Hello everyone, welcome to this material characterization course. In the last class, we just looked at the X-ray diffraction and its application to the crystal structure determination and we looked at the crystal size, how it is being determined by the X-ray diffraction and also we have seen that the effect of the strain and how to determine that through X-ray diffraction and importantly we just looked at how to separate these two effects that is the crystallite size effect as well as the strain effect through Williams and Hall plots. And in today's class, we would like to look at some of the other important applications such as the determination of the crystal structures and then phase identification, one of the most important applications of X-ray diffraction and most of us find it very useful in material science and engineering and finally we would look at most industrially important application of X-ray diffraction that is the stress measurements. So we will look at the very basic principles of all these applications in this general course and we will not get into the very detailed about each aspects because each one of them will have its own will be dealt with a very in a broad manner in a specialized course. So in the today's class, we will start discussing about the determination of the crystal structures using X-ray diffraction. So if you recall the earlier lectures, what we have talked about the intensities, X-rays intensities and how they contribute to the I mean the arrangement of atoms and so on when we look at the reciprocal lattice concepts and so on, just recall those things and then we can broadly I mean classify some of the basic ideas which behind the I mean which determines the total integrated intensity of the X-ray diffraction. If you look at it from the basic aspects of X-ray diffraction, the crystal I mean crystal structure determines the type of diffraction pattern and the shape and size of the crystal system determines the angular positions of this diffraction pattern and if you look at the number of atoms and its arrangement determines the total intensity of the X-ray diffraction pattern. So but broadly what we can do is we can just make a small table to illustrate this aspect. For example, if you can write like this a crystal structure at one end where you have the unit cell and atom position on the other hand you can write a diffraction pattern. So what you can just look at it is the unit cell determines the line position of the diffraction pattern, the atom position determines the integrated line intensity. So this is some of the basic aspects of X-ray diffraction and its intensity related to the crystal structure but commonly we are interested in determining the unknown crystal system. The most popular method of determining the crystal system is through a sine squared theta measurements and I would like to just caution this particular measurement of sine squared theta depending upon the type of the diffractometer one uses. So one has to take care of the correction of the sine squared theta and then it varies with methods to methods. We will not get into the details but I will just briefly discuss how this sine squared theta is going to be used to in determining the crystal structure especially the cubic system which is the simplest system you will understand and from there we can extend it to few more other crystal system and then you can realize how it is useful and in determining the particular crystal system. So we will take up one particular example, first we will talk about indexing the patterns of the cubic crystals and where you have the two important law or you can generally it is written like this you have Bragg's law n lambda is equal to 2 d sine theta it more generally written as lambda is equal to 2 d sine theta and you can also write d is equal to lambda dine 2 sine theta you can write like this and the plane spacing equation in cubic crystal that also you can use it that is d is equal to a divided by square root of h square plus k square plus l square. If you look at these two relations where you have d is equal to lambda by 2 sine theta and for a cubic crystal this relation is valid. Now we can have a common relationship between these two and then we can write a one expression for a sine square theta and then that sine square theta is the value which is going to be most useful to our calculations. So let us see what is that relation? So you write like this so you can write from this two equations sine square theta divided by h square plus k square plus l square which is written as sine square theta by s which is equal to lambda square by 4 a square. Here we can write this sum h square plus k square plus l square is always an integral and then the lambda square by 4 a square is a constant. Since this is a constant now we have to find the integers which will have you know the some of the relations with this sum, some of the integers we have to find which will satisfy this. Let us see how we can do that. So what I have written is the aim is to find out a set of integers s which will yield a constant quotient when divided one by one into the observed sine square theta value. So what you observe from an experimentation is a sine square theta value and then from there using this relation we can find out a set of integers which will yield the quotient. So what are those ints set of integers that is the quotient. So we will now find for a simple cubic, so look at these numbers for a simple cubic system these are the integers which will sum of this h square k square plus l square which will follow this quotients will be an allowed reflection or whatever it from the cubic system. So that is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and this is for a body centered cubic system 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and so on. And this is a face centered cubic system 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16 and so on. And finally this is for a diamond cubic system this is 3, 8, 11, 16 and so on. So you should notice that some of the numbers are missing, some numbers are missing in this series. For example you can write certain integers such as 7, 15, 23, 28, 31 etcetera will not find in this series because the sum will not yield these kind of numbers. So these are all rolled out from this series and then you can actually make a table for a observed sine square theta value you make a table and then put a s in one column and you have put all the system in the other column whichever it is allowed and then we can tabulate it and also you can tabulate the sine square theta value. And that is how the crystal structure is determined using sine square theta for a simple cubic system. Now we will look at another simple system called you know tetragonal system how it is done. Here the find out the sine square theta relation which is so you have sine square theta is equal to A into h square plus k square plus C l square this is the relation for tetragonal system. So how to find out the crystal structure from this relation? So let us look at we can write where A which is a constant again and C is a constant for any one pattern and then we can find out therefore h k 0. So you should also know why are we interested in this constants apart from the finding out the integers which will satisfy this sine square theta relation these constants will disclose the cell parameters ultimately our interest is to identify the crystal system. So the finding out the constant is also very important we will now see how to find out the constants first and then we will move on to the selection rules. In order to find the A let us see that the value of A that means if you put L is equal to 0 here then your equation is modified like this now you see that the permissible so once you have this then we can say that the h k 0 lines must have a sine square theta values in the ratio of these integers then we will be able to find this value of the constant. Now the C is the value of C is obtained from other lines which will use this relation so the permissible values which must be in the ratio 1 4 16 etc. So once these values are found out and your C can be calculated similar to what we have done it for A. So like that we can go ahead with the other systems also for example hexagonal system and monoclinic and triclinic system the only problem is the more the crystal system becomes asymmetric for example triclinic and monoclinic the number of constants that is whatever we are seeing A and C it will become many if you have many constants then manual calculations becomes tedious and you require a special computer programming and these are available in fact when I show the laboratory demonstration I will show how these calculations are done using a software automatically. So I will not go into the other systems now I will go to the other applications which I talked about is the phase identification by x-ray diffraction. See this is again one of the important application of x-ray diffraction especially when you have the phase mixtures suppose if you have 2-3 phases in a mixture how to find out the phase what is the phase and how to identify them that is the challenge. So one of the easiest method of finding out this by x-ray diffraction and if you recall the earlier discussion on x-ray I mean x-ray diffraction and it is integrated intensity you have to think about a qualitative I mean if you want to do it a quantitative rather than a qualitative assessment you have to accurately calculate the integrated intensity and then the integrated intensity it depends upon several factors if you have to recall those aspects and then we will discuss what is that the starting point of the problem how to solve this problem. So you have to understand the 3 important points before we look into this quantitative analysis of multiphase materials what is the basis the quantitative analysis by x-ray diffraction is based on the intensity of a diffraction of a particular phase of the interest in a mixture and that intensity of diffraction in turn depends upon the concentration of the particular phase in the mixture that is the second point important point the problem is the relation between the intensity and the concentration is not linear always and then the diffracted intensity depends markedly on the absorption coefficient which in turn will vary with the concentration. So these 3 points you have to keep in mind so the in order to identify the phase from the next ray diffraction the starting point is the intensity equation if you recall we have written a very long intensity equation I will just