get started. So yeah, let's jump right back out, semantics, and we're talking about memory allocation, because we want to know what kind of errors can occur in memory allocation. So we talked about, just to briefly go over Monday, what types of, so what's global memory allocation? What does that mean? Sorry. Allocation that's done once, and not deallocated. Right, so allocation is done once, so memory is allocated right when the program runs, and then it's never released. So what's an example of this? Global variables, right? Yeah, classic example. All right. What about stack allocation? What's stack allocation? Yeah, memory that's allocated on the stack, it is directly in the name. But how does that differ from global allocation? Memory. What was that? It deallocates at the end of its usage. Yeah, so it's memory that's automatically created when that memory is in scope, right? So if you think local function variables and function calls, and then once that memory is out of scope, right, that memory is then automatically deallocated. So the awesome thing is you, the programmer, don't have to do anything to free this memory. What about the heap? A heap of allocation? Yeah, so heap is where we come in, right? So global allocation, the compiler controls, stack allocation, also the compiler controls, right? The heap allocation is us as programmers explicitly saying, hey, give me some memory operating system, I need some new memory. And as we all know from watching Spider-Man, right? With great power, it becomes great responsibility, right? So you, they're giving you the power to allocate the memory and you have to make sure you manually deallocate that memory. All right, so let's look at an example. So here we have, I would say, a normal complicated program. This is on the level of something that I would expect you to be able to understand on an exam. So this x here at the top, so what kind of memory allocation is that? Global. Yeah. All right. And so what about in here? So when we're executing the function main, this x, which x is this referred to? Global, right? I guess the answer could say it depends if we're talking about dynamic scoping or static scoping. But we'll say that this is a C program, so what, so C uses static scoping rules. So we know that that x statically refers to this declaration of an int x. And then when we get into here, so what type of allocation is going to happen here for this variable x? Stack, right? The program is going to create, so here's a little trick question. What's the size of that variable x? Is it going to be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 bytes for the string text thing? I did include it, I think, right? Oh yeah. Test is 4, hang is 3, plus 1 for the null byte. So is it going to reserve 8 bytes on the stack for this variable? What was that? Say it again? It's on the stack. What's the size? How big of memory is it going to... Wait. Just 1 byte? We have wide range of answers. 1 byte, 8 bytes. So how big is a character? 1 byte.  So what's the type of this variable x? It's an address, right? It's a character pointer. So what's inside? So if you draw the circle box diagram here, what's the value that's inside this variable x? An address. And how big is an address? 4 bytes. So you know that this string is only going to be 4 bytes on the stack, right? And the address that's in that string is going to be 8 contiguous bytes that contain testing followed by a 0. Where does the testing go? What type of memory allocation is that? I said it's like global, but I'm not sure if it is. Yeah. So actually the compiler can kind of do it however it wants, but this is actually global memory. And I think we did this last the week before spring break. We actually saw that this is actually in read-only memory, so we can't actually write... If we tried to alter this string x, we won't be able to change those parameters because that memory region is not writable. But that really doesn't matter. What matters is that the compiler sees, oh, there's this constant string. I need to globally allocate some space for that. And I'm going to put the address here where that is in x. Just like the compiler knows exactly where x, that inch x is located, it does the same thing for that memory address of that constant string. So then we get here, we're going to print out this x. So that x is in the heap. This x. Or is that... The character pointer x? It's calling from global. So this variable x, which is a character pointer, so what type of memory allocation is this? You said global. Well, it's in the heap because it's in the scope. Is it both? So the heap is only if we explicitly allocate it. So do we explicitly allocate anything here? No. So that's only if we call malloc in a C program. Or nu. Or nu in a C++ program. So then what type of memory allocation is just this variable x? That was stack. Stack. Right. x is located on the stack. The value that x points to is located in global memory. So any kind of constant string that's sitting around that always gets allocated in the global memory? Yeah. Exactly. Yeah, which is how you can get into it. Well, you can get into weird problems because it may, if you reuse that constant string testing somewhere else, it may put that in one place and put that same memory location there. Is that when we string the replicers or other kinds of data? That wouldn't happen with the 1337 and 10. The 1337? Yeah, these are, I mean it could happen if it needed to, but those are immediate values it can just put right in. Yeah, because it's not in a dress. It's not a character pointer. If you wanted to get a pointer to the value 1337, you'd have to do something else. Right. All right. So then what happens when we leave this scope? What happens to our lovely x? Yeah, it gets automatically deallocated. So x no longer exists after that point. Okay, so then we go into the function bafu and we see this character c. So what type of allocation is this? Global stack.  Stack. Yeah. And so what's the size of this c? One byte. Yeah, exactly. One byte. Right? So that's the big thing is pointers are always the size of the address, address space on your system. So on 32 bit systems are going to be 4 bytes, 64 bit systems going to be 8 bytes. So that c would be looking in a similar fashion to the constant numbers? Exactly. Yeah, when you look at the assembly, it's going to create space on the stack and then it's going to just say move that whatever that c, yeah the ASCII value of c is move that into that location. All right, and then when we get past here, what happens to c? It's deallocated. It goes away. No more problems. Awesome. So what about here? So now we have a new x. So what's the size of this x? 32 bits, 4 bytes, right? This x. And so what type of allocation is happening here? Trick question. There's two types of allocations. Deallocated. Say it again? Say what? The int star x is stacked but the other side of it is even. Exactly. So the int star x, this x is located on the stack, stack allocated. And so there's going to be a box and the circle in that box is going to be the value of the return of calling malloc to get a new int. So there'll be a new box. Malloc creates a new box of whatever size we pass in and the address of whatever that new box in is going to be in the value of int star x. So there's two allocations here. So we have the heap allocation with the malloc and the regular stack allocation with variable x. Cool. All right. It's being greedy over there. Who? It's being greedy. It's taking up a lot more. Who's being greedy? That line of code isn't it? It's taking up a lot more than everything. That depends on how you use it, right? All right. So what happens when we get here? Deallocated. Yeah. So remember, so the int star x is on the stack so it automatically gets deallocated when we leave the scope. But the malloc, right, that memory remains. We never called three on that. So this memory is always going to be there and so we'll look at kind of what errs. So you've probably, well, I don't know, unless you're a perfect programmer, which I guess I can safely say, I'm not. I'll say that. I can safely say I'm not. I won't cast this version on any of your abilities. So when we do this, right, when we've allocated some new memory and then we leave like this, what happens to that memory that x was pointing to? Yeah, it just sits there. Comes garbage data. Yeah, so we now have garbage memory, right? So there's two main types of memory errs that we want to learn about. It's not garbage. You're just not using it. It's garbage. We'll talk about it in a second. Oh, because you're out of the scope. Because you're out of the scope. Not exactly. We'll see that in a second. Exactly, yes. We have no way to refer to that memory. Exactly. Alright, so let's do some box circle diagrams. I think we're... It's like when you delete something on your hard drive, but then you can't hold it right. Similar, yes. Alright, let's look at an example of one thing. So let's say I have a function, very functions, and inside this function foo, I can do it very similar, right, to what I had before. So int star x, let's do this, int x is equal to 100. I'll turn the address to x. Later I have somewhere else I have int star y is equal to foo. Is that a star? This is a star. That's a star. And what's the other thing? The ampersand signs. Yeah, this isn't quite... We know what it means. That's the important part. Okay, so let's just look at the function foo in isolation. So what is it doing? It's returning the address. It's returning the address of what? Does 100 have an address? What type of value is it at 100? It's an r value. Yeah, exactly. So let's look at this, right? We have x, right? Circle box diagrams, we have x. What's going to be after the first line executes? What's the value that's going to be in x? 100. And so what's the address of x? We call it alpha for now, right? So what does return address of x return? Alpha. Yeah, so is that valid? Can we do that? Yeah, we can do it, right? So it's going to return alpha. But then what happens here, once this program starts to stop, once this function completes and returns, what's going to happen to our memory here? We lost a link to that. Right, x is automatically delegated, which means this box goes away, right? Everything goes away. And so the address still exists, but it doesn't have a box associated with it, right? So now here when we say int star y is equal to foo, so I have now y. So what's the value that's going to be inside y? Alpha. What happens if I do, I don't know, what does star y do? D reference is y, but what box is that going to return? What do you don't know? Could it return 100? Yeah, right? So we don't, the memory associated with location alpha has been deallocated, right? So now there's, actually the compiler's kind of free to do whatever it wants at this point. It's undefined behavior. But it is very bad and can open up some of these security problems. And so we say that here y, so y here is a dangling reference, right? So it has a reference to some memory that no longer exists. So it has just access to that address. It has an address, so it has a reference to some address, but that address has no box associated with it, right? So any kind of memory can be in there. Any kind of data can be in there. Yes, exactly. There can be whatever in alpha. Swapping? That data that can be there. Actually anything. The point is we just don't know. We don't know what's in there. Because that location that was associated with alpha was deallocated here, right? And so it automatically went away. So let's consider a different scenario. That's heat, right? This? Where's this allocated? Stack. So let's say we have some function and we want to, we say int star x is equal to malloc, and I'm kind of going easy on this and not doing all the casting. We'll say for int star y is equal to, so we can say star x is equal to, somebody have a favorite number? One. Why do you want a favorite number? One favorite number, right? Favorite number regular. All right. So let me say int star y is equal to x, right? And