I'm Kathleen Alfiero and I'm the president of Celebrate Me, a nonprofit that supports educational projects that are uplifting and supportive to young people. And I'm here with Katie today to talk about painting for a purpose. Painting for a purpose is a wonderful project that combines the interest and understanding of the gift of art with education and helps youth contribute to their communities. And Katie, you are one of the recipients of the grants that is used and the money gained from an auction once a year where people paint and kids and adults paint and beautiful things are auctioned off and the money then is given to people like you. So can you tell us a little bit about yourself? I'm 17. I attend PAVs and I go to the early childhood program and I worked at Wolfsnack and I really just want to kind of get the kids involved in all of it. Yeah, so you're pretty interested in young people in particular like pre-K kids. Yeah, I'm like if I could make a career out of farming and teaching then it definitely would be something I do. Can you tell us a little bit about your project that excites you? Well, working at, like I guess a little background, working at Wolfsnack, we are very involved with the public so we worked with the little summer campers and teaching them and just then switching to the kids at PAVs. They don't really know a lot like they live in the city and they don't know like the whole farm experience so I thought it would be a great idea to kind of get them exposed and have them a little bit more, give them more knowledge than just, you know, looking at a picture of a cow instead of actually like seeing one and petting it. And I think I understand that your project has a lot to do with the appreciation of good nutrition. Yes, my, it's harder for kids to understand the whole nutritious what's good and what's bad and where food comes from. So I thought if they got the opportunity to look at a farm and see this is where your food comes from then it would help them understand that factory foods, factory processed foods aren't as nutritious as farm foods. So what will happen with the grant monies? What will the kids do? They're going on a field trip to Wolfsnack Farm which is where we are. And they're, they're milking goats and going on a hay ride to tour the farm and see how big it is. And they planted seeds and they got to learn the life cycle of an egg. Ooh, exciting. And you're excited about it so how are you going to help them to become excited? What is it that you're going to bring to it? Well, we're doing a four week unit on Things That Grow so we're just giving them exciting projects about how they can, I mean they planted grass seeds on Monday and they're, we're just giving them projects to like get them excited about. When you heard that you got the grant, what did that feel like? It felt really good. I was like jumping in my chair. It was exciting to know that I could make a difference. And let's talk a little bit about that even if what? Even if they get small, it's not small. Yeah, talk about that. Nothing is small, huh? Yeah, I thought like it's just one class. It's 18 preschoolers. It might not, they might not get as much as it, as they want, I want them to but like on the bus ride here some of the kids just on the way were like, oh wow that's a big tree. I've never seen one that big before. So just the experience of it is like a whole different world and it's not changing all of the school but it's changing just one classroom. How did you feel when they were getting excited? I felt really good. I was like, yay.  Yeah, I didn't really think I was a leader until this year when I was working with the kids and I realized I was a big role model to them and I'm giving them the knowledge that I got when I was little. How does it feel to know that you absolutely have good ideas and that people are listening to your good ideas? It feels good because most junior high school girls are like, oh no one's listening to me, I can't do anything but can. Yeah, would you like more people to understand about this? Yeah, because there's not, agriculture and good nutrition are tied and not a lot of people understand what they're eating and it would be great for people to just understand and not just go to the grocery store and pick up some carrots and not know the whole process. I have another company that's called Appreciation Unlimited and I'm thinking about the title of my company when you're talking because what I'm hearing you say is that you do appreciate what you have to offer and at the same time you appreciate the enthusiasm that you're influencing through your own enthusiasm. You understand that life is about fun. Do you have fun? Are you having fun? Oh yeah. Fun is what we do at the farm, it equally as fun as we do work. So how will you know when your project has made a difference? When I just hear someone say like, oh this is like a healthy food and this one isn't or we learned this at the farm and just kind of not even them telling me but hear them tell a peer or just share the information, it's never really done it's just always going to keep expanding. Are you inspired to keep coming up with new ideas as a result of this? Yeah, I definitely am. Yeah. And what are you thinking about? I'm not sure yet. I'm going to keep thinking and maybe if I go to a different school I can do something similar. And as this progresses you'll get more and more ideas and more and more enthusiasm and it will spread and joy spreads. And you are delightful and I am excited for you for all of this and I'm particularly excited that painting for a purpose about the arts is allowing you to express yourself this way. Congratulations. Thank you.


السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم والصلاة والسلام على سيدنا وشفيعنا وحبيبنا وقائدنا وقرّة عيوننا سيدنا ونبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم يا ربنا لك الحمدك ما ينبغي لجلال وجمك وعظيم سلطانك اللهم افتح لنا افتوح العارفين اللهم معلمنا ما ينفعنا ونفعنا بما علمتنا يا الرحمن الرحيمين today inshallah we will talk about one of the unique pearls in Islam one of the mothers of the believers سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم السيدا ميمونة بنت الحارس رضي الله عنها الله سبحانه وتعالى ريديو من صورة الأحزاب آية 50 ومرأة مؤمنة وهبت نفسها للنبيي اراد النبي يؤيس تنكحها among the lawful women that Allah counted in this Surah in Surat Al-Ahzab and a believing woman if she gives herself to the Prophet if he wishes to marry her so this is the key point about أم المؤمنين ميمونة بنت الحارس إلينا عائشة رضي الله عنها says she talked about a seed of my moon I think she was amongst the most pious of us كانت والله اتقانا ووصلنا للرحمن and she was the most who connects her kinship so she swore about that so who is ميمونة رضي الله عنها ميمونة رضي الله عنها هي أم المؤمنين the mother of a believer she was a fearful lady of Allah سبحانه وتعالى she was a wise lady she was a noble lady she was so content with Allah سبحانه وتعالى whatever he decrees on her her name was برخ بنت الحارس and she gave her the name ميمونة which means aspecious happy, joyful, favorable because he married her in a happy during a happy event during a blessed event and that was the event of مكة to perform عمرة and that was the first time after seven years when Quraysh when they migrated from مكة because of the bad torture they received from Quraysh her mom is هند بن تعوف هند بن تعوف بن زوهير بن الحارس and it is said that she was the mother-in-law with the best sons-in-law on earth أكرم عجوز في الأرض الأصحارة how's that? who are her in-laws سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم سيدنا أبو بكر السديق رضي الله عنه سيدنا حمزة سيدنا العباس حمزة أنا العباس are the sons of عبد المطلب the uncles of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم also her in-laws are جعفر وعلي the sons of أبي طالب the cousins they are the cousins of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and there were other honorable people honorable men of Quraysh so this is أمو ميمونا the mother-in-law with the best sons-in-law on earth ميمونا's a sister is called أمو الفضل بنتو الحارف and she was the wife of العباس عبد المطلب so she was the wife of the uncle of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and she was the mother of his children and she was أمو الفضل was the first woman خديجة رضي الله عنها to announce the Shahada and that was of the woman of course so what is recognized about أمو الفضل إسلام records something very important for أمو الفضل that she hit أبو اللهب you know the enemy of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم his uncle and that was when when the people in مكة learned about the defeat of قرش in the battle of بدر أبو اللهب got so angry in here he said so many bad words and he was so angry because of that so when أمو الفضل when her servants so how what happened to أبو اللهب he got so happy at that time أبو اللهب severely that it was about to kill him when أمو الفضل so that she took one of the big sticks that was close to her and she lifted up with both hands and she hit أبو اللهب with all the power she got so she she opened his skull and he was bleeding severely and when he went home he was so humiliated he was so noisy he barely he he would be able to walk and because of that hit strong hit it was only 7 days until he got a very contagion sickness it was called and it was just a few days later that he died but because of that his sickness that he got everybody got away from him even his wife and his son so this was the first sister of أمو الفضل of ميمونا رضي الله عنها the wife of the second sister was أخوزيما and she was the wife of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and the mother the mother of the poor the mother of the needy and that was her nickname of course she just married سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم for a few months and she passed away the third of her sisters was أسمى أبن تعوميس the wife of جعفر بن أبي طالب and after جعفر رضي الله عنه passed away she married سيدنا أبو بكر رضي الله عنه and after him she married سيدنا علي the fourth of her sisters was سلمى بن تعوميس and سلمى was the wife of حمزة رضي الله عنه the uncle of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم so now let's talk a little bit about سيدة ميمونا before سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and she was married from أبي روحاني بن عبد العز العامري and he passed away and she was still very young so she was a widow living next to her sister أم الفضل as the wife of العبان سبن عبد المطب she was 26 when she was we did and she decided to live her life away from the from the happiness from the attractions of this life she was so wanted by so asked for by suitors but she did not want to get married days passed, time passed years passed 6 months, 6 years passed until سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم left مكة and lived in مدينة for so many years and we know that so many battles happened and there were so many victories for سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and the the last one was the the conquering of خيبر and after سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم wanted to go to مكة and to do عمر so he went with his army with his people with the Muslims but Quraysh did not allow him and they signed a contract with him and it was called and so the treaty of حديبية and in that a treaty it was supposed that سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم would go back this year with his companions and they will not perform any umrah the next year they could perform the umrah so time flies one year later سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم because they are going to مكة to perform umrah and they got there everyone of the non-believers they ran away to their homes so مكة was empty for them and the Muslims were so happy they were all crying in one voice this is what we say what we do before prayers of aid and after the prayers so the Muslims were very happy because الله سبحانه وتعالى has fulfilled the promise when he promised them in سورة الفتح آية 27 الله سبحانه وتعالى سيد لقد صدق الله رسوله الرؤية بالحق so الله سبحانه وتعالى has certainly a vision in truth لتدخلن المسجد الحرام إن شاء الله أمين so it was the a dream that that they are entering مكة so الله سبحانه وتعالى has showed his messenger that the vision is truth so you will surely enter المسجد الحرام with