What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards and I am ripping 10 box Tuesdays 10 box flawless prism football Mixer number 112 random teams. Here's a look at the random results You can always find these the Layton Sports Cards calm underneath the results tab and the link is also in chat for you Alright, good luck Here we go. I'm gonna start with the retail hanger Marlin Davidson rookie. We've got a Jonathan Taylor rookie concourse Stafford Chubb Austin Jackson rookie Van Jefferson on the club level rookie Rams Paul Molley on the club level first die cut up. We've got For the Browns Odell Beckham, Jr.  All right, so I'll do it for the hanger box We're gonna do leaf valiant next three autographs plus a rookie slab BGS 9 5 or 10 black label I've seen a black label yet There should be a little bit room a little bit of room Chris. Yeah Alright, so you're gonna pull up Google for me real quick. We've got orange Jalen Twyman TWY man 38 out of 50 It's like out of LSU Vikings on that hip Now we've got rising stock purple Amanra Saint Brown for the Lions That is out of 25 Lions And we've got rising stock of Jamar Jefferson J-E-R-M-A-R Jamar Jefferson three of five on the black rising stock Yeah, the Lions on that one Jamar Jefferson And our slab We've got green BGS 9 5 no Harris For the Steelers Dan M with the Steelers that is 41 out of 99 10 on the auto Nice nausea Harris. It's a little it's a little bit different now. I was just Still in college there. It's full say Playoff next Do ship out of this break Tommy Brown rookie out of 100 Sam Darnell Panthers rookie wave silver Jamar Chase Allen Cook Lawrence Taylor Elijah Mulden rookie Got signature highlights of Chris Long for the Rams It's a cool one there L.A. Rams and behind the numbers Tyree kill chiefs Kind of game all rookie thunder and lightning Packers Got Justin Fields rookie base Bears Stefan Gilmore to 35 for the Patriots and call to arms silver Dak Prescott That's new some rookie to 70. You're sorry to 50 Emmett Smith Cowboys, thanks for subbing Riley and silver rookie wave desks. It's Patrick Greg Russo call to arms drew lock silver Travis ETN. We've got Joe Montana silver and behind the numbers to Marcus where? rookie out of 100 Tylen Wallace Ravens Thunder and lightning Herbert and Joey Bosa. Thank you. What do we got? Ricky Eliza Mitchell. We've got Justin Fields turning Prada 50 on the three colored patch Nice one there bears Harper B with the Bears Ricky wave Trace Sermon Christian Darin Daris off behind the numbers trail ants rookie kid reporter How do you need them? Who's to Cormoran rookie? We've got Texans rookie Otto Brevin Jordan Ricky wave silver Michael Carter and kid reporter What do you want Desmond's Patrick rookie Josh Palmer and behind the numbers Travis ETN at junior gonna go limited Limited up next Joe mixing Melvin Gordon the third for the Falcons to 199 rookie Otto Ritchie Grant Dalvin Cook and Anthony Schwartz on the rookie grounds Sam Darnold Dalvin Cook to 75 Vikings We've got Jags Patch to 99 Travis ETN junior Miles Sanders and a Tom Brady base All right, we should have our RPA here. Good luck everybody Back here Jalen hurts Aaron Jones Carson Wentz mark Andrews We've got Panthers to 149 RPA terrace Marshall jr. On the RPA Panthers there Playbook next first. We've got mammoth materials to 299 for the Broncos Javante Williams esteem has been hot all night for football the 75 mammoth materials Jalen waddle Dolphins on that one We've got me a wide receiver one this year out of 199 signature routes Deontay Johnson, which is kind of scary And we got Broncos rookie booklet Javante Williams You go Broncos This kid's gonna have a big year out of 299 Go Broncos See a big cubie ink out of here got Peyton Turner rookie ticket auto Saints I'm gonna roll the dice for this one two three top four five six bottom That'll be for the rest of the break unless it's an auto or a one-of-one. That is a six Six will go bottom Diamond Brown Washington on that one Takes me I have to like warm up. I just can't do it for the first time We've got Falcons Darren Hall rookie ticket auto Winning ticket Darren Waller supernatural Rookie here Josh Palmer. Good luck everybody got so well rookie ticket auto that is a lion's hits Lions on the redemption Shame over Zeke the creek Paulers off to get his snaps Which is a bad I mean he's never had like First team reps though, you know right got rookie ticket auto Jonathan Cooper Broncos rookie of the year gain. Well chain movers Tyreek Got dual for the Jags Lawrence me too We've got Ramon tree Stevenson rookie on card auto Patriots Get a year to two chain movers Michael Thomas Contenders Jalen Hurts supernatural rookie to 99 Zach Wilson Nice one there Jets Robert C with the Jets a little Mac legendary Antonio Gates How much of those prism team balls going for right now more than 800 Probably I Hopefully it's better than latter Team all hopefully better than last week's Mike goodness. That was a horrible box We've got Trayvon mo rig rookie auto disco Raiders No Are you serious that's it Surprise Michael Carter rookie it got fireworks disco JT. I would have I would have that I believe that they would be more expensive Oh, I thought they were double We've got quity pay on the purple for the Colts Sean Slater we've got Drew Bledsoe on the purple Patriots purples out of 35 for our moves rookie and disco Matt Stafford for the ramps No gray emergent disco Zach Wilson Jets Javonte Williams rookie Broncos and disco Alan Robinson the third for the Bears Lay around to be the third. We've got disco brilliance Patrick Mahomes. It's all the black disco and got excited for a second Tease Got Davante Smith rookie Eagles and disco Jalen Hurts Eagles Nick Bolton we've got red or Smith jr. For the Vikings that is to 50 Tom Brady base. We've got Kellan Mon rookie Vikings and disco rookie Amir Smith Marseille Vikings Variations still Marcus Stevenson rookie Kean Longwood got terrace Marshall jr. On the disco. That is the variation there for you Panthers Right there Right there before the number Yeah, so far so good pretty solid night PS2 Broncos, we've got Russell Wilson on the teal to 79 Seahawks Pull another big car out of Lawless lockdown Charles Woodson disco that still blows my mind those are only $400 Shorts Chase Claypool hype disco I would have never guessed below 600 What those dragon scales are out of what like 67 or some brevin Jordan all-out CD lamb you imagine hit one of That's more than the box Travis ETN jr. And red Chris hurt on it the fourth All right now we got a pull one of those snakes games. We're just talking about Good luck everybody 20-20 prism team all All right, Jenny Bruce Thysman, we've got silver rookie Ross Blacklock Texans We've got a Aaron Jones on the red and yellow team all exclusive And Michael Parine rookie and PJ Hamler rookie. That's why it's $400 Yeah, they haven't got I guess the dragon scales aren't guaranteed Prism time but then again, I mean figure imagine like you're Red and yellow Figure your silvers bro Yeah True Herbert second year on our long. We've got Kyle Pitts rookie Falcons green scope my for now to 75 Jax Brilliant's Tyree kill Jamie Newman Trevor Lawrence rookie Jax Got orange rookie to 249 to Sante Samuel jr. Chargers red wave rookie Otto Tommy tremble for the Panthers Tommy tremble Shane Shelley and both rookie Saints Red wave to 149 Fletcher Cox Eagles and fireworks rookie of Devon T Smith Eagles Yeah, it looks really nice. I was watching a break of it earlier Scoronic Cornell pow got Ryan Tannenel on the blue wave to 199 Titans and silver flashback Otto of Eric Dickerson for the Rams That is 63 out of 149 Get everyone force will be live tomorrow starting at 10 a.m.. Top Scrum platinum Baseball Platinum anniversary Jared Dokes for a key Peyton Turner to 225 Austin Eckler Chargers We've got break purple power of to a tag of I loa 42 of 49 Go Dolphins Force will have for 12 box full case breaks tomorrow Starting at 10. Those are pick your team still plenty of teams left there So definitely check that out. It's on PC real jr. Tyson Campbell orange wave to 60 rookie Niko Collins Texans silver George Kittle all out Josh Palmer Tommy tremble orange to 249 T. Y. Hilton Colts silver Marcus May Ryan rookie got Kaderius Tony rookie Giants Felipe Franks blue ice to 99 a mon green Packers Silver of Xavier and Howard Some really interesting names on the auto checklist to on that. Yeah There's a mantle rookie in there That's a buyback Wow, Zach Wilson rookie Audi yinbo. We've got purple to 125 rich Ganon for the Raiders and Fireworks of Jamar Justin Jefferson. Sorry. Yeah, just like a buyback rookie.  