what happens if later on we free, so self-check, could you, could you do a circle? There we go. It's like I thought I had more space. Okay, cool. So we have this main method. So, hey, self-check. Can you do the circle box diagram here? Yes, we're all awesome. Okay, let's take this first one. So how many variable names do we have? Two. Two, x and y, right? So we have x and x is going to be bound to some location, right? And so what's malloc going to do? Create some new box somewhere. Right, on the heap, exactly. And the value inside, there's nothing. So we'll give it the memory address, let's say alpha. So then what does this assignment statement do? We're saying x is now pointing at that box that we have just created. Correct. What does it do to my box circle diagram? Alpha. It assigns alpha to x. So it copies the address of malloc into the value of the location associated with x. So it's the location associated with x. We take alpha, we copy it into here. So after that, it's in here. So that effectively, x star will point to this, or star x will point to this box. Okay. So now when we do this line, when we say star x is equal to 20, what's going to happen? Alpha box now contains the value 20. Awesome. So then we say int star y is equal to x. Right, so this declaration means we're going to have a new location for y. So what's the value that's going to be in here? So we're saying y contains the value at y is the address of x. The address of x? Because it's a pointer. Is it taking the address of x and putting alpha in there? So what does the assignment say? So what do we do with the right-hand side? Whatever x is holding on to, which is alpha and assign it to y. So take the value in the location associated with x, copy it into the value of the location associated with y. So the value in the location associated with x with alpha, we put it into y. So what happens when we free x? What happens? We lose. No, we don't. Do we lose the pointer? Do we get rid of x? No. You know, we de-allocate the associated. Say it again. The memory associated with the address of x. It's dangerous. Yeah, so free x, right? But we've used x, right? We allocated some memory on the heap, and now we have to free that memory, right? That's our burden as programmers, yeah. Okay, if after the star x equals 20, we had y equals x, what would that do? Which one here? Wait, don't we have that? Instar y equals x? If it was just y equals x, not instar y. Oh, if it was declared up here? We just need to have a declaration, right? If it was just int y equals x. Ah, I see. That would be a type error. It would be a type error, but let's say we casted it or whatever. What's the difference here? It's certainly the other way. Is there any difference? So what does this assignment say then say? Distort the value of x. It wouldn't be able to be an extension of x. Take whatever is in action. Take the value in the location. Take the value in the location associated with x. What's the value in the location associated with x? Alpha. Copy it into the value of the location associated with y. Okay, so it's just here. So all pointers are, it will type abstraction. Because y is not a pointer. It would, you need to cast it. But you could do it. You could tell C that you want to do it because you're super smart. If you wanted to dereference it. Yeah, you'd have to cast y to an instar to be able to dereference it. But all that casting is, the computer only sees locations and data. So your cast just tells the compiler, hey, trust me, I know what I'm doing. I know I told you this was an int, but really it's an instar now. And then later on, oh, I know it's an instar, but really trust me, it's just an int. So it'll do it. Whether it works or not is on you. Yes. Yeah, but on the hood it's the same. So that's what this is exactly what it's going to look like. So then what are these? So you know the semantics of malloc, right? Malloc create a new box, give it a new address. So free, the semantics of free are exactly the opposite. So what is free going to do? Destroy the box. Destroy the box, which box? X's box? No. Which box? Alpha. Alpha. Yeah, so this is going to completely destroy this box. Then we lose the 20. Does it do anything to X? Not so you need the scope. That's where it's dangerous. No, exactly. It does not do anything with X. And now, so if I said star Y is equal to 100. So now is a question. Does it zero out X? I'm not sure. I don't think so. So let's look at this. So is Y a dangling reference? Yeah. Star Y equals to 100. It's assigning 100 in the address. So what was a dangling reference here? Why was Y here a dangling reference? Because it had an address that has no box associated with it. Yes, the same problem. Exactly, exactly the same problem. So here both, actually, well, we wouldn't call X a dangling reference because we've already freed it. So I believe it's probably going to zero this out or something. These would be more than that. Still semantic errors, though. Yeah. So when you free the memory, the address, you just can't use it. I mean, it's still like a number, right? Exactly. It is a number, but the point is that semantically that number doesn't refer to anything meaningfully in your program. So you don't have to set it equal to the pointer equal to zero or null when you're actually freeing it. I thought it was like typical practice or something. Yeah. Let me look at why that is. This is why we have manuals. Because I can't remember if it, because you're passing it into this function, so it can't actually change the value in that pointer. So maybe that's why you zero it out. You do zero it out for safety because you don't want to reuse it. Oh, yeah. So it must not be good. Interesting. So it's good practice, too, when you get out of age and also set whatever the point. Yes. To null. Yeah. So actually, that's a good point. So let's do this. Let's say that now X is equal to null. Right? It's a weird null. Right? So in here, so after these two lines execute, what's the value that's going to be inside X? Null. Null. But why is it still a dangling reference? Because it has the memory address in it of a box that no longer exists. Right? And here's where you can get into trouble. If, let's say, but you are assigning the value to that dangling address. That's possible. Just like, OK. So now if we say int star a is equal to malloc 4. So in our diagram, what's going to happen here? So we have an int. So we have a. Right? A is stack allocated here. And then we have the malloc. So malloc is going to create some new memory location. Right? Let's say it's up here. So what's the address of this? Beta. Say beta? Cool. Then we copy beta into here. So then if I say, let's see, star a is equal to 11. Right? So star a equals 11. So we're going to look at beta. We're going to look at betas here. And we're going to put 11 in here. And so then I say star y is equal to 11. And then let's say I print out star a. So what's a going to print out here? So a is this going to crash? Well, yeah. Could it crash? Yeah. Really crash? Yeah. Should it crash? Should it crash? And then what's this going to output? What would we want it to output? 11. 11. Right? That's what we want it to output. But what if alpha and beta are the same value? Because the system like malloc is creating data right on the heap and freeing that data. So it's reusing addresses. So if alpha and beta are the same value, then what's the star y equals 100 going to do? Put 100 here. And then when we output star a, it's going to output 100. So this is actually what happens most of the time because malloc reuses addresses very frequently. So when you call free and then you call malloc, you're going to get a pointer to the same address. And this is why this is conceptually, semantically it's a huge problem because alpha has no location associated with it, right? Does new have the same name? Yes. Under the hood, new definitely calls malloc. It does other stuff. It has to create the virtual function table so it can call all the functions of your objects and all that stuff. So there's like more work that's involved. But I think at the very bottom it calls malloc. I don't think there's a big, I don't think there's any difference between the two. Okay. So in both cases, these are dangling references. And they're actually one of the more subtle problems because your code could work like this. Oftentimes it will not crash when you dereference y because y is why it once held a valid address. So it's highly likely that that address, at least the computer, is a valid address. It's not like you're trying to dereference 0 or null, which is usually never allocated to your program. So this is why this is such a tricky error. So this is a dangling reference. So this is when you have a reference to a memory address that was originally allocated but is now deallocated. So you have a pointer with a value inside that pointer of an address that does not have a corresponding location. So what is garbage? Is it what we throw in the oceans and the trash? Technically. And computing. So what do we talk about as garbage? Not deterministic. In what sense? We talk like you're saying later that if you have a memory address that you cannot have a reference to, and there's no way to access that memory so that becomes garbage in the sense that you can never use it. Right. So in order to free memory, so global allocation is done by the compiler. It's never deallocated so we never have to worry about it. It's not like we're going to have too much global memory. Either a program works at the beginning with that amount of global memory or it doesn't. And stack allocation, we don't really have control over in some sense. The compiler is automatically allocating that memory and deallocating it automatically for us so we don't have to think about it. We have to keep memory. We call malloc or we call new. We're telling the system, hey, I want some new memory and I want to control when that goes away. So as we saw in this last example, how do we free memory? It's kind of a freebie. Sort of a deallocate. How do we deallocate memory? With the free function. But what do we pass into the free function? A pointer. And then the address that we want to free. That's how the system knows how to free that memory location. Like specify what address you want to allocate that. Is that an option in C? Or do you never get the option to specify the memory address itself? You could pass it in. Pass in the address. You can hard code. You can put in an explicit address into a pointer and dereference it. But the problem is it's not going to be allocated your program. It's going to have other system calls to tell the operating system to allocate that segment to your program. I think you could do it. Actually you could probably do it with your ELF file. Because the ELF file specifies the memory segments. You specify that you want a certain segment at a certain location and it will take care of doing that. So I think yes, but I would never, ever do that. But the kernel has to do that sometimes. Because the kernel has to play games with... Because the kernel is always in usually high memory locations. So anyways, a whole big thing. But yeah, once you talk about kernels, so you have kernels running and you have virtual memory, it gets kind of crazy. Cool. All right. Okay, so garbage, right? So free needs an address, right? But what if we can never get to that address? So let's say I have a program and I'm going to... So I have a function. This will just be that other example, right? So I have some function. It doesn't need to be void function, right? It doesn't take anything in.  X and we're malloc-ing. Let's do something big.  