your wills in safety محلقين رؤوسكم ومقصرين with your heads shaved so either shaved completely or partially لا تخافون not fearing anyone فعليما ما لم تعلم so الله سبحانه وتعالى what you did not know فجعل فجعل من دون ذلك فتح قريبة الله has arrived before that a conquest near so everyone was happy to be in Mecca and they rushed to the Kaaba and they did the Tawaf سيد محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم after that pray two rak'as at the station of Ibrahim عليه السلام and then the Muslims went out to Safa and Marwah to perform the Sa'ee so that day was not a normal day مدقى was shining with the lights of fairness with the lights of justice so those of the non-believers the few people whom they did not run away they were looking at سيد محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and the companions while they were doing the Tawaf very happily so also the ladies were looking at the group of سيد محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and his companions also and they were so happy with what was happening so سيد محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم was promised to come back and here there he is with his companions everyone in مدقى was so happy looking at سيد محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم of course that he's the Muslims that they were there so within this group of people who all felt so happy there was an honorable woman one of the Ladies of Quraish she was looking at everything that's happening not only with her eyes but also with her inside eyes she was bright she was looking and her mind was understanding what's happening and why it's happening what's the reason because it's happening her insight was bright because she was seeing the divine light that was pushing and that was moving all those Muslims and those Muslims who were supporting who supported their Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and everyone was so happy she was one of them that she she was happy because of Allah سبحانه وتعالى what he said in the Quran about in سورة البقرة i. 129 when he talked about the call of سيدنا إبراهيم عليه السلام when he asked when he made the prayer ربنا وبعث فيه oh Allah oh our Lord and send among them a messenger from themselves يتلو عليهم آياتك ويعلمهم الكتابة والحكمة ويزكيهم this messenger will recite to them your verses and teach them the book and wisdom and purify them إنك أنت العزيز الحكيم indeed you are the exalted in might you are the wise so this honorable lady was watching what was happening she was at one of the windows of the house of العباس ابن عبد المطلب the husband of her sister she was next to her sister she was watching سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and the companions very happily so أم الفضل at that time she got the idea of having the honor of marrying سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and of being a mother to the believers she thought about this idea again and again and she found it okay there is nothing that would prevent her from fulfilling this dream so she was next to her sister when she told him when she told her that look أم الفضل this is what I have in mind in now a second أم الفضل went to her husband العباس and she she told him about her sister's wish so سيدنا العباس went to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and he told he told him so he told his nephew that برا has given herself to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم to him and الله سبحانه وتعالى immediately revealed the idea ومرأة مؤمنة إوهبت نفسها للنبي إن أراد النبي يؤمس تيكي ههه so I believe I believe if if she gives herself to the prophet he wishes to marry her so العباس came back and his his face the features showed happiness and برضه رضي الله عنه so that happiness on العباس but he was waiting eagerly just to hear his voice his reply his answer and he told her that سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she accepted her offer so with this her mom became أكرما جوز في الأرض أصهارة the the best woman in on earth to have the best mother-in-law in with the best sons-in-law on earth the three days past of this one's the how long they were to stay in Mecca what they agreed upon so these three days passed very quickly and the two two messengers of Quraish came to him to say the Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم asking him to leave with his companions سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم said what about if you leave me and I will have my wedding here and we will cook food and you will share the food of course سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم wanted to gain more time in Mecca and his aim was also not only for his companions and himself but also that the non-believers will have will see them more and that will touch their hearts so they would know that they were stubborn they were envious they were hate they hated Islam but they would know that there is nothing but Islam so they refused and they said we don't need your food so just leave of course سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم fulfilled his promise and the one who was in charge just called the Muslims and asked them we are leaving and سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم left with his companions and he and they went on their way to so when they got when they left about a few miles away from Mecca it was a place called Saif so سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and got married to and he called her he changed her name from so سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم entered the house of as one of the mothers of the believers and she lived with the the other mothers of the believers she lived in her home she was so happy that الله سبحانه وتعالى has given her the honor to be of the wives of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم there was not a single event that there was a problem between her and the other mothers of the believers she was just a worshipper of Allah thanking him that الله سبحانه وتعالى has given her the honor of marrying the best of the creatures سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم when سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم was on his deathbed he was at the house of سيدنا ميمون رضي الله عنه so he asked her and he asked all his wives that he is to be moved to the house of عائش رضي الله عنه and of course all of them agreed to that and سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم when he passed away ميمون رضي الله عنه lived years after him she lived worshipping الله سبحانه وتعالى she was very honest she was very kind and she she was the mother of the believers who narrated so many hadiths for سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and she asked that when she gets married she wanted to be buried in the same place where she got married to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and that was the place called as I just mentioned when she passed away رضي الله عنه in the year 51 هجري and she was eight years old her nephew سيدنا عبد الله ابن عباس led the prayer and he fulfilled her wish and she was buried in سرف so this was the last of the mothers of the believers who got married to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم who passed away and buried in the same place where she got married to him so now with the time left let me have a summary of the wives of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and we start of course with خديجة بن تهويلد رضي الله عنه سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم when people belied him she supported سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم when people opposed him she supported him emotionally and she supported him with her wealth she was the first of people to say the Shahada she was the mother of the children of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم فاطمة زينا بأرقية أم قلثوم والقاسم رضي الله عنهم جميعا she was given the glad tidings of الجنة and she got the honor of the of receiving a salam from a greeting from الله سبحانه وتعالى she passed away when she was 65 years old her death caused an illness to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she lived with him 25 years he never got married again with her and he married 3 years after her and she was buried in Al-Hajri the second wife was and she married سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم 3 years after سيدنا خديجة رضي الله عنها she was taking care of his family and she died at the time of سيدنا عمر ابن الخطاب the third of his wives was رضي الله عنها she was so loved to sayidna محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم when sayidna محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she passed away she was 18 years old she was the a very important person to go back to if there is a matter that was problematic to the Sahaba how would they solve it what would happen how they can deal with it so they would go to Allah and they would get her advice she died in Ramadan 17 of Ramadan in the year 85 and she was 67 years old then the fourth wife was رضي الله عنها سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم صلى الله عليه وسلم she got married to her and after her husband passed away in the battle of أحود he passed after her sometime because of his wounds in the battle and she was known for her knowledge for her eloquency and she narrated 60 of the Hadith of Sayyidina Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم she was a person who was so wise and the Sahaba would go back to her for advice also she passed when she was 60 years old in the year 45 Hijra then we have رضي الله عنها سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم married her but it was the shortest marriage for سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم because only a few months and she lived with سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم for a few months only and she died when she was 30 years old she was known and she was given the title of أم المساكين because of her kindness to the poor, the needy, the widows and the orphans she witnessed she participated in this with Bader and she was giving the care and attention to the why to the wounded of the army the wounded men of the army of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم then we have أم مسلمة هند بنت أبي أمي بن المغير and the unique thing about أم مسلمة when her husband passed away she asked الله سبحانه وتعالى اللهم اخلفني خيرا منها يا الله give me the reward of my being patient for this calamity and replace me a better one replace me a better husband so Allah سبحانه وتعالى honored her with marrying سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she was known with her lots of knowledge she narrated so much of the narrations of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم when she was 90 years old at the year 59 of Hijrah and she was the last she was as I mentioned 90 years old when she passed away then we have سيدنا بن تجاحش and she was the cousin of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم her mom was سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she was married to زيد ابنو حارث who was known at one time to be زيد ابنو محمد so when Zaid divorced her الله سبحانه وتعالى ordered سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم to marry her and she was always so proud of that when she got married to سيدنا محمد but I was married by Allah سبحانه وتعالى over seven heavens سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم gave her the glad tidings that she would be the first of his wives to follow him to pass away then we had جواري ابنو الحارث and she was of the people of the tribe ابنو المستلق her father was the leader he wanted to fight سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم so he did it was a very very big victory to say the Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم they were defeated ابنو المستلق were defeated and سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم there were 700 people of her tribe that were captured she asked سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم to help her paying her the money to relieve herself from being asleep but say the Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم said to her isn't there anything better than this and she said what is that and he said I will marry you all the money that you have to pay so she