Hi everybody good morning almost afternoon. I'm here and I speak to you about blogging today but listening to everyone speak before me I think I'm in the hobbyist kind of part as opposed to the expert blogging and I wanted to tell you a little bit about how I got started blogging. I do it part-time I don't do it professionally but I do it as part of shoring up what I do as a writer so I wanted to talk to you guys just about how it's possible to blog but not dedicate like all your time to blogging because I think we all have busy lives and sometimes it's hard to to do everything at once so I was just going to start with I started blogging a long time ago after I graduated from college I was really bored at work at the Wall Street Journal so I started a personal blog and initially you know I just went on blog spot just made up a name and I thought I was only going to be blogging to my friends and my family members and then it just really got kind of out of hand because so many people started responding to my blog just when you link to other people's blogs they find you and then it just goes from there and that's when I got my first taste of blogging for validation you know you blog to get to start that conversation but you're blogging because you want people to leave comments on your blog and and talk to you and you talk back to them but with a personal blog there's a pitfall to that in that you you start blogging things that maybe people wouldn't be comfortable with you sharing so I found that the more I blogged about personal things the more people came to my site so that was fine if it was just my life but you know I stopped doing that as much when I got married a few years ago because you know I have to respect like my family's wishes in terms of what I share with the world but I mean there's positives also to having a personal blog in that you meet a lot of people who are supportive of you if you're going through a hard time or who are congratulating you if something great happens like when I had my daughter in May so so and also one of the positives of having a blog whether it be personal or professional is that you don't have to be famous you can just be anybody is sitting in this room you can just start blogging and you could get traffic to your site from a variety of ways and I guess we'll talk about that at the workshop but it's a it's a great way to connect with people and you meet wonderful people also so I started the evolution of my blogging started a couple of years ago when I started my professional blog and as you can see like this was my personal one on blogger then I moved up to WordPress which I think was an improvement it's just a easier interface for me to use and a cleaner interface and on this first professional blog I post like the articles I write and it also has my Twitter feed on it which I'll talk about in a minute but this blog comes in handy because you know what in this age when everyone googles you before they even meet you this gives me an opportunity to establish myself my presence speak for myself and if people google me hopefully this is one of the first things that come up instead of you know some random link about something I did in college or or what somebody else wrote about me or something like that so this is a site people can go to if they want to know about me and it's it's information that I control so this comes in handy in that regard so even if you aren't a blogger but in your professional life like you need to go beyond a business card it's a good idea I think to start a blog and from there this has my resume this has my my articles on it I started microblogging which is in the form of Twitter and I run at Doha News which is like a public service that I just started earlier this year just keeping people up to date what's going on in Doha and I just do that as something I want to do I'm not paid by anyone nobody pays me to tweet anything in specific um and I love it because I get I met so many people in Doha this way and I've learned so much about what's happening in Qatar and I think it's something that I city cut there we should talk about with them in terms of there is no central website we can go to to find out what's going on in this country and there's a lot going on and people always complain that there isn't anything happening but that's because it's really hard to find that information all in one place um so the advantages of tweeting uh if you don't have time to start a blog for example it's great because it's 140 characters and you can do it anytime you can do it anywhere you can you can tweet on your cell phone you can tweet on your laptop um I mean but there's very connected wireless is in all the parks and at the Corniche and you know with my daughter I can hold her in my lap and and tweet or I can eat lunch and tweet or when we're walking outside we can whatever I want to say like uh recently I went to uh I had an experience at the hospital because my daughter was sick and I could tweet okay this hospital is better than this hospital just in our experiences and that was one way to share with people what's going on uh in Qatar because people are always looking for stuff like that like okay where do I go we're all most of us are expats here I think that follow me on Doha news so but then also I have a private twitter account that I think some of you have tried to follow but I won't accept your request follow me on Doha news but my private account I just keep from my friends and family to keep control of them because they're far from here um and then also I'm a global voices contributor and global voice is online basically it curates the news it curates the conversation and it brings um into focus the conversations that are going on in places that the media might not necessarily talk about so this post example was a cartoon that ran in the local newspaper and people are really upset about it uh they thought it was a bad taste so I just basically followed what the blog said and what followed the tweet said and and came up with a an article just breaking it down what people were talking about so that's another way to use blogs as a as a way to gauge the sentiment in a region um so those were just the things I do that's all I really wanted to say I guess they're shorter than I thought but I mean I'm excited to see all the women in the audience and I'm sure a lot of you have full time jobs that have nothing to do with blogging but I think culture can be a lonely place sometimes and it's really hard if you don't make a real effort to go out and meet people who aren't in your circle already and I think the online hemisphere is a really good way to start that I've had a lot of people uh on twitter who I hopefully will meet in person today just based on your tweets I think a lot of you are here who I follow on twitter and who follow me so um so that's all I have to say uh tips for the new people we talked about at the workshop but for example shabina.net you can start a wordpress or something and then you can for eight dollars buy a domain name so for eight dollars a year I have shabina.net and that's a lot easier to get to than shabina.net or shabina921.wordpress.com so we can talk more about that later um and that's it thank you


The Rickenbacker 330 Electric Guitar, a legendary character guitar from the 1960s, which has now been made available for use in your productions by Amplesound. Hi folks, I'm Mike and I hope you're well. Pete Townsend, Paul Weller, Johnny Ma, The Edge, all players of the Rickenbacker 330 Electric Guitar. If you bought this guitar at the moment, it would likely cost you a few thousand dollars. However, it can virtually be yours via a new plugin from Amplesound at an absolute fraction of that cost. We'll talk later on in this video about a great deal you can get on this virtual instrument at the moment. But first of all, I want to let you know that at the beginning of this video, all of the guitar work you heard in the demo was created using this plugin. So let's dive in and take a look at the beginning of this video. We heard this guitar in its most basic state using the sustain sound. I played a few arpeggios and it sounded like this and when we're playing arpeggios like that, it's reasonably easy to get an authentic sound. After all, we're just playing actual recordings or samples of an actual Rickenbacker 330. We're triggering each of those recordings when we press the notes on our keyboard, yeah? Now when we are playing arpeggios, just a basic sound like that, as I say, we can recreate an authentic sound. But on the guitar, we do much more than play arpeggios, of course. There's many ways in which guitarists express themselves with articulations on the guitar. Different ways of playing the notes and different things we can do to the notes. So we need to have articulations available to us. If we're going to try and fool the listener that this is a real guitar. Now there's a few articulations available in all amp or sound guitars, most of them the same across from one to the other. There can be slight differences as we'll see in a moment. We can see them all down here with these icons, but we can also play them on our actual piano keyboard. When we press them, it's going to change the sound of the guitar in some way. So these are called key switches. Let's just quickly go through what they are right now. We had the sustained one, which we already heard. There's also natural harmonics. We've also got a palm mute. I use that in the intro. Yeah, and then we've got a slide in. Really nice that. Then we've got a legato slide. This is where we play one note and then play another one afterwards. It was slide from one to the other. Now note there that when we hear this, we hear the sound of the frets being rolled over with the finger. Okay. It's not like doing a pitch bend or something like that. We're actually hearing the individual notes in between. Yeah. It's really important that adds to the authenticity. We also have a hammer on that's where you just sort of play one note. You actually pick one note and then you play another one without picking. And then we also have this. This is different with this particular instrument. I haven't seen it in the other Ample Sound plugins. I haven't played all of them, but I haven't seen it in the others. So Morden is another kind of articulation we've got here. Have a listen. Yeah. It's just like a little kind of a trill effect. Yeah. It could be a real time saver that rather than programming something like that in using sort of hammer-ons and things, you can just play it there. Very, very handy indeed. Now one really important key switch in my mind is this one here at C sharp. And we use this to set the actual hand position. We can see the hand position currently up here. It's the guitars being played around about the 14th fret, okay? That will automatically happen as we play, but we can also set it manually. So if we press this key switch, you'll see that some of the other keys turn yellow here and that is how we select our hand position. So I'll just press it and press a position and you can see that we move down to the zero position there. I'll just do a few others. You can see the hand position is moving around. This is really important on the guitar. With different hand positions, different things are actually possible, okay? And also it does change the sound of notes because I don't know if you know this, but the same note can be played in various places on a guitar and it will sound slightly different in tone even though it's the same pitch. So for example, I can play a high E here. Yeah. And that's currently being played on the open E string, the highest