We've got a Javante Williams blue wave to 199 Broncos Killing it with the Williams tonight max G and silver. I'm Ari Cooper Basham, Sumi Fajoco got green hyper Vernon Hargraves the third Texans emergent rookie Jalen waddle Last pack of prism, then we'll get into the big boy of lawless That's new some a mon Ross St. Brown rookie Lions Orange to 249 Devin Singletary and silver rookie Trevor Lawrence Great way to end prism there for the Jags. No, well J on the Lawrence prism Mag that Last break last box of the night and then again Sam will be doing personals limited very limited room left in that It's gonna be something huge in there, right? Good luck So All right, we've got one of five Packers Jordy Nelson patch It's like part of his last name there maybe like the end. Yeah, that's a really cool one of five Player one on that got 10 of 20 the Lion King himself Barry Sanders on the three-color patch Alliance to 25 we've got honored ink Giants of Otis Anderson Otis Anderson six of 25 11 out of 20 rookie for the Rams Auto 2 2 at well Rams one of 25 all-pro ink Joe Thomas Joe Thomas one of 25 Rookie Auto 15 of 15 from last year's flawless a little Clyde Edwards and layer nice one there chiefs See a sharper be with the chiefs on the book ends We'll mag that and two out of 15 with a nasty patch Broncos Javante Williams another one Max G killing it with the Broncos tonight. So I've heard Mike better worse than big buckets All right, we're gonna start here. We've got Ruby 15 of 20 for the Jags Travis Eaton, Jr Jags rookie gem there Noel J comes with your diamond guarantee We've got six of 15 quad rookie showcase Patriots Mac Jones. There you go Pat's Perney s six of 15 Very nice Jersey Jersey looks like maybe sock and football really six of 15 And last hit of the break last but not least didn't see him at all We've got two of 15 rookie auto for the Niners Trey Lance boom Very nice Trey Lance To a 15 right that will do it for the break everyone a quick recap here Relics first Relics and autos here got a Barry Sanders Lyons Jordy Nelson Packers Jalen waddle Dolphins Javante Williams Broncos Travis Eaton, Jr. Jags Justin Field Bears Joe Thomas Browns to to out well Rams Otis Anderson Giants Eric Dickerson Rams Tommy Trumbull Panthers Trayvon Mohrig Raiders From Andre Stevenson Patriots Jonathan Cooper Broncos Lyons Redemption of so well Darren Hall Falcons Peyton Turner Saints Pianta Johnson Steelers terrace Marshall, Jr. Panthers Richie Grant Falcons Revan Jordan Texans Chris Long Rams Jamar Jefferson. We said was the Lions Monterai St. Brown Lions the Jalen Twyman was Vikings Javante Williams on the booklets that was to 199 or 299. Sorry Our max cards and slab We had the Trevor Lawrence silver rookie Jags rookie showcased a 15 Mac Jones Patriots Trey Lance rookie auto to 15 Niners CEH 15 of 15 rookie auto chiefs Javante Williams to a 15 Broncos and the Najee Harris green BGS 95 out of 99 10 on the auto for the Steelers All right, everyone that'll do it for group race tonight Sam will be doing personal it's here in just a few


Right, but the top of the news everywhere is this new strain of COVID, the Omnicron, Omnicron, Omnicron, Omnicron, which I guess is a Greek alphabet letter or something like that, Latin something. Anyway, this is the new variant of COVID coming out of South Africa. South Africa is seeing a significant spike in COVID after months of pretty stable numbers. The spike is attributed to this new variant of COVID. The variant has already escaped Africa. It's significant numbers have already been, UK I think has two or three and the rest of Europe and there's strong suspicious and likelihood that it's already in the United States. It's already sped all over the world. But what are governments do?  Trump did this in March of last year. Biden is doing it now. The Brits, the Europeans are all doing it.  Too late guys. Virus is already here. Virus is already spreading locally.  Stop dictating what we can and cannot do. I'm upset because the Brits have now decided that in order to come into the UK, you are going to have to go into isolation. No matter whether you're vaccinated or not vaccinated, you go into isolation then get a PCR test and only when you get the negative test results in the PCR test can you go out of isolation. You know, given the now the demand for PCR tests, who knows how long that will be. That basically destroys all my plans, which I had for travel. I just bought tickets to go to the UK in January as part of a European tour. It's just so, you know, they have no respect for our lives, no respect for our liberty, no respect for our freedom, no respect for our ability to make choices for ourselves. Anyway, the virus, this new variant is already spreading around the world. It looks like it's very, very contagious. It's spreading fast. There was a plane that came in from South Africa into the Netherlands that I was reading an article that said 61, 61 of the people on the plane tested positive for this new variant, which is bizarre to get those kind of numbers. They didn't get it on the plane. They got it before they got it on the plane. But to get in those numbers means that it's pretty prevalent in South Africa itself. So the numbers are very high. Can't go to Africa because Biden has banned all traveled to Africa. So again, our commanders in chief, the people who command our lives are dictating where we can and cannot go and how we can and cannot, where, how, what. Anyway, so it's time we adopted a new metric. Case numbers are not important. Indeed, COVID is endemic. We're probably all going to get it at some point. The only thing that's important is how many people die from this and what are the demographics of those who die from it. And maybe, you know, is it overwhelming the hospital system? That's it.  Case numbers are insignificant. It doesn't matter. Nobody cares how many people get a disease. The question is, how deadly is this disease? Now, usually with viruses, as they mutate, they become more transmittable and less potent, less deadly. Particularly, if you're vaccinated, that becomes, that makes you less deadly. You know, the vaccine even from mutated virus is probably going to make it less harmful to you. And at some point, we're just going to have to let it go. We should have, you know, you could argue, done this already. Remember the lockdowns in March of last year? Flatten the curve for the hospitals. Not to achieve zero cases. That should have, could have never been the goal. But politicians have tasted what it power feels like. Conservative leftists, status politicians, feel what power is like, whether it's the conservative Johnson, whether it's Orban in Hungary, whether it's the Germans, the French, no matter where it is. And of course, Biden in the United States, they feel what power is like and they won't let it go. They won't let it go. And of course they're afraid. They're afraid. You know, it's easy to perceive politicians as these power-lusting, ooh, scheming evil guys. But really much of what motivates politicians is fear. What if it gets out of control? I might lose the next election. What if I'm perceived as weak? What if I'm perceived as non-scientific? What if I'm perceived? Politicians are motivated by fear and fear of the electorate and fear of how people look at them and fear of what