write it for the reference you know the meaning of all this term which we have already looked at in the earlier class just for the sake of completion I will rewrite those things and you will appreciate what are the terms which we need to really bother about. So this is the an expression for an integrated intensity for a given hkl plane we have already looked into what is the meaning of all these terms and you are much familiar with that now how do we this is the starting point the problem with this expression is this is applicable for only the pure substance and then we have to convert that into an easier form where we can simply adopt this intensity for the a 2 phase or a multi phase mixture or a component. So how do we do that so we can write everything for example I will write it for a 2 phase a mixture or a multi phase mixture where I am interested in the phase alpha a alpha phase in a mixture then I will write this expression like this I alpha is equal to k 1 c alpha divided by this is absorption coefficient. So the multiplication of c alpha is required here because the concentration of the alpha which is responsible for the diffraction intensity which is much lower if it were to be completely from alpha alone but now it is from the mixture so this is has to be written like this and then we can now write k 1 is a constant and which is unknown k 1 is a constant which is unknown because generally I0 is also unknown but we do not have to worry about this it becomes unimportant if you take a ratio of two intensities one from the standard one is from the unknown if you take the ratio then we do not have to worry about this a constant so that is the idea. So now let us see how we can rewrite this okay before I get into the example there are three methods so before we take up this kind of expression and then look at the ratio in identification of the unknown we would look at the what are the general methods available for doing this quantitative analysis one is external standard method where a line from a pure alpha is being used and you have direct comparison method where a line from another phase in a mixture is used. Standard method a line from a foreign material mixed with this specimen so these are the three standard methods which is used in the quantitative analysis of a multi phase materials or a mixture we will take up this particular technique that is direct comparison method and then we will take up a two phase mixture and try to identify how to calculate the concentration of an unknown phase from this intensity expression. See I will just make it more general normally in a metallurgical system or material science system a steel is taken as an example where you have martensite plus austenite or austenite plus ferrite kind of a mixture where people are interested in finding out the austenite fraction which is industrially more important. The people who right now I will not insist on that I will make it more general because the people do not have the materials background you can assume that in a two phase mixture like alpha and beta where you can consider r a gamma and alpha whatever it is where one of the fraction phase fraction is which is less but still we want to quantify them through x-ray diffraction and this method can be adopted. So now we will rewrite this expression in order to get this two phase mixture calculation. So let us take a two phase mixture gamma and alpha and also assume that gamma and alpha have two different crystal structure then in that case we can write this intensity expression in this form. You carefully observe here what we are doing. See you have now separated the integrated intensity into two forms one is k2 and another is r where k2 is a constant which is independent of the substance but r is independent on theta, hkl and kind of substance and so on. So we have separated the terms into two different constants and then we have written the diffracted intensity in this form i is equal to k2 times r divided by 2 mu. So we can write that for reference r depends on theta, hkl and kind of substance. So now we will rewrite this or adopt this expression for the two phase mixture gamma plus alpha. So you write i alpha i gamma is equal to k2 is a constant anyway r depends on theta and hkl so we will say r gamma and we are interested in finding out concentration of this phase so c gamma. So divided by your mass I mean absorption coefficient this is for one phase and this is for then another phase we have i alpha. So similarly you write k2 r alpha and c alpha which is in the mixture and then you can write like this. So division of this two equation yields so you write i gamma by i alpha which is equal to r gamma c gamma divided by r alpha c and r gamma and r alpha can be found out from the crystal structures, knowledge of crystal structure and lattice parameters. And once you know this r gamma and r alpha we will be able to find out the concentration of the unknown from this relation because it is a two phase mixture and once you know the r then you know this ratio so you know the c alpha you will be able to find out c gamma from this relation. So that is how the direct comparison method is used to identify the one of the phase in the phase mixture namely gamma and alpha. Suppose if you have one more unknown component then the constants becomes suppose r gamma r alpha and r beta and if you find out that you will also be able to calculate from this relation for example is equal to 1. Suppose if you have one more phase which requires then those things also can be identified through this kind of relation with the ratio method. So this is very simple and straightforward method and very effective and mostly widely used relation in the material science. So the final application I would like to show is stress measurements. Stress measurements is another very important area in terms of engineering components and it has got more relevance in the industry and we will discuss the basic principle behind measuring the stress in a component by x-ray diffraction. So we will just draw some few schematic quickly and then we will take it from there. So this is the coordinate x is towards the perpendicular to the blackboard this is z and this is y and suppose you assume that this is x-ray which comes and we are trying to identify assume that this is a cylindrical sample which is being pulled in the uniaxial direction and you have the dimensions of d and l and this is the x-ray which comes and impinges on the surface of the sample and then it get diffracted. So how are we going to use this geometry for identifying the relation. So we will write a basic expression for stress is equal to sigma y here because it is a y direction. So we write like this force by area in the y direction and you assume that there is no force in the x and z direction. So for this we can write some relation the stress sigma y produces a strain epsilon y and which is given by epsilon y delta l by l which is nothing but l final minus l initial divided by l not. This is a original length this is after you stretch it and then you get the strain and this strain is related to the stress y this is very famous Hooke's law. So the stress is related by strain by this relation and we can also relate this epsilon x and epsilon y or z g is equal to d final minus d initial divided by d not. So this is the strain in the x direction strain in the z direction is measuring by this change d final minus d initial by d not which is a diameter of the sample also can be represented by this. If we assume that material is if we assume that the material is isotropic isotropic then we can write epsilon x is equal to epsilon z is equal to mu times epsilon y this is also true where mu is the Poisson's reaction. So now how this relations are related to our x-ray diffraction that is the idea I have to write one more schematic quickly loading direction the d spacing is a smaller compared to the planes which are perpendicular to the loading axis you can see that the distance is different because of the stress. So this is the bottom line this is the bottom line for using the x-ray diffraction so we can quickly look at epsilon z is equal to d n minus d not divided by d not. So this is your initial d spacing this is normal the after the stress then what is the d spacing so that is the difference so we can write sigma y is equal to minus e divided by mu where d n minus d not by d not. So this is this is the relation which is forms the basis for this using x-ray diffraction you find the d spacing and I will write the details d n is the spacing of the plane parallel under stress. So d n is under stress and d not is without stress so you see that difference and I think this is the basic idea behind the measurement of stress using x-ray diffraction you will be able to identify the d spacing and you have to remember that you have to have the plane always perpendicular to the this is a normal plane where n p is the x-ray diffraction takes place where the plane which are perpendicular to this incidence so you have you have to make sure that this kind of information are always obtained only from the plane which are parallel to this load or perpendicular to this load axis or I would say parallel to the x-ray diffraction and so on. So you have to keep that in mind and in fact this is what we are talking about here a simple case actual cases a biaxial and triaxial stresses are measured with an elaborate procedures involved and people calculate the residual stress which is a very important component in an engineering application and we can readily quantify these stresses using x-ray diffraction similar based on the fundamental principles like this. So we will not get into the details because each one will come under a special course in itself but as a beginner you should know what is the basis of x-ray diffraction in applying for all this parameters like you know crystal structure determination phase identification stress measurements and so on. So in the next class I will take you to the lab and then show actual how we measure this in a material in a polycrystalline material how do we obtain an x-ray data and then how do we analyze with the interface software today and everything is automated. So you just get the final result in your desktop but you have to understand unless you get into this fundamentals here then only you will be able to appreciate what the software is doing in your interface. So that is the intention of this particular I mean illustrations what we have shown today's class. So we will see you in the next class with the demonstrations. Thank you.


