Thank you, Steve. Thanks. Thanks again. I really should thank Steve to give me a chance to talk about the two topics That actually get me in an excited state. The first topic is my research and the second topic is the Department of Chemical Engineering What I'd like to do is just give you an overview of what's going on in the Department of Chemical Engineering There's actually a sea change in the department There's no better representation of that sea change than This a figure right here, which is our new building on a normal day in California I wouldn't have to Put this slide up there because you could see it quite clearly But actually it's a cloudy day and you're the curtains there is what we call building for up to this point That is the new chemical engineering and bio engineering building This is what it looked like. I have a actually a much more interesting slide later, which is a time-lapsed Video of the construction of that. This is this is the artist's depiction of what it was going to look like when we A couple of years ago. So this is a huge change for us It's a huge change for us not just in terms of individual PIs labs, but labs for teaching Conference rooms classrooms, etc And it is coupled with a very big change in our department both from the point of view of personnel that is to say we're growing and hiring and With those changes come a change in kind of our direction and focus So I'm going to talk a little bit about that and I'm going to do it with the right computer here So this is us right now 14 strong. This is in alphabetical order We are at this point five Untenured faculty, which is a large fraction for 14 and these people Almost to a person are all engaged in some kind of Aspect of materials research. I'm not going to try to cover all of them. I'm going to cover a select few But a couple of years ago now almost two and a half years ago We got together and said hey, we're entering this period of time. We're moving into a new building We've been given the authorization from the the powers that be meaning the dean to grow to somewhere around 18 We really need to plan this because we've gone from us what I would call a small Applied science department That was actually an outcropping of chemistry Where we were for years and years about eight faculty to now something that's 14 moving to 18 And so that's a very large change. And so we needed some plans. So we developed Kind of a different way of looking at ourselves. This is Something from our youngest faculty member who decided to throw us on this triangle because the three areas the three Topics if you will that cover our whole ability our intellectual breadth is biology physics and chemistry and we're somewhat scattered on this triangle in terms of What our abilities and skills are but we all focus on something called molecular engineering And I think this is something we rally around that we're interested in engineering at the molecular scale And all of us do that And we apply our different skills to that engineering and I talked about ours in the beginning What I do in my group is try to molecularly engineer fluids, but there's a variety of that So this is the way we used to think about ourselves This is more along the lines of characterizing ourselves with a skill set transport and soft materials You heard about that earlier catalysis and surface science and bioengineering we do and I think all good chemical engineering departments have an aspect of Biological engineering in their department. We still do even though there's a bioengineering department We'd actually do quite different things than the bioengineering department For example, we have bioenergy going on in our department, but you notice that this Characterization still leaves us scattered. We now characterize ourselves this way Which is the chemistry of life chemistry of energy and chemistry of environment?  So chemistry of life what we're referring to as human health The creation of medicines materials for therapies, etc Energy is kind of obvious for this crowd environment for us means sustainability Sustainable green processes, etc Again, sorry It's it's amazing how I need to notify myself of everything and then I still am late. Okay So anyway, this is how we characterize ourselves now and it has brought us together From a department that in some sense is disparate in their skill set to something that is quite unified in terms of their topical areas The other way we think about ourselves is building bridges And I made this slide up a couple of years ago and was kind of amazed I decided to essentially put down all of the entities on campus in which we had collaborative research or collaborative Educational opportunities and it's quite remarkable school of engineering school of medicine slack H&S and the school of earth sciences all of us have Connections to them in terms of shared students co-advised students, etc Joint grants the largest connection actually is to the school of medicine more than half of our faculty are actually engaged in Creating new medicines creating new diagnostic tools, etc But the growth the fastest growing area, I would say is in the energy area But the energy Activities are actually spread through the school of engineering the school of earth sciences so the fastest growing is over here, but the one that is Essentially floating the boat right now is the our connections to the school of medicine We also have a five-year plan. It's about two two and a half years old This again was created in lieu of the fact that we were coming into a new building and had a growth plan So we wanted to develop this and this is a real nuts and bolts kind of five-year plan Not many motherhood statements here It's actually what we plan on doing to change the department and the department culture as we move into the new building And so one of the things some of you might have come to these These get-togethers with the EAP In previous years you've heard some of this we have a Essentially a chemical energy conversion center within the department its joint with slack It's called Suncat the director is Jens Norskopf our design here is to build this and grow Jens is a professor in chemical engineering and we're growing this as a joint project between slack and chemi and when I say grow it means higher faculty Essentially create graduate student communities with that are joined between slack and chemi And if you will mirror the kind of situation that Berkeley already has with between Lawrence Berkeley laboratories and their chemical