pitched E string that is. Now I'll change the position here to say the second position there. I'll play it again. Now that same note is now being played on another string on the B string. So listen to the two. Oops, sorry. Yeah. And another one again is being played on the G string there. So we get a different tone with different positions. If you're going to be programming guitar parts, it's really important to make use of these in my opinion to get the most authentic sound. Now some of the other things you can do apart from just play the notes on the keyboard is actually you've got some sound effects up here and all of that kind of thing can add to the authenticity as well. Now in the sort of second part of my demo where there's bass and drums and things came in, I used a number of different methods, different articulations. I also moved the hand position to help with the authenticity of the sound. Let's have a listen to that again without the drums and the bass. You can hear in isolation. I haven't got any effects or not meant just some reverb switched on it, but not loads of effects or anything. And have a look and you can see the articulations being used. You'll see the hand positions moving. You'll hear some effects being used as well. So you get the idea there, especially when that's in a mix. It can sound really sort of authentic indeed. And I'm really loving the tone of this particular plug-in, this Rickenbacker. Now there are some other controls on here which I'll briefly go through. We've got some rough sort of mixer controls so we can mix the DI sound, the stereo sound. We can also mix things like our effects in as well and control the volume of those. We also have a pan control here. Now importantly, we also have a doubling control. Often when we're recording guitars, we will make two recordings of the guitar and pan one left and pan the other one right. Okay. And we get a really nice wide spread. To save you doing that, we have this doubling feature here. So we'll switch that on and then actually let's switch it off and hear it without the doubling first. Now let's switch it on and just turn it up a little bit. Now, especially if you're listening on headphones, you're really going to hear that it's a lovely wide sound. Now the thing we can do, this sort of relates to that sort of hand position is set the capo position. OK, so this is like putting a capo or capo as some people say in different parts of the world on the guitar. Now this is like a transpose feature. But remember, because we're forcing the guitar to be played up above that, then we're going to get the authentic tone of the guitar as it's being played up in that position. OK, so that's what the capo does there. So it's a little bit more sophisticated than just using transpose in your door or something like that. OK, so really, really handy that that's there. All of these things when you use all of these features will add to the authenticity of the sound. But another really important feature in terms of changing the sound is amplification. This is the Ample Sound 65 Delight, a new amp which comes with this new Rick and Bakker guitar. And of course, we can change the sound by using the controls on the amp. We've got, you know, treble, middle bass here. We've also got an overdrive section or high gain section here as well. That's going to make it a lot more gritty, but we can swap out the amp itself. So at the moment, we're using this amp and it sounds like this. If we move over to take this one, we get a different tone again, then we've got this one. And then some more like high gain stuff, maybe not so suitable for this guitar, but it could sound good. I mean, not so much for this guitar, but maybe just that guitar part. So we can change the amp, you know, the amp sound like that by choosing different models. OK, now the other thing that we can do is change the way that this amplifier is virtually sort of mic'd up and things. If we click on this button up here, we'll go over here. We can see the amp now. It's got a couple of microphones on it. We can swap out those microphones for some other sort of famous ones. Yeah. So this one here at the moment, we'll just swap it out. You can see a few choices there. There's some famous condenser microphones, some ribbon microphones, et cetera, et cetera. So we can swap those out and then we can mix all of that over here using this mixer control. We can mix in the room sound, the DI sound of the guitar, the sound of the amp itself there so we can really craft our own sound in the same way, both a guitarist and a recording engineer would. Now, one of the things I did to the guitar in the demo was to apply some compression. And for that, I use the built in compressor, which comes with this particular plugin. You can see it working here. Now, this was primarily to control some of the loudest strums, which I had later on in the piece, which were kind of poking out a little bit and were a bit piercing. Now, I could have just reduced the velocities of those strums, but I did like the tone I was getting at those higher velocities. So I just wanted the volume to be down. So that's why I use this compressor. I also use the built in EQ, which you can see working here just to add a little bit of glassiness to the 2K range there and also to control the low end of things, stop that getting too muddy. I use the built in echo feature as well, which I sort of think of more as a delay. Now, this was working on the left and right channels. As you can see here, you can set different timings for the left and right channels. You can blend them together and also had this in sync with the tempo of my door. OK, just to make sure that those repeats were in time with the music. And finally, I also use the built in reverb, very simple to use. You just set different room sizes here. You can set up the size over here as well, pre delay, etc. Now, all of these effects are used at least in all of the amp or sound plugins that I've used. I've got a feeling they are at least on all the version three versions of all of their plugins, really handy that they're built in like this. And they're all just good enough so that you can adapt them really well without being too complex. So I created my demo just by playing the notes on the keyboard. Yeah, like so, you know, playing the key switches and then just recording that in my door where I could actually edit my performance on the piano roll view, which I think almost all doors actually have. And I like to work in that particular way, but that might not suit you. OK, it might not be your way of thinking about things. So it's nice that ample sound do provide some different methodologies for creating performances. One of the things you can do is go over to the strums, sorry, to the riffer feature over here. This is a different sort of way of looking at things. Each of the first six lines here that we can see represent a string on the guitar. This is very much like tablature. OK. And here we can just input a note for that string. So I'll just input a note there. And if I drag up and down, I can select the actual pitch or the fret position for that string. So we're doing things on a string by string basis. We can adjust the duration like so, et cetera, et cetera. So that's one of the things that we can do. Another thing we can do is insert whole chords. So if we go down to this line down here, so these first six lines are the strings on the guitar, but these last a little bit different. If we go down to this one, we can put in a strum. So I'll just do that. There's a C major chord. I can change its duration there. And also I can drag up and down to change the chord itself. And you can see that that chord has appeared there. So that's one other way of inputting things there. And we can also add our effects yet. So. And as well as those effects, if we do have a note in there like so, then we can change the articulations. We can change, say, the sustain here to a palm mute. We can, you know, put in slide in, slide out, all the different things that we had available to us before. So we can, this is just a really different way of inputting performances that may suit you and your way of thinking. Now, one of the things which is sort of more difficult to do, and I'll just get rid of all of those, one of the things that's more difficult to do with my method and with this in a way is strumming. OK, strumming, if you want to get it to sound good, can be quite time consuming. Now, if you just want a really quick result with strumming, if it's just in there in the mix and you don't need it to be particularly detailed or authentic, then you can make use of the strummer feature here. So the thing that we're looking at here in this area is we're looking at the actual strum pattern, this current pattern. We've got different patterns that we can choose. And you can see there's different sort of strum articulations. If you like, there's down strokes, there's up strokes. You can play different notes, different strings individually to create arpeggios in with it as well. With this current pattern, it's sounding like this. Very standard kind of a strum pattern. Now, it's playing a C major chord over there because we've got C major selected. We could select a different chord. And we can change what type of chord it is there. So that's a D minor chord at the moment. You can select the different types there. OK, so you can set up the chords that you're using in your song. And then you can actually play all of this on your actual keys. OK, so you can play this performance, switch from one pattern to another, using different keys. So yeah, strummer is another great way of just quickly getting things going with your particular song. And the third methodology we have is not so much a way of sort of playing things, but a way of importing performances because we also have this tab view as well. So if we go over to the tab view, we can actually import some particular types of files in here, OK, some tab files of a few different types. And you can import those directly in here and then play them from within the plug-in itself. OK, so some different ways of controlling this instrument. Now, if you head over to the Ample Sound website at the moment and I think you should, you'll see that there's a winter sale on. That includes this new Rick and Barker guitar that we've been looking at in today's video. So if we head up to the Purchase tab here, you will see that currently, let's just scroll down a little, you will see that currently this particular guitar that's right at the top there should be $119. They're selling it for $89. That's incredibly good value for a plug-in of this quality, I've got to tell you. Now, I'm also going to invite you to listen to the demo at the beginning again, but also this time, why don't you have a listen to the bass guitar because in the demo, I was using one of Ample Sound's bass guitar. I'll just show you here. It's the ABP, the Fender Precision Bass. I use this on a lot of my tracks, one of my favorite bass sounds. That is currently $95, OK? I can't stress how useful this plug-in could be to you. So if you want to save a little bit of money, then I would think about snatching that one as well. Don't forget to follow the link which is down in the description below. Let me know in the comments down below if you're thinking about adding this plug-in to your shopping list or maybe you've already bought it before the video even ended. And why wouldn't you, while these plug-ins are at such a great price? While you're checking out the prices on Ample Sound's webpage, why don't you take a look at their Strat Virtual Instrument? I made a video about that right here.