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You got to think about this guy. This is a guy that didn't have, that the media didn't give a time of day to after he was accused of sleeping with an underage girl. And there's a reason why no one in the conference came and defended him because we had all seen the videos he was showing on the house floor that all of us had walked away of the girls that he had slept with. He'd brag about how he would crush ED medicine and chase it with an energy drink so he could go all night. This is obviously before you got married. And so when that accusation came out, no one defended him and then no one on the media would give him a time of the day. All of a sudden he found fame because he opposed the speaker of the house back in November and he's always stayed there. And he was never gonna leave until he got this last moment of fame by going after a motion to vacate. The video you just watched pretty much confirms what I think a lot of us suspected would happen. Matt Gaetz is getting caught thorned by the Republican Party. Now to refresh your memory, Madison Cawthorne revealed that Republicans invited him to their Coke field orgies and they retaliated by subsequently releasing numerous scandalous videos of him in the lead up to his primary and he ultimately lost. And now they're giving Matt Gaetz that same exact treatment and this is only the beginning.  But before we get to that, I do wanna look at CNN's follow up to Mark Wayne Mullen's comments along with the response from Matt Gaetz. Congressman Gaetz has never been charged with any sex trafficking crime and he gave this statement to CNN in response. I don't think Mark Wayne Mullen and I have said 20 words to each other on the house floor. This is a lie from someone who doesn't know me and who's coping with the death of the political career of his friend Kevin, thoughts and prayers. I won't lie. I think that response from Matt Gaetz was pretty funny and I understand why he's kind of going with this scorched earth strategy. The bridge is already burnt, right? Republicans even before he ousted McCarthy were plotting to expel him. So now he has nothing to lose, they're after his throat so he has no reason to remain polite. But Mark Wayne Mullen was not done spilling the tea on Matt Gaetz because in a Newsmax interview he alleged the following. The first time I ever met this guy he walked up to me and Kristi Noem at the time was at the podium. He was speaker or he was elected at the time. He was a member-elect so we was going through conference and orientation and he walked up to me as Kristi Noem, now Governor Kristi Noem and he said, man, she's a fine and you can put the B word in place there. And I looked at him, I said, really? Because Kristi is a very close friend of mine and he turned around and walked away later. I will say he came up and apologized for that but he still shouldn't have said it. It was completely out of line and this is the type of individual Matt Gaetz is. Clearly not a fan. Very concerning, as Elon Musk would say.  But I mean, his constituents are still voting for him regardless. So I don't think that that's gonna hurt him in particular but a way that you can actually stick it to Matt Gaetz and hurt him is to expose what he said about the people who vote for him. Now Mark Wayne Mullen did have something to say about that. I mean, there was many times that he would go out on news programs in the evening and he would tell me personally, hey, I gotta go sell my constituent catheters because all he was doing was selling himself and evidently his constituent base is an older base and he thought that was funny. To me, that's not funny. Take your job and make it serious, do what's right by it and serve. This isn't an opportunity for you just to have an opportunity to promote yourself which that was what Matt Gaetz goals was.  Step two, expose his disdain for his own constituents, check. Step three, well put his hypocrisy on full display. So on Tuesday, when we talked about Kevin McCarthy's ouster, there was a moment during the debate period where Matt Gaetz was booed after he condemned the corporate cash that his GOP colleagues willingly accepted. Now he said that in response to them saying that he was doing all of this for attention and just trying to fundraise off of it. And just days later, all of a sudden after he called out their corruption, we learned that he's also courting corporate donors. Ross Dory explains, the Daily Beast is reporting that Matt Gaetz who has pledged not to take money from corporate PACs is not above courting GOP mega donors. The publication has obtained a video conference call organized by Stop the Steel fundraiser, Carolyn Wren in which Gaetz buttered up right wing sugar daddies with off the record details about private conversations he'd had with former President Donald Trump. The most interesting part of the video, however, was the way Wren advised donors to use their wealth to bend Republican lawmakers to their wills. And that right there is exactly why Gaetz says that he is supposedly against these types of corporate donations. Because if you raise small dollar donations from your constituents exclusively, then you're not gonna have to be beholding to these large corporations who help you get elected. But there he was at a fundraiser organized by an insurrectionist who encouraged wealthy donors to use their wealth to influence and basically buy off politicians. The exact thing that Matt Gaetz condemned his colleagues for doing. And I've gotta say, it's really interesting to suddenly see all of these leaks pop up out of nowhere, right? It kind of feels almost coordinated because it probably is. But Matt Gaetz isn't just chumming it up with GOP mega donors. He's still soliciting donations from his own constituents.  Of course not. Now, unfortunately for Mark Levin, he was ratioed into oblivion, which is something that Matt Gaetz pointed out while sharing his donation link again. Yeah, so I had to share that with you since we're already on the subject of fundraising and GOP mega donors because I thought that it was funny. It does seem as if the rank and file GOP voters are with Matt Gaetz and the GOP establishment will there with McCarthy. So it's interesting to see this play out. But I assume that all of these leaks that we're seeing, the people who are all of a sudden sharing these details that are incriminating about Matt Gaetz, I think this is probably just the beginning. But the pro-McCarthy Republicans, they're not just trying to destroy him covertly by leaking things to the press. They're openly plotting the demise of his political career and one Republican is on the record talking about how he wants to physically assault Matt Gaetz and I'm not talking about Chip Roykin, we're talking about a different Republican. So the Hill reports immediately after the vote Tuesday, Representative Don Bacon told reporters that Gaetz should be removed from the House GOP conference adding he's not a Republican. Representative Mike Lawler, who said Tuesday that he would have hit Gaetz square between the eyes with the speaker's gavel, echoed Bacon's sentiment Wednesday, saying he believes the Florida Republican should be kicked out of the conference. Punch Bowl News reported Wednesday night that Lawler said he is considering offering a motion to expel Gaetz from the group. Gaetz, for his part, is disregarding the criticism being directed toward him, asked about Lawler's square between the eyes comment and if he expects to be expelled by the conference, Gaetz returned to fire. Quote, I think that that was a very frustrated person who's having to come to grips with these stages of grief, Gaetz told Bloomberg TV of Lawler, quote, I'm not much for political violence. I don't want to hit anybody he later added. If Mike Lawler comes at me with a gavel, I'm not entirely sure that would concern me, but that's not the direction I think we ought to go. I think we ought to maybe craft a budget before an attack strategy. So GOP infighting is so bad that you have members saying I want to hit him in the face with the speaker gavel and on top of that, Lawler wants him expelled but he's not the only one. In fact, the Hill is also reporting that Republican Dave Joyce, who they call a moderate, which I don't think that a moderate Republican is actually a thing that exists, but regardless, he's more moderate than a lot of the fascists in his party, but he says that he would vote to expel all eight Republicans who voted to oust McCarthy, which tells us that Matt Gaetz isn't the only target of the GOP's ire and another main target is seemingly Nancy Mace. Now Politico reports that the knives are out for her too, writing House Republicans are now weighing whether to expel Mace from at least two centrist leaning groups she belonged to as Politico first reported. Her staff was quickly removed from several internal GOP communications channels shortly after her vote Tuesday, but here's my favorite part. During a Fox News interview later on Wednesday, Mace delivered a plea for donations that she acknowledges violated House rules that bar lawmakers from soliciting political contributions while on Capitol grounds. Her office says she self reported the matter to the House Ethics Committee, unreal. Now also in her appearance on Steve Bannon's program, she made a plea for donations saying that they are coming after me, they being the Republican establishment and she's right to suspect that because they are, right? They're out for blood, they're out for retribution and she is one of the main targets. I think not because she's as bad as Matt Gaetz, but because she was seemingly somebody who was more reasonable. She initially called Matt Gaetz a fraud, but she went along with him. So I think that they expected better and as a result they're gonna try to destroy her. Now Matt Gaetz, he may have already been on his way out of the House of Representatives because he's reportedly planning a gubernatorial run in Florida after DeSantis is out, but Mace seemingly has no plans to step aside. She wants to keep her seat as far as I know and her race is much more competitive than Gaetz's. So in terms of her, she can't be as firebrand as Gaetz, so this was a really risky move for her. But when it comes to expulsion, I don't wanna make it seem like everyone is on board with expulsion because that isn't actually the case. For example, Jim Jordan who needs Gaetz's support for his own bid to be speaker defended Gaetz calling him talented, which is hilarious and saying that he actually doesn't support expulsion. There's also an additional layer to the infighting that I didn't even anticipate. So aside from Jim Jordan, Steve Scalise is another potential McCarthy replacement who was through was had in the ring, but McCarthy is currently trying to destroy Steve Scalise's bid behind the scenes through proxies according to an Axios report and they add, quote, Scalise and McCarthy have long been viewed as rivals with tensions spilling over into the public eye on multiple occasions in recent years. Sources told Axios it's not surprising McCarthy would not look to assist Scalise in obtaining the gavel. So the factionalization caused by this motion to vacate has really demonstrated how ill-equipped the GOP is at governing. I mean, if they can't even agree on a leader and there's this much infighting, then how can they ever accomplish what they want? And that's good because everything that they want is evil and