engineering department We have been given the go-ahead to do at least three incremental hires in five years This has been modified a little bit because there are some new things which I'll mention But now when we talk about where we want to go We think in terms of building those bridges that I talked about a little bit earlier so we've written down a a bunch of areas where we think growth in chemical engineering is The future and and this is where we want to be we're again. We're still a best athlete department So we have broad searches and we hire the best athlete But if one of those athletes worse in this area, we're we're happy as a clam So this is in our five-year plan. The other thing is we are About half of our undergraduates come to us now and say they want to work in energy That is to say they want to do energy research over the time in which they're undergraduates and another half of those people are actually part of our co-term Prop Program, which is essentially a plus one year on our undergraduate program They do co-term masters in a variety of different departments on campus But again half of those people want to do something which focuses their research on energy So we now are increasing our energy options within the undergraduate program and we do that in a couple ways And I'll mention that our graduate program is actually extremely healthy We I would say we are the primary competition if you will with the the school that will not be mentioned which is MIT And they because they there's a large sucking sound of American graduate students into MIT because their parents want to go But we're we compete actually quite well with American graduate for American graduate students with MIT as you see our Return in 2012 Was 65% which is actually quite good We're a much smaller shop than MIT But nevertheless we compete with them very well and then the other part of this our fourth rung if you will of the five-year plan is New corporate relationships and invigorated alumni relationships, and we've actually hired an outreach administrator Full-time person called Sandra handy and Sandra handy is actually in the back And she organizes in a very efficient way Our outreach to companies as well as our website etc So she manages this in a way that has never been done before and is reaping tremendous benefits So let me talk a little bit about this what was a hole in the ground And now is that thing you can barely see through the car through the curtains over here I want to show you I won't just show you the artist depiction because if you squint you can see it I'll show you this This is pretty interesting. I've had this at receptions for chemical engineering This is what happens over a relatively short period of time a two-year period of time As you see we go from a hole in the ground To what's behind me And it's pretty interesting Because the last part is the fastest growing palm trees you've ever seen in your life They're coming there they go Fine so So what you have to understand is our excitement about this is we haven't been in the same building for 50 years as a department In fact, we live right now in four different buildings This is the first time in 50 years the Department of Chemical Engineering will all be in the same building and in world-class facilities So this is the motive some of the motivation for the changes that we're making probably the most exciting part of that Building for us is right here. This is the first floor on the first floor has no Pi labs on it, but it has this enormous section of teaching labs And this is fantastically interesting for us because our undergraduate program is growing for the reasons that I gave because most of them Want to do energy research and we now have state-of-the-art facilities to do teaching labs And we have a broad array of lab courses for the undergraduates that we're housing in here The other thing is this stadium seating Courseroom course classroom, which is great for us, but I wanted to emphasize the teaching laboratories So I said I want to walk a little bit through our five-year plan and tell you some highlights from it again I talked to you a little bit about Suncat Suncat is this bridge between Slack and Kemi that lives at the intersection between those It also lives on this thing called the energy spectrum if you've never heard Lynn or Speak about the energy spectrum that is the spectrum of activities Associated with energy on campus here It is and a lot of it is heavy on the policy side and we're all the way down here at the basic science side So the basic science side is less populated and that's where Suncat lives Suncat lives in the molecular engineering of Energy technologies so anything that involves molecular transformations that are associated with energy storage or energy use is where Suncat lives and and the focus there is on catalytic activity, but it can involve non catalytic processes as well and that's that's what Suncat is and So essentially it has associated with its synthesis character is in theory and application And there's a materials aspect obviously catalytic materials is part of this it fits in our chemistry of energy Theme and there's a number of major Activities major problems that are already being looked at syngas conversion battery Chemistries electrochemical and to ammonia synthesis reduction Etc. Why are we the people to do it? Well? We're the people to do it for a number of reasons first of all We're taking advantage of this world-class facility Slack which is sitting here and if you look at the comparison at Lbl and Berkeley there's 250 chemical science students They're supported by Lbl that number at Stanford has been very small until the last year and now we're up to about 30 Going up so we are taking advantage of a world-class facility now. It's having an impact at Stanford So that's one reason to do this the other reason to do it is that we have more than half of our faculty in chemical engineering That are involved in some kind of energy research As you see here, there's a whole spectrum photoelectro catalysis advanced synthesis Inorganic materials for solar conversion biological fuel cells plant biofuels Sustainable production and the theory for fuel cells is associated with it So we already had a whole host of our faculty involved in energy It was important to mine that in a very significant way Now things have happened since we have our five-year plan and I should mention those to you There's now an Institute for chemical biology, which is Chaitin Kosla Who's one of our