Let me return. Right? So this is pretty much all of our program, right? When we get into function foo, where's int start x going to be allocated on stack? Yeah, so it's going to be an x. It's going to have some box. So what's malloc going to do? Yeah, create us some 100 megs of memory, right? So it's going to create that on the heap. So this would be like a really big circle. And let's say it has some memory address alpha, right? So the way we have to free this memory location is we have to pass into the free function and we have to pass into alpha. This is the only way the system knows, hey, this is the memory that we want to free. We can't free the bytes. The 100,000 are the main... Yeah, we can't just say free this because we're malloc-ing stuff all over the place, right? So it internally keeps track of what chunks are what and how big they are and all this stuff. So x, so after this... After this, what's going to happen here? This may take a while. So malloc is going to create this. It's going to have some address alpha and then alpha is going to be put into the value of the location associated with x. So now any place in function foo, how do we free this memory address? Yeah, we call free x, right? Because x has this new memory location. So once foo executes, what happens to x? Yeah, stack allocated, right? So as soon as it's outside of the scope, x is going to be deallocated. So then how do I free this? We can't. We have no references to this location alpha, right? Because alpha varies at runtime. It's going to be different every time. We can't harden code that. Can you write that to null? Write what to null? What's the address of alpha? Alpha is an address. And it has memory in it that we've allocated on a heap. In order to free that, we have to pass free alpha. We have to pass alpha to the free function. But there's no way we can get to that value alpha, right? We have no references to this value alpha. So this is why alpha at this point is considered garbage because we've allocated it and there's absolutely no way our program can ever free that memory after this point, right? If we had other things where we had, like, y which had beta in it and then z which had alpha in it and so z, the address of z was beta and y is, I don't know, I'm running out of letters. C. So y, right? The pointer of y is z. Or even if this isn't z, we don't actually care if that is or is not named. Let's say it's not named. So here, b may be also on the heap. It may be also heap allocated, or beta, sorry, maybe also heap allocated. But through y, we can take the name y, we can dereference it to get beta, the location associated with beta, and then that, if we take that dereference, that now gives us this location. So here, even though we don't have a named variable with the value alpha, we can still, through our pointer dereferences, get to that so we could possibly free it if we wanted to. Or in the previous circumstance, there's no possible way we could free the location of the alpha. So I would like for our language with garbage collection to do this. Yeah, so what language is garbage collection do is periodically, so they keep track of all the boxes, essentially, and then they will start with some root, so they'll start with the variable names, so they'll keep track of the variable names. They'll start with those boxes, they'll follow all of these pointers, and then every pointer that they can see that is being used and is not garbage, and that other set of memory that it allocated but it did not find, that's garbage and it can be freed, and it can be reused. There's all kinds of techniques to make this faster, but this is exactly what garbage collection is looking for. Because garbage collection knows, okay, I know I have all these boxes, then starting from the variables, find all the boxes that I can find, and then anything I can't find is garbage. Okay, so here, in the main function, we have a pointer, and so we have an int star dang or dangling is probably how I should have said that. So, we're calling the function foo, right, and so foo calls in here to x, so x is stack allocated here, like we saw, and so x is going to have the value 100, and then we're going to return whatever that address of that stack allocated variable x is, and if it returns, dang is still going to have a value, and so we can print out dang as a pointer, so we can print out the actual address, that value inside this variable, and then we can dereference it and print that out too. And the value inside of it, right? But what is dang pointing to at this point? What was that? The return value of foo. What is the return value of foo? The address of x, right? The dangling reference at this point, right? It's in the name, right? So, it's a dangling reference, right? So, because whatever x is, as soon as foo returns, x is deallocated, right? It essentially no longer exists to our program, but we still have a reference to some memory location that has no semantic meaning at this point. So, we'll see what happens when we print this out, and then we'll call bar. So, bar has an int y, 10,000, a variable z1, 0, and then it's going to print out y and z, right? So, these are going to refer to these values here. It should print out 10,000 space 0. Then it's going to return, and then we're going to print out dang again, right? So, in a normal way, what should it be printing out here? It's actually going to print it out before. Yeah, it should be the same, right? I mean, looking at this, looking at bar, you can see bar isn't changing any global variables or anything, right? And dang itself is not global, right? So, here we have two identical lines, and then we have a function in between that doesn't change any global state. So, it should output the exact same thing, right? Yeah.  Yes, because you call bar, right? Yes, I call bar. Technically, it should not, like you said, it should print out what it printed out before, but because you call bar, right? Now, it's looking at the memory that y and z help call right now. Okay, we'll look at that in a second. Yeah, yeah, yeah. But an important note, right, just so that it's clear, if this was like an x, right, calling bar shouldn't affect x unless we pass x into that function, right? That's right. Yeah, so looking at this, right, these two should print out the same thing, so we'll look at what it does and why it does that. Once it's got a dangling address, then you probably won't. I mean, yeah, you can probably use some, what is it, Bayesian reasoning, right, and say, well, I probably would be showing you an example if it was like that. Okay, so, what's going to happen when I compile this? Will this program compile? Are there going to be any errors? No. Let's see. So it's not going to be an error, but it is going to give me a warning. So the GCC compiler that we're all using on CentOS, so this is on CentOS, it's telling me that it's returning an address of a local variable, right? So why is that bad? Yeah, it automatically goes away, right? The scope, that address of X is only valid within that scope of that local variable. Yeah. So we'll bar the same memory allocations stacked out of our left foo head, and therefore tomorrow I'll have the same sort of variables that will be assigned to the foo. Let's find out. Does that way I have a thousand warnings on my code? Possibly. I mean, hopefully not this error, because otherwise really bad things will happen. Okay, so running this so it's going to first print out dang, so it's, I think it's on the 64-bit system, yes, which is why that address is so large, right? Is that right? Alright. So it's going to print out some address, right? The address of dang, and it's going to print out 100, right? Which is actually kind of what we expect, right? So after calling foo we see, oh great, we have a pointer to something, and then the value inside that pointer is 100. That's exactly what our code wants to do, right? We're pointing to some value there. And then it prints out 10,000 and zero. Oh, because bar, yeah. It's like that doesn't make any sense. 10,000 is not an address. Got it, yes. We'll get to you all. Alright, so the value inside dang does not change. It's still allocated inside it's, dang is still stack allocated inside bane scope, right? So the value inside there doesn't change. So this should not be surprising, right? That that memory address does not change. But, instead of what's at that memory address is now zero instead of 100. Super weird. So let's look at it again on, this is on my GCC, sorry, my Mac. So let's see. So it does give a warning as well with actually a nicer error message. Then when we run it, it says okay, the same thing, not the same address but an address in 100 it says 10,000 is zero and then it has the same thing with 10,000. So what's in that memory location is 10,000. What's 10,000? Why? So what we'll actually see So it's doing different stuff on different operating? Yes. So a, that's one thing, right? So we have a dangling reference. We have a reference to memory that's not allocated. That does not say what happens when you dereference that, right? That's why I undefined behavior. So by doing this it could be literally anything. But specifically what's happening is the stack is getting reused and so when foo executes right, it gets created when so main has an entry on the stack foo has an entry on the stack and then when foo returns that is automatically deallocated and then when bar is called the same stack that was once the memory locations of foo and that's why in this case I don't know a hundred percent if this zero comes from this zero of z. I should have changed it or if it's another zero some kind of padding. But this 10,000 is exactly from this variable y. So, yes so this is why, so you can see but the code didn't crash, right? It's easy to tell that there's a problem here but it doesn't, it just kind of works but it works in weird ways. Yeah, you don't, it's not set to define how it should work. Exactly, so, alright. So this is taking the references, we'll finish off all the semantics on Wednesday no, today's Wednesday, Friday.


Instead of looking at a single lipid, we can do the same studies for the entire membrane. The most obvious way to do that is with neutroscattering, and the reason for that is that the membrane itself is fluid, right? That I can't determine a crystal of it. If you do this with neutroscattering, you can use deuterium exchange to find out what are the different parts in a membrane and roughly where are they located in a cross-section. So if we do that, you would see that in the entire middle part of the membrane, maybe up to 30 angstrom or so, it's purely hydrophobic. There is not a single part in here that can form a hydrogen bond. Then we start having this carbonyl group. So the carbonyl groups are those oxygens connecting the central part to the chains. They're not particularly strongly charged. They certainly don't have a plus or minus charge, but they have a bit of partial charge. So suddenly we start to be able to form maybe a few hydrogen bonds or so. And then you have what it says in red and green here, so if you're color blind, I didn't choose the colors. The phosphate and culling groups, they are the actual negatively charged part, phosphate, and positively charged culling in this particular lipid. The zwitterionic component where charged things will love to interact, and eventually you get the water. But here too you see there is no water whatsoever in the core of the membrane. You might think that this is a plot that belonged better in the lipid properties lecture. You're probably partly true, but you need to keep this in mind when you ask yourself what amino acids will be stable where, what will they do to the protein, and what will that do to the membrane environment. So I guess it's time to start looking at that. This thickness we can determine quite accurately now, either with neutral scattering or you can frequently actually see membranes in electron microscopes. So this is a much higher magnification picture than the other one. In the previous part we saw kind of two layers with a, well, two completely separate membranes separate by a few nanometers. This is part of the horny layer of skin. So the small lines here, the stacks we see are actually multiple lamellar layers of lipid membranes that are starting to form skin. That's the chapter itself that I'd be happy to tell you about at some point. Most relevant for lipid protein interaction.