the intelligentsia, of what they crowd will think of them, and they panic. So we will see what happens with all of this. But it looks bad in terms of the government's responses. It looks like the government responses to this are pretty uniform across the globe. So it's not the case that this is just a phenomena of the Biden administration, but it looks like this kind of crazy response, lockdown response, reduced liberty, reduced freedom, shut down airports, don't allow people to travel, tell them where they can and cannot go, isolate them, put them, whether they test positive or negative, doesn't matter, get them. That kind of mentality is just going to continue on and on and on. And look, it could be that this variant is more deadly. But for what I'm reading out of South Africa, it doesn't seem that that's the case. The South African health authorities are claiming that it's less deadly, less likely to get you in hospital, particularly if you're vaccinated, but it is very contagious. So let's get it over with. I just heard today from a friend of mine who also hires me to give talks. So I was with her at an event. What was it a week and a day ago in Colorado and, no, in Connecticut. Connecticut, basically a week ago, last Friday, last Friday. And it turns out that a number of people at that event got COVID. She has gotten COVID. She spent Thanksgiving kind of in isolation, struggling with COVID. I think she's doing fine. She's vaccinated. I think she's fine. One of the other speakers at the event also got COVID. He too, I saw on Facebook, he's vaccinated. But it's a little scary, particularly once you get to a certain age, and he's got COVID. Anyway, I still don't have it. Now, I'm not eager to get it. It's not like I'm eager to get it, but I do find it interesting that I have been traveling throughout. I was traveling in February, March, airplanes all over the place without many precautions. I was traveling throughout last year, 2020. I was traveling all of this year. My wife had COVID and I spent an entire week, 10 days where she had symptoms and I was with a nonstop and I didn't get it. I just, you know, I've been lecturing unmasked and where the audience is unmasked for months and months and months. And I'm not encouraging anybody else to do this. I'm just, this is just what I've done. And I was at this event a week ago where a bunch of people have got COVID and I didn't get COVID. So I'm happy. I'm lucky, whatever it is, I am. I have not been able to get COVID and I hope that continues. But the reality is, the reality is that we're probably all going to get it. I mean, Dio in Michigan, the entire, you know, significant percentage of the population of Dio in Michigan have COVID. And it's likely that human beings will get it back from Dio. And this is like endemic. And this is just going to continue. And to some extent, at some point, we're all going to get it. The tragedy is that nobody seems to be learning lessons from this and improving policy prescriptions for it. The response is just as fearful. And as it has always, always been, right? It's just as fearful. One of the people who says, you're on as Japanese genes immune to COVID. It might be that I've been traveling so much for so many years that my immune system is well developed. Though, you know, I've got so many COVID colds that, you know, I don't know who knows who knows what's going on. And it could be I just got lucky, right? The fact is the reality is that the most likely answer is you're on is just lucky. Don't underestimate the role luck, luck in the sense of, you know, actually having a low probability event and surviving a low probability event. All right. Anyway, so I just wanted to get everybody up to speed. This is spending like crazy. Everybody's going to be talking about this, this new variant of COVID. It's going to be everywhere. Locking down borders is not going to help. Let's hope and fight for a non lockdown solution in the United States, even if cases accelerate and increase significantly. Let's hope that the response this time is more rational. I would encourage people who are 65 and older might have comorbidities to get their booster shot. This would be a good time or maybe wait a few weeks until we know more about this particular variant. And maybe the booster shots could be modified to cover this variant. But this is a great time to consider getting vaccinated and getting your vaccines all caught up so that if you have comorbidities, if you're susceptible to COVID and susceptible to bad outcomes from COVID, you reduce the odds of those bad outcomes. So I'd still not gotten my booster. I don't expect to get a booster until I know more about this new variant and whether the booster is going to be modified or not. All right. Oh, one last thing I would say is where's the outrage that the FDA has not approved the Pfizer and Mooc pills that are supposed to reduce basically the risk of death from COVID to zero? Where are these pills? If these pills were circulating, then it wouldn't matter. None of this would matter. It would all be over. So maybe the political class has an incentive not for this not to be over because they're benefiting enormously in terms of the power grab from this. But approve the frigging pills so that we can stop worrying about this. $700 course of the Pfizer, the Mooc pill and you're almost guaranteed not to have a significantly negative effect from COVID. I would take the pills like that. I have no qualms about taking the pill even if they're only approved for emergency use or whatever the hell they call it. So get the pills out there. All right. No, I'm not using Ivermectin explained why yesterday chances that Ivermectin actually works on COVID are very, very low and is just absolutely no reason to be using them. The fact is that if I get COVID chances of me having a really bad outcome are very, very, very low. I'm not going to worry about it. And Ivermectin is certainly not the first thing I would jump out to other drugs. There's this one antidepressant that taking a small doses has shown significant positive results with COVID, much better results than Ivermectin in much better studies. So if you're going to get COVID and you're going to take something, be scientific about it and not political and I'll jump to whatever the latest fad among the doctors that a cool happen to say, yes, flux fluvoxamon, fluvoxamon, that's it. Some, yeah, that's the that's the antidepressant. It's a it's a mild antidepressant. You can take it in low doses and it is proven of all the different and it's very cheap. It's all the different drugs that are being tried that are very cheap that are approved already that have no side effects that are easy to use that have no issues. Flu fluvoxamine fluvoxamine it has produced as far as I can tell I'm not a doctor don't take my word for this as far as I can tell has produced the best results. So and if you take it in the right dose in low doses, it won't have an effect on your on your mind and it and you can go on and off it easily. So again, this is the one that Scott Alexander and I've read others have said it has the best large peer reviewed statistically significant study out there, much, much better, much, much more informative than than ivermectin. So if I had if I was going to take something, I would take that. So we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening. You get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to your on book show dot com slash support by going to patreon subscribe star locals and just making a appropriate contribution on any one of those any one of those channels. Also, if you'd like to see the Iran book show grow, please consider sharing our content. And of course, subscribe, press that little bell button right down there on YouTube so that you get announcement when we go live. And for those of you who already subscribers and those of you who already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.