accepted and the 700 people of her tribe were released she was a very a very good worshipper of Allah سبحانه و تعالى she would be fasting a lot and doing lots of Qiyam and she was good to the poor also she passed away in the year 50 then we have her father was one of the leaders of the Jewish and he was known a very knowledgeable person in his tribe on the day of خيبر سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم killed her father and her husband and at the end of that day when everything settled so سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she proposed to her that you either marry me you either become a Muslim and I will marry you or you go back you stay on your religion you go back and you follow your people she she didn't want to go back of course no one is there for her her father died her husband died so she decided to marry سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم told her when the other leaders of the believers when one of them said to her you are a daughter of a Jewish person she said سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم told her tell her I am the daughter of the prophet the mother my uncle is a prophet and my husband is a prophet سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم was so kind to her because she was she had no family no one around her and none of her people were around her and she died in the year 1952 of hijrah then we talked about أم محبيبة and she was the closest to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she was his cousin and when سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم wanted to marry her he sent to for that because she was in an abyssinia when her husband did not want to be to complete as a Muslim so he was sized and her got her married he was the one who got the contract for her with سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم she was the most of his wives with a dowry it was 400 دينار and she passed away in the year 1944 of hijrah then we have ميمونة بن تلحارث and we just talked about her that she was the sister of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم the wife of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم about her سيد عائشة رضي الله عنها كانت اتقانا لله وأوصلنا للرحيم so she was the most pious of us and the most of us who would connect her the kinship she passed away when she was 81 years old and that was in the year 51 hijrah and she was married in Saif next to Mecca very close to Mecca a few miles away from Mecca and that was the place where she got married to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم so those were the 11 wives of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم two of them passed away when he was when he was alive and those were of course سيد خديجة رضي الله عنها and السيد زينا بنته زيما رضي الله عنه now we might ask someone what about ماريا القبطية ماريا القبطية was the mother of إبراهيم the son of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم so someone might say why she wasn't why she wasn't called one of the believers of one of the mothers of the believers of the Muslims so ماريا القبطية was who was gifted to سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم by the king of Egypt and that happened we'll talk about that briefly سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم sent a letter to the king of المقوقس with و with the letter said بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم من محمد رسول الله إلى المقوقس عظيم القبط so from محمد the messenger of Allah to the king of the Christians the greatest leader of the Christians سلام على من اتباع الهدى peace upon those who follow the right path أما بعد فإني أدعوك بدعوة الإسلام I am calling you to Islam أسلم تسلم يؤتيك الله أجرك مرتين بي مسلم you will be safe and Allah سبحانه و تعالى when the word you double so المقوقس to the letter of محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم he honored the letter he put it in a special place and he was good to حاتي مبن أبي بلطع and he sent a letter himself to say the محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم and he said to him بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم لمحمد ابن عبد الله to من المقوقس سلام عليك peace be upon you أما بعد فقد قرأت كتابك أو فهمت ما ذكرت فيه وما تدعو إلي I read your letter and I understood what is in it and I understood what you are calling for وقد علمت أن نبيا بقي I know that there is a loss of the prophets وكنت أظن أنه يخرج بالشان and I thought that he would be رفيلت شام في this area وقد أكرمت رسولك I was good to your messenger بلطع وبعثت لك بجاريتين لهما مكان في القبط عظيم so I sent with him سليف وومن and they have a very high rank with us and their names was بارية بينتو شمعون واختوها سيرين بينتو شمعون so I sent you these two slaves and I sent you clothes وبيكسور بغلطة لتركبها and I also sent you دونكي so you would برايت it وسلام عليكم so these two slaves were crying all the way when they were traveling they were traveling from Egypt to Medina they were scared, they didn't know what's going to happen to them so Halte قلت لهم حجر رضي الله عنها the wife of سيدنا إبراهيم and how she قتل almost all the way until the same way almost until she arrived in Medina so he was telling them her story how she traveled and how she was the wife of a prophet and how she got how she delivered a prophet also her son اسمعين so when they were about to enter Medina ماريا and her sister سيرين they became Muslim سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم accepted the gift ماريا and he gifted her a sister to Hassan Al-Bruthabit who married her so knowing that she came from Egypt and Egypt has the Nile river it's all greenery and it's so nice so سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم got her to live in a place called العوالي and it is said that سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم is a place where it opens to the farms of palm trees so ماريا was of ملكل يمين and ملكل يمين is the slaves they are the those whom so they were of the captives captured slaves or they were of those who were built as slaves so these are these are the type of women whom her master can can have relationship with her without marrying her officially but this relationship should be announced so out of this relationship ماريا delivered سيدنا إبراهيم رضي الله وحن and at that time all his the children سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم passed away so except for فاطمة رضي الله وعنها so زينا بروخية ومكالثوم and their brother القاسم they were all dead at that time except for فاطمة الزهرة رضي الله وعنها and it was known that when إبراهيم عليه السلام was sick he was dying and his سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم came to him and he he took him in his lab and he said إن العينة إن العينة تدمع والقلب يحزن والقلب يحزن ولا نقول إلا ما يرضي ربنا ولا نقول إلا ما يرضي ربنا وإنا بفراقك وإنا بفراقك يا إبراهيم لمحزن so and this means that when of course this was the words of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم that the eye weeps and the heart grieves but we say only what our lord is pleased with which is إِنَّ لِلَّهُ إِنَّ إِنَّ إِلَّهِ رَجِعُونَ and we are grieved for you إبراهيم سيدة فاطمة رضي الله عنها سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم was so sad and with the death of her brother إبراهيم and she was very sad for that so this was a list of the vibes of the vibes of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم we ask الله سبحانه وتعالى to unite us all the mothers of the believers to unite us all with them under the banner of سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم so with this session we come to the end to an end of this series the pearls of Islam the mothers of the believers the wives of and until we meet again in another series إن شاء الله سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم وسلم ورحمة الله وبركاته


Hi guys, and welcome back to this video. Let's talk about talking, let's talk about talking to intubated patients. A couple of weeks ago, I was getting an intubated patient who was sedated and whatnot cleaned up and a doctor walked into the room and I was like explaining things to the patient, okay, you know, we're gonna turn you on your left side.   He's like, that's wonderful to see. And in my head, I was kind of like, doesn't everyone? But then the fact that he said it, I guess not. So I thought, let's talk about this and kind of some of the things that I like to say and just if this is not an area that you're familiar with, let's chat. So I am an ICU nurse. I've been an ICU nurse for almost four years, I believe. And so I feel like intubated patients, like they're my jam, I just, like most of my patients are intubated. And I like to talk to them just as if I was talking to a patient who could talk back to me. If you've taken care of an intubated patient before, there's a big range of what they may or may not understand. Their sedation level, I've had patients who are intubated and wide awake and writing to me. And I've had patients who are like a wrasse of negative four, negative five, paralyzed, super sedated.  I like to still talk to my patients regardless of whatever their sedation level is, as if they can hear me and understand me. I've never personally been intubated or in the ICU, but I can only imagine that if you were restrained with a breathing tube down your throat in having some sedation and you've got people who are turning you, boosting you, giving you a shot, injecting things down your tube, being right there in your face, shining a light in your eyes to check your pupils, how scary that can be. And you just never know how much someone understands. Even if they have sedation, a lot of times patients won't really remember what's going on, but I have had patients that remember a lot of what's going on. For example, I had a patient probably two years ago who was still on some sedation, but was able to communicate with me when I asked questions with yes or no. And he was just seemed very, very anxious and I was trying to figure out what he needed, basing off of yes and no questions because he couldn't write. And finally we figured out that he wanted me to call his wife, he was scared. And even though this patient was still on some sedation that should have made him forget, weeks later the patient came back to the ICU walking and thanked me for trying to figure out what he was trying to say and calling his wife because he was just super scared and anxious. And it's kind of sad that sometimes as nurses, we don't really go that extra bit to try and figure out what our intubated patients want because it can be a very trialing thing. But anyways, I'm getting off of off topic here. Talking to intubated patients. Really, really try to talk to your intubated patients as if they are not sedated, as if they understand everything you say. It also helps families when you're saying things to the patient like, oh, okay, I'm gonna turn your head a little bit here.  I know you don't really like it but it's important because it prevents pneumonia when you have a breathing tube and just really explain things and elaborate and talk to them as if they're a human being because you can only imagine how scared someone would be if they wake up and they're being gagged by a tube, they're restrained down to a bed. Sounds like we're getting into either a really crazy movie or a horror movie. This is something that may not feel very natural to you at first and that's okay. With time and practice, it'll get easier. Trust me, it'll be much easier if you just practice talking to your patients and just as if you would talk to someone who is mentally handicapped even if they couldn't talk to you back. Same thing with intubated patients. If you get anything from this video, I hope that you just get out of it that it's important to talk to your patients, especially if they're intubated and don't be scared. And if you are scared, it's okay. It'll get easier and just practice. If you guys are needing more help with ICU related topics, remember that I have a course that I helped write with Katie Cleaver called Breakthrough ICU. The link is always in the description box below. Also make sure you're subscribed to my email list because I sent out lots of helpful emails in regards to a lot of these different topics. So yeah, I'll see you guys in my next video and I hope you enjoyed. Bye.