Network, EFNN, headline, news update. Hi everyone, Basel Chapman here. I am the host of the Tiger Technicians Hour coming up in another couple of minutes. First, we're going to have the Tiger Financial News Network Noontime Update, $22,000 at $25,911. Tried to rally earlier, it had a sharp pullback yesterday. It was earlier in the session, I know pre-market it was down and it came back and now it was running up and then it had a quite a sharp drop and now it's down from the high of $26,109. This is $25,910. This is going to be a really, as I said, this is a very important week for a number of aspects. Let me show you. The S&P, so the dreaded H to the lowercase M pattern that we've been looking at in the Dow continues. The S&P has had a second arch formation but it's larger than the first one. And that says if it closes above that arch that was made on the left side, that's really a positive. And if it can go a little higher than that, there's a chance it could retest the previous high, which is a 32, 33.33, not the all-time high but the previous high that was made in June. Well, this is going to be very important because over the next, what's today, Wednesday, let's give it until Monday afternoon, Tuesday morning. If early next week, the S&P is underneath 3,100, that's going to be very important. That's going to suggest that it is back into that arch formation. So I'm going to talk in my show coming up at the Tiger Technicians Hour. I'm going to talk about this pattern that I call the dark news cloud cover, something that I discovered a long time ago. And I'll talk about it because how the market responds to news is really important. Look at the QQQ. And as I said to my subscribers to my opening call, I said, we're watching this really closely. This is a leg D, probably going to make a peak D today. We'll see what happens. The high today was 259.62, the high yesterday was 260.88. Yep, it's a peak D, but the mag D is good. The stochastic is good. The nine period is well over the 14 period. Well, wow, this is going to be tough stuff. If you're looking at the IWM, the IWM is the Russell 2000. It's very weak. It's in that dreaded H pattern. Second time, this is a lowercase M that goes to this arch formation. It is underneath the 14 period moving average. What a divergence we're looking at. If you're looking at gold, gold is up sharply. It's in leg D at 18.22. It's gone higher than that one to one. Oh no, this is exactly the, oh, that is the perfect extension. I'll talk about that. It's a little above that right now. It is up 12 at 18.22. This is a fascinating market. We'll look at Amazon. We'll look at all the key stocks. I'll be right back in a few minutes. I hope you can stay. Hope to see you in a few minutes.


MK Stalin, the chief minister of Tamil Nadu, earlier assured that within 100 days of coming to power, he would resolve all the 17 lakh petitions submitted by the people of Tamil Nadu to his party DMK. This week Stalin crossed the threshold of 100 days in office as chief minister. But have things changed for the good? Many have praised the DMK-led government for the way they handled the pandemic for passing a separate agriculture budget and so on. However, it turns out that his government continues to turn a blind eye to many of the workers' issues. This week alone, there have been a number of statewide protests organized by various trade unions. Members of the Central Organization of Tamil Nadu Electricity Employees, COTE, affiliated to the Center of Indian Trade Unions, CITU, staged a protest in front of the TNEB officers on Tuesday demanding regularization of services of contract employees. Many of the electricity workers have remained as contract employees for over 10 years and are eligible for no-government benefits. The workers pointed out that the DMK took up the issue in their election manifesto and the protests were held to get the government's attention. TNGEA, the Tamil Nadu Government Employees Association TNGEA, carried out demonstrations at various government offices across the state demanding the increase in Dio Ns allowance DA. Thousands of staff and officials from state government departments staged a protest wearing black badges on Monday to grab the attention of the Tamil Nadu government. The association pointed out that the union government has announced a revised DA at 28% from last month but the state government has postponed it by 8 months due to which employees are losing around 10% of their salary for this period. In Tamil Nadu, government hospital nurses have been protesting since 2017 seeking to regularize their services. This Monday also they protested demanding the same. In 2015, the state government had recreated a batch of 14,000 nurses through the medical services recruitment board MRB on a two-year contract through an examination promising to soon regularize their services. The state government has regularized only 2,000 nurses so far. However, a nurse-on-contract handles the same set of duties as a permanent staff nurse but for a low pay and with no employment benefits. Auto drivers also held protests this week on Tuesday. The Auto Drivers Union, affiliated to the center of Indian Red Union's CITU, staged protests across the state urging the Union government to bring down prices of petrol, diesel and auto LPG cylinders besides other demands made to the state government. Besides this, workers belonging to many other sectors have been holding protest demonstrations over the last few weeks. Whether it is veterinary doctors, automobile industry workers, differently abled people, bullock cart workers among others, they are all awaiting the state government to address their livelihood issues.


Okay, so today I'm going to be sharing, you know, some things that I wish I knew before I started lucid dreaming, because, you know, a lot of people would read an article about lucid dreaming and think, oh, well, that sounds really cool, you know, and then go ahead and try and learn it and, you know, jump into it without really understanding what it actually is going to mean and what it actually is going to feel like, what it's going to do, right? So here are some things that I really wish I did know before I started lucid dreaming. So firstly, you're going to be sort of, not addicted to it, but you're going to be very preoccupied with your next lucid dreaming adventure, you know, what you're going to do in the dream next, because it's so exciting and, you know, interesting, you might find it hard to concentrate during the day because you're thinking, well, what am I going to do in my lucid dream tonight? And this, I'd say the stage lasted about six months for me, where I would just constantly be sort of obsessing about what I'm going to do in the lucid dream, because it feels so real and, you know, exciting. And at the time, my life was quite boring anyway, so it was sort of like an escape and a lot of people use it, use lucid dreaming, sorry, for escapism. So that's the first thing. The second thing is that I didn't realise how much of an effect it was going to have on sort of everything else in my life, you know. So when I started, obviously, I didn't actually meditate at all.  I didn't really write things down in a journal, I didn't plan anything, more than sort of a week in advance. Whereas since lucid dreaming, you know, now, I'm more likely to keep a journal, write down, you know, like what went wrong or write in a certain days, plan, you know, months, even years in advance of what I want to do. And I'll distribute that to lucid dreaming because that's sort of the same skill set that you use with lucid dreaming, you know, you meditate, you make sure that you're self-aware, you're constantly looking around you and questioning things. And that leads me on to the third thing, which is, again, you question things more. So when you're just starting out with lucid dreaming, right, when you've just heard about it and you want to learn how you actually have this experience and how you actually wake up in your dreams, one of the most important things that, you know, you'll find people say is you need to be more self-aware, you need to be more critical of what's going around you, right? Because everything's happening around you, you just need to be more aware of it and let it sort of become more of your awareness. So that was a really big one for me, I became more critical of what was going on around me, you know, of what's going on in the political world, what's happening in, you know, social economic scenarios, everything like that, you know, things that most of the time we're sort of oblivious to and we sort of go about our lives on autopilot, right? We're not really paying attention. And that's a big one I think lucid dreaming in general makes you just pay more attention, you know, it might make you pay more attention to the job you don't like and why you're there. It might make you think, do I need to be in this relationship? You know, is it making me happy? These sorts of things, it will help you become more critical and start asking more questions, right? And I didn't expect that when I started, I just thought it would be a bit of fun. And I didn't really know how much of an impact it was going to have on my whole life. So yeah, and the fourth to the fourth thing would be, sometimes you'll feel you're like you're stuck in a rut. Okay, and this is something that I never really expected with the lucid dreaming because I thought you would just learn how to do it.  Sometimes you'll have a month, a week, maybe even longer, where you just can't lose a dream, you don't know how to do it.  And this is something that is really frustrating, obviously, it's really annoying. But it's just part of being a lucid dreamer. Sometimes you can't, you can't have a lucid dream for several days or weeks in a row.  And that's something that you just need to get used to. And something that I wish I knew before I started, because maybe it would have prepared me and I would have sort of been ready for it.  So that's it really, they're the four main things that I wish I knew before I started lucid dreaming. If you have any others, please leave a comment. And don't forget to subscribe


He requested out on Friday and immediately once that trade request was made, everyone around the league looked at the Lakers. We've been talking about the Lakers for eight months. They've had multiple opportunities here to try to engage with the Nets and I'm told they put together an offer of Russell Westbrook, two first round draft picks and the Nets asked for Austin Reeves and other assets. What's interesting here is I'm told that the Lakers never really countered with Reeves or any other asset in these trade negotiations. They really stayed firm with Russell Westbrook and those two first round picks and the Nets did not hear from them on Sunday, the day of the Kyrie Irving trade. So when you look around at the different offers that were made, Spencer Dinwiddie, Doreen Finney-Smith, the draft capital, that allowed them to go and really compete and bring in a guy like Spencer Dinwiddie, he can be a number one, number two option. Doreen Finney-Smith can really do anything on the floor and so to them that gave them more value than the Lakers deal or Chris Paul, Jake Crowder in a pick. They feel like the Mavericks deal is best for them.