faculty members is the director of and that's associated with Hiring faculty and focused on molecular engineering of drugs So the chemical engineering departments of course not just interested in the molecular engineering of energy But the molecular engineering of pharmaceuticals and that's particularly part of our chemistry of life And we now have an institute that's associated with that and associated faculty members So that's something that has happened and we're focusing on. There's also this makers commons. You might have heard about this Which is part of a materials initiative that's going on campus and Jens Norskof is a big mover and shaker in that So we're associated with that again The other thing that's happening is we're being thrown into that building and as a result we'll building ties with bioengineering Because we're now occupying in some sense the same space and we have shared Laboratories etc with bioengineering bioengineering grew up essentially external to chemical engineering. They've actually hired chemical engineers From other faculties and so we're developing further relationships with them as we move into the new building To do that, you know, they the university gives us this great building But they actually don't give us the equipment to go into it So we have a fundraising campaign called engineering our future fund and we're essentially bringing alums together to raise money to hire new faculty and to Essentially staff the building with technicians as well as develop put new equipment in those teaching labs The meat program is an outcropping of our new energy Essentially activity that's associated with Suncat. This is a professional development program So we have a graduate certificate that industrial people can take online It's a series of courses as you see here There are six courses you have to take four to get the certificate This has now been on the books for more than a year and we have quite a number of Industrial people that are signed up and taking these courses and it spans the range all the way from microbial bioenergy All the way to actually entrepreneurship in energy companies. So it's it's quite broad including heterogeneous catalysis Environment electrochemistry, etc. And this has been very successful for us and is a new certificate within the school of engineering It's actually we've brought back a number of lectures That are not Stanford faculty per se, but our lecturers alums that have a lot of industrial experience Howie Rosen and Ricardo Levy here to for example teach in our entrepreneurship section So this has been a rallying point if you will for alums as well within our department I will now mention Probably in a much poorer way than they could do it a number of research projects that are going on in the chemical engineering department Just to indicate the kind of breadth of materials research that's going on within our department You've already heard about the fracking stuff, which I talked about this morning The fuel cell obviously design is something that you all know about and is all has important materials applications One of the ideas is to operate in both fuel cell mode and storage mode So to have a single device which works in electrolysis mode and fuel cell mode So produce the H2 in one in the daylight, but then use it at night would be the idea Now that's a materials headache from a number of points of view You need a catalyst essentially on the H2 production side and you need a membrane Essentially that's permeable to both on both sides of the operation of this device And Kurt Frank who's sitting in the back works on one of the aspects of this which is novel polymer design for the membrane This is a polysulfone design for this hybrid device and Tom Haramio works on the catalyst side of things in this particular case we're looking for a catalyst for Hydrogen production and Earth earth abundant catalysts are cheap and the best way to go and in this case Malibu and sulfide turns out to be a good catalyst not the best catalyst But a very cheap excellent catalyst and he engineers this catalyst by creating steps it turns out steps and facets in these things are the most catalytically active and so he has Project in his group that looks at Malibu and sulfide nanoparticles It goes all the way from and I and Steve's standing next to me So he wants me to sit down it stay it goes all the way from solar cells that are developed Through ALD by Stacy bent to electronic skin. So here's sensitized Skin organic electronic skin, which has built within its sensors That can produce an electric current when this skin is touched and that's the work of jen and bow And then finally I would just wanted to say about our newest faculty member She's actually a biochemist by training but works on both life and energy So she makes plants that are more resistant to disease They produce their own antibiotic and she also does de-lignification for the use of biomass as As bioenergy, so she's on both sides of the life and energy And we're very very proud that we can have somebody who sits on both sides of that equation in our department Okay, so let me finish with this slide just to remind you what our three themes are and then it's brought us together Around life energy and environment. I'd be happy to answer any questions. Thank you. Thank you


Popular YouTuber Jamie Mansell has just been busted. For years he's been claiming that he drives around in his own homemade solar pedal boats. Many viewers have expressed skepticism at his claims of traveling long distances in a boat with no gasoline motor. He has gone as far as claiming that he has traveled great distances when there is no sun, and he had to pedal without the use of any motor at all. He would have to be some kind of Olympic endurance cyclist to accomplish these feats. The video you are now watching is proof that he actually owns a gasoline motor boat. Obviously whenever the camera is off he drives on gasoline. I have to wonder if he even lives off grid, or if he lives in some suburb in real life. And the entire off-grid fantasy is something he does for the camera. This is the canoe I made several years ago, and a friend wanted to borrow it, and he wanted to put a motor on it. I happened to have all these parts, so I slapped an outrigger on it, and he's been driving it, and it worked pretty good. I was just dropping him off somewhere, and we just went in his boat because it was easier. First time I've actually driven it. Yeah, likely story, Jamie Mansel. You're not fooling anyone.


