All right, good morning once again. Welcome back. All right, welcome back. Visit Still Why in the Morning. My good name is Brian Sokko. You can find me at Brian Sokko 101 on all our social media platforms. Oh, that's mine. I'd like to refer to each other for the station and for the program's hashtag is Why in the Morning. That's where you can find us. And in this second part of the show, we are going to talk about some of the possible, or rather just exactly agritech solutions. What exactly does it take to be in that space? And especially at a day and age where technology is taking over the world by storm. And why is it so necessary to have this conversation right now? But before we get too far and also before I introduce my guest, just to bring a little bit to cover based on that, there's an interesting report here by Business in South Africa that says Kenya is the top destination for agritech investment in Africa, that is according to FinTech, that says one major fact that's responsible for this is the need to solve the country's food security challenges. And then they've outlined an excerpt that says between 2019 and 2022, that is last year, Kenya's leading agritech startups rose up to around 80 million, that is I don't want to mention the exact company there, but they said there are two factors responsible for this. The first which I mentioned is how important agritech is in East Africa and also to our economy as well, and the endless desire to profile solution to Kenya's food security challenges that has helped to attract investments as well. And then they're also pointing out that there's possible opportunities for the youth, especially right now, because initially how agritech is marketed in our country is not so attractive, but then how can we make it attractive so that young people or young minds or millennials and generations these can find it attractive and more appealing. And joining us live in the studio to talk about this topic is Kizito Diambohi, he is the CEO of Agribora Hill. Tell us what Agribora is bringing on the table and plus how he found himself there. Good morning to you. Good morning. Thank you for having me. You're welcome. Just a brief story about how you found yourself in Agribora. First of all, my background is not in agriculture. I'm an electrical engineer by profession and it is more of a necessity that led me into agriculture and really a drive to go into entrepreneurship. So I ended up in agriculture because while I was studying I was supporting my family back home and one thing led to the other where you realize I can do more than just send money to help the family do agricultural production. I can actually look at how I can bring in the IT knowledge that I had gained during my studies to help in agriculture. And so I started my first company back in 2014, KEDO Solutions, working with smallholder farmers, soybean farmers and that grew up to 2018 where I transitioned from just working with smallholder farmers in production to looking at how technology can be used to help them improve productivity. So I closed down the first company and started the second company that's now Agribora, which I founded outside of the country because technology has already matured in other countries especially in Europe where I started. So I started my company in Germany and then came to Kenya back in 2019 to now operationalize it. But also, reading from your bio, you've worked with so many, let's say, startup agritech firms and the businesses as well. Talk about it and how it has enabled you to get prepared into this space. I think because agriculture, from the very first day, we all need agriculture to survive and there is a lot of work that I have done both at a personal level, looking at how I can work with smallholder farmers with my first company but also during that process how I can work with other organizations and other companies to bring out the best in agriculture. And actually the best on agriculture is very simple, increase productivity and improve profitability. So how do you make that work for smallholder farmers? So when you look at agriculture, you have the producer organizations, you have across the value chain, not just the smallholder farmer but the plowing service providers, the input providers, you have the off-takers, the aggregators, the agri processors. So across this value chain you realize that you have a lot of engagement opportunities which can leverage on one, everything that the farmer is making, but it requires technology to help it become more efficient and actually more scalable. Yeah. Now I had mentioned initially how agriculture is presented, even in adverts. It's not as the most beautiful advert ever you ever watch anywhere in digital. How can we make it so appealing and so easy for especially the generation Zs now or millennials so that once they see an agriculture advertisement, even a job itself, a lot of people wouldn't want to go down that direction because they think it's more handy, it's more dirty, but like you mentioned, it seems like it's one of the mostly creative spaces ever.  And like you said, to increase the value chain, food production and profitability are the main co-ingredients. How can we make it so appealing to the ambiance? So when I started Agribora, the main goal was to make small holder farmers more visible, more accessible, and more bankable. And so those are the three main pillars of the work that we do and I'll explain why the youth have actually very sweet spot in that because what we try to do is to balance human touch and technology. Now we all remember agriculture the days of our grandparents where it was about taking a gembe and going to the field and working so hard until you escape the sun and then you come back in the afternoon. Was it a gembe or a whore? Or a whore, you know. All this, let me say, still traditional ways of producing or for crop production.  The Africa Development Agenda 2063 foresees that we want to do away with the hand whore by 2025. That is what the Africa Union was hoping to do. We are now already in 2023 and we are yet to achieve that. So how do we make it work for the youth? Well, it is looking at the job opportunities that are in the agriculture sector that not necessarily require you to go and toil the hard soil. It's looking at how you can leverage on technology. Let's talk about the different stages of crop production. Just from, I need to know the quality of my soil so that I can be able to determine which crop to plant and which fertilizer to use. So what do you need to do? You need to do soil testing. Back in the day, you would carry a soil test, send it to one of the government offices. It takes a month to come back if at all it does. Today you can have a sensor gadget which can be able to measure your soil within five minutes. And so the opportunity that you have is for you to equip somebody, a youth for example, with this device which is not very expensive and they can be able to move through the county or at the world level and actually provide these services. So it's actually becoming more about service provision to the agriculture sector and not now the youth being the ones to toil the land. And at the end of the day with the mechanization that is coming in, you actually have smaller tractors and smaller planting machinery which then require you to use less of human labor and actually more of these technologies. And so if you look at the opportunities for youth, it is in the service provision. It is in how they can fit into the value chain and provide this value to farmers and then of course the end market. Right. You mentioned soil testing, which I believe that's when soil science comes in. And now you're coming in as an expert now, especially for you. But then there are so many components in there that includes like agri-tech, agri-fintech. Do you mind just sharing some of the possible opportunities in there before we get to how can we commercialize it so that anyone else who is in the interiors can even become part of it? Yeah, so agri-tech as a word is quite broad. So if you look at all the technologies and what does agri-tech basically means? It means how do you solve agricultural challenges with technology? It's that way. It's not the other way around. It's not what cool things can I do with technology and bring it into agriculture because there's also a lot of that in the market. So what are the problems in the agriculture space that would require technology to solve? Now let's talk about production because production is the first level. Decision making about what to grow. Talk about crop suitability. We are looking at climate change. We're looking at the different ecological zones in the country. So why should I grow sugarcane in western Kenya and not in eastern Kenya? So that you have a very good reason for advising a farmer what to try, right? So these decisions already at that point of just deciding what to grow, you have crop suitability where you have technologies such as data science, analytics which help you to analyze climate change and variance, soil suitability and all that. Then once you've made a decision about what you'd want to grow based on the suitability of that field you then look at what can I then grow in this particular field and then now you're talking about soil testing as I have mentioned to help you to decide which do you have enough organic matter? Do you need fertilizer? We're talking about subsidy schemes. Where do you provide the subsidy? It's not a blanket cover for all that you say as an organization or as a government we give each farmer two bags of DAP and one bag of CAN. It's not that simple, right? So technology can help us solve that problem and we have decided we have already known what the soil looks like we know which seed and fertilizer to use look at seed multiplication which seed to use we are no longer using the seeds we used in the 80s, in the 90s technology has helped us to be able to produce more drought resistant crops more early maturing crops we're talking about genetic modification which is also a big topic in the society at the moment so all this is technology and where you can look at bioscience and how that affects agriculture so we have decided what to grow I've talked about machinery that you don't need to buy yourself a big combine harvester and a big tractor to actually plow your one acre piece of land you also no longer need to depend on the cow to actually pull an oxen or something so those are some of the opportunities already just before you even put your seeds into the soil now once the seeds are in the soil and you have prayed and you probably want or you want to actually decide when to plant you're looking at the weather predictability is very different right now we no longer plant on the 15th of March and harvest at the end of June as we have been doing earlier on so weather predictions looking at when is the onset of rains it is no longer very predictable but that is now where science is coming in the metallurgists are really working hard we have more data points at the moment so weather stations we're talking about IoT devices that can be put out to be able to identify the right soil moisture conditions to enable you to actually start planting so there we're talking about weather stations drone imageries that can actually be able to help you assess what the level of soil moisture is and then are you able to plant or not and once you've been able to plant most of us think we just need to start praying to God and wait for three months and see what happens but there's just so much you can do at that point if I'm not taking too much time because once the seeds are in the soil and yes we should pray and hope for a bounty harvest we can actually start tracking crop development satellites which are out in space can detect pests and diseases two weeks earlier than the naked eye which means if you wait to check if you have a pest or a disease on your field you might be too late but if you depend on such technologies that can actually analyze the chlorophyll matter that can analyze the crop and can actually help you detect hey look out for this for this problem you can be able to then invest in this technology so you're looking at all these different ways where technology comes in talking about machine learning data science, IoT drone technologies which can all come in and of course when you look at the market side you can now look at how applications can be used to help farmers link to markets and so on you've given quite a broad explanation but before we get back to that when you look at the rate of rural to urban area migration especially in this day and age a lot of people prefer to go and work in an office because people are now studied and informed somebody would prefer to go and get a job as a TV producer as a finance accountant somewhere whatever but then who are the people remaining in these areas that