We tend to think very specifically or very quickly around kind of the more obvious types of trauma that we might think of physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse. We also think a lot of adverse childhood experiences in relation to trauma, so then we think about things like justice involvement, untreated mental health concerns among caregivers, separation from caregivers. And now we're starting to incorporate things like intergenerational trauma and loss of culture. We can also look at things like medical procedures early in life that bring trauma type experiences to the body before the person is able to recognize or articulate what's going on for them. I would define trauma as any experience that overloads someone's nervous system or any experience at which they don't feel like they're really able to handle it. So it's something that's different for every person and every kid. And in terms of whether or not we want to use trauma or other terms, I think it's helpful because it allows us to understand the significance of what someone might be going through and what they might be struggling with that we don't see from the outside, since it is an emotional, physical embodied experience. There's kids that come in and they could witness a car crash on the way to school, and that right there is trauma, but people don't recognize certain things that happen in people's lives as trauma. I mean, it could be something really small and minute that people don't even recognize as trauma, and a lot of kids are carrying it. So from an Indigenous perspective, trauma is very collective, it's land-based, it connects us to all of our relations, and we often think of trauma as something that is a challenge, something that needs to be overcome. Indigenous folks think about trauma as, yes, something that can be lived, something that can be vicarious or intergenerational, but also something that brings really important trauma knowledge with it, intergenerational knowledge. So for Indigenous students in BC, it impacts their learning and their development in a variety of ways, depending on the type of trauma that they're dealing with, right? We know that because of the colonial history of Canada, there's lots of intergenerational trauma for Indigenous people, right? They carry the trauma of the residential schooling that was experienced by their parents and grandparents. And so this can cause a lot of triggers and reactions to simply being in a school environment, right? We know that because of the statistics around Indigenous folks, which continue to be persistent around education and employment and health and suicide and incarceration, there's lots of lived trauma that Indigenous people continue to experience, and that can impact learning in a variety of ways, and development in a variety of ways, particularly when it's connected to risky behaviors like substance abuse and other things. There's concerns with the term trauma, there's concerns with the adverse childhood experiences vocabulary, neither of them necessarily capture the breadth of what we want to talk about, or you risk broadening the conversation so much that you miss some of the specificity that is also critical to really supporting people.


Digikey and Adafruit present This week Harding harding which they have a very handsome logo. I gotta say yellow. This is very nice yellow. Yeah so this company is a company that makes connectors and I Saw this come up on the digikey slash new page and they also tweeted about it I remember you said this to me You're like, what is this new thing called single pair ethernet and I said I have no idea I'm gonna go look into it and we'll talk about it on I and MPI and we'll teach other engineers about it as well So that's what this week's I and MPI is all about Single pair ethernet and the connectors that you need and the cables you need to get started with it So the MPI itself is this very adorable little connector and as you can see in the center there It's got two conductors and it has it basically does ethernet up to one gigasamp. Sorry gigabit per second And it also provides power up to 50 watts over just two conductors Amazing. How's that possible? Well, thanks to single pair ethernet, which has this cute logo, which can you can see the ass? It has the two conductors like the cables and clever very clever Okay, so the ethernet that you and I know is This it's you know a four or eight conductor ethernet connector. It's on computers. It's on Xboxes. It's on routers it's on almost everything IOT devices industry and It's it's invented in the 70s and we've improved on it greatly from 10 base T to 100 base T to now gigabit We've added power over ethernet as well That's it, you know somewhat recent invention so you can now power devices over ethernet. We have some POE devices But it still uses kind of an old Technique for signaling where there's multiple conductors and I think 10 base T has like one pair for transmit one pair for receiving and Although gigabit eventually gets to bi-directional transmission There are going to be a lot of situations where you want to reduce the amount of water This is what you know normally at the top you see 10 base T and then you have one gigabit or one G base T and at the bottom You can see You know it is possible to transmit this data on a single twisted pair Bidirectionally and that means instead of having eight wires We have two wires and this is important because if you're an industry and let's say you're Wiring up a factory or you're wiring up a train or a car You want to minimize the weight you want to minimize the expense of the wiring You can do that with these two conductors and I thought was interesting. You can see on the very left There's like the simple plug-in conductor in the center. There is like a high reliability version So, you know for a lot of industrial uses They want to make sure that the conductor that the conductors don't come loose and they're waterproof And so there are waterproof Ethernet kind of like plug-over adapters But single pair Ethernet was sort of designed from the beginning to be used in higher reliability situations So here's a list of some of the applications that Harding recommends and you can see they're beautiful golden yellow color here, so you know power monitoring switches Transportation like trains and airplanes machinery Industry solar, you know one thing you'll definitely see that's not here is home and office So this you know, you're not gonna be able to replace something that's been around since the 70s for home and office people You know, they don't really mind Ethernet and for high speeds and high lengths Eight conductors will do better for you than two conductors, but there are a lot of situations like you know Let's take for example a train or a plane. It's not physically that large It's only like a couple hundred feet long, but every ounce counts and also there's not that much physical space for so much wiring Let's say you want to put a television in the back of every airplane seat or train seat All that wiring becomes very complicated. So single pair Ethernet's goal is to again simplify that I think also it could be a good alternative for you know Can bus which is another two wire protocol also kind of invented I think in the 70s or 80s You know this Single pair you think you go up to one gig a bit per second. So it's much much faster And again, it does power over those two wires as well Here's another thing. I thought was really cool. So, you know, everybody's had the situation where You're plugging an Ethernet cable and that look plastic thing breaks I mean everyone's been there, right? And you've already like wired up something and you've like stapled the cable in and once that little like plastic bit breaks Like it's impossible to fix So what I thought was really neat is they replaced it with a metal Tang on these connectors. So they've solved like the one annoying problem I've had with Ethernet, which is that, you know, once that little piece breaks, it can become loose and And the cable can come out So Harding has both the connectors as well as cables So you can also pick up from Digikey these beautiful yellow cables. You see yellow is a theme here I'll show the cable on the overhead too. Maybe so Also, the conductor is very small compared to Ethernet. It's a much smaller connector This is a very durable cable, but with only two conductors You can imagine the cable can be a lot thinner and more flexible than Ethernet So this is the cable in the handsome yellow color and this is the part for the pick-and-placeable Connector piece that goes into the PCB. So it comes on tape and reel But it only has, you know, four mechanical contacts and then two extra contacts And this just snaps in and it's a really it's a nice snap. It really clicks in. It's extremely strong And then, you know, oh man, you can remove it By pressing down on the cable assembly So those are the pieces that you'll need If you're the kind of person who's building industrial equipment industrial IoT or your Making things again not for home and office, but for machinery for transportation for industry Maybe even for military I think single-pair Ethernet something you're going to see a lot more of so it's a good time to become familiar with it also they've got a great superhero character called twister and They've got a whole set of these for all the different connectors that Harding makes This time they went with purple not yellow for the character and his head is a single-pair Ethernet connector so very Creative available and did you key? In the chat a lot of people are like hey, I've been hearing about this and and now I now it's on INFPI So I'm going to take a look take a look and if you go to harding.com They have a whole information section that I totally You know Wikipedia to learn all about all the specifications for single-pair Ethernet So there's there's a consortium of companies Harding is one of like the original consortium members But there's quite a few of them all of them are very well known connector and an industry manufacturer so Again, you're not going to see this for home and office But if you're manufacturing stuff, that's automation industry single-pair Ethernet It's a good time to get acquainted with it because you're in next revision of a product You're probably going to be including it Yeah, and they had like a minute two minute video Um about their technology product more so we're going to play that Take it away Single-pair Ethernet is a new transmission standard for industrial automation via just one pair of conductors We provide answers to the most pressing questions and point out our future SBE solutions for IIoT infrastructure A whole series of new standards accompanies the development of SBE But which parts of technology do they refer to? First of all, this concerns norm IEC 63171-6 in which the SBE connector phase is defined for industrial applications We also cooperate actively in standardization committees for cabling standards at ISO IEC and TIA and indeed for transmission standards at IEEE 802.3 Transmission via just one pair of conductors requires new interfaces cables and other components in devices The hearting norm proposal was the first proposal for a standardized SBE interface comprising a complete range of various variants from IP20 to IP67 in M8 and M12 structural shapes In this way all versions are based on one standardized connector phase and comply with all specifications demanded by the market Those were the reasons why our proposal for a standardized connector phase was accepted by all international norm committees such as ISO, IEC, TIA and IEEE IEC 63171-6 will finally be published this year This sets the standard and uh check it out on digikey short URL is digikey.com slash short slash z rv T71 or you can just look at the product ID. We'll also have the blog posted more and that is this week's IonMPI