The National Broadcasting Company presents Joel McCrae in Tales of the Texas Rangers from Hollywood, another authentic re-enactment of a case transcribed from the files of the Texas Rangers Ranger Jase Pearson, Texas more than 260,000 square miles and 50 men who make up the most famous and oldest law enforcement body in North America Tales of the Texas Rangers come these stories based on facts. Only names, dates and places are fictitious for obvious reasons. Case for tonight, death plan. It is 11 o'clock on the night of September 18th, 1946. 14 miles east of Pembroke, Texas on state route 70 stands the first community church. Each Wednesday night members of the congregation have been donating their services to the construction of a recreation hall. The evening's work is just over and Tom Peters, a farmer, stands in the parking area waiting for his wife to catch up to him. Shelby! All right! You can mix the flour and be sure you blend it first with a couple of tablespoons of... Shelby! You're going to stand there and join the whole night? Oh! Got no more patience than a pull and slide time. I'll call you tomorrow. What makes you always in such a hurry? Somebody in this family's got to be in a hurry. Leave it to you and never get anywhere. Now, Tom, you know you don't. Tom, you left the motor running. Sean left it running. Told you I was going to. The battery's almost dead. Oh, yes. Now that no good will faint and sell me a heap like this and cornered a pickup truck. Ah! Just getting through some man can't trust nobody nowadays. You know what I'm going to do, Shelby? I'm going to take him to law just like I told him tonight. You will do no such thing, Tom Peters. Well, too. Man still got some rights around here. They'll let people like Will Pettenau... Wasn't that a pretty dress she had on tonight? No. Will Fenton's wife.  T-shirt is good to her. Why, but that's the third new dress she's had in four months. There, you see what I mean? Goes around cheating on his people so he can buy dresses for his wife. Tom, Tom, now don't take on so... You know how hard drugs are to get and we waited a long...  I tell you, Shelby, I'm going to take him to court. Oh, you've told him that every day since you bought the truck. No, no, no. I'll do it, too. See you later. You oughtn't argue with him like you did tonight. At least not so close to the church. Well, here's the outer gate already. Don't take long when you've got something to ride in. Maybe I better get out and open the gate so she can keep the motor running. No, no, no, no. I'll open it. You just sit there. Now, look what it's gone and done. Died on. I told you. You didn't tell me no such... Well, I can maybe do it. Oh, you'll get it started again. Well, that no good will fend. Well, I can now better get out and open the gate. If I can push over that little rise, we can coast down the slope and maybe she'll catch. Now, you be careful. Computers pushing trucks at your age. Just don't you worry about me. Yes. Oh, it's just the ancient cool and all. You women. You never understand nothing. I got to get me a bumper gate one of these days. Business getting out every time you want to open... No, I'll just let him know. No, Sylvie. I told you it was just... Sylvie! Sylvie! The truck kills Sylvie Peters immediately. Her husband was found unconscious and taken to the Pembroke Hospital when his condition was pronounced serious. The sheriff investigating the case requested the help of a Texas Ranger and Ranger Jase Pearson was assigned, joining the sheriff at the scene of the explosion a little after 2 a.m. Yeah, there's the truck, Jase. What's left of it? Not a very pretty way to die. Murder's never very pretty, Sheriff. That gate, was it open when you got here? Yeah, Thomas got out to open it. That's how he missed getting killed. This bomb, Jase, you reckon it was tossed at him? Not likely. The way the cab of the trucks blown, I'd say the bomb was planted in there. We'll have to... You see something? Yeah.  Sure. You're right on that spot. Here's part of your bomb, Sheriff. Why? It's just a hunk of split lead pipe. That's right. Plumbing pipe from the looks of it. How do you know that's part of the bomb? He's been carrying lead pipe in the back of his truck. Look at the way it's split down the scene. The powder burns. Move the light around a bit, Sheriff. Wait a minute, hold it. Here's something else. What is it, Jase? A mainspring out of an alarm clock. I'll call Austin and get a lab crew to give this place a good going over. At least we know what killed Sylvia, Peters. A homemade time bomb. We went to the hospital and waited.  He was covered with bandages, but he opened his eyes when we walked into his room. Hello, Tom. Tom. This is Ranger Pearson. He'd like to ask you a few questions. Mr. Peters. Aw, now easy, Tom. Sometime. When I'd be working out in the fields and it was hot, she'd come all the way out just to bring me a picture of him in there. Aw, now, Tom, you don't have to talk about it. Really, two years. We've been married. Two years. Mr. Peters, do you have any idea who might have done this? Will Fenton. He's the one who did this.  Aw, easy, Tom. Easy, boy. What makes you sure Will Fenton set that bomb? I was going to take it to court and I got it. That trucking stole me. That's why she blew it up, so that I couldn't move nothing. But Tom, Will Fenton wouldn't try to kill you just because he was scared of going to court. How long ago did you buy that truck, Mr. Peters? Five, six days ago. Fenton lived far from here, Sharon. Ten miles. A little less, maybe. You got to get it, Sharon. Get it by yourself. Don't worry, Mr. Peters. If Will Fenton set that bomb, we'll get him. We drove out to the Fenton farm and found an attractive young woman in the kitchen whom the sheriff introduced as Byrne Fenton, Will's wife. She told us Will was expected any minute. Settled down over some coffee and waited. Mrs. Fenton had already heard about the death of Sylvia Peters. I just can't understand it. Who'd want to do something like that to poor Sylvia? I thought we were trying to find out, Miss Fenton. She was so sweet. When we moved here, she was the first one to come visit us. You and your husband aren't from around here, then, ma'am? No. I was raised on a ranch about a hundred miles east. Will worked on a ranch near us. How long have you had this place? Since right after we got married. Not quite a year now. Ranger, you haven't said why you wanted to see my husband. We just want to ask him a few questions about last night. But I don't understand he... Hi, Sheriff. Howdy, Will. Yeah, this is Ranger Pearson. You want to have a little talk with you? Sure, sure. Glad to blige. You want some coffee, Will? No bother, honey. I'll pour it myself. I'll do it. Uh, sit down. Thanks. Yeah, Ranger, what can I do for you? Mr. Fenton, I suppose you heard about what happened to Tom and Sylvia Peters last night. Yeah, yeah, I heard about that awful thing. Awful makes me feel real bad. I sold Tom that truck. Well, I heard there was a lot of hard feelings between you and Tom about that truck. Tom says you cheated him, Will. Says he was going to take you to court about it. Well, that's crazy, Sheriff. Tom knew that truck was in bad shape when he bought it. But you did have some hot words over it later.  You were at the church last night, weren't you? Sure, sure, me and Brian both. Did you stay inside the recreation hall the whole time? Yeah, I don't remember. Maybe I stepped out for a little air. Not sure. I think you'd better try to remember. You saying I set that bomb in Tom's truck? I'm not saying anything yet. But how did you know it was set there? It might have been thrown in when Tom stopped at this gate. Yeah, well, that's what everybody's saying. It was a time bomb.  There's been a murder. It's my job to ask questions. Oh, sure. Are you only doing your job? Is your barking up to the wrong tree if you think I killed him? You better find somebody who really hated Tom. That's just what we're going to do. Don't go too far from your farm, Mr. Fenton, because we might be back to see you. We spent the rest of that day in half the night checking on people who knew Tom Peter's and his wife. It was about 2.30 the next morning when we decided to turn in. The sheriff suggested a cup of coffee at the diner across from the courthouse. Man, I know one thing. Jase, I sure am tired. Here, I could use a little sleep myself. Howdy, sheriff. Ranger. What'd it be? Coffee for me, Eddie. Ranger? Same. Two coffees. You fell us up pretty late tonight. Working on my Peter's bombing? That's right. Well, it shouldn't be too hard to find a fellow that did that. How do you mean? Well, now, I don't want to be talked behind nobody's back, but it appears like everybody in town who old Tom was feuding with Will Fenton about the pickup truck Will sold him. I wouldn't want Will to be sore at me. Excuse me a minute, Jim. Well, it looks like everywhere we turn, we get the story about the fight between Will Fenton and Tom. Mr. Heard it 20 times already.  Have another talk with Fenton. Okay, I'll get him for you. The phone operator wants you, sheriff. This is right important. Oh, thanks, Eddie. How's old Tom, Ranger? Heard he was hurt pretty bad. Well, you're both all right. Doc said the night he was out of danger. Yeah, I'm sure glad to hear it. Old Tom, you know, he blows off a mite of steam, but he don't mean nothing. We'll be right out. Are you sure gonna miss Sylvie, though? But, Jayce, come on. We're not gonna get to sleep yet. What's the matter? That was Will Fenton. He just found a bomb under his house. In just a moment, we will continue with tales of the Texas Rangers, starring Joel McCrae as Ranger Jayce Pearson. Whatever you drive the car, there is always an unseen, unwelcome passenger with you. That passenger is danger. The danger of a traffic accident. Unfortunately, every person seems to have the absurd notion that he bears a charmed life that no traffic accident can happen to him. But it can, and too often it does. So when you're behind that wheel, don't take chances. Obey all traffic rules.  We continue now with tales of the Texas Rangers and tonight's case, Death Plant, an authentic story from the files of the Texas Rangers. The sheriff and I rushed out to the Fenton farm.  When we pulled up, he came running over to the car. Where's the bombice? It was in a box. It's ticking like a clock. Where is it? I'll show you. I moved it away from the house out in that field. Yeah, it's a good way to get your head blown off. My wife's still asleep. I didn't want them scaring down here. There it is by that mesh key. Hope you got it. All right. You stay here with the sheriff. What are you thinking to do, Jayce? Deactivate that bomb.  It won't hurt nobody where it is. Let it go off by itself. I need it for evidence. Do you want some help? No, thanks. Be careful, Jayce. Yeah. How are you making out? It's all right now, sheriff. Are you sure now, Ranger? Are you sure that thing's out of commission? Well, it should be. I pulled the wires and stopped the clock mechanism. Another homemade job, Jayce. Yeah. You know, if I had thought of that, I probably should have dumped it in a pail of water and saved you all that risk ring. That's the worst thing you can do with a bomb, Mr. Fenton, unless you know what it's made of. I might have chemicals in it that get set off by water. How'd you happen to find it? Oh, yeah. Well, I woke up maybe a few minutes before I tried to get you. I thought I heard somebody walking around outside the house, and I come out to look.  Oh, kind of my wife, Sheriff. She's scared of him. Exactly where'd you find this bomb, Mr. Fenton? Right under where our bedroom is. You think of anybody who might have planted it there? I don't have to think. I saw who did it. You what? Yeah, I saw his car when it drove away. I knew that jalapé anywhere. Who's Clint Mockler? Who's Clint Mockler? Young Calpoka used to work with before he got married. He's no good. Never was. He used to bother Vern all the time, and he stole the diamond ring from the boss's wife and got sent to Huntsville for two years. How long ago was that? Maybe 15 months. Probably out on parole, Jase. You sure it was him here tonight? I saw him, I tell you. And a little over a week ago, when I was coming back from town, he was parked in his jalapé a mile or so down the road. He was just sitting there looking up toward our house. Did you tell your wife about that?  