My talk is about anti-patterns in open office. It's basically anti-patterns you find everywhere. So, let's see what I talk today. I tell you a bit who I am, what I want to do with this talk, what are anti-patterns in general if you didn't heard it till now. And then we look at four anti-patterns, exemplary that I have chosen, that I could find or I think they are in open office. They're concerning two different development practices or disciplines, programming, methodological styles or ideals, project management, also open source does have project management, not only close source and software design stuff. For the people on the video, there are two slices. One is not splitting the slides. I split the slides quite often so I do not overestimate the people. So, who I am, my name is Peter Kovach. As a profession, I'm an IT consultant for ETL systems. I usually work with big data stuff. For more than 10 years, I use privately open source since 2004 and since September 2016, I joined the open office community to improve open office. So, as you see, I'm not really an application developer, but someone who usually moves big amount of data around for companies. So, while I move big data around for companies and for big ones, not really small ones, I find anti-patterns always. And funny thing is, I find them in open source as well. So, anti-patterns are common. Just keep that in mind. And even I have not told you what an anti-pattern is, but we will look at what people do or did. We will assume what might have happened, but it's not to bash people. It's very important for me. It's bash the code. There's something not very well done with the code, and it happens always. Even if you go for best face, if you're trying to do something very good, at some point you don't have time, you want to shortcut or something, and then you use an anti-pattern, because it's usually the dark force of the side of coding. And my goal is for this talk that you are aware about bad designs, anti-patterns, or what not to do, or that you have done it, and maybe keep in mind that you will return to that part of code and try to find a better solution. So, what are anti-patterns in general? Anti-patterns are ways to develop something that have proven to not be very good. So, we do not focus on what worked. We focus on what hasn't worked for various reasons. In methodological patterns, we look at abstract ideas, stuff that we know from development science or software science, how do you call it? That we learn actually in school or university or something. Programming patterns are steps, development steps or programming steps we use in order to achieve a goal, and the anti-pattern as it works, but it will get back to you at some point in the future. Software designs is when you have an overall idea how to, your program is structured, but yeah, well, it is maybe sounds good, but it doesn't work out. Project management pattern is, usually, has nothing to do with coding at all, but with organization in all around what you do in the cooperation or in the cooperating way. And this is really also not so, usually not so much in focus and open source, but more in companies, but it's also there in open source. So, let's look at one methodological pattern. My anti-pattern of choice is copy and paste, who hasn't done it? We have here some actual code out of trunk from open office. The code is not important for me so much, but let's go a little bit. We have a template of some sort, yeah? So, we can reuse these steps of code by just modifying these variables in this fat, in this bold type thing. The underline stuff is the function we will get. Then this boost-desk-assert is some quality checking. Then we have here a code line and a return statement that we will have. This green mark statement is important because right next to it, we have the same function almost. I mean, there's some differences, small differences, but believe me, it does almost the same. So, especially this one here and this one here, the green parts are really the same. So, my assumption is that because this code is used and we do not know maybe what is the real impact, we do not have time to researchers or we are not interested in researching it. So, we just place almost the same part of code by copying it next to it and use that instead for our new stuff we want to do. Yeah, maybe at some times this one will be dead code and we want to delete it or whatever. But basically, we have parallel usage of the same stuff and you might think in the long run, this will come back to us because we could have get that code so no one is not really knowing what this code does and is quite unsure what to fix or what to change. And the other one is, yeah, maybe also that it's not so clear what to do next or so on. So, in case you just believe, don't believe me, it's the same. Intervert position is this sign of, this sign of you find here. Yeah, this is also a piece of code which is above the code and the bit mask is also there which has been put here. Yeah, so it's really, really, really the same. So, yep, look at the next stuff, still the same code, cargo cult programming. I like to use that when I learn a new feature and then I use it always, if it doesn't make sense or not, I use it just to train me to get an experience when it works when it doesn't work. I think this happened here because this guy really or this piece of code really loves templates. We have these two codes, we just have a steep look at it which provides us a function. This functions are used in this class here, which is a pack pixel column iterator. Then we get the next template with row iterator. And as the last one, we have the iterator itself which can do both. Now, yeah, this is really fancy. If you order our code only using templates, we can really put a puzzle together and just puzzle what fits together or not. But in software development, we have, especially in CC++, we have more ways to program it to make it better to make it readable. We could have a program iterator or a pack pixel class that can work with a row iterator and a column iterator. We just load the special iterator we just need for our special case. We could integrate this function in here because it's also the same as we have seen it. So it would get very much readable. And templates we have used do not help really because they opaque us what the code really does to us. So it's really difficult for the next volunteer developer or worker, co-worker to understand what you did. He has to phone you, has to write your mail or whatever to just understand what you did. Let's move on to the software design pattern. I choose the big ball of mud. I actually find that very funny. What is it? It's about you have a big software