If you give them the freedoms, humans will always dazzle you, that much I know. If you can hack into an AI and make it do bad things, you know, how do we make sure that that's not possible? I mean, both as an astronomer and an astronaut to put my two hands on the greatest telescope in the world up in space, I mean, what a thrill. I would wonder, why do I still feel unhappy in the face of achievement and success? And so they learn about each other's roles and build trust among each other. So it's very easy to focus on the technology. Second Olympics were connected to the anti-war movement in Vietnam. They were connected to people that were involved in the environmental movement and the civil rights movement and the women's rights movement. If you don't study what's going on in marketplace, you're going to be led by somebody else who does. So what's my feedback to you? How do you handle it? What we're going to be, I think that the two big questions for humanity are, what is the trajectory of intelligence and sentience? In other words, like, what's the point? And also, like, how do we get there without killing each other or just all dying violently? In other words, this molecule was dictating what had to be done. More ancient, more powerful, deeper forces are at work that have been shaping us for goodness for a much longer time. All it knows is that it's received these different patterns and it can correlate them with other patterns and that's how it puts together your perception of the world. It just came out, you know, I wrote the melody and the lyrics and it just, something fits or it doesn't. Many stories, you know, make sure they're real, see how the mainstream media reported on them, see if the mainstream media reported on them, try to ascertain like where they got this stuff from. Happiness is the happiness equation. Now, there is one common thing across every moment in your life you've ever felt. Are we satisfying the goals of our best selves to basically lift everybody up? I have the OpenCog system whose knowledge representation is a network, a weighted labelled hypergraph and there's multiple AI algorithms acting on this common knowledge graph. My viewpoint is that God or Source cannot exist without creation existing because it emerges through creation. That is loss of self, self-dying and not being automatically replaced by the division of other self. Because of psychiatric vision there's no one place in the head you can point to but if we see overlapping symptomology we can know that that part of the brain is involved. What I discovered after just one year of teaching by the system that they told me to do to use was that no one was learning. And also if you think to ask yourself why is it that the sound ah subjectly feels very different from say the experience of the color red. So if we can extend the youthfulness of the body to regenerative properties that you see. This is a giant automation story and so we have to start owning the problem and then have real solutions that are going to be massive. That's the generational challenge but that's why I'm running for president. They're driven in large part by temperamental differences so that would be in the big five extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness.


My topic is market failure mythology, and I'm passing around. I put together about 15 or so articles on this whole topic, market failure mythology. They've been published, I think the first one is 1969 by Harold Dempsey. And so if you're interested in this topic, I thought this would be a good way to follow up. And so, you know, in the 1950s and 60s, the economics profession sort of exploded with theories of market failure, which is why, by the way, my old professors, James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, my graduate school professors, invented the field of public choice as sort of a counter to the market failure revolution in economics. And one of the things that distinguishes the Austrian school from the public choice school is the Austrians never bought into the fact that of all this market failure literature. Whereas the public choice school, for the most part, says, okay, even if we accept all this, governments fail also. And so the method of analysis in public choice economics is sort of a, they call it a comparative institutional analysis, comparative failures, study of comparative failures, study of imperfect markets and imperfect governments. But the Austrians never bought into the imperfect markets thing like story, like the public choice school has, which is not to say that you shouldn't study public choice economics, that's my background is partly in there. But I wrote down what I think are five, I'm going to talk about some of this literature and I just wrote down what I think are five reasons, or five themes really, that run through this literature that explain why so much of the literature on markets, that says markets fail, say this. And one is called the Nirvana fallacy. And that is a phrase coined by Harold Dempsey in the first article at the top of the list here that I'm handing out is a 1969 article called Information and Efficiency Another Viewpoint. And basically the Nirvana fallacy, Peter Klein might have mentioned this. Does anyone, does the ring a bell? Did Peter Klein mention this? Well, anyways, it's comparing the real world to an unachievable utopian ideal, like perfect competition, for example. And of course, if you compare the real world to an unachievable utopian ideal, the real world is always imperfect or failing. As far as that goes. And it's in Harold Dempsey that's called that the Nirvana fallacy. The second reason is the failure to view markets like the Austrians do as dynamic rivalrous, a dynamic rivalrous process of entrepreneurial discovery. Competition is never ending. It's ongoing. Whereas beginning around the 1930s, the economics profession abandoned the Austrian view of competition. Anybody who wrote on competition from Adam Smith, even before Adam Smith, on until about the 1930s, described competition more or less like the Austrians do, as I just said, dynamic rivalrous process of entrepreneurial discovery. Whereas it was, but that was difficult at the time to model mathematically. And it still is. And so in order to appear to be scientific, the budding mathematical revolution in economics adopted a static model of competition that was more amenable to mathematical manipulation and model building. That's the perfect competition model. And so the way in which the economics profession started looking at markets changed. And all of a sudden, markets were failing everywhere. Because after all, if you look at the new definition of competition, it was no longer rivalry, no longer dynamic. It was many firms, homogeneous products, homogeneous prices, costless entry and exit and perfect information. And that was the new definition of competition. And of course, that's total, that's Nirvana. Even the simplest thing, look at the many firms assumption that was made. What if you had an industry with, say, 50 competing firms and 10 of them are producing lower quality and higher price products than the rest. And as a result, the consumers wisely choose not to purchase those products. Well, then you go from 50 to 40. So you have fewer firms and that's supposed to be a bad thing. But of course, if you look at the real world of competition, that's a good thing. It's a good thing that consumers are in charge and they chose not to buy the high priced crap from these 10 businesses. But the new model of competition said we should be suspicious of this. That there is industrial concentration is occurring. And so it may lead to monopoly. The perfect information assumption. What is that? Well, ignoring elementary economics. There's no such thing as perfect information. Another way of saying that is we don't believe that scarcity exists. If information is costless to acquire, well, then there's no scarcity. There's no study of economics. What are you studying? There's no scarcity out there. And so they ignore that. Ignoring elementary economics. Ignoring reality and history. I'm going to talk about some of these studies where economists just assert a market failure story without ever getting up out of their swivel chair in their academic office and looking outside to see if reality has anything at all to do with their story. And I'm going to quote Nobel Prize winners as saying these things. Not just Professor Smith from Podunk University. The fifth thing, no role for entrepreneurs. Yeah, markets are imperfect because human beings are imperfect. And if we have problems, well, another way of looking at economic problems is from an entrepreneurial perspective, is, well, is there money, is there money to be made in solving this problem? And there often is in the literature on market failure. And so a lot of this literature ignores the fact that entrepreneurs, you know, if there's money to be made in solving a problem, they're going to go after it. They're going to solve that problem. It reminds me of when I lived in Tennessee many years ago, I befriended an elderly gentleman who was a retired, he owned a construction company. And he would, we would get together for lunch about once a month because he wanted to talk economics and he had a degree in agricultural economics from like 1920 or years, ancient history. This is the late 1980s I'm talking about. And so he said that, you know, as sure as if there's a crack in my driveway, it is a certainty that grass will grow out of there. You won't see any dirt or anything. There's a little crack in my driveway like this, grass is going to grow out of there. He said, as sure as that's going to happen, if there's a dollar to be made, some entrepreneur is going to make that dollar somehow, some way. And but the economics literature largely ignores all this, all