Welcome to this course on aspects of western philosophy module 17 and lecture number 17. So, in continuation with what we have been discussing in the previous lecture the philosophy of George Berkeley, we will see some of his concluding remarks or rather we will try to wrap up the contributions of this great empiricist philosopher George Berkeley in this lecture. So, these are some of the issues which we have already discussed and a summary of those things which we are going to discuss in this lecture. So, we have started with Berkeley's immaterialism here and following this there is a refutation of material substratum which we have already seen and this refutation of material substance has been substantiated by the refutation of primary qualities secondary qualities distinction. And in today's lecture we will see another one the refutation of abstract ideas probably these three refutations or rather the refutation of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities and the refutation of abstract ideas jointly would show that or demonstrate that the concept of material substance or material substratum as people like John Locke understood it does not exist. This is what Berkeley was trying to argue and from this we can conclude that material substance is a combination of sensible qualities ideas we perceive are things themselves there is nothing beyond these ideas which we perceive as Locke's representationalist epistemology would argue. So, these ideas are things in themselves for Berkeley then again there is nothing beyond sensations every reality is psychic which is termed as essayed percipi or to be is to be perceived basically see two things in this lecture. The first one will begin with this refutation of abstract ideas which is again a very important aspect of Berkeley's philosophy and we will see how from this or the various refutations he has already demonstrated in the previous lecture also we have discussed it. So, from this George Berkeley derives this conception of or rather what is known as subjective idealism which can be summarized in this Latin expression essayed percipi. So, let us see what are these abstract ideas their abstract general ideas which Berkeley was trying to refute it is the doctrine that the mind can frame abstract ideas the mind is capable of framing such abstract ideas. Here it explains how general terms obtain meaning see for example, a general term like man how does this term obtain its meaning see normally when I say a chair in front of me.  So, I am really not sure whether there really exist a laptop computer in this world I can only say that there is an idea of laptop computer in my mind in front of me something which exist here at this moment, but this is a laptop computer which is made by a particular company with a particular shape with a particular color with certain other specifications which is there placed in front of me I can see it and all of you can see this. But now when I say laptop computer it is a general idea. So Locke says that there is something called laptop computer which is actually not this particular specific laptop computer which is placed in front of me, but something which actually is a universal a kind of general idea kind of abstraction from all the laptop computers which are there in this world. So, it would rather contain or it would rather represent all the essential features of those laptop individual laptop computers, but would not be a definite one a particular but a universal and abstract general idea. Now, the problem here is that Locke says see when I say a laptop computer in front of me I get an idea about it. So, there is an idea formed in the mind and I refer to this idea when I say there is a laptop computer in front of me, but similarly when you talk about laptop computer in general whether there is a an idea created in my mind corresponding to this term laptop computer in general whether there is a general abstract idea in my mind. Locke says yes there is and Berkeley says no there is not that is the major distinction because Berkeley says that if you accept that there is a corresponding idea to this word general abstract word idea of laptop computer if there is an idea in my mind then that would ultimately point to the possibility of postulating a substratum which is also abstract general idea the material substratum. So, that is the Ranger Eden in this conception according to Berkeley. So, he wants to deny it he wants to refute it. So, he says the source of all philosophical perplexity and illusion this concept of abstract idea is the fundamental source of all philosophical perplexities and illusions which John Locke and many others have encountered the cause for holding the view that external objects have real existent distinct from being perceived. So, this is the theory this is the kind of conclusion Berkeley is trying to drive us to what is it that material the so called material objects the so called external objects do not have an independent existence they do not exist independent of me or some mind perceiving it for according to Berkeley every object to exist means to be perceived by a mind to be is to be perceived as I it is perceived. So, this is something which he tries to drive us this conclusion it is refutation is the next step in refuting the theory of material substratum precisely that is why in Berkeley scheme of things this refutation of abstract ideas occupy a very important place. Now, again Berkeley says that this theory of abstract idea is one of Locke's most harmful mistakes because it ultimately led to the postulation of a material substratum which according to Berkeley would lead us to materialism and atheism which is according to him extremely dangerous conclusions. Now, the ultimate source of skepticism in philosophy because when Locke talked about material substratum I have already discussed it in my previous lecture when Locke talked about it he said I know not what so it leads to a kind of skepticism I know that it exists but I do not know what it is I have no idea about it I never know it it is always unknown something which is an you are forced to postulate an entity which is unknown and unknowable this leads to a kind of skepticism according to Berkeley. And again Berkeley's major works principles of human knowledge ventures to refute the belief that general terms signify abstract idea. So, you have a general term laptop computer or man or triangle or camera all these are general terms but when I say camera of course something comes to my mind I know what it is but when I say camera there is always a particular camera that comes to my mind but Locke says that there must be an abstract idea of camera which is not any particular cameras I have ever seen in this world but something which is mind is capable of abstracting from the different I would have seen something around 1000 cameras in this world but my mind has the ability to abstract those essential common universal features of all the cameras and put it under one heading the abstract idea of a camera. This is what something which Locke has done when he thought about theory of substratum so Berkeley says that this is impossible so again when you talk about Locke's doctrine of abstract ideas a general term refers to an abstract general idea. The general term man contains all and only those properties that are common to all human beings see for example when the general term man does not include whether this man is black or white or yellow whether this man is tall or short or stout or lean it does not include it does not say anything about it just say man. So the common features of all human beings are there the abstract general idea man refers to the ways in which all men resemble each other that which makes the stout man and the lean man the tall man and the short man the black man and the white man that common feature how do you form these ideas. So let us see what Locke says about it ideas become general by separating from them all other ideas that determine them to any particular existence see I mentioned this example of camera something which determines a particular camera to be that see for example a movie camera made by a particular company XYZ whatever it is. So when you talk about these specifications movie camera black in color made by XYZ company you are particularizing it you are determining it but ideas become general when I separate from them all those ideas which determine them black color movie camera all these company made up of this company all these determining factors are abstracted from that. So that you what remains is that substratum that object which is the camera all the circumstances of time and space that make a particular existence are separated. So you mind abstract all of them separate them such an abstracted idea can represent more individuals than one. So when I say the more I particularize an object the more I determine that object I am reducing that object to one single existence see when you talk about me as a human being I am a human being this is a very general term the moment I say I am in Indian I work in IIT Madras I work in the department of humanities and social sciences I teach philosophy I stay in this particular room I specialize in these particular areas. So all these are the determining factors which would limit me and ultimately pinpoint to one individual. So this is something which you work of the reverse all those determining factors you separate and what remains is the general idea the human being the man. Pacific individual characteristics are omitted and only common characteristics possess by all members are retained. So there is a process of retention as well as omission you omit specificities retain commonalities. Abstracting is a process of living out various elements in an idea so that it appeals to more than one individual or class. So this is what generally about abstract ideas all of us have the ability to frame such conceptions about man vaguely I know what I mean by man I do not have to really go back to platonic universal forms to understand an idea of man which I have we all know what we mean by that but from this basic assumption Locke makes certain conclusions he says that mind is capable of abstracting and forming such abstract general ideas separating one from all others that make it a particular this abstracted idea stands for something