Going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards. We were ripping at two boxes of 23 at top Star Wars chrome black hobby for George M It's good luck here at George Sue. We got buddy. Let's go, Georgie or G Georgie poochie Greenlaw of a gell-off is not an easy guy to hit out of that man Gell-off is like him and Messiah are like impossible to hit out of Bowman Chrome Let's go George. All right. Got Kit Fista That is a refractor of Rancor to 199 and purple to 125 is Newt Gunray Newt Gunray We've got auto is Padoo shared as Chad Parker is Padoo shared nice one there and Second Boxer What does he do? It's interesting 23 top Star Wars chrome black Let's see it George. Come on baby. Let's see a super fractor Come on. Hi, Superhero Royal Guard 125 Hell yeah, my favorite character in Star Wars really guards. Yeah, I remember when I first saw him. I was like Dope. Yeah, it's a 99. It's Captain Phasma. I just won there. Congrats, George Of course, I'll lose sleep on whether to grade it or not and Zachukasa it'll be a it'll be a Hedbert Perez Situation all over again Jonathan. Oh no And then we've got auto of Braio, Organa nice one there Simone Cassell as Braio, Organa Congrats on that one George Not too shabby. That'll do it for your break George. Thanks as always for the sport buddy. Do appreciate it Get it right out to my


Hello everybody at chaos west stage, I'm announcing the next it's a talk isn't it the talk With a Q&A it's going to be on English and it's going to be highly Philosophical, so I hope you all had your two or three cup of coffees already Please take the stage. Thank you. Hi So my name is Anders and I am a psychologist So I do computers also, but it's not my main thing So I was trying to think of how I could participate in this hackathon in more of a hacking context And I realized that I actually do a lot of hacking already because I study teaching and psychology, so Teachers already hack their students In you know the word pedagogy how we teach how we handle children how we teach people What is actually happening when you're teaching is you have to Convince someone of a new perspective, and you have to upgrade their perspective somehow and what accounts as correct or accounts as An improvement in someone's perspective is very contentious And that's what people argue about when they're talking about curriculum But in terms of actually how to do it and why you might want to do that I'm going to look at how you might hack an existing worldview in order to compromise it and then you can install a new upgraded worldview So my research professor in my graduate program was Rand Spiro And he what his one of his major theories is cognitive flexibility theory And you know in science you have this two by two design usually and so the two variables here are usually Ill-structured versus well-structured domains of knowledge So we're talking about how people learn in either complex areas of knowledge or simple structural areas of knowledge And what his research found is that if the knowledge is well-structured well-structured forms of well-structured forms of Teaching that knowledge are highly effective if it's simple knowledge You can teach it in a simple way and the students will learn it correctly and remember it But if the knowledge is complex and messy and it's about making interpretations or it's about judging Maybe complex medical information and making a judgment call Then you can't train the knowledge in a simple way because it's not simple knowledge And if you do that people will end up with misconceptions which damage their ability to access and use the knowledge So if it's if the knowledge is ill-structured you have to crisscross the knowledge landscape back and forth and get it from many Different angles many different slices of the same knowledge and then it will actually Allow the person to form a robust cognitive network in their learning So just like our ego has defense mechanisms the partial inaccurate misconceptions or Any type of knowledge has some resistance to being changed because otherwise our minds would be changing a little too much and My professor also theorized this as knowledge shields So these are basically just defense mechanisms that kick in you might misinterpret something You might recall something that is related but not actually the same thing There's a whole list of like 30 different specific knowledge shields that he identified so this is another piece of the puzzle is if we are trying to learn something new and it triggers our existing knowledge in our in the networks of our brain then those networks come online and Start to process whatever information they've already learned in the past So it might block taking in new information or updating those networks So what this sets up is that we're actually so this is that you know using the contemporary vaguely network model of the human brain and how it stores knowledge as Some type of imminent network or representation So what this sets up is basically you have a network and you're trying to basically attack this territory and Invade and infiltrate and colonize this territory with some type of new structure some new pattern or network So there's a whole bunch of different strategies. You can use in that you can surround you can divide you can you can weaken the foundation you can come in from different angles and See different ways to infiltrate someone's existing learning and compromise it basically How are you going to convince someone or really convince their brain that this knowledge is outdated and needs to be up to date? So Something really interesting that that happens in one of the most effective ways of changing perspective is using abductive reasoning so You know inductive deductive and then there's also abductive reasoning that abducts the current thought and it's The answer the question is what could link here? What could be about this? And so then it that the way that works in the brain is probably through spreading activation and possibly even backwashing From the postsynaptic to the presynaptic neuron. So we're seeing like this is how creativity works in the brain is we're seeing gradual spreading of priming and The priming and activation of related material that surrounds literally the the schema in question So we're moving out into a broader perspective or a broader worldview and this is a really effective way of Changing a perspective because when a worldview becomes abducted into a larger worldview it has a rich interconnection with the previous worldview and What you'll see is that in a genuine shift of perspective you have a shift in your subjectivity and your language. So if you you know and we'll get we'll get to an example in a second, but if you Are seeing something in a certain way and then you have a shift in your perspective You'll literally feel and see a kind of shift in how you're seeing the world around you So your language will will actually shift and you'll your language will be reinterpreted Your subjectivity you'll have a pivot in your experience of the moment And then I I wanted maybe get to this later But it retransversalizes the replicativity matrix, which is basically like how your brain thinks diagonally Will become up to date and that's hard to talk about because it's not a thing that makes any sense So how to abduct people into new worldviews and one of the most effective Mechanisms is allegory and the etymology of allegory it comes from a Gora, which is an open space like a public market And then Allah which is means different or something else Like a leotoric is like environmental sounds or whatever so Allegory means we're speaking publicly about something, but really we're speaking about something else and that's right in the word I love etymology so When you have a story and that story is actually tracing the contours of an existing network you are mapping out your existing knowledge network and at the same time applying different possible upgrades that link together into a higher-order framework that Collectively abducts the old network and makes robust connections previously back to the original network So that the new network is more stable Yeah, so yeah like that So what is this yeah so that first that was kind of the first half and that of this talk and that is Hacking worldviews, so how do we infiltrate a worldview and then change it to something else? I want to make a bit of a distinction here between worldviews and abstractions So abstractions being a concepts about concepts how we think about our thought and how we Maneuver and utilize these concepts, which is itself determined arguably by another concept So whereas hacking a worldview is a very practical Approach where you're thinking, you know, I have this person and I want them to see things differently And and you know this is it sounds so evil, but really this is from an educational perspective Education means means to lead out. So we're trying to lead people out of Smaller perspectives or more limited perspectives into larger and larger more inclusive perspectives that can also Include the opposite of whatever they're thinking for example So whereas that's very practical and applied hacking abstractions is very abstract and it's more You know cognitive how can we redesign a concept such that it is a more effective or more sticky concept than Then an existing concept So this gets into the nature of critique and I've studied a little bit of critical theory and Poststructuralist critical theory and I'll mention a few names later, but But basically there is oh Yeah, yeah, this is a good distinction. So the distinction between Two types of critical