can practice this agriculture we're talking about yet we're here talking about some of the possible solutions bringing in technology it's a time where we should now tell people to like it's now time to go back to where you come from go back to your village and now start practicing agriculture because at this point yes even when we talk about the cost of living I remember the president has constantly been vocal saying what do I really call mashambo or lima instead of going to the mandamana and they give fertilizer subsidies but at what point should we start having this conversation that yes it's okay to be in the urban areas at least go and start practicing agriculture the funny thing is we all live that hope that there's a better tomorrow and so anybody who lives the rural area trying to look for better perspectives in the urban areas they're just trying to see a brighter future for themselves we see these escalate until some people decide to leave their countries going migration outside of their countries of origin to other countries sometimes to other continents but at the end of the day when you look at how many graduates are languishing are in the cities yes but they do have a degree in the pocket but are doing jobs that do not actually require degree to do or not even what they studied for what they studied for you did engineering but you're actually working in a restaurant you were supposed to be a teacher and now you are doing something that is completely different because you're just not getting these opportunities so one it's to realize that there is no that greener pastures dream of saying just move to the urban areas and you will get the job because those jobs are yet to exist and we see that when we advertise for job opportunities the number of people that apply for just one single position it's ridiculous right it's really ridiculous and so how do we convince the youth because it's really a battle of convincing people to look at the opportunities that are in the rural area and I think it's not dangling the carrot of technology before them and saying hey you can be a superstar with technology go back and use it in your farm it's looking at what is the job opportunity and what is the return on investment for you so if you are to today in buying a thresher for example okay maybe you can fabricate that here locally for maybe 200,000, 300,000 shillings and what do you do with it right you don't want to sit at home and look at it you want to get jobs and that is now where digital serving this helps you to say hey there is this application where farmers can be able to request for this and it's not a mobile application that needs you know internet it can also be used via usst so that because your average farmer our average farmer on our platform and we have over 80,000 at the moment is around 55 years old that's our average farmer and so our question every day is if that is the farmer we are serving right at what point does the youth come in right and we say so that average farmer at 55 years needs a very very simple technology probably ussd based or ivr sms for them to do something that is actually very very difficult now technology if you really want to know a sophisticated technology you see the solutions that are simplest the one that they just tell you press a button and something happens that is the most complicated technology because what happens under the hood is really fascinating right so getting a farmer to just request a thresher via sms or ussd is really complicated because that youth will now get it on a mobile application and then they can service that activity and the question is how many of these farmers do you require for you to actually make a decent income out of it so I think it is exposing the opportunities and talking more from the numbers perspective how much do you stand to make in a month in a season so you've heard about this gig opportunities that we talk about in urban areas we say yeah gig opportunities in writing texts and reviewing some material but gig opportunities in agriculture is actually where you can create a lot of employment because there is a lot of work just from the day I've mentioned you need to decide what to plant and the day you're taking your crop to the final off-taker there are a number of opportunities for youth and it cannot be done by one person and you need a bit of investment but also looking at what is the return on investment so I think that's the way to go we just like the main goal like if I do this for how am I profiting getting profit that's at the end of the day you know what what am I left with at the end of the day and so the model that we have developed as Agribora is we realize that you know we have all these over 5 million smallholder farmers across Kenya and technology will never reach these farmers technology might bring the information to them or make it easier for them to access this information but there is no day our technology will go and visit them so there is always the need to have this human touch and so we have this model that we call the Agri Hub so all these last mile service providers in the villages in the rural areas that are working with farmers we are equipping them with the right technology to make their work easier so we quantify our success not just by the number of farmers we have reached but by the number of job opportunities we are creating for businesses to actually reach their farmers and that way you can actually see oh I have 5 youth who have been just picking geo-coordinates or sending you know doing springs providing spring services to farmers and they have earned this amount just this week so my question is can I give them another engagement next week and the answer is yes why because you have the right technology to actually pinpoint what a farmer is doing at what time and who may require your services right true interesting you'll also talk about later on how AgriTech can be used to solve some of this global warming climate change problems but now let's get back to the interior of course when you look closely especially in the interiors you realize there's something I know you understand about crop rotation but then there's a need to break that cycle instead of planting maize each and every year try find another alternative crop to plant but you realize that in most of those interiors they're like it's only maize or sugar can to increase our food productivity what are some other possible let's say alternatives especially in the interiors that maybe we'll not even get this conversation but just in case somebody lands here they can tap into that and help them yeah I think crop diversification is one of the critical points that need to be addressed if we are to become food secure as a country and equally as a continent now the reason why we grow maize is it's simple it's what our parents and our grandparents and great-grandparents have done so it's tradition you know it works if I can't sell it I'll eat it so it's very simple and it is easy for us to basically work with it and pray and hope that it comes out it is more challenging to actually decide to move into a high value chain crop why because one it requires higher investment there is more risk to eat why because you have the risk of pest and disease that you are not aware of you have the risk of not actually identifying the market you have the risk of post harvest handling and losses that come in with maize you know you are able to sort of we are all risk averse in a way and so a small holder farmer is the most risk averse person that will say okay worst case scenario I will eat this and my children will not go to bed hungry and if I have anything left I will then try and sell it out there but how do we expose the opportunities in higher high value chain crops in a structured ecosystem because you see every time we talk about farming we talk about maize on the one hand because it is you know it's the main crop and the main thing but apart from that we talk about tea we talk about coffee we talk about sugarcane all the woos in western Kenya with the sugar companies and then we look at the tea subsidies and coffee that is what we talk about most of the time we talk in the agriculture space we live out so many other things that are high value talk about Irish potatoes take about tomatoes talk about you know herbs and spices talk about soybean all these crops that could actually have a better fetch higher value so I think one of the things at that point in how we can be able to improve diversification is to actually support support opportunities for farmers to come and learn about these new ventures but give them opportunities to actually grow which means one you need to be able to help them access the finance and then the information to grow these crops because moving away from maize and doing something else like sunflower for example is expensive setting up a greenhouse is expensive and so while you might want farmers to go into new crops there is that fear and that first move of fear there for them so also sometimes the soil you are not sure how the soil will respond yes in case you don't have the knowledge about soil science or done soil testing and that is now where technology comes in where you just do crop you know you have this crop suitability maps Karl Rohr from the Ministry of Agriculture has developed a very extensive crop suitability map for the country where you can pick your GPS location and it basically suggests to given your conditions given the climate at this point given the soil information and did you know that from satellite data we can actually know the composition of soil at a 30 meter resolution so you do not need to go and test your soil already at that point to actually know what to grow or take it to some lab in the gallery already right now we can tell you what is the composition of soil in Tarakanithi and so we know this soil is good for this just from satellite data and so all this is technology that has been developing where you can actually talk to the county governments because now agriculture is also in a way a devolved activity you can talk to the county governments and advise the county governments to focus on specific crops that are not maize that is why you see you know you have a lot of vaccados coming from this area coffee from another area which is good right so you can be able to actually have a policy to enable you grow specific industries in your region so that you can focus on doing sorghum or sunflower in those areas that commercially okay I want us to take a very short break but when you come back you'll be expounding more on that as well as how is the government you know plugging in to ensure that this conversation continues to sink and sink further to the interior so we'll be back after a short break on the hashtag why in the mornings to go around


Okay, just wanted to share one scripture, something that we know, Colossians chapter 3 and verse 17. Colossians 3 verse 17 says, and whatever you do, whatever you do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through Him. Okay, I think there's a lot of wisdom in that, a lot of guidelines to walk as led by the Spirit. And whatever you do, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through Him. Again, verse 23, and whatever you do, do it heartily as unto the Lord and not to men. I think these two verses combine a lot of wisdom, comes back in a lot of guidelines for walking uprightly. If we would just remind ourselves, okay, I'm doing something, can I do it in the name of the Lord? Can I do it in the name of the Lord Jesus? Because it says, whatever you do, do it in the name of the Lord. Can I do this in the name of the Lord? Will this glorify God? Will this honor Him? Can I do it in His name, meaning with the authority and in His place, representing Him? And then verse 23, whatever you do, do it heartily, which means wholeheartedly as not unto men, but unto the Lord Himself. Okay, so these two verses just want to remind us that if we would hold on to these nuggets of wisdom, then we would be walking upright. I think there will be less confusion, right? We all want to know, okay, what is the right way? What should I do? But even before that, as a precursor to that, foundation to that would be to have this written in our hearts and say, okay, as far as my knowledge goes, as far as what I can understand, let me do this. So let's pray and say, God, you know, you lead me. You remind me, you lead me. And I want to keep these two verses, Colossians 3.17 and Colossians 3.23 in my heart. Father, we just thank you for this day, Lord, even as we come to your presence, Lord, we thank you for this exhortation from these scriptures, Lord. Yes, they are indeed life-giving. They are spirit and they are life, Lord. Your word, Master, we ask, oh Father God, that we will practically walk in this. That you will enable us to walk in this, Father God, that enable us to do all in your name, Father God. Enable us to do heartily whatever we do as unto you, Father God. And may we see the fruit of that, Lord, daily in our lives.  