these things. And if you get into this literature that's on the list that I handed out, these are themes that I see running through all of this literature of why markets are said to fail. So what is this literature? Well, the Nirvana fallacy, the first example of the Nirvana fallacy, the article that Demsets wrote, it's the first one, and Harold Demsets was a UCLA economics professor for many years. And if you ever get into the literature of Harold Demsets, it's very Austrian sounding. He never called himself an Austrian. But even when I was in graduate school and first got exposed to this, then when I was reading the works of Harold Demsets from my stone tablets back in those days, we had to carry very big knapsacks in those days with students, stone tablets. It was very Austrian. It sounded a lot like Israel Kersener and Mises were talking about entrepreneurship. But he was a Chicago school guy, though, and he never admitted that. But he talks about this. He was in a debate with Kenneth Arrow, the Nobel Prize-winning economist, Kenneth Arrow, over the effects of innovation, technological innovation. And Arrow basically, he wrote these articles that had hundreds of equations in them, but came to the conclusion that markets fail when it comes to innovation in a number of ways. And one way in which the markets fail is that innovation creates monopoly. And of course, the standard mainstream story of monopoly is that it restricts output and causes deadweight losses and various other evils. And what Demsets basically said is, well, here's what Kenneth Arrow is saying. Here's the textbook monopoly diagram with a constant cost industry. Kenneth Arrow is saying, if somebody invents a new product or service that no one else has, you went from zero. Here's a quantity zero here where my finger, you know, the pen is. And, but here's the monopoly, and you create your monopoly, at least temporarily. So this is the amount of output, QM, okay.  And it's an ordinary man on the street. It doesn't sound crazy, but this is Nobel Prize winner Kenneth Arrow. But Demsets merely pointed out that, well, what he's saying here is that, if say a hundred people magically had the same idea instantaneously at the same time, then you would get the Nirvana output. This would be the competitive level of output right here because the marginal cost curve would be the supply curve. And here's a demand curve. So that would be QC here would be the level of output. And that would be the Nirvana level of output. If everybody had the same light bulb went off in a hundred mines at the same time, and they all invented the same product, perfect competition would prevail. And so Demsets basically says the real comparison should be yesterday we had none of this, zero. Today we have some output has expanded. Therefore consumer welfare has expanded and profits have expanded. Somebody's made some money. It's all good. The market has succeeded. But what Arrow is doing is comparing the real world QM to the unachievable utopian ideal of QC. And that's the Nirvana fallacy. And so in the Demsets article is much longer than what I just said. It says a lot more than just this. But that's basically the debate that he was getting into with Kenneth Arrow over innovation. And at one point in my career I reviewed a book for the Southern Economic Journal. It was on innovation, the economics of technological innovation. And in one chapter had 69 equations in it. And the concluding sentence of the chapter was that after going through this whole big long model with 69 equations, the author concluded that the more profitable is an investment, the more likely it is that entrepreneurs will put money into it. I'm not making this up. It's the kind of literature you sometimes run into in the economics profession. It's like I went to school for this. I learned this. I would be embarrassed as a fraud if I stood up in front of students and pretended that this was some big revelation. So let me get into some of the literature. Ronald Coase wrote some interesting articles about this. And Coase was another economist that a lot of what things he wrote, they're not necessarily the Coase Theorem. Walter Block and Joe Slarenow and others have criticized Coase Theorem. But other things Coase has written in the field of industrial organization would be pretty consistent with the Austrian method of analysis. And one thing he wrote this famous article called The Lighthouse in Economics. Because at the time, you know, if you took an economics course, Principles of Economics in the 1950s and 60s and 70s, when you get to the chapter on public goods and the free rider problem, an example that was given in almost all the books, especially Paul Samuelson's book, which was by far the biggest seller, was Lighthouses, Public Good. You know, once the light is out there, it's impossible to exclude anybody from it. And it's also said to be difficult if not impossible to force anybody to pay for it because the light is already out there. And therefore there'd be free riders in a free rider problem and you'll never be able to raise enough money privately to have Lighthouses. And for example, here's what Samuelson himself said. Here is a later example of government services Lighthouses. These save lives and cargos, but Lighthouse keepers cannot reach out to collect fees from skippers, boat captains. So we have here a divergence between private advantage and money cost and true social advantage and cost. Let's see. As measured by lives and cargos saved in comparison with one, total cost of the Lighthouse and two extra costs that result from letting one more ship look at the warning light. Philosophers and statesmen have always recognized the necessary role of government in such cases of external economy divergence between private and social advantage. That's a mouthful. And so Samuelson has taught generations of students. Samuelson's book was first published in 1948 and it was by far the best selling principles of economics book for 40 years. And most of the other books in the market during this time were clones of Samuelson. I remember once there was a very bad book by a guy named Campbell that was just as bad as Samuelson's book. But it was the second biggest seller for all those years. So that's what he says. So what did Coase do? Coase did something that Paul Samuelson, the MIT mathematician, did not do. He got off his butt and went to the library and studied the Lighthouse industry, the history of the Lighthouse business up there. And basically what he found is that in England, which is where Coase was British, that for generations private merchants had privately funded Lighthouses because it was in their interest to do so. They didn't want to lose their cargo on the rocks. They didn't want to have a shipment from America arrive in England and crash in a storm. That's the origins of the insurance industry, by the way, that sort of thing. But also, you know, that's the Lighthouses are a form of insurance against that sort of calamity of your shipwrecking after crossing the Atlantic Ocean. And so he found that they were privately financed until the British government stepped in and took over and monopolize the Lighthouses. But Samuelson obviously knew nothing about that. And here's what something that Coase said about this. He says, the question remains, how is it that these great men, he's referring to Samuelson and Coase, and a few others that he quotes, have in their economic writings been led to make statements about Lighthouses, which are as misleading as to the facts, whose meaning, if thought about in a concrete fashion, is quite unclear and which to the extent that they imply a policy conclusion are very likely wrong. And he basically says, what I just said, they never left their faculty offices, they never did the hard work of actually studying Lighthouses. And they didn't. So Coase, in that article that was published in the Journal of Law and Economics, debunked the Lighthouse theory. And another well-known theory, I think Bob Murphy mentioned this briefly in his talk this morning, is roads, private roads, and there's said to be a free rider problem there. In my book Hamilton's Curse, I talked about Alexander Hamilton himself, America's first Treasury Secretary, articulated a version of the free rider problem to make the case for government subsidies for road building and canal building. And so this is a very long argument. But what Bob this morning referred to this in his talk on the Stateless Society, but I don't think he didn't mention the article that he was referring to. I recognize the language that he was saying is the one that's on my list that I handed out by Daniel Klein in Economic Inquiry. And Klein did the same kind of thing that Ronald Coase did. And that he looked at these theories, yeah, what's plausible? There's a free rider problem and people will not invest sufficiently to build roads because you can make a case that roads are a public good. And so he studied the early road building in early America from the year 1800 and the next several decades. And here's what Daniel Klein found. He said the the private road building movement built new roads at rates previously unheard of in America. Over 11 million dollars was invested in turnpikes. They were called turnpikes in New York. 6.5 million in New England. There were four and a half million dollars in Pennsylvania between 1794 and 1840. 238 private New England turnpike companies were built and operated about 3,750 miles of road. New York led all their states in turnpike mileage with over 4,000. He talks about New Jersey, Ohio and other places. So there was there was a lot of privately funded road building that went on. Then he goes on to explain how this happened and that the rate of return to investment in these turnpike companies was only about three or four percent. Whereas you could have made 10 percent elsewhere back in that at that time Daniel Klein says. So why did they invest? Why do these people invest? Well the merchants in these towns understood that if they they had a road that connected their town to other towns there would be more business. And so you know they were entrepreneurial about it.  Like the old man that I talked to, my old friend in Tennessee, if there's a dollar to be made some entrepreneur is going to find a way to make it. And so this doesn't take much of an act of genius to realize if we have more people shopping then we might make more sales. And so they invested. And there was also a lot of social ostracism.  