What's good YouTube today? I will be showing you guys how to create a Metamask wallet which is a digital wallet so you'll be able to purchase one of my nfts from the fishbowl here Club collection so without further ado, let's jump right to the video Okay, first thing you want to do you want to go to Google? Then you want to type in Metamask Metamask After you type in Metamask, you want to click this link at the top Then you want to hit download right here Save this to your web browser. So install Metamask to Chrome Go go to add to Chrome Add extension and what it's gonna do is gonna make it where it save it right here This world Metamask will be saved after it's finished Okay So now as we go right here, you see Metamask because we just saved it to the browser this little puzzle thing That's what we saved it to now. You want to go to get started? You want to go to create a wallet? I Agree you want typing you a little password, you know saying to create Next Now this part is very important This is the seed phrase they will give you and this seed phrase is pretty much a code that you share with Nobody the reason I'm sharing this code with you guys because this is a tutorial and I just want to show you the proper way To set up your thing, but this is a fake Metamask wallet. I'm setting up. I'm just this is just for Tutorial use only okay your seed phrase is pretty much This is something you have to keep safe if anybody get a hold of this code They will have control over your whole wallet So the only way to keep this safe once you're making your wallet You need to write this down on a piece of paper. Do not save this on The internet I repeat do not save it online you write it down on the sheet of paper So your sheet of paper cannot be hacked anything that's on the web can be hacked and activated If you write it on a piece of paper, you ain't got to worry about that. So write it down on a sheet of paper put it somewhere safe You probably need to go get a safe and put your seed phrase in a safe You know I'm saying this code makes sure nobody get their hands on this code So Okay, what I'm finna do I'm finna go get me a little piece of paper so I can write this code down Okay, I'll write my little seed phrase down What I'm gonna do is I'm gonna hit next and they're gonna ask me to place it in the order that I got it. So After you place your code exactly in the order you need to go just hit confirm all done Okay, now we are inside of the wallet first thing you want to do When you get inside this part right here, you want to click buy And then you want to click this top one right here and now you can connect and send funds From like your card, you know I'm saying so you put your card information right here You send how much money you want to put in a theorem from your card information And you should have money in your wallet and now all you have to do after that after you send money to your wallet You just click the link That's in the bottom of this video So after you added funds to your Yo, yo metamask wallet Then you can go to my website. The link is in the bio down below All you got to do is go down below and click the link it'll lead you straight to this page Well, you can purchase the NFT and you have to do it on your desktop guys You cannot purchase off your phone. You have to do this whole process on your desktop because Out of phone apps are down for I guess metamask I think they working on things for mobile and they trying to fix things But what you want to do you want to hit connect and soon as you hit connect It'll pull your wallet up right here You know I'm saying and then all you got to do is hit next Connect connect your wallet and then you know I'm saying by your NFT After you buy your NFT make sure you log out your wallet man.  You know I'm saying I like to make sure after I do everything I close Shit my wallet down.  That's all you got to type in and discord So you can be a part of the community and keep up with what's going on and always be updated We we got a nice community in there That's growing and we got a super cool roll map inside of there If you want to read more about it and see what these entities do and I will be telling y'all more about it on This page as well. So make sure you stay tuned and Join us on clubhouse. All you got to do is type in she world one two three four Or you can type in fishbowl head club and either way it go. It'll pull up You know I'm saying follow us on all platforms You know I'm saying we finna go to the moon man Appreciate y'all for watching. Make sure you stay tuned mohe come soon and we out this thing


Brainerd boys hockey is back in the top 10 of class 2a and rightfully so the lawyers have won seven of their last eight the only blemish at third rank Duluth East and how about the defense seven of those wins five of them have been shutouts and they keep it going tonight against stock rapids rising as the offense that was in full effect already up 6-1 arrest Weston Andrews the shot mason cruiser knocks it in for the goal I'll get them rolling next up it's Nick Karsnia driving he'll knock the Nate King for the goal warriors go up by seven and how about Jack Evans later makes this look so easy the wrist or top shelf that's a hat trick for him and finally Riley Andrews Cabrady Andrew Anderson the Weston Andrews makes it 10 to 1 Warriors all-brainer tonight look at this final 12 goals for the Warriors if you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS


Let's begin by closing your eyes and bringing your attention to your breath. No matter how stressed or anxious you feel, just leave everything aside and be in this moment. Focus on the pace and rhythm of your own breathing and let it carry you to a state of easy relaxation. Just worry everybody from a nursery student to a PhD candidate. Many people believe that a poor exam score reveal some fatal flaw in their personality. This is a fear that you do not need to carry with you. You are strong, intelligent and kind. And no single event defines you and specially not an exam score. Let this knowledge carry you in this visualization. Let us begin by visualizing the exam hall. Let the image of your surrounding appear in your mind.  Take a few moments to set up your space exactly how you will do it on the day of the exam. Find yourself looking at the imaginary watch and realizing that you have plenty of time. Make yourself comfortable and take a few deep breaths.  You are ready and capable of anything. In your mind's eye, the text administrator instructs you to look at the screen in front of you. You look at the computer screen and begin the exam. Feel that you are not worried. Any nervousness you may have felt up until this point simply melts away. You are here at this moment fully prepared and ready to show your mastery over the material you have learned.   You notice that your heartbeat calms down too. When you are ready, you fill your details on the computer screen and click on the start button. As you see the first question, a wave of happiness rolls over you. You know this question very well. You have studied long and hard to reach this point. As you click on the right answer, confidence surges through your veins. After hours of reading and note making, you are finally able to show yourself that you know the subject inside out. Imagine yourself taking the exam and relishing every new question and smiling to yourself at the absurdness of any multiple choice options. This is extremely easy and fun filling for you. When you are ready, finish the last question, check your answers if you would like. Click on submit button and pack up your material. You leave the room feeling light and carefree. You may not know your result but in your heart you know you have done far better than you could have ever imagined. Your hard work has paid off and you have proven that you have what it takes to succeed. With this in mind, begin calling yourself back to the present moment. Wake up the muscles which might have gone dormant during the meditation. Open your eyes and stretch. You have made it. Anything you want is within your reach. I hope you have enjoyed this guided meditation. Feel free to return to this audio several times before the exam day in order to visualize success. Focus on the positive and you will notice a much better attitude towards whatever situation which may come up. Best of luck for your exam. I know you will do splendidly well.