theory. There's normative critical theory and there's provocative critical theory normative critical theory Attempts to establish a recommendation of what we should do basically, you know It'll it'll say, you know this thing about society is broken and we need to fix it and maybe we should do this provocative critical theory does not try to lay out a Solution or a new world view a new scheme or a new abstraction of what's going on instead provocative critical theory utilizes language to provoke the reader and Shift all types of different things potentially in how they're reading and how they're seeing the world So provocative critical theory can be really fun to read and it can be very poetic Lynn Fendler and Foucault are two provocative critical theorists So I'm just throwing out. I'm just making a string of concepts here so an anti-odromia is a Greek word and this means when something becomes so extreme that it becomes its own opposite or evokes its own opposite and So what this is what you see if you take if you take an abstraction If you take an idea to its maximum point and you fully articulate the idea. I think that's the next slide Then just merely articulating the full idea in all of its detail and pointing out the different aspects and facets of the idea What it does is it actually is activating that entire knowledge network at the same time so it's getting that all up into the air and Floating around at the same time and so then it's a lot looser because you know when we remember something We resave the memory so it can be changed every time we remember something so it activates the knowledge and it articulates the knowledge so this is literally Critique is moving something back within its appropriate boundaries or its its actual boundaries So taking this neural network and using language to define kind of edges and boundaries and territories Has an effect of moving that knowledge into a more whole version of itself by making these larger higher-order links and also Linking it all together more wholly as a single unit of knowledge and what happens when you do this is it tends to explode the network It tends to create a little implosion just like a co-on would do using if you've read, you know a Hofstadter like a co-on using like a strange loop to create an inversion of subjectivity and a feeling of Vertigo So Nagarjuna's fourfold method of negation. This is a famous Buddhist who He his method of negation. You may have heard it before where it's It's it's this and also not this and also this and not this and also neither this nor that so it's all four possible combinations of Combining things at there either extreme so you have both you have neither you have one and the other and Doing that kind of logic you can you can get a sense of the Non-dual logic that comes after the implosion. So there's there's a kind of a cognitive Short circuit and you you you pop out of your current frame of reference And then from that new perspective you have a moment of emptiness where you see That your previous concept your previous abstraction was not what reality is but is actually Something that you just popped out of because the the frame interfered with itself Yeah, so So what we're talking about here as Upgrading abstractions or hacking abstractions is where is the critical point? How can I? How can I? You know, how can I create an upgrade to this abstraction? That's actually the taking away of something How can I how can I create a something that includes this but actually? Speaks through it and across the previous abstraction so that that new language Doesn't deny the previous language, but actually expands it inclusively and How can I do that without adding any concepts to my students mind? How can I teach without actually teaching because I want them to be coming up with their own ideas? I just want to maybe say, you know, maybe that idea is going a little bit too far Like let's we can step that idea back And then immediately there's more room for other ideas to grow and to come together in new combinations So this is a minimalist approach to teaching where I'm trying to not have a curriculum You know, there still is a curriculum. This kind of thing is a curriculum, but there's no content rather it's it's more the apophatic approach that Nagarjuna and Zen Buddhists in general take where they tend to not provide solutions They tend to be more like provocative critical theorists and they tend to instead of solutions just do strange gestures provocative gestures that interfere with the existing modes of knowledge and the ability of those existing networks of knowledge to Continue making sense because then they stop making sense and the student has to actually think about what might make sense. Oh Yeah, so what we can do now is we get into like like the meme wars and all of that is Is predicated on how memes spread and how ideas spread? So if we can design effective abstractions that go beyond the current abstractions we can reliably design Memes that will be more likely to propagate and more likely to have certain effects that we can we can see in advance And more likely to have positive effects because we'll be designing better ideas for people so Let's see Yeah, so if linking this back to the first part if we tell a story and that story is linking together different concepts and those different concepts are increasingly articulating a Larger concept network That is itself through that articulation becoming deprecated What we have is the emergence of Nonsense instead of concepts or like non seps we have we have this new type of thing emerging between the layers of the other concepts and There's this emergent phenomenon of nondescription Where the actual the de-territorialization of this knowledge network Starts to become a more dominant force than the territorialization of the network So the the the wisdom starts to overpower the knowledge you could say the flexibility of the thinker starts to overpower the the hold that the individual concepts have on the thinker And that happens through this creation of rich complex connections that crisscross the knowledge landscape in many different ways and Specifically if we're talking about a single event Often some kind of abductive process that includes and involves the current mind in the new perspective So I'm gonna stand over here for this There's possible Applications and some of these are literally applications. I'm working on a contemplative Mobile app. That's just something really basic where you can type in words and they float around and so you can contemplate You can allow your mind to wander but you can go back to the screen and remind yourself what you were thinking about So this lets you you know prime yourself and explore your own associations Also in general like this was something my professor was working on and he was doing these video mashups like he took He took some really famous movies and he cut them up into little tiny pieces and then tagged to them really robustly And then you could actually search for a tag like if you were writing an essay or something You could very quickly watch all of the clips with that one tag So you would be rewatching the movie thematically in these little, you know crisscrossing back and forth But something that's even more exciting I think here is if we could algorithma size this type of Protocol upgrade as a protocol then you could make self-upgrading protocols or you could make Like a storytelling AI it wouldn't be an AI though because it would have basically a simple math of how to apply different Transformations in different contexts in order to produce certain types of concepts that would involve certain types of readers So you could you could create a therapeutic storytelling bot basically that would actually understand in a sense Where you were coming from because it would it would take in some type of background information and then process that according to What it thinks your current concepts are and how it thinks it might be able to sabotage those by exposing them to each other at specific points So this gets into what would that logic look like if a computer could process this type of storytelling logic So it's not it's not a limited alphabet It's not an alphabet of 26 letters if you split You know the the seasons or a narrative with you know rising action following action rising action and then a you know climax in a day new month then you get something where you can map all types of cycles onto one wheel But how many slices should we cut this pie into? You know the English alphabet has 26 letters the Norse alphabet has 24 letters Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters There are four seasons seven classical planets eight or nine actual planets So how many different alphabets do we need? How can we go from an alphabet that has four letters to an alphabet that has five letters? You know if we have you know Conflict resolution conflict resolution conflict. That's not a complete story So we would need to have a conclusion and then have another conflict or a stage That's what a conflict and a resolution in one step if we only have four or five steps So this is super abstract, but I'm trying to talk about how how you could build an abstraction processing engine that would be able to Reliably build Executable wet wear upgrades for people so they could see things in a new way and have a reliably More open abstraction So if you're interested in these topics, I'm here a few things you can read or look at I wrote an essay that's on my website infiltrating misconceptions where I talk a little more about how the how the neural networks might work for this There's also the glass speed game by Herman Hesse. He won the Nobel Prize for that Sentos bonacci if you thought the previous slide Here was interesting then Santos Bonacci would delight you. He just rambles for like an hour and a half about that And also CCR you net is amazing The newogram. I'm writing a book on the newogram. It's on my website also And then the politics of aesthetics by Jacques Rancier He talks about a the distribution of the sensible and a redistribution of the sensible where we suddenly perceive a new way Things could be or a new new boundaries about what we're able to actually speak about And here's my contact information my website is my name comm I'm working with holo on holo chain and that's a fully distributed peer-to-peer application ecosystem so it's kind of it's like micro blockchains for that and We're running an Indiegogo campaign that's going really well, and I also have internet school of magic calm I'm one of the many co-founders of the internet school of magic and so you can read classes about Unfortunately, not the transversal replicativity matrix, but you can read classes about Some of the letters of that alphabet Yeah, thank you Thank you very much Andrews We don't have a Q&A is that cool? Yeah, that would be great If anyone wants to ask questions or raise discussions points, please I Can talk about the transversal replicativity matrix Maybe So you said this sentence and how can I teach without teaching? Why is this of motivation for teachers? That's a really good question There I guess I have two answers to that question and they're both about the the way curriculum works where right now teachers are Used to convey someone else's material someone else's content, you know in most almost all school systems They're just basically using the teacher as this as this puppet and they should not be used that way to replicate someone else's ideology and so first of all it's if we were going to do a better system if we were going to allow teachers to actually teach as human beings Primarily what would that look like and how can we learn that skill and then second is given the way things are? How can we teach without teaching? How can we how can we teach this curriculum, but actually be teaching something completely different? While we're ostensibly teaching about history. We're actually teaching, you know something Well history, you know, that's just an example because it's often taught in a boring way But what if when we're teaching about history that would normally be boring? It's actually really interesting and or teaching something entirely different about how to think and how to be in general Which is what good history teaching should be like? Thank you, and the other question is I'm interested in interested in learning Can you give me some hints how I can learn stuff that I'm interested in very quickly? Do I have a? Can I hack myself? Yeah, my research professor's favorite Method for that was to use Google to explore the deep web so looking for specific Really specific keywords really specific articles and very rapidly going through a lot of different questions that you have so asking Asking yourself questions and pursuing your line of questioning rather than pursuing the reading and the the links that you find so always going back to Google right away and Asking the next question that occurs to you and you can very rapidly iterate your learning that way. Yeah That's one idea That's cool any more questions from the audience What do you think would be the best ways to measure the effectiveness of your interventions on world views? That's a very Like empirically framed question, and I like to deconstruct that type of worldview, but let me answer your question Because it's it's a good question, too. Um, I I started designing a I called it SUP Because it was like a subtle user probe And so it's it's a little it's like it's like the Cortana thing they have in Windows now the little box where you type stuff in But this box would be Just for typing in what you're doing So it's a it would be a personal way of logging your activities And it would just like blink a light once in a while just very politely and you could be reminded to type in what you were Doing and then over time You would be able to use this to To kind of connect different contexts together and see how your connections of contexts are changing over time So this is not an easy thing to measure. That's like it's a it's that's a really hypothetical Subtle experiment you could do that that might have interesting data or it might not Another example that's similar to that is you could for example look at you could compare multiple users search history so you could compare Just say two users search history and the user that's more likely to be using more higher order abstractions We'll you'll see more even if you just did a simple statistical Like correlational Measure of how related their search terms are over time the person who's using higher order abstractions will more likely have higher Correlation amongst their questions that they're asking Google or whatever search engine over time for example But yeah, it's really hard to measure and I think also effectiveness is is close to the the root of like the issues in Public education systems where if you can't measure it then we can't fund it and it doesn't exist so Yeah, I was in I was in a PhD program for educational psychology and educational technology and I realized Well, I won't I won't say what I think about it, but it that field is is actually doing the testing It's creating the tests. It's designing the science It's designing the evidence that is then given to politicians to justify Standardized curriculum and centralized education and testing systems So there are particular people who are funded who are well funded and they're creating this paradigm And they're using they're using that language. So I try to differentiate the language from the people who are creating the problem Great question. Thank you Did I did I understand you correctly that I should train my Google search machine to search better find better when I ask questions? No, I was I was saying that if you looked at someone's search history They would probably you know in theory They are probably using more higher order abstractions if they have more correlation in their search terms over time Whereas if they're just scattered if they're asking a bunch of random questions They're probably not working with a higher order abstraction. That's all so if we have more questions, then where can we find you? Where do you sit? We have as devils. Oh, I don't I don't have a table. I'm I'm this is the first time I've been here So I'll be wandering around But my my number is 3 3 1 4 and if you contact me on telegram. I'll respond same day at least Andrews amazing Thank you for the store. Thank you so much. Thank you


In our discussion of many electron atoms we have said already that here we have a situation where you cannot solve Schrodinger equation directly like we could do it for hydrogen atom or rigid rotor or harmonic oscillator or free particle or particle in a box. So that is why it is a cliche that the quantum chemists are often teased by other people saying that these people have only one equation and they do not even know how to solve it. Of course that does not make too much of a sense it is just a way of pulling each other's legs. But one thing that has come out very clearly is that we will not be able to do a very very rigorous solution of Schrodinger equation for systems here on. So we need approximation methods and we have already used one approximation that is orbital approximation and that is how we have sort of circumvented the problem that is there of electron-electron repulsion by considering effective nuclear charge and shielding constant we have been able to reach a situation where we can still use the same wave functions 1s 2s well not same but modified 1s modified 2s modified 2p so on and so forth that is we have been using. Now here just orbital approximation again is not enough we need to now indulge in we need to engage a rather detailed discussion of more thorough approximation methods of quantum mechanics. And you will see that when we do that this concept of shielding and all they come anyway. The only thing is that when we talk about wave functions we enter little more abstract domain we might be able to come back to 1s 2s etc later on but at least during the course of this discussion sometimes you might actually lose the memory of these good old orbitals that we have generated we will talk in terms of more general wave functions. So there are two kinds of approximation techniques that are very popular in quantum mechanics one is perturbation theory the other is variation theory these two theories are used to perform approximation and to start with we are going to talk about perturbation theory. So now you might be wondering in all this discussion where does this cartoon of a cat getting its cheek pulled by somebody comes in. Well we will see in the course of our discussion but before we get into it just so that we do not forget please have a look at the cat what has happened the cat this is the cat unperturbed cat and what the owner or whoever it is has done is that is tucked at the cheek. So only this cheek portion is distorted a little bit rest of the cat is what it was before its cheek was pulled please remember this then unless I forget all about this we will come back to this analogy later on but now we start slowly talking about perturbation theory we wish to introduce ourselves to this technique. So first thing I want to say is what is the scope of perturbation theory perturbation theory is an approximation that you cannot use anywhere and everywhere if it was then you would not need the more rigorous variation method later on. So in perturbation theory what happens is you start with a system for which you can have exact solution of Schrodinger equation for example as we said particle in a box or harmonic oscillator or hydrogen atom and these systems from where we start these systems for which exact solution of Schrodinger equation can be obtained these are called unperturbed systems. So what exactly is the formal definition of perturbation we will come to that shortly but we start with an unperturbed system for which we are able to solve Schrodinger equation without much hassle we can solve it exactly. Then the Hamiltonian for such an unperturbed system is called the zeroth order Hamiltonian what is the meaning of zero zero means there is no perturbation. Exact solution is there this is how we write it H hat for a Hamiltonian operator and we write a zero superscript in bracket which means zeroth most of the time I will try to say H zeroth by mistake I can say H zero please do not get confused about it what when I write this H zero or H zeroth what I mean is the unperturbed well zeroth order Hamiltonian of the perturbed system. Next we try to build a description of the actual system by considering a small deviation from this unperturbed system from which we just started and this word small is big in this context it is very important to remember that perturbation is a small disturbance well we call this a perturbed system but please do not forget that perturbation is a small change if the base value is 1 lakh then it is okay if the deviation is by 100 it is not okay if the deviation is by 20000 then perturbation theory would not work and you will see shortly why it would not work it is important that we never forget that the scope of perturbation theory is an extremely small well not say minus cube but small deviation from the unperturbed system please remember this perturbation is not very very big change and that is what brings us back to that cartoon of the cat remember the entire cat was exactly the same only a small portion of the cheek that was pinched by two fingers of this owner of the cat only that portion got distorted rest of the cat was the same so we might call that a distortion but if the entire cat was caught and elongated by some way that would definitely not be distortion and that would definitely not be perturbation that would be a very major distortion perturbation theory would not work in situations like those all right so once again let me emphasize in different colors perturbation is a small small change very very important not a small point at all great so now what we do is we write the Hamiltonian of the perturbed system as h 0th plus h first where h first this term is the first order correction to Hamiltonian psi of the perturbed system is written as psi 0 plus you can write psi first but generally we write delta psi but delta psi is a small change in wave function and E also is E 0th plus delta E where delta E is a small change in energy so if the so called perturbed system has an energy well if the perturbed system has an energy of 10 units and the so called perturbed system has an energy of say 50 units then perturbation theory will not work you cannot really work like this because delta E is going to become greater than E 0 or even comparable to E 0 or even a sizable portion fraction of E 0 then perturbation theory will not work so what we will do for the rest of this module is that we will try to build a an expression for this delta E and delta psi I am telling you right now and maybe when we talk about anharmonic oscillator later we will come back to this in a little more detail this delta psi or psi you can say is written as a linear combination of the psi 0s remember the wave functions the eigen functions of Hamiltonian of the unperturbed system constitute a complete set of orthonormal vectors I do not recall now whether we have formally discussed what a complete set is but let me tell you what it is let us think of real space the space we live in x, y, z 3 vectors unit vectors along x, y, z they are enough to describe the location of anything any point in this space right so x, y, z or i, j, k if you want to put it that way constitutes a complete set if I only take x, y then it is not a complete set for 3 dimensional space it is a complete set for x, y, space so what kind of a space you are choosing when I space I do not mean physical space I mean hyperspace that will decide what the dimensionality of this what is the required dimensionality for completeness no vector that is required to define anything in that function space as it is called is left out that is what completes complete set is all the vectors that are required to define the function space fully are there all right so that is a complete set so since these 0th order wave functions form a complete orthonormal set what we can do is we are talking about very small distortion right so we can say that even the perturbed wave functions are roughly going to be in that hyperspace that function space so whatever is the whatever is the wave function the perturbed wave function we should be able to write it as a linear combination of all the wave functions orthonormal wave functions in for the unperturbed systems so essentially you are going to write this psi as sum over i psi i 0th but we will worry about that later on we are not talking about wave functions just as yet right now for the rest of the module and maybe there will be a spill over to the next module we are talking about your delta E okay how do we find the small change in energy okay so let us proceed and by doing that we are going to again perform a formal discussion of a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics that we had perhaps should have done earlier generally in classes it has done earlier but we wanted to get straight into the chemistry that is why we did not now we need it so we are going to discuss that very fundamental aspect of quantum chemistry properties of quantum mechanical operators also in the course of this discussion so that is a something additional something extra that we get to discuss here okay let us get ahead so what we do now is unfortunately I have gone a little far I do not know why so yeah this is what it is so this is what we have for the perturbed system we have the new Hamiltonian H hat new wave function psi new energy E and they all differ from the original unperturbed values by small small amounts okay so the next thing that we will do is we are going to simply write the Schrodinger equation for the perturbed system right Schrodinger equation for the perturbed system and for that we are going to write the Schrodinger equation for the perturbed system and for that we are going to work with this H hat psi and E okay so what is Schrodinger equation H psi equal to E psi simple so instead of H we are going to write H 0th plus H first like this instead of psi we are going to write psi 0th plus delta psi then right hand side is E psi instead of E we will write E 0 plus delta E and that will be multiplied by psi which is psi 0th plus delta psi simple as that so this here is our Schrodinger equation for the perturbed system great so now let us open it up a little bit let us open the brackets we are going to have 4 terms on the left 4 terms on the right and then as usually happens in physical chemistry many of these 8 terms are going to vanish thankfully and we will have a beautiful expression for delta E okay so now H 0th psi 0 plus H first psi 0 let us say these are the 2 terms I have taken these 2 terms in the first place well this I do not even have to say it like this everybody can do it this third and fourth terms will be H 0th delta psi plus H first delta psi simple right hand side similarly will be E 0th psi 0 plus delta E psi 0 plus E 0th delta psi plus delta E delta psi okay we have got our 8 terms now let us see how many of this are going to become 0 first it is very simple but let me once again emphasize the point that is not small the point that the changes are small delta E is small delta psi is small so what happens when you multiply a small quantity by another small quantity 10 to the power minus 3 is a small quantity 10 to the power minus 5 is another small quantity multiply you get 10 to the power minus 8 which is smaller than each of the small quantities whose product we have taken so delta E delta psi is going to be really really really very small and therefore we are going to neglect it remember we are approximating we are learning approximation methods here if we say that we will not neglect any terms then there is no point in doing this exercise okay so I am reminded of another cliche something that a very renowned quantum chemist had told a student the student did not want to do approximation so the professor said see I there is an ant crawling on the table I want you to work out the time that the ant will take to go from this side of the table to that so you have to consider that the table is stationary and then you have to work out the velocity of the ant and work it out now if you say the table is on the surface of the earth the earth is rotating about its axis and revolving around the sun the entire solar system is moving and the galaxy is moving as well so then you have so many terms in the equation then before you can even write it the ant would have crossed the table right so we do not want our ant to cross the table before we can write all the terms