Welcome back everyone. This is theCUBE live here in Denver for Supercomputing 23. We've got amazing panel discussion here. We've got experts in AI storage data here in Supercomputing. HPC meets AI. That's the panel. We've got John here at Psycom. Leon from IBM High Performance Computing and Hugo with Google. Gentlemen, thank you for coming on theCUBE. Appreciate it. Thank you for having us. Thanks John. So the conversation here is HPC plus AI is changing the gain and with the foundational model layer, the user interface being AI, changing the applications, all the hardware configurations are under transformation. It's still storage, networking and compute, but it's at different scales. This is the state of the art show. So it's really kind of a collision of innovation. Correct. This is the topic. So first question is, how do you guys see this evolving? You see it from the bottoms up semi-hardware or cloud down? Is everyone meeting in the middle? What's the market landscape look like? John, we'll start with you. You know, I see it as really from the bottom up, right? I mean, the cloud infrastructure, both Leon and Hugo with IBM cloud and Google cloud, they've built that. They've built the networks, they've built the infrastructure, but we still have the problem of application and data, right? And how do we get the applications and the data merged in the cloud environment in a hybrid environment, right? And to give that HPC burst type environment. HPC's been driving a ton of innovation, speed, scale, precision. Cloud's been doing that too, scale. And now you have applications and ecosystems emerging. The workflows are turning into AI clusters. How is you guys seeing that evolve? Cause the cloud is going to be a big part of that. Now you got the distributed computing hybrid. It's cloud operations. You got Kubernetes clusters out there.  So you have a whole nother ball game going on, but it's the game is still the same. How do you guys see it at IBM? So I think the first point is nobody's doing less HPC. There are a few key areas where IBM really specializes in. Financial services being one, sort of we own that marketplace from a scheduler perspective, EDA, semiconductor design, and you look at the pressures of those businesses. We're seeing five X by 2030 for financial services. And we're seeing every generational shift in CPUs, driving three, four, five times more compute capability. So as I said, nobody's doing less HPC. Everybody's doing more. And then you sprinkle on top of that AI. So we are very, very busy and we've got a lot to offer our client base. You go, that's a great point. I was talking to some entrepreneurs. They're saying the same thing. It's not a zero sum game. It's all incremental new growth. Yeah, I mean, it's a super exciting time right now because if you think of the, look at it from a workload perspective, you've got the traditional HPC workloads that are just like using heavy iron, lots of compute, lots of stores, lots of networking. But with the emergence of AI, you've got AI accelerated HPC. You got AI being embedded within HPC applications and use such cases. So, you know, I think like you said, no one's saying I want to do less HPC. And I think AI just helps us accelerate time to insight and new development. So talk about the partnership between you guys, John, and how you guys are evolving solutions for customers. What do the workloads look like? What are some of the complexities? What are the opportunities? What are the challenges? The challenge is data, right? The challenge is where's the data sit? Where's the source of truth? How do we get it to the application regardless of where it is? And that's what we've worked with Google and IBM Cloud to bring them a solution that allows that data highway, if you will, between anywhere and any place. So you have data access to feed the AI models. What are some of the use cases that you guys see working with John? Well, I think that the biggest issue that most organizations have is they're at full capacity where they're on-prem environment today. You know, that next core could cost them $40 million if they have to invest in a new data center. So the cloud is a perfect opportunity. You know, hybrid cloud is the answer to solve that capacity problem. Now the problem when you shift to cloud is getting that data there, and data hydration. The right data at the right time. And that is really where we work with Psycom to solve that problem for our clients and make sure that they have seamless work load, a seamless experience and a seamless ability to operate at the maximum performance. You know, Leon pretty much hit it. You know, there's too big work. Use case is really the first one is somebody's bursting a job into the cloud and you need that seamless easy button that just pulls your data out and hydrates the cloud file system. And that's what Psycom's doing. That's the product that they built for us, the platform that they built for us. The second use case is where you have native jobs running. Of course our native file system is a block store and you want that easy, seamless, just pull the data over, spin up your instance, run your job, and when you're done with it return the results and spin down the parallel file system. If you guys had to point out an architectural shift that's going on for enterprise architects, data architects, I mean we've talked a lot about data management being upside down in this new paradigm, data cleanliness, data hygiene is going to be more and more important from a storage access to data because AI is going to have demands for the data and all the models, so do you go large and then is inference going to be the killer app? Everyone's kind of pointing to inference as the killer app, right, I kind of see, I'm not disagreeing with that. Training, okay cool, train the hell out of data but if you're going to have inference you've got to have access to the data. What does that do to the architecture in terms of storage, networking, and compute and what's around it, what's the system look like? How do customers think about this? Because if they've got cloud, they already know what scale looks like, and if they've got data they want to leverage it, what's the customer view on architecture around these solutions? I would say it is a hybrid model, right? It's getting data from on-prem into the cloud whether it's directly into an HP high performance storage system, or putting it into the cloud object where you can hydrate back and forth from it because that way it keeps things more palatable for the end users, right? And one source of truth across all, it's a global namespace and that's what I see the big challenge and how we solve that challenge for a lot of the clients. What are some of the things your customers are saying? What's the problem space that they're solving? What's the, is it a pain point? Is it an opportunity or both when you go in and talk to your customers? What are they? Oh, it's definitely both, it's a pain point for sure because they're running out of data center space, right? They're having to find more compute and how, like you said, how do we get the data there? Because in the end data is where everything starts, right? It has to be data's fed into the models, data's the inferencing that comes out of it, all that stuff feeds in. What do you guys see for constraints relative to technology? Is it culture, people? What are some of the blockers, if you can call them in, because we see demand and enthusiasm, confidence in production happening, you start to see things, people experimenting, they're iterating, certainly AI, well, how did I get it? Do I, how do I repeat what I just did? How do I change my observability equation? All these new things pop up, so how do you see that evolving? Because this is going to bring new opportunities. Are there things that are kind of blocking things from the progress as a supply constraint?  What's the constraint right now that people are working on in HPC? I think, you know, we have a very broad business. So we have over 25 million software licenses for our LSF product. So we cover, you know, there's 25 million cores there on-prem using our software to control their grids and to control their HPC. And it's across many verticals, multiple industries. And it's fascinating to see how those industries are adopting at a different rate and pace. The financial services business was straight in. You know, they wanted to get their platforms into the cloud. They want to be able to deliver results really quickly. So they were absolutely trailblazers. And we're seeing other industries now catching up like Life Sciences, Semiconductor, EDA. And one of the biggest concerns that they all have is around security. Can you secure my data? And can you move it effectively from the cloud and back from the cloud? And should I overpay to put my data in the cloud? So it's all around efficiency. And the three areas that I try and focus on is making sure that our solution is the most performant. It's the most secure and it's also the most cost-effective. If you can hit those three challenges, I think you can really deliver on your clients' outcomes. You go, what's your take on this? Because those are great benefits. It's going to unlock more access. The big theme here is access to high-performance computing is a benefit. What has to happen to make that more accessible? You know, everything Leon said makes sense. I'm just going to take a slightly different angle on it.  