and you do not know really where something is. I picked something from a layout from OpenOffice. I think it's very old but it's still accurate I think. And now we have folders in OpenOffice where we have different modules where we find our code. And let's just try to figure out where in our software model does modules fit. Yeah, Siri, I don't know what it does but I find it here. It's not very speakable. Yeah, it's a little bit obvious but I could get an imagination what it really does if I dig into it here now. Yeah. So, yeah, I think, yeah, okay, sounds good. No big ball of mud maybe. P, you know, P, okay, I assume it with Python somehow. You know, I find here and here, I know what you know is. It's a defined word in OpenOffice development. So, you have a good idea what it may be, what I might be finding it. So, also no ball of mud where I do not know what it does or where I have to put that to. SC, SC is a lot difficult. Very old. Has anyone an idea where what SC could be in this screen? That's not Calc. Yes, Star Office. Very old and Calc we have here. Okay. But we also need a little bit to know about the history already. So, because Star Office is not part anymore of OpenOffice, yeah, that's history. Or LibreOffice for that shake, I think. Sallhapper. Yeah, now it gets difficult. Yeah, for me as a new developer it's really difficult where to put that. I put that here but I'm not really sure. Yeah. EPM. Yeah. I have no clue. Yeah. This is a potential candidate for big ball of mud. It does something, it's a park to you and you do not know where to put it. If you look into it and it gets clear, maybe not. But on the first glance it's difficult to put it somewhere. So from my perspective I would say we are probably have some balls of mud around in the code and who wonders at 100,000 lines of code. I mean LibreOffice developers face the same challenge, yeah. I bet. I read once as a heroic effort we reduce code by 90% at one place somewhere in LibreOffice and then change log which is really good. Why it's big ball of mud I think or other anti patterns. And the last one I want to present today is the death march. The death march is let's look at Wikipedia where you can find lots of anti pattern that you can look out for. The general feel of the project reflects that of an actual death march because project members are forced to continue the project by their superiors against the better judgment. So an open office we usually do not have so much hierarchy but maybe if you work in a company and your boss says, hey that's a good idea, follow it, follow it, go it and you're not behind that idea. You do not have any commitment for it.  You could also have this in open source because when the community says, yeah, yeah keep going, keep going, keep going but you do not want to keep going. I mean you've done your share.   Avoid this. It just makes everything suffer I think. So this is my short walkthrough through anti patterns and what I could find or could think of in open office. The last one of course we had that some years ago where people quit because they said, hey I can't go any further. I don't follow you and it's okay. It's really okay. And to step up and say, no I can't do it. Keeps courage. Have courage people. Yeah. Any questions or how do you have idea how to avoid anti patterns? A new project. Would you stand up for people and say, hey friend, I read your code just for interest and it doesn't look good. Now you have arguments why it maybe doesn't look good. Anti patterns are really experienced when they do not look. Can I see a fix in coding anti patterns in open office is a lack of unit tests to safely recode something. Just to make it prettier. My own Java code, if a function exists, a unit test exists. So changing the implementation is safe because I can go and check if it's the way it's supposed to. I don't have that in open office. No, often not. But often these, for example if you have a lot of copy and paste or template stuff you've seen in the beginning. It's difficult to write a test against that, that the new code does the same what the old code does. The people who have written it are long gone. Maybe it's the third or fourth generation. I looked it up for this code since the code is at Apache. There have been no change in that part. They have no changes to be done. So that code has been from oracle times or sometimes or even older. Maybe from where Star Office was just Star Office. So we have that and this is really difficult to approach to change it. But you have to at least make a note that you have to change it at some point. If it seems stable for a couple of decades, why should I change it? Because you cannot maintain it. But I don't need to maintain it between doing what it's supposed to do in the last 20 years. Do you know it? Yes? So forgive me if I can't say it. But I think the issue is what the verses are. What makes it stable, what you have lots and lots of stuff that lose the job and you just keep letting it do it. Or just to reduce the footprint of the application and don't keep the history that you have kept for years. And your pattern is that what did you want to keep it? You want to do it what it does and don't change it with me. And he says just clean it up. It's like if you have a room full of books and you say it does and we have to clean it up and you want to make it as it is. And I think there's a balance between it. If you have a time it's needed. Sometimes it gets too long. I know it's not tidy. Yeah, I don't think we argue for the camera. The argument was we have to find the balance between tidying stuff, tidying code up. And leave it as it is because there is no issue in it. And this is a question we always have to ask. But if you change something, this is the message. And you see why you are changing or your colleague or friend or whoever sees that what you do will fall back. And at some point it's really difficult to change. As we have it now in open office. We have a lot of antipatterns and it's really difficult to change because we cannot verify it. If it's still then doing some effect and we change little things and they have really big impacts throughout the code because we cannot overlook it. It really gets very, very difficult. So avoiding antipatterns in the beginning is much more worth than fixing it later on. Oh, yes. My own code, but I'm writing something from scratch. Anything that exists has a unit test. And they interface the script. And if I find I'm heading for copper base, it's easy to fix it. Yes, yes, yes, exactly, exactly. And I want to share the awareness for it that you have to look for it, that what it does to you, I mean you see it only in old code.  I thank you for your patience, your attention.


