Case dismissed. It's no joke, Betty. All I can hope is it's a mistake. I'm sure there was some silly notice I got just before I entered the service, but this... According to this paper, I owe more than $8,000 to a woman I actually haven't seen for 13 years. Today, the dim pass catches up with the young family man, places him in a frightening financial position. What can be done now to have his... Case dismissed. WMAQ in cooperation with the Chicago Bar Association presents Case Dismissed. This is the story of your legal rights, how vital to preserve and protect them, how easily they may be lost. Today's story begins with a carefree family, a young man and wife and their small son driving home from the airport. Leave me, honey, after this sales trip there's a promotion and a raise in our future, or my name's not Victor J. Hollis. Oh, I'm so happy for you, darling. Let's be happy for all three of us.  Yes, I guess you might. How is everything? Oh, fine. Just fine, dear. Yes, ma'am, a few more sales trips like that. One of this advertising boy's gonna see his name on the firm's front door. Oh, golly. Blutcher, Fanning, Slipcross, and Shelby Advertising Incorporate. And Victor Hollis. Okay, so we have to buy a wider front door. Ah, enough about the great fake Hollis. What about wife Betty? How was she over there? Very exciting. And you may be interested to know that I got a very important signature too. No, who? The landlord. Really? You got the lead. Mm-hmm. For the six-room apartment. Oh, boy. Oh, Vic, we can move in June 1st in just three months. Isn't that terrific? Terrific is right. And just in time, too. Can you imagine two little toddlers in our tiny apartment? No, ma'am, I can't. I'm surprised this one little character here hasn't filed a complaint. Gee, that really is swell news, huh? Anyway, business is going now. We'll actually be able to afford the new apartment. Well, almost, anyway. Oh, it's true, Vic. With all the expenses and problems we've had the last few years, it just seems as if things are beginning to break at last. Yes, ma'am, it really looks as if everything's going our way. Ah, home at last. Good old miniature manner. In three months, we can forget that name. Oh, I won't ever. I'll always treasure the memories of every cramped moment we've spent here. Oh, so will I, dear. Oh, here, take. I got the keys right hand here. Don't put little Vic down. He's practically asleep. Excuse me. You don't happen to be Mr. Victor Hollis, do you? Sure. What can I do for you? I'm Deputy Sheriff Anderson of Cook County, Mr. Hollis. I'll have to serve you with this execution. Execution? What's an exit? Whereas judgment was rendered against you and so forth, so forth the plaintiff held in weeks, some of $5,000 plus accrued interest at 5% for 13 years, that judgment never satisfied due and payable to the amount of $8,250. It doesn't. What is it? Is this some kind of a joke? No. It's no joke, Betty. All I can hope is it's a mistake. I'm sure there was some silly notice I got just before I entered the service. But according to this paper, I owe more than $8,000 to a woman I actually haven't seen for 13 years. It was almost as if fate had been listening in on our joy and had decided to blight it. After dinner and when the baby had been put to bed, we sat down in the living room to view our misfortune. I tried to sit through 13 years of memories to tell Betty the story behind it. It was just 13 years ago, dear. I was 13 myself at the time. This particular evening in 1941, my dad brought the truck home from the market, and after we ate dinner, he lay down on the sofa.  Dad? Dad, hey, Dad! Yes, Vic? Dad, where are we going to get a car? We have the truck, Vic. We don't need a car.  That's for delivering stuff. Where do you want to go around riding, son? Oh, I don't know. Maybe we could find a little time to go riding this Sunday out in the country. The truck wouldn't be too bumpy. Oh, but it's not like a real car you can drive around in. I wish we had one like Ricky Henderson drives to school. Oh, that's a beauty. Ricky Henderson? Is he one of the older boys? No, he's in my grade. He drives to school every day. By himself? Sure. Well, there's a chauffeur along. They're real rich. He lets Ricky drive it whenever he wants to. Well, I don't believe in that, Vic. 13's too young for a boy to drive. Oh, I don't think so. Things happen fast when you're driving, son. You must always be ready to do the right thing in a hurry. You can't do that when you're only 13. Oh, I know just what to do. Well, in a few years, yes, Vic. For now, you'll be satisfied. We don't have lots of things, but we got a nice family, Vic. Lots of boys don't have nice brothers and sisters. Now, you just be contented. I'll take you for a ride this Sunday. You wait and see. Okay, only I don't see why. Now, no more now. Let me rest a half hour. It'll be a busy night at the market. Dad? Yes, Vic? Can I go to the show tonight? No, Vic. Oh, can I, please? No, indeed. You know it's a school night. Yeah, there's nothing to do around here. Why don't you go and work with your stamp collection? Oh, not that, John. You have any homework? I finished it. You sure? Sure, I finished it. Dad, oh, come on, Dad. Let me go to the movies. Just this once. Dad? Oh, he's asleep. I was plenty burned up the way my dad was acting. Then I saw his delivery truck parked at the curb. I knew I wasn't supposed to get into it when I was alone, so naturally, that's the first thing that entered my mind. I got inside the cab and began playing with the controls. But that wasn't enough. I decided I knew all there was to know about driving, and by gosh, I'd prove it to my father once and for all. I sneaked into the house, grabbed his keys from the desk, and ran back to the truck. The starter was easy to find. I had just a little trouble telling the clutch from the brake. But this didn't faze me. No time I had it solved, and also the matter of stepping on the gas. This was as easy as falling off a