In Jesus' master's name we pray. Amen. Amen. Okay. So people, dealing with people. So yeah, one of the things that we need to understand, and we need to come to terms with this, that ministry is about people. People, and that is why God so loved the world and sent son into the world, sent Jesus to die for us. That is why the Great Commission is going to all the world and preach the gospel to every creature. It is because of people. People are in God's heart. And so also, when we as leaders or ministers, we need to have people in our hearts. So the challenges are many. We need to learn to relate in the right manner to all kinds of people.  Young old, we need to be able to relate to people in order to work with people. So like somebody said, 15% of success in any job if you take, it's related to the technical skill that you might have. I can do the job well. Be it a programmer, be it a technical work or anything you can think of. 15 to 20% is the knowledge of the work or how they get the job done. But the balance, 85% or 80% is because of how they can relate to people. Some people can be very highly skilled, but totally unable to relate to people. For example, last night I went to this Iron Man. Iron Man meaning not Marvel Iron Man, but ironing to get this clothes pressed. So I just went there and there are two Iron Men I meet, especially when I have a lot of clothes to iron.  He says, today I can't do it. And I ask, it's still not closing time. Why? You give me tomorrow. He says, no, no, no. You come tomorrow. I can't do it. That is one guy. The other guy, he's a good guy. He does ironing well. Again, same problem. He says, no, I can give you only after two, three days, you'll say. Then that's it. You'll just turn around and go back and do his work. So both these guys are highly skilled. But when it comes to people, when it comes to relating to people, they are very bad. So something that we learn is that they might be filling a need. They might be having the technical knowledge. They might be providing solutions. But if we are unable to relate to people, same thing in ministry, like we might be highly gifted, skilled, et cetera, anointed and all, but then we need to be able to work with people, have people in our hearts. So in ministry, we work with people, we learn from others. We are gifted and anointed to serve one another. We disciple others. And that's nothing but people. And God has given us the fourfold ministry, which we say in Ephesians 4, to equip the saints for the work of ministry. So let's look at five principles. Five principles, a set of things that we can repeat, that we can do. And let's see, these five principles actually enable us to prepare ourselves in order to relate to people. The first one, so this is adapted from John C. Maxwell's book. The first one is called the Lens Principle, meaning how do we see ourselves? I'm sure as children, we've used these glasses. It'll have rose-colored lenses, plastic glasses. You go to an exhibition or somewhere, they'll give you some green color, red color. And the whole world looks green. The whole world looks red, whatever color the glass is. So the lens principle is how do you see yourself? It's nothing but about the in Christ truth. How do you see yourself? Because if you see yourself as superior, if you see yourself as someone who is better than everyone else, then the way we relate to people will be based on that. So we will treat others shabbily. We will think that these guys don't know anything. But if we look at ourselves as inferior, meaning everyone knows, everyone is better than me. I am nothing. If you consider yourself to be inferior, then also the way you relate to people will be, it's going to be different. So you might act, say something in order to show people that actually you're not inferior. You might constantly be fighting. You might constantly be saying things, doing things. Just to show people, hey, I'm actually good. Because inside we are thinking, I'm not good. I'm not good enough. I'm not skilled enough. I don't have the qualifications inside. You're thinking that way. So constantly we're trying to prove to others. Maybe somebody says something and you say something better than that. Somebody gives some information and you say, actually it is like this. You say something, two things, three things more than that, because you want to feel better. So the lens principle actually influences how we relate to others. If you look at how people interact with you, how people interact with people. If you introspect, you'll see that, okay, this is really what it is. So it is very important that we base our image, that we change our lens. Maybe the lens that we are using is not really giving us the right focus. That means the way we look at ourselves, maybe it's not correct. And the best place to go is the Word of God. And the best person to go is the Lord Himself who will correct and bring focus to how He sees us. And the minute we see ourselves the way He sees us, then the way we relate to others will dramatically change. Completely change. So we will not be putting down others. We will not be maybe overextending ourselves in order to please others. We will not be people-pleasers. We will not be people who will put down ourselves constantly in front of people. We will not do anything of that sort because we are seeing ourselves in the right way. So the first thing is that, sometimes you think, okay, the way I look at myself, how does that help in relating to people? That goes a long way. And that's a big thing. What is the second thing? Second thing is also that it's something similar to this. It's called the mirror principle. So lenses, it gives a clear focus on who we are. A mirror shows, again, who we are. We look at ourselves and we see the image of ourselves. Meaning that we must be self-aware.  The psalmist says this, he prays this. He says, Psalm 139, 2024, he says, Search me, oh God, and know my heart. Try me and know my anxieties and see if there is any wicked way in me and lead me in the way everlasting. So, you know, sometimes certain things about us, it's actually hidden. It's hidden. We don't understand. We don't really know. We think that, hey, this is perfectly fine. But then the Lord says, no, there are some things that needs to change that are hidden. Like in physics, you learn something called strength of material. Which means that certain metals, when they check the strength of it, let's say, you know, they want to make a rocket or a satellite. They want to launch into space. Now they need to make sure that the metal is the strongest quality possible. Why? Sorry, it could melt because of the heat. There's a lot of pressure acting on it. And because of that, it could crumble. And it will be dangerous if there are people in it. There's costly equipment, expensive equipment there. And if there are people, it will be dangerous because if there is a crack, then the oxygen escapes and, you know, the person inside is not able to breathe. So it becomes any fault or any weakness in the metal is dangerous. But the thing is, the metal could look strong. Like if you look at, you know, let's say, you know, the legs of the table, which are iron, cast iron, right? It seems strong. But let's say if it is rusted on the inside. If it is even a little bit rusted on the inside, then the strength is compromised. The strength is reduced because it is eaten away because of the moisture. Same thing, you know, in a rocket or something, what they do is find out if there is a fault in the metal inside. I don't know what they use, what technology to see if there is any vacuum, any air bubble when it was actually cast, right? When it was actually molded to see that if anything like that is there, then it's not going to stand the pressure. It's not going to withstand the heat. So, when we look at ourselves, we see a picture, but the Lord knows what we need to change about ourselves. So the thing is this, the mirror principle is again getting a true picture, being self-aware. What does being self-aware mean? About yourself, but what aspect of yourself? What is our potential? What we are capable of? Yeah, just awareness of who we are. For example, this little nephew of mine, I think he was about, he's grown up now. He's three years, four years. If you see a child of that age, sometimes they behave badly. They throw tantrum. They're in a bad mood. They're saying, no, I don't want to eat. And the thing is they are maybe throwing things. They are not responding to whatever you're saying. And you find out that they are not able to understand what is actually going on inside of them. Maybe they are missing their parents who's not there, or maybe they are hungry or maybe they are sleepy. They want to rest, but they are not aware of all these things. So they get very moody. They're not able to communicate. This is what is happening to me. So they become angry. They become upset. They throw these things. They're doing all these things because they are not self-aware of that age, at that age. Now what would happen if we are self-aware, we would know, okay, I need some rest now. Maybe if I just take a nap for about 30 minutes, I'll be fine. Or maybe I need to drink something. I'm hungry right now and that's because of which I'm feeling all this. Maybe I'll just drink some water, let's say, till I can get something to eat. Something like that. So you're aware. And also you're aware of what your strengths are. It is a right estimation of yourself, which doesn't mean that if you're aware that, okay, I don't have these gifts. I don't have these abilities. It doesn't mean that you look down upon yourself. Okay. Let's say, you know, you're thinking, okay, I can't paint. I'm not an artist. That doesn't mean that you look down on yourself. Right. It's just that you appreciate the other person who does that. And you don't get into those areas. Right. If somebody asks and says, hey, can you do this? This is not my area of strength unless I work at it. I get better at it. Then maybe I can, you know, I can get into this area. Right. So I don't want to get into this area. Let someone else get into this area, because I know it's a correct estimation of myself. And I see that that strength needs to be developed in that area. Okay. I'm not going to put down myself, but I'm going to say that, you know, strength needs to be developed. So I'm not there yet. So, you know, so that, so that's the mirror principle. So if we would understand that, if we would be self aware, then we would relate to people better. Just that, like that example of that child, you know, if you understand that, okay, I'm actually a little upset right now. Right. Then you would not, you know, you would not behave badly or you would not, when you're interacting with people, you'll be a little careful. Right. With your words, you would be careful with your actions. Okay. Okay. Any questions? Lens principle, mirror principle. Okay. The third one is something called the pain principle. Okay. So that means that when people are hurting, they tend to hurt others. Okay. So it means if you are hurting, well, till you come to that place of your hurt or your pain being relieved of that or healed of that, then the thing is that if somebody is there to inflict more pain, you will hurt others. You will hurt others. Okay. So which means that, you know, hurt people, hurt people. Right. Hurt people, hurt people. Because they are hurt, they hurt others. Right. And it could, and it's a thing, you know, you see that, you know, even with animals, you know, if something is, it could be the most wonderful pet dog or cat, whatever you have. But if it's got some wound and you go and try and pet it. Right. It's got some wound. You try and pet it. It lashes back. It scratches you or bites you because it is hurt. It's in pain. Right. So the thing is that, yeah. So the proportion to which we respond will not be, you know, in equal proportion in the sense when we are, when we are, when everything is fine, and if somebody says something against you, somebody says something about you, you will just brush it off. You'll just keep going. Okay. That you'd maybe even laugh at it and go. But if you are hurting, if you are already upset, if you're in a bad mood, and if someone says something, then the way you respond to it is not in response to what they said. You know, that person himself or herself will be upset, will be shocked. You know, why is he shouting? Why is she responding this way? The fact is that they are already going through some hurt and therefore they are not processed. They have not come to terms with it. Therefore, whatever provocation they retaliate, they respond and the response is not in proportion to whatever that person said. Right. You understand, right? Okay. So if there are unsolved issues, then we won't be able to objectively look at people, assess people. We won't be able to objectively look at ourselves. So in effect, this hampers or this hinders the way we relate to people. Okay. So as a way to prepare ourselves to deal with people, we need to, that's why, you know, we look at the inner wholeness class. You know, we're saying that we need to heal from these hurts. We need to deal with these hurts. We can't just let them be undersolved because it's going to affect our interaction with people. You know, it could be people closest to us. It could be people, you know, who are, you know, whom we are working with in our team, ministry, whatever. The thing is we can actually hide it for some time. Right. And it's possible. We can hide it for some time. We can do that. But eventually it is, it will just come out. Right. Eventually it will come out because we can't be hiding. We cannot be always careful all the time.  