Let us start with the brief recap of what we learnt in the last class. So last class we said that based on resistivity we can classify materials into three types conductors or metals, semiconductors and insulators. We are trying to explain the vast difference in resistivity or conductivity between metals and semiconductors. So metals are so much more conductive. In order to do that we tried to develop a simple band diagram where we have atomic orbitals that come together to form molecular orbitals and at really large values of N where N is about Avogadro's number we found that these form bands. In the case of metals these bands are formed from S shells that are either incompletely filled or from S and P shells overlapping so that we always have a band that is not completely full. So we do have some empty states. These empty states basically help in conduction of electrons which is why metals are such good conductors. We also saw an example of an energy versus a bond length diagram using lithium as the example. So let me just redraw that again and from there we will move on to semiconductors. So this is from last class we looked at lithium which has an electronic configuration of 1S2 and 2S1. 1S2 forms the inner shell and it is not involved in bonding, 2S1 is the outer shell. So we can draw the energy versus bond length diagram, the 1S shell is not involved in bonding. The 2S shell involves in bonding and basically forms a band. The S shell is half filled so the band is also half filled. These are the filled states, these are the empty states and the gap and the highest filled state is called the Fermi energy. So today we will move on to semiconductor materials and see how we can draw a similar picture for semiconductors. When we talk about semiconductors the dominant material there is is silicon. Silicon has an atomic weight of 14, sorry atomic number of 14, it has an atomic weight of 28 grams per mole. Given the atomic number is 14, the electronic configuration for silicon is 1S2, 2S2, 2P6, 3S2, 3P6. So the 1S and the 2S shells are the inner shells and they are not involved in bonding. The shells that are involved in bonding are the 3S and the 3P. These are the outer shells, should be 3P0. Rearrange in order to form SP3 hybrid orbitals. So you have 2 electrons in the S, 2 electrons in the P, they hybridize to form 4 SP3 hybrid orbitals. Thus each silicon atom can form 4 bonds and these bonds are directed in the tetrahedral directions and essentially what you have is a diamond lattice. So let us look at where silicon is in the periodic table. We will concentrate on the group where silicon is. If you look at it, the group has carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead. Out of these 5 elements, tin and lead are metals. Carbon in the form of diamond is an insulator and more importantly the S and the P electrons in carbon can form a variety of hybridizations. So you can have SP3, SP2, SP hybridizations. Silicon and germanium are semiconductors and they have SP3 hybridization. So instead of looking at atomic orbitals in silicon, we are looking at bonding using these SP3 orbitals. So let us look at a picture for bonding for silicon. So we start with the 3S and the 3P, 2 electrons in them. We said that in silicon, they hybridize to form SP3 orbitals. So you have 4 SP3 hybrid orbitals and each of them are involved in a bond. We will consider one of these SP3 hybrid orbitals. This can bond with another orbital to give you a bonding and an anti-bonding orbital. This is the same picture that we had in the case of hydrogen. This forms sigma, sigma star, sigma is your bonding orbital, sigma star is the anti-bonding and on the other side you have another SP3 hybrid orbital. So you have 2 electrons, both electrons go to sigma and sigma star is empty. So this is the picture we have when we have 1 silicon bond being formed. Now in a solid, you are going to have a large number of these silicon bonds. So you are going to have a large number of sigma and sigma star. So these will then interact with each other and then they will give you a band. So sigma forms a band and pictorially represent this as the valence band. So the valence band is formed by the interaction of all the bonding orbitals, the valence band is full. Same way, you have a conduction band that is formed by interaction of the sigma star and that is empty, conduction band and between the valence band and the conduction band there is a gap. This gap is called the energy gap. It is denoted by the symbol EG, it is called the energy gap or sometimes the band gap. So this is the picture of silicon we have from interaction of these molecular orbitals. So we have a sigma and a sigma star. This just represents one bond. When we have a whole bunch of these bonds in a solid, they all interact with each other leading to broadening and finally we have an energy band which is the valence band is completely full. We have an energy band from sigma star that is completely empty and then you have a band gap between them. You can once again draw an energy versus bond length plot for silicon but now instead of having the atomic orbitals, we will have the sigma and sigma star. Let us do that. So I have energy on the y-axis, bond length, there is some equilibrium spacing. We have sigma. So here this sigma represents the effect of one bond. In the solid it forms a band. There are two electrons here which means you have this band is completely full. Now you also have a sigma star which is the anti-bonding. This will also form a band which is completely empty and the space between these two bands is your band gap. So this is the model for silicon. You can use the same model for germanium which lies in the same group. So again it has s and p orbitals which hybridize to form sp3 orbitals and so on. We can extend this model in the case of insulators as well but in insulators for example if you think of an insulator like sodium chloride, you have bonds being formed not by sodium and chlorine but you have Na plus and Cl minus ions. So it is the ions that are forming the bonds and the bands. So it is the same picture but depending upon the material the details will change. What are some typical values for band gap? Let us write down some typical values for band gap e.g. The units for this are in electron volts and as we saw yesterday electron volts is related to joules. In electron volt it is nothing but 1.6 10 to the minus 19 joules. So we have silicon e.g. terms of e.v. All these values are at room temperature. Carbon has a value of 1.1, 1.11, germanium is 0.67, gallium arsenide is 1.43, cadmium sulphide is 2.42, zinc oxide is 3.37, SiO2 is 9. So we have some different values of band gap. So if you look at both semiconductors and insulators the difference between them is the difference in the band gap. So typically if e.g. is less than 3 electron volts we call a material a semiconductor and if e.g. is greater than 3 electron volts we call the material an insulator. Now this is not a very rigorous separation the 3 electron volts comes out because 3 electron volts corresponds to the end of the visible region. For example if you want to convert energy into wavelength the case of electromagnetic radiation e is nothing but hc over lambda where h is the Planck's constant, c is the velocity of light and lambda is the wavelength so I will write it here. If you use this if your energy is 3 electron volts then lambda is approximately 400 nanometers. So any energy greater than 3 electron volts puts you in the ultra violent region energy less than 3 electron volts puts you in the visible region. So this is used as a sort of marker for differentiating semiconductors and insulators but as I mentioned earlier it is not very strict. Based upon this all these materials silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, carmium sulphide are semiconductors zinc oxide is close to this value of 3 but it is on the higher side and silicon dioxide is much higher so these are considered to be insulators. So we looked at some values for band gap of semiconductors. So let us now look at some classifications of semiconductors. So there are different ways of classifying semiconductors. So one particular method of classification is called elemental and compound semiconductors. So this distinction is fairly straightforward. So those semiconductors that are elements are essentially your elemental semiconductors but you can also have compounds that have semiconductors that is whose band gap lies less than 3 electron volts these are compound semiconductors. There are a lot of different types of compound semiconductors you have 3 phi's you have 2 6's to understand them let us take a look at the periodic table. We would not look at the entire periodic table but focus ourselves in the area where we have the groups 4, 3 and 5 if you do that so group 2 you have 3a, 4a so let me just write down the elements. So I am writing the elements from group 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 group 5 and then group 6. So this is just a portion of the periodic table. Now if you look at it group 4 has silicon and germanium which are classic elemental semiconductors. So most prominent example silicon and germanium. Carbon we said in the form of diamond is an insulator. So diamond has a band gap of around 5.5 ev so that carbon is really an insulator. You can also form semiconductors by using elements from 3 and 5. Those are your 3 phi's you can also form 2 and 6 those are your 2 6's. So some examples of 3 phi and 2 6's can have gallium arsenide which is the most dominant compound semiconductor gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, indium stebite so on. So all of these are formed by putting elements from here and from here. So gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, gallium nitride and so on. Can also have elements from 2 and 6. Again some examples are zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide and so on. If you look at the bonding character in these compound semiconductors 3 phi's are mainly covalent mainly have covalent bonding. They do have some ionic character in them. The main bonding is covalent in the case of 2 6 the main bonding is ionic though there is some covalent character in them. So this is one way of classification where we have elemental and compound. There is also another way of classifying semiconductors. So here we can classify semiconductors as direct and indirect band gap semiconductors. We have a direct band gap and an indirect band gap. So how do we understand the difference between these two? So let us go back to our model for semiconductors. We have a valence band that is completely full. We have a conduction band that is empty and we have a band gap in between them. So you have electrons that are there in the valence band. These can be excited to the conduction band. This electron excitation can either occur because of thermal energy or because of optical energy. So what happens when we have an electron in the conduction band? Now this electron wants to come back to the valence band so that it loses whatever energy it has gained and this energy loss can occur in two ways. So when the electron comes back to valence band it can release the energy in two ways. One can release it as photons or it can release it as heat. In the case of direct band gap semiconductors this energy release is dominantly in the form of photons. In the case of indirect band gap semiconductors the energy release is dominantly as heat. So let us look at some examples of direct and indirect band gap semiconductors. In the case of direct we have materials like gallium arsenide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulphide. The case of indirect band gap semiconductors silicon and germanium which are our two elemental semiconductors are both indirect band gap semiconductors. Another example gallium phosphide. Direct band gap semiconductors have applications in the case of optoelectronic devices they can be used in LEDs, solar cells, photovoltaics and so on. So that is one of their advantages they not only have applications on the electronic side they also have applications on the optical side. To understand the difference between direct and indirect band gap semiconductors some more we can also look at the band structure. So what I will do is give you a very simple picture of the band structure in the case of semiconductors. In any element your electron in the solid can be treated as a wave and when you have a wave a wave always has something called as a wave vector and the wave vector is denoted by k. So thus for materials you can construct what are known as E versus k diagrams. This is typically done for both the valence band and the conduction band. So the difference between a direct band and an indirect band gap semiconductors is a difference between how their E versus k diagrams look. So let us look at an example of silicon which is an indirect band gap semiconductor and then gallium arsenide which is a direct band gap semiconductor. So let us draw this E versus k for silicon. I am only drawing a very simplified picture to explain the difference between direct and indirect. So this is the conduction band, this is the valence band, there is a band gap between the valence band and conduction band, this is E g. In this particular plot E is on the y axis and then k along the x axis. So in the case of silicon the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band are a different values of k, top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band have different values of k. This means that any electron transition from the conduction band to the valence band is accompanied by phonons which are essentially heat quanta so that any transition in the case of silicon from the conduction to the valence band the energy is released as heat. This makes it an indirect band gap semiconductor. Let us look at gallium arsenide which is a direct band gap semiconductor. So once again this is the conduction band, this is the valence band, this is E, this is k, here the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band have the same value of k. So any transition from the conduction band to the valence band can be accompanied by release of energy as a photon and this makes it a direct band gap semiconductor. In the case of gallium arsenide the band gap is 1.42 ev, this energy is released as a photon so the wavelength of the photon using the same formula that we saw before it is nothing but hc over eg which is approximately 870 nanometers. This lies in the IR region if you had a material like zinc oxide its band gap is around 3.4 ev and the wavelength will lie in the uv region. So if you have different materials with different band gaps and all of these are direct then their optical transitions will have different wavelengths.  