HPC judges radio welcome back, continuing our COVID-19 pandemic coverage within the HPC community today are very, very distinguished guest is the president of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. Please don't call it sex cock. Dr. Bill Wheeland and Madam President, it is indeed an honor to have you on and always an honor to talk with you. I figured it would be a good opportunity to hear from you at this point in what was once the academic year to talk about what things may look like when operations and business attempts to get back to business. And for many, many of our HBCUs that will include accreditation work that will that will include submitting reports and scheduling site visits from your perspective. How has the pandemic first impacted operations in your shop and what has that meant to some of your member institutions, HBCUs and otherwise. Well, thanks so much for the conversation today, Jared. We have been spinning just like our institutions have trying to stay in front of this pandemic and all of the changes and things that have to happen. The first thing that happened was the Department of Education gave us permission to waive a lot of the requirements were already in place. So we began with the 25 institutions that were scheduled to have reaffirmation visit this semester by extending their accreditation for one year. So that those visits that were not able to be held are going to be rescheduled over the summer, fall and spring and they'll be on next year's agenda. They remain accredited for these 12 months. They'll be off one year and the next reaffirmation will be nine years from now rather than 10. So that was the easiest thing we've had to do so far. Then we had special committees, those institutions that are on warning and probation, for example, or who are at the end of their monitoring periods to decide whether they lose membership or not. We are trying to go on and reschedule those visits because they were scheduled to be on the June board meeting agenda.  So those are moving forward. We had one of those, but we have moved those to a combination of virtual visits and onsite visits. We've arranged so that we have a staff member who goes on each and every visit. So we're arranging that the staff member and at least one of the committee members, preferably the chair, actually go onsite. The thing that has slowed us up with that one is that states are now starting to put in the shelter in places and we don't know how long those are going to last. And so we've scheduled some, we've had to reschedule those that we rescheduled already. And so it's crazy, but we're doing those. We are trying to, well, we have rescheduled our own board meeting from June to August, which creates a challenge for those institutions that had request for program approvals to begin in the fall because the board meeting won't be until after the fall semester begins. So we're trying to figure out how we can deal with that. But our summer institute that's scheduled for July, I've claimed that we're still going to have it in July because I'm saying this is going to be over enough for us to have it. I'm just tired of rescheduling meetings. But it's a moving target with every day that comes along and every decision that is made not only by the White House but by each of the governors across this country. It changes the way we do business. But we're trying to keep up. I've been having lots of conference calls with lots of different groups to say the what ifs. One of the issues that arose was since the semester is pretty much a bust, can we give pass fail grades where we had been giving letter grades? And so we've given the authority to do that as long as the institutions have a pass fail policy in place, which they should all have. They may have to adjust that policy for this particular semester. And one of the things that I'm heartened by is that most of the senior institutions are saying that if community colleges, for example, grant pass fail grades, they will honor those as transfer credits moving forward. Because every institution, two and four year public, private or for profit is in this mess together. And so how to annotate that on a transcript is going to be the challenge of the registrars, but at least everybody's kind of come to the acceptance that if a student earns a pass grade, then they will have met that requirement. Don't know how the licensure people are going to deal with that because generally they don't accept pass fail grades. But that one is not my challenge. I'll let somebody else handle that when I have enough of my own. And then of course staff is staff is working from home. So we've been, you know, if I never have another virtual meeting, it really will be okay.  You prefer to be in with the people. I understand that. Indeed. Let's talk a little bit, just a little bit more about the logistics of this because you brought up something interesting about the question about grades and what kind of clearance you guys are able to authorize about that. And we've seen so many schools stand up online distance learning. One of the things that concerns me is that are more students going to expect and a more college is going to try to go to distance learning and just having online degree offerings. Is that something that's going to have to be cleared through your shop? And how long does that process take if we have to go in that direction in the future? Interestingly enough, we did give exceptions or we did accept notification from institutions, pardon me, that had already been approved for online learning, but we're going to expand their offerings. So we did that and that was over 600 of our institutions. So in our region, most of our institutions are doing that anyway. There were about 75 institutions that have not been approved for online learning for whom we gave waivers. Now, whether they will continue to do that after this waiver is over, which should be the end of the calendar year at the latest, then they will have to start getting approval. The first time you offer an online course, we do have to approve that. But after that, you don't have to notify us once 25% of a degree program is offered online and you have to get approval for the program once 50% of it is offered online. A lot of people don't.  I was just going to say, so it's two approvals, but one notification. For the first time you do it, it's notification up to 50% and then it's approval for 50% of the program. This is just a point of personal inquiry of mine. A lot of people don't even remember or realize you were a college president. So what would you do? Twice. Twice, right.   This may be a thing that we have to just do going forward. Is that something that you would say I need to jump on the state authorization and all that kind of stuff right now? Or is there more work to be done in looking at that? Well, I would not just jump online long term unless I had enough training programs in place of my own faculty to know how to do that. Easing into it is a lot more effective than just kind of jumping in and sink or swim. So I would take that route of let's ease those into it and continue to offer some online. There are a lot of folks who just don't learn well online. I'm one of those. I can't stand reading a whole bunch of stuff on a computer and not having that social interaction. I'm serious. There are a lot of students, even the younger folks that have grown up with technology who just, you know, concentration spans aren't that long. Self-direction is not that great. You know, they need the help and support of real people pushing them. And so I don't know that most institutions are going to go totally online from here on out. I think there will be many more that will have a combination of programs available online and others that are available on site. It's also difficult with science labs and some of the professional, you know, plumbing, welding, those kinds of things. It's tough to do those things online. So I don't know that there are any institutions that aren't currently totally online that will move in that direction. But I do think that there are some who will put more online than they currently have. One of the big questions that in some of the conversations I've had with presidents is not to say that the rules should change, but they are inquiring about how the rules may be interpreted a little bit differently in terms of standards and principles in the midst of a pandemic. So if everybody is going