We've been, you know, tearing those down for decades now. So, you know, some of the big ones that we deal with on a regular basis, bandwidth, data movement, power, you know, latencies, infrastructure, you know, the demand for HPC, the demand for AI is just straining, you know, every aspect of the ecosystem to build more data centers, build more power plants, make it green. So, you know, these are challenges that as an industry and ecosystem, we're going to have to tackle together and solve to really bring the power and benefits of HPC and AI at all. You've been a great, great point. I want to ask you guys a question. This comes up a lot.  If you could optimize for one or two areas, more compute GPUs or better networking, what would you optimize for if you could pick a choice right now? I think with the current- It's a quick question. We'll see how it went. I think with the current trend, it's got to be for AI and GPUs, right? It just has to be. And to a certain extent, that's what we've done in our business. So, it's a pretty easy answer. Okay. You know, it doesn't matter which one you solve today, then the other one's going to be the problem tomorrow, so you're constantly chasing that bubble between storage, networking, performance. Monday morning, we do compute Tuesday's networking. Wednesday, it's figure out which one to optimize next Monday, Tuesday. Yeah, it's just a vicious circle. Good answer, that's good. What's your take on this with your company as you look at the future here? A lot of things evolving fast. The pace of play in HPC and AI and cloud is an all-time high. It's not a slow boil right now on the action. What's your take on this for your company? What's your strategy? What's your vision? No, it's definitely not a slow boil, right? Everybody's running hard and fast, but it's, you know, if we do things right at SICOM, then I'm picking the right solutions in the right areas and pointing in the right direction. AI has been around. It's not like it's new, but it's now taking pace, right? It's been around for a while. IBM did it a long time ago with Watson, right? A long time ago. But now, because of the genitrate of AI and we've got it in the public and we've got it in consumers' hands, you see the drive. So for us, it's making sure that we are in lockstep with our partners and that we deliver the solutions that are needed to them. And what are some of the success outcomes that you're delivering? Could you share a few examples? Sure, we've got, we're delivering for hedge fund clients. You know, they've got the markets and stuff they've got to constantly do. And they wanted, I'll give you an example, 300 gigs a second throughput. Well, we delivered that. And so, but then you get the other end of the spectrum where I only need 25 gig or I need 10 gig. So our solution can span that gap, right? And we take the complexity out of it. Because anytime you're talking about a high-performance parallel file system, it can be complex. And we've removed all the complexity for them. Performance is a great thing. You see in high-performance computing, when will it be a steady state for just the enterprise? Because that's what people are driving towards. So a cloud growth, big time. You're seeing with the on-prem, that edge is emerging. You're going to have foundation models everywhere, edge. I mean, this is distributed computing. Absolutely. Back it's got to move. Things got to be stored. Inference has to be run on large sets of data with precision and personalization in real time. This is a huge HPC problem that's going mainstream with AI. What's the vision for your forecast of when this progress bar tips mainstream? Are we already there? I mean, there isn't an industry that develops a product, whether it's an IP product or a physical product, a trading decision, you name it. If you're producing something, you're using HPC. Some folks call it technical computing. Some people call it grid. At the end of the day, you're using computers to develop as a tool to develop your product and bring your product to market faster. So this isn't new. It's been going on for decades. We're just doing a better and better job. And I don't see a tipping point where it goes away. It's prime time right now though. It's yeah, absolutely. And the spotlight. You're not going to disagree. One of the challenges that I see with clients day in, day out is they're playing Tetris with their grids, right? They've got 20 different product managers that need access to that grid to deliver on a product, right? And all of those products have killer deadlines. So they're constantly playing Tetris. And at the same time, they're being asked to do more. So we talked a little bit about financial services. We mentioned a little bit about EDA, life sciences, et cetera. All of these grids are doubling, tripling quadrupling by 2030. And now all you've done is sprinkled AI as mainstream on top of it. My heart goes out to those grid managers, right? And I lay awake at night, sleepless, thinking about how I can help them, how we can help them in IBM, how can we work with our ecosystem, with Google and Sycom, and how we can deliver them the performance and the ability to pay better Tetris. Because at the end of the day, that's what they've got to do.  I mean, total performance is going to be huge. When you talk about AI and not getting smaller, it's not a zero sum game, it's going to just grow, right? This has been seen. Data's growing, but the data budgets aren't growing either. So you got to do more on the platform engineering side. How is the data governance changing? Because now if this goes forward in the same trajectory with the AI kind of wave behind it, it's going to flip data governance upside down. If you take it to the edge, how do you govern scale when you have AI writing code or building pipelines, managing all the data plumbing, matching to the hardware chipsets? I mean, this is a hardware re-in-renaissance. And so all this new stuff's happening. What is your reaction to that? Well, and that's the capability of a storage system and the capability of working with partners and understanding how to move that data and collect the data and making sure that data governance is happening end to end. And you're right, it is going to flip on its head. There's going to be a lot of change in that whole data governance and how it's, and we're already seeing it, right? We're already seeing differences in how data needs to be handled and how it needs to be mined and who can have it and who can't have it. And you're going to have that whole paradigm shift. And with it being further out on the edge, it makes even more of a challenge. You know, it's funny. We've been doing theCUBE for 13 years and storage, we've always loved storage. And storage is going to die every year. But some people call it snoring because it's boring. We love it, but storage now in this new equation is everywhere, so storage is not a product. It's a feature of the infrastructure. It's actually computing to your point. It's accelerator, it's chips. So storage is out there, so data's going to be in it. Data's still going to move. This is kind of like the whole AI conundrum. So the battle for supremacy in the AI is what's the tech stack look like? If the experience is going to be consumerized like a chat GPT or coding code whispers and code generators, co-pilots coming around the corner, what's that stack look like? Because I can see it just being like a self-assembly infrastructure where you have that layer of models underneath. What's your- I think this is where you have different tiers of storage. You have long-term persistent storage. Tape drives are still going to be around for a while. People talk about that going away. You got hard disks, you got SSDs. You got hot tiers, cold tiers. For us, when our customers and clients are trying to manage their budgets, sometimes you're going to, especially when you're running the HPC applications, you really need that high performance low latency parallel file system, but you only need it for the time that you're running your job. So you pull your data, in this case, the architecture and the platform just pulls the data straight out of the object store. Seamless, easy, simple to use.  