real. So from this you conclude that there is something real that corresponds to this abstract idea something which Plato also have done according to Plato there are forms the universal essences every object in this world is a participant on of that universal essence it is a mere copy and he says that there is one original for which all the particular objects are copies. So there is one chair the universal essence of chair according to Plato to which all the chairs which we encounter in our day to day life are copies of so that original so you say that there is something which corresponds to the abstract general idea your mind frames in reality when you construe that picture of reality where something there is corresponding to this the kind of representationalist epistemology which Locke was trying to advocate that is problematic according to Berkeley the idea of material substratum is formed in a similar fashion. Let us see the idea of human I have already mentioned it colored but has no determinate color includes a general idea of color that is all there is a color but whether it is white or black or brown or yellow that is not being mentioned that is not being specified again has a size but has no determinate size never say stout or lean or short or tall strip particularizing qualities. So you have to separate though those particularizing qualities from an idea of a particular creating a new intrinsically general abstract idea. So this is the form and here let us read the section from Berkeley's principles of human knowledge from its introduction where he actually introduces this whole idea of refuting abstract ideas I read it is agreed on all hands that the qualities of modes qualities or modes of things do never really exist each of them apart by itself and separated from all others but are mixed as it were and blended together several in the same object. But we are told the mind being able to consider each quality singly or abstracted from those other qualities with which it is united thus by the means frame to itself abstract ideas not that it is possible for color or motion to exist without extension but only that the mind can frame to itself by abstraction the idea of color exclusive of extension and of motion exclusive of both color and extension. So this is precisely the problem and Berkeley's refutation goes in this way the idea of man that I frame to myself must be either of a white or a black or a cranny a straight or a crook a tall or a low or a middle size man whatever image I have about man in my mind is a particular kind of an image it must be either a white or black or brown or yellow some color will be some specific color will be there and similarly other qualities as well I cannot frame an image of man which both omits and includes all the particular characteristics of real individual men and again our experience is always of concrete particular I never experience a general abstract idea of man I always experience man individual men individual human beings particulars concrete human beings when I contemplate the idea of man the image that comes to mind is that of some determinate shape color and other qualities. So you cannot really separate them they are blended they are mixed they cannot be separated from each other we cannot frame the idea of motion distinct from the body moving and which is neither sweet nor slow. So this is something which again motion is according to Locke primary quality which Locke said is something which is there in the object Berkeley says that we cannot frame the idea of motion distinct from the body moving and again we use one name or sign for all particular ideas of the same sort that is something which is agreed we use one name see for example we encounter several human beings and we talk about them we will say that there are 100 men or 100 women or 200 human beings. So that is quite common that is quite natural we use such words in our day to day life since we use one name we come to believe that there is one general or abstract idea corresponding to it there lies the mistake actually it is very interesting like it is very similar to this kind of an argument you would find in 28th century philosophy of language as well or the only difference is that there is no reference to images which the mind forms but there the reference or there the focus is exclusively on language anyway that is something which we will discuss when we discuss the contributions of 28th century philosophies particularly the philosophers of language. Now let us go back to Berkeley he was basically arguing that since we use one name man we come to believe that there is one general or abstract idea corresponding to that that is problem in reality it is just a name chair in reality it is just a name it can be fit to thousands of chairs you cannot particularize it but the tendency of the mind is to believe that since there is one word chair there must be something which corresponding to that particular chair which is neither this nor that but a universal chair or whatever abstract chair. Such supposed abstract ideas are not needful for the communication nor for the enlargement of our knowledge they are superfluous according to Berkeley. Now again abstract idea of material substance the idea of a world without a man this is the problem actually the central issue according to Berkeley's this the abstract idea of material substance the idea of a world without the mind a world of objects or objects in the world which can exist independent of human beings or human minds perceiving them. So this independent existence of objects actually is derived from a conception of materialistic existence or objects in this world exist independent of mind there is what Locke would say a material substratum an autonomous domain of matter independent of the domain of mind the Cartesian dualism mind and body separate from each other something which Berkeley was trying to refute he was trying to argue that every reality is mental every reality is spiritual every reality is psychic. The idea of a real world of matter the autonomous real world of matter ruled by its own laws which would lead to atheism because it ultimately takes us to a materialistic conception of the world and again separating the sensible objects from there being perceived conceiving of matter existing unperceived. So this is something which you can say because when you construe an abstract idea of material substratum for example you do not see it you have no idea about it you in the sense that you have no sensation of this abstract idea but still you believe that or you content that it exists. So here you are conceiving the existence of matter or matter as existing unperceived though you do not see it I know not what this is what Locke says I do not see it I do not perceive it but still it exists we cannot conceive any sensible thing or object distinct from the sensation or perception of it this is Berkeley's ultimate conclusion no object in this world can exist independent of its being perceived by a human mind. So because every reality is psychical. So here let us see this figure the objects of human knowledge we are talking about the objects of human knowledge how do we what do we mean by these objects of human knowledge number one actually imprinted on the senses something which the senses get the sensations what we can call roughly we can call them as sensations the second one is perceived by attending to the passions and operations of the mind. So this is what something roughly we can call reflections that is again an object of human knowledge and the third one is ideas formed by the help of memory and imagination something which I already have experienced it now I recollect them I am memorizing it and recollecting it now I have already memorized it and I am now recollecting it. So all these three are the objects of human knowledge and Berkeley is trying to say that every knowledge all human knowledge is derived from these three sources either through imprinted on the senses ideas which we get senses second one is reflection and the third one is from memory. So all these do not exist without the mind everything exists in the mind. So everything is mental this is what he says now against again he goes he raises certain objects in against abstraction we have general ideas but not abstract general ideas. So this is again a very interesting twist in Berkeley's philosophy because though he begins by refuting the notion of abstract ideas he clarifies that I am not against general ideas say general idea of man or chair or camera or whatever which is very essential for our day to day communication if you do not have such general names we cannot probably communicate meaningfully in our day to day lives. So Berkeley never denies the fact that general ideas exist but he only reminds us that though general ideas exist they are not abstract general ideas in the sense that corresponding to them something exist in a world. Every general idea is a particular idea which is used to refer to a whole group. So in that sense its value is pragmatic we can say it does not exist corresponding to that there is no reality that existings. So there is no ontological correspondence to a general idea so that we can have an abstract idea. So general ideas are not abstract general ideas every general idea is a particular idea which is used to refer to a whole group. So when I talk about motion it is a general idea of motion I have but this idea I have about motion involves a body a particular body moving I cannot imagine or envisage motion by separating a particular body under motion. Similarly when I talk about man my concept of man my idea of man is my general idea of man is always corresponds to anyone particular man all ideas are images this is something which I have already explained in the previous lecture. So ultimately he was trying to argue that all these ideas are images and we cannot form an image of an abstract general idea something that possesses no specific qualities because every image is formed with a quality or there are more or less synonyms images and qualities whatever image we can form will be about a particular which we can perceive. So there is no image which we cannot perceive so that there is something which we cannot know existing in the real world and again our perceiving them is the basis of forming such an idea. So