through hell, does this period, even though you have a one-year kind of buffer period with everything that people are projecting about enrollment being down and some costs that may have to come out of campuses to deal with faculty and staffing and some other stuff, do you think that the principles will change because everybody is going to face some kind of difficulty financially, most of all, after this is over? I don't think the principles will change, but I think the way they're interpreted will. This is not our first rodeo, unfortunately. It's the first health pandemic, but we had the recession in 2007 that did the same thing to institutions that upended them forever. What we ask institutions to do is to document what happened and how they dealt with it. That's what's going to make the difference. I know that the auditors are working on how to write footnotes in audits that will explain this having happened. That's above my pay grade. I don't do audits. But making sure that they explain what happened and when it happened, it's going to be difficult to blame decreased revenue on stuff that happened before the pandemic hit. Correct. They're going to have to be very, very sure that they are able to document the impact that the pandemic had on budgets, on enrollments, and everything else. We had a statement that our board put out right after the 2007 recession that explained that you're still responsible for your institution and it's still the board's responsibility to make sure that there's enough money there to keep things going. It is going to mean that institutions are going to have to make some hard decisions. They had to make them in 2007. They're going to have to make them now. Looking at loss of auxiliary resources, for example, with dorms and women board charges, those are operational losses that they're going to have to explain. Losses to the endowment is one thing, but actual operating losses is something else. So what we're telling them is define the program and explain it as best you can, giving real numbers. It may mean on the other end that they end up taking more money from their endowments than they currently have, and that may throw them off because they'll end up taking a larger percentage than their policy allows them to take. So they're going to have to document why they did this and get the board's approval for it. So it's not that the standard has changed, but explaining how you dealt with it has. And there'll be a whole lot of leniency, I'm sure, since everybody is going through it for at least this year. After this year, I'm not sure, because they will have had a year to make some of those hard decisions. They may have to cut staff, they may have to drop programs, they may have to re-engineer some of their processes, put on hiring freezes or cut benefits. All those furlough employees, all those tough decisions that they had to make back in 2007 are probably going to have to be revisited because of the pandemic.  So there's always steps to, all right, you're on the doorstep of getting kicked out of here. But for some of those schools that are dealing with what seems like irreversible financial conditions, you're saying that even this won't give them a door out of there. Because you only got a certain amount of months where you can say, all right, your recruitment was impacted by this, your spending was impacted by this, everything before that don't even try it. Exactly. I mean, I can't speak, well, I can, but I won't speak for the evaluators. I don't get a vote in this process. This is a peer review process, but I can't imagine that they're going to buy into an argument that says, my budget for the FY19 year was impacted by the coronavirus. I don't think so when this is FY20 that you're in now. It will impact the spring of 20. There's no doubt about that. And I think everybody understands that. And the evaluators will be looking for documentation to show what exactly happened, what was the impact of it, and how did you go about dealing with it? That's all we ever asked him to do.  No, we don't deal with NCAA requirements. Okay, so it's just a matter of, is the school in position to meet each of these standards, including with intercollegiate athletics? Well, if intercollegiate athletics is a part of their operating budget, and there's a big hole in it because of the revenue, I would think that there'd also be a savings from the expense side. But whichever it is, they need to be able to explain that this is the reason that's right for the for the loss and or the gain. One of the things that you guys do is to provide a lot of training, a lot of instruction to schools, whether they're in a, you know, in a sanction period or not to say, Hey, there's always resources, you can always come talk to us and figure out how you can not be so intimidated or threatened by an accreditation cycle. You know, a reaffirmation or a reapplication if it would be that. Is that something that's still going to be I know, I know you hate the zoom thing that's going on. But is that something that is that is that something that's still available with members of your committees and teams to do for schools, especially now, because you don't have so many, you know, class and operational things going on on campus. Yeah, we have we have gotten that far. Jared, thank you. That's a great idea though. I do know that at our December annual meeting, you know, there will be sessions on, you know, budgeting and the COVID-19 of the impact. We hadn't thought about it before that because I've got all these other things going on. But we might be able to get met, be able to get Donna and a couple of finance readers together to do a podcast of some sort. Absolutely. And I'd love to be helpful if I could. And then the final. Keep that in mind. The final question, Madam President, and I'll take you back to your your time in the presidency. If this were you and let's say your school was facing something that that could could draw a sanction from an accreditor, what would you be doing at this point with nobody around really no support to help you with it? What would you be doing at this point or encouraging your people to be looking at to prepare to try to mitigate it or at least be able to broaden the explanation of why there's a problem? Well, one of the things the next deadline that is arising is in September for those institutions that are on the December 21 agenda to submit this compliance certification. And the question that has come up there is what about the assessment cycle because they will have missed an entire semester's worth of assessment. And so our direction has been put a statement in there and said, I only have nine and a half years. I don't have 10 years of assessment because of COVID-19. Everybody's going to understand that. So I think what if it were me, I would say, well, let's sit down and talk about the standards. Where are we in our reaffirmation cycle and how can we best document whether we are in compliance or not? I mean, that's what this whole process is. It's a process of documentation. And, you know, any rational person is going to be able to understand that this is a big issue over which I had absolutely no control as president. But I still am responsible for keeping the institution whole, you know, now that it's hit. And so all we can ask you to do is to document the impact that it's had on finances, on the academic program. You know, what has it done to your grades, for example? What has it done to your transfer policies? I mean, it's impacting everything. So, I mean, that's the best that I can do is to, you know, write a good, make a good case for why I am in compliance or not.


IMS is Interpol Major Event Support Team. This team is deployed when one country hosting big events or any big conference covering by the media. So in this case Interpol Deploy Team to support the local authorities to screen all passengers during the period of the event. As you can see here, we are located now in the MAC multi-agency coordination center. This center composed with all local enforcement agencies in Philippines. We are coordinating with them 24 hours 7. We are sharing with them all intelligence information. We are supporting them to conduct searches against Interpol databases using I-247. At the same time, we are also supporting the immigration and NCB Manila to coordinate with all member countries in Interpol for any urgent cases and also we provide linguistic support through our team.