demonic and would hurt working class people. But I mean, just seeing this, if you are a GOP voter, how can you still support this party given how dysfunctional they are, right? But back to Matt Gaetz because after he got the result and the attention that he wanted, well, what does he do? Immediately, he is already complaining. I can't believe this. He's already complaining about the temporary speaker that's there because of what he did. I do have to offer some pretty sharp criticism of the new pro tem of the house, Patrick McHenry. We met tonight and he sent us home until Tuesday of next week, Eric. We should be here tomorrow working to elect a new speaker, getting onto our appropriations bills and engaging in a negotiation with the Senate to get the government funded. But instead, whoa, these people have got to go home and cry for a week. They've got to go do a week of hand-wringing and bedwetting over the fact that Kevin McCarthy isn't speaker anymore. This institution is about more than one man. It's about the job. How about we pass a budget? So McHenry has the power of the speakership now and literally his first act as the acting speaker of the house was to send everyone home till Tuesday. That's moving in the wrong direction. We got to get a new speaker and we've got to get leadership to understand a sense of urgency that your viewers and the American people all feel. I find this so incredibly funny because it hasn't been a couple of days and he's already attacking the new speaker. Now it's not super surprising that he doesn't like McHenry considering McHenry is a McCarthy ally, but he's demonstrating how unreasonable he is and thus giving fuel to the establishment Republicans who are currently trying to destroy his career by painting him as an unreasonable, unappeasable hack.  But one of the demands of the pro-McCarthy Republicans is they want a change to the rules that allows just one member to spark a motion to vacate vote. And Gates surprisingly did signal support for that, although under certain conditions. Specifically, he says that he would give them whatever they wanted if they supported Democratic lawmaker Ro Khanna's anti-corruption reforms, which include a ban on political donations from lobbyists or PACs, a ban on congressional stock trading, and 12 year term limits for members of Congress. Now I agree with these things, although not necessarily term limits because while it sounds good on paper, in practice I think this would end up hurting progressives more because I don't want to see someone like Bernie Sanders get term limited out.  But I think that in the end, it's something that would end up hurting the left more. And also, according to studies from Latin America, they show that term limits are actually correlated with an increase in corruption. So it doesn't necessarily stop corruption in the way that we would expect. But a ban on stock trading, however, and a ban on corporate donations, that would be a game changer. And that alone would encourage me to support this. But I don't think that this would ever happen because most Republicans in Congress have zero name recognition. So they have to raise money almost exclusively through corporate PACs. And they can't put out a fundraising email in the same way that Marjorie Green or Matt Gaetz can and get the same response by grassroots Republican supporters. And the same is true for a lot of corporate Democrats as well. So in supporting this, they would basically be undermining their own electoral chances. Furthermore, if they support a 12 year term limit, then a lot of them would be term limited out. They'd be term limiting themselves out of Congress. So it seems unlikely that they would support this. But I've got to say, I am pleasantly surprised to see Matt Gaetz propose something like this and not some sort of a bill to murder immigrants or trans people or something because he is a fascist. Make no mistake about it. And I expected the worst from him. But for him to take this stance, is he virtue signaling? Does he actually support this? I don't know. I can't say for sure. I don't know what's in his heart, even though he's a bad person. But for him to say, he would choose to undo that motion to vacate rule in favor of these rules. I think he gets credit where it's due, right? But as this debacle continues, I do want you all to keep in mind that this instability was not brought about because the Democratic party refused to bail out McCarthy or because McCarthy struck some sort of a secret deal with Democrats. This instability is a uniquely GOP problem. They've always had problems governing. And this was explained in a short clip on CNN that I want to share with you really quick. McCarthy ousted. Paul Ryan quit in disgust over his right flank. John Boehner pushed out by the Freedom Caucus.   So perhaps the issue isn't actually Democrats, but the insatiable thirst for rebellion within the Republican conference. Yeah, and she is exactly right. So under these current conditions, I just don't know why you would want the job in the first place because Kevin McCarthy, perhaps more so than his predecessors, did everything he could to appease the far-right fascists within his party, but it still wasn't enough. So the question is, will there ever be a speaker good enough for the far-right in the GOP? And I think that the answer is no because rather than purging these fascists from their party, they've pandered to them for years. They've said, we are as extreme as you want us to be. And as a result, the Overton window within the GOP has shifted to the far-right to where even moderate Republicans sound like Nazis. So this is kind of them lying in the bed that they've made for themselves. If you don't want these people in your party, you have to stop pandering to them because if you pandered to these people, they're gonna vote these extremists in. And as a result, it's made the GOP incapable of governing. So it's something that the GOP has brought on itself. And listen, I'll be honest with you all, I hope that this leads to the GOP being even more fractured than it is now. I hope that this destroys the Republican Party.   In fact, what little progress we've made, they're gonna undo it. So whatever we can do to deny these fascist extremists' power, I think we should do that. And if they're gonna do that to themselves, destroy themselves from within, then I absolutely applaud this implosion and I hope it continues. So yeah, we'll leave that there.


news you can use, news you can use. Man, this weekend was a dope weekend. You guys make sure you like, subscribe to the channel, man. A lot of things happen and a lot of things are covered. This morning is going to be a great morning, you guys. What should I say afternoon? I just, first of all, I want to say thank you guys, like I said, for always supporting us. I always like to subscribe and to the channel. Raphael had an invite from Alicia Keys. She got a concert there in July. So in July, she has a concert there. And I don't know if you guys remember Raphael, but he was the guy that got shot. The kid. He was actually a kid that got shot. 16 years old, went to the wrong house. He ended up getting shot. Well, in Kansas City. Alicia Keys want to make it right by at least bringing him out when she comes down to Kansas City in July. I think that's dope, man. Shout out to Alicia Keys for even making that gesture, man. This kid just made a simple mistake and he had to pay consequences dearly. He's lucky. He's blessed to be alive today. Over the weekend, Nick's lost to the Heat, 108 to 101. The Nuggets beat the Suns, 125 to 107. Steph Curry, the Warriors beat the Kings, 120 to 100. Steph Curry put up 50 points, man. This guy's dope, man.  Every time somebody do something spectacular, you know already how I am about Jordan. This is a new era in basketball. Jordan is one of the, you know, he's the mecca, the pinnacle, the hierarchy, the, yeah, up echelon when they come down to the game of basketball. I don't care if y'all get mad about that, but I had to say that's my era and I'm sticking to it. But Steph Curry's dope, you know. But let's be realistic. But these guys are, man, they're getting ready to face the Lakers as well in a few days. So this is going to be a great series, I believe. You guys, y'all see, y'all have seen these moves before. I can't wait to check everything out this week. Who you got? Bubba Dub. Who you got? I know you got the Lakers, boys. I talked to you over the weekend. You was real excited about it. Hey, man, so, man, another thing, man. You gotta understand what's really going down, man. 38-year-old Francesca O'Pisa ends up in Cleveland, Texas shooting at least five people. And the youngest one was eight years old. So it's crazy out here, man. You guys, man, man, these gun, man, put the gun down, man. Let's try to be realistic here, man. This was over something that could have been talked out as well. I cringe at the fact of how this stuff is happening. We have to be more responsible with these guns. Some say it was a rifle, AK, or AR, but AR-15, man. This is crazy. And I just say, man, God bless all those family members that lost their loved one down in Cleveland, Texas, man. This is something that we got to do better when it comes down to taking care of our neighborhoods, man. We got to do better. You know how I am about it, man. I'm trying to, I'm an older guy now. When I was young, I didn't know no better. So, hey, don't judge me, but I'm trying to do better now. So make sure you guys, man, try to keep your neighborhoods safe. It's up to us, man, as a people to come together and try to do the right thing. Yeah, man, news you can use, man. It's crazy, man. You can't do that, but use this news up telling you're right. Now, this is the best thing I believe the segment that I came up with was just so I could, you know, help our people to understand what's going on in our communities. I believe this is a show that was needed. So, thank you guys. Another thing I want to talk about that came across my phone this week, man. Shout out to AA, man. He won a couple of Grammys, man. And I've been blessed to speak to some guys, some Grammy winners, man. Some Grammy winners, man. AA is dope, man. I like that. He texts me, man. And I didn't know they had did a new segment on it, man. This is great, man. Got two Grammys off of going to school. People say that college is it for them. I will tell y'all right now, just go. Message for the next generation of students here in West Palm Beach. But he's definitely a one that came on Boss Talk 101 show, show the show love. And you can't beat that with a bat. He's got links with NBA Young Boy. Get out of class, email to beat the DJ Swift the next day. Not even 12 hours later, video out almost at a million views. So, I called Swift like, hey, man, tell young boy, hey, let's do it again. He was like, all right. So he was like, young boy said, call him. So young boy called me with the little face. He's safe. You know what I'm saying?   