I see. Then tonight was the second time you've seen him around here. Yeah, that's right, yeah. The only way I can figure it is, when he got out of jail, he heard about Vern me being married, and made him store enough wonky list. You sure you didn't see him around church Wednesday night? No. I don't mean he couldn't have been there. I've been thinking like you, Jase, but it just don't make sense. If this fellow was mad at the Fentons here, why would he want to kill old Tom and Sylvie, unless he was crazy? Don't think he was crazy, Sheriff. Got a hunch he just made a mistake. How do you mean? Don't forget, Sheriff, Tom Peters only bought that pickup a week ago from Mr. Fenton here. Yeah? Oh. Then it was the Fentons. He was after all the time. Only he didn't know the truck had changed hands. Could be. He could have get this Markler, ain't he? He's no good. Try to kill us again maybe next time we make it. You've got to get him. We have to find him first. He's working over at the Williams Ranch now. At least about 50 miles from here near Dalby. Will, something wrong? Oh, very none, honey. I thought you were asleep. I heard you talking. What's that thing? We had a little excitement, ma'am. It's all right now. Honey, I don't want you to get upset, but I reckon I have to tell you sooner or later. Might as well be now. Clint Markler tried to set this bomb under a place. Clint? But, but he couldn't have. He's in jail. Not anymore, Mrs. Fenton. But don't you worry. We'll get him. He couldn't have tried to kill us. I don't believe it. Honey, you don't know him the way I do. I work with him. He's no good. He's rotten, clearest to you like I always told you. Well, Jace, I reckon we better get going. Yeah. I want to get this bomb to Pembroke for the lab crew to check over. And if we hurry, we can make the Williams Ranch before breakfast. At the ranch, they told us our best bet for finding Clint Markler was to take horses and look for the foreman, Hank Snyder. He described Clint and told us he was a loading pin near the Santa Fe tracks. As we approached, we saw several men loading cattle into the cars. I reckon that's him over there, Jace, to straddle that pin. Yeah, we'll soon find out, Sheriff. Whoa. Whoa, Charkey. Whoa, whoa. Hey, you. Yeah? You, Clint Markler. That's right. What you want? Come here a minute. All right. Shove up next empty, will you? What you want, Ranger? The sheriff and I want to talk to you. What about? You've been over to Pembroke lately? Maybe. Why? Did you see the Fentons? Hey, what's all this about?  So what? I ain't against the law to go to Pembroke. Why did you want to see the Fentons? It burns an old friend. I guess I just want to talk to him. Did you talk to him? No. Why not? Oh, when I got out of jail, I wrote a burn letter. She didn't answer, but the past week, I decided to drive over anyway. What kept you from seeing her? Nothing. But after I got there, I started thinking maybe he didn't want to see me. Then Will drove past this truck, and I knew when I saw him, there wouldn't be any good me to go up there. Did Will stop and talk to you? No. Slow down, just look at me.  Somebody put a bomb in that truck. It killed a woman named Sylvie Peters. We figured a killer meant to get Will and his wife, because last night, he put a bomb under Will's house. What? Did Vern get her? No, she's all right. What about you? You were seen driving away from the Fenton farm early this morning. That's a lie. I wasn't anywhere near. Where were you? In town. Anybody went to the Fenton farm? No. What time did you get back to the ranch? I don't know. Maybe three. Out till three in the morning, and gotta get up at five? What are you trying to hand us, boy? I don't need much sleep. I got plenty of it down in Huntsville. How about Wednesday night, Clint? Where were you then? Wednesday. I drove over to see a friend about 15 miles south of here. What's your friend's name? I want to talk to him. I won't do any good. Why not? Because when I got there, it wasn't home. I think you better come back to Pembroke with us. Honest range, I didn't have nothing to do with it. Come on, Clint. Let's go. Look, Ranger, how long I gotta stay here? I told you everything I know. I'm afraid it's not enough. Unless you can prove where you were the last two nights. Why can't I prove it? Nobody saw me. You know why, don't you? Because you're lying. The first night, you were over at the church, planting a bomb in the Peter's truck. I don't even know the Peter. Of course you don't, but you know Will and Vern. And it was them you were trying to kill. That ain't so.  How long have you known Vern, Clint? Going on four years. You know her pretty well, didn't you? That's crazy, buddy. If you're going to get married, we'd have two of it. If you hadn't gone to jail. Yeah. I don't blame her, though. Not wanting to wait for a jailbird. Sure, I got a little sore when I heard you married Will, but I wouldn't kill her. You've got to believe that. Are you still in love with her, Clint? Yeah, I guess so.  No. No, somebody's trying to put the finger on me. Just like last time when they said I stole a diamond ring. What about the ring? I never took it. Somebody must put it in my pocket. Didn't even know it was there. They searched me. Now you're trying to put me away again for something I didn't do. You were seen driving away from the Fenton farm just after the bomb was planted. Who saw me? Will. Fenton. Oh, it did. Wait a minute. Now I'm beginning to get it. What?  All the time I was in a pen, I tried to figure a plan of that ring on me. Now I know. It was Will Fenton.  Why would I want a lie now? Served my time of stealing a ring, didn't I? But I didn't steal a Will Fenton did. What makes you think so? That ain't hard to figure out. He was always jealous of me and Verne. Born of himself. That's why he got me out of the way before I knew it. Sheriff, you've got somebody we can leave Clint with for a while. Deputy's in the next room. Take him in there, will you? Yeah. Come on. Look, you see, he's trying to frame me again, Ranger. That's what he's trying to do. Hold this fellow first bell, will you, Charlie? You ready to file charges against him, Jayce? Not yet, Sheriff. What's the matter? You don't believe the stuff he was handing us to you? I don't know. There's still a few things that don't feel right. Like what? Like Will telling us where Clint Mockler worked. How did he know? Well... Probably from that letter Clint wrote to Misfin. Yeah, that's probably the way he found out. But I got a hunch he opened the letter and she never saw it. What makes you think that? Because she didn't even know Clint was out of prison. What does this all prove, Jayce? There may be a husband's jealousy is behind the whole thing. How would you say Clint felt about Will's wife? I'd say he was still pretty sweet on her. So would I. And if he is, why would he want to kill her? Are you saying Fenton planted that bomb under his house himself? I'm not saying yet. Then there's something I don't get. If that's true, it was Will Fenton who killed Sylvie Peters. Uh-huh. But that don't make sense. It does if Fenton wanted Clint to have a real murder to answer for. Get him out of the way for good. You'd have to be awful smart to plan it that careful. What's our next step, Jayce? Talk to Mrs. Fenton. Find out if she's still in the house. What's our next step, Jayce? Talk to Mrs. Fenton. Find out if she still cares anything about Clint. And if she does? And we'll see what makes a jealous husband tick. Oh, howdy, Ranger. Sure. Will. Come on in. Did you pick up Clint Muggler? Your wife around, Mr. Fenton? Yeah, sure. You mind calling her? Sure, sure. Right, honey? Yeah. Come in here a minute. I don't see why you weren't here. What is it? Oh. I'll answer your question now, Mr. Fenton. We picked up Clint Muggler the day over at the Williams Ranch. Oh, that's fine, Ranger. We can all breathe easier knowing he's behind bars now. You mean he did it? We don't know yet, ma'am, but we're holding him for investigation until we get this bombing business straightened out. But he wouldn't do it. I know he wouldn't. Looks pretty bad for him, Mr. Fenton.  You don't know him. He's just no good. I can't believe it. Mr. Fenton, when you saw Clint's car down the road about a week ago, did you stop and speak to him? No, why should I? Then how did you know he was working over at the Williams Ranch? Well, I don't know. I could have heard it in town. We understand that Clint wrote your wife a letter after he got out of prison. Could you have learned it from that? Clint told me a letter? That's what he says, ma'am. How about it, Mr. Fenton? Did he? I suppose he did. That's wrong with a husband protecting his wife against a criminal, is he? What do you mean, open in my letter? He's no good, honey. I tried to tell you. I only took that letter so you wouldn't get upset. That's not it. You kept his letter from me because you were afraid. Honey, well, you listened to me. I've listened to you long enough, telling me not to wait for Clint talking me in the marrying you when I didn't love you. Honey? You told me I'd learned to love you while I didn't. And you know why? Because I still love you. That's enough. Talk about that private affair when we're alone. Anything more you want from us, Ranger?  Yeah, what for? I think we might find some things that will help us clear up this case. I suppose I say no. Maybe this warrant will change your mind. Okay. What do you want to look at? We're looking for any pipe or wire you have around. Sure, sure. I got some sewer pipe and bailing wire out in that shed. You're welcome to see. That's not what the Ranger means, Will, and you know it. Lead, pipe, and electric wire. The kind they use to make a bomb. What would it prove if you found it? Nothing till we get it to the lab. Then we could tell if it was the same kind used in both bombs. There's none of that stuff around here. How about the pipe and closet? I told you once before, Ranger, I'll tell you again. You're barking up the wrong tree. Well, how about the pipe and the closet? How about it, Mr. Fenn? Oh, that stuff, that ain't what you're after. I'd like to take a look at it. I'll show you, Ranger. Tog it right this way. I know the pipe she's talking about. That ain't what you're after. Let the Ranger be the judge of that, Will. Sure, sure. It's in here, Ranger. Saw it last week. It was right in here. One large... Wait a minute, honey. I know where it is. Women don't know anything about pipes. Look behind these boxes. Here it is. Right here. Did I get these cups on you? Now you're all right, Mr. Fenton.  I can't have her neither can he. I'm a killer. You've done all the killing you're going to do, Fenton. Now it's the state's turn. Faced with a laboratory evidence against him, Will Fenton made a full confession to the murder of Sylvie Peters. On October 16, 1946, he was tried and convicted. On November 22, 1947, at Huntsville Penitentiary, he died in the electric chair. Next week, Joel McCray in another authentic re-enactment of a case from the files of the Texas Rangers. Joel McCray is currently seen starring in the Universal International Technicolor Production Cattle Drive. The cast included Tony Barrett, Virginia Gregg, Bill Johnstone, Parley Bear, Charlotte Lawrence, and Lamont Johnson. Technical advisor was Captain M.T. Lawnwolf Gonzalez of the Texas Rangers. This story was transcribed and adapted by Charles E. Israel, and the program was produced and directed by Stacey Keech. Hal Gibney speaking. It's the Silver Jubilee on NBC. Now enjoy the big show with guest stars including Gene Carroll, Ed Archie Gardner, Anne Southern, Hildegard, Robert Cummings, and your glamorous hostess, Tallulah Bankhead. Then it's Murth and Music with Phil Harris and Alice Faye. Later, Theatre Guild on the Air, co-stars Brenda Marshall and William Holden in the exciting story of the Lost Weekend. A big show, the Phil Harris Alice Faye show, Theatre Guild on the Air. Here all three on NBC. Next it's The Big Show. All this and Tallulah too on NBC.