Saves costs. So you're a happy customer. You're a happy customer. Well, certainly we're very happy working with the side comp, but ultimately it's about making our customers happy. Again, and think about the alternatives without that. What are you doing? What's the hard problems that you're solving? Time, energy, what are the hard problems that you guys are solving with this? First, I mean, GPFS has just been around for 25 years. It's one of the most popular parallel file systems out there for HPC, but it wasn't designed for cloud. So what we did here in this partnership was work with someone who's got the deep expertise, knowledge and history and experience to build that easy button. Our customers don't want to manage the data movements themselves, they just want the service to work. So for us that was one of the big reasons for working with side comp and developing this platform. The other one is just worldwide 24-7 global support and having a partner that can make sure that they're there when our customers and partners have an issue that they can help with. And Leon, you're seeing some benefits too, right? Yeah, absolutely. I mean, GPFS, storage scale, it's an IBM product. And what we find with side comp is it's full of IBMers. They've got a heritage with the tool, right? So they understand the tool. They know the calls, they know all the inducting involved. And to Hugo's point, right, it wasn't built for cloud. And it's got, I think we say, like a million knobs and buttons that you can twiddle and twist on it, right? And side comp's got that deep engineering experience and they also have the agility to be able to constantly optimize and deliver that to the client because that's what the client needs. It's not a one and done, it's a setup and then continually optimizes their workloads evolve and their business evolves. So, you know, that's what I see the real value of our partnership in working with side comp. Leon, Hugo, great to have you guys on, on behalf of this interview. John, I'll give you the final word. Put a plug in for the company. What's new? What are you guys working on? What are you excited about? We're working on functionality, more functionality into the product and more simplification, right? Because it really is, we have to get them, we have to get our customers and our clients moving and we have to move them fast, but it's got to be clean and it's got to be perfect. So it's simplification, it's driving usage of the cloud where it makes sense. It's being able to drive that hybrid piece because we honestly believe it's a hybrid world and to be able to seamlessly give that picture of data no matter where it is, that's our focus going into next year and being able to drive the innovation. And because of our relationship with the cloud vendors and where we're going, and our tight relationship with IBM's development team, software development team, we can drive that innovation. A lot of value. AI is just going to vindicate HPC way. It's going to make this mainstream. Guys, thanks for coming on. I appreciate the commentary. John, thank you so much. Appreciate it. Thank you, John. We're here, Cube Live in Denver. Supercomputing 23, day three of four days of coverage on John Furrier. Your host will be back after the short break to wrap up day three.


Well hello there, it's Sandy Alnach and today I got out my Polychromos pencils and I'm going to show you how to color a very sweet puppy card. The stamps that I'm using is new from MFT and it's called the Wolfpack W-O-O-F. It has a whole bunch of very sweet little puppies on it and lots of fun sentiments to make cards with. And I have stamped onto some drawing paper and yes, I recommend drawing paper. You can also try some hot press watercolor paper. I tend not to use mine for watercolor anymore, so sometimes I'll use it instead of drawing paper. But the drawing paper that I recommend that's linked in the doobly-doo is one that I think works really superbly for colored pencils. I've stamped this in some no-line ink and I've been using it quite a bit lately because I'm enjoying the whole no-line thing. And I started by coloring a light gray, a warm gray that's the same color as the ink, so that I could kind of make those outside lines disappear. I'm going to make these puppies in my cards today, the white body puppies with black spots on them. They would also be cute with rainbow spots and all sorts of fun things that you could do with this stamp set. I went in with a darker pencil to add some darker shading to some specific areas. I don't want to put really that dark color all the way around the whole puppy snout. I just want some areas to be dark. And you might think that that shading that I put under his chin and around his neck is too dark. But I wanted to do that first so you could get an idea of how dark to go by putting now the really dark in on the eye spot and the ear because this is the kind of marking that my dog, Vienna, has. So I love making spots with her markings. And I'm doing kind of a lighter gray around the top of the ear and then going really dark black underneath of the ear, which gives some definition to the shapes when they're the same color. So just add a little bit of a light highlight on one edge of the ear and it starts to pull that forward so the rest of it kind of goes back behind.  At this point you could even move the eye or do other things with it in order to change the design up a little bit. But this drawing, this drawing in the stamp has a bunch of spots on it and I decided to keep them on this card instead of just get rid of them.  She doesn't have one on her back like this dog does but I didn't figure I could sort of get rid of that without doing all kinds of crazy pencil work to it so I didn't want to go to that length. Again, I'm going around the edges to create this really soft grayish color for the puppy and even though the dog is white, it comes across as white even though it's got this gray pencil in it and the gray pencil is just going to give it some differentiation from the color of the paper itself. I'm going to give it a little white tail. They may have intended a black tail but mine has a white tail. So that's what I'm going with and then I'll pick a couple of individual areas to add some shading in a darkish gray color. And just using a really sharp pencil will help you to go in really lightly with this.   So I've added the shading onto the legs and I'll do a little bit on the paws to differentiate them. And the stamp set has a bunch of little things in it that you can also use for your cards. So I have stamped the cake up there in the air. Why have I done that? I'm going to need to add something to it in order for the cake to be something that the dog is begging for. Vienna has become quite the little snack beggar. She actually has learned to sit up on her hind legs if I hold one paw.  So she's quite the little beggar just like this. So I've put the cake up high and I'm just going to color the cake so that it's more of a chocolate cake because that's what I would have around my house. My favorite flavor of cake is chocolate. Chocolate anything basically doesn't even have to be cake. Chocolate cookies, chocolate, candy, whatever. But the perspective on this piece of cake is a little more like it would be on the floor underneath the table or something. I would never put a piece of cake on the floor. That would not be how Vienna would get any cake if she got any. And she generally wouldn't get chocolate cake anyway because chocolate's not good for dogs. So I'm just going to take the table that I'm drawing in here and I'm going to merge it in a little bit with the cake as I start doing my drawing to kind of make it look like the perspective is not as weird as it is. Should be a kind of flat bottom to do a side view. And I didn't think about that before I started doing this. So there you go. I'm using a lighter brown to put the first layer of the table on. And then I'll grab my darker brown to add in some shading on the table leg and then I'll put some across the side as well. This is where the kind of foibles of the cake will hide. And it'll just look like it all blends in together there. And a scene can be as simple as that. It can just be indicating that there's a table somewhere so that you can tell a story with your stamps rather than just try to figure out how to place the object in some weird way, like putting the piece of cake on the floor. So that the cake has to be on something. And whatever that something is that you draw in, a table is one of the very easiest you can do. Add just a little tiny bit of shading at the bottom for the dog to stand on. And that's it. I added it to a red layer and then popped that onto a black card base and I colored some other cards too with the same stamp set. These darling little puppies don't require a whole lot. You can make some nice, simple scenes with them. And this one is going to be over on IGTV, on Instagram TV, so you can watch that one over there. And that's about it for me for today. I hope you have enjoyed this video. If you did, click the like button, share it with your friends, and I will see you again very soon. Thank you so much for stopping by and thank you for your comments. I always do read them. I love hearing what you have to say. Thanks much. Bye-bye.