They wouldn't socialize with you and so forth. So they used social ostracism to get their neighbors and other people in their communities to invest in the turnpike companies and it worked. Daniel Klein quotes Alexis de Tocqueville as famous book Democracy in America in talking about how one of the unique things he noticed about Americans was all these voluntary associations they had, including voluntary associations that were set up to motivate people to build roads. And so the free rider problem is often overcome by efforts like this, but you have to think dynamic. You have to think of competition being a dynamic and not a static thing. You have to think of entrepreneurship, playing a role here, and that's what happens. And so that's the private road story. Another classic article in this literature is by Stephen Chung. Stephen Chung was an economics professor at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington. And he wrote an article that's on my list here called The Fable of the Bees. Has anybody here ever heard of this, The Fable of the Bees? Nobody, maybe one person. Maybe you've heard of The Fable of the Bees, but not Stephen Chung, I don't know. Well, anyway, the same sort of thing was going on in that there was, in some of the textbooks, when you get to the section on externalities, a story that was told is that, well, here's a case of an externality problem that requires government intervention. What if you had beekeepers and apple orchards in the same vicinity? Well, if the bees pollinate the apple orchards, they create a positive externality for the beekeepers and the apple orchard owner because they pollinate the trees and the trees create more apples. And at the same time, the apple trees provide nourishment for the bees so the beekeeper will get more honey. However, there doesn't seem to be any mechanism that would cause the beekeepers to want to locate their hives next to apple orchards. And so the apple orchard owners and the beekeepers just forego this big profit opportunity. Therefore, we should subsidize beekeeping and maybe centrally plan the whole beekeeping apple orchard business. And here's another Nobel laureate, James Meade, that Stephen Chung quoted. He says this, suppose that in a given region there's a certain amount of apple growing and a certain amount of beekeeping and that the bees feed on the apple blossoms. If the apple farmers applied 10% more labor, land and capital to apple farming, they will increase the output of apples by 10%. But they will also provide more food for the bees. On the other hand, the beekeepers will not increase the output of honey by 10% by increasing the amount of land, labor and capital to beekeeping by 10%. Unless at the same time the apple farmers also increase their output and so the food and so therefore the food of the bees by 10%. We call this a case of unpaid factor, an unpaid factor because the situation is due simply and solely to the fact that the apple farmer cannot charge the beekeeper for the bees food. So the bees are free riding, you know, they can't charge the beekeeper for the bees food, namely the apple blossoms. And so James Mead went on to say, you know, once again we need regulation, we need the government to step in here and micromanage the beekeepers. Well Stephen Chung did the unheard of once again. He got up off his butt and started researching the apple industry. He was in Washington State after all. If you went to the nearest grocery store in Auburn right now and bought apples, you saw a whole bunch of them from Washington State. And lo and behold, what he found is that for many generations, the beekeepers and the apple orchard owners had this all figured out that they had written contracts between the apple orchard owners and the beekeepers. There was so minute in detail that they would even say things like the apple orchard owner is to notify the beekeepers two weeks in advance when they're going to spray pesticides on the apples. So they would harm the bees and the monetary compensation was all written out and so forth. And so once again, the assumption that people like J.E. Mead made is basically, there's no such thing as entrepreneurship. And that business people, they might condemn greedy profit seeking capitalists while at the same time arguing that these greedy profit seeking capitalists just walk around with their heads in the clouds. And it's as though there's $10,000 in cash sitting in front of me and I just walk right past it. I don't pay any attention to it at all. And so it didn't take Stephen Chung much to discover that this is false. And I'll read you one quick quote from him about these contracts. Here's what he found. Contracts between beekeepers and farmers may be oral or written. I have in hand two types of written contracts. One is formally printed by an association of beekeepers. So the trade association actually had model contracts for the beekeepers to you. You'd have to make up your own contract. Another is designed for specific beekeepers with a few printed headings and space for stipulations to be filled in by hand. Aside from situations where a third party demands documented proof of the contract, written contracts are used primarily for the initial arrangement between the parties. Otherwise, oral arrangements are made. And so they're very detailed. And so once again, the problem, there was money to be made. Yeah, there's an external positive externality issue here in the language of economics. But these entrepreneurs figured this out a long time ago. And it's James Mead who had his head in the clouds, not the beekeepers and the apple orchard owners. The next example, market failure mythology, rhymes with fable of the bees. It's called fable of the keys. And you all recognize this. Don't you know what is that? It's the keyboard on the computer or a typewriter. I actually wrote my doctoral dissertation on a typewriter. They had just gotten rid of the stone tablets and typewriters came in. I don't think anybody here except for Dr. Prince knows what a typewriter is besides me. But anyway, there's an economist named Paul David. He used to be at the University of Tennessee. I kind of lost track of him. I don't know if he's retired now or if he's still around at Tennessee. But then he published a couple of articles in which he argued that markets sometimes fail by locking in inferior technology. And exhibit A in this one article of his is very widely cited was the QWERTY keyboard. Because there's a different type of keyboard. It goes by this name, Dvorak. It's a Czech name. I gave a talk at the Prague School of Economics several years ago about this. And I mentioned that and the students all laughed. I wrote Dvorak there because it's a Czech. I don't know why they have so funny. He was an American but he's from Czech, former Czechoslovakia. He was an immigrant and I never got why I thought it was funny to them. But anyway, Paul David made the argument in this article that the Dvorak keyboard was superior to the QWERTY keyboard.  And that pretty much locked in the QWERTY keyboard because that's what everybody had. And he cited these studies from the U.S. Navy that supposedly proved the superiority of the Dvorak keyboard over the QWERTY keyboard. And so he used that as his exhibit for market failure, exhibit A for market failure. And then along comes some other economists. Steve Margolis is one of them. And say, let me see the right page number here. Stan Liebowitz and Steve Margolis came along and they were skeptical of this. Just like Ronald Coase was skeptical of the lighthouse story. And Stephen Chung was skeptical of the apple orchard and the bee's story. And they looked into it. And here's what they found. Let's see. Anyway, they dug up these Navy, U.S. Navy studies done during World War II that were being cited as proof of market failure. And they say all of these studies suspiciously seemed to be in favor of the Dvorak design, all of them, every one of them. And then they say this. There's a man named Earl Strong, a professor at Pennsylvania State University and one-time chairman of the Office Machine Section of the American Standards Association reports that the 1944 Navy experiment and some Treasury Department experiments performed in 1946 were conducted by a Dr. Dvorak who owned the patent on the Dvorak keyboard. And so Dvorak was a naval officer who had a patent on his keyboard and he did the studies. That's kind of like Ford Motor Company claiming to have done studies comparing Fords to General Motor Cars and concluding that Fords are superior to General Motor Cars. Who would believe that? Paul David would, I assume. But people who are locked in inferior automobiles. And so this doesn't prove that the Dvorak keyboard was not superior, but it should raise some suspicions over this. And so anyway, they did the Margolis and Liebowitz commission their own studies of this and they basically concluded that the two keyboards are not that different. But for whatever reason, the consumers just liked the QWERTY better. It must have been marginally better, marginally more convenient for typing. And so that prevailed. And there wasn't that much of a difference even if you thought the Dvorak keyboard was superior. There apparently wasn't that much of a difference that very many people were willing to relearn how to type on the different keyboard in order to make it more viable. And so that story also went by the wayside. Another story similar to this one was, again, on maybe only a few people in this room remember what a VCR is, video recorders in the early days of home movies. But there were two different types, a beta and VHS of these machines. And a lot of people started saying, well, the beta is superior technology, beta is superior. Consumers disagreed and eventually the beta version of the machine just disappeared. Nobody would buy it. But all the experts were saying that's the superior technology. And you had economists saying the same thing that the market failure is locking in an inferior technology. But the consumers, you know, by the millions, I remember back in these days going into when we back when we used to rent movies from Blockbuster. And they used to divide the movie into the VHS section over here and the beta section over here. And I remember going into one of these shops and the VHS section had like it looked like the library here. So all these movies. And then the beta section was like this. It was like free movies. That was about it. It was just going out of business. And so that was yet another myth about market failure that is out there. And it falls into one or more of these categories. It always seemed to be the explanation for why these economists come up with these myths. Another myth that I've written about. I wrote an article that was published in the quarterly journal of Austrian economics some years ago called The Myth of Natural Monopoly. It's on the reading list there. It's online. You can read it. And I was always a little suspicious of this story about natural monopoly. You know, I was an economic student as an undergraduate like a lot of you are and went to graduate school. You know, became a professor. And I heard this story forever. The basic story is that in the late 19th early 20th century and