I'm like, yo, he was like, hey, keep sending that fire, you hear me? Let's go up. So I'm like, I bet, you know what I'm saying? So I'm sending the records or what not. I get a phone call from young boy. He was like, they say, gangsta, where you at? I'm like, man, I'm in Tennessee. He was like, I need you to come to come to LA. So I get ready to go to LA. I bring the whole team I got with me, whole team come to LA. And one thing led to another. AI young boy comes out and we did almost 80% of that album. Wow. And that was like the beginning because I didn't, I never met him. Producing beats. He's a real musician. He came in. He was a standup guy when I met him. I never forget the likes of me always. Like I said, he always tapped back here and he's cause check on me at time and time every since we met. You guys support his music and support his movement. He's definitely one of the guys that when I think about music and the younger generation, man, he set the bar. You can understand the music on a whole other level dealing with him. He's one of those guys that you just really, you can't deny he's got the true talent and he is the new wave and he come from old school way of doing things. And I just love it. He can do these all type of ways being him discussed that in the show. Make sure you go back and check that, that interview out with me and AA. AA did a great job on boss talk one on one. Now he's a two time Grammy award winning artist. This was pre that and then also man, I didn't, you know, when you think about iced tea was another one that that one of Grammy awards. Hey man, listen, man, iced tea, man, I'm over here at iced tea house, man. This is real serious for me, man, boss talk one on one and showed up, man. Ice tea, man. What's up? Can't complain, man. Smiling kills the haters. Hey, boss talk one on one with a boss talk. I talked to two Grammy award. I interviewed actually two Grammy award-winning guys that one of the older generation and one of the younger generation. So when you look at iced tea, man, he has a couple of Grammys. I remember I just holding them and hanging it out with him and things that people don't often do. He's one of the, one of the few that actually won a Grammy this year, man. Shout out to all the Grammy award winners this year, but that was a big deal. That was great for iced tea. That was great for AA. I just really, really liked the fact that these guys are not letting up when it come down to the whole way that they do things. You got to understand iced tea is not, he's not backing down when it come down to just creating new waves, man. He got a new podcast that he's been working on. He's already on Law and Order. This guy is definitely one that you can just basically look at and try to move toward being better when you look at the moves he's made in the times he's made over 500 episodes on Law and Order. The longest male actor running in a single series on a TV show, that's iced tea.  Three hours of pure footage of this guy who's one of the guys who started off in Jersey, moved to LA, started to understand and embracing the things that going on and all type of different activities on the West Coast. This iced tea guy is not somebody that you want to look over, act as if they had made a move that changed our culture. He actually brought gangster music. He wanted the first guys that I actually heard really talk about NWA, they had a heck of a movement. But iced tea was that guy that brought in that gangsterism and that, you know, the way that the cop killer and all that stuff that he done was just superb moves, man, that our people needed to be pushed into the next level when it comes down to the essence of, hey, you know, we can be somebody, we can do something in our neighborhood. So, when I sat down and talked with him, this guy was sharp, man. He even recited the whole thing of colors for me. He even told me that was going to be a new Jack City too, but it didn't ever come out and explain why. You better go check those. Right now the clips are out. You can become a member on YouTube and see the full interview. Ice tea is one of the coldest in our time and you guys need to give him his roses while he's here. Not when he's going, but while he's here. Ice tea is one of those guys you just can't, you can't close your eyes to. You got to recognize him, man. I don't think, I think pretty much that's kind of it. You know, you guys will see me come in and talk from time to time, but that's kind of it. I'm enjoying it. I'm loving it. I hope you guys are enjoying it as well as I am. Like I said, the first of this whole segue. Make sure you like and subscribe to the channel. This is a new segment that we do weekend news. You can use me. I think I got it. There it is.


So my name is Justin, and I work on Polymer tools. So normally, I'd be up here giving you a tools talk. But like Matt said, I like Experiments. So right now, I'm going to do something a little bit different or give you a sneak peek on this library we've been working on that we're very, very excited about. And this is only a 15-minute talk, so I'm going to go really, really quick. So hold on. All right, so I'm going to talk about templates. And obviously, we're going to talk about HTML templates. And so we're very familiar with those here because templates are pretty central to the Polymer developer experience. But HTML templates and other techniques for updating DOM have been around for a long time, and they're constantly evolving. So before I get into this library I'm so excited about, I wanted to give you an extremely brief history of HTML templates. So in the beginning, we had manual DOM manipulation. You had to create some nodes individually, wire them together in a tree, and then maybe hold on to some of these nodes so you could update them later. And this was a lot of code. It was verbose. It was not very fun to write or to look at. Alternatively, you could try to use inner HTML. You could build up a string of HTML. Then you inject it and let the browser take care of creating the nodes. But then if you wanted to update it, you had to traverse this tree or use query selector or something like that. It didn't end up being a lot better. So then we had this Cambrian explosion of declarative template systems that embedded expressions inside of them and then control flow constructs like ifs and for loops. And Polymer belongs to this category here as well as systems like Angular or Ember. And then a few years ago React introduced JSX and VDOM, virtual DOM, into the world, which take a different approach, both syntactically and functionally. So JSX isn't standard JavaScript syntax. It's an extension that embeds markup into JavaScript, which is then compiled out with a transformer. And virtual DOM took a new approach to updating the DOM. Instead of pinpointing exactly what data is embedded into the DOM, it just goes ahead and re-renders the entire tree, the entire template. And it does this in a virtual tree, and then it compares that to the last data it had, figures out what changed, and then applies those changes to the DOM. So with all this evolution of templating solutions, what comes next? Something does come next, right? There's always a next. Well, we have one idea. And since it's 2017, obviously that means that idea is going to come from ES 2015. And that we think is JavaScript tag template literals. Template literals are one of the most unsung features of ES 6 or ES 2015, because they're way more powerful than they appear at first. They're basically strings, but instead of quotes, they use backticks. And they can span multiple lines. And you can also embed JavaScript expressions inside of them, which is great for building up strings from data. And this is where people usually stop with template literals. But interestingly and very powerfully, they can be tagged. And a tag is a special function that processes the template literal, both the literal and the expression parts. And it can return whatever it wants. It doesn't have to return a string. So this is interesting. Template literals were actually designed to allow domain-specific languages to be embedded in JavaScript. And HTML is a domain-specific language. So you can see how these features together let you write something that at least syntactically looks like the HTML templates that we're already familiar with. So this seems like a promising direction to explore, especially because of our move to JavaScript modules that we announced yesterday. Polymer templates inside of modules are just strings. And when we worked with this a little bit, we wanted something a little bit better. And we really wanted to be able to take advantage of the fact that when we're writing templates in JavaScript, we can be right in the JavaScript scope that holds the values that we want to put into the templates in the first place. And we also wanted to take advantage of the fact that we could use real JavaScript expressions, which are going to be as fast as possible. The key, though, was figuring out how to keep updates fast and make minimal updates into the DOM. And we're starting to see a number of other libraries now that use a similar approach, including libraries like HyperHTML, HyperX, Bell, and T7. And now I'd like to introduce you to the library that we're so excited about, which is called LIT HTML. Now, LIT HTML is still very, very experimental and underdevelopment. But we wanted to give you an idea of what templating in a module-only world might look like. So we call it LIT because, well, it uses literals. And it's very little. And we needed a name, and this name was cool. So what is LIT HTML? LIT HTML is a combination of JavaScript template literals, the HTML template element, and a render function that lets you efficiently render and re-render these templates to the DOM. Let's see what this looks like. So LIT HTML templates are just JavaScript template literals. They contain embedded JavaScript expressions. And they're tagged with LIT HTML's HTML tag. And then we have a render function which lets you render a template to someplace in the document. Now, on the surface, this looks like we could just be building up an HTML string and using innerHTML to set it on the document. But that's not what's happening at all. If we were using innerHTML, we could just replace the expressions with their values, join them together into a string, use innerHTML, and then we have our template. But this would be very difficult to update because we've lost the locations of the expressions from our template. So instead, what LIT HTML does is it replaces the expressions with these placeholders. And it creates a string out of that. And then it uses that to create your template. And after it's created the template, it goes through and it finds the placeholders again. And it remembers where they are. And we call these things, these places where these templates, these expressions are, parts. And then we remove the placeholders from the template. And now we have a template that we can use over and over again to create DOM. And because we remembered the locations of these dynamic parts, we can replace them with values after we've created that DOM. And because we have those locations, we can efficiently update them with new values when the values change. Now here, we're probably going to use templates mostly to create shadow DOM for custom elements. So what would it look like to combine HTML with Polymer? Well, here's a Polymer 3.0 element in a pure JavaScript module. And we have an inline template here that's returned from a static method, the template method. If we convert this to LIT, you can see that it's very, very similar, except for that instead of a static method, we have an instance method because we want access to that instance level state. And even though this doesn't appear very different, the developer experience is actually a lot better because the expressions are real regular JavaScript. So now you get all the syntax highlighting, linting, formatting, type