You know, I've always wanted an out-of-body experience. I could do anything. I could astral travel the dimensions. I could go to the Giza Plateau in the blink of an eye. I could visit the Venetians on Venus. I could circle the rings of Uranus. I don't know. Maybe someday it'll happen. Look at you. You don't even have any idea that you're astral traveling. What's on TV? That's 1-800-SWAMI-TUMMY. 1-800-SWAMI-TUMMY. That's 1-800-SWAMI-TUMMY. 1-800-SWAMI-TUMMY. That's 1-800-SWAMI-TUMMY. But I was doing the countdown like, worry.  And he didn't. He wouldn't do a funny face. He's done it to me before, where his car left me hanging. I did. So first, we must shuffle the cards. I know what we can do. I can make myself multi-dimensional and then we can jam. Right on, dude. Right on, bro. Two, three. Half of this sausage party. I'm out of here. Later, dudes. Later, bro. You know, I think he's got the right idea. I think I'm gonna take a nap. Someday, I'm gonna astral travel. I think my dog farted.


All righty so so, you are still hanging out with us right here on Y254 TV, a very good morning to you and welcome back. This right here is why in the morning and the segment is Entrepreneurship Tuesday and Health Tuesday as well, where we talk about matters, health and your welfare. And also if you want to venture into business and get to a hug, you know, those little hugs that you need to actually establish something for yourself that will make your money, literally that is the most important part, is what we are all about right here. So you can plug in using the hashtag, why in the morning that is on all our social media platforms and on Facebook as well, Twitter as well at Y254 channel and personally you can find me at BrianSakwa101 on the hashtag why in the morning and on our health segment today we are talking about child and maternal health care and we have our guest who is live in studio with us today, but before I get to the guest, I just want to read for you a little bit of two, three insights here before we get into the conversation and our guest who is already with us in the studio. It says worldwide the mortality rate for children under five dropped from 87 deaths that is per a thousand live births in 1990 to 51 percent and that includes a thousand of the birth live birth in 2011 and despite this enormous accomplishment most countries and this includes developing countries, Kenyon sport did not meet the millennium development goals and increasingly up to they say increasingly child deaths are concentrated in most poorest regions and in low income settings with maternal mortality rates ranging from 150 to more than a thousand per 10,000 live births which while rates are still but still with neonatal mortality rate generally ranging from 20 to 40 per a hundred birth on top of that it says every child desires to have a healthy start in life and fortunately every year millions of parents lose their children to preventable illnesses because they do not have access to life-saving childhood vaccines and equally every every mother should have access to quality health care during pregnancy and childbirth that is according to the wild health organization with more than 800 women die every day from complications in pregnancy and childbirth and also breastfeeding problems the majority of this death can be prevented with the right resources and care and I love that you know it mentioned also on the vaccines part which is actually a conversation right now and we have Dr. Rain Mwendwa who is a pediatrician who will be joining us live in studio who is joining us live in studio right now to take on this topic about child and maternal health care good morning to you Mr. Rain Mwendwa. Good morning, good morning thank you for having me. Thank you so much for coming through before we get to the whole conversation first of all I'd like if you if you were to introduce yourself maybe what are some of the titles you hold as well apart from being a professional and a pediatrician or a child specialist in other words. So Dr. Rain I wear many hats a lot of people know me and Dr. Rain through social media but in the more professional spaces I'm Dr. Mwendwa I'm a pediatrician I'm also a child health advocate amongst other things I'm practicing in Kenya I have my own license I see pediatrician I mean I see kids in in the pediatric clinic so yeah and then other than that I do content creation I double a bit for activism I am a fitness activist I am you know an influencer of health right I love the I love the part the influence of health you know a lot of people will be like hey Kwanee what's not happening right now you can actually you know venture in any space especially I love the fact that you know you took up the digital space and you are doing it as well now when it comes to child health care if somebody is watching back at home and they're wondering Kwanee what is child health care see compared to Chakula and in Nini and Nyonya but what does it entail exactly when we say child health care and you mentioned you're also an activist as well so child health basically is anything that will enable a child to thrive it's important in life for children to thrive not just to survive right thriving is so many factors means thriving in the mental space so psychologically it means thriving health wise so the physical element just the aspect of the child being healthy growth and development we look at things like the environment that they're exposed to all of that is a contribution to child health because kids are basically the future of the generation they're the future they're the ones who are going to continue living in this world and and and hopefully taking care of the world so child health just looks at that scope and we look at kids there's different cohorts so you have infants which are kids below one year you have neonates which are you know a baby who is born a new a new born is what we call a neonate and then you have the school going children you have your adolescents and teenagers all the way up to like 19 years is just children child health that's all making sure that they have a good environment to to thrive and not to survive to thrive and not to survive and speaking of that you know uh there's a mothers who come from you know homes that they do not have the facilities to actually ensure that their kids are safe everyone comes to also uh matters health the health conditions including hygiene as well and uh you know they'll come and say from from you from your expertise experience what exactly does it entail to ensure that a child is you said in a safer environment and also does not thrive or does not survive but they thrive what exactly is that environment for an infant as well because this is literally from infant to now you know even adult food as well I would say it's very much on the leadership that you have in your country policies that are in place the laws the constitution all right so those are very important and if those those if you have policies in place and constitutions and rules in place to make sure that's why we have child rights yeah we have child rights yeah child rights and we have things like uh unicef that's try to ensure that the child is protected because it is vital it shows that for any any population to thrive you must take care of the of the children so it's it's basically making sure that policies are in place and that they are followed as our constitution we have the children's act which is there which is there to protect the children so as long as those things are implemented ensuring that they are provided with the right education ensuring that they're protected that they don't face any adverse childhood events when they are children any traumas in in forms of abuse whatever kind of abuse neglect that is going to be exposed to them that can actually impair their growth and development as children so as long as policies are in place the rest is just to trickle down making sure those policies are implemented and in Kenya we are lucky enough we do have those policies where we have a problem is with implementation yeah and and and even when it comes to the government like you said with issues of implementation would you say there have been gaps that uh as a pediatrician yourself you've managed and even even in your pediatrician community as well would you say there are gaps that you managed to feel and right now we are trying to actually we are on the road to goodness um well i wish i could say we're on the roads to goodness healthcare in this country is is not really a priority to me um the way the government looks at it um so the african countries met one time and sat down and realized that if you invest on health you actually have better outcomes in terms of the economies for your countries for your african countries all right and there was something called their budget declaration where each country had declared that 15 percent of their national or yearly budget would go towards healthcare so that different functions of healthcare can be financed in order to improve the general health of of people we have never achieved that as as a nation as a country uh since the abuja declaration the only country that has managed to do that is rwanda um and it's it's a big problem so when you talk about challenges there's a lot of of challenges in terms of of health i think the pandemic exposed just how weak our healthcare system was exposing that we don't even have our old supplies of oxygen we don't produce our own oxygen it showed the the capacities of um intensive care units and high dependency units in this country it showed that there was such a gap it showed you have also the issues with human resource uh and health care in this country and granted we are a low middle income um country trying to move to the middle income uh phase but we have these challenges um where we don't get supported the health systems don't get supported so right now infant mortality rate or the child mortality rate is 34 per thousand life but it's we still haven't achieved that that's 2020 statistics um we we have a maternal mortality rate which means that uh any mother who is childbearing or pregnant or a few days after pregnancy dies that's what we call the maternal mortality rate we're at 167 per 100,000 um not we're at 356 actually with the target is supposed to be 167 that was the target that was set to reduce to that level but we are at 356 which is quite a high number it is extremely high one of the people that contribute a lot to that is children the adolescent age between 10 to 19 years through teenage pregnancies just in january and february this year 700 girls were getting pregnant teenage mothers would you attribute that to the pandemic sorry yes i definitely attributed to the pandemic because schools are sort of a haven for for and they offer protection so when the girls go to school when the boys go to school they are sort of in a social protective um institution because when they stay home and there's unemployment and there's poverty and there's frustration there's a highest chance of you know gender-based violence to to occur and some of that is sexual gender-based violence right that would lead to these teenage pregnancies it's very unfortunate that you know it took that time now you're speaking of the pandemic um when the pandemic struck you uh you're actually on the spot to actually you know fill in the gap about misinformation and it actually put you on the map remember you did a lot of interviews that time uh or what exactly were you trying to clarify to people because i remember you did an