log. Of course, I was going a little faster than I actually intended, but this was no problem either. I had a great deal of confidence as I started into the next block. Why not drive around the neighborhood a little and let all the gang see me? Dad wouldn't be leaving for another 20 minutes. He'd never know the difference. I reached Milwaukee Avenue and there was a stoplight ahead. I didn't know the clutch pedals from the brake. The light changed to red and I sailed right through. Then there was a car parked right ahead, and before I knew it... Wake up, Vicki. It's your dad, Vick. Can you open your eyes, Vick? I don't move around, Vick. You're going to be all right. Just take it easy. I was in an accident. What was I...? Yes, son. But the doctor says you're all right. Don't worry. You're going to be all right. Yes, Vick? No, no, no. Just take it easy, son. There was a girl in the parked car you hit. She's quite badly injured. That's how it all started, Betty. The girl's name was Helen Weeks. During the next few months, we heard that name many times. She recovered completely from the concussion and the broken arms. I was a completely penitent young fellow, as I recall. Really learned my lesson in obedience, but at what a cost. Well, Vick, you and I are being sued by Miss Helen Weeks for damages. Really, Dad? Yes, I'm afraid so, son. But, Dad, they're rich people. Her dad has a lot of money. That doesn't make any difference, Vicki. If we owe them damages, wealth has nothing to do with it. How much are they suing us for, Dad? She's asking $5,000. $5,000? Well, that's impossible. It might as well be $5 million, Vick, or $500. I simply don't have it. I know that, Dad. I don't know what to say. I told you so many times how bad I feel. No, no, Vick, we've been all through that and I don't want to hear any more about it. What's done is done. I know you've learned the lesson you'll never forget. A present problem is what to do. And I've asked my old friend Arnold Thurston to give us some legal counsel. I remember how Arnold Thurston came to our rescue and explained to Dad just where we stood legally. I think I can recall just about exactly what he told us. Dad was out of it. That much seemed pretty clear to Mr. Thurston. In the first place, he wasn't present in the car when the accident occurred, but equally important, he was not in any way responsible for my being in the car. I was on no errand for him, in other words. Does that make a difference, dear? Oh, yes, yes, a big difference. I think they refer to it as agency. You see, in other words, if a minor is using a family car with permission of a parent and is driving on behalf of the family or parent, in other words, as an agent of mother or father, then the parent becomes liable for anything that might happen. Well, you certainly weren't acting as your dad's agent that evening. No, say I wasn't. Dad didn't even know I could steer a car, let alone drive one. And to completely absolve him, I'd swipe the keys without his knowledge. Well, Attorney Thurston explained all this carefully, and Dad's insurance company defended him on that basis. But I was another question entirely. In the first place, Dad's car insurance wasn't the kind that would cover any liability but his own, or that of someone driving with his permission. And that certainly didn't include me. But when the hell in week's damage suit came to trial, her lawyer questioned my father and me, and he exhausted every possibility of proving I've been serving as my father did. Now, Mr. Hollis, you say you promised to take your son for a ride that following Sunday. Did you also imply that you might let him drive at that time? No, sir. I did not. Mr. Hollis, when the boy professed his desire to learn to drive, what did you say to him? I told him I didn't approve of boys driving at the age of 13. Not even in the neighborhood? Close by? No, sir. Not even in the neighborhood. Tell me, Vic, when did you notice your father's keys had been left in the truck? But they weren't left in the truck, sir. I sneaked in the house and took them from my father's desk. All right, young man, I am just about through. But I would like to know whether you might have stopped along the route at, oh, perhaps a neighborhood store and bought something for the family? Perhaps some candy? Perhaps... No, sir. I didn't stop anywhere. You are quite sure? Yes, sir. I'm very sure. Very having been waived, the court finds from the evidence that John Hollis was not present in the car at the time of the accident, that the son wasn't acting for John Hollis as his agent in any way, nor did he have Mr. Hollis' permission to operate the car. Court finds the defendant, John Hollis, not guilty. As for the boy, I find he is a minor, age 13, but still responsible for his negligent acts. I further find he was driving illegally and negligently, having traveled at an excessive rate of speed and threw a stop light. Court further finds that as a result of this accident, the plate of Helen Weeks sustained injuries causing medical bills, shock, and loss of time. Court therefore awards damages in the amount of $5,000. I move for judgment on the finding, Your Honor. Judgement on the finding for $5,000 is added. Well, there I was, Betty, 13-year-old kid with a $5,000 debt on my back and not even a paper rough for income. The whole thing was pretty impossible. But don't think we weren't concerned about the injured girl's side of the picture, too. Oh, of course you weren't, dear. But what could you do? That's about what Dad said after the trial. At 13, you don't get the full impact of things like that. But it hit my dad pretty hard, believe me. I wish there was something we could do about that $5,000, son. I've thought and I've thought. But there just isn't any way I can raise it. Making both ends meet at home here, and that's absolutely all. He did it. It's not really your words. But Judge, that's all. Legally, that may be true, Vic, and even morally. Attorney Thurston told me I'm not bound to stand behind that debt. But, son, what involves my children must involve me. I don't see why, Dad. Someday you will, sir. Someday you will. Well, Betty, Dad brooded about that debt until the day of his death.  