this is again further this refutation of abstract ideas by Berkeley leads to the refutation of the idea of a support for sensible qualities which Locke talks about and again refutation of material substratum which is again a Lockean idea which is very important as I have already pointed out for Berkeley's philosophical program this is very important step because he thought that with this he can refute atheism and again assertion that everything exists by virtue of being perceived by the mind. So that is the next theory next concept which you are going to discuss the psychic nature of our reality which can be expressed in the Latin expression aside per se pi so Berkeley and the external worlds. So let us see this what does Berkeley say about the external world on the one hand he has told us that or he has affirmed that all our objects of knowledge come from three sources the ideas imprinted on the senses reflections and then the ideas which are memorized by the mind. Now what about this external world that the chairs and tables and computers and trees and mountains and the buildings roads everything comprising of all these things what about these world. So Berkeley does not deny the existence of ordinary objects such as trees apples and all that what we have already discussed there is no material world but there is a physical world of ordinary objects. So there is a distinction between these two words when you talk about material world philosophically what you mean by this world material world is you can show a world of matter independent of something which the mind which perceives it. So when I talk about a material world of comprising of this chairs and tables and camera and computer what I really mean is that these objects the camera the chairs the tables and the computer and other objects in this world exist independent of me or any one of us perceiving it. So they are always there I just go and open my eyes and see them. So my being seeing them is an accidental factor or it is nothing to do with the existence of these objects it is a very realistic picture which Berkeley is trying to encounter. According to him the chairs and tables and the computers and the objects in this world the physical world of objects exist he never denies it but the only problem according to Berkeley is if you say that they exist independent of minds actually perceiving them. They are mind independent nature the moment you separate them or the moment you make them mind independent you are assigning to them a kind of ontological status which actually you cannot assign to them. As an empiricist you cannot say that there is an independent autonomous domain of material objects because what you have access to are ideas and ideas and images and qualities never suggest an independent autonomous material world. So there are physical objects there are world of ordinary objects the physical world is mind dependent I see them the chair is a chair for me I see it I perceive it it is composed of ideas whose existence consist in being perceived and all the qualities of objects are dependent upon the senses. So my perception my perception tells me about the world objects do not exist independent of the mind the mind dependency of ideas is underlined by Berkeley thoughts passions pictures of the imagination they do not exist without the mind all of us know that our thoughts our passions our pictures of imagination they are all mind dependent and he says sensations to exist in the mind. I have a sensation of a chair what is this after all what is this camera what is this computer what is this chair what is this objects which I see around me nothing but my sensations and since they are my sensations they exist as sensations in my mind. So their mind dependent in that way they are like passions they are like my thoughts and passions and pictures of imagination their existence consist in being perceived or known by the mind the pen I use to write the mic I use to speak the computer I use to work means I can see and feel it. So long as I can see and feel my computer it exists. So it exists as an object which I can see and feel I can use or whatever. So when you the moment you say that it exists independent of any one of us using it that creates a problem. So this is a set precipitate to be is to be perceived the chairs and camera in this room exist because I see them and feel them my mind has an image of them my mind sense it the sensations are imprinted on my mind. So they exist now the question is what happens to them if I go out of this room and cease to perceive them just go out of this room what happened to this camera and the chairs do they cease to exist Berkeley replies they still exist because if I were in this room I might perceive them or someone else can perceive someone else who is there in this room can perceive. It is unintrigable to say that things exist when no mind perceives them. So this is Berkeley's conclusion to exist is to be perceived to be in the mind. So existence of an object is identified or is identical with what perception of that object by a mind. So every object every reality is mind dependent the being of a thing can be equated with its being perceived by a mind and here you can have a picture which would summarize this position knowledge of reality is through ideas on the one hand and something which knows or perceive these ideas which is called solve or the mind I will come to that like later and when you talk about the ideas the ideas are passive existence consists only in being perceived all ideas are passive they cannot create anything in us they are passive they are things in themselves since they are passive they cannot generate anything new then when you talk about something which knows or perceives ideas which is the mind which is a solve they are active minds are active human minds are active existence consists in perceiving ideas and thinking. So now from this we can say that Berkeley is trying to establish the existence of human mind. So that is another problem which Berkeley encounters in his philosophy later on David Hume comes up with devastating criticism against Berkeley on this aspect because the same logic he would have applied in the case of mental substance as well this is what Humeans would argue the logic which on the base of which the existence of material substance was refuted Berkeley should have applied the same logic for refuting the existence of mental substance as well but what Berkeley says is that all these presupposes a mental substance something which knows or perceives ideas they cannot be itself an idea because it is of ideas willing imagining remembering about ideas for all these activities you need a substance a spiritual substance active substance which supports or perceives ideas should itself cannot be an idea as ideas are passive. So interestingly here Berkeley introduces the notion of support which he refutes in Locke's philosophy but of course there it is material support here it is spiritual or psychic the active mind solve or spirit he talks about its existence consists in perceiving ideas and thinking. Now when we talk about ideas in the mind they are inert fleeting dependent beings they depend on the ideas they are not independent of the mind they do not subsist by themselves but a subsist in the mind they are supported by or exist in minds or spiritual substances but when we talk about the minds they are active indivisible substances and cannot have an idea of it as it is the thing which has ideas. So something which has ideas you cannot have an idea of it now in a sense this is what Berkeley's subjective idealism is to be perceived that expression would actually summarizes Berkeley's subject position of subjective idealism. Now the problem is that if you subscribe to a kind of subjective idealism in this fashion this might ultimately take you to a kind of solipsism if everything exist is an idea in the mind then this leads to a kind of solipsism. If what will happen if everything is an idea in my mind reality is mental then what happened if I cease to exist does the world to come to an end the moment I cease to exist does the world also cease to exist because you have already stated that in all reality the world depends on the mind for its existence I and my ideas alone exist this is solipsism I can always construe that conceive that I alone exist and this entire world is nothing but a creation of the ideas in my mind. The world is in my mind you can actually say that this is the conclusion we can derive from Berkeley's extreme form of subjective idealism my mind creates the world. So now Berkeley responds to this kind of a criticism by arguing that by introducing the concept of God he resolved this solipsism. So it is quite interesting all these philosophers when they encounter a crisis a conceptual crisis goes back brings the notion of God and resolves all the problem this is what Descartes also have done. So here Berkeley also does the same thing he introduces God things owe their existence to a mind Berkeley says I have only stated that to be is to be perceived does not mean that every object in this world depend for their existence on my mind I said a mind. So even if all the finite minds in this world cease to exist because they are finite my mind is finite similarly the minds of all the human beings in this world are finite even if all these minds of finite individual beings in this world cease to exist the world still may exist because the world is still being perceived by God the infinite mind the eternal mind is always there which perceives it. So the world exists in the mind of God when all finite mind cease to exist the world still exist in the eternal mind the mind of God if I do not perceive them then some other mind should perceive them if there is no one to perceive them then there is the eternal mind which perceives everything at once. Now what is God suddenly you see that God is being introduced and all the problems are resolved and what is this God there must be some cause for the sensations or ideas in my mind. So here again you can see that this sum of the arguments which Berkeley initiates to prove his point resembles the traditional proofs for the existence of God here again he says that there must be some cause of the sensations or ideas in my mind this cause must be an incorporeal active substance or a spirit not