Right. So, so the thing is this, that we need to, you know, deal with our own hurts. Now the question is, how do we deal when others and others who are hurting hurt us? So that's the thing. Right. So we need to look at that also objectively. You know, why is this person behaving like this? Right. They are usually okay. But why are they doing this? You know, are they hurt in some way? Are they, have they got something, you know, going on in their lives because of which they are saying this, they are doing this, or they are not saying anything. They are not doing what they're supposed to be doing. Right. So we can actually look at people and say objectively, see, okay, beyond their words, beyond their hurts and say, okay, what is the actual problem? Okay. So while, you know, we may not be able to solve the problem, we can actually suggest to them, hey, there is a problem that needs to be resolved. Right. Okay. So, so these are some, you know, very basic practical things, which we, which we need to consider when we, these are like a foundational thing, right? When we need to consider when we are relating to other people. The fourth one is something called the hammer principle. Okay. This is also in relation with what we looked at earlier, the pain principle.  You just use your hand, you use maybe a paper, mosquito bat. Yeah. But you will not use a hammer. Right. You will not use something so heavy. You will not use a chair. You will not use a table. You know, and it's like this, the hammer principle is that why are we overreacting when somebody says something, when somebody does something, why is that overreaction happening? Right. We need to, we need to understand. Is it because of something that is pent up? Is it something because, you know, sometimes people say, you know, we might be overhearing some conversation. One guy says something. The other guy says something and we're wondering what is happening? Why are they being so rude to each other? You know, because we don't understand, but there is a history, you know, there is a history behind it. You know, maybe there are some old things, some old rivalries, some old, you know, whatever hurt which is there between the two people and then comes the rudeness and we are, you know, we kind of feel stuck in between, right? So the thing is, you know, how do we, how do we deal with it? Okay. Like maybe it is when we are dealing with others and then we feel that, okay, I feel like I've taken a hammer, you know, that person is doing something, saying something, I feel like I'm taking a hammer in the sense my response to that seems to be so strong or I want to be so strong, just pause and think, why am I feeling that way? Here are some things to help us. The total picture, you know, what will help us is to get the total picture when somebody is saying something, when somebody is giving a suggestion, okay, listen fully, ask questions, clarify and then respond, okay? So don't immediately jump the gun, don't immediately pounce on them, just listen, clarify, ask questions and then respond. So that will help us not to go with the heavy hand, okay, not to go with the hammer and just, so what happens is, okay, we're trying to solve the problem, we're trying to put things in place, we're trying to hit the mosquito, but we damage the person, right? We damage, so that is what we call as collateral damage, right? And I remember watching one, actually one comic strip where, you know, where these two superheroes are fighting, I think it's like Superman and some villain, they're fighting, you know, not Batman, some of the, you know, they're fighting, they're hitting and then, you know, one hit and then this guy goes, falls into the building, crashes the building, you know, that guy goes into saying, so finally both of them are, you know, finished the fight, they are standing and they look around, it's all, all buildings are down, everything is a rubble, you know, people have left, cars are all upturned, you know, they have planes, everything is, because there's been collateral damage, right, a lot of damage, so when we go with the hammer, if I hit the mosquito, mosquito can be killed, but there will be damage to the person, damage to the environment, more than the mosquito, more than the solution, right, so, so what will help us is to get the total picture from the person, okay, what is it, ask, okay, second one, you have a question, okay? Yeah, you can probably, yeah, use the mic, yeah. What we want to hit is not a fly, but a wolf. Sorry, what if, what is? What is like, we said like, we can't hit a fly with a hammer, but what if, what we want to hit is not a fly, but it's like a wolf, big one, big problem. It is a nail. Yeah, what if it is. Yeah, then that's fine. Yeah, so we are going to look at that, we're going to look at, see one of the things that we need to, in order to relate to people is also confrontation, like, so you're talking about confrontation, right, I need to, so this problem requires a hammer. So how do I use the hammer and how do I use it in a healthy way, right, where the problem is solved, but also, you know, hopefully we can just move on. Now hopefully, you know, there could be something, some, you know, some corrective measure, there could be some consequence, that is what we are referring to as damage, but how can we move on beyond that? Okay, so we have what is called, you know, a confrontation, a healthy confrontation, we look at that, right, okay. Okay, so total picture, the second one is also timing, you know, act in a timely manner, in the sense, you think about it, is this the right time to address it, or, you know, should I wait? Sometimes waiting is not helping, waiting is just building the problem, right, you're getting angry, the other person is also getting, you know, angrier and it's not really helping, so sometimes the time is now, you know, for us to act, okay. Third thing is the tone, okay, so if somebody screams and you are tempted to scream back louder, try, try speaking softly, try lowering your voice, right, try even lowering your, you know, like they say, you know, go to the lower octave, don't go, don't go higher, but go lower, right, this, it actually has a calming soothing effect, right, somebody shouting and they say, boss, boss, wait, right, yeah, so and then the temperature, temperature meaning if the reaction, you know, maybe there's somebody's provoking, but if your reaction is less than the action, then the whole environment changes because the whole mood comes down, right, okay, so if we need to do this, you know, if we need to, we can think of all these practical things, but also, you know, we need to understand a lot of times we come with a heavy-handed approach because we are also thinking of all the other times that person created the problem, okay, you're interacting with the person, you know the person, you know all the times that you have said, you know, some 5 times, 6 times, 10 times you have said you have had this conversation and it has not, it has not been good, okay, now the 11th time you're talking about the very same thing that the person should have corrected, changed, right, so 10 plus 1, 11, you know, so that's the kind of, you know, intensity with which you normally address, right, so one thing to help is, let this pass stay in the past, forget it, yes, 10 things have happened, 10 times it has happened, but look at it, look at this instance afresh, right, second one is to ask a question, you know, is my reaction, my reaction part of the problem, okay, so have I contributed to the problem with my reaction, okay, so that's also another thing, no, the way I reacted, meaning I could have reacted, sometimes not saying anything on, you know, where I'm supposed to is also a reaction, right, I was supposed to say something, I was supposed to do something, but I didn't do it, that is also a reaction, right, so is my reaction to whatever happened, is it did that contribute to the problem, okay, also remember that actions are remembered long after words are forgotten, so if words have led to action, meaning could have been a physically violent thing or maybe like you throw something, like I remember my father once he was very angry for something, he was all sitting at the table, having dinner and he was so angry about something that we had that he had, he used to drink from this stainless steel, not stainless steel, I think it was more like a silver kind of a thing, he just crushed it, he was so strong, he was so angry and he just said something and he just crushed it, now I don't know why he was angry, okay, I remember then but I don't remember now, whatever words were spoken, I don't remember, but that action is fresh in my mind, right, what was that action, he just with one hand he crushed the tumbler, okay, and it was fresh in my mind, so he just showed how angry he was, how upset he was, now I don't know why I've forgotten it, but that very act is still in my mind, okay, so that's what it is, actions are remembered, we forget why, what happened why, but then everybody remembers why, what we did, they'll forget the conversation, they'll forget the context, they'll remember what we did, so remember that, right, when you're dealing with people and we are going with a hammer, never let the situation mean more than the relationship, sorry there's a typo there, more than the relationship, okay, so that's I think self-explanatory, right, so you consider the relationship, that doesn't mean you compromise on the truth, right, you consider the relationship, deal with dignity, deal with honor because of the relationship, right, but which means truth has to be spoken, consequences has to be there, right, if things are not done, okay, never let the situation mean more than the relationship with one, treat the loved ones with, treat your loved ones with unconditional love, admit wrongs and ask forgiveness, and you say unconditional love, you're saying, okay, you know, when there is forgiveness, okay, after, I mean, or when the situation, when there's repentance and extent forgiveness, right, do not hold back, do not bring back the past, you know, some of these things will overlap in some of the topics that we're going to see in, you know, so treat the loved ones with unconditional love, admit wrongs and ask for forgiveness, whatever wrongs are there from our side, we need to admit it, we cannot say, no this is too, this is a small thing, what I did was small thing, what I did was, what I did was small thing, it was wrong, it was wrong, right, so however small it is, admit it, because the tendency is we tend to compare that with the other person's wrong thing, that was like 10 times bigger, so this is nothing, you know, we tried to justify it by saying, okay, this is insignificant compared to that, so why should I admit it, no, if it is wrong and you know it's wrong, admit that, okay, so these things will help us to do what, why are we studying this, sorry, yeah, yeah to help us to start relating to people in a successful way, right, because these are the very things that break down relationships, right, these are the very things that create problems, right, these are the things that we will have challenges like these, right, so if we would be, so this is like equipping ourselves beforehand, okay, I learn about this, I'm aware of this and when the situation happens, I get to use this and see the fruit of that, right, okay, any questions here, what if someone, why should we win people, yeah, that's another viewpoint in the sense, which means that we don't, you know, we don't have God's art for people. Yeah, I mean, like see, there are some people when some conference is happening, when this pastor is speaking about winning people's hearts, so one of the guys is asking, if we are trying to be good to others, if people around us are too toxic to just show their attitude and just want to, want themselves to win to be in the higher