How would you describe what you've been witnessing from Aaron judge on a daily basis? Historical, right? Yeah Are you in all of it at times or is it just you've seen it so much that that's kind of just what you expected this point I haven't seen anything quite like this this much From anybody really I don't think I played with a guy that's at 40 homers. It's July So I'm I'm I'm rooting for him. I wish I could have my phone on the bench like the rest of the fans They take a video every every one of us at bats But I guess we got Ari so maybe she'll catch something something good for us Good for you. It seemed like you had been cruising pretty much until that I believe it was the fifth inning there Just with two outs just how frustrating is it to to get into trouble there and and see damage get caught started started off with a So bad slider to that rookie did a good job with it Wasn't able to wasn't able to get the ball off the bat obviously And then you know running back to the top with Merrifield Pitches, you know off the corner. I'm going for a freeze. He's obviously swinging and You know, he's able to I mean we've seen that time and time again. It's on in the college world series Against my team as well. He's able to put that ball in the right field so It's probably the wrong pitch there because we're expecting a take and then you know Salvador comes up Obviously been working most of the right-handers away Specifically Merrifield that entire bat started him off with slider, which I felt that He may have been a bit off balance, but he was covering a little bit more of the pitch than I anticipated Therefore I thought we had room up and in and you know, it's just my fault like we have leverage there We don't have to throw a strike. And so, you know, ultimately we threw a strike and Salvi So we put an incredible swing on it and we lost the lead so, you know, just have to Just have to pick better pitches and execute better pitches For the offense in the evening You know, just putting the ball in play really said tough night to Feel the ball was obviously very wet You know, there was there were some challenging plays on on both sides and the interior Interior defense just you know, it's very slick. There's some weird hops some chunky gravel So continuing to put the ball in play running out hard 90s Grinding out at bats and you know, Aaron puts kind of, you know, just takes the magic wand and does this thing kind of at the end but there was a lot of There's a lot of, you know, close pitches grind it out pitches and you know, you know guys fighting off Just putting the ball in play and playing hard You know, you want to have obviously clean base hits, but you know Sometimes you got to force the opposition to play a good defense and they didn't do it that inning So we were able to take advantage of it and then Aaron put the cherry on top You mentioned a good defense on that side, but in the first inning there, did you think he was getting to that ball in right field? Man, I didn't think he was getting to that pitch But you know, I was I was wrong quite a few times tonight and you know, he was he was he had a beat on it That's the first time he's been able to rob that ball In that part of the park they put the new They put the new Scoreboard there and so there's a bit of a lip which Kind of is not advantageous for him because his shoulders like kind of right under that lower lip So he was able to go up and make fantastic play and then he got cut up on the way down by the chain link So I'm pretty I was pretty pretty thankful that you know, we we made that play and he was able to come out of it clean so That was you know, just That was just a jolt of energy right from the beginning. It's great play How much energy do you get overall from the way judges play them? Yeah?  So it's Pretty inspiring


5 reasons to take a TEFL course right now, even if you are not leaving yet. Teaching English as a foreign language can be a lucrative care or path for people of all different backgrounds. The demand for qualified teachers is extremely high in various regions around the globe so those who want to teach abroad, will almost certainly find employment. However, packing up your things and moving halfway around the world is not as easily done as said. It is a big life decision that takes a lot of preparation and planning. A TEFL certificate never expires so you won't have to worry about it becoming invalid. This gives graduates the freedom to take all the time they need before taking the plunge. On top of that, all IDT graduates receive lifetime job support which also never expires. Here are five reasons why taking your TEFL certification course now makes the most sense, even if you are not leaving yet. 1. It makes sense from a financial standpoint. If you want to teach English abroad, you'll quickly realize that there are three main expenses necessary for the endeavor, your TEFL certificate, transportation, flights and basic startup costs to help you through until your first paycheck. There is no fixed number for the total cost of these three aspects as this depends on the type of TEFL course, your teaching destination and your teaching salary, etc. However, in most cases, you will need anywhere between $2,000 and $5,000 to head overseas to teach English. This can be quite overwhelming, especially for those teachers who have just graduated from college, for example. The first step would be to register for your TEFL certification course anywhere from one year to six months before your desired date of departure. Once you've got your certification in hand, you will be able to apply for teaching jobs abroad. 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Mposter syndrome which basically is self-doubt so tell us about that well All of us it's at some point in life we really encounter that you reach a point where you are like struggling you have that the fear the fear again that we mentioned you feel like maybe upset very very ambitious goals and it is important to do so in light of Foma Liberian President Ellen Johnson Salif that if your dreams do not scare you they are not big enough they're not big enough so don't fear to dream big but at the end of the day believe in yourself there is a saying that goes believe is a strange thing it gives one the power to do the impossible so just believe that you have got this okay yes believe in yourself so someone said dream big and give god the bill oh nice one which is another one so talk to us about persistence the fourth p yes yes persistence persistence it's my favorite because as the author of bx matrix seven piece of success i really leave that p i'm very persistent in life i don't believe in getting a no for an answer you know no we'll simply mean next opportunity so to speak so i would urge fellow Kenyans out there and everybody watching us to really not never give up keep knocking that door if nobody is opening go back get a sledge hammer come and break that door you know if not go through the window yes so keep persistence keep getting up every day even if all signs are that things are not working like we're in a season of um uh kovid 19 people have lost jobs recently uh some have closed businesses so things are not good the economy is not very good but we have to keep persisting we have to keep sending more applications because there are other openings we have to keep hope alive and persist so whatever you do never give up on hope yes okay and here you've said if things don't work out stop complaining try again instead of shifting the blame to other people what is about what is it about you know people shifting the blame to other people people find uh shortcuts or uh becoming escapists you know you want to blame other people for your woos you want to blame others when you don't realize your goals it's important to take responsibility and be in charge on being charged yes and what is failure really because uh some people will see failure the end but some people see it as a means to where they're going failure is important in life we learn from failure we have failed at some point so failure is basically you know that situation or point in life when you you don't achieve the aspirations you had or like you take a detua you wanted to achieve this maybe by June then in June you are not even a quarter way there so I would advise that we strategize instead of just giving up so failure is basically not being able to achieve what you aspire to achieve within the set deadline so to speak so we should take failure as a stumbling blow as a stepping stone instead of a stumbling blow yes you take failure as a stepping stone as a learning point so that you don't get stuck with your failures so to speak but rise above that and take the lessons with you because it's very important to take the lessons because like this covid time whatever people have gone through if someone has not learned uh then maybe they'll never learn yes okay talk to us about the fifth P positive attitude good positive attitude again another very important P which is um as the P says being positive you know uh believing you can remember Barack Obama Barack Obama the 44th president of United States of America he rose to the presidency through uh positivity his slogan was yes we can so it is important uh for everybody to to be positive even if even if the situations and circumstances uh depict otherwise so keep hope alive keep positive be positive that tomorrow the sun will rise again it'll be the darkest hour maybe is just before dawn but dawn is coming okay thank you for that the sixth one the sixth P yeah sixth P is passion passion you know passion is