Hello and welcome. In this segment, we will consider the ascent mission, its definition and some features that will help us understand some of the fundamental aspects of the rocket technology. So, let us first try and understand what ascent mission is all about. In general, we will find that ascent mission, which is nothing but the task of transporting an object of interest from earth to a designated spot in space and imparted sufficient energy so that it can carry out the designated tasks. So, this ascent mission is characterized by events that occur at specific time interval. These are usually related to operation of various stages as well as other considerations that impact the performance. In most cases, the events are time referenced in order to ensure that each segment performs as designed and that there is a way by which you could verify the performance, whether it has happened in the specified time. So, I want to show you a typical ascent mission sequence that is for a Delta II rocket. The figure is taken courtesy the space vehicle Encyclopedia, but what I would like you to look at in this picture is the various events, their sequence and their respective time stamp. So, at the beginning we have the lift off, then as you can see there is a motor button out with a time stamp of 63 seconds. If I go to another point, there is a stage 2 ignition at 274 seconds, there is stage 3 ignition at 1396 seconds and then the final the spacecraft separation at 1596 seconds. Also there is a small table on the bottom right corner which gives additional information about this particular operation in the form of two additional parameters, that is the velocity at each of those locations and the acceleration which the vehicle is undergoing at different time instants. Now, with this you could immediately realize that an ascent mission is reasonably complex scenario and will require a great amount of effort in analysis and design. The complexity comes from the fact that there is a certain connection between the trajectory information that is the velocity altitude inclination with the time, which obviously means that there is a specific trajectory that one needs to achieve. So, which means there is a requirement that is group of parameters which are in the trajectory must be achieved at a specific time and which obviously means that you must be able to predetermine what that segment should be so that this particular connection can be established. Another point which is not very clearly seen in this picture, but it is very much there that as the trajectory evolves over a period of time, there are changes in the force system which have in mechanics related implication as well. Just to give you a perspective, when you are closer to the earth, atmosphere is dense, when you are in the higher atmosphere, you have large velocities. So, there is also a change in the way in which the atmosphere will act, the gravity will act. So, obviously, you need to appropriately take care of these aspects and ensure that a desired trajectory is realized. Typically, in the context of ascent mission, it is found useful to create appropriate segments. And within each segment, a specific type of model is used which is applicable for that segment. And then these segments are arranged in the correct sequence so that when a mission is performed in that sequence, the desired trajectory is realized. Understand this further and also to do this task in a reasonable manner. A typical ascent trajectory is broken into two broad phases which are directly driven by the nature of forces as well as the maneuvers which are required to be performed in those segments and is shown in the picture below. So, it is the same picture that we saw earlier, but now we have also introduced the various segments which will involve different force systems and hence different types of mechanics based models to capture the physics. So, very close to earth, you have vertical lift-off. Then from up to 50 kilometers, you have the atmospheric phase because typically for all state space missions, we assume that beyond 40 kilometers, the atmosphere possibly will not exist. And then of course, we have the major boost phase where a large amount of mechanical energy is imparted by burning large amount of propellants. And once the sufficient velocity is acquired, you start performing applicable trajectory maneuvers and then reach a point where possibly you want to release the payload which is a spacecraft or satellite after which it is assumed that the spacecraft will perform the task as designed or as required. So, it is with these segments that we are now more concerned. So, let us look at these segments in little more detail. So, let us first look at the lift-off and atmospheric phase and see what are the mechanics related implications of this particular set of phases. The lift-off is of course an extremely critical phase particularly because you are having an unstable configuration that you are trying to balance a rocket on its tail and the toppling due to gravity is the major issue. And from mechanics point of view, it is generally modeled as the thrust which is the forward force greater than the weight so that it will lift off and start moving vertically. There is a requirement that you must ensure the vertical attitude during this phase. So, once clear of launch tower, boosters and first stage engines propel the vehicle through dense atmosphere. In this phase, it is found that gravity and thrust are the dominant forces. Aerodynamic drag also becomes significant because atmospheric density is higher even though the velocities may not be very high. Because the density is higher, aerodynamic drag becomes a significant force. In the next phase where you have the boost which means you are out of the atmosphere by enlarge and you are inclining yourself. Of course, once you are out of the atmosphere, larger velocity increments are possible. So, you burn a larger amount of propellant, generate large amount of thrust so that you can achieve large accelerations and large velocity increments. And towards the end of the boost phase, maneuvers are carried out to rotate the velocity vector in order to achieve the desired terminal inclination and this is where you will require some kind of maneuver or control over the trajectory. Of course, beyond the 40 or 50 kilometer altitude, generally we assume that the motion is in vacuum. Even though strictly speaking, it is not because there will be some amount of atmospheric density which will continue even though it may not be in the continuum format. There may be dissociation of gases, particularly once you reach about 100 kilometer altitude where you have ionosphere and you cross it. There are charged particles with great speed which can have some impact. So, in many realistic cases up to about 75 kilometers, we still assume that some amount of drag may be quite small, still applicable for more realistic and accurate solutions. But for initial configuration design, we generally find that beyond 40 kilometers, assuming the atmosphere to be absent gives a fairly good estimate of the launch vehicle, performance and its trajectory. Then of course, we reach the terminal phase is the most crucial as the spacecraft is going to separate from the launch vehicle. So, it is a physical breakage, the connections are broken. So, you must be sure that the initial conditions required for the spacecraft are achieved by the terminal phase and that the separation itself is a clean operation. Of course, in this phase the thrust is generally very small and the only force which is going to have a mechanic's implication is the gravitational force. But then in this phase as you would see in both the pictures that we have introduced, the distance traveled over Earth can be very large and that now you may need to bring in a suitable geometric model for Earth's surface for modeling the kinematics and the associated dynamics. So, as you would have noted as the spacecraft is released at the end, it will obviously operate in vacuum. But for the launch vehicle, right from the lift off to the injection point in different segments, different four systems are applicable and hence you also need to appropriately look at the mathematical models which are applicable in each of those segments. And that brings us to this important idea of ascent mission modeling. Let us look at how we are