place, what is the need to win people or what is the need to be in a good relationship with them on the other perspective, we can be aware of ourselves and we can be happy what is the need? So the situation could be, you know, like where, like you said, your circle, so what if there are people like that in your circle, in the sense, you know, sometimes it happens, right, you maybe you're in a work situation, you don't, you know, there are people in your team who are like that or maybe, you know, ministry and there are people like that in the church, right, so it happens, so how do we relate to them, right, irrespective of how they are, how do we relate to them, so this will actually help us to relate to them, like this hammer principle especially and the pain principle helps us, you know, the truth is that something is wrong with them and it could be because of something in their home that they are reacting like this, they're behaving like this, maybe something to do with their marriage, maybe something to do with their parenting, something like that, you know, that's why, so an awareness of that helps us to respond in the right way, that doesn't mean we will not correct, that doesn't mean we will not spell out the consequences, you know, we're not saying that we're going to tolerate and we're just going to, you know, just keep going like that, no, there will be consequences we need to share with them, right, especially if it is a team, if it is hurting the team or if it is an organization and it's hurting the organization, we need to tell them, you know, there is a price, you know, there is a cost, everything comes at that, so while we will be understanding, we will try to help, but you know, this will be the consequence of it, so the thing is that when such people are there this will help us to you know, relate to them and yes, you know, what if they change so we can't change them but what if your action changes them, transforms them, right, they could be the most toxic people ever but what if your action or your response changes them, right yeah so yeah so that is what I would say okay, anything any other questions, anything else what do you think, do you think it will help it's practical, possible yeah which one, hammer, huh which one in hammer the situation mean more than that of the relationship hmm what if they get offended yeah yeah it's spoiled like it affects our relationship so that's the danger so when we people get offended, people might misunderstand but we are doing all is possible in your part at the end of the day, you should be able to say, hey, I did everything right, I did everything possible and yet the danger did not come so if you can say that honestly, it's great right, so you've done everything possible yeah, that's a mistake that's a hesitate to hmm hmm yeah, that's a thing in my own life I've hesitated correcting people and it's bounced back so badly and then years after that I realized, oh, I should have for them, you know it just actually led to their destruction, you know so destruction is a strong word some not so nice things happening in their life so then I realized, yeah, I should have corrected it I was just being nice very user friendly you know saying the right things, you know I think we need to be able to share the truth truth hurts sometimes but we need to be able to, that's why scripture talks about speaking the truth in love right, so yeah, so that's this hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm no, that's why we need to communicate the whole thing properly and so why are they thinking that they are correct right, which means we are not told them that this is wrong okay this is, I mean we are just talking hypothetically but we're saying suppose there is a situation where what they did, they felt was right and then you know is not wrong because that is, you know it is wrong because that is not what you agreed upon, so which means we need to be able to share and tell them that this is what you're supposed to do, this is what we agreed to do and that did not happen so that is why I'm saying that you know what you did was wrong and so I think we need to understand that and because of that I still respect honor whatever but there are these things that need to happen okay, so it's about this whole thing about relationship which means that sometimes let's say in an organization you might have to let go of your people okay, so let's say this is I respect you, I love you but and we have spoken about this several times and it happened again or it could be something very serious and therefore I cannot be partial I still love you I cannot be partial, therefore I have to let you go and you know never letting the situation mean more than the relationship is that even after letting go you still maintain that relationship, it's going to be tough it's going to be tough, it's going to be difficult but you still reach out and say okay why don't we meet for a coffee why don't we meet for a tea talk about and believe me it's not easy but you will show that you mean you mean it you care for the relationship no it's never that it's never compromising the truth right, there could be grace extended but grace is extended after spelling out the truth right, yeah because that's what the Lord extended grace not saying you are not a sinner he's saying this is where you messed up but despite that there is grace so the person also understands that so that's a difficult thing for all of us okay let's look at one more I think this is the last one elevator principle which means we lift up people and sincerely encourage them build them up and not put them down okay so be an encourager be one of us in the lives of people okay Maxwell talks about some people add something to our lives we enjoy them some people take away we tolerate them some people multiply, we value them some people divide something in our life we avoid them the elevator is talking about a lift right elevate something lift people up okay Jack in us has a question is leadership influence a favor from God looking at the lives of Joshua and Ahmaaya yes leadership is definitely a gift as we see in do we see it in Romans 12 it is a membership gift Romans 12 and verse 8 says he who leads with diligence is talking about having gifts differing Romans 12 verse 6 having then gifts differing according to the grace given to us so it is one of the grace gifts that is given to the body so there could be people who are graced in this manner yeah so that is it is a gift so okay your question is the entire people obeyed and did what Joshua come and do even after the death of Moses yeah but they could always be some detractors like you know even in Joshua's time or during Moses time there would always be some who did not obey wholeheartedly that is always the case yes Joshua people talked about I mean people came together and said be courageous only strong and be courageous we are with you and so on right but there could always be one of two for detractors and yeah okay so yeah okay so we will stop here and we will get up next class okay thank you


School teacher posted her salary online, and it's causing an uproar. We've seen teacher strikes across our country, time and again, as our educators demand more pay. When one teacher decided to join in the debate, she posted her pay stub, revealing her salary online. And, it caused quite the uproar. Elizabeth Koh-8 Millich did something most people won't do. In a country where we don't typically talk about our finances and earnings in public, the Arizona school teacher decided to post her pay stub on social media for the world to see because she wanted to make a point about the pay teachers receive. Millich wanted to show that, despite all the schooling that is required to become a teacher, she and her colleagues don't make a living wage. Although it was removed because of all the negative feedback she received, Millich's Facebook post showed that she only received a $131 raise in a year because her salary went from $35,490 to $35,621, according to Today. Elizabeth Koh-8 Millich posted a photo of her pay stub on Facebook to prove she is only projected to make $35,600 a year. I actually laughed when I saw the old salary versus the new one, Millich wrote in her post. I need a college degree to make this. I know I don't make a lot of money, but then when I see it in black and white I'm like, wow. I mean, I love teaching, absolutely love it, but when you see what the salary is, you cannot live on it. Millich, who has been in education for years and is currently a second grade teacher at Whispering Wind Academy in Phoenix, says she debated over whether or not to post her paycheck, according to CBS News. In the end, she decided that she wanted to show what a teaching salary really looks like in her state, but Millich's picture is bleaker than most. Elizabeth Koh-8 Millich works as a second grade teacher at Whispering Wind Academy in Phoenix. Although Arizona does have some of the lowest paid public school teachers in the nation, the average salary for those educators is not the $35,621 that Millich's check stub reflects. The average salary is instead $47,218, but compared to the national average of $58,353 a year, according to National Education Association research, that's still low. While those numbers sound much better than the picture Millich's photo painted, she made sure to point out that teachers are often left to pay for supplies for students like markers and tape without being compensated. She's also still paying off her student loans, 20 years after graduating from college. If it wasn't for her husband's salary, Millich says she'd be in bad shape, and she knows this because some of her fellow teachers aren't so lucky as to have a second household income. My teacher friends that I work with, they work three and four jobs to make ends meet, Millich explained. I know teachers that teach kindergarten all day long and then they leave and they go waitress at Applebee's, she added. If you are a single person trying to make it on what we make, you couldn't do it, she claimed, and studies seem to indicate she's correct about teaching becoming an unsustainable profession. In fact, a 2017 study by the Arizona State University's Morrison Institute for Public Policy said that teacher recruitment and retention levels in Arizona are at crisis levels. The study found that 42% of Arizona teachers who were hired in 2013 left the profession after three years and that the state's elementary school teachers are the lowest paid in the country. Of course, there's another side to this argument. While teachers bemoan their salary, many people are quick to point out that these educators do not work anywhere near the same number of days as other full-time professionals, so they shouldn't expect to receive the same full-time wages. But, are teachers really working less? Profit of Education put together a table explaining how many days a year teachers put in on the clock compared to professional and related workers with 10 years experience using data from the National Council on teacher quality and CTQ. Teachers have nearly 50 fewer, more than 20% less, on the clock work days than those in the private sector. According to data from NCTQ, teachers work more than 20% less on the clock days than other professions. Of course, this doesn't take into consideration the work teachers do off the clock, and there's really no way to know how much time is spent working during their personal time. Those numbers would be self-reported and unverifiable, and they would also vary greatly by individual. Even so, if you factor in 20% more time off, a salary of nearly $60,000, the actual national average, teaching and the compensation doesn't sound quite as bad. Then again, there are the supplies, but there's another side to that debate as well. Many parents on various posts about Militia's salary were quick to point out that parents bear a lot of that burden, buying copious supplies according to teachers' very specific requests. So, once again, this would definitely vary on an individual basis. While some teachers may be spending significant amounts on their classroom, there are those who don't spend much at all.  Are our teachers underpaid or is the pay less because they work less on the clock hours than other full-time professions? Either way, I think there is one thing we can all agree on. The most essential careers to a safe, productive, and happy American society could never be paid enough money for what they do. Firefighters, police officers, EMTs, nurses, military service members, and teachers, just to name a few, provide invaluable services to their communities. How do you fairly compensate such critical work? You simply can't put a price tag on it. That's why, for most people who choose these professions, it's not about the salary anyway, they enter these fields for reasons money can't buy, and we applaud them for it.