checking if you use TypeScript, all those features that you're used to from your tools because it's just JavaScript. It's also more powerful because it's just JavaScript. You can do arithmetic and expressions. You can call functions. You can build up templates from parts using if statements and for loops. And you don't have to hang everything that you want to access and expressions off the prototype anymore. You can just import it or declare it and use it. Next, I want to talk about the three main goals of HTML. First, we want to make it efficient because quickly rendering DOM is one of the primary tasks of a template system. Then we want to make it expressive because you should be able to build very interesting templates or with your template system. And then finally, we want to make it extensible because no template system can build in all the features that you're ever going to need. So first, let's talk about what makes HTML efficient. So one of the things is template literals themselves. They have some really nice properties that we take advantage of. One is separating static and dynamic content. Let's look at why this is really important. So every HTML template system is responsible for creating a tree of DOM nodes. But only some of those nodes are ever updated after they're created. So templates have this structure. There's a separation between static and dynamic parts. And then you have the updates. Not every dynamic part changes at once. Sometimes you update just one value. And so when thinking about the cost of templating, it's useful to have these two questions in mind. How many nodes are updated? And what's the cost per node? And if we look at something like Polymer, we notice that Polymer has this association directly between the data and the nodes that depend on it. And so Polymer can scale its cost with a number of changes that you have. If you only change one thing, Polymer only has to do one thing to apply that change. And if you look at something like VDOM, it takes a very, very different approach. VDOM re-renders an entire virtual tree every time any of your data changes. So it actually scales with the total number of nodes that you have in a template. But they try to make up for this by driving the cost of each node down very, very low by using a virtual tree. Well, with LIT HTML, we try to be somewhere in the middle and get the best of both worlds here. We're only going to update the dynamic parts of your template. So we don't update every node in the template. But we also try to drive that cost down very, very low so we can be as fast as possible. And this all falls out quite naturally from using template literals. Because with template literals, we know exactly what parts are dynamic and might change, and what parts are static and will never change. And we don't even have to do any work to figure this out. The syntax of JavaScript just does it naturally for us. So besides separating static and dynamic sections, they also have this property where literals that are passed to a template tag are exactly the same for every call to that tag. This lets us do one-time setup work like the HTML template preparation I was talking about. Let's take a look at an example for that. So let's say you have a function that takes some data and then puts it into a template. So we're going to call this function. We're going to say hi to Amy. And this function is not going to return DOM. This function is going to return a template result. It contains the template that we want to render and the values that we want to render into that template. And then if we call this function again, now we're going to say hi to Alex. We get a new template result, which contains the template we want to render and the values that we want to render into it. Well, it turns out that these template objects, they're not just the same. They're exactly identical. So we only have to create it one time the first time we ever see a template. From then on, every time we call this function, all we're doing is passing along the values that came with it. And that's very, very, very cheap. So another reason why template literals are great is because parsing strings in JavaScript is extremely fast. Parsing streams is somewhere between three and four times faster than parsing generic JavaScript expressions, which is what most HTML and NJS solutions use. So also, we're fast because we try to use the platform as much as possible. We use the built-in JavaScript in HTML parsers. We don't ship any parsing bits ourselves. And we use the template tag for fast, deep content cloning of our templates. This is the full, minimized source code of HTML. I stole this slide from Jason Miller of Preact, where he did this one time showing Preact on a slide. And I wanted to show that we can put it all in here in 18-point font with room to spare. It's less than 1.7k minified. I was conservative when I put less than 2k up there. So it's quite small. And this helps us be fast too, because it doesn't have to load much data over the network. So that's efficiency. Let's look at what makes it expressive. Let's take a look at what kinds of values you can hand off to lit. So you have simple string values. We can say hello, summit. We also have expressions inside. You can put expressions like, imagine you're showing a page number on a template. And your users are probably not computer scientists. So they're expecting a one base index. And you have a zero base index that represents your page number. You can just add one to that inside the expression. So things like this are extremely easy. You can also set attributes, obviously. Here we're setting the value attribute of an input element. But you can do some more interesting things, like you can directly hand-lit HTML DOM nodes. So you might have some complicated structure that you want to create. And it's easier to do that imperatively by hand. Once you do that, you could just hand the result off to lit. And lit will put it in the right place in the template. You don't have to worry about using query selector or some other method of finding that dynamic spot that you want to manage. We also support nested templates. So you can build up templates by parts. And you can share these parts around with different templates. Here we're injecting a header into a container template. And because we support nested templates, you can build up templates dynamically with logic. So here we're going to show a different message to the users based on whether they're logged in or not. We support arrays. So if you hand an array to lit, it will just render every item in the array.  So now you can take an array of data, map it over a template, and you get an array of templates. You hand it to lit. And lit will efficiently render that to the DOM. There's some other interesting value types we handle like promises. So let's say you do a fetch of some content over the network. You can just hand that promise to lit. And when that promise resolves, lit will render the result in your template. You don't have to do anything there for it. So if you put all this together, you can see that we can create some really complex and expressive templates. You can take a string and split it by new lines and generate a paragraph element for every paragraph in the string. You can dynamically choose what kind of templates you want to render based on the data. And then at the end, you can put this together in a more declarative form, because we support that too. So we try to give you this spectrum of doing things very dynamically and imperatively to being able to do things declaratively and very structured. All right, finally, let's look at extensibility. There's two ways that you can extend lit.html. One is with directives. So a directive is a function that lets you customize how a value is handled by lit.html. So I told you about promises, where you could give it a promise. And when it resolved, lit would render that content. Well, a lot of times, you want to render some default content, a placeholder that renders until that promise is ready. And so that's what this until directive does. You give it both a promise and a placeholder. It renders the placeholder. Then it renders the promise when it's ready. And I wanted to show you how easy this is to implement. So this is the entire implementation of the until directive. And a directive is basically a function that gets a part. And a part has an API, setValue is the method it has. And so you can just call setValue. Here we call setValue with the default content. And then you can call setValue again when the promise resolves. And that's your entire directive right there. So it's very easy to extend and customize. Thanks. Another directive that we bundle is a repeat directive. This is very similar to DOM repeat and Polymer. This lets you do efficient lists where you can reorder the items in the list. So if you change the order of the list and then give it back to lit, it can track what data went to what DOM node and then just rearrange the DOM nodes without having to re-render your entire list. Another way to customize lit is by using custom parts. Custom parts let you change how values are handled across an entire template. And we've bundled a couple of these together in a library we called lit extended, which gives you polymer style sugar on top of text nodes and attributes. You get property bindings by default. And we have declarative event handlers. So for property bindings, let's say you have a custom element, and it has some property where it's expecting some rich data to be bound into it. You can just go ahead and, with lit extended, use the normal binding syntax, and you get a property binding. But notice something here. Notice that capital P up there. It turns out that because we're storing the attribute names in JavaScript, we can go back and get the case preserving names of the attributes there. So now we don't have to do this kebab case to camel case mapping anymore. We can just use the real property names. And that should eliminate a lot of errors that people accidentally get into sometimes. We can also fall back to attributes if we need to by using the dollar sign suffix just like Polymer, and we support declarative event handlers. This looks like Polymer because we have the on-dash prefix, but it's a little bit different because we actually take a function value into the binding expression. And so you can write inline handlers like this, or you can just reference a method on your custom element. OK, and that's what makes it extensible. And that's basically all of the HTML. The next question is where to now? Like Matt said, this is currently a bit of an experiment. So we have a lot of testing and optimization and benchmarks to do to make it real. But from what we've already done, we know that Lit is very fast and that it works great on the modern browsers. And then we want to write a mix-in for Polymer so that you can use this together with your Polymer base classes. And then finally, we want to add tooling support so you can get syntax highlighting, code completion, hover over documentation, all the features that we give you in our Polymer IDE plugins. So if you want to follow along, there's a GitHub repository at some Polymer labs, lit.html. And you can already install this from MPM. I'm going to push a new version this afternoon, and you can just MPM install lit.html. And if you follow me on Twitter, I'll be talking about this as I develop it. All right, thank you very much.