basically that barely controllable emotion Stephanie I can see passion in the ways we are handling this interview because uh you are a fit to be a presenter being passionate as a writer is giving all you can in in your work like I do that in my books being passionate in the words of uh our former director mehirest in power Dr. Joffrey Griffin uh founding NYS and Founding Stareh Boy Center he used to tell us that when you are given a coffee cup to wash wash it like it has never been washed before that's about passion going the extra mile water boils at 211 degrees but at 212 degrees after one additional degree that water turns to steam it is about going the extra mile about that one extra degree passion that extra factor yes that's that's what makes you stand out yes your passion yes and I love how you do the review of every chapter and here you've written on our scale of one to four uh how would you where would you rate yourself with regard to your attitude when pursuing an objective so is it important for us to also just have that in mind when we are pursuing something what's my attitudes towards this thing and make sure that I'm in check it's very important to really review yourself and also rate yourself without being very hard on yourself because like we do this with the other side of my life besides being a writer and a corporate mc and marketing consultant we also train corporates and when you are doing team building we have a recap a set of activities after every activity we have a session to really reflect how have we fared in that activity so it's important to take stock at different intervals in life how well are you progressing on a scale of like one to five are you uh inconsistent are you outstanding without being very hard or being so generous with yourself it's very important okay yes and why is it important uh I was hearing a talk by Vosie one of the famous speakers and he was saying that you need to fall in love again with what you do and this I believe is still in passion so what do you need to fall in love again with something that you love doing because for someone maybe they went into they love cooking they opened a restaurant but you know there's a lot of things there's the budgeting and all that which you are not prepared for and you find that you're it's a burden to you so why do you need to go back and fall in love with that thing again because I would say there was the initial inspiration the trigger that gave you a hint that this is it you know when you keep finding what your purpose is what you like and you find it then maybe at some point you detour it will always be important to come back to to really hot you are good at and what you love doing there are many things in life you know finding the kuk in life so as much as you may go round about around it it's always good to come back and pursue what you are really good at and as much as you detour to continue being of great value yes so it's important to do what you're really passionate about yes it's important and for record I may also mention in the in the interim in the interim as much as let's say you are good at teaching and there are no teaching jobs or opportunities for the coming do any other thing make some dollars in between yeah yeah don't just constrain yourself and lock yourself out of other opportunities simply because you are a musician yet maybe you can also crack a joke or two if there is a platform to crack to do comedy please do comedy as you wait for an opportunity to to go back on track all right okay talk to us about the seventh p that is people good my all-time favorite maybe people it's all about connecting building your network because in the words of robot kiyosaki the order of rich dad poor dad and many amongst other books he mentioned that the richest people in the world look for and build networks everyone else looks for work exactly so it's such an important thing Stephanie to really grow your network no people and the reverse is so true those people should also know you those people should know and this is on networking and we talked with another guest on networking how important is it because people really uh don't understand the importance of your networks how do they help you well basically networks help you in every aspect of life and especially if you have good relationship and good relations with your network they'll come in they'll come through uh in your time of need when you are really in that tight corner and also in your moment of joy and it's important I mentioned this keeping in touch kids keeping touch strategies take to people flowers and chocolate it doesn't mean literally that way give them what they like or what they love if someone prefers to be emailed instead of getting a call do email you are in the book I've mentioned the 50 contact database which now moves to a hundred contact database okay so your 50 people do email them check on them at least once a month uh you know there's a Pareto principle 80 or 80 20 rule like you were uh 20 percent of the clothes in your wardrobe 80 percent of the time so why fokans of the 50 contact database these are the people if you are really in touch with them they can now lead you to a thousand ten thousand others so find these 50 people keep in touch with them regularly see ati wakati wu konatu na wuna wuna shtuki ati ehi wu na india kwa groupia kupanga rusi now we moved from jungia for the last five years exactly so keeping in touch is very important to nurture those relationships it takes time it takes energy it even takes resources because even at some point you may need to to buy your mentor or your friend some lunch so invest in building relationships and why is it important to have a mentor in you know achieving success it a mentor helps with accountability because a mentor is that a big figure so to speak he or she could be actually younger than you but more skilled and more resourceful so this is the person who will hold your hand you keep comparing notes with how you are progressing and they advise you because they are they are richer in knowledge they are richer in skills so it's important to have that fatafiga that big uncle so to speak exactly you could be the problem because maybe you haven't grown your personal brand of the world so you need to work on ourselves before blaming the uncle even the CV you are giving to the uncle needs to be a very well presented so you need to build on yourself make sure what you're giving out they because they're also accountable to you when they fire you right yes so you need to make sure that you are up to the standard or something and so you've said that networking is very important you've mentioned some quotes here as an individual I can smile but together we can laugh so basically networking will help you get through doors that by yourself you couldn't walk through I agree all right so thank you for the seven piece of success what are some of the other books as we close come to a close that you have written yeah the next matrix seven piece of success was my first book we did actually I did a DVD live recording of the same in 2015 and launched the book in 2016 my second book is titled a better tomorrow being positive believing that tomorrow will be better and then my third book is ready but not yet in the market it's currently with the publisher but will be out in the course of the year it's I may not mention the title okay for now when you launch maybe you can have another session okay sure yes so I have three books so far yeah and I'm also currently in a writing fellowship known as the african liberty to really own my writing skills and I also write for Kirat Africa okay quite something so what can people find you if they want to get your books if they want to just talk to you I am on social media my website is www.jamlikikogi.co.k my Facebook page is jamliki kogi aka mc kogi on Twitter at mc kogi I'm also on Instagram at mc underscore kogi even on LinkedIn you know that's your professionals meet jamliki kogi so if you search jamliki kogi or mc kogi on any of the platforms I'll be there and uh willing to engage okay thank you thank you for the insights on success uh any call to action that you'd want to tell the youth as we come to close this is your camera good my call to action to youths and all who are watching us this morning is to charge ourselves to really take that very first step you know that we stop procrastinating talking of that one day I'll achieve a b z but move from one day to day one uh believe in yourself get a mentor and instead of just doing something get something done thank you very much kogi for coming on board and for sharing this uh this insight that has been our interview on the demystifying success the seven piece of success and my take home from this is good intentions will be recognized hard work will be praised but only results will be rewired I don't know what you've taken from this but I hope there's something because I know there's something for everyone the hashtag we are using today is why in the morning at 2-5-4 at Stephanie Eta and at Ramaguku we take a short break and we'll be back with Val