Welcome back at the open course on programming for geospatial hydrological applications. I'm Hans van der Kluest, your lecturer. We're starting module 3, map algebra, with an introduction to Python libraries. Sometimes we need more than is available in the standard Python, and therefore we need libraries, and libraries are a collection of functions and methods that add functionality, and you can import a library into your own scripts using the import word and then the name of the libraries. In this case, in this example, you see OS, which is a library for using operating system functions, and GLOP is a library for searching for string patterns. Let's first have a look at some terminology which can be confusing. A module contains Python definitions and statements, but is stored in one file with a .py extension. A package is a way of structuring these modules by using the dotted module names, so you can think of packages as the directories on a file system and modules as files within those directories, and then we use a dot to separate them.  And then there's a library which is a more generic term of a bunch of code that's designed of being usable and reused by many applications. When we publish a module, a package or something else, then we refer to it as a library. And often these libraries contain a package or multiple related packages, but it could also be even a single module. So where can I find these libraries? The libraries, they come with distributions, and distributions have their own way to install these new libraries. For example, in Anaconda that we will use in this course, you use the command konda install and then the name of the library, in this case scipy. You can find an overview of many of these libraries in the Python package index. It's a repository of software for the Python programming language, and it contains many projects. Let's first have a look at some libraries that we often use in our field. There's the NumPy library, which we use very much in data science. It is for dealing with numerical arrays, to do calculations with matrices and apply mathematical operations to them. Because it's very comparable with the MATLAB way of using arrays, it is very easy for MATLAB users to switch to Python and use NumPy. Another useful library in data science is Pandas. It brings NumPy to another level, which you can use for all kinds of advanced data analysis. Often we also want to plot our data, then the matplotlib library is very useful. As the name says, it's very much related to the MATLAB syntax for plotting. So also here, MATLAB users can easily switch to Python and use matplotlib to get the same nice visualizations. Including the interactive windows, where you can also save the files, you can use LaTeX for styling, and it's very well documented. You can find lots of examples in the gallery. We already mentioned GDAL before. It is accessible through the OSGO library. So we can use the GDAL module from the OSGO package, and here you see how that works to convert, again, the GeoTips to PCRuster format using GDAL Translate. If you want to learn more about NumPy, Pandas, and matplotlib, I can highly recommend to look at the Python data science handbook from Jake Thunderplus. If you want more focus on hydrology, you can have a look at HydroPy by Steinfun Hui. In this module, we will focus more on the use of GDAL and the PCRuster Python library for MapAlgebra.


So back to Monte Carlo Tree Search. We have this parameter that regulates how much we explore, CPUCT. This parameter weighs the quality of the moves acute with the exploration, with the need to find out other things that could be good solutions. So now I want you to explore with this parameter to see how it affects the exploration strategy.


Three Chinese naval vessels came to Hawaii for a port visit and senior leader discussions with their US hosts The US Pacific Fleet and Navy region Hawaii welcomed the Chinese during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor The visit gave the two navies a chance to interact and build on the US-China military relationship We can learn from each other not only how to address common challenges But also how to communicate and operate together the ships will also do an at sea search and rescue exercise with the US Navy during the visit. Well, I think as we advance our bilateral Relationships with China and and their Navy. We're rising to the occasion We see a lot more increasing maritime security challenges It's important for us to work as partners to try and counter some of those tech sergeant Michael Jackson joint base Pearl Harbor Hickam Hawaii


Gunsmoke, brought to you by Chesterfield, America's most popular two-way cigarette. What a pair. Chesterfield King size at the new low price. Chesterfield regular. Around Dodge City and in the territory on West, there's just one way to handle the killers and the spoilers, and that's with the U.S. Marshall and the smell of Gunsmoke. Gunsmoke, starring William Conrad, the transcribed story of the violence that moved West with young America. And the story of a man who moved with it. I'm that man, Matt Dillon, United States Marshall. The first man they look for and the last they want to meet. It's a chancey job, and it makes a man watchful. And a little lonely. I like my new buggy, man. That's a nice rig. Nice. It's a beauty. Yeah, it sure is.  This buggy rides about as easy as anything I was ever in. That's okay. For summer? Sure. What do you mean, for summer? You can't drive that thing around in the snow, can you, Doc? You wouldn't even get out of Dodge with it. Come snow, I'm not leaving, Doc. I never saw a weather stop you yet, Doc. But don't pay any attention to the Marshall. He's just talking because he'd like to have one. I wouldn't even get into one of them unless I had a busted leg. Oh, oh, oh. I don't know why we stopped to talk to him at all, kiddie. And besides, I thought you were supposed to have left town, Matt. I'm leaving right now, Doc. Why? Where are you going, Matt? Chester and I are riding over to a place called El Cater. What for? A word came in that Carrie Post is holed up over there. Carrie Post? I never heard of him. He's a killer from the Dakota Territory. El Cater's as far south as he's ever come. I don't know him, kiddie. All I got is his picture on a wanted poster. Oh, hello, Marshall. Hello, John. I was in El Cater once, Matt. Oh, it's a nice little town. Yeah, so I've heard. At least if you've never been there, nobody knows you. And you can ride in free and easy. Matt, ought to help some. Yeah, it will, kiddie. A lot. Good luck, Matt. Thanks, kiddie. I'll see you when I get back. So long, Matt. I swear, Mr. Dylan, this El Cater's just during dodges. I couldn't hardly see the breeze out there in the street. You couldn't what? I can't do nothing but think about a glass of beer. What'll you have, gentlemen? You got any beer? Of course we have. A lot of delight to hear. It may get too, bartender. Okay. Hey, who's this fella coming over, Mr. Dylan? Hey, you men are strangers here, ain't you? Yeah, we are. Of course you are. I've lived here all my life, man and boy. And I ain't never seen neither one of you. Well, I guess that explains our never having met. Well, Grimes is my name, Cicero Grimes. I ain't asking you words and don't get me wrong. Oh, we haven't got anything to hide. My name's Dylan and this is Chester Proctford. How you do? Welcome to El Cater, gentlemen. I'll tell you something else. You buy me a beer and I won't ask you no questions. But I'll talk to you. To Biden, you're honest, of course. I won't talk to no crooks. Well, we're pretty honest, Grimes. Cicero will do. Okay. A bartender, will you make that three beers, huh? Well, thank you, Dylan. And you, too, uh... Chester? Chester. El Cater's a pretty lively town, huh, Cicero? Well, it was and it ain't. What? It was lively and it ain't no more. Oh, oh, why's that? Joe Fye, he done it. Come here two weeks ago and there ain't been a fight since. Here, three beers. Here you are, bartender. Tell me about this Joe Fye, Cicero. Oh, Joe Fye, don't bother me none, Dylan. I'm a peaceful man. I don't even carry a gun. It's the wild ones. Fellows like Cary Post and such all that Joe Fye gets after. Did you say Cary Post? Is it, Chester? It's all right. Cary Post ain't here any more. Joe Fye run him out of town right off. He run three other fellows out, too. Oh, what for? Because he won't stand for no disorder, that's why. And they was all gunmen, too. Yes, sir, bad. Cary Post, he said he'd wait until somebody shoots Joe Fye and then he's coming back. Well, this Joe Fye must be quite a gunman himself, huh? Ain't none better. Ain't a man in the whole country that'll stand up to him. Is that so? Yeah, I've been here two weeks, nobody's faced him yet. Well, nobody ain't faced him. How do you know he's such a good gunman? Well, you'll find out, Chester, when you see him. And don't make sense to me. What's his game, Cicero? Why does he want to run El Cater? It's his job, Dylan. His job? Well, sure. That's what they send him here for. Well, who sent it? The government. Why? Oh, maybe I didn't tell you. Joe Fye's a United States Marshal. He's a what? He's a U.S. Marshal. What's wrong with that? Cicero, maybe you don't know it, but there's only one U.S. Marshal in this whole territory and he's standing right... Hold it, Chester. We'll find out what's going