a material substance which is a non entity the objective cause of our ideas. See for example I can imagine something in my mind and create a world for myself but many things in the safe where as far as my sensations are concerned when I open my eyes now what I see in front of me is not under my control I see a camera I see tables I see chairs I see a television I see many human beings. So these are not my creations these are not my perception of these objects are not under my control they are in a sense imprinted on me on my mind without my knowledge without my wish who does it and there is a kind of regularity it is not that they are jumbled there is a regularity there is an order. So there is an orderly sort of arrangement of ideas which I come across and who is responsible for that Berkeley says God the objective cause of our ideas the objectivity order significance and necessity of our ideas suggest an active intelligent substance as their cause the ideas imprinted on my senses are not creatures of my will the supreme will or spirit that produces them determines the order of our ideas shall follow when you have sensations. So one after another there is a particular order and this order is not my creation it is determined by the supreme will or spirit which is nothing but God the steadiness order and coherence testify the wisdom and benevolence of its order who is God. So again you can see the reminiscence of that argument from design introduced by traditional philosophers particularly the scholastic thinkers the connection between ideas we call laws of nature are instituted by God. So this so called laws of nature uniformity of nature unity of nature including probably the gravitation principle discovered by Newton all these are nothing but instituted by God. The order in the universe is established by God and he eroses in us certain ideas in a certain order one after another he has connected with the idea of foot the idea of nourishment. If I am hungry then I eat something then there is there is some sort of a satisfaction. So there is an order hunger which is being satisfied by foot and then now I get the kind of relief from hunger. So all these are interconnected. So what Berkeley says is that this connection is actually is instituted by God it is not that foot causes nourishment but the idea of foot the idea of nourishment these two ideas are put together by God. So that there is a connection between them again with the idea of sleep the idea of refreshment that these two ideas one does not cost the other because ideas are inert and passive inert and passive ideas cannot create something else. So the idea of sleep and the idea of refreshment these are connected with one another one follows another not because one is a cause of another but because what related one with another in the same way. With the visual sensation of fire the bodily sensation of warmth these two again are ideas they are not connected with each other in terms of some causal principle but their arrangement they are made arranged in such a way by God that one follows the other. Something like the pre-established harmony of Leibniz which we have discussed. Noticing this connection between our ideas we believe that the ideas cause each other which is not the case and here one might raise a question can we say that the spirit heats instead of fire because sensation of fire cannot be the cause of the sensation of warmth. Berkeley has already told us that it is God who initiated or God who has instituted these corrections. So can you say that it is spirit who eats instead of fire when we have pain can we say that I have an idea of pain there is an interesting story where there is a stone and someone asked Berkeley what is it and Berkeley replies it is a stone instead of it is a stone Berkeley says there is an idea of stone. Now eventually what happened was Berkeley went and hit his toe on the stone and he said oh there is a pain. So what is it then people asked him what do you mean by this oh this feeling what do you feel now he said an idea of pain he never said pain an idea of pain he never said stone an idea of stone but we cannot speak our day to day communication our day to day conversation cannot be in this fashion in our day to day conversation a stone is a stone it is not an idea of stone a chair is a chair not an idea of chair a man is a man not an idea of man a pain is a pain which I experience I have to treat it. So there is a gap between what philosophically what is right and what is right and what is ok in the common sensical world. So you have to negotiate that and Berkeley says this does not sound old because we must think with the learned and speak with the vulgar when I think I should think like a philosopher I should realize that these are all ideas and they are not interconnected by means of a causal relationship the relation the connection whatever I see around is nothing but they are all instituted by God all these are part of my philosophical vision about this world but when I enter into a day to day normal conversation with my friends with my fellow human beings I cannot employ the language of a philosopher. So though I think like the learned like a philosopher when I speak I speak with the vulgar with the common man I would say that please take your seat please take that chair and sit on it please take the pen and write I do not say idea of pen and idea of writing that would seem a little old no doubt and those who accept Copernican theory still speak of the sun rising they know that the sun does not rise the sun is a star it does not rise and the earth is revolving around that all these scientific theories the complex scientific theories all of us know but still we say that the sun rises in the east. So Berkeley's ontology let us summarize consist of three things there is God who is the institutor of all connections or relationships that interconnections between ideas we perceive is due to God's order then you have the ideas and the spirit in the mind of the spirit has ideas and these ideas are arose in the mind arose in the spirit by God and Berkeley's conclusions are ideas imprinted on the senses really exist but do not exist independent of the mind things perceived by senses are not generated from within by the mind itself but imprinted by a spirit who is God and all order and regularity in the world owe to God. So let us summarize our discussion on this the most important aspects to be remembered are number one refutation of material substratum there is no material substratum number two which follows from this is that every reality is psychic in nature to be is to be perceived aside perceived by everything that exist is nothing but an idea an image and all the connections which we see around in this world all the order and regularity in this world are due to God instituting them. So with this we will wind up this discussion on the philosophy of George Berkeley the next lecture will be on the contributions of David Hume. Thank you.


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Such contracts are only reduced to signed writings for major purchases. Food and other supplies are generally offered publicly for a price and offer of money accepts the price both setting the contract into existence and arranging immediate performance. Consider Robert's contract with the post office when it comes to delivery of mail. The price is agreed and his letter is accepted for delivery without any written contract being signed. Yet the responsibility is clear and the post office becomes the agent for delivery of the item of mail. There is a defined result, the delivery to the indicated recipient, and the delivery will define whether the contract has been successfully completed.  It is such a common method of commerce that the post office sells tokens of valued stamps that can be attached to the mail to indicate satisfactory delivery to the post office and the post office will cancel those tokens as an indication of acceptance for delivery. That contract is highly formalized with close descriptions of what the postal service will and will not accept responsibility for as to delivery. That is part of the contract offered to deliver. A special contract matter, the laws supporting the post office recognize the postal system as the legal agent for the delivery of accepted mail items. Once accepted, it is normally considered as having been legally delivered to the receiver. The trust relation is given legal effect. It takes a separate provision in a legal agreement to require postal delivery at the place addressed. It is common for billing or other goods and services to indicate the date at which a mailed item must be accepted by the post office as the time for acceptable payment. Most of the challenges in sales contracts come from mistakes by one party in the value of what they offer. The breach is refusal to perform after the other party acts to accept the bargain. It can be a mistaken price, say $1.50 where the intended price is $150. It is then that the question of tort arises. There have also been a number of class action applications based on discrimination. It is seen in real estate business a refusal to sell homes in some neighborhood to black citizens. Implementation in these areas has generally been supported by legislation as challenges tend to be culturally indeterminate. The officers of the court might not otherwise address historically permitted social discrimination as a legal wrong. This is approached as a matter of justice. The constitutional challenge is one of representing the understanding of justice by some people as being enforceable over the understanding of justice by others. Our government is to represent we the people not to take sides of some people in their quarrel against others. Government is authorized to act where there is a general recognition of justice by we the people as a body. It is not authorized to act until there is such an agreement that it is the will of the people that is being implemented. Legislation should be used to implement the understanding of we the people rather than to attempt to change what they accept through an act of legislation. The basis for action is far less clear where discrimination is on a personal basis as in a refusal to sign a contract with people of a certain ethnic background. Setting a signature to a document is a most personal