interview and even the reactions were who is this doctor who is an artist as well because you know people had not known that you are also a doctor and still you are an artist linked to also very famous and renowned musician in this country as well yeah so yeah i think covid is what um put me in the social media spotlight um i've never really been on social media that you know how this is my channel type of thing but because of the misinformation that was going around during the covid-19 pandemic you know everybody had their conclusions and don't have any medical background you don't have any expertise and all of a sudden you know about this virus and things like that so i felt it's important to come in a space where i get my information that is evidence-based it's scientific based on actually debunking some of these myths that were going around because it was crazy back then it's hard it's it's it's only now that we're forgetting certain things but people are being told to take all sorts of drugs to do all sorts of crazy things some people are even saying peak and can cure covid so yeah it was a time where i felt more of us needs to be fight misinformation and use different platforms and our social media so yeah um did did plenty of interviews then i think now i'm a bit of a household name in terms of you know online presence in terms of health care in terms of you know just basically if there's something that needs to be debunked health wise right i'm the go-to guy right now on social media in terms of health care right i can test to that because i was watching during that time now i'm speaking of that as well you have your segment called ask doctorine or doctorine ask ask look terrain um so yeah like i said one of the things i do i'm a content creator i'm also an entrepreneur i'm a director to a production company a media production company so one of the things we do we do different productions and one of them was um my own channel called ask doctorine which was basically what we called health care in the eyes of the hip hop doctor um where i looked um given the feedback i got on social media i thought there is a fresh way in which we can bring health care to the table so that the youth can you know make it really easy for for people to consume because a lot of our health information platforms um sorry to say on mainstream media is is really very heavy medical jargon we don't know how to you know we don't know how to break things down to the common common person and that's that's that's something that i think every every doctor every practitioner or health care worker should be able to do right because once they're informed once your patient is informed then they make better decisions and you you can prevent a lot of um you know diseases and miscomings and people make the right choice right before before you answer what exactly contributes to some of these uh this large number of high mortality rate you mentioned you're also a hip hop a hip hop uh your hip hop doctor your life of a music doctor and also uh a pediatrician so when people actually uh try to find out who you are it was actually amazing to see that you know this guy is not only just a child specialist but he's also i'm he's also musically aligned like in the creative aspect of it all and also you're married to you know dela who was a very famous artist way way back who took a sabbatical in the music industry as well so when parents actually come to consult from you and they realize you know i'm coming to consult from a hip hop doctor do they sometimes get scared and they'll be like no me i don't want to leave my child with this kind of a doctor ama but what let's say who are some of the people that come to you for consultations um i would say i relatively young people uh most of my of my the parents to my patients are usually young people any any range from like 20 22 going to to 30s so those those are most most of my patients i do see older older ones who have older kids as well um but that's the majority of my patients um i've not encountered any issues with my patients like saying oh you do music you do this and that and is he serious or or whatever no because i think one of the ways that i portray myself as well on social media is that i try to be very unfiltered to the world to show people that yes you're a child specialist yes you're a neurosurgeon but before you're all of those things that people consider is superhuman you're a human being true so before i became a doctor i had my own passions i had my own talents that i used to pursue and that was in the creative space and i just happened to continue doing them i'm not as active in music um as i was back then but now that time or when time is there of course i still i try create i still go to the studio things like that right yeah and so just come of that creative vibe of music and do you listen to beats as well two beats uh music beats that actually give you inspiration yeah of course of course yeah so if you're going to create music um you have to have a lot of friends who produce music i don't do um music production myself um in in terms of beat making but yeah i listen to beats that's where you get inspiration that's where you get a flow that's where you get a style to okay this this song is going to go this way this is going to be a drill beat this is going to be a bit of a boom bop type of style right this is going to be a more melancholic kind of song so it's the beats will actually drive the conversation and what you want to to to bring to the table interesting and we'll come back to that now back to our child health care and mortality rate uh if for example we want to actually have a sport check in our country right now uh what would you say uh the say heavy factors let me say heavy factors that actually contribute to some of this you know child mortality rate uh we have neonatal or uh maternal health care issues that actually faster in our country what would you say is like the biggest cause to them both in urban and rural areas as well okay so i've worked in pipe in the public sector and i've also worked in the private sector okay so being exposed to both of those settings or setups um for years now it's it always boils down to one thing to me it's the support the lack of support that we have if we are supported more because trust me we have very brilliant minds out there um from specialists from researchers um from you know scientists all the way down to nurses and and you know clinical officers and the like right we have brilliant minds they just need to be supported they just need the right infrastructure a lot of them just need to be you know employed all right now if we get the right type of uh infrastructure and healthcare workers are supported healthcare workers are are you know working in a conducive environment a hospital has drugs a hospital has you know basic um equipment you know consumables then you get healthcare workers who actually get satisfied um at what they do right working as as a healthcare working delivering healthcare services right those are the things that will improve our healthcare in this in this country right because in the private sector you can see a different thing where it's like everything is there whatever you need is there right you don't have to leave the hospital to go and buy a drug you don't have to you know wait or transfer the patient to go in to go and be seen by as another specialist because in your county that specialist is not there right so all these things are are very doable if we just have accountability if the funds that are actually supposed to be going to do something are actually used right if the taxes are put into the right space if people are funded properly and hif works properly then we can achieve what we call universal healthcare and that's the what people want to achieve but at the moment i i don't see it happening with the way systems are all right and would you say um according to the outgoing government system that has been there or the leadership system that has been there and the incoming one would you say the the one that is actually living the stage tried i'm a i'm a from your experience as well from your point of view and perspective in terms of even alleviating that and creating that you know space to advocate you know for uh enough child healthcare would you say the outgoing government tried its best and also if years or no uh the incoming government what are some of the things maybe you would want them to consider just in case maybe they're watching and since you're a specialist what are some of the call action that you'll like them to do in terms of even advocating for that space when it comes to child and maternal health care as well so yeah i would say i wouldn't say this this there's nothing that they did yeah that was positive so i must i must applaud that um what we know from the ministries is that actually who working at us term was the best managed healthcare docket right since healthcare in terms of even budget allocation and things like that right but yes also they are flaws like the biggest problem that ever happened to healthcare in this country was healthcare being devolved because healthcare was devolved illegally yeah in this country there was no public participation stakeholders such as the healthcare workers were not really involved in that devolution okay and we're seeing a problem because now every county has their own ways of going about healthcare taking charge of healthcare then it's very dependent on which governor you have so you have this disparity where counties that are managed well have good health care and other counties don't but that creates inequality and that goes against your constitutional right where everybody has the the equal right to the highest attainable quality of health care right so the biggest problem was devolution it still is uh devolution right we need things in place like a health service commission it's still very early to say whether this incoming government is is going to is going to do better but in terms of governors um we can see two governors uh governor sakaja right um and governor abdinasir in in mombasa right have set up you know task forces um health task force to actually go and do like a root cause analysis or a feasibility study to check what is really going on where are the gaps how can we improve you know where are we doing well and things like that so those are the only two governors the rest of the governors uh and and leadership has really been going in at health care workers and things like that crazy articles going around about you know doctors being malicious and and that's that's the narrative of the which is not true right of course it's not true of course it's not true it's an article that was released um i think on saturday it was on this front page saturday nation okay it was called doctors con game and it was really really poorly done poor poor journalism not well researched thought about um you know other other aspects were not looked into so right it is what it is yeah but i love the fact that you know you are also positively and massively advocating for the right ways to actually you know have doctors you know being looked at as more professional as compared to that lingo that you know was used there now speaking of also that uh when it comes to even sensitization of proper child and health care and i love the fact that in in the middle uh you initially mentioned about you know the covid 19 pandemic being a high contributing factor to uh the uh i'll say early child early early pregnancies that actually you know was brought about by the covid 19 pandemic so uh when it comes to sensitization uh even breastfeeding itself uh these young girls who have already you know gone through that uh experience maybe what are some of the things that they should know because uh we are looking at young girls who have already given birth and the young mothers they don't have much information they're in rural areas but still they have to raise