My first goal was to make sure they all got along because we brought four new freshmen in and we have four returners from last year and That's the hardest thing to make sure they can cohesive together and it looks like it's great It's worked out so good. We started Monday and Everybody's getting along Everybody I don't see any issues. I don't just take five to a tournament. I take seven or eight Like we're going to Shenandoah and the coach that I could bring three extras five eight players, you know W&L Washington League. I'm bringing seven We're going next weekend to Ohio. I'm taking seven You know, so that's they all get to play so that helps and then their scores will dictate on whether they're up in the top Five and in the fall It's not as important as in the spring because that's our conference championship And that's when you want to put your five best together if you looked at our fall schedule. It would scare you Because we're playing some of the maybe five six, maybe seven or eight of the top 25 teams in the country That's pretty impressive for a program. It's only six years old when we go down to W&L Washington League I mean they've got Carnegie Mellon. They've got Bridgewater. They got Guilford coming in Greensboro I mean, it's a good team. We went up the pining and did a practice round and I put one veteran senior citizen I called them with a rookie and they were able to talk them through the course the different shots and everything and The rookies didn't mind that they they wanted that they wanted that feedback to make them feel comfortable So really help the most important thing is they all have to play consistently well They can't just have an off day They just got to play well, you know, and that's what I stress. I'm stressing out every practice consistently, you know If you if you make a putt, we'll make five of them same place. That's consistent One out of ten is not going to make it if you're going to chip 50 yards out and be three feet from the pin Make ten of them in a row and if I can get that consistency and that's what we're working on we're pretty good and Again, I think we've got a chance to make the conference. I think we do


We're talking about response to economic shocks here today and I'm I'm focusing upon one of the most egregious Economic shocks that has been experienced in modern times, which is the global financial crisis that started in the United States and spread in one way or another across several continents and And I'm interested in the question of how do best developed countries React to that what can you know? What is the impact? How do they react to that and Perhaps that enables us to draw some wider lessons. I'm going to take a particular focus the way that different Developing countries react differs the way that Developing country like China reacts is very different from the way that a poor country in sub-Saharan Africa reacts So I'm going to focus upon Sub-Saharan Africa The In talking about how how do countries respond to crisis? the first issue is do they do they necessarily get affected by the crisis and and In other words, you know, is it possible that they they actually avoided the immediate effects of the of the global financial crisis That sounds ludicrous, but I'll Come back to it in a moment because the answer is that no, they didn't avoid the immediate effects of the crisis What what's a little bit more interesting is what happened afterwards? Did they recover from the fight for them from the financial crisis and there the answer is Typical economists answer on the one hand. Yes on the other hand They did recover directly Their situation recovered and but Indirectly no their their growth rates certainly suffered Over the longer term and that's what I'm going to be focusing on here Did they did they suffer initially well the reason I pose that question is because there was a hypothesis at the time of the Financial crisis immediately at the time of the layman's crash Which which crystallized the beginnings of the crisis and There was a widespread view that well actually, you know, maybe countries like sell like those in sub-Saharan Africa And maybe elsewhere in the developing world Will avoid any effect from the crisis Because in other words, they become delinked Well to see just and around that time there were numerous studies Numerous papers published to see well to what extent were they delinked and to what extent are they linked? The main thing that Bright has concentrated upon was was the most obvious thing And to claim that they are delinked because Their banking systems were not Integrated with the global financial markets the global financial system that had Been at the center of the mechanisms through which the financial crisis occurred and was transmitted around developed countries You know the banks in in sub-Saharan Africa banks elsewhere, you know, we're not involved in you know big big trades or any trades in some cases in complex financial derivatives, which are the mechanism through which the prime prime mark prime mortgage, sorry sub-prime mortgage Collapse was transmitted through through markets. It was transmitted through the markets because That sub-prime mortgage collapse Led to a complete breakdown of all the financial market linkages between individual global banks and Effectively a shutdown in the market money markets that connect them But the argument was that will in sub-Saharan Africa or countries like that The banks are sheltered from that. They're not involved in that kind of trade and That's true. I do a particularly an interesting Example that actually comes from some Islamic banks in the Gulf and elsewhere where several studies showed that actually they the Islamic banks, you know were completely unaffected by the crisis and did really Outperformed all other banks during that period and simply because being following Islamic principles, they were not engaged in any kind of debt-based Let alone derivative-based Activities, okay, so yeah in that sense they were delinked What about private capital flows that was the other mechanism that people thought well, perhaps private capital flows will link them link in Sub-Saharan African countries into effects of the crisis Because a breakdown in the In the financial system in developed countries would lead to a reduction in private capital flows What about well in fact? The evidence on that is very mixed and But when you look at the data That there does not seem to have been overall a major impact on a reduction in private capital flows at that time Although there were some short-term flows, which I'll say more about in a moment. What about ODA development assistance? They thought that as developed countries and face financial problems They would cut back on that ODA their development assistance and that would hit the Sub-Saharan countries and a lot of us felt that at the time well looking at it ODA has held up pretty well actually until just just the most recent couple of years when ODA has started to decline The other potential link that could affect things is trade and people recognize that at the beginning There was immediately a fear that the breakdown the financial system would And bring an end to export financing And and that or to trade financing generally and that that would restrict trade in fact, that's not what happened and trade financing Actually held up in general though. There is some mixed evidence on that but nonetheless Trade did come to be a major transmission mechanism Whoops, I hope you have very good eyesight I'm sorry. I'm not going to be able to do a lot about this. I Don't think I'm going to be able to expand that unless anybody here can tell me how to But I'll tell you what it shows. Okay Basically Sub-Saharan terms of trade We're looking at the volume of exports and terms of trade and the Financial crisis broke in a big way in 2008 Terrific, thanks a lot. Yeah the financial crisis broke in a big way in in 2008 which is here and Which shows that in 2008 the Sub-Saharan exports Were lower than the previous year, but has held had held up And They were still growing Sorry, that the growth rate was lower than the previous year, but that held up. It was still growing at about 2% 2008 though we have the immediate hit on Sub-Saharan African exports a decline of 5% So and that was a major channel of transmission that did hit all of Sub-Saharan Africa And had effects right throughout their economies But what happened after that? immediately Exports started to grow again in 2010 A rise of Nearly 6% So it's in that sense that I say that you know, well South Africa Sorry, not South Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa was immediately hit by The global financial crisis, but did recover very quickly The same is true if you look at the terms of trade the percentage change in the terms of trade facing Sub-Saharan African countries in 2008 The the terms of trade Sorry, that's 2009 in 2009 the terms of trade Took a 12% fall But again, they recovered completely in the following year But a 13% a 13% improvement in the terms of trade facing Sub-Saharan Africa So in that sense we're saying that Sub-Saharan Africa was able to recover quite quickly But what happened there after there after we've had very slow rates of growth 2011 2% rates of growth of exports and A 10% improvement in the terms of trade followed by in 2012 2013 2014 2015 Continuing year-on-year decline in the terms of trade facing Sub-Saharan Africa Accompanied by very very slow rates of growth in in exports Okay, so you know in one sense In one sense then Again, I'm gonna have that back to me in a moment in one sense then there was a sharp hit on trade And that resulted that and sharp worsening of the terms of trade and That that resulted from directly from the global financial crisis. Why? Well, it resulted from global financial crisis for several reasons, but you know one particular reason was that the the developed countries had that the the sharp downturn was due to the developed countries finding that they that that every enterprise wanted cash There was a sharp move into cash because financial markets had collapsed and that meant