Yeah, now it looks as if the chickens have come home to roost after all. What are we going to do about it? That's the jackpot question, honey. You couldn't have come at a worse time right when we were beginning to get our family on solid financial ground. The baby coming, new apartment? What can we do, Vic? Well, I can answer that. Nothing. Absolutely nothing. I'm no more able to pay that $5,000 than I ever was. But we have just a little over a thousand in the bank as it is.  Only, darling, what happens if they don't? Well, I doubt if they'll throw me in jail. I think the debtor's prison is a thing of the past. Vic, why are they trying to get the money now after all these years? That puzzles me, too. 13 years. Hey, wait a minute. What? Isn't there some kind of a national law about the statute of limitations or something? You know, about a debt being uncollectible after, gee, I think it's seven years, isn't it? Well, I've heard something like that, dear, but don't take my word for it. Look, honey, I gotta hunch this debt's too old to collect. And besides, no matter how I may feel about it personally, I still can't pay it even now. Absolutely impossible. Well, then what are you gonna do, Vic? Well, I'll fill out this schedule itemizing my personal property, the way it says to do here in this execution paper, and I'll file it with the court and they'll see I can't pay that debt. Do you think that'll settle it, dear? Honey, I'm practically sure of it. Hi, honey. How's everything? All right. How'd you guess it? Well, to be different today. Aren't sore, are you? Of course. You and the boys get that issue pretty soon. I'd like to get reacquainted with my husband. Okay, honey, I know what you mean. But we'll have the campaign licked by tonight. And this weekend, the theater, dinner downtown, just name it and it's yours. I'll hold you to those rash promises. Oh, say, Vic, that reminds me. That schedule of personal property you were supposed to make out for the court. Oh, hang the luck with this big campaign taking every waking hour. I completely forgot that. How soon was that supposed to be in court? 10 days. Oh, good lord, this makes two weeks. What can I do? Well, we haven't heard a word about it, so I guess there's no harm done. I'll make out that personal property list this weekend. Oh, say, I'll have to hang up. I seem to have a visitor, hon. Okay, get home as early as you can, dear. Okay, honey. Goodbye. Bye. Victor Hollis? Yes, sir. I'm from the sheriff's office. I have a summons for you. Citation to discover assets. Victor Hollis, failure to answer execution, hereby summoned to be present, Judge Mark Nelkart, right, room 1312, county building, Thursday, March. Answer questions regarding personal property. If you do not appear, contempt of court. Contempt of court? Hey, this is really serious. I'm in this right up to my neck. Oh, it's quite a mess, honey. What happens to that promising career of mine with the sheriff practically sitting on my desk down at the office? Can't we do something? Sure, we have to, and fast. Oh, no, no, don't worry, dear. I'm sure there's a way out of this mess once I find out where we stand legally. But we don't know any lawyer. Your father's lawyer died, didn't he? That's right, but I do know where to find one. I'm going into the Chicago Bar Association Monday and talk to the man in charge of their lawyer reference plan. In brief, that is. Well, you've given me sufficient facts for our lawyer reference purposes, Mr. Hollis. You see, we're careful to recommend only a lawyer who's well qualified in the field of your particular problem. Well, this is quite a public service. How many lawyers do you have on your list? About 600, Mr. Hollis. They're carefully screened and must pass experience qualifications before they're included in the lawyer reference plan. And naturally, we take them in rotation. I see. They go about paying for this service. Oh, there's no charge for the referral service here, Mr. Hollis. But there is a standard payment arrangement for your first consultation with the lawyer we refer you to. $3 for the first half hour. And if it's going to take further work to settle our problem, I suppose the lawyer and I work out our own arrangement exactly. Now, the man I'm recommending for you is Jeffrey Wall. I'll call him and arrange an immediate appointment. No, Mr. Hollis, I think before we discuss any action in this case, it might be wise to interpret some of the points that seem to have baffled you. That sounds like a good idea, Mr. Wall. I just don't understand this situation of a claim coming back to Houndafella after 13 years. Well, there's a good spot to start. While it's true that certain types of liabilities do become unenforceable after a few years, if this judgment was properly revived, it's still valid. Well, now at 26, I have to pay for a mistake I made when I was 13. That's right. Another point on which you may not have this matter of your ability to pay. While I fully appreciate your financial problem, Mr. Hollis, you should realize that the plaintiff in this case can make life pretty miserable for you, both economically and socially. Well, I'm beginning to understand that part already, Mr. Wall. Investigations of my earnings, garnishment of my commissions, things like that are going to help me get ahead with my employer or even keep my position with the firm for that matter. Well, what's the course of action? A settlement. $5,000. Corrections. $8,250. That's 5% interest over 13 years. Couldn't they get away with that, too? Yes, I'm afraid they can if they wish to, Mr. Hollis. Well, as I say, I've got $1,000 in the savings account, and that is all. What about a loan? A loan? Look, I don't want to go into Hock. It's probably your only way out. They'll