitis, intradural extramedular tuberculosis, tubercular erectoiditis, intramedular tuberculosis. The ability of MRI to detect tuberculosis spine earlier than other technique could reduce the bone destruction and deform again, hence need for surgical intervention.


One of the principles that my father, God bless him, and my mother, God bless her, instilled in us. And that is, if you're fortunate enough and you work hard enough to be successful financially, then you have an obligation to pay that forward. Our interest in behavioral health in Raritan Bay was a direct result of our relationship with Dr. Mayor Ezer. We were in his office one day, a year or two ago, I guess, and we were just having a discussion about the state of things. Our passion was pediatrics, and I said, what's your passion? He said, behavioral health. There's such a tremendous need for behavioral health services at the adult level and at the pediatric level. Addiction to all sorts of drugs is beyond epidemic proportions, including in our service area. We have to step up and deal with it. And the plan in our mind was, well, we need those kinds of services here in the eastern part of our service area. This carrier clinic is a long way off geographically. And that's how the whole discussion got rolling and just kept rolling. People in our geographic areas, they don't have to go to New York or Philadelphia anymore. They can stay close to home and get top quality services from top quality physicians and staff. I'm very gratified about being part of it and having been part of it. And I don't intend to not be part of it for a while. What we've been doing at Hackensack Meridian Health at Raritan Bay, at all of our facilities, come and take a look at the different services and the kind of care that we provide and the outcomes that we bring about. I think once you take a look, it's pretty easy to get hooked.