they had to sell off inventories the sharp reduction In inventories Which hit trade? Completely particularly for products of Sub-Saharan Africa Which were which products that? We're measuring on this chart Here we're seeing Global trade global trade took 10 percent Fall in 2009 and recovered quickly in 2010 Face but if we look at what was happening to the products of Sub-Saharan Africa, we can see commodity price index Taking a fall from 172 to 120 in that period and then recovering very quickly to 152 and Particularly, so if we look at things like commodity metals prices Going from 169 to 136 and then the index recovering quickly to 202 and We see that pattern all the way through sharp decline in 2009 and followed by a sharp rise so What do we what kind of stylized facts can we? pick out of that Well the Trade played a key role in the transmission to sell the South the Sub-Saharan Africa of the global financial crisis And that took the form of a major shock One year after the crisis followed by a bounce immediately after the big bounce immediately afterwards but in the subsequent years we've seen slow growth and We've seen slow slow growth of trade slow growth of all types You know, however we measure growth in Sub-Saharan Africa Is that a new normal? Why does it arise? Well, I think you know It's easy for us to think of it as being simply just you know a long decline You know that we've had a big a big shock the global financial crisis and then Everything was was pretty bad thereafter It just couldn't start and start a growth process either in global trade or or in the specifics of Sub-Saharan Africa But that's not really the case because as we saw immediately after the big shock hit those countries There was a big upturn suddenly the next year a recovery. They had been overshooting So what what generates the overall Decline overall stagnation that Praveen Gordon referred to this morning in the subsequent years and The decade really since then Well, I think it's basically that there are very many New global imbalances and volatility which has restricted The the drivers of international trade, which are the big industrialized countries including major emerging countries like China and so on and has restricted their their growth rates and Has created a and the crisis itself created an awareness of volatility which has Diminished the ability of countries to invest and grow I can say more about that and the second thing to note though is that There is now a new fragility Because I haven't put up here any figures relating to external debt, but it is clear that Several countries particularly commodity producers which experienced a boom before 2008 Accumulated debt in that period They borrowed a lot. They got a lot of inward investment and also in the in the period immediately after 2011 When they were recovering again, there was an inflow of capital and That that accumulation of debt issued by Countries in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries Has put them in a position where they now have very high degree of leverage It was debt that came in because they were able to borrow very low interest rates and Which is attractive to them But more to the point it was very attractive for For portfolio owners and investors from developing come from developed countries because the interest rates Returns they could get in the United States Europe, etc. We're so low. They sought to be able to lend in Poor countries particularly commodity exporting countries Of course though that means that once interest rates start to go up There's a big danger that There's a very serious danger that those countries will be In the midst of a major debt crisis again and Now all that What we're interested in is how can countries themselves respond What's going to be the effect of a crisis? Can they can they respond to it? We'll be discussing that in many different facets this afternoon, but I'll just point to a few things basically The issue is whether there is hysteresis hysteresis means that what happens in the future is very much determined by what's happened Seems obvious that it should be the case, but how would that occur? How would hysteresis occur in my view? It sort of comes about through weakened institutions which limit and seriously Seriously Undermine the ability of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to respond one is simply what's called fiscal space that you know by several countries such as South Africa for example and did Use fiscal policy Increasing the size of the budget deficits in order to support their economy during the Initial phase of the downturn and so on But that means that now they've accumulated debt externally and internally which Limits the extent to which they can continue to Prime their economists through budget deficits That's one thing A second thing is which I I think is is Perhaps Most important is a breakdown in trust and inequality You know when there's a major hit even if it's only a fairly short-term hit such as in in 20 as Sub-Saharan African countries felt in 20 or 9 20 10 There's a breakdown in in what I think is the most important 2010 There's a breakdown in in whatever social contract there is between The elites and their governments on the one hand and civil society on the other hand and an increase in inequality It is the poor who feel burdens of any downturn And that is partly accompanied by you know civil society fragmentation Which we've seen in many ways In terms of sometimes internal conflict between different groups within countries and sometimes Other forms of civil society fragmentation And those those kinds of things to make it very difficult for any sort of political Leadership to be able to take a country forward and obviously encourages a kleptomaniac kind of action by by elites that have got access to rents Which in turn has led to major capital flight from south sub-Saharan Africa a Final element is simply that you know with that that cut in fiscal space that those fiscal restrictions on governments The inability of governments to expand their budget and because they had already expanded it is such that one of the sectors that gets really badly hit is investment in education and Even the extent that education occurs It's Severely hits the ability to facilitate the transition from education into work. Hence we get large ever-increasing Appears at the moment ever-increasing Bodies of unemployed youths perhaps a lost generation Those feed into migration about which I'll say nothing because Andres is the world one of the world's experts on migration and But migration clearly An immediate effect is This is Caused by these weakened institution is caused by this weakening of the possibilities of growth But at the same time it limits the ability of countries to have a new growth things new entrepreneurial activities and so on because Of the loss of Innovative people who migrate Okay, in other words the crisis simply weakens The ability of countries to respond to the crises What's rent by that? Yeah So can I go to minus one yeah Yeah, so basically the the You know there is they had in economics has been a widespread view that your crises are cathartic And they are the precon precursor to developing new growth and so on Ideas first put for both Marx and Schumpeter Could that happen in Sub-Saharan Africa? Well from what I've said the answer is no, I think no it's not going to happen How could it happen well in principle it could happen by it's a well-worked-out state-led policy for economic diversification But from what I've said about the crisis weakening the institutional structure and the social cohesion Of countries and that state-led policy for economic diversification is Seems to be way out of reach There's a body of work in in in economics of called finance for development and in in The finance and development work. There's a big view that you know the good studies, which I would like very much That seemed to show that well actually you have a strong financial if you have a well-developed financial system That enables you to recover from shocks because it enables people to be able to finance new enterprises and move from one industry to another And thereby generate a new kind of economic growth and so on In fact, that's that's Not happening That the financial systems in sub-Saharan Africa are not able to do that and I'm skeptical as to whether they ever can Okay, so I have to leave you with the pessimistic note that I've ever run my time Is it under is my pessimism unjustified? Is it simply pessimism of the intellect and optimism of something else? Well, I leave you to decide that. Thank you very much You


Motorola and Samsung have both announced new foldable flip phones. Now, as you've been spending a lot of time recently with both of these phones, how do they stack up to each other? The Moto Razer Plus figured out how to use a small screen on the front of a device way better than Samsung figured out with the Flip 5. The Razer Plus, which you almost never have to open the device unless you want to. On the flip, the amount of times you will see something saying, well, open the phone for this. Trying to defeat the purpose. But Moto, since I think they have less to lose, they're like, go for it. It can go inside, outside. We don't care. The software implementation on the Razer is better at this point, but as a piece of hardware, the Flip 5, I'm just basically it's one software update from being like perfect or almost perfect. But yeah, so hardware wise, I think the Flip 5 is amazing. I think software wise that the Moto has figured out the right way to go from inside to outside and back.