going to capture this so that we can achieve the objective of the trajectory and also achieve the configuration of a rocket which will make it happen. So, this whole process of modeling of ascent mission involves three components. The first, we need to identify the applicable forces in that segment. Then we need to identify the desired motion parameters that are of interest from the trajectory perspective. And the physical laws which are going to govern the motion in that segment. While there can be many forces as we have seen in the preceding discussion, typically forces due to propellant burning, gravity and atmosphere are going to dominate the motion and the trajectory of the launch vehicle. Further, we will find that the motion variables of interest are position and velocity vectors of the center of mass which sometimes are split into the velocity, the altitude and the flight path angle with respect to a suitable frame of reference. So, let us now introduce the idea of basic governing equations of motion for the launch vehicle as it moves through the atmosphere from lift off to the terminal point. Of course, to do that, let us first go back to our Newton's law and formulate the equation of motion of center of mass in an inertial frame which all of us know can be written as follows. This is the statement of Newton's second law that rate of change of momentum is of course extremely simple representation and it is of course written in the vectorial form with arrow at the top of the variables where the position vector x is nothing but the integral of the velocity vector and is the corresponding kinematic equation. So, the first is the dynamic equation, the second one is the kinematic equation which means in order for us to generate the information for position vector and the velocity vector we must have the force vector and we must solve this first order vector differential equation. So, the first step would be to define force system so that we can solve the first order vector differential equations to generate the velocity vector and then use the velocity vector to generate the position vector. So, this is the basic requirement from the mechanics perspective as far as this particular exercise is concerned. Now, how are we going to express the velocity vector? So, let us look at the elements of the velocity vector and we realize that this is not a very simple expression. Of course, we have not introduced a coordinate system but assuming that there is a coordinate system which is referenced to another inertial coordinate system then V naught represents the velocity of the origin of the chosen coordinate system in relation to the inertial coordinate system. VB is the velocity of the vehicle in the chosen coordinate system and omega represents the rotational velocity of the chosen coordinate system and RB represents the position of the vehicle in the chosen rotating frame of reference. So, you realize that in a general context the expression for V would contain all these three terms. Of course, with certain simplifications and assumptions we might be in a position to also simplify the expression for velocity but that we will see when we start looking at some other details. Of course, it is just mentioned at this stage that for most launch missions the launch point is commonly taken as the origin of a suitable reference frame so that it becomes easier from the interpretation of the trajectory point of view. Next, let us look at the choice of coordinate axis. In general, we find that the Cartesian coordinate system that is x, y and z are convenient and also used to represent forces and motion variables. However, in cases where motion is confined to a plane which will happen in most of the ascent missions we can either use x, y or polar coordinates are theta or even curvy linear coordinates s and n to represent the motion of the rocket center of mass starting from lift off to its terminal point and then the third point about the mathematical model are the forces. So, ascent mission starts from earth surface and ends at a prefixed point where payload is released. Of course, we have already seen from our earlier two conceptual pictures that the motion profile is generally highly curvy linear. Of course, we have also noted the fact that the launch vehicle is going to experience large accelerations because of the propulsive forces and will also be acted upon by the gravity and the aerodynamic forces. Thus, we need accurate mathematical models for gravity, propulsive and aerodynamic forces to set up the governing equations. So, to summarize ascent mission while composed of time sequence events can be defined in terms of trajectory segments based on nature of forces and motion. Newton's law is employed to formulate equations in the coordinate system that is located at the launch site. And finally, we also note that forces that influence the ascent trajectory are propulsive, gravitational and aerodynamic in nature. With that, we conclude our discussion on the basic features and philosophy of an ascent mission from a mechanics perspective. We will now look at each of those elements one by one and the first element that we will look at will be how to synthesize the forces so that we can solve the first order differential equation to generate the velocity vector. So, with that, we will close this segment and we will again meet in the next segment. Till then, bye and thank you.


Everybody Matt here for Layton sports cards ripping 2022 panini legacy football six box break number 25 random teams Here's another look at those random results. Hey, what's up, Greg? How's it going? All right, let's do it Sims Alec Pierce Jalen Tolbert 299 Moss, yes Just pulling up the checklist here really Quickly this is all-card ship Matt Corral rookie Josh Allen sky more Hutchison Yeah I haven't ripped legacy in years Dolphins to 50 patch auto Ricky Williams Go Miami West Welker, that's my son's favorite player. He went to the he was a Patriot and So kid had to have a Welker jersey, then he went to the Broncos. He had to have a new Welker jersey as Isaiah Spiller Bojax and legends to 199 And then he went to the Rams and I was like, no Let's see like I don't even know if he's gonna end up like stick Carson strong rookie to 100 Far this is rookie red to 50. Isaiah Spiller Yeah, he used to break my heart the fantasy football is CJ Spiller Breeze Hall Chiquon brisker Christian Watson That is many red 50 Josh Jacobs Wilson. There's Shaquille Leonard 199 Jeremy Rucker Kenneth Walker Kobe Bryant rookie Wanda Robinson good old Wandao There he is candy picket rookie under the lights rookie silver insert Malik Willis nice from Titans There's Malik Willis again rookie This is Bengals to 35 rookie Otto blue Daxton Hill mini coming here Davis Mills mini mini mills Tony Gonzalez, I used to have mini sleeves mini top loaders. Oh, really and mini mags Yeah, I brought him down here quick. He thought it was the funny thing Malik. Willis Tyler baddie Malik Willis I'm gonna pull something ridiculous here. It's cave on tibet oh first Kobe Bryant and mini Tom Brady That is bronze 17 of 75 nice TV 12 Peterson Here you go bucks that is Elijah Moore to 150 Ronnie lot This is Seahawks to 125 rookie Otto Kenneth Walker the third Go Seattle at some point over the next few days after looking my fantasy football team see how I did in the draft I think I feel pretty good about it. Yeah, I think it's on Haskins I have to get used to all the team names to like whose team is which one? Is a likely Desmond Ritter I Didn't love taking bangles with the first two picks, but I mean they're the best players available That's a Kyler Gordon 299 Mara very Walker cave on tibet oh Sam Howell rookie this is to 249 Rookie dual Jersey Otto James Cook that is Bill's There you go Buffalo fried chase young Minnie Patrick Mahomes George Pickens to 199 Rivers I was always a rivers fan I Haskins that's Derek Stingley Jr. Under the lights to 149 Damian Damian Pierce Couldn't imagine Nick foals to 125 Yeah, so fridge nice Derek Stingley Jr. Damian Pierce Justin Fields Jersey number one of 25 nice one bears Thornton, there's Carson strong Mar chase under the lights Garrett Wilson Jeremy Ruckert Kenneth Walker, and this is chiefs Rookie Otto Trent Mcduffie. This is de hop 199 dream of living in a world where all cards are oriented the same direction Pickens Jermaine Johnson to 100 The thing I'm having a hard time with is the names are so hard to read that you have to like tilt them But then it just puts a huge glare Because they're so shiny fondigs strong Son Haskins and a mini orange to 125 Hollywood Brown That is Deandre Swift to 299 What's that? I'd be okay with that one my gardener Williams there's Devin Lloyd migraine machines Trayvon Walker. There's Tom Brady time machine. There's a Sam Howell rookie Tolbert, there's Jamar Chase Wondale Jonathan Taylor timeless talents 25. It's fun to say Kenny Pickett rookie came on tibetoe rookie silver insert. That is Bailey zappy Bailey Z My man Bailey Z. This is Titans rookie Otto Hassan Haskins mini Matt Ryan Fred Taylor Strong and orange rookie Jehan Dotson mini. It's the 125 All right. Who do you guys have? Offensive rookie of the year. That's Drake Jackson rookie to 100 Sam Howell rookie Tolbert Trey McBride Bailey Z. That is rookie orange 2199 Malik Willis nice one Titans Watson, that's a lamb jack Sam's boy I can't believe I got Kyler in like the eighth round or something Yeah, there's Brice Hall, I think we both did that to each other a couple times Jets rookie Otto Jeremy Rucker I have a cute up ready to go I was Trying to be a little more stealthy though because like I have my back to other people That is Aaron Rodgers that one looks like you got caught in the machine or something not numbered I got him and Brady. Yeah, so I can just play the match ups Garrett Wilson, this is 299 David Bell Rucker Kenneth Walker Carson strong Gonzalez Kenny pick it. This is Packers rookie Otto Romeo Dobbs dooms Dobbs Andrew Booth Pickens And That is that press got under the lights orange to 149 Two boxes to go we have one more six boxer of legacy football Again, be sure to grab your spots up for Sunday fun day breaks with Forrest I will be able to get to a few personals tonight. I think probably not a bunch This is red James Connor to 50 mini It's color match But we'll have personals going to getting at 10 a.m. 10 to 3 tomorrow Then group breaks will start at 4. There's Zeke to 150. I was really hoping that Tony Pollard would slip through until like he was I was really excited about getting him and then I Go I'm not sure Cook Devon Lloyd rookie It's the 100. Yeah, I'm Pierce strong Marquise Brown to 100 Chris Carter There's Garrett Wilson John Mechie Walker, this is Bengals rookie Otto Daxton Hill. Let's see a dare to tear Holbert Trey McBride Sam Howell rookie And that is rookie mini blue Christian Watson go Packers to 20 London there's Jerry Rice to 199 This is to 99 that's rookie patch Otto Kenneth Walker the third you go Seahawks Paul Malo on Haskins Kyle Hamilton that is To 65 Matthew Stafford Dare to tear there you go Rams Nice one. Congrats There is a zero percent chance if this card was going to me, but I would not tear the card Yeah, I just wouldn't be older is this Bo Jackson.  It's 299. I wouldn't be able to do it Like just have a rough day or be frustrated with like the key home like anything. I'd be like, uh, I got a blossom scene I rip that box Jackson I couldn't do it And case of For I mean Months and months and I was I've wanted to rip it. I've wanted to rip the finest case for myself. This is a 2018 finest Just couldn't bring myself to do it and finally I listed it for a group break Horrible case through seven or through six boxes and there was a nice albis like orange ropy Otto And then the last box had a uh, there's a jail in Tolbert Travon Walker This is Derek Henry under the lights. Many that's cool. The last box 199 and read one Dale and this is one of one Rookie patch Otto Carson strong. There you go Eagles Nice one of one RPA There you go. Congrats It's the one of one Marshall Falk There's a Kenny picket rookie Jameson Williams under the lights It's the 299 rookie Andrew Boop Jr. Carson strong So Garrett Wilson rookie Sam Howell rookie That is DJ Moore to 150. I still think he was a steal where I got him I mean he was putting up huge stats last year with um Donald throwing to he was I mean he was great until you I don't remember who replaced Donald before Newton, but um He was playing great and then once cam came in it was Over He didn't want to he was just Like a punt returner Derek Stingley Like after 2015 Before and after 2015 he was not a very good quarterback Son Haskins Now that I'm gonna be breaking again. I have to undo my Determination that I was gonna cut the cord. There's war and moon to 100 There's much cable. I haven't had cable in a long time. There's a breeze hall What are you getting at for? It's for sports I might be singing or something. I don't know I want to watch football to 100 chiefs rookie auto sky more There's your sleeper for rookie of the year The last pack it's rookie david bell orange or red. That's the 125 orange And that will do it for the break. All right.  That is James cook rookie dual patch auto bills Seahawks rookie auto Kenneth walker to 125 and bangles rookie auto blue daxton hill to 35 That's dolphins patch auto ricky williams. That was to 50 There's a sky more rookie auto chiefs to 100 And the hit of the break one-on-one rookie patch auto karsten strong That will do it for the break. Thank you. Everybody appreciate it. We have another six boxer coming up next


All right, here's a shot. Let's put it in full. There's no sound and Sh-pa-ba! All right, cool So for this one what I would say This is a good shot. You can find online in terms of reference And I'm curious if that's if that was your starting points Like I would have some reference in here and it's could be one clip is could be copy paste of multiple clips Just to get the action going In terms of just the complexity of the move. I do like that you have this little up and down over turn Into all of this is definitely it's definitely cool I think the main comment that I have would be readability in terms of just how the camera is placed and the action and the timing of direction changes and The hang time and drops basically like a weight issue So what you could do if you mention this is just the body mechanics exercise It doesn't have to be you know super polished in terms of characters in the back or the players maybe in the park where it doesn't really matter. I'll probably still have it more around here and Start him so that the action Like this is okay because you're moving in this direction But once we hear a recovering characters face and it's very much To camera where it's very flat like you don't see any type of spine line of action change in all of this Whereas imagine the character instead of going Like this even though I like the contrast from this and having a turn like that You might benefit from the beginning of him actually walking this way and then shooting Where it's not towards us, but it's more like this We just kind of turn him around So that he's shooting this way So we have a bit more of a change where he might be hunched over getting ready and then stretched out to shoot Since it's a somewhat of a jump shot. What is this here tippy-toe? But still you can still have it a change there and then after that you can still have a turn into this Now that being said you're mentioning here you got feedback on this shot in the past you've been working for in a while So this might be too much of a destructive note So feel free to ignore If you don't want to you don't want to continue on this so to me at the very beginning It's just a readability because it's so flat to camera The biggest issues issue in terms of timing and spacing will be as he comes down here You have this moment where if you track the nose the neck top of the head where you want You come down it comes to a very harsh stop where you can see it's almost like he has his head resting on the table and Only arms Kind of drop like this is all kind of frozen. So watch out for like in your graph It feels like we're something like this like in your in your TY It's only locks a linear key and then it's fairly flat Even the root doesn't do too much, but it's mostly a lock in here Then you have a bit of a strong move up. That's It's it's a hop getting ready. It's not it's not an explosive jump where you need to be Super poppy in terms of a linear key. So I would still ease into this a bit more and same thing with The return if you track his nose, it's kind of stuck in 2d space to be track his nose And it's kind of staying put there and then it suddenly pops up and then up and then suddenly