this kid they can't throw the kid away so even when it comes to sensitization and the information they need what exactly should they maybe be given to ensure that you know they maintain that proper care of child health care and maternity as well so the teenage thing is is is really it should be such a big big big priority because 700 girls getting pregnant per day from january to february is alarming right this is this year this is this year only this is this year we're talking about this year right that's 45 000 girls in two months now what does two months what does that mean yeah this is from age 10 to 19 19 yeah that's that's the population that they looked at right and this means that one a child who has rights to education once they fall pregnant it becomes a problem because you're going to carry this child for 10 months in your tummy then after that you're going to deliver you're not going to go rush back immediately to school you're going to lose you're going to lose out taking care of this child if this young girl does not have the support for this child to be taken care of it means that now she has to take care of this human being and that means she might not be able to go to school she might have to stay home take care of her child go look for a job somewhere just to to to be able to provide for a child because she has nobody she has the father is not there maybe her parents are not their parents have have passed on or not supportive yeah or not supportive that's one two is if she's lucky enough to make it because the reason why the maternal deaths in this country the highest is in that same population right between 10 to 19 years 15 and above is because the birth canal this is still a child yeah you're you're a child who is carrying a child your anatomy is not mature enough for a child bearing right so a lot of complications you put yourself at risk at risk just giving birth can kill the mother right um it puts the baby at risk because they can be premature so at the same time you're also increasing the infant mortality rate it means that this baby might come very low birth weight not able to catch a disease and die very quickly and you'll contribute more of that so it's all interconnected if you if you don't give this young kids 10 19 years something we call comprehensive sexuality education sexuality education yeah where we talk about different things such as contraception right talk about family planning we talk about gender sexual orientation your reproductive health rights your rights as a human being or as a woman uh where you cannot go into early marriage first early marriages where you where you decline things like uh you know ffgm you know and all the all of those things all of those things um combined are what what we need to do to be able to reduce your your your teenage pregnancies you need to empower people for them to make the right choices right you know they are the problem is that a lot of people are fighting this right when you talk about contraception then you have to fight the the catholic church the religious isn't the catholic church or the whole religious sector yeah it's it's very religious you know and we're a nation that you know religion runs things yeah christianity runs things and right we put sometimes we we decide because of our faith that we will ignore the science we will ignore the data we'll ignore that 700 girls per day are getting pregnant we'll ignore that 10 to 19 years hiv is the highest is the highest right and because we are of faith in a particular faith that says we don't do those things right we won't do them so that's that's where we're also one of the major obstacles in that exactly culture uh our cultural and religious uh values sometimes sometimes right cause a big rift between the scientific evidence that we provide and it's usually thrown that oh this is from the white people these are things from the white people and we're trying to bring in gays and lesbians and things like that right uh we come to this without even talking about also the issue at hand which is uh uh the thing to ask the men's of health is advocating for uptake of uh covid 19 boosters is actually a story that's also developing in all news outlets and now in new in new experience as well as a penetration they're also advocating for children to you know go and get these vaccines and i remember we had a conversation and you told me that in the u.s we went hard up to children as as as at least five years of age let's say from five to around 12 because our part in your ready our teenagers some other countries as well in kenya would you advocate for our parents to go take their kids to be vaccinated against covid 19 definitely definitely definitely i'm a pediatrician that means that i am a advocate for vaccination and immunization because we start giving vaccines to children from birth soon as the baby is born we give them a vaccine right and these are things that we know that work the science and evidence is out there the studies have even been done on babies six months already for the covid 19 i'd give an example of the influenza vaccine which is a vaccine we give also to prevent complicated um pneumonia caused by the influenza virus or the flu virus right we give babies the influenza vaccine at six months and give them another boost at seven months so once the studies are out the data evidence is out the safety um is out the WHO approves fda approves we go ahead and we will recommend i will be one of the people shouting on top of the roofs i have already had this conversation on my on my platform that once yeah i'm i'm just waiting i'm actually just waiting to get the go ahead personally i'm waiting to to vaccinate my son who is like how old is this 10 months yeah i'm i'm just waiting to be given the go ahead and it's allowed right uh we can't also do this without talking about you know uh the covid 19 not covid 19 rather that is mental health uh uh september is suicide prevention month as well and this incompress mental health awareness from your activism point of view uh what would you say uh some of the things that you can do to ensure that we continue spreading awareness about even mantas mental health awareness even kids as well kids get depressed as well kids get stressed you know and sometimes when parents are not easy to tell that you know your child is depressed and they need you know help so from your experience what are some of the things that we can do to ensure that we set the bar clear and everything is in place as individuals one of the things we can do as individuals and as a community and as a society what we can do is a lot of our mental health issues stem from our early childhood experiences right so that's why it's so important to protect the child and advocate for the child right because these things we call them adverse childhood experiences adverse childhood experiences and these things child abuse neglect all of these things and how how they grow up will actually influence whether a child becomes depressed when uh grows up to become depressed grows up to have any mental health issues like anxiety right and all those things can later only lead to suicide all right so it's it's important that we take responsibility of our children we take care of them we nurture them we protect them in as much as possible and also the community to make sure that this child is also protected in case they're always alert in case of abuse in case there's an uncle who is known to have certain things you know um and then the rest is systematic now is you know alleviating poverty i'm ensuring that there's no overcrowding and all those things that you know that's more of government in leadership but individually just create an environment for your child to thrive and they won't grow up with with mental health issues all right thank you i'm being told we are out of time but i'll ask two three questions uh uh quickly quickly uh do you have maybe a place that if people want to exist uh or consult you for you know when it comes to matters uh child and maternal health care do you have like a hospital yeah so they can you can book a pediatric uh consultation at mirazi speciality at mirazi speciality clinic we're on 40 suits uh on the eighth floor suit eight or nine so you just need to give us a call and uh book an appointment and ask for the terrain you have a number where they can book a call um i have it i can say it off yeah sure you can say it off and the social media as well okay so the social media on instagram it's at mirazi on twitter it's also at mirazi uh this is a specialty clinic we you can see not only doctorine you can see from plastic surgeons to urologists to psychiatrists counselors so the clinic number is<PHONE_NUMBER> book the appointment gets seen by a you know qualified health professional and will sort you out right uh as you exit uh how's dela how's dela but though she took a break from music if not hard from her for a long time yeah dela is just very very engulfed in in in being a mom she's trying to be a good mom yeah she's she's just uh dealing with the the struggle of motherhood right but she's good she's good she's gonna make music we'll see how make a come back soon i do not want to speak for her when when when she decides she decides tell her why we are rooting out for her that one i'll tell her yeah you'll tell her right but she's also open to do interviews um i'm not sure you'd have you'd have to ask her you'll have to ask her please please ensure that you send our warm regards to her and tell how we are rooting out for her music as well uh that has been uh dr rain mwendoor talking to us about matthew's child and maternal health care thank you so much once again for taking your time to hang out with us we would maybe love to have a part two of this again and definitely sure we will invite you once again but on that note we are taking a short break when we come back we've got you again with an unprocessed personal on our entrepreneurship segment today where we're going to talk about matthew's business how do you ensure that you know you have a good business what are some of those hugs that you need back at home keep it on the hashtag why in the morning on all our social media platforms


Members of the Ogun State chapter of the People's Democratic Party, the PDP, have accused the National Working Committee of an alleged subversion of the results of the world's ad hoc delegates Congress held across the 20 local government areas of the state. The members in their numbers stormed the state's party secretariat in the state's capital to register their displeasure over the development, which they said was taken to favor an influential member of the party in the state. Armed with placards with various inscriptions, members appealed to the national body of the party to do the needful in order to ensure justice, equity and fairness, and to reposition the party for victory in the next general elections. On Saturday, elections were held around 20 local governments in Ogun State. But the National Working Committee from Abu Dhabi accepted the results of the local government whose chairmen are loyal to let the Kuqa debut and disregard the remaining. That is the main point. Where the leadership of a party is unfair and unjust, it is very, very dangerous for the party. In any case, the National Working Committee are trying to disregard the results of the Congress duly monitored by INEC, and they are trying to firstly announce the result of a small group of people who in any case did not hold any Congress. If they hold a Congress, let them provide the video evidence, but there is a group who held a Congress monitored by INEC, DSS, the police and the civil defense. There is pictorial and video evidence for this, but there is another group who never held any Congress and the National Working Committee is now trying to disregard the result of the well-monitored Congress and announce firstly the result of the other group who never had any evidence that elections were held.