Welcome to another episode of the non-profit show. We are thrilled to have you back here today for non-profit Power Week. This is our third day of the Power Week, and really glad to have with us today, Muji Kwaja, and he's here as the fundraising academy trainer. He's got all kinds of other accolades behind him, years of experience, so many good stories to share. But again, talking to us about the fundraising academy cause selling model, in particular, we're diving deep. Phase two, steps five and six. Previously this week, we've heard from Muji's colleague, Tony Bell, who's been fantastic with sharing some of the previous cycles with us, our steps, I should say, within that cycle. So really glad to have all of this information for us. We also want to remind you, we haven't had the opportunity to meet you yet.  I'm Jarrett Ransom, your non-profit nerd, CEO of the Raven Group, and again, we are so extremely honored, day in and day out to produce these episodes with thought leaders like Muji. We wouldn't be able to do this or even produce the non-profit Power Week if it weren't for our amazing presenting sponsors. A huge shout out to our friends again, all of them, Fundraising Academy at National University, thank you so very much. Also to Bloomerang, your part-time controller, American Non-profit Academy, non-profit thought leader, staffing boutique, non-profit nerd, and non-profit tech talk. These are the companies that have been with us. Many, many of them since the very, very beginning I shared yesterday, 830 plus episodes, and if you missed any of them, that's okay and if you missed any of this week's series, that's okay too, you can go back and listen to them. So scan the QR code right now, just pull out your phone and you can scan the QR on the screen to download our app. That's our latest and greatest. We're still on the broadcast platforms and also on the podcast platform. So if you're like Muji and traveling around the world on your motorcycle, you can still listen to us in podcasts form. So no excuse no matter where you are, really glad to have you. So Muji, without further ado, and I mentioned to all of you watching and listening, Muji is a very prestigious fundraiser, Muji Kwaja, MPA, CFRE, CFRM, I feel like I just said the entire alphabet, but you are a fundraising academy trainer, also at National University. And what I also love about you is you're the co-founder of the American Muslim Community Foundation. So you bring a lot of personal experience into this. Welcome back. Thank you so much. It's really great to be here and you make me sound way better than I actually am. So I love being on this show. Yeah. I think it's, we talk about this off-camera with you. It's really fascinating, the whole community foundation system in our country. There's so many, there's several that are old, old, practically as old as our nation, and then there's others that are new. And we really do need to get you on and talk about co-founding this particular institution. I just think it's riveting. And I give you a lot of credit for, you know, looking at your community and deciding that this was something you were gonna do, because ultimately it impacts all of us, whether we're in the Muslim community or not. It's just really an exciting thing to see an affinity group marshaling their resources. So... She's such a young co-founder. Like I really admire that about you, Mui, is that really your passion for your faith, your passion for the community, lifting everyone within the community up and to be such a young and I don't know, just eager, eager professional. I appreciate it. Oh, thank you. And I think one of the great things is being able to get our data into sources like GivingUSA and Donor Advice Fund Research Collaborative to talk about the impact that faith has on giving. And I just think it's a really great opportunity with the new 2022 GivingUSA research that came out. Religion is still the primary vehicle. So, I think there's a lot of opportunity and a lot of community foundations are focused regionally, but we're one of the few that are focused nationally to represent our community, but more on that at another time. Yeah, we've got to, we really need to explore this because it's something that I don't know enough about and I know our viewers and listeners would be super interested in it. But today we're really gonna delve into this week long, dare I say re-exploration of the cause selling cycle. We talk about this a lot in snippets, but this week we really are only talking about this whole concept. And so you can jump in and watch one or two episodes or you can start with Monday and go all the way through on Friday. Maybe share this with your board or do some other training or reframe the whole process for your development team. It's really an incredible opportunity. So we've talked about phase one, talked about phase two, and today we're gonna be in delving deep into step five and six, the presentation aspect and then tontontontont handling objections. So talk to us, Mooghi, about the presentation aspect. What are you actually trying to achieve in this particular step? Yeah, definitely. And so grateful to my colleagues that were on earlier this week explaining Venture Cost Selling Cycle and happy to continue that. And really what this focus is on is being able to talk to your prospects and donors about having and figuring out their need and interest and passion for your cause and really presenting to them about the mission of your organization and how that connects. And what you're really trying to do is assist them in recognizing then define that need of showing them how your cause fulfills their goals and philanthropic agenda that they have. And what you're really hoping to do is inspire them to donate to your cause. I think my colleague LaShonda Williams says it perfectly and it's to help donors discover the joy of giving. So when we talk about presentation, you really want to think through what is your style of communicating? Are you somebody who focuses on having a very structured presentation style?  Do you need bullet points and guide the conversation? And also thinking through what is the social style of the donor and how do they like to receive information? So it's combining a few of those different things to see how, again, the donor ties into the mission of your organization. One of those things that you may want to do and need discovery and some of the earlier steps in the cost-owning cycle is find that attachment to the organization. What inspired the donor to give? And when you can do that, you get to focus your presentation on those things as well. So you may want to include a beneficiary story. You may want to include the impact of how their gift will make a difference. You want to connect the dots the different programmatic areas of your nonprofit as well. One of the things that I often try to look into when I'm talking to donors at previous organizations like the American Right Cross or even American Muslim Community Foundation is really looking at the overall impact the organization has because the donor's entry to the organization may be one program of the area but it's really good to give that overview to showcase the different ways in which the organization makes an impact. And if your donor's making an unrestricted general gift that's always the best. But what if there's something that peaks their interests that can maybe increase their giving to a specific program? You may want to bring that opportunity to the forefront to further discuss that with your donor as well. So it's really great that even in the presentation bring up the various points that your nonprofit focuses on so that you can see what the donor maybe peaks their interest as well. And in regards to a real life application of this, I had met a CEO of a very popular and it won't say where to on it, but it's a rideshare. And they got bought out by another ridesharing app. So this was back in 2020, 2021. And I had a brief moment to get in front of this founder. I was at an event that they were talking at and literally as they were leaving, I was like chasing after them, like tapped them on the shoulder and like introduced myself. And I handed over a business card and said, because of this acquisition, a donor advice fund would be really good for you to have for your future philanthropic goals. I know you don't have time right now, but I'm gonna reach out and hopefully we can set up a time to talk. And I think that left a good impression on him because we ended up having several conversations. Although he didn't choose our donor advice fund to open, he did open up a donor advice fund to add another institution. He wanted to streamline his philanthropic services with his investment accounts and other things like that. But at the end of the day, he appreciated my advice and he wanted to learn more about organization. And I think because of his faith and identity, that was a big calling to see an organization like ours provide services for families across the country. And when I had to make the presentation to him, I was so focused on the aircraft view, right? But he really wanted the ground level to you. He was asking questions like a CEO would. He would talk to me about what are the pain points? What am I experiencing? What are the challenges? What are we doing to overcome them? And then he shared some advice and he started up and how it was successful from the ground level all the way to being acquired by one of those ride sharing app companies. And it was really great. And I get to talk to him once or twice a year and I'm on his calendar regularly now. And thankfully he still needed $50,000 a year to our charity.  And then he like paused me three slides in and he was just like, let's get straight to it. And I was like, okay, I'm ready. Wow. That's a great story. Jared, it looks like you have a question. Well, you know, I just think that's a great story.  She's a philanthropy facilitator. And in your story, you really talked about educating the donor, right?  And yet that still turned around for a pretty sizable gift, right? And so looking at it that way, for me I've noticed in my career, like I get so focused on closing the deal, if you will, right? It's like, that's what's in line, but this really tells us in a different perspective, which I just really appreciate. You know, Mui, my observation with you, and I really appreciate you sharing this story because it seems like when you think about this presentation to the prospective donor, there's two ways to look at it. How am I gonna present as the fundraiser? And then how should I present based on what the donor is saying? And in your example of the guys like three slides in, no, do something else. You had to pivot, right? Very quickly, yeah. How did you feel about that? Did it kind of shake you up or what did you do? Yeah, it definitely had me stuttering and like collecting my thoughts for a few seconds, but this was through the pandemic, so it was a virtual call. And I think I was able to focus on exactly what he was asking. I necessarily wasn't prepared for that. So again, going back to structured, scripted conversation to an impromptu or guided, this definitely shifted from what I originally thought of. And, you know, as the founder of the organization, I definitely knew that Anton Alton was able to talk to him founder to founder. And I think that was really cool. And I appreciated his insights because it gave me new perspective on the challenges that we were having. And he was able to relate challenges that we had as the nonprofit to the challenges he had as a startup tech company. So it was really cool to see the different connections there. And obvious and also just like something that I didn't expect as an outcome of the conversation. So again, it was like being open-minded to where the conversation could go. And I think at the end of the day, he really believes in me as a nonprofit leader. And I think that's the connection that we made through that about me taking a risk, making a cold introduction, just being there to then having a proof-making shape with donor philanthropists. And he's even told me about other charities that he likes and examples of good fundraising and bad fundraising in his experience as well. So I've been able to talk to him about the way in which he gives, why he supports the causes and get a better understanding of those inclinations for the missions that he cares about. Yeah. And I think it's really important. Like, we can prepare all we want to prepare. And in that moment, something could change to where it's like, okay, I prepared this whole dog and pony show. And now, nope, we're down to a five minute brass tacks conversation. I'm more impromptu, shocker, I know, as well as the bullet points, right? Like, so for me, that's my best combination. But there could be someone, as you were saying, Julia, right? It's like, no, they want the very formal presentation. They want sides, they want the report. Like, they want all of that. And so it's just really important for us to remember, regardless of how much preparation, in the moment, something could change and we have to be so flexible and willing to be adaptable. So, Muhi and Jared, I think that's like, I think that's really a great way to lead us into this next piece because part of the flexible thinking and the mindset are going to be objections. And talk to us about that.  