on here soon enough. Yes, sir. Meantime, don't worry about Joe Fye, huh? He isn't after you. No, no, he won't bother you none, Chester. Dylan here, that's different. What do you mean? Well, Dylan looks like a gunman to me. And if there's one thing Joe Fye won't stand for around here, it's a gunman. Yes, sir. He's going to run Dylan right out of town the first time he lays eyes on him. The quality is high in every Chester field you buy. The nicotine is low and we can show the reason why. We analyze tobaccos, we experiment and test. So when you're buying Chester fields, you know you buy the best. Chester fields for me. Chester fields for me. You just say it's Chester fields for me. Your best cigarette buy today is Chester field. There's Chester field king size at the new low price and for your convenience, Chester field regular. What a pair. Either way, you get the taste and mildness you want. A refreshing smoke every time. Either way, you get highest quality, low nicotine. Buy a carton of Chester field. Their best for you. Chester was right. I was the only US Marshal in that part of the country. So who or what Joe Fye was, I had no idea. But I figured if I kept quiet and waited around a while, I might find out. So Chester and I went over to the one restaurant in town and filled up on hogback and pintle beans and then found ourselves some shade on the boardwalk facing the main street and sat down. We hadn't been there long when a man dressed in a fine suit of buckskin and wearing a big white John V. Stetson crossed the street and came up to us. He had one gun tied to his hip and another stuck in his belt. Good afternoon, gentlemen. Hello. Don't believe I've seen you, man, in El Cater before. No, we've never been here before. Stayin' along? I hadn't thought about it, one way or the other. You know who I am? Marshal Fye, isn't it? Good. You've already heard of me. Yeah, we have. And that'll save us time. Gentlemen, I don't like gunmen here. I ain't no gunman. I was thinkin' more of your friend than you. Now you movin' pretty fast, Marshal. I mean business, gentlemen.  What? Many a man has died who was a little slow believin' me, mister. You've killed a lot of men, huh? Everyone that's ever crossed me. And how many's that? I don't keep count. Doesn't matter. No, I don't guess it does. Hey, now, here comes a fella lookin' for pleasure. Yeah, he sure is. I won't tolerate that.  Oh, no, you can't do that. Wait a minute, Chester. Must be friends with his. They're shuttin' him up. They just told him. See, they're pointin' over here at me. The man doesn't know he hasn't been to town since I took over. Well, he sure calmed down fast enough. There he goes, miles his milk. You should thank those men for that. They just saved his life. They're so close to the town. You keep the fire. It's Marshall's job, isn't it? Well, you're the Marshall. Don't you forget it. Either of you. I trust you've learned what'll happen if you do. Yeah, I got a pretty good idea. Marshall? No man's dead, fight me yet. I know. I heard. And don't forget it. Good day. So long. Well, I've all the blow'd up, mean, hog-headed men I ever saw.  How do you mean? He's got him all buffaloed. He hasn't had to fight once. Just see how he handled that cowboy. He let those other men do his work for him. With us, he waited till he was sure we knew about his reputation before he got tough. You mean you don't think he's a gunman at all? Well, I don't know what he is, Chester. But I got an idea how I might find out. Oh. I'll show you. And if I can take care of Joe Fry, then all I have to do is sit here and wait for Kerry Poster to ride back to town. The first thing I did was to go to the general store and buy an old Navy pistol. It wasn't much of a gun, and for $5 the storekeeper threw in a worn-out holster and a cartridge belt. He tried to sell me some ammunition, too, but I was afraid the pistol might go off by accident and blow up if anybody was to carry it around loaded. From there, we went back to the Alamo Saloon and spent the next two hours talking to Cicero Grimes. This time I told him who I was. And after I explained the whole deal to him a couple of times, he seemed willing to sit in. And there's only one thing I don't like about it, Marshall Dillon. Oh, what's that? Well, supposing you guessed it wrong. Supposing Joe Fire is something of a gunman after all. Oh, don't you worry about that, Cicero. I'll be right there. But still go wrong, and if it does, I'll get shot. Well, that's the chance you're taking to help the law, Cicero. You don't have to do it if you don't want to. Man, you get paid for taking chances, Marshall, and I don't. No, you don't. But there is one thing you'll be of a kind of hero after. Say I will, won't I? Everybody will be buying you drinks from here on out, Cicero. Well, you'll be famous, like George Washington and all them fellas. Yeah. Say that's the kind of getting paid, ain't it? Sure it is. Hey, Marshall. Yeah?  I'm a pretty worthless sort of fella. Oh, no, you're not, Cicero.  Right now, Cicero, you're the most important man in El Cater.  There's lots of fellas could help you out. No, no, there aren't. You're the one man in town that's least expected to stand up to Joe 5. You've never even worn a gun before. Sure ain't. I don't believe in guns. Well, don't you see this way will really show him up, huh? I guess you're right, Marshall. And I sure hope nothing bad happens. Well, I promise you that I'll do everything I can, Cicero. But on a deal like this, something can always go wrong. I'm not going to try to fool you about that.  You don't try to hide nothing from me. Now, you're all set then? I guess so. But I feel sort of funny with this gun on my hip. Well, you look fine, Cicero. Well, let's get going.  Yeah, I've gotten all, Marshall. At least I think I have. Well, don't think too hard. Just let it happen. It'll come to you once you get started. Yeah, I'll do that. I'll just let it happen. Well, go ahead then. We'll follow you. Okay. Cicero, quite a fellow, ain't he, Mr. Dillon? Yeah, he sure is, Chester. Hope I'm right about this. I'd hate to see him get hurt. Hurt killed. Okay, get up there and do a shooting for him, Chester.  Yes, sir. All right, that's enough, Chester. Come on back. Right across the street. Yeah. What's going on here? What's the matter with you, Cicero? Ain't nothing the matter with me, Marshall Pye? What are you doing with that gun?   Go ahead, Pye. Go on.  You didn't know about me, did you? I'll show you who's a gunman around here. Must be drunk talking like that. It'd be better for you if I was drunk. But I ain't. I always do my gunfighting plumb sober. You going crazy? I'll tell you something, Joe Pye. The reason I spend so much time in the saloon there is to forget about all the men I killed. Sometimes I can't forget.  He ain't making much sense, Mr. Dillon. It doesn't matter, Chester, let him talk.  Why am I?  I'm warning you. Well, I can't shoot without pulling my gun out, can I?  Yes, sure I am. I am. I just told you. I got to do it, Pye. I'm sorry for you, but I got to do it. I've had enough of this.  No, you don't. Stay away from me. I never saw a man so eager to die. Now do as I say. No.  You can't hurt me. You don't know it, but you can't hurt me at all.  Now go ahead. Go ahead, Pye. Go on. Go on. There's no man in the world can beat me and you know it. I don't know it. I never even seen you shoot. Nobody has, but you're just about to see me. For the last time. Take your hand off that gun. Now watch me, Pye. Watch me. I'm just about to draw. I'm about to draw, everybody. Go on. Shoot him, Cicero.  Okay, I will. Yes, sir. That's what I'll do. I'm going to do it. I'm going to do it right now. No. Don't pull that gun. Don't Cicero. Don't worry. I'll make it easy for you, Pye.  Right in the nose, maybe. No. No, don't. No, no, no, no. Right, see? There. There. Now, I got you covered. I... What? Why, you didn't even try to draw.  Please don't kill me. Don't shoot, Cicero. Don't shoot me. I'm going to... I wasn't drawing you. I was only fooling. Yeah, sure. Yes, sir. He was only fooling. But you're all through fooling now, Joe Pye. There. I'll take those guns of yours. First, this one. Now, throw it away. Then I'll take this and do the same thing. There. Come on out, everybody. I got your lion team. What do you do, Cicero?    Look at here. My gun ain't even loaded. See? Oh, and it is. Yes, sir. You're all through here, Joe Pye. We'll find your horse and ride him out of town. You ain't no U.S. Marshal anyway. You've been lying the whole time now. Get doing. Wait here, Chester. I want to talk to Pye. Oh, wasn't up to do it, man. Oh, I'll take you in my windbag. That's all. Pye. Wait a minute, Pye. I'd like to talk to you a minute. Leave me alone.  Yes, you are.  