industries with heavy fixed costs like telephone, electricity, water supply, natural gas. You had a situation where one large company was achieving economies of scale and was was therefore able to underpriced everybody. And it became a natural monopoly. They were coming in natural. Those are the phrase natural meaning free market basically a monopoly. And so that's the basic story. And the second part of the basic story is that therefore government came to the rescue. And what the government did was to create legal monopolies because they said, well, we want the economies of scale. It's a good thing. But we don't want monopoly prices. So we will come in and create monopolies. And then we what we will do is we'll regulate the price so that they'll make a profit but not a monopoly profit. And so that's what that's what rate regulation is supposedly about. Electric power rate regulation, natural gas and so forth. But Harold Dempzitz again did the unthinkable, at least the unthinkable. If you're from MIT or Harvard, one of these places, the market failure capital of North America. The Ivy League schools where a lot of this comes from. He did the unthinkable and once again, got off his butt, left his swivel chair at his UCLA office and went to the library. This was before all human knowledge was on the internet. And you actually had to go to a library to dig this stuff up. And here's what he found about this era of history. Late 19th, early 20th century was what was going on. Six electric light companies were organized in one year of 1887 in New York City. 45 electric light companies had the legal right to operate in Chicago in 1907. Prior to 1895 Duluth, Minnesota was served by five electric lighting companies. Scranton, Pennsylvania had four in 1906. During the latter part of the 19th century, competition was the usual situation in the gas industry in this country, meaning natural gas. Before 1884, six competing companies were operating in New York City. Competition was common and especially persistent in the telephone industry. Baltimore, Chicago, Cleveland, Columbus, Detroit, Kansas City, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and St. Louis had at least two telephone companies in 1905. So he demonstrated that this story never happened. And there was this one big monopoly created in the free market. There was vigorous competition. So how did we get monopolies in the public utilities in the United States?  And years ago, and I went to the Johns Hopkins Library, which is right down the street from where my office is at Loyola University. I sort of side-by-side there. Well, this was before everyone was online on the internet. When I started my career, I enjoyed digging through libraries to do my research because it gave me an edge because, as I keep saying to you, most economists, especially these Nobel Prize winners, are too lazy to do that. So I thought, I'll do what Ronald Coase and Stephen Chung and these guys, they could come up with some really good information, good scholarships. I'm going to do that.  I'm going to learn how markets actually work. And when I was in graduate school, by the way, I'll never forget, they had a weekly seminar series and they brought in a Princeton economist named Professor Ong NG. He was a big shot mathematical micro-economist and Professor Ong gave a presentation on the hamburger market, a model of the hamburger market. And so we all sat there and he filled up with no computerized math back then. He filled up the whole blackboard with equations and he taught. And one of my professors, Gordon Tullock, at the end, he said, Professor Ong, this doesn't seem to be anything at all like the real hamburger market. And Professor Ong said, I'm not interested in the real hamburger market. I'm interested in my model. And I think Paul Samuelson would have had the same attitude. J.E. Mead would have said the same kind of thing. And Paul David, that's another thing. Maybe I should write that as item number six. I did put ignoring reality on my list here of things to look. So anyway, how did we get the monopolies and telephone, natural gas, electricity? And so forth. Well, here's how one of the things I found out is when I was digging through the Johns Hopkins library, Richard T. Ealy was taught at Johns Hopkins for a while. And at the time, early 20th century, late 90th century, he had written all these articles on electric utilities because it was a big issue of the day. So I found all these collections of articles by Richard T. Ealy among other people and started reading them. And here's how it happened in Baltimore because I found this in the Johns Hopkins library. It's about the history of the gaslight company of Baltimore. From its founding in 1816, its struggle with new competitors and its response was to compete in the marketplace. And so there was vigorous competition in the gaslight industry. And so here's what an economist that Ealy cited, his name is George T. Brown. I dug up George T. Brown, and Richard T. Ealy cited him. And lo and behold, he wrote a whole book about this. And he cites an 1851 editorial in the Baltimore Sun declaring that competition is the life of business, they said. And by 1880, there were three competing gas and light companies in Baltimore. And so but when Monopoly did appear, here's how it happened. In 1890, a bill was introduced into the Maryland legislature that called for an annual payment to the city from the consolidated gas company of $10,000 a year. And 3% of all dividends declared in return for the privilege of enjoying a 25-year monopoly. So in other words, the city came along and said, well, you're struggling with all this competition, we know. And so here's what we're proposing. We will give you a 25-year monopoly if you share the monopoly loot with us, the politicians. So it became a taxing scheme, basically, a way to tax the consumers of the gaslight, eventually electricity, and so forth. That's how the Monotron Monopoly came into being. The story that there were monopolies being created in the free market and enlightened politicians came to the rescue with public interest regulation is a bunch of fooey. It never happened that way. And so once Baltimore showed the way, cities all over the place started saying, oh, yeah, that's a good way to extract more tax revenue. Not only that, that when you get your higher gas bill, the people won't even know it's because of the tax. You don't think it's the greedy capitalists who run the gas company that are gouging them. That's better yet. And so once this happened, I ran across another article by a man called Horace Gray, and he wrote about how once this happened everybody wanted in on the deal. He said, you know, where's this list of businesses? You know, the dairy industry said, we're a natural monopoly. You know, everybody wanted to be declared a natural monopoly to be given a regulated monopoly. In fact, the entire New Deal of Franklin Roosevelt, the first two years of the New Deal, was this. It was the creation of monopolies through the National Recovery Act and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. And so that's how those monopolies were all created. And that, of course, did nothing but make the Great Depression worse because they were restricting agricultural production and restricting manufacturing. And so that's another myth that I would argue, the whole natural monopoly story. And see, I have two minutes left. Which one should I, I guess I'll end with the socialist pollution story. I have a few others I was going to talk about antitrust, predatory pricing and asymmetric information. Maybe I'll say about asymmetric information. Maybe I'll say something about that instead. There's an article, I didn't put it on the list. There's an article by, they talked about the lemons problem in economics. And the author was Bruce Akerlof, who's the husband of Janet Yellen, another Nobel Prize winning economist. And the lemons problem is published in the American Economic Review in 1970 was about the used car market and asymmetric information. Car salesmen have a lot more information than the buyers do of used cars. And so they're much able to, as a result, to sell us lemons or cars with problems because they have different information. It's asymmetric, it's not symmetrical information. And so therefore, he predicted that the used car market would probably disappear altogether because of this, because people couldn't trust the car salesman. Although at the time he wrote this in 1970s, that problem had already been solved by product warranties. You know, if you buy a used car now, you can't think of anywhere in the United States now other than private, if you buy it from a private individual. But any company that sells used cars offers at least a seven day warranty or most of the 30 day warranty where you can take the car home, have it checked out by your mechanic, and if you see some kind of problem, you bring it back. CarMax is famous for doing that. And that existed at the time. But all I'll say about this is that this whole area, you know, for which Joe Stiglitz won the Nobel Prize again, is that it's all asked backwards to use the scientific term in my opinion, because asymmetric information is another way of saying the division of labor and knowledge in society. It's another way of saying we all have different, we all specialize in something. You know, who knows more about how to manufacture a car, automotive engineers or the car buyers? Who knows more about how to grow food and raise livestock? Farmers and ranchers or people who go to the grocery store and buy steak and vegetables? And who knows more about manufacturing clothing? Clothing manufacturers or you when you go to the mall? We all have asymmetric information is another way of saying the division of labor. And that's what makes markets work. That's how markets work. And in fact, you know, Mises and Rothbard say it's the thing that keeps civilization going is the international division of labor. But somehow these MIT Harvard slash Harvard economists have managed to say that asymmetric information, they call it something else, they call it asymmetric information, is an example of market failure in our market success. Imagine what the economic world would be if we all knew the exact same thing. Why would anybody trade with anybody else if we all had the exact same knowledge and ability to produce things? There'd be no markets in a situation like that. And so I had another article of mine was on I call it the canard of asymmetric information as a source of market failures in the quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics. I think I put it on that list somewhere. I think my time is about up. The fun is over. And if you want to ask one or two questions, I'll take one or two questions. If not, it's kind of late.  So it's probably nap time for a lot of you. And that's all we'll do that.