It's really key where you start that line and where the line ends. What's up guys? Welcome to today's video.  I'm going to go over tons of different short hair techniques. So a couple of things that we're going to be doing today guys. I'm going to be cutting with the tri-raiser for one. Tri-raiser is a patent pending tool. It's right here. It cuts three different ways. It's a triangle shaped razor. So 100% cutting, 25% cutting on one side, 50% on the other. You can create texture, create movement within the haircut. I'm going to show you guys how easy it is to just cut lines as well through the short hair. And then I'm going to do scissor work on top. So we'd like to mix it up a little bit, create different textures in the hair to create the end result look. So here we go. How do we determine where to section off the head? All right. So where does my guest want to part her hair? I'm going to comb straight back just like this. I'm going to talk to her and figure out where she likes to wear her hair. And she's telling me that she likes to wear on the left hand side. So what I'm going to do, I'm going to comb the hair back, get the hair flowing in the direction that I want it to go.  Now for me, we're going to make this a little bit more of a modern look.  It's going to have a little bit of volume. So I want to go deeper with the parting. So I'm going to go just to the edge kind of where it arches up, right?  So now got my side parting. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to work my way around the head. And what I like to do is again, get the hair moving in the direction I'm going to take my parting, because that allows my comb with the front tooth of my comb to flow through the hair. So instead of fighting it and not getting a clean line, I can do it this way. Now we've also got our crown of the head here, right? So I want to go mid crown and then over to the edge. I'm going to take my last section, which is going to be basically a continuation of this top point here all the way down to behind the ear. So I'm going to follow with a diagonal line. What do I do first? I comb. Comb the hair in the direction I want it to go. So that's the only sectioning we're going to have in the head. I'll show you guys because this is such a 50-50 thought process, I want to share with you guys how to cut it symmetrical. And then also how to cut it asymmetrical just so you guys can get a feel for both. I like to use a little conditioning spray when I use the tri-razor. It gives me a little bit of glide. This is Paul Mitchell Invisible Wear Boomerang Remist. What I'm going to do is I'm going to take diagonal forward partings. So what way do you want the hair to flow? If you want the hair to kind of flow forward, then I'm going to slide and cut forward. If I want the hair to flow back off the face, then I would go through, take diagonal back partings and let the hair kind of flow off of the face and slide my razor that way. Now the key thing here is with a razor, it's easy to just swipe and get a line.  So if I want it to be a little bit more graduated when I pull this hair out, if I want the line to be a little more graduated, I need to start the line longer and end the line shorter. If I want it to be more layered and weaker at the bottom, then I start the line shorter and end longer. So that's really a key thing. What do you want it to look like? For me, I'm going to go even. I want to have a nice even weight distribution. It's going to be at any bit heavier right at the parting because the head starts to curve a little bit, but that's okay. If that's what you want, then that's what you get. And all I'm going to do is take my 100 cutting side and I'm just going to slide the tri-raiser through. Still working diagonal forward. And now I'm still coming straight out of the head, but the head curves even more, so I start to get a little bit more of a graduated feel on the top of this section. So what I'll actually do is now that I'm seeing that visually continue, but as I cut, I'll give up. So what I mean by that is I'm going to slide and then kind of stop, slide. So I just give up towards the end. Now, am I going to leave it this long? I'm not going to leave it that long, but once I blow dry this cut, then I can really go in and detail that and take out, but maybe leave some of this yellow or just a piece of it, really if I think that's cool. Where am I? I've worked my way around, cut this round shape all the way around the head. Now I've gotten to this back corner. Now here's where I decide. Do I want this haircut to be asymmetrical? Do I want to continue that length to grow towards the side? Or do I want it to be symmetrical because I'm going to have to start going back up. And really, if I want it to be symmetrical, which is not what I'm going to do today. I'm making that decision now because I really love how the colors are playing out on this, so I want to have some fun with it. But if I wanted it to be symmetrical, I would just then pause when I get to this corner and then do the same thing to come back. So diagonal forward, same thing through, and then you would get the same effect on all sides. Let's move asymmetrical. It's super fun to do. So here, and now when I take my tri razor in, I'm going to swipe and give up. Again, swipe and give up because if I wanted it to go symmetrical, again, I would comb this out and then I would just take the front and cut into it and then keep working until I get to the back and connect it. Or if you're more comfortable, you could start in the back. So instead of staying stationary like I am, you could just slide and cut and then continue around the head. Just don't go stationary. What I mean by stationary is, I'm going to stay right here. I'm going to cut the rest of this side. So here, I can see my guide underneath. I pick up some of this hair. There's my guide underneath. I'm just going to slide up using the tri razor, cut my line. Again, working stationary because we're going to create an asymmetrical feel to this haircut. So I bring the hair back to that stationary and I slide through. So now look, asymmetrical so far. Now we let out the top and now we're going to move into our scissor work. All right. So I comb that top section down that we created at the beginning. This is the side part. This is the part or the side that they're going to part the hair on. And then we went from that back point at the mid crown area around to the parietal ridge to the edge of the eyebrow here. That's how we make up this section. So here we go. Across the top, a guide comes from behind here. Guide comes from behind. It doesn't have to be super specific to the guide. So now this is where the haircut's at so far. I'd like to call this like kind of our precision work that we've done. This is not a done haircut.  