this is an absolutely justified approximation delta E and delta psi within the ambits of perturbation theory are very small so the product is even smaller so we are going to neglect this no problem with that if we cannot do it then we cannot use perturbation theory we need something else and there are situations that we are going to encounter where that is the case but then what it means is that you need something else you need some more rigorous theory you cannot use perturbation theory there you cannot use an easy theory and not invoke the approximations that you need to make for it to be applicable right so delta E delta psi is equal to 0 is anything else equal to 0 do you have any other quantity any other term where the quantities are both small H 0 psi 0 no H 1th psi 0 well H 1th is very small but not necessarily psi 0th H 0 delta psi again delta psi is small not necessarily well definitely not H 0th E 0th psi 0th if you neglect that then that means energy of the unperturbed system is 0 not a general case delta E psi 0th once again similar thing so wherever you have this blue terms multiplied by black ones you cannot neglect them but here what about this one blue into blue H first multiplied by delta psi delta psi is small and the perturbation is also small so the contribution of the perturbation to the Hamiltonian is definitely going to be small so we can neglect this H first delta psi as well so out of the eight terms that we have two of them are neglected because they are not they are very very small you do not have to worry about them okay let us erase them immediately that brings us to another interesting situation now we have six terms instead of eight can we get rid of more terms here let us see what is the first term H 0th operating on psi 0th what is the first term on the right hand side E 0th multiplied by psi 0th black and black black and black so H 0th operating on psi 0th and E 0th multiplied by psi 0th are they related to each other right these are Hamiltonian wave function and energy of the unperturbed system of course the Schrodinger equation right H 0th psi 0th is equal to E 0th psi 0th that is the Schrodinger equation for the unperturbed system so this term on the left hand side is the LHS of Schrodinger equation for the unperturbed system this term on the right hand side is equal to right hand side of Schrodinger equation for the unperturbed system they are equal to each other and so they cancel each other it is great starting from eight terms we now have four terms we have four terms starting from eight terms now we have first order Hamiltonian first order correction to Hamiltonian operating on 0th order wave function plus 0th order Hamiltonian operating on delta psi the change in wave function gives us delta E the change in energy multiplied by 0th order wave function plus 0th order energy multiplied by delta psi now our job is to try and make delta E just subject to formula and we have to see how we can simplify this further okay now one very simple technique ubiquitous technique we use every time in quantum mechanics whenever we have situations like this is to left multiply by an appropriate wave function and integrate overall space okay when you do that many of the integrals become either 0 or 1 by virtue of orthonormalization orthonormal by virtue of wave functions being orthonormal and you get many useful new integrals we are going to encounter many integrals of this kind later on exchange integral coulomb integral verus spectroscopy transition moment integral we have talked about transition moment integral very sketchily while discussing particle in a box so we are going to left multiply this but before that what we do is we will bring this terms in delta psi to one side h 0th minus E 0th delta psi plus first order correction to Hamiltonian operating on psi 0 gives us delta E multiplied by psi 0 why are we doing this because we want to make delta E the subject of formula now we will do what we were saying left multiply by the complex conjugate of the 0th order wave function and integrate over all space okay when we do that what do we get so the first term that we get is you multiply psi 0 star left multiply this thing you get psi 0 star multiplied by h 0 minus E 0 operating on delta psi integrated over all space now do you see that h 0th minus E 0th is actually an operator h 0 is the unperturbed Hamiltonian operator and E 0 is just a number right E 0th so an operator minus a number is also an operator so this h 0th minus E 0th is a quantum mechanical operator let us say a hat or something okay we are going to use this later so this is what we have the first term becomes integral psi 0th multiplied by h 0th minus E 0th operating on delta psi d tau looks quite formidable does not look like we can work this out but let us see whether things simplify a little bit second term of course will be from here what do we have here first order correction to Hamiltonian operating on psi 0th left multiply by psi 0 star integrate over all space you got the second term on the left hand side what about the right hand side delta E remember is a number so delta E comes outside the integral then we have integral psi 0th star multiplied by psi 0th over all space this is what we get okay integral psi 0th well delta E integral psi 0th star multiplied by psi 0th d tau and that is a happy situation because remember psi 0th is normalized okay if it is not normalized you can always normalize everything and it will cancel the normalization constant will cancel so integral of psi 0th psi 0 over all space naturally is equal to 1 okay so right hand side simply becomes delta E the question is what about the other 2 terms is there any way to find a simpler expression for the first term that we have here integral psi 0th star multiplied by h 0th minus E 0th operating on delta psi integrated over all space and to do this we are going to use a property of quantum mechanical operators remember quantum mechanical operators must have real eigenvalues that is where we are going to start from once again in case we lose track because of the sudden transition from perturbation theory to very basic quantum mechanics please do not forget h 0th minus E 0th is an operator it is operating on some delta psi okay so we are trying to find a way of simplifying this integral okay we want to know what this integral is because then finding an expression for delta E becomes simple so we might as well write this operator as a hat and whatever we have here this delta psi or psi we can write it as f f is a function so it has been said many many times in this course that we are going to get eigenvalue equations whenever we have a quantum mechanical operator it operates on the wave function if the wave function has the information then it gives the information about the physical observable in the form of the eigenvalue so a hat f equal to a f is the eigenvalue equation that we get all the time okay now what we will do is something similar because we want this kind of an integral integral some wave function star multiplied by operator operating on some wave function so we will just go through the motion and do it we are going to left multiply by f star so we get f star a hat f equal to a multiplied by f star f and then of course we are going to integrate when we integrate left hand side becomes integral f star a hat f d tau is equal to a integral f star f d tau okay a is a constant so it will go outside the integration sign as we have discussed already so we already know what integral f star f is overall space that is going to be 1 because f is normalized so right hand side simply becomes a now what we will do is since we have a complex conjugate of something here we are going to take complex conjugate of the terms on both the sides of Schrodinger equation that we have written in the general form so complex conjugate of a hat f on the left hand side should be equal to complex conjugate of a multiplied by f small a multiplied by f on the right hand side all right now what we had done earlier when we had a hat f we had left multiplied by f star now we have a hat f whole star so we are going to left multiply simply by f because complex conjugate is already there so you do that and do the integration you get what you get but before going there one thing that needs to be pointed out is right hand side is complex conjugate of a multiplied by f now remember quantum mechanical operators have to have real eigenvalues so a star essentially has to be equal to a it cannot be a complex quantity because the eigenvalue is supposed to be the value of a some physical observable it cannot be imaginary so this complex conjugate must be equal to itself so we can happily bring a out here so this right hand side becomes a f star so now we left multiply by f and integrate over all space this is what we get integral f a hat f whole star d tau is equal to a so we have two such expressions both are equal to a how do we proceed from here we can write equate the two left hand sides eliminate a and we get integral f star a hat f d tau is equal to integral f a hat f star d tau now we have something that is close to what we have here but not exactly the same because this expression if you see is something like f star a hat then g integrated over all space this one is integral f star a hat f integrated over all space they are not one and the same so we have to get from here to here we have to see whether we can get an expression where we have two different functions not the same one in this kind of an integral so that is what we are going to take up in the next module we stop here and we will continue right from here