Like, do you ever have that moment that I call the crisis of faith where you're just like, I screwed it up and I've lost them? Like, what does that look like for you? Yeah, you know, it's a curve ball. And in real time, this situation with the CEO was definitely an objection. He was like, I don't want to go about that. Tell me about something else, right? And then we focused on, again, finding what it was. It wasn't a no. It wasn't, I'm not interested in this at all. It was, let's get to the brass tacks. Let's figure out what the problems are that you're facing because again, he valued the mission. He understands the vision and what we want to do. And much like many of your donors, they're gonna be bought into the mission. They're gonna be supporting you because they believe in what you do. And what handling objections is about is overcoming potential roadblocks together. So when you are looking at and listening for the cues and observing the situation, you're really offering a moment for them to let what you're sharing marinates with them. And oftentimes this is in real time, right? So you might be talking about the mission, you may be talking about the program and they're receiving the message. And the analogy behind all of this as well is there may be some words that will trigger certain thoughts that, you know, it's the way that it was said that maybe causes a speculation. I mean, curiosity from the donor. Again, it's not something that's off-putting, but it's like, I wanna learn more about it. So you really need to provide opportunities for your donors to talk. And what they always say about development is that the art and the science of fundraising, right? So you need to be listening for those cues from your donors. And I think when you give the opportunity to speak, you really, especially in these discovery meetings and when you're making the ask, you want the donor to be doing a lot of the talking. It allows them the opportunity to come up with these objections that you will need to then re-clarify and re-state and get a better understanding of maybe even something along the lines of, now that I've shared more information about this, does that clear up any of the questions that you have? But you get back to the level basis. So what if you don't know an answer? What if somebody asks you something and you're like, oh my God, I've just lost this deal because I don't know the answer? How do you recommend that we navigate that? Yeah, I think that's a very common thing that happens. Somebody may not have all the information or a colleague may be better suited for talking about a specific program or the financials or something else that comes up. So having grace through the situation and saying, I actually don't know the answer to them, but my colleague is better suited and let me get back to them and I'll respond to you with an important word afterwards. Okay, okay. And then maybe even offering if they're really interested in it to hear directly from your colleague.  You're not a gatekeeper, right? So you can introduce your own donors to other people within your organization and that strengthens the donor's experience with the nonprofit as well. Give them time to talk to a volunteer manager or a service beneficiary or the executive director or a board member. You should be introducing your major gift donors to the positions and hopefully your colleagues are on that strategy. That's a great statement.  And I feel too often, like maybe we have portfolios, maybe we work in Moves Management and we're like, this is our donor. In reality, we know it's not. The donor is in alignment with the mission and we're here again as that philanthropy facilitator. I have some questions about handling objections when it comes to real life scenarios, right? And so there's a lot going on in life right now, right? Whether it's a separation, a divorce, a loss of a spouse or a partner, children going to school. So if this is a major donor and we might have been anticipating their gift to increase or whatever that might be and they're like, actually I'm going through some real life scenarios, how to navigate that? Because to me, that's something that's like, it's harder to really like get over. For me, it's more of that like, okay, I acknowledge it and when would be a good time for me to come back to you? So how have you handled this? Yeah, an example from a telehealth nonprofit that I served as a chief development officer at the CEO or founder, sorry, the founder was a physician who was OBGYN and a lot of the donors were her patients, grateful patients and she knew personally that a donor was going through a divorce and I wanted to communicate with a donor just like to talk to them about their annual giving and she said, well, it's not a good time because they're going through a divorce and to me, I wanted to still make an outreach and just see if they would take a meeting and they did and learning through that process, the donor said, we are going through a divorce but agreeing that we would still make our financial contributions and sunset our donor advise fund that we have together. So without the curiosity and without the hoods blood that I have, just reaching out and trying to talk to them more, we would have lost a significant annual donation that year, how do we know? Just because of the situation. Everybody's financial situation is different, of course, and divorces are tough and especially finding this way it could be gutting at times as well. But in this case, it was a great thing that they had amically agreed to sunset the advice fund and we were one of their top charities so they continued to support us through that challenge exactly. You know, and that speaks to the assumption like not to make an assumption and to really let the donor share with you, right? Where they are financially, where they are in the decision and let them really tell you as opposed to coming into it with that preconceived, you know, oh, we know this about them, therefore we're making this broad assumption they're not going to make a gift at this time but that's not always the case. No, that's really interesting. I think for me and I appreciate you sharing that story because it seems to me that since you had been building a relationship, overcoming that potential objection was a lot easier to navigate because it was something that you could kind of pull through that cycle, right? You could say, well, I have a relationship and I can express my concern or, you know, put this on pause. So yeah, really interesting. I wouldn't have thought of that as a strategy. You know, before we let you go, I've got to ask you because this has been really an interesting aspect of our nonprofit Power Week. Can you share with us what online.fundraising-academy.org can do for folks interested in learning more about the cause selling cycle process? Of course. And, you know, as we talked about, you know, each step in the cause selling cycle, Fundraising-academy has webinars on each and every one that we deep dive an hour, hour and a half on each of these different steps.  And when you log in and register, you'll be able to see all of the free monthly webinars that we have offered in the past historically. And you will need a plethora of other tools and resources and worksheet guides and questions that you can ask donors and everything else. So it's a really great one-stop shop for you. And again, it's a free resource. So take advantage of it and it really just gives you a lot of wonderful insight and information into the big stuff cause selling cycle. Cool. Well, thank you. Yeah, it's a, I have been on it. I know Jared has too. It's truly remarkable. And it is an abundant amount of information. It's not like a one-stop shop. I mean, it's something you could go to, you know, every day for a period of time, every week. I mean, it's always changing. Your guys are always uploading and adding new information. So again, online.fundraising-academy.org, check it out. Mojiquaja, wow. Now I'm like really impressed that you're touring national parks on a motorcycle. You're like the Balvivant fundraiser. That's what we're gonna start to call you cause that's really impressive. A trainer fundraising academy, more, I would say for me, more impressively, the co-founder of the American Muslim Community Foundation, which we're gonna hold you to a deeper conversation about that cause I think it's riveting a national community foundation, not just a community, you know, specific area. So really super cool to get your insight with us. Again, nonprofit Power Week, we have been supported generously by our friends at Fundraising Academy at National University, Blue Morang, your part-time controller, American nonprofit academy, nonprofit.leader, staffing boutique, nonprofit nerd and nonprofit tech talk. These are the folks that joined Jarrett and I day in and day out to help produce more than 800 episodes of the nonprofit show. So Jarrett, thank you so much for joining us on this quest. It's been a lot of fun. Moohy, you really inspired me and made me think about this process a little differently when we talk about handling objections and this presentation piece. So thank you very, very much. Thank you for the opportunity and just really grateful to be here. One thing I love that you shared was really about, you know, how you took the divorce story. It could have gone one way or the other. And now I will forever see that as a huge opportunity. You know, so you don't know unless you have the conversation. Yeah, exactly. And you know, there were a top five donor to the pork annually. So it was like, I had a goal to hit and I was like, we got it. We got to bark up this. Yeah, and I think it's loyal donors, you know. Exactly, yeah. And it was, yeah. Yeah, that was impressive. I really appreciate that. Well, hey everybody, as we end every episode of the nonprofit show, we want to remind everyone to stay well. Yeah, so you can do well. We'll see you back here tomorrow and then for another episode of nonprofit power week with Fundraising Academy.