Pops down where this is more your arc as opposed to easing into this and having a softer return Same thing with this this feels again. You have this Pam this Invisible table surface, whatever that the body hits. So again missing that kind of ease in and He's out of that change of direction. So it feels very Blocky and linear even this here as you shoot up you have a sudden pop to the right That then suddenly locks. Let's pretend you even ease into this move as you're initiating a move like this the momentum You have to change direction and it takes time to change Especially since there is not a leg on this side that will push him back this way this will be like pure the Balance regaining balancing through arms like shifting arms over core muscles for him to change direction So this feels just a bit too rough and linear and like I said this section through there and then same thing here So you turn go down this feels a bit better You're starting to ease into this bit more, but then we're a bit locked So you come down a bit locked through there and then suddenly we have this One frame you can see this here. Bam one frame popped down and then suddenly Changing direction and again, this is there's enough speed for him to move where Meaning that as he changes direction, this leg has to push this way It's gonna take a while And by while you know three four frames depending on the style in your case Three four five frames to go in turn and in this case we have this again this wall here You can see this how the body just hits this and bounces off basically This is either there's a wall that the character bounces off There's another character that that kicks the guy get out of here So it doesn't feel like the way is observed in terms of a way change It takes a while to change direction and to push off with this leg My example for students is always not that you're you know a student I know you know your background and you've worked, but Imagine you have a car Which is floating clearly, but imagine a character is pushing and Car's pretty heavy. It takes a while for the car to move Now imagine after a while that car that car is moving and now your character is running around the car to push Against it so it car comes to a stop and goes the other way This is so heavy that you the car will go slowly move and then you push against push against Oh, it stops it stops and you push push push and it slowly moves over clearly the car is heavy heavy But it's the idea of you have an object that goes sort of right or left with everybody goes in one direction Depending on the mass and the weight and the momentum and all of this to change direction It has to come to a stop and then the force against it to turn now finger wiggles for instance, right? There's nothing you can wiggle your fingers really fast hands Bit slower arms again a bit slower head again a bit slower and then the root you can't wiggle as fast as your fingers So this is one of those cases where imagine this is a small car That moves and someone is now pushing the other way So it's gonna take a couple frames for that car as in the root here to stop and change direction Hope that makes sense But that's what I would look at same thing here spacing wise where you can see we can track the head Goes over there and then bam. Where is it here in this frame? hits a wall again, and then it's Has even like giving a pivot off of here where you're moving this way and you're countering the head this way Giving us a bit of a pivot as opposed to coming in here And then you start and ease in and then it would ease into here To then go up so imagine your arc like this and you're easing into this top and an explosive out again All that is a bit missing where it feels they hit this wall and even this here feels like a really strong Linear pop in your roots that suddenly goes up now It can be more explosive here. I don't mind too much. It could be Here the next frame may be here and then here where you start that push and then bomb Explosiveness, but right now it feels just a bit too linear and the same thing here. So you're up there and I'm seeing a lot of changes in spacing where you're starting to have an arc and Then up here we suddenly pop down Pop really down to the left, but then we're suddenly going almost up again But suddenly pops to the left and then it slows down a lot after all of this move This spacing is too small here and then we lock again in this space It doesn't there's no four momentum anymore and then suddenly we drop down Into that as opposed to again the an arc I know it's tricky because you're having the mechanics of a jump and then you hang on So it is going to stop a bit right your root is going to stop and do this that I understand But there's an overall momentum to the left that's going to continue.  So your body from this to this The head would be lower shoulders would be lower This would be fully stretched the fingers might be just at the edge of the rim you want to feel that extension and that pull gravity wise and Then it's gonna have a swing to go forward, but it's going to be something like this You go you jump The rim stops this swing forward into a drop and not what you have here Where we doing this stop and then suddenly drop through there So watch out for that and the same thing here We're having a very strong linear pop or we don't feel the compression just yet This wouldn't pop forward so quickly you would have first a compression with the with his leg and then he might even Still be leaning back a bit and then as you come down he will compress into this But then we also resting here. So if you look at the overall momentum when he jumps It would be Landing even it's pretend. This is an arc that goes backwards like this, right? We're tracking this all correctly This would be your final arc to come down. It feels more like Come forward maybe one more step here. It feels like we have So much movement forward here and especially with this sudden rotation forward that For him to suddenly stop and get up is again too much of a a loss of energy Where we suddenly changing direction and resting as opposed to that leg is going to take a step forward And he's going to end up more here And then we cut out So to me, that's the biggest issue. There are some other things like clarity of posing where I would have that leg up here Um just for silhouette reasons that gets a bit better Then you have a bit of a tangent where the the shins are aligned. You have a tangent here and here there's some stuff in terms of posing but That to me is is not as important Just looking at the bottom mechanics. It's just too rough in place in terms of spacing and weight and direction change Um And yeah, that's what I have there. Let me know if that makes sense. Uh, I would start with that You mentioned that you want to do acting shots in the future So you can also just not keep working on this and just keep those notes in mind As you move on with the new shot, but that's solely up to you. That's how the workshop is structured And that is that from me and that's it. Thanks All right, there's an email you can sign up you can start whenever you want you can submit whatever you want You get 16 submissions either way a like and subscribe would be awesome. All right. Thank you