force you into it, I'm afraid. Really? Well, my credit's okay. I can get a loan. But not for the additional $7,250. I see. Well, then, in that case, it appears you'll have to negotiate with the plaintiff. Often you can get a fair reduction through a settlement of that sort. Well, I'd like you to handle the negotiations for me, Mr. Wall. Fine. I'll be glad to do so. All right. Now, can I talk to you about your fee? Yes, of course. In just a moment. The first item of business will be a conference with Mr. Charles, the plaintiff's lawyer. And I'd like to make an appointment with him right now. Mr. Charles, we freely admit that you've got a good case here against my clients, but we're hoping the plaintiff will take into consideration the original nature of the claim, the passage of time, and especially the young man's family situation. Yes, you've made that part of it quite plain, Mr. Wall. However, we're inclined to wonder if the defendant's failure to follow up the execution of the judgment by filing a schedule of his personal property. Well, that was a serious error. I agree with you. It was due to my client's forgetfulness under the pressure of seasonal business. He is now complied with your wishes. Well, there's still some doubt in our mind, Mr. Wall. We wonder if he doesn't, in fact, own property of value. We realize that plaintiff could continue to search for property of this sort, but I can assure you my own investigation of the case has revealed no assets not listed for you. Please understand that Mr. Hollis is just a young man getting started in life. Well, Mr. Wall, what do you propose? Well, in view of the fact that your client, Miss Weeks, is naturally eager to conclude this long-time litigation, a settlement might be in order at this time. Well, she already has authorized me to forget the interest charges. It would be a reduction of $3,250 down to the original judgment of $5,000. That's a generous offer, Mr. Charles, but I'm afraid it's still too much for my client to raise at this time. What amount do you propose? $2,000. Oh, I'm sorry, but I'm certain that's out of the question. Suppose we both talk with our clients again and inform them of mutual problems. All right, Mr. Wall, then shall we meet again in a day or so? How would Thursday at this same time be with you? Good. We'll talk again at that time, Mr. Wall. Well, Mr. Hollis, I've just come from a conference with Miss Weeks' attorney, Mr. Charles. Good. What kind of luck did you have? Some, but not enough, I'm afraid. They've cut out the interest charges, which brings it down to the $5,000. Ouch, situation. Well, so I informed him. I offered $2,000, but he turned it down. How much more than that do you think I could go? Get this off my back once and for all. Yeah. Well, I'll tell you, Mr. Wall, I think I could raise $1,000 more, but honestly, that's the absolute limit. $3,000? Yes, sir. Well, I'll try it, and I'll be in touch with you again Thursday. All right. Well, uh, good luck. Thank you. Maybe we'll get it. Well, Mr. Wall, my client, Miss Weeks, and I have gone over all the aspects of Mr. Hollis' situation. She's impressed by his splendid educational military and business record, and she'd like to recognize all that, along with his family status in a settlement of her claim. Well, we appreciate that, Mr. Charles. I've been in touch with Mr. Hollis, of course, and he feels he can extend himself financially to the region agreements. Will you accept $3,000 plus court cost? Well, this is a rather drastic reduction, of course, Mr. Wall, but I'm happy to say that my client will accept that. Well, honey, here we are, stony, broken in hawk for a pile of money, yet you know I'm relieved.  Oh, and we'll never regret it, dear. I'm not worried. Neither am I. We'll work out of it all right. In fact, now I'll be able to work twice as hard as before. I won't be wasting so much valuable time. It's too important, dear. Looking over my shoulder for the sheriff? Here to summarize today's case dismissed is your counselor, Dean John Thiefitz Gerald of the Loyola University School of Law, Dean Thiefitz Gerald. The question of liability for the acts of minors is a complicated one. In tonight's story, if Vic's father had known the boy intended to drive, or had actually sent him to pick up a pair of shoes or buy some groceries, or in any other way to act as his agent, then the father would have become liable for the damages of his son. In some states, but not in Illinois, a so-called family purpose doctrine has been applied by court decision or by statute. It provides that any normal use of a car by any member of the family makes the owner liable, provided he has given his consent to the youth. Because these matters involving liability for children's deeds are so complex, expert legal advice is a necessity. The services of the Legal Aid Bureau of United Charities are made available to those of very limited means who are unable to pay $3 for the first half hour under the lawyer reference plan. Next week, WMAQ and the Chicago Bar Association will look into the legal aspects of your responsibility as a witness on case dismissed. Until then, this is your counselor, Dean John Thiefitz Gerald, wishing for each of you a good night, good luck, and good law. Case Dismissed Case Dismissed is written by Robert Carmen and based on information supplied by the Chicago Bar Association and its lawyer members. All characters were fictitious and a resemblance to any person living or dead is purely coincidental. Members of the cast were Meg Hahn, Charles Flynn, Carlton Caddell, Jack Lester, Harry Elders, and Bruce Lindgren. Case Dismissed is produced by Betty Ross. Direction is by Herbert Latole. Musical effects were transcribed. Sound effects by Tom Evans. Engineering by Harold Woodaberry. This is Lee Bennett speaking, inviting you to return next Saturday at this same time when we'll bring you a story about your responsibility as a witness on case dismissed. This is the NBC Radio Network.


Good Monday morning everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, company alive from TFNN, 9 a.m. Eastern Time Monday morning, 30 minutes to go until the opening bell and we got markets in positive territory across the board. We have crew trading up a dollar this morning. We have the gold contract, negative four dollars. Let's kick it off with the NASDAQ 100. Right now you're excuse me, 96 points. When you talk about the lows, we were actually lower overnight, 15,405 at about 1 a.m. Eastern Time, actually dipping below the lows we had closed it, essentially the lows of the day on Friday across the board and we've climbed back right to interestingly enough, kind of the intraday lows that we had on Friday's action. That price level in the NASDAQ 100, 15,533 up about two thirds percent or 100 points. We're trading at 44.78. That was up more than 200 points right now. All the indices pretty much percentage wise, right in line in terms of just about six tenths percent in the dot. Are you talking about six tenths percent trading at 34,703? Dow charge struggling a bit to come up. There you are. And then you will 10 tenths percent. So pretty close to in line in terms of where you are. Bitcoin right now, you're trading down $500 at 44,585. You see the sell off last Tuesday kind of chopping around near the lows of that level. And as I mentioned, crude higher. Look at that acceleration. Thursday we're at 67.56. Friday's action was 69.50. We're about a dollar higher at 70. 78 was the high today. We put this thing on a daily and you'd see, I mean, we're basically trending towards the higher range on crude about $74 to $76 somewhere in that area. Gold contract backing off a bit down about $3 back to a 15 minute chart. Gold trading at 17.88. We jumped to silver off 48 cents this morning at 23.43 and notes and bonds a little bit of higher price. The 10 year up three ticks at 133.08 30 year, excuse me, up 10 ticks at 163.01. We had some CPI data out this week tomorrow. I believe we'll see how that hits the market. Markets right now, though, positive territories. We kick things off. Let's jump around to some of the fang stocks this morning. We got Amazon shares trading higher by about $15. We'll jump to Apple. Talk about some volatility on Friday. Apple losing the case in one aspect with Epic. But we'll get into this a little bit more because they might have to offer the ability for those payments off of their app. But really Epic was fighting for in app access. And I don't think they got it. Nonetheless, Apple trading low on Friday. Stay tuned folks. We'll be coming back for the morning market kickoff live programming all day at TFN and we'll be right back.


Even though they did share a vision for a democratic society, our nation's leaders have had differing political philosophies since the U.S. was founded. These differences encouraged the people who shared a viewpoint to band together into political parties. The first political parties formed behind the views of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Hamilton, the voice of the Federalist Party, and Jefferson, a staunch Democratic Republican, took up opposing positions on a fundamental issue, the strength of the central government. Hamilton defended the idea of a strong federal government as an extension of its citizens. Here, sir, the people govern. Here they act by their immediate representatives. Alexander Hamilton, June 27th, 1788. Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans scoffed at this view, claiming that Congress should dominate the new government and develop policies for common people, like shopkeepers and farmers. Equal rights for all, special privileges for none. Thomas Jefferson, 1780. Federalists generally controlled the northeast and middle colonies, especially in urban areas designed for commerce and manufacturing. Democratic Republicans found strength in agrarian regions. After Jefferson became president in 1801, Democratic Republicans dominated the political power until the Civil War. During Andrew Jackson's time in office, the Democratic Republican Party became known simply as the Democratic Party. At the same time, a new opposing party, the Whig Party, began gathering strength. The Democrats stood on a platform that opposed strong central government, a national bank, and elitism. It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes. Andrew Jackson, 1832. The Whigs were led by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay and were supported by eastern businessmen, industrialists, and southern planters on the platform of defending constitutional federal authority and a high protective tariff. The people's constitution, the people's government made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people. The people of the United States have declared that this constitution shall be supreme law. Daniel Webster, 1830. During the 1850s, the political landscape changed drastically. The Whig Party fell apart due to weak leadership. The issue of slavery split Democrats into northern Democrats and the southern Democrats. Amongst all the turmoil, a new party consisting largely of former Whigs was formed. It became known as the Republican Party, and with the election of Abraham Lincoln, its presidential candidate in 1860, it took over as the party in power, a position it retained until the Great Depression. During the early 1900s, a third major political party came on the scene, the Progressive Party. But the stock market crash of 1929 and subsequent Great Depression divided and realigned America's political parties. The Progressive Party had formed in the early 1900s. While Republicans believed in a laissez-faire approach as a solution to the Great Depression, Progressives took up a strong opposing view. This posturing led to the realignment of northern and southern Democrats back into a single Democratic Party that wanted sweeping new legislation to solve the economic crisis. The new Democrats were led by Franklin Roosevelt. This nation is asking for action and action now. Roosevelt's new deal legislation satisfied the nation and put the Democrats in power until the Vietnam War shook the country in 1968. Since that time, the Republicans and Democrats have emerged as the only political parties with substantial support. It's an election, and though they generally do not wield a great deal of power, many have played an important role in the nation's history. These third parties have often been founded on a single issue. For instance, the issue of slavery led to the founding of the Republican Party in the 1850s, and environmental issues led to the Green Party in 2000. Others, such as socialism and libertarianism, came about as the result of an extreme ideology. Economic protests led to the formation of the Greenback Party and Populist Party. Some third parties formed by splittering off from established parties, such as the Bull Moose Progressives and American Independence. The strongest third parties have been those with a truly innovative platform. But even when they were not able to gain control in Congress, they often brought new, innovative ideas to the forefront. By capturing national attention for issues such as child labor laws or bank regulations, third parties were able to force the major parties to accept issues into their own platforms. Third parties' presidential candidates are severely limited by the design of the Electoral College. In each state except Nebraska and Maine, the candidate winning the popular vote also wins all of the electoral votes. Congressional elections pose the same problem for third party candidates, win the popular vote or get nothing. Unfortunately, winning the popular vote requires a large, well-financed campaign, and third party candidates are ineligible for federal subsidies unless their party was on the ballot and polled at least 5% of all votes in the last election. Playing a spoiler then becomes a widely known role for third party candidates. A few hundred votes can turn an election when voters who would normally support a major party back the third party. This happened in the 1912 presidential election when Theodore Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party pulled votes from the incumbent President William Howard Taft's Republican ticket. This opened the door for the Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson's victory. Ralph Nader's Green Party affected the very tight presidential race of 2000. By drawing votes away from Democrat Al Gore, Nader gave Republican candidate George W. Bush the opportunity to gain narrow victories in Florida and other states. Some Green Party supporters saw it differently.  Darren Johnson 2000. America has always been and continues to function under a two party system. But by raising awareness of certain issues, bringing innovation to major party platforms and playing the role of spoiler, many third party candidates have played important roles in the nation's political history. Some scholars feel that the American two party electoral process is better because of third party involvement. They feel many significant changes in American history began with third parties since they provide a means by which underrepresented or new groups can enter the political process. However, some scholars believe third parties disturb the political system and make way for extremist views and elevated issues that do not deserve the same attention as more salient mainstream concerns. These people believe that third parties in the American electoral process ultimately do more harm than good. Do you agree with this statement? What if you knew that third parties have proven to be disruptive to the point of undermining the electoral process, possibly at the cost of domestic tranquility? For example, in the 2000 presidential election, Green Party leader Ralph Nader campaigned as a third party contender. On election day, a clear winner could not be determined. Many of Democrat Al Gore's supporters accused Nader of drawing votes away from the Democrats, allowing Republican George W. Bush to capture key states. The weeks after the election were filled with controversy, numerous court challenges and recounts of votes. Many blamed Nader and the Green Party for allowing Bush to win the election and for causing the resulting electoral uproar. Understanding that third parties can act as spoilers, thereby interfering with close elections, do you believe that third parties ultimately do more harm than good? What if you knew that some third parties have become the electoral vehicle for extremist views? For example, the American Independent Party was the voice for segregationist George Wallace in 1968. Another example of third parties enabling racist extremists is the regrouped populist party of 1984, which was the vehicle for the presidential campaign of former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke. Knowing that third parties have enabled extremist groups to participate in the electoral process, do you believe that third parties ultimately do more harm than good? What if you knew that some third parties allow fringe issues to dominate their platforms, sometimes even to the point of neglecting more salient national concerns? The Green Party concentrates its efforts on bringing awareness to environmental issues. Some feel the Green Party detracts votes from major parties, particularly the Democratic Party, and diverts attention away from more important issues such as education and finance. Understanding that third parties can bring fringe issues to the forefront of campaigns, do you believe that third parties ultimately do more harm than good? While some believe that third parties have been beneficial to the nation's political system by giving voice to deserving new groups and issues, others believe that these parties have given attention to extremist views and issues and have ultimately been disruptive to the electoral process. Despite the arguments for or against third parties, these groups continue to influence elections and affect American politics.


Welcome to the session. Today's topic of the discussion is the transmission line parameters. So you have to study the different parameters and derive the different parameters. My name is Ajit Subash Suryanshi. I am from the WIT Walsh Institute of Technology, Sallapur. So what is the learning outcome of this today's session? At the end of the session, students will be able to derive the different parameters of the transmission line. Well, to proceed further, you should have a basic knowledge of solving the differential equation and you should have a knowledge of circuit analysis, that is, it is a basic level. And you should have that knowledge of a lossy and lossless transmission line equation that I have covered in the previous session. So reflection in the transmission line. So what is the reflection in the transmission line? As we have studied that there is two components in the transmission line equation. One is the transmitted component that is a normal component and other is the reflected components. So the wave travel from the left to right, it is denoted by the minus sign here, that is plus sign here. And wave travel from the opposite direction, it is denoted by the minus sign. So that is called as a reflected wave and this wave travel from the left to right is the transmitted waves. And these red lines are again showing the transmission line. And this is a generator, mostly in the case of the sinusoidal. And this is a generator resistance, which is a complex again. And this is a load, complex load is there. And this is a line of length of L. And please note that here the reference is taken at the side is equal to zero. So reference is starting from the load side, not from the generator side. So this is your generator side and this is your load side. So if we, this point is at the reference as the wave traveling from the left to right, that is in the z direction. So this will be the z, z is equal to zero, so it will be the zero point. And this is the end of the transmission line, it is at the z is equal to minus L. Because we are taking the z is equal to zero at this point. If you take the reference at the generator side, z is equal to zero. This will become z is equal to L. So it is always there is a reflection is studied from the load side. So that's why the load side is always taken as a reference. Please make note of that. And again, have a look at the equation of the transmission line. And this is the voltage equation of the transmission line for lossless transmission line. So there is no alpha parameter is there. Alpha is the attenuation and beta is the phase constant here. So here, as you can see this equation voltage as a function of the z. So this is a v plus e raise to minus j beta z. So which is traveling from the left to right. And this is the v minus e raise to plus j beta z traveling from the right to left. So this is the voltage equation. I have the proof of the equation already derived in the previous sessions. So this is the current equation. And in the current equation, this is z zero. And this is the characteristics impedance of the transmission line. This is the characteristics impedance. And the characteristics impedance is real for a lossless transmission line. Again, we are considering the lossless transmission line for the simplicity. So this characteristic impedance lines is complex in case of the lossy transmission line. So this is the voltage and current equation. Input impedance at z is equal to minus l, which can be given by the ratio of the voltage. So this is a ratio of the voltage at z is equal to minus l. And the ratio of the current divided by the current at z is equal to minus l. So as you can see, this is a ratio of the v at z is equal to minus l. And current i is equal to minus l. So deriving this at z is equal to minus l. Again these are the equations. After putting the z is equal to minus l in this equation, you will get these two equations here. Voltage and current. And after dividing these two equations, you will get the input impedance at the generator side. So this is an input impedance at the generator side. So this is a z in and this is a characteristic impedance. And this is a phase factor. As you can see, this is a plus j beta phase factor phase coefficient. And here minus j beta negative phase coefficient. And here, if you define a reflection coefficient. So what is meant by the reflection coefficient? It is a ratio of the reflected waves to the incident waves.  So this ratio is always a complex number. And at the generator side that is v is equal to l, you will get this kind of the equation. So this is a capital gamma l. Gamma l is equal to v minus divided by v plus. So this is a reflection coefficient at the load. That is z is equal to 0. Also the reflection coefficient that is at the z is equal to 0 can be calculated by putting z is equal to 0 in these two equations. Once again, I will draw your attention towards these two equations. If you put z is equal to 0, you will get the voltage at this particular instant that is at the load side. So by putting z is equal to 0 in these two equations, which will be covered in the next slide. So by putting z is equal to 0 in this equation, you will get this reflection coefficient. So when the reflection coefficient is again, it is a complex number. It is giving the phase and the magnitude part.  That means the incident and the reflected waves are 180 degree phase shifted. And when there is a reflection coefficient is 0 in that case, there is a no reflection. That is perfectly matched condition. When reflection coefficient is 1 in that case, you will get the complete positive reflection. So again, putting z is equal to 0 in that voltage equation, you will get. So in this input impedance equation, you will get this too. So at z in at z is equal to 0 is equal to voltage at z is equal to 0 and the current at z is equal to 0. So you will get the z in at the z is equal to 0 is there nothing but the load impedance. So as you can see here, the impedance looking at left from this side is there nothing but the load impedance. When you put z is equal to 0, you will get such kind of the equation V plus V minus V minus I divide by z is equal to 0 and this is for the current. And when you divide this two equation, you will get the z L. Where z L is equal to z L is equal to this z 0 1 plus this reflection coefficient and divided by 1 minus reflection coefficient. After solving this equation for the reflection coefficient, you will get this kind of the equation that is z L minus z 0 is equal divided by the z L plus z 0. So putting this values in this input impedance equation, in this equation, you will get this set of equation. This two set of the equation as you can see here, this is z L minus z 0 z L plus z 0, this kind of the equation you will get. And after solving this equation by using Euler's identity, Euler's identity is e raised to i theta cos theta i plus i sin theta and my e raised to minus cos theta minus i theta cos theta plus minus i sin theta. So by using Euler's identity, this equation that is input impedance further simplified into this equation. So this is input impedance of the lossless transmission line. Once again, I will throw a light on this transmission line. Here this is the input impedance from the generator side and this is the impedance at the load side which is nothing but the z L. So different cases you have to study. In the first cases, when the length of the transmission line is the lambda by 2, that is half wavelength. In that case, you will get the input impedance is exactly equal to the load impedance. So very interesting fact you can have for the half wavelength and it is also called as half wavelength transformer. This kind of the transmission line is called as half wave transformer. When length of the transmission line is lambda by 4, that is also called as a quarter wave transformer. In that case, you will get the input impedance characteristic impedance square divided by z 0. As you can see this input impedance is inversely proportional to the load impedance. And what happens when the length of the transmission line is integer multiple of the lambda by 2. So take a paper piece of the paper and calculate input impedance in this case. When the length of the transmission line is n into lambda by. So again there is this reflection in the transmission line. So case when z L is equal to 0, this is a perfectly matched condition. There is no reflection from the load. And when load impedance is a purely imaginary that is purely reactive input is input impedance in that case also reactive. Voltage standing wave ratio. Next in the voltage standing wave ratio is the ratio which is defined as the voltage maximum magnitude of the voltage maximum divided by magnitude of the voltage minimum. When you solve for the voltage maximum and minimum, you will get something the voltage standing wave ratio is you will get this relation. 1 plus that is magnitude of the reflection coefficient and 1 divided by 1 minus magnitude of the reflection coefficient. So this is a reflection coefficient for the wave and this is at the generator side and this is at the reflector side. This is a load side. As you can see this voltage standing wave ratio is increases because voltage standing wave ratio is the ratio of the maximum divided by minimum. So there are 3 cases in which it has a different voltage standing wave ratio. So third one have a highest voltage standing wave ratio. So these are the reference.