So at any temperature you can have electrons from the valence band being excited to the conduction band. When an electron goes from the valence band to the conduction band you essentially have an absence or a loss of electron. This represents the absence of an electron is called a hole. So a hole is nothing but a mathematical construct that we use to denote the absence of electrons in the valence band. So in any semiconductor you have electrons in the conduction band and you have holes. Holes are denoted by h or h plus in the valence band. These electrons and holes are essentially free to move so they are called delocalized. So when you apply an electric field to a semiconductor the electrons can move in the conduction band the holes can move in the valence band and this gives rise to current. So along with this concept of electrons and holes you also introduce a new concept called electron effective mass. You also have a whole effective mass but the argument is very similar. Let us say you have a free electron or an electron in free space and you apply an electric field E. Electric field usually goes from positive to negative. So the electron travels in the direction opposite to the field. For such an electron the force acting on it is nothing but the charge times the electric field which is equal to the mass of the electron times the acceleration. So the acceleration is equal to the electric field divided by the mass of the electron. Now this is the picture for an electron that is in free space. What about an electron in a solid? Now you have a solid can take this to be silicon there is an electron here. Once again you apply an electric field going from positive to negative. So the electron will accelerate in the direction of the field. Now if you try to write the acceleration of the electron you have the term E which is the same as before. So that is the effect of the external field but you also have a solid where you have a lot of atoms. And an electron can feel the influence of all of these atoms. So you not only have an external field you also have an internal field. This we will write as sum of all the internal fields. So F internal reflects the effect of all the atoms on the electron that is moving in a solid. So the acceleration now is complicated because you also have to take into account the effect of the atoms. In order to simplify this picture we replace this expression with this Me by another term which we call the effective mass. So this F internal and Me are replaced by this term Me star. Me star is called the effective mass of the electron. So this represents the effect of all the atoms in the solid on the movement of the electron. It is important to note that there is no change in the actual mass of the electron. We are not changing the mass. You are only replacing the effect of the solid by using another term called Me star. What is true for electrons is also true for holes because a hole is nothing but an absence of an electron. So we also have a term called MH star which we call effective mass of the hole. Now the effective mass term will basically affect the conductivity of a material. Lower the value of Me star and MH star higher is the conductivity. One way we can think about it is that if these values are lower then the influence of the lattice is less and so you have higher conductivity. Let us look at some typical values for Me star and MH star. Here we will start with metals. We look at metals like copper, silver and gold. So these metals are called nearly free electron metals. In this we can describe the behavior of electrons in them. Typically the valence electrons are a nearly free electron model. This means that these electrons do not see the influence of the nucleus. They are delocalized and they are free to move through the entire metal. In such a case we would expect Me star and MH star to be close to 1. That is what we get. Copper, silver and gold Me star over Me. Silver is again 0.99 which is close to 1. Copper is also close to 1. Gold is similar. Let us look at semiconductors. So we will first look at the electron. We have silicon. Typical value is 1.09, germanium which is around 0.55, gallium arsenide 67, zinc oxide 0.29. Can also look at the effective mass of the holes. So this represents the influence of all the atoms on the movement of a hole in the valence band. Now you have MH star H. This is around 1.15 for silicon, it is around 0.37 for germanium 0.45, gallium arsenide around 1.21 for zinc oxide. So these values of the effective mass depend upon the band structure. So the effective mass depends upon the E versus K plots that we saw earlier. So in the next class we will look at a couple of concepts, one of which is called the density of states. Then we will also look at a concept called the Fermi energy. We will use these to calculate the electron hole concentrations in semiconductors and then proceed from there.


And in Cardinal States, scores of demonstrators from Cardinal States stormed the national headquarters of the all-progressive Congress on Monday to demand that President Bola-Tinbo should add an additional ministerial nominee to the slot of former Governor Nassir El-Rufai. While receiving the demonstrators, Gandu J. reassured them that their demand will be conveyed to the president. Our prayers, sir, that the next ministerial nominee from Cardinal States should be a person of great repute. It should be well experienced and widely accepted personality that will add value to the government. Throughout your speech, you are emphasizing capacity. Your request, Mr. President, to provide you to nominate one of you from Cardinal States and you have not mentioned any geographical location.


President of the United States. Hey, why weren't you all in North Carolina? I know. Well, I was delighted to learn the exciting news this morning that our unemployment rate has dropped to 6.9 percent, the lowest level in over five years. Three hundred and thirty-two thousand more Americans were working last month. And today, employment in the United States stands at an all-time high. And I believe that's not only in the amount of numbers, but also in the percentage of the overall labor pool. It's interesting to note that this nation which believes in lower taxes and free and fair trade has created more than eight million jobs now in 33 months. We're seeing the proof that America's economy is packing new power. We can keep driving our unemployment rate down. We can keep opening up opportunities for our future. If all of us unite in working for an America where government doesn't grow, prosperity does. In the days ahead, I urge the Congress to join with me and me with renewed energy in our shared responsibilities to control all unnecessary spending, to work for a freer and fairer trading system, and to pass a new tax plan for America, a fair share tax plan for all. Now, let me add that we're still discussing the subjects of trade and South Africa. But let me direct your questions on the economy to barrel sprinkle because I have to be getting back to the office. The schedule was planned before we knew that I would be coming in here. I thought you were going to announce some trade sanctions, Mr. President. No, as I say, those things are still under discussion. And as quickly as we have something to report on those discussions, we will. I can't say that it would be today. I doubt that it would be. Mr. President, are you concerned about sanctions against South Africa? There's some indication that you want to try and head off a bruising battle with Congress on it. Both those subjects, trade and South Africa, we're in consultations now on both of those. And when we can, and I hope it won't be too long, we'll be. Why did you say, sir, that second? Will you do your way on that, Mr. President? That's what we're meeting on, as I say. Do you have any second thoughts, Mr. President, about your policy of constructive engagement? I think it's the only thing that's shown any signs of improvement in that whole situation as yet. Do you really believe that all segregation has been eliminated in South Africa, Mr. President? You said that in your radio interview. No, and I didn't intend to say that. I did know that all the people that have been coming back here have been reporting to me on how widespread was this. And I'm sorry that I carelessly gave the impression that I believe that it had been totally eliminated. There are areas where it hasn't. What do you believe is the case in South Africa regarding people's ability to live, to move about freely, to vote? You'll hear about all of this as soon as we finish these consultations. Are you still against sanctions, Mr. President? The barrel is waiting impatiently here to take your questions. Why do you think you are so misinformed about the state of the situation in South Africa in terms of whites and blacks? Helen, I will answer that one question, and then I'm going to walk out of here and the barrel is going to take over. I was not nearly as ill-informed as many of you have made it out that I was. I may have been careless in my language and that one thing, but I was talking about improvements that actually do exist there and have been made. But as they say, I know that segregation has not been eliminated totally. And in some areas, there's been no improvement. But there has been a great improvement over what has ever existed before. Well, there's no vote there, no participation. I was talking about the specific things of segregation, of labor, and the new things that have taken place with regard to labor and things of that kind. What about the right of the tax reform plan and the House Ways and Means Committee, sir? What did you get tax reform this year? All the ladies, you've been hearing to talk about tax reform. Who's here, Mr. Moore? What about Gorbachev at the present? Do you have a reaction to the interview and time magazine? We haven't heard from you on that yet. I know. I'll take it up with him. Mr. Moore, can you tell us if there's anything new about the Americans still missing in Lebanon? We're working just as hard as we can in every channel that we can about that. It's a far different situation than in the hostages. And the fact that there isn't anything out there every day if there was a hostile situation doesn't mean that that is not the most important thing for us. And we are doing everything. Is there no progress at all in that? We don't know. How are you feeling, sir, any aches or pains? No. How else should I seem? You know, I feel fine. As a matter of fact, my biggest problems with the doctors is that they're still trying to shorten down the writing time. When are you going back out to Bethesda, Mr. President? For the checkups, you know? I don't know, but pretty soon. I know that's a really big task to do. All right. We'll have Burl on. And we can continue your television coverage for Burl if you'd like. Now, in the matter of trade, consultations are still continuing on trade, and that's the reason we have not made an announcement this morning. Don't anticipate an announcement today, possibly, in the weekend.