Listen, okay, we just got back from Hong Kong a couple days ago Please tell me by the way that this says I love Hong Kong and not like I love something really different We're still like incredibly jet lag like I don't know where I am But all I know is that my dogs are desperately in need of exercise Kermit stepped on a bee yesterday. He went to the vet like it's it's a lot right now And they really just want to get out. This is how bad peach needs exercise. I Feel like I'm on the surface of the moon because I don't know what day it is or where I am This was a trend on YouTube like four months ago when people were like I let my dog walk me for a day So I feel like I don't have a choice today. Do I Kermit? Maybe it's not gonna be a very exciting video, but I think it's worth a try, right? Do you think so?  Come here Marble, are you doing laundry?  Oh, Kermit, do you want to go for a ride first? It's the best day ever. Oh So because it is still pretty hot out, I'm bringing my custom water Are you a kid, Marble? Yeah, I'm a kid Gry boy Did you step on a bee yesterday? So we brought them somewhere that they've never been Marble, are you excited to sit and watch? Great, Kurt's not crying. We're here All right, guys, start walking Honey, y'all I'm interested to see if they like work together On where to go or if they're gonna start going in different directions It's like walking two dolphins, you know They're also sighthounds so if anyone sees a squirrel We're going towards it That's what y'all need Training Oh My God It's all over its own feet Kermit, you're nasty Peach was going to lead the way because she's the one who tugs on the leash Yeah Joke yourself, bud Marble, how many steps have you gotten in so far?  All right, guys Come on Decide I stand with my dog spreading She's like too insecure to fit You have a lot of choices, baby girl Where are we going? Oh, back this way It's so funny because every walk we take They're always trying to go like 50 different directions Yeah, now we've given them the liberty Hello? I'm trying to squeeze She keeps, like, wanting to cross the street All right, we can go When did I ever teach her to just cross the street? I don't think we can go in here, Peach Why not? It's like a school The gates are wide open Peach, you going to get learned?  See, trick-or-treating That's what he does He's supposed to go trick-or-treating Well, Peach wants to cross Again?   Isn't that your house? Where are we Peachy? Where are we going? I want to walk in the middle of the road I think they're just following the smells Which is why it makes absolutely no sense where we're going Peach, I don't think it's a very good place to stop Peachy girl Why are we standing in the road?  This is why you guys need mommy and daddy to plan your walks Because this one sucks There's some other dogs back there that they are now distracted by Oh, that's Kermit's distracted place Marble's just going to sit here and bark Yeah They don't really want to meet the other dogs But they do want to look at them You're so friendly What's your name? It's been like a half an hour And we've circled around a block No, we've circled around two separate blocks But opposite ways There's no rhyme or reason to what we're doing Guys, now's your chance This is what you always want We're aiming to go outside and go for a walk And now we're just standing here Peachy wants to cross Guys, private property Hello, we have security Water It's water I guess we're just going to stand here for a while We have abruptly stopped Why?    Return Well, we have found out that Kermit is beta As hell He just wants to follow whoever is leading Oh, shit It's a daring maneuver There he goes He's really on a mission right now This is why I say Marbles is slow at walking Because anytime there's somewhere that he can pee on Is where we stop Followers He sees dogs He might pick up the pace here He knows where they are Oh, he forgot Imagine feeling like the most intense primal rage inside you And not knowing why That's his life When Marble chooses the walk It's just wherever those dogs are going The lack of that person enjoying their day We've dragged Marble away from there Oh That whole interaction Just really took it right out of him I will say Marbles is doing a much better job Than I had anticipated Or than the Aggies He's just being assertive He has no idea why he wants to go somewhere But he really knows he wants to go somewhere I feel kind of bad that I underestimated him They need their leader He's scared of nothing and everything at the same time I think one conclusion he can draw Is that every dog likes jaywalking I will say we've gotten farther With letting Marbles lead Than in with the hour with the Aggies Where are we going? He wants to stand now I'm making a scene a little creepy here Anytime you want to keep him moving He starts to use peeing one drop on a bush As an excuse to rest That is the most sure Yet unsure of himself animal I've ever seen At least he doesn't trick or treat He's not constantly trying to go into people's houses Yeah, he respects privacy He's not a trespasser I legitimately don't know where we are Me either He's such an unlikely hero of the day I agree Marble You could have taken him You took him Like he stalked that man From behind And then ran away and fell Let him Hey no, this isn't our yard Marble Marble We're letting Marbles lead We've found ourselves back at the center section This is where you put him down, right? Yeah They like carry your pigeons They can only find their way back Marbles uses the art of rage To find his way back home And another jaywalk This is my favorite though When he starts to get tired He doesn't like slow down Looks so much better Yeah, they're not decision makers They're very aloof Like when people meet them They're that kind of dog that just sort of looks around And you're like, hello, acknowledge me, I'm meeting you I'm like, I'm sorry, they're just weird Marbles is not He meets you and has a very strong first impression of you He is, he's a decision maker Alright, I guess we're going to have another one of those stands Marbles has decided That we're making a stark about things If I knew that that's what they wanted To walk in one direction and then just promptly turn around And walk the other We'd walk them more like that, right?    Marble got scared of a beware of dog sign Because he thought the sign was a dog And you guys want to go back home Marbles is trying to find a couch Desperately But he refuses to sit down outside Like none of them are that dog that will ever be comfortable Enough to sit outside They only wait till we get home Come here Are you happy? Are you guys so happy? This is the best part of making a video like this to me Is that they are just like so happy Like usually Wednesdays aren't very fun for them Because we're filming And then I sit and edit And it's like kind of a boring day for them And they had like a really fun Wednesday With mommy and daddy today Are you happy, Kerm? Kerm, you're like really happy, huh? Excessive though Kermit That's a lot of swimming Yeah, you got a bee sting yesterday And had a bad day But today was a good day, huh?