Hi and welcome to this special broadcast directly from our studios at Cornerstone Baptist Church in Orlando, Florida. My name is Edgar and today I have a special treat for all the women who are listening and it's a special invitation to our 2015 Women's Conference under the title Tested and True Women and the Truth of Christian Suffering. This women's conference will be hosted at Cornerstone Baptist Church the 17th and 18th of July. The woman will greatly enjoy a time of fellowship, joyful worship and music and biblical teaching. And speaking of biblical teaching allow me to present our special guest who is joining us via phone all the way from Tulsa, Oklahoma Ms. Susan J. Hegg. Thanks for taking the time to join us on this broadcast Susan. It's a pleasure to be here again. Thanks for having me. Susan in our last broadcast she spoke to the women listening about the second and third session titled What to Do in the Fiery Furnace and it definitely seems that Florida weather is not the only thing that's going to be hot that week at Cornerstone but I'd like to move on to the next session that's on the itinerary for the conference and the title of that one is Four Reasons to Avoid Pride. Share with us what are some of those reasons. Sure I'd be glad to you know Edgar Pride is really a sin that plagues every one of us Christians even Christians included and because of the root of every sin that you and I commit is pride and that's why we stand because we're prideful and pride is an awful sin it elevates us above God it says we know we have a better way of doing things and so you know pride can come in suddenly we may appear to be to be humble to others but you know I think we have to be very careful because we can mask pride so easily and for the Christian for the life of the believer there should be no pride and I know that that's something we fight every single day and you know John says in his gospel you know he must increase I must decrease and yet we know that even the disciples were arguing who's going to be the greatest in the kingdom of heaven and Jesus is very clear that we must humble and humble ourselves if we're going to be exalted and so I Peter also talks about that and so he gives us four reasons to avoid pride in his epistle and first Peter and so we're going to look at those together and and I hope that the women will not come with an attitude you know that's not that's not a problem I have and and I don't struggle with pride because we all do and if we want to avoid this awful sin we must realize that God resists us if we're proud and that to me is the number one reason for me to avoid pride personally is because I don't want God to resist me and Peter says God resists the proud that means he is setting up and his army against you and God's face will not be favorable towards you if you are a prideful person and so I want God's favor towards me and so we need to remember that also in order to avoid this awful sin of pride we must humble ourselves and and realize that if if we don't humble ourselves we are putting ourselves at the opportunity for Satan and Peter talks about that that the if you don't humble yourself under the mighty hand of God he won't exalt you in due time and he talks about the fact that the roaring lion the Satan will come after you and devour you and I think sometimes as Christians maybe we've we've gone so against the the charismatic movement of our day the the prosperity gospel and things like that that we don't realize that we do have an enemy and for women it's not their husband it is Satan and he wants to eat our lunch he wants to kill and destroy you and so if you do not humble yourself in the mighty hand of God and get rid of that pride you leave an open foot for Satan a door for Satan to come in and I've seen many women spiral downward because of of that and allowing them to Satan a foothold in their life and so pride is an awful sin and we want to fight against it we want to rid ourselves of it and so as I said I hope the women will come especially to this session because I think that there are some subtle ways that pride creeps in that we're perhaps not even aware of even in our thought life and that's the why it's so important that we get a control of our thoughts because we might not look outwardly like we're prideful we might look like the Pharisees you know where we look great outwardly but inwardly we're full of deceit and hypocrisy and so we want to even look at the inner woman and to get rid of those prideful thoughts that maybe no one sees but us and God and so we're going to look at these four reasons to avoid pride and so I hope the women will come and examine themselves to see what areas of pride that they have in their own life Susan can you give the women listening perhaps one simple example of how they can fight the sin of pride in their lives one simple way boy that's a loaded question I think for me it is looking back to the cross and from where I came before I was a Christian I was involved in all types of sinfulness and lawlessness and I when I look back to where I've come from I and that God saved a wretch like me and to look at his attributes and who he is and the fact that he sent his son to die for me that humbles me because I know what a wretch I am and so I would say the one thing to do is to look back at themselves if they would really examine themselves and their sinful wretched heart and how depraved they are and that God would save I think I think I can't remember who it was one of the Puritans I think remember that you are a great sinner and that Christ is a great savior and so I think as we think about that we are a great sinner and he is a great savior then that does humble us and help us to avoid the awful sin of pride thank you so much Susan for sharing a little bit of the great teaching that is to come and for all the women that are out there who are listening let me encourage you to register today so you can be a part of our 2015 women's conference under the title tested and true women and the truth of christian suffering this conference will be hosted at cornerstone baptist church the 17th and 18th of July you will enjoy a great time of fellowship joyful worship and biblical teaching so take advantage and register today you can do that online at www.testedandtrue.net once again www.testedandtrue.net and if you have any questions or need help with the registration process please give us a call here at our church offices at<PHONE_NUMBER>-407-971-7685 thank you so much for joining us and we look forward to seeing you at the conference God bless you