Merry Christmas and happy holidays my friends today on another pop review We're gonna be taking a look at the pop movies home alone number 492 This is Harry Ho ho ho welcome back to Comic-Con TV is the only place on YouTube. We're all geek culture collides I'm Santa Claus, and if you're new to the channel, don't forget to hit that subscribe button So you don't miss out on future videos Ho ho ho ho As I said today, we're taking a look at the pop movies home alone 492 Harry vinyl figure Now I could be wrong It's been a little while since I've watched the movie. I only watch it once a year But I could have sworn that Harry's hat head only got burnt in The second film not in the first like I said, I could be wrong though So maybe they should have made this home alone to I want to say Again, I could be wrong But here's a nice little window side You know the window side the back 491 is Kevin McAllister 492 is Harry 493 is Marv Nice little display side very Christmassy. I'm not quite sure why they put the red down here It looks a little off when you have it displayed on this side with the rest of the pops How don't make maybe it would be good displayed next to The pop animation Sailor moon pops or rainbow brights Because they have that bar down below Whereas the others like like my horror pops or my DC heroes pops. They don't really have a bar like this down below The sailor moon pops have a little blue bar here and The rainbow bright has a rainbow colored bar. So I don't know So it looks a little off when displaying them Next to pops that don't have the bar With that being said, let's go ahead and open them up and take a look inside as you can see with Harry I have him kind of Resting up against the back of my backdrop and that's because Now he's wanting to stand But he's really top-heavy so if you don't get him Standing perfectly flat perfectly level He will topple backwards. They really should have included a display stand with him But as you can see here the top of his hat after he got burnt with the The torch and got his hat burnt off as well as some of the hair Red around the center of his head very nice Got the little bags under his eyes, which is cool holding the flashlight His head does turn all the way around He's in his trench coat With his button-up shirt and vest scarf and Slacks with the black boots or shoes, whichever. I'm not sure which but very nice. They did Make his hairline in the back Kind of lopsided and awkward Tell that Kind of comes down to a slant. They should have brought this side down a little bit or maybe this side up a little bit But overall it's not a bad pop I found this at mega replay Is in the three for 15 been alongside Marv and Kevin Which I kind of struck out on that because I had all three of them on my wishlist for Amazon So that I could do some Christmas pop reviews this year So obviously I'm gonna do this one. I'm gonna do Marv I'm gonna do Kevin as well as Clark W. Griswold So there you have it guys. This was a pop movies home alone 492 Harry vinyl figure Thanks for tuning in to comic-getting TV the only place on YouTube were all geek culture collards If you enjoy this video make sure you hit that subscribe button right there so you don't miss out on future videos You can also take a look at one of these two playlists on the side to stay up-to-date on all things geek culture Merry Christmas


It counts? Okay, how's it going everybody? That's it all year back with some more dragon ball fighters rank matches And today we are playing one of my favorite teams Napa, Super Saiyan Goku and Yamcha And mainly I just like the Saibomins. Hopefully the Saibon can be with the highest rank Zeno That would be amazing. Don't try to flip. Don't try to flip because Napa's gonna clap I will do that out of self defense Oh, help me. Help me.  I should probably just set them if I'm going to approach I should just set them to spit all in case you don't know with Napa with ex. Am I dead? I may be dead. I am dead Wow, life comes at you. Oh, I am extra dead. Damn. I am dead with with the levels to spare But with Napa when you ex a Saibon you can control what they do Instead of planting a normal Saibon and getting a normal route So that time I inputted a jumping light and then um Well, we are just getting bombarded. We're getting blitz That time I just put him into jump and then spit But I should have probably had him just spit all just just having spit on him from a safe range Oh, no way. He recovered in time after the drop to get the 2h.  I thought he was I was thinking about Napa the whole time Maybe I should have been thinking about the present moment But it looks like it's coming down to Yamcha. Yamcha is gonna have to put on an immaculate performance here against Vegito So I'm not even sure if I want to jump honestly. I think on my round start EX will faint this We got punched in the face Vegito. I forgot Vegito can start round start medium. That is crazy We got punched in the face hard on level three Oh, the 2h gun stuff that was sick. That was pretty sick. I got I gotta give it up, dude I cannot tell a lie. Uh, weird. We should be dead.  Oh, no The sparking was trying its best. It was really holding out for hope But it's gonna be one of those sets where we got to use sparking early try to preserve a character But we just got washed. I know if sand or butts about that. We just got washed. Hopefully used our favorite detergent I'm we're heading into game two with hopes for adjustment. All right. We do get the rematch. That's good It's good to get trampled and they get the rematch, you know, you never know what you truly need Oh, I don't think he was ready for me to purposefully drop that on which I definitely did on purpose sliding Yes, that move was crazy. Good. That move was good. All right. We sparked here Nice love to see that we love to see that as character development That's what we love to see baby force him into unknown scenarios Get that sideman clawing at him and he'll panic for sure All right, don't even try to hit me with anything cheap like you did last run start that I get both of them Does that count it counts? Oh my god. Yeah, we're we're feasting We are feasting on the boards right now and we're going right back to cyberman station. I should have 2h that Oh, we're feasting. This is a mmm.  So I'm an armor up See, but if I called it right, I just didn't know that that move wouldn't work in that scenario So I kind of want my refund back, dude. I should be feeling hyped right now Damn, I should have just like level one or something.  Oh god.   We all know it. We all know it We all know it. We all know we can see it, dude Practically see it. I can't believe this did so much. He didn't go for the little No, that's a guard cancel That's a garkin. Just I can't believe he didn't kill yamcha there I don't know if that was a mistake or if he wanted to save the bar for a mix He probably did but I'm not sticking around to see the mix, dude. I'm leaving I'm hitting the old eject button.   I don't know why I thought that was safe sideman Maybe my side been got planted help. No, he's long gone. He moved out. Wow He went to college. A parent would be proud right now, but I'm feeling remorseful. Why didn't I spark? Why did I just mash spark like I should have nap as the key nap as the key to victory? And I let him slip through my fingers drop it homie drop for the one time Understandable. Have a nice day. Understandable. Have a nice day.  It gets kept this to him I didn't do anything with it Nah, nah, you're crazy I'm dropping combos. I'm dropping very critical. Get off me. Oh, 2h was too slow reaction time. Not all there God, I'm bad. I need to spark. Why am I holding on to this? Like it's a sacred treasure I need to get rid of this thing. It's too late now. It's too late now. That's the truth The hard truth of it is I should have I wish I would have sparked with napa But we can't we don't get do overs We just get one last chance with the option And he's gonna be going against vegeto who has recklessly attacked us these last couple of rounds Okay, what's the plan? What's the plan? What's the plan? Do I have a plan? Did it again? He recklessly attacked Oh my god. Oh my god. What what is the deal dude? What is the deal with this vegeto stuff? I feel like he'd mash so I'm just gonna go for a 2m. Yeah, I'm just gonna keep a classic Nothing fancy yet Then a level one on top Oh my god, thank you for the getting the dragon rush because I'm just so sad, dude I'm just so sad the level one didn't come up, but we'll take it. I'll take the dragon rush. He oh Oh my god Does this kill take I'll take that all the way to the bank, dude There's not a world in which I'm not loving this. Okay. He mashed last time. Would he do that again? No, he wouldn't he wouldn't do it again. That's the Please come on, dude Nice gale claw clutch. That was clutch clutch up gale claw clutch up.  I'm spamming super dash. Is that smart? He's gonna try to reset me the question is where No, no, he went for the oh, he just got me. He got me good. Actually.  I don't I think we get one more chance All right, do we get one more chance even? I don't know. I'm I'm I'm focusing like we do Well, that's not mmm. That's the Yamachaa Yamachaa Don't sleep on yam to great games though. We are moving on to the next one head held high And a little bit nervous not gonna lie that one was got me sweating Okay, apparently no rest for team nap as we are now going up against a great priest playing go tanks of all characters This character a super scary obviously the rest of his team is just as scary Beam it out. All right, we are getting mixed Gotta take the mix just gotta take the mix all the cross up. I didn't see it coming I couldn't defend against it. We're back down to the ground. He's got the rejumps. He's got the go tanks All right, then now we know go tanks is is somebody to be afraid of. I mean we already knew it I'm just gonna spark here That felt close. I hate myself I should have just gone for the two-h, but I thought you know what? I could probably fit in a little jab get like two more damage And uh, that seemed worth it to me at the time now looking back.  Oh, and you've got a double sundae, but that's fine. He probably won't be taking that It's not that worth it Don't jump.  It scared me. Okay.   I just didn't read the signs Okay, should we leave goku for last get that limit break boost Yeah, no, we're not playing that game. Oh man.   