And I talked rough to you today. Now you're gonna... Wait a minute, Pye. I only want to ask you a couple of questions and then you can go. Ask me what? About this U.S. Marshal business. Was that your idea? I mean, were you alone in this or did somebody put you up to it? Well... All my life, I've wanted to be a law man. Oh. Why? I don't know. Maybe so as everybody sort of looked up to me. But I knew it couldn't last long. I knew something had happened sooner or later. Well, if you wanted to be a law man, why didn't you go be one somewhere? Why did you come here and lie about it? You don't understand. I couldn't be a law man, not a real one. Well, why not? Well, you saw what happened with Cicero Grimes. Yeah, I saw it. I'm a coward, mister. That's what I am. A coward. Always have been. I couldn't be a Marshal, not for long. That'd take somebody... somebody like you maybe. You could be a Marshal. Maybe. But you're saying the only reason that you came here and told everybody you were the law was just a kind of a game you were playing? Sort of like a kid? I guess you're right. What do you care about me? Well, I thought you had some other reason for wanting to run this town. Oh, no. No, I'm not a crook, mister. I never did anything bad. I believe you, Fire. Where are you from, anyway? Boston. Boston? A long time ago. I ran away when I was 15. I see. I want to go now, mister. I want to get out of this place. Okay. No offense, but I sure hope I never run into any of you people again. I understand. But there is one thing, Fire. What?  I never wore a gun in my life till I came to El Cater. I always wanted to, but I never dared. You know, it was kind of fun while it lasted. Yeah. So long, Fire. So long, mister. What a pair.  They're talking about Chesterfield king size at the new low price. And Chesterfield regular. America's most popular two-way cigarette. Maybe you've noticed in recent weeks how many king size smokers are changing to Chesterfield. In sizing up the king size situation, it's a fact that today you get more value from king size Chesterfield than from any other king size cigarette.  Chesterfield gives you highest quality. Low nicotine.  Chesterfield king size is the one and only premium quality king size cigarette. Buy a carton at the new low price. Get highest quality with Chesterfield king size. Highest quality with Chesterfield regular. They satisfy millions. They're best for you. Mr. Dillon. What, Chester? We've been here in an allocator most a week now, and that carry post ain't showed up yet. How do you know what he went back to Dakota territory? Maybe the word about Joe Fye hasn't got to him yet, Chester. But we can't wait much longer. Well, find him, Marshal. It's Dillon, Cicero. Oh, I'm sorry. I keep forgetting. All right, Cicero, fat as a fall hog. Say, you know, you fellas was right. Everybody, even the strangers, been doing nothing but buying me drinks and listening to my story. Don't worry, Marshal. I mean, Dillon. I'm real careful about what I tell him. Oh, you're doing fine, Cicero. Say, you know something else? The bartender at the Alamo has hung that old navy pistol I used over the bar. I guess it's kind of famous already. Well, it ought to be. It made the whole town of allocator ashamed of itself and took in, so. Yes, sir, that's what the bartender says. That's why he put it there. To make him remember, he says. My goodness alive. Fellas sure raising a lot of dust. What's he in such a hurry for? Well, that's, you see, Marshal. Yeah, I see him, Cicero. What is it, Mr. Dillon? It's scary post, Chester. You two stay out of the way now. Not me, I ain't. No, I'm going to watch this. Then you sit right there, Cicero. What it means is don't follow him. Hello, post. I don't know you. You've been a long time getting back to town. What are you talking about? Joe Fye left a week ago. He had your buffaloes, didn't he? Now look here.  This may upset you, some post, but I'm a real Marshal. What? Matt Dillon from Dodge. I've been waiting for you. No. And I'm taking you back with me. Before? I never even seen you before now. You wanted for murder and Dakota territory. And you know something else? I don't expect one bit of trouble out of you. Oh, Marshal, I'm taking your gun post. Easy. Just like this. Sure? Sure, Marshal. I wouldn't make no trouble. Take it. I got it. I got back on your horse, or even for Dodge. Mr. Dillon, that was the easiest thing I ever saw. How did you know he wouldn't fight?  He's not a fighter. Well, you got him. And you got rid of that Joe Fye too. Him pretending to be a Marshal. It was sure worth coming up here. I don't know, Chester. Joe Fye ran this town pretty well. But the lid's off now. And it's too bad I couldn't have left him alone. He was doing fine. L and M goes king-size. Yes, L and M goes king-size. Now, L and M is king-size as well as regular. Both have the same low price. Both have the miracle tip for the effective filtration you need. Yes, it's the filter that counts. And L and M has the best. You get much more flavor, much less nicotine, a light and mild smoke. Because this is it. L and M filters, just what the doctor ordered. Biocarton, king-size, or regular. Both at the same low price. L and M filters, America's highest quality and best filter tip cigarette. Gun smoke produced and directed by Norman McDonald stars William Conrad as Matt Dillon, U.S. Marshal. Tonight's story was specially written for gun smoke by John Meston with music composed and conducted by Rex Corey. Featured in the cast were Ralph Moody, Vic Perron, and John Daener. Harley Bear as Chester, Howard McNeer as Doc, and Georgia Ellis as Kitty. Join us again next week as Matt Dillon, U.S. Marshal, fights to bring law and order out of the wild violence of the West in gun smoke. Modern wonders of electronics accomplish a lot, but scientific wizardry alone will not do the job. Take, for example, the protective radar screen around our country. The best and latest technical equipment. And yet it's full of holes. Plugging these holes is the job of the Ground Observer Corps. Today, you're needed for the defense of your country. Teenagers, men and women of all ages, sign up for the silver wings of the Ground Observer Corps. Be the eyes that guard the blind spots in our aerial defenses. Contact your nearest civil defense center for full information. And remember next week at this same time, Chesterfield will bring you another transcribed story of the Western Frontier on gun smoke. This is the CBS Radio Network.


Hi, Andreas, I know you're not an economist, but could you explain in simple terms what a deflationary system is and how it relates to an inflationary system? What are the pros and cons? Gee, as not an economist, allow me to demonstrate. This is an inflationary system. And this is a deflationary system. And my producer is trying so hard not to crack up laughing here because that was completely ridiculous. But then again, it's not that much better than many of the explanation you get from mainstream economists. I mean, really, a lot of mainstream economics today is about blowing hot air like... And so you don't get very good explanations. The bottom line here is that in an inflationary system, the total amount of money that is circulating in the economy is increased, sometimes increased dramatically, but continuously increased. As a result, if you think of money as a metric and you think of the global economy or whatever economy you're using in the context of that money as the total amount of actual value being transacted, then if you look at money as a metric, you simply divide the global economy by the amount of money that circulates and you get a fraction of that value corresponding to each unit of money. You take, for example, the $114 trillion U.S. economy or whatever the number is right now, and then you divide that by whatever number of dollars are available and you get a value per dollar that corresponds to actual economic activity, whatever that number is. So you can imagine if you're increasing the divisor, if you're producing more money, then you're taking the same amount of economic activity and you're just dividing it into smaller and smaller pieces because you have more and more pieces, and that means that the amount of value that is reflected in each economic unit of currency goes down. You get to buy less with each dollar. It has less value because there's too many dollars dividing the same amount of economic activity. Creating more dollars doesn't increase the economic activity. The economic activity is the same. Another way to describe this is take a pizza and if you cut it into eight slices, you have eight slices of pizza. If you're really hungry and cut it into 16 slices, now you have 16 slices of pizza but you still have the same amount of food. Thank you, Hernan, for the helpful emoji demonstration of pizza slices. A disinflationary or deflationary currency, depending, is one in which the number of units does not increase or it increases very, very slowly so that the overall economic activity that it represents is either increasing faster or at the same pace, which means that you are not dividing by a greater and greater number. You either dividing by the same number or the thing at the top of the fraction is going up as well as the thing at the bottom of the fraction and as a result, the overall number remains the same. The ratio of economic activity to monetary units. A deflationary system is where the amount of units is actually decreasing. A disinflationary system is one where it is either not inflating as fast as the economic activity or it is deflating slowly against the economic activity. Of course, Bitcoin is a disinflationary system because there is inflation. New Bitcoin is being created. It's just being created at a rate of less than 2% and as a result, that is usually less than the increase in the value of the economy of the Bitcoin space. Thanks for watching. If you'd like to support me, please consider subscribing to my channel and supporting me on patreon.com.