Hello friends, today we are going to discuss about a very important exam known as BIDSET exam. Let's see what are the features of this exam. This exam is conducted by BIDSPilani. BIDSPilani is a very eminent institute in India, located in Pilani, Tajestan. It was founded in the year 1964. It's a private dean university with an institution of eminent status. And it is the only private university in which a technology innovation hub is to be established by Department of Science and Technology. It has a 320 acres campus. Apart from Pilani in Rajasthan, it has other campuses that are located in Goa, Hyderabad, Dubai and Mumbai. The NIRF ranking of this institute is 30 in India. And in the QS Asia ranking, it has secured a rank of 175 in whole of Asia. This institute has an acclaimed startup accelerated program, which is known as Conquest. So let's move ahead and let's see the different features of this BIDSET exam, popularly called as the BIDS admission test 2022. So it's a computer based online test. And this test is used to get admissions into the integrated first degree programs of BIDSPilani at Pilani campus, KK Birla Goa campus and Hyderabad campus. So in this exam, a candidate can appear a maximum of two times. The exam is generally organized in two sets of debts, BIDSET session one and BIDSET session two. And these two tests are generally separated by a gap of a few weeks. For a candidate who has appeared twice in BIDSET 2022. For a candidate who seeks admission to any of the first degree programs in BIDSPilani, the higher of the two scores will be considered. So you can give two tests and the test in which you will get the highest score that will be considered for the admission. Now each session of BIDSET 2022 will be of total three-hour duration, it's a three-hour exam. And the test session will consist of four parts. In the first part, there will be questions from physics. In the second part, there will be questions from chemistry. In the third part, there will be questions from English proficiency and logical reasoning. And in the last fourth part, there will be questions on mathematics or biology. So let's move ahead and see how many questions will be asked in this test. So there are about 130 questions in this test and the number of questions from physics will be 30. From chemistry also, there will be 30 questions. For English proficiency and logical reasoning, 10 questions and 20 questions will be asked respectively. In the maths or biology section, there will be 40 questions. So in a way, you can get 130 questions to answer in three hours. Now there's no time limit for the individual parts of the test. So the candidate can go back, for example, a candidate who's solving a physics question can go back to chemistry section and solve the questions. So they can change sections within the three hours of the test. If any candidate, suppose, has answered all the 130 questions, then they have an option of attempting 12 extra questions, but within the time left. In this job, there is only one correct option. However, there is negative marking for your own answers. Every correct answer will fetch you three marks, but an incorrect answer will give you a penalty of one mark. So the syllabus of Bidset exam is similar to the NCRT syllabus for 11th and 12th class. However, one can go to the annexer section of the browser, which can be downloaded from the URL www.bidsadmission.com, Bidset, Slats, 2022, Slats, Bidset, 2022, March 14.bdf. So you can click on this URL and download the details syllabus. However, the syllabus is similar to the NCRT. Now what is the eligibility for this exam? So if you have passed 10 plus two with physics, chemistry, maths and English and got an aggregate of 75% or more, when you add your marks of physics, chemistry and maths, as well as individually in each of these physics, chemistry and maths, you should have 60% or more. Then you are eligible for setting in this exam. Many of those who have opted for biology instead of maths, they can also secure more than 60% marks in each of physics, chemistry, biology. And if their aggregate of physics, chemistry and biology is greater than 75% then they are also eligible for this exam. The eligibility for B form that is bachelor's in pharmacy is that instead of maths, you should have biology, but there is a, there is an option that those who have taken maths they can also apply for this exam. And eligibility criteria is same, for example, if you aggregate more than 75% of the marks in physics, chemistry, biology and maths, and that's okay. But plus you have to also individually score more than 60% in each of physics, chemistry, maths and biology in case you have taken biology. Now, only those friends can appear for this exam were either appearing for their 12th examination in the year 2022, or they have passed their 12th examination in the year 2021. Those who have already qualified this exam and got admitted to any of the BITS-Pillani BITS campuses and Bill-Pillani, Goa or Hyderabad, they are not allowed to reappear in this exam. Now there's another criteria that if you are the top ranker, if you have secured first rank in your board's exam, whether it's central boards or state boards, you will be given direct admission to the program of your choice. So it doesn't matter what is your score in BITS-Pillani, but you have to be a topper in your board's exam to get direct admission into BITS-Pillani or any of the BITS campuses in the program of your choice. Now let's go through what are some important dates, these dates are tentative. So the BITS-Pillani exam application form has been started on 14th of March, and the last day to apply for both the sessions for the BITS-Pillani exam is 21st of May 2022. The first session exam will be held from June 22, June 26. And meanwhile, those who have applied only for session one, they can also apply for session two between 23rd of June to 7th of July and give the session second of the BITS-Pillani exam between 22nd of July to 26th of July 2022. Now, let's go through what are the prescribed fees of this filling the application form online. So you can go to the website www.BITSAdmission.com to fill your application form. The prescribed fee for BITS-SAT 2022 that is 2022 for a candidate who chooses to appear twice. That is, suppose there's a candidate who wants to sit in this exam for both the sessions, then if he's a male candidate, then he has to pay a sum of rupees 5,400. And if she's a female candidate, she has to pay a sum of rupees 4,400. However, you can sit for just one of the sessions and the fee for just sitting in just one of the sessions will be 3,400 for the male candidate and 2,900 for the female candidate. Moving on, we can have a look at what are the programs offered at these BITS campuses. So there's a program called Bachelor of Engineering and you can see there's chemical engineering, civil engineering, computer science and engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, electronics and instrumentation engineering, electronics and communication engineering, mechanical engineering and manufacturing engineering. You must have heard about these engineering fields. So all of these are available to pursue at BITS-Pillani and its other campuses. Now if we go through some other programs, there's a Bachelor's in Pharmacy that is also offered. And then we have this Master of Science in Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Economics, Maths, Physics and there's an option for doing Master of Science in General Studies also. Now, for the candidates who will be choosing the Master of Science program, they're also eligible to apply for the dual degree in Engineering at BITS-Pillani after they complete their first year in the MSc course. However, this admission will be based on their performance at BITS. Let's have a glimpse of BITS-AC, what is the cutoff of BITS-AC 2020. There's a branch called Computer Science, which is the most famous branch, most pursued branch I think. So for being Computer Science at Pillani, the cutoff school for 2022 is 372. If you want to pursue Computer Science at Goa campus, the cutoff score is 347. If you want to pursue Computer Science at Hyderabad, the cutoff score is 336. If you want to pursue Electrical and Electronics at Pillani, then the cutoff score will be 333. If you want to pursue Electronics in Communication, then the cutoff score will be 320. This is at Goa campus. If you want to pursue Electronics in Communication at Hyderabad, then the cutoff score is 314. And for Electronics and Instrumentation at Pillani, the cutoff score is 323. So these are the most popular courses at different BITS campuses and you can see they have a very high cutoff because the exam is around, I think, 415 months. So let's look at some of the famous and notable alumni of BITS Pillani. Baba Saheb Neelkanth Kalyani is a Padma Bhushan awardee. He is the CMD of Bharat Force. Then we have Govardhan Mehta. He is the Padma Sri awardee and he is an ex director of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Then we have a Sthikothari Padma Sri awardee. He was the Deputy Dean of the Mighty Stone School of Management. We have Prathviraj Chauhan, who is the former CM of Maharashtra. Vivek Paul was the former CEO of Vipra Technologies and Sabeer Bhatia as the co-founder of Hotman. So if you want to dream high and get your name among the notable alumni of BITS Pillani, then you have to sit for the BITS exam. And hope you like this information useful. Thank you. Thank you very much.