Hey Ah, that's plus. Okay. I'm just I'm mashing I was mashing I cannot deny reflect. Is this the combo we want to go with? Uh, we dropped it. That was huge Nice, I'll take that Don't do it. Okay, appreciate it That was crazy angled beam angled beam beat my beam every day of the week I down tech never I still love the way goku calls for nap of it. No, not a level one. I got crossed. It was supposed to be a level three I don't think it would have hit anyway, but I I got to admit to my crimes, you know, I gotta say what I did. I did do a level three I tried anyway Oh Zapped Oh, he's still ah not the jar not the jar dude. There is no rest in this video. Is this only game one There's no way this is only game one I we wait is this game two or have I just been losing for that long? I'm just gonna My level three mash skills are I can't believe our heavy didn't win that Was that game one or game two? Because I either got beaten twice fast or beaten once slow and I don't know which one is worse Was that game two? That was game one. That was the longest beating I've taken in my life I don't think I felt in control once that match. So that was literally just all beat down Broly ah that assist. Okay. Stop super dash not not a good Are we going around one more time? Okay now We're just going down gently. I will spark at the first sign of danger Oh, that is cheap. You get to do that for free. I'm out of here then.  Your rules are not fair Please that's just ah that works out so well. We get Broly as well a double package deal Oh, take it. I'll take it. I'll take it.  We'll take it, dude. We'll take it I will definitely take that. You know fair is fair. We got a little bit of damage I'm just gonna just gonna hit heavy because I can because I'm nappa like that No, okay. I'll stay over here Boom off I'm fishing for those heavies now. I'm just fishing for You could try to stop me as much as you want, but they will happen eventually Oh, we're getting level three. They will happen eventually. I will just throw hands That was a nice dragon rush, man. That was fast I was not ready for that. I was not in in a world ready for that Okay, still we're still even on characters here Sucks that we go even with him since when am I bad at the video game? I'm just out of there. Ah, the eject button was too long Damn, we are bad, dude. I should have just went for a normal combo But I got greedy. I wanted something special All right, level three with Broly not too bad. I mean, we're already in the corner We knew we were gonna be in the corner Yikes, that's a bad one. That's a not good one In fact, that's the worst. That's the worst that could have happened actually I don't know Oh, but I'll take that Was I wrong? Was it a jab after that? Damn. I couldn't ex fast enough to counter that Oh, this is a game. This is a game. This is a round we have here How do I get out of the corner with Roshi? I don't know. We just reflect I guess Oh I mean with the beam again The angle is too good. If he puts in the assist, we do die from this And the assist was well timed.  Do I just go jumping medium? No, that was bad. You can't trade with that assist. You can't trade Oh, the bat flipping the perfect punish range. Wow, that was a flex flex Okay Ah, he read the jump. Oh, we got that Uh, level three right there was probably our best option, but that's it dude. That's ggs We couldn't get the second game master Roshi was styling on me Oh, but overall a great couple of fights. That's a video right there Hopefully you enjoyed it If you did definitely let me know down below in the comment section while you're down there Let me know some other teams you'd like to see me play as well Let's hit the like button and subscribe to the channel if you enjoyed what you saw And check out more videos on your screen if you want to watch more videos like this right away Other than that, I have been dot to do it and I will see you in the next one


Yes, I've been thinking about modes of knowing how we know things for a long time, partly because I was trained early on as a philosopher. And I've come to the view that though the word love is a very floppy word in the English language and you can actually describe different kinds of love and people have done that, it's a useful overall title for what I think ought to be going on with all knowing. Because all genuine knowing, unless it's just solipsistic, that is imagining I'm knowing something but in fact only knowing the inside of my own head. All knowing is knowledge of something, whether it's a book or a tree or an animal or particularly another human being or dare I say even God. And in order to be sure that it is knowledge of whatever we are trying to know, we have to give the other the space. Sometimes I pick up a book imagining it's going to be one particular kind of book. And sometimes after a page or two I realize, oh, I thought this was a history book and it's actually a novel or possibly the other way around. And sometimes you walk into the wrong bit of an art gallery and you thought these were going to be paintings of one sort and it takes you a moment or two to look at them and realize, oh no, they're actually quite different. We have to allow the different things to impinge on us and to say no, actually I'm like this and this is of course particularly so in human relationships. Humans are very mysterious beings and the more we get to know somebody, often the more surprises there are partly because we hide from one another for social and cultural reasons and we only really reveal more depths of who we are to people that we trust, people that we think will not exploit or hurt us. Although of course that then does often happen, not least in intimate relationships. And that's why love is a mode of knowing because it simultaneously affirms the otherness and the rightness of the other. Doesn't mean that everything the other person does is right, but they have the right to be themselves as it were rather than be imposed on by me. But it's not just objective. It's not just, oh well I see you the other side of the street and I acknowledge you. Love is a way of saying I engage with you, I enjoy engaging with you. This gives me delight because you are not the same as me and I'm not going to try and make you after my own image. And so this is a mode of knowing, a way of describing a mode of knowing which is both simultaneously engaging oneself and affirming the other. And over against the old dichotomy between subjective knowledge and objective knowledge, love is a way of holding those together. And then in the New Testament we find Paul saying that love is the ultimate mode of knowing God. Paul says if one loves God, one is known by him and various other passages as well, where in 1 Corinthians 13 famously Paul says now abide faith and hope and love these three, but the greatest of these is love. And I think Paul had reflected long and hard on the way in which we are drawn out of ourselves when we are loving God, when we are loving one another, but at the same time we find ourselves, we discover ourselves. Love is both gloriously objective and wonderfully subjective. And we maybe don't have very good ways of expressing that, but I hope this is coming across. And then as we'll see in the second part of this course, I have argued in chapter six of history and eschatology that there is kind of another dimension to this, because with the resurrection of Jesus, what is going on is God the Creator affirming in love the goodness of the original creation by saying, I know that this creation of mine has been spoiled and is subject to decay and death, but I am reaffirming it. And belief in the resurrection of Jesus is therefore a new kind of knowing of love, because it is a response of love to the act of love in the raising of Jesus. So that I have argued in the book that knowing that Jesus was risen, was raised from the dead is as it were a special heightened version of the epistemology of love. All are knowing ought to be about knowing and loving, but knowing that Jesus was raised from the dead is the response of love to the act of love on the part of God the Creator.


Do you know what is amazing? That 10,000 of you have installed Heartbeat Crow. A month ago we were only at 5,000 and now we're at 10K because you helped us grow. Heartbeat is a matchmaking service. It's dating for YouTubers and we just hired a new full-time developer so we can help you get more features sooner. How about a shared viewing experience where you can watch a video together? So if in a room, it could be a private room, you are watching the same video. If anyone seeks in that video, it will automatically seek for everybody. And if there's a chat, we'll create a real-time chat, you can communicate with each other while watching the same video. How about a watching now counter that shows you how many people are watching each video on YouTube at the same time live? Would you like to see a live counter? If you go to one of these episodes, you can see exactly how many people are watching it. Tell us in the comments below because we just hit 10,000 members of Heartbeat. We are so excited. We want to add more features so we can get to 20,000 even sooner. Don't have Heartbeat? Get it right here. This will take you to the Google Chrome Web Store where you can get Heartbeat for free to your Google Chrome browser. I would love to hear what you would like us to add more. Just go to the support tab on that page and leave your feedback. Our developers read everything in the support tab on that page. This is Freedom. And who am I? I am George, founder of Freedom and MGM. And TSM just joined MGM, Team Solomid. If you don't know about that, click here. That card will take you to the announcement that TSM has partnered with MGM and they're part of the Freedom family. Thank you, Team Solomid. Thank you, Andy Dehn, for believing in us. And let's grow together. I'm also the founder of MGM, our multi-gaming network. And MGM is for me because I'm a gamer. Are you a gamer and is MGM for you? Find out at youtube.com slash MGM. I am George and you've been watching... Let's discover freedom. Click the first video to learn what is freedom and how it helps you grow. Click the second video to learn about sponsorships for all freedom partners, even if you have just 10 subscribers. And click the other videos like How Do I Leave Freedom to learn more? Click Get More Views to learn how to build your audience faster on YouTube. Click Get More CPM to learn how to make more money from your channel. And click Get More Music to learn where to get more music to spice up your videos. Click the first playlist to watch The George Show on Freedom. That's my show. Or watch The Anthony Show or The Alex Show also on Freedom. And we will grow together as a family because this is the Freedom family. You are part of it, we are all part of it, and we're all growing together. So grow with us and partner with Freedom. That Play Now button right there on the video bar is all you need to click to get started.