Yes, now we will have some closing remarks. Mr Tony Addison, Research Director for UNU Wider, very welcome up. What did we learn? What was the story of our day today? Well, I think the first thing we learned was that information is power. Power to affect change that protects the environment, combat climate change, supports poverty reduction, and indeed the ministers amplified those points in the preceding remarks. We learned that aid is becoming greener, that's good news. The bilaterals are leading, but perhaps at the cost of multilateral action, are they taking too much away from multilateral effort with all its benefits of coordination? I think that's an interesting question that we leave on the table for you today, particularly if you work in aid agencies. We learned today that aid has successors, over time the aid community has learned a great deal about environment and climate change. Investment in environmental regulations, renewable energy, and many other ways. For example, the support of donors over the years to reforms, and the reforms that must come, for example, the ending of fossil fuel subsidies, as Minister Frisbark emphasized. And we learned that these donor efforts work best, as our participant from Uganda said, when there is strong community involvement, and then we're going to see more poverty reduction as well, and strong government commitment, and increasingly we've seen that work in Africa. But there are successes, but there are a lot of weaknesses. What have we got to move forward on? There's a forest of financial instruments. We had one slide from our colleague from UNDP which showed a veritable undergrowth, a thicket of all of these different financial instruments that developing countries have to find their way through to get finance. And that thicket, those instruments are very weakly rooted in the multilateral system. They're in effect not rooted well, for example, because of the absence of effective mechanisms of climate change taxation, or enough bilateral support to multilateral effort. We learned that green private investment is very cost effective, and is the way forward increasingly of the future. We know that there is more green financial investment in total, in climate change, exception, mitigation, and the environment, but it's very much confined to the middle income countries, the emerging countries, the richer countries themselves. We need to see much more happening in the low income countries. One participant reminded us that the licks today receive almost the same amount of private finance for these areas of concern as they did ten years ago, and that isn't very much at all. So for them, the promises of international action, of greater commitment, ring somewhat hollow, and aid cannot fill that gap. The demands for climate change finance are so large. We know that to get more private finance into the environment area, the climate change area, we have to reduce investment risk. This investment risk that holds back the adoption of renewables in many cases, because they have larger upfront costs than existing traditional technologies of energy production, such as coal-fired power plants. And renewable investment is very sensitive to the cost of capital investment capital. And so there's a great role for public action, public action at the national level, public action at the global level, action through aid, to reduce the cost of private capital, to reduce investment risk. We learned today that environmental aid and climate change finance, particularly through the RED Plus initiative, which in many ways has been an excellent initiative and is having results and impact, must learn, though, from the past, from both past aid success and past failure. Payment by results is not necessarily as straightforward as many policy makers imagine it to be. And we know that inducing reform through commitments of aid is not always successful as we would hope. So in a sense, there needs to be a much more of a connection between action and environmental aid and what we know from development aid past and present. We know that developing country agriculture is important for us all, not just for developing countries. We learned that. We learned that the next 50 years is particularly crucial in pushing up crop yields, as we're seeing great success in the last 30 or 40 years. Otherwise, we will see agricultural growth coming from acreage with its associated deforestation. That's a real challenge for aid and the donor community and the developing countries going forward. We learned that green energy needs to serve the poor. They are, in a sense, off the grid. They're off the grid politically, not just off the grid from the electricity system or the water system. And as far as we can do that, we can get them on to the grid, we can get them on to the grid energy-wise and politically-wise. Well, actually, we reinforce the achievement of the MDGs, which is a point that Minister Carlson was also making earlier. We learned that we need to spread environmental governance from where it is, sometimes confined just to environmental ministries, which do need strengthening, but we need to have a whole-of-government approach. We need to spread it across government strategy. We need to be working more with civil society, and that will provide new opportunities for donors themselves. We learned that aid cannot save the planet alone. Aid can only be effective if it is within the context of investment in global public goods, particularly agricultural research, and in international environmental conventions and their implementation. In that regard, we need much more action around global carbon markets, the pricing of carbon, the pricing of environmental externalities that are bad for the planet and bad for poor people, and that will increase the reliability of aid, as well as providing a stream of financial resources for investment in the country's concern. One of our colleagues, I think it was a colleague from Norway, mentioned John Lennon. John Lennon said many things, of course he said power to the people, but actually one of my favorite quotes from Lennon runs something like this, which is, Lennon said, living is easy when your eyes are closed, right? He could have actually said, living is easy when your minds are closed, because yes, it would be easy if we closed our eyes to environment, climate change, the challenges that we have. If we closed our minds, some people do. Some people still conceptualize development as some sort of business, as usual, of 50, say years ago, of heavy capital accumulation, oh, we don't worry about soil fertility or yields or renewable energy, right? Close the minds, close the eyes. Well, I hope today that your eyes have been open to some of the fascinating research that RECOM and other initiatives are producing. From the wider side, we would very much like to thank our colleagues in CEDA for being very good hosts for us, to our colleagues in DINEDA, who partner with us and CEDA and DEES, our colleagues in DEES in the RECOM initiative. I'd like to thank our excellent moderator Sharon, who has sustained us through the day. Our speakers who have come from far and wide, you, the audience in the room and online in the world today, and we'd like you to invite you to learn more about RECOM at the website and to read about the fascinating research, which is involved not only wider but also DEES and over now 200 people across the world. So we come back to what Finn said at the very outset this morning. Aid is too complex a business for one person to simply conceptualize it. We need everybody's thoughts in this process, and this is what RECOM is about. So thank you very much.