decision. The citizen can pick and choose who he or she trusts to keep faith, and that personal decision is sovereign. There is no right in any citizen to demand that some other citizen sign a contract document with someone they do not trust. And accordingly, this sort of direction cannot be required by government under authority of we the people. The people do not have that privilege or authority over their neighbor's personal actions and cannot give the right to representative government. Personal actions other than torts and crimes are not to be a matter for regulatory legislation. Maintaining a public establishment of refusing parts of the public as customers can be addressed as improper but should only be accepted as a legal wrong where we the people are the ones who find it unacceptable. The actions of our courts have been abusive due to the general government refusal to recognize the ultimate sovereignty of citizens. The courts commonly look to legislation to define their actions rather than to the principles of the common law or the rights of the citizens as owners of our legal system. If the process of legislation has been completed, the courts will generally apply the law as passed and appear reluctant to further challenge it, even where it accomplishes damages to citizens rather than delivering justice services. A law has to be pretty obvious in its denial of citizen rights before a modern court will even entertain a challenge to it. When you buy a major appliance, a vehicle or a real property, then things get more complicated and contracts tend to be written. One of the reasons for this is the interaction that is ancillary to the sale. Dorothy buys a clothes washer and like other major appliances, it comes with delivery and installation. The product that is sold is more than a piece of mechanical equipment for it is only useful as it is set in place and connections made to assure that it is operable. Dorothy also buys a vehicle and there are requirements for acceptance of the seller is to protect himself from claims of mistake in what he sells. She needs financing support to make the purchase and there are legal requirements for vehicles that will use public streets. If Dorothy buys a home, the sale will not be complete until there is a recording and possibly the delivery of a deed that has been issued by some element of government. The various legal requirements for completing a complex sale are generally known to the seller who prepares the paperwork suitable to assure that the object of the sale gets effectively to the seller's possession and ownership. Only then is the seller confident that the payment is really his. I was a minor part of a company that had been hired to provide ships radar and military training to the Saudi government and that was part of a larger contract between the United States and Saudi government to provide them with an upgraded Navy. The paperwork that I saw just for this radar system was quite extensive and included the interface with military weapons from an Italian manufacturer that would use the radar to perform high-speed operation of the ship's weapons systems. The U.S. Navy had responsibility to manage the contract that pulled all this together and caused the assembly and delivery of the hardware and military training for those who would be expected to use it. Formal written agreements are necessary to all parties in such massive endeavors. It is how each partner to the project can know that their interaction with others and can track the progress of other related elements in the larger efforts so that their efforts can be coordinated. The legal challenge was even greater than coordination in terms of agreement. The parties spoke different languages. Assurance that they came to agreement on any specific point was a challenge in itself. This depended not only on the accurate translation of documents but the cultural environment in which each language had to be understood. The chances for mistake abounded. A parent agreement might have been denied when it came to the definition of product and delivery. The written contract translated in both copies signed was not enough in itself to assure that there really was no serious mistake in what was written and translated. Handling those documents in international dealings is even more complicated when there may be two or more legal systems involved that would approach the documentation differently. And then there is the potential for legal involvement based in equity. This can occur when there are unique objects that are to be the basis for contract. The business that agrees to install a heating and cooling system in a new home construction may well be given the contract on its own reputation. That trust relation has become an element of the agreement and the specific company cannot subcontract to another company to do the work without breaching that part of making and making them liable for problems that arise because their contractor doesn't do what they were expected to do. If the subject is training someone to ski, the skills of the instructor as an educator and skier are part of the agreement. If the subject is a unique lawn declaration, the skill of the artist is part of the agreement. If the subject is an adoption, a specific child being adopted is part of the agreement. There are no legal substitutes for what is agreed and this leads to performances that fail if a substitute is even offered. The offer of one party to exchange a promise delivery for another is an offer of a new contract and the one who has offered that exchange does not have to accept it but can treat it as a breach of the contract in existing. This is a common element for artists who publicly present the results of their efforts. It is not only the artist on commission to provide a statue or painting, but performing artists, signing a contract, performing concert or at some event. Their breach may be more than simple damages and loss of income while some of the risk is always on the one who would purchase such things due to the human nature of delivery. There are elements of contract that are not healed by simple payment of damages. The modern exception seems mostly to arise in the intentional avoidance of constitutionally mandated limits on government where the government is forbidden to pass laws promoting or establishing religion, leadership is acted through the courts to deny that the government can have any expression of religious leaning of the people but ignores the same to give support to the religious leanings of minority groups. It is fascinating to observe the mental gymnastics and political posturing that is required to accomplish the abuse of the majority. There is a direct ban on laws that would interfere with the obligations of contract and it is found in the tenth section of the first article. This section addresses bans on states so strong as to require federal intervention to prevent even the states from acting in violation. Adding an external obligation to pay sales tax on the buyer and on the obligation to collect and deliver sales tax on the seller is an open and obvious violation that the federal government seems to support and that U.S. courts permit. Most recently, there is a federal law mandating that citizens procure a contract matter requiring personal signature contracts, health insurance that meets legislated and regulated standards. The courts, true to their support of the sovereignty of government over citizens, have engaged in legal gymnastics to find some way to permit this legislation to be given effect. It is notable that the offending law requires payment of a fine for non-compliance or are we really addressing some sort of conditional taxation which is also forbidden as unequal protection of the law. All this to support the government order demanding that citizens sign a contract. The sovereign citizen understanding is subject to agency. If you have to order people to do it, it is not something that people support. It is then not serving any valid public purpose, recognized by we the people and we are the only party in interest. Contracts arise from trust relations. Performance contracts have some end result that defines a successful completion of the contract. This includes most barter and sales arrangements which are so common that they are only written when ancillary matters take on importance. The limits that the Constitution puts on interfering with contracts have been flagrantly violated with the collusion of the public court systems. Taxing commercial transactions always adds an obligation to the commercial contracts and is always in open violation of constitutional bans.


And Northern Elders in Cardinal Express dismay over alleged attempts to revive charges against former governors of Northern extraction using the anti-graft agency. The criticised that the newspaper's publication titled EFCC revives at 13 ex-governors and 772 billion Naira fraud cases. The claimed that political class groups are using media platforms to discredit the agency. They command the new leadership of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission under Ola Uluqoyudi for fighting corruption. We are dismayed with the recent reports and publication by the one newspaper in the country which was titled as EFCC revives 13 ex-governors and 772 billion Naira fraud cases, in which it hurriedly published names of certain political leaders in our region, an individual with alleged accusations of amazing public wealth illegally without the cost of the due process under Ola Uluqoyudi, until now the EFCC does not deny or denounce the report of the fund in which as a result of that the hurried publication has now become a big embracement to our leaders, their family, political associates and our dear nation in the quest for objectivity and preservation of innocent, emotional and moral sects which only could have the right to declare somebody guilty or not. We must also commend the effort of the President Bola Ahmed Tinibu over the recent successful current military operation going on, especially military airstrike in major hideout of terrorists in some part of the Northwest. People like me that come from the Northwest are appreciative of what we are seeing and hearing about the air operation going on now in some bushes and some areas of Sokoto Kebizampara, Kazina, Kaduna and some part of Niger state.


Andrew, you are not a part of this. American TV Daytime Talk shows are famous for two things, stripper fights and paternity tests. It's probably the lowest form of entertainment, but ironically it's a good illustration of how DNA technology has changed our society. The paternity tests, like this one from Identa Gene, are based on the presence of DNA markers. These markers are differences in the DNA sequence between any two individuals who are only distantly related. Because DNA is the basis of heredity, the number of shared markers is a good measure of relatedness. This is accepted by the scientific community, as well as by courts of law, and such profound authorities as Maury Povich and Jerry Springer. I want to talk about how these paternity tests work, how this relates to evolution, and I want to share with you the joys of phylogeny. So how do they work? There are a variety of ways to test for distinctive variations in DNA. The oldest are microsatellites, restriction fragment length polymorphism, or RFLP, and short tandem repeats, or STRs. These are still used, but they've been supplemented or replaced by didioxy DNA sequencing, amplified fragment length polymorphism, or AFLP, and a variety of other techniques, like SNP detection and real-time PCR. Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, has changed this field dramatically.  The mother, the child, and the potential father should all provide the DNA samples. In general, the child's markers should be an overlay of half of the mother and half of the father's marker. There are some interesting exceptions, but not relevant here. The lab receives the samples and tests them for the presence of the markers. Then an algorithm calculates a probability of a match based on the shared markers of mother and father. The math is surprisingly straightforward. The probability is the product, that's multiplication by the way, of all the parent-age index values for each locus or individual site. The cost of a test is $149 from IdentaGene, and you can buy it at your local CVS for much less. The results come in three to five days and are 99.99% accurate. How close is that to the movie world of Gattaca? IdentaGene also offers tests for grandparents, aunts, uncles, and even for ancient ancestry. Ever wonder if you have East African ancestors? Now you can find out. Courts should make this mandatory for people convicted of racially motivated crimes, and they should film the criminal getting the results. I think we would see some very entertaining revelations. Jerry Springer could host. Back to the topic. We've seen that DNA markers or genetic changes can reveal relatedness. Biologists use the same process for classifying populations of organisms. Imagine you're going to the rainforest of Costa Rica. You're going to collect snails from the forest floor and attempt to create a classification system for them. Do you base it on morphology, shell size, color, location found, speed or skin texture? How relevant are those differences? It's a lot harder than it sounds. Enter DNA typing technology. Suddenly what looks like three distinct populations of snails turns out to be one genetically identical population of snail, but differing in nutrition based on local environment. The process is very similar to our talk show paternity tests, except that the snails don't call each other names and get into a slap bite on stage. So DNA markers are important for classifying species. This field is called phylogenetics and has largely replaced the old fashioned Linnaean taxonomy you learned in school. You memorized King Philip came over from Green Spain or whatever mnemonic you used for nothing. Don't blame me, blame your biology teacher. So where am I going with this? Well, I issued a challenge to the Discovery Institute to find a gene without homology or alternative function. It was picked up by Thunderfoot and P.C. Meyers. The response I got back from two different ID blogs was that homology does not imply relatedness. And in his response, Casey Luskin of the Discovery Institute referred to an article he wrote in which he dismissed phylogenetics and claims that the methodology for inferring common descent has broken down. Proponents of neo-Darwinian evolution are forced into reasoning that similarity implies common ancestry, except for when it doesn't. And when it doesn't, they appeal to all sorts of ad hoc rationalizations to save common ancestry. He then goes on to quote mine an article in The New Scientist, but omits the editor's note which states, none of this should give sucker to creationists whose blinkered universe is doubtless already buzzing with the news that new scientist has announced Darwin is wrong. Expect to find excerpts ripped out of context and presented as evidence that biologists are deserting the theory of evolution en masse. They are not. The editors of The New Scientist must be psychic. I propose to test the idea that phylogenetics lies in tatters and with it the basis for paternity testing. I'm going to show a series of phylogenetic trees I created using public domain data and online tools. In a separate video, I will show you how you too can construct phylogenetic trees without leaving your comfy chair. A brief background on phylograms. They reflect genetic distance graphically as a series of branches. I'll include a few links on the right on how to interpret them properly. Here's our first gene product, catalase. Catalase is an enzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage. We would expect it to be evolutionarily conserved, and it is. But we can see how organisms who are closely related are grouped together by the genetic markers in the catalase sequence. Here's what those similarities look like in what we've called a multiple alignment, a way of representing these genetic differences with one letter codes for each amino acid. The coloring code shows functional similarities between the different sequences. It's worth noting that if Casey Luskin is right, if the designer is reusing parts, she's creating an awful lot of different versions of the same enzyme to do the same job. That seems like a lot of unnecessary changes and diversity of forms for the same application. The designer, I suppose, must be inscrutable, so whatever we observe she must have meant for it to look that way. And that's fine for apologetics, but it's disastrous for a scientific theory. This is the short list of organisms that were present in homology. When I expand the scope of this to include a lot of other organisms which are not included in homology, I get a filogram that I can't fit on one page. I've had to break it down to be readable. I've got on here three hominids, three species of dolphins, six fish, three birds, two frogs, five plants, 12 insects, and a smattering of other groups just to make it interesting. When the animal name is followed by a number, that represents the duplication of the gene sequence. You can see that the duplications are more closely related to each other than they are to other organisms. So let's see how this breaks down by taxonomy. Well, the vertebrates are all grouped correctly, although I'm not sure how far back dolphins and mice share an ancestor. Let's break this down a little more. All the dolphins and the halmonids separately are all very close together, suggesting that they are genetically very similar and therefore closely related to each other. The two types of yeast are actually very distantly related, which I found surprising, but apparently this is well known to yeast biologists. It looks like the homology and taxonomy line up for all of these, which is really pretty neat. There is one organism out of place on this graph and it's a round worm that appears to be more related to bacteria than to other roundworms. What shall we make of this? I did a little research on it thinking I had discovered a flaw in the phylogeny. Actually, it's a flaw in my research. Photorabdus is a pathogenic bacteria of a roundworm, which is itself a pathogen of insects. I misread the description from the phylum. I wouldn't have counted if it hadn't been for the phylogran. So let's take a look at the second half of the phylogran for catalysis. I honestly don't know the taxonomy of some of these things, but I'll group the ones I know. Shrimps and prawns are closely related. The mosquitoes are all closely related. But the blueet or blueae, I don't know how you say it, dragonfly seems to be an outlier. I was very concerned that Casey was right, phylogenetics is in tatters until I did a little reading on dragonflies. They are very genetically diverse, often producing what are called cryptic species. And this particular one has more arthropod markers, making it appear more closely related to shrimp than a beetle for this one protein. I'm going to save others for a future video, but I hope I provide some information for proponents of intelligence designed to review. So does homology imply relatedness? I think the answer is obvious.


From Hollywood it's time now for Johnny Diller Lieutenant Barry. Oh, hi, Lieutenant. You're stepping on toes Johnny boy. Who's now? Dr. Victor Palmquist, here you had a chat with him. Just out of your chat with a clan. Whatever it was he was very unhappy about it He called you? Yeah, very snide too said if we had any more questions to leave him alone and call his lawyers and to keep Unauthorized people away from him. Meaning me. Meaning you. Well, what's he worried about? You've already got his wife's killer in jail, haven't you? Everybody buys it but you Johnny. You said it before I'm a hard sale. Meet me for lunch. I'll try to sell you Tonight and every weekday night Bob Bailey in the transcribed adventures of the man with the action-packed Expense account America's fabulous freelance insurance investigator yours truly Johnny Diller From special investigator Johnny Diller location, Los Angeles, California to National Underwriters Association 1180 River Road Hartford, Connecticut Assignment the long shot matter Expense account continued item three one dollar even taxi to the Barclay for lunch with Lieutenant Berry But let me backtrack for a minute coming down in the hotel elevator I kept thinking over what the lieutenant had said and I disagreed completely. I wasn't a hard sale It's just that I wasn't an early sale There were too many angles to the death of Mrs. Palmquist too many things. I didn't know yet. I Got proof of that the minute I stepped outside the hotel The white-caired sedan parked directly across the street contained a real interesting combination of people Eric Palmquist the doctor's son and Steffi Lund the doctor's nurse The moment they saw me they did whatever amateur sleuth does they drove away as fast as possible thereby becoming just as conspicuous as a second nose By the time I reached the Barclay Lieutenant Berry had ordered for both of us You don't like it order something else, but it's the best they got matter of fact. It looks pretty good Now so I was saying yeah, yeah, so Palmquist nurse and his kid are an item you waiting for me to look impressed You get up out of the wrong side this morning Lieutenant Look, I don't like to smell of this deal any more than you do But what does it all add up to you're sent out here to look into a possible killing which happens victim Mrs. Palmquist so an ex-convict sits in a cell accused of the murder the accuser and witness the dead woman's husband The con insists he's been framed that the husband is a killer But the husband is well alibi'd bringing it down to the setup known as ex-con versus respected citizen You know there's more to it than that don't give me lessons Johnny You think you've come up with one thing we don't already know about I got checkouts going on the doctor his nurse his son Everybody will then shooting distance of this thing don't get any ideas. We're asleep down at the hall All right. All right. Give me a little fill huh who palmquist nurse Steffi Lund nice kid never been in trouble At least we couldn't find any what about the boy Eric Palmquist typical rich doctor's son kind of wild Sensitive gambles, but Papa can afford it also hits the booze too much for a kid that young What about the doctor's alibi Laura Considine? Yeah, no, I should have skipped that one your eyes look like they're whistling and awful at my age too All right, Johnny. She's clean by the way. Where does she live as a big house in Long Beach? Why no doctors there still a free country? I know people whose doctors live in Patterson, New Jersey points. Oh Almost forgot I got the lab report on that anonymous note that started this thing anything Untraceable no prints cheap paper that can be bought anywhere and the letters were cut from a dozen different magazines Didn't tell us a thing. What do you mean it didn't why it told us someone was going to try to collect on a policy We knocked it around a little while longer getting no place in particular Then suddenly I was being paid for a telephone call Barry's raised eyebrows were eloquence They made me feel like one of those would-be movie stars who have themselves paged in the brown derby so that other would-be stars will know They're there Had a funny notion about who might be calling so I told the waiter I'd taken in the booth out front and left lieutenant Barry by himself Johnny dollar I found you Dr. Palmquist nurse well the day's picking up. I'm sorry. I hope I didn't interrupt your lunch You see I called your hotel, and they told me where you'd gone. I'm sorry Well, don't apologize Steffi a working girl who drives around in a beautiful white Cadillac doesn't have to you know I'll explain about that. Why should you owe me any explanation? Where are you? I'm at dr. Palmquist's office. Can you okay? I'll be right over and please however you want it You're calling the shots Expense account item for citation for speeding $25 the carbon copy reads 63 miles per hour in a 35 zone You ever trying to talk an LA type cop out of a ticket?  I Couldn't beef about it though two reasons one I deserved it and two if I hadn't been stopped I'd never have realized I was being tailed Because the tail knew what he was doing a heavy set thuggy-looking fellow in the black 51 CDN He circled the block twice while I was getting the ticket was right back on me as I started out again He was still there as they pulled up in front of dr. Palmquist's office But he was smart enough to ride on by without even looking at me I waited to see if he'd come around the block again. He didn't What do you want? Well, now that's a switch when you call me a few minutes ago. You said you're mistaken. I didn't Wait just a minute Her words were deliberate and fatty But her eyes were suddenly doing the real talking signaling desperately into the room behind it trying to tell me that she wasn't alone But I wasn't the only one who caught the signal get away from the door Steffy I mean you Did you hear me? I said come in please Hello, Eric What seems to be the trouble around here? That's far enough.  Why did you call him Steffy? Why? Somebody's got to help you because of what you're going through and what it's doing to you Eric I can't stand any more of it. You're half out of your mind with fear now. Listen to him Eric Maybe he can think he can help you think anybody can one thing sure that guns not gonna help you any Come on. I'll kid put it down Nobody tells me what to do not when I've got a gun. They're afraid to They're afraid to you're both afraid aren't you? It's nice it's nice for somebody else to be afraid I like that I really like He wasn't even looking at us anymore just somewhere off into space Somehow Steffy sensed that I was waiting for a chance to grab his gun and motion for me not to and Suddenly I remembered where I'd seen that lost empty look before Mrs. Palmquist Eric's mother she'd had her share of that look the day she died Mr.. Dollar help me with him, please I Picked him up put him on the couch. He had that terrible whiteness that a deep vein brings and Steffy Didn't waste any time. She loosened his collar shoved his head forward In a few minutes. He shut it once came to took a deep breath We made him comfortable on the couch, but you could see that it had been a rough trip for him He was conscious, but he didn't have the strength to open his eyes Steffy just stared at him What's wrong with him Steffy why that that thing that just happened you want the technical name Circulatory liability Sound impressive talk layman, huh a form of extreme hypertension Nerves have to make him faint like that from anger from fear It's a lovely thing for a man to go through isn't it? Well that that calls for a different kind of medicine doesn't it? Analysis with a psychiatrist. He's in it now Only with Eric. It's going to take a long time Maybe a very long time, but a kid like that. How why fear? Overpowering petrifying fear of what his father Of dr. Palmquist. Yes The nice dr. Palmquist the gentle quiet healer my employer My father-in-law You and Eric are married to one of six weeks ago Eric is 25 years old Mr. Dollar and he's so afraid of his father was still keeping the marriage a secret why Steffy Why is he so afraid of Palmquist his analyst hasn't been able to get through to that you expect me to well somebody better Why did you say that because he waved that gun around very convincingly for a scared kid?  He's so frightened. He couldn't have made himself do it. I hope you're right. I Didn't think it was quite the time to mention one small fact That if Eric Palmquist was incapable of pulling a trigger it might turn out to be a very good thing for him as The sole beneficiary of his mother's will he would soon have a hundred thousand dollars in a nice tidy lump And if he really was afraid of his father a piece of money like that could take him a long long way from the parental fold In fact no matter which way you turned you couldn't get away from the logic that Eric Palmquist might be regarded by some parties as a First-class suspect in the death of his mother Steffy was still pretty much upset when I finally left her and I must admit that my own mind wasn't exactly at ease Hoping that the fresh air would help to clear my thoughts I took my time driving back and it must have been nearly an hour later when I pulled into the subterranean garage in my hotel I guess I was thinking too hard about what had just happened in any case I wasn't quick enough just as I passed one of the garage's big concrete pillars a figure stepped out from behind it Brought the business end of a colt banging down on my head The ground climbed up and got me But not before I had a look at him my heavy set thuggy looking friend who tailed me earlier in the day He could talk to you're in a wrong turn punk. Take the hint. I took the hint. I passed out Now here's our star to tell you about tomorrow's intriguing episode of this week's story tomorrow a study in reactions Three of them one by a man who should know one by a man who doesn't and another by a bullet Join us. Won't you yours truly Johnny dollar yours truly Johnny dollars starring Bob Bailey is transcribed in Hollywood Written by Tony Barrett. It is produced and directed by Jack John stone Be sure to join us tomorrow night same time and station for the next exciting episode of Yours truly Johnny dollar Roy Rowan speaking


Bradford City have been showing signs of improvement under Phil Parkinson of late and beaten in three league games now including a Victory in south-end last time out today though They face a crew site now and beaten in four league games the way by McLaughlin though Entry of distance on that clearance though the flick on was by Hanson and the finish rather fortuitously Maybe is off the head of Nucky Wells and Bradford City have the early lead Just two minutes on the clock and Wells scores his third goal for the club To say there was an element of fortune here. It was really headed on to Wells and in David I'll tell the unlucky defender It's a dangerous ball which has the goalkeeper beaten all ends up saved by his woodwork. It's still not away. It is now Crew so close to a response Quickly taken free kick McLaughlin just lost his bearings a little there so by the frame of his goal Might break into the path of Clayton Fagan holds it up Martin with him Support though as the crosses swung into the middle towards Hanson now Wells could effort could save beaten away by Steve Phillips Hanson again a threat in the air as he did really well to win that Clearance by Bokeh out Testing ball into the middle. It's well defended, but it's out only as far as Byron Moore That could have gone anywhere McLaughlin comes hasn't got there and then hooked over the top by Nick Powell True really pressing here Glocklin claims he was fouled huge clearance by the goalkeeper We've seen that lead to a goal already. This is the man that got it Wells Wonderful footwork on a flashing finish, which is just why he really lucked in the mood. They were muted Beautiful close control here to get the better of David I'll tell Very close with the finish as well keeper was beaten run by Powell McPowell He's away from both of the defenders and then Powell goes down in the box and the referee says penalty Luke Oliver is penalized here for the trip on Nick Powell Was their contacts? That was an awkward one the referee was well positioned. He's given the penalty Lee Bell will take it against the bar And then puns clear by McLaughlin a huge cheer from the home fans and Bradford City Might argue that justice was done here Disputing the award at a spot kick they survived the taking of it Hanson has had an awful lot of joy in those sort of situations and tries to stab it in again towards Wells You can't really connect Hanson does and Hanson scores Bradford City second goal That just edges them clear a seventh of the season from Hanson Heavily involved in so much of their build-up play this afternoon. This time he provides the finish They forgot to see a way back for crew from here Fought it well, and they lead 2-0 Could have been such a different story of course and crew scored from the penalty spot The man that won it Nick Powell to tell from the booze It's curled in beautifully by Westwood, but gathered up by McLaughlin Good and well to hang on to that under pressure Showing these sort of forming patches, which had seen them go for and beaten under Steve Davis Another penalty shoot out there on it down for Hanson. It's 3-0. It is certainly all over now Another emphatic finish his second goal of the game Three in three matches and eight for the season now for James Hanson who makes it 3-0 with just six minutes to go Bradford heading for a fourth unbeatenly game Crews run will stop there He's trying to hold it up by the corner, but there's no need ready to be hanging on here It's a fairly comfortable victory in the end for Bradford City. They win by three goals to nil


Good morning guys from Idaho I'm on the Northwestern side of a town called McCall off a Forest service road heading towards last chance campground if anybody wants to come up this way I highly suggest it. There's plenty of free parking as you can see and You guys haven't heard of you mentioned before when you're on public land You can park for free overnight for up to 14 days this morning's breakfast is a new one I got this Asian vegetable mix last night at the store But the odd thing is is that it has in addition to the vegetables. It has like maltodextrin soy sauce wheat Sugar all kinds of like strange things. So I wasn't really Expecting that I thought when you get frozen vegetables, they are just vegetables and nothing more and then I mixed them with these organic great northern beans First time I think that I'm having great northern beans at least first time I'm cooking them. So today's breakfast is rather healthy full of fiber and protein and Hopefully I'll get rid of this little Spread of tire get my six pack pack Well hours later, I'm still here at the same spot I Have been editing away and I think I have between yesterday and today like eight videos completed so Way to go Jax So I am Yeah at the same spot that I drove into last night on Outside of a town called the McCall between McCall and a place called new Meadow, I believe and Is really a lovely place there's a River right down here and there's roads that go all Really far into the the mountains. So I might might switch my location a little bit later today, not quite sure It's been kind of hanging out inside and Cooked a lot of beans and veggies and all that fun stuff making different mixers mixtures and I'm also partly hypochondriac.  So once maybe tomorrow, I'll just bulk upload like Seven videos like ahead and then that way I'll have like a nice buffer as long as I can stay on it So Anyways, that is the update for now This is a current state of the bus Not dirty not clean just kind of No, things are out so decided to walk up the Hill This little thing just a moment ago Had to go back and get my camera because I spotted something across the river Completely by accident All right guys, you may or may not be able to see what that is But I will tell you it starts with an H and Ends with an hot and The second word is starts with an S and ends with a prings hot springs right there coming out the only reason I saw it is those little steam, but also there's a plastic PVC pipe coming out of there and Clearly a Man-made Wall right there. I did see some people last night walking on the path With their headlamps. I just didn't put two and two together. I thought maybe that was some kind of nature walk, so You guys want to go to the hot springs? Man This is some incredible luck. I mean I know Idaho has a lot of hot springs and everything, but you just walk like this far away Look across the river and see some hot water over there is a Thing of beauty Especially when I'm feeling all woozy, but that honestly could be from Low sugar intake today because I all I had was beans and veggies.  It makes No sense. There should be like two tops right here Of this ladies and gentlemen It's my idea of a good time now, I know you're thinking was this an accident or Was my feeling of carbon monoxide poisoning a Sign from some other alternate plane or universe or being well We may never know you guys think of what I'm thinking I Know you are you guys are smart.  Yes I'm gonna use the dump trunk finish up that edit try not to die from carbon monoxide and Walk back over to the hot springs All right, I'm back. I had some honey feeling better Probably not carbon monoxide poisoning probably just a little bit low on blood sugar because I didn't have my normal routine of stuff today Um, so that's why you know made down feel a little out of it sometimes. Anyways, I'm packing up the backpack I got my towel inside a couple waters I'm going back over the spring since I already showed it to you guys I'm not gonna bring this camera because it's still wet outside And also I'm getting naked. All right boys and girls slight change of plans. I got some more Beans and veggies cooking. I think I've gone through like four of these things today Sorry, they were breakfast starting with breakfast. Also, I am kicking butt Vlog number 216. I think 209 was the last one I posted. So that means a 7-day buffer. I still have like five or six more to go. I'm gonna try and bang out a couple more And then I think I'll just do an evening dip in the springs and I have door open to call my paranoia Yeah And I think honestly Was a blood sugar thing because all I had today was beans and veggies and a couple pieces of toast.  It's actually a pretty good routine full of fiber soluble and insoluble fiber veggies You know veggies are good It is a blue light special Just like Kmart Got a little wrapped up in some stuff edited another video Didn't end up going out of the hot springs and now it's like really cold. I Got my beanie on I got my This is a yellow jacket. You probably can't even see it but the blue light turned it like purple or green or something green Anyways, I'm just gonna call it a night Tomorrow for sure, it'll be going in that hot spring It will also be editing some more videos and then I anticipate Jujube on what I like to do I'll be moving locations. So there's a good chance. I might just drive into the forest more where There's like a couple lakes and things like that. So I know today wasn't all that eventful bear with me Some days are not as eventful as others Tomorrow definitely will be so I'll see you guys in


In the stock market, our probability is based on the patterns. So if there is a pattern that every single time a stock is a first red day, well, you know that based on probability, the last 55 times that a stock went red on a first red day setup, it tanked. So on something like today where SIGA just tanked and tanked, that was the 10% probability that the stock didn't follow the strategy, the stock didn't follow the setup, doesn't mean that I did something wrong. I think it's not a 100% probability game.


This paper examines the potential of machine learning methods, including artificial neural network, ANN, support vector machines, SVM, and random forest, RF, and different deep learning convolution neural networks, CNNs, for landslide detection. It compares these methods with the results of extensive fieldwork in the highly landslide-prone Razowa district in Nepal. The authors found that the best result was achieved by a small window size CNN, which used spectral information only. Additionally, the addition of a 5-meter digital elevation model helped to distinguish between human settlements and landslides, but did not improve the overall classification accuracy. The authors concluded that CNNs have great potential for landslide mapping, but must be designed carefully and optimized for specific applications. This article was authored by Omid Gorbanzadeh, Thomas Blasht, Khalil Golania, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.