All I'm doing is just giving a little bevel to the ends. All right, guys. So now we get to do our detail work, our detail fun here. You can use the tri razor if you want to, but I'm going to go in and do some scissor work to finish this off. So a couple different things. This gets heavy. So I'm going to start at this area here. I want to make this nice and light. So see how long that is. Now, why is that long? Let's break that down first. It's long because we brought all of this heaviness back here. Cut it at this point. And when you cut all of that hair that sits on this round right here, it's obviously going to be falling heavy.  So here we go. Comb the hair down, half close of the scissor, working through. So look how soft that gets just from that little bit of a technique, not closing all the way. It's just a half. I also want this to be able to come and sit back a little bit. And now what are we going to do with this tail? Because I know it's driving everyone crazy. I really liked that yellow piece. So for now, I'm not really going to cut it. So when I'm cutting dry hair, I originally when we developed this, I called this a texture 50 side. I really should have called it the dry cutting side because this exposes the most of the blade. Even though this is 100% cutting, that means when you put the section in, it will cut 100% of the hair, but it's more comb like and it has more tension. So when you use the 50 texture side, you get more exposed blade. So if I'm just cutting like the edge, like as soon as I touch that, the hair just shoots right off. So if I'm trying to just kind of cut into it or just remove a few little pieces, I like to use just the edge of the corner of that. And here's my little yellow piece. So now what am I going to do with that? All right. So now a little bit more point cutting, I'm going to do in this round area. And then I'm going to do something with this. I'm going to tie in a good old fringe here that will pop. So I want to tie in a fringe with some volume that'll pop that volume. I kind of wanted to sit right around here because you can see the volume that happens on that short side. So if I can kick some volume up in this area and then just have that disconnect as the asymmetrical feel, I think that will really pull this whole haircut together. First off, I'm going to take a round section out, clip it away. Now we got a U shape right there. I'm going to cut into some of this length. I'm going to start blowing it dry just to get some volume. So now I'm going to finish this using Paul Mitchell spray wax, which you guys know is definitely one of my go-to favorite products.


Welcome to this course on computer programming. In this session, we are going to introduce a new concept called software engineering. In programs that we write to make the computers work, the term software refers collectively to all such programs. Now, as the size of the software becomes large, we obviously need special methods to manage both the development of such large software and its usage. There is an important component of software that is called maintenance of software, we shall talk about it in a little while. In this and the following session, we shall be discussing concepts of software engineering to handle such large systems. In particular, in this session, we shall just look at some basic terms, particularly the categorization of software for different purposes. Very broadly, the software is categorized into four different categories. System software, application software, embedded software, which is essentially application software, which is embedded into some gadgets and appliances and it has some special features in that the system software and application software together need to go into the embedded systems. Last but not the least, web applications, which around these days, we shall comment on each one of these briefly. First, the system software. Whenever we use a general purpose computer, we need an operating system to manage the activities of that computer.  It comprises of several elements. It has, for example, facilities to manage the memory of the computer, facilities to manage the storage associated with the computer, facilities to manage the processing of various programs by the computer. You will be familiar with Microsoft Windows, for example, which is a popular operating system, Linux and its variants, another set of popular operating systems. Next, come under the system software, a set of compilers for different programming languages. These programming languages are referred to as third generation languages. The first generation programming was often done using machine language code directly 0111001, etcetera, etcetera. Then people developed what is called assembly language and the assemblers or compilers for those assembly languages. Assembly languages were called the second generation languages. The third generation languages started with the invention of Fortran or formula translation, a very popular language used in early days for numerical computing. There have been more than 800 higher level languages since then incidentally. Then came specification kind of languages, where you do not have to define what procedures to be followed, but just say what you want to get done. Databases and structured query language, which is used to program databases fall under this category. These are called fourth generation languages. Again, you would require system software, effectively equivalent of compilers and runtime software to handle programs written in SQL and such four years. We then have rapid application development tools. One example is an integrated development environment. Code blocks, for example, is a very simple, but still an integrated development environment. And there is lot of software, which actually has been written to make that code blocks available to us. There are several such integrated development environment, which make development of software easier. Then there are scripting languages and their interpreters such as HTML, JavaScript, XML, etcetera, etcetera. Tools to build software keep evolving and all such tools, which help us build other kind of software and those which manage the computer systems together are referred to as system software. While system software is the basis of everything that we do with computers, the main aim is to write programs, which will solve practical problems. Because these programs determine functionality needed by people, all such programs are collectively classified as application software. Some examples are accounting, payroll, inventory control. These are the traditional applications for which computers, by the way, were deployed from very early days. But larger software, such as software for operations of banks, often called the core banking software or software required to handle railway and airline reservation systems. For computational purposes, there are specialty software such as simulators, equation solvers, genomes sequencing for example, in life sciences. All these applications could become very large and very complex. Application software in general is characterized by large size, it has complex functions, it used by large number of people and it requires significant time and efforts. Application software, particularly for that kind of application, which is common and to be used by many organizations, you have package software. Some examples of package software for applications is ERP packages or enterprise resource planning packages. Some of you might have heard the name SAP for example, or there is an ERP package by a company called Oracle. These packages, while they solve a generic problem and is quite large, has many modules, but is often required to be customized for local requirements. Such customization often involves writing more programs or modifying some of the existing programs of such a package. As opposed to that, another set of application software could result from what we call a bespoke development. Bespoke development generally means developing the entire software from scratch, from first principles by looking at what is the functionality required. Whether it is a package software customized to the need or whether it is a bespoke development in general, application software is a large and complex system. Embedded system is another category, which is very peculiar because this defines software which goes inside any gadget or appliance. It is interesting that in modern days, almost all familiar gadgets such as washing machines or TV sets, even our digital watches, cameras, a lift for example, or larger systems like car and aircraft, all of them are driven by computers inside into the gadgets, kept inside the gadgets. Of course, each of these computers have specific functionality and this functionality is provided by the application software which is written for those computers which are embedded into such gadgets. Equipment in manufacturing plant is another example where you have embedded software. Medical instruments and equipment, in fact, practically every gadget that you can think of today has some kind of computer inside it and to make that computer work, you need to write some application software. The special characteristics of embedded software is that the core size has to be compact. So, unlike the programs which we write for example, when compiled and linked with the libraries often result in 2 or 4 million bytes of code which is to be executed then is not proper for a embedded system where the memory may be extremely limited. So, the code has to be written with very specific emphasis on its compactness. Further, the changes in the versions are difficult. Any other application software which we use from general purpose computers, we can simply load the next version and start using it. But imagine that there are a million watches containing certain piece of embedded software that has been distributed across the world. If you come up with the next version, how would you ever be able to reach every watch in the world and modify that software to the next version? In general, the changes in versions for embedded software are very difficult to almost unmanageable. Development cycle of embedded system is much longer. We finally, look at web applications. These are something which we are familiar with. In fact, the EDX system that we are using is actually a web application. This is the kind of applications software where as far as end users are concerned, they have a web interface. So, for example, I will open a browser and I will connect to that particular application. Of course, the application in turn will connect to one or more backend systems through network, often internet. These applications have become extremely popular with the advent and growth of internet first and then the web. These are often in the nature of distributed applications. To give you an example, suppose I want to reserve a ticket for a flight. I will go to the airline reservation site to book a ticket. This is my first application which I invoke. Once I am there and I select a ticket, I need to pay for it. So, I am guided by that site to payment system get way which actually is another application located on another server may be thousands of miles away. That payment system get way will get my collect my credentials and may in turn guide me to my bank or credit card system where I actually make the payment. Observe that after making the payment, I must be automatically guided back first to the payment system get way and then back to the airlines and internally all these three different applications must ensure that if the money is collected from me, then a ticket is issued to me or if for some reason money cannot be collected, then any ticket issued should be cancelled. These distributed applications are more difficult to develop naturally because these applications have to interact interface and interact with each other. In summary, we have studied categories of software. We understand that large coordinated efforts are required to both build and maintain such software. Thank you.


The Swiss resort of Davos, where the movers and shakers from the world of politics, business and culture gather for their annual get-together at the World Economic Forum. Our topic in this BBC World News debate is fake news and the challenges and threats it presents to politics and societies. From influencing voters to fostering divisions and fuelling prejudice, there are growing calls for something to be done. The online giants like Google and Facebook say they're trying to prevent fake news spreading on their sites, but is it too late to stop the rot? Welcome to the World Economic Forum in Davos for our debate on fake news. It is one of the buzzwords of our time because it is such a significant phenomenon of the internet age. Let me tell you who's on our panel. So Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Wikipedia, who's on a mission to fight fake news with the launch of Wikitribune. Joseph Kahn is managing editor of the New York Times that's seen its circulation shoot up. It was founded in 1851 and has received more than 120 Pulitzer Prizes for its journalism. Annabel Keener, deputy editor-in-chief of RT, the Kremlin-backed television network formerly known as Russia Today, and Bilowal Buto Zardari, chairman of the Pakistan People's Party. He's the son of the former Prime Minister, Benazir Buto, assassinated ten years ago. Welcome to our panel and of course to you watching and listening around the world on TV, radio and online. Now you know, first I asked our colleagues on the BBC's technology program, Click, to take a look at what fake news is and how it's becoming more and more sophisticated. The fake news. Fake news. Fake news. This is fake news. Fake news.  Fake news. Everyone's using the term these days. And with good reason, while President Trump may have helped put the term in the dictionary, the rest of the world has been struggling to separate the fact from fiction. That was fake. The headline was, this is how Islamic society look like and we are heading to this. That was fake. The most grotesque, stomach-chilling videos. That was fake too. Problem is, it now seems to mean everything from actual lies to just something you don't agree with. So just how do we sort fact from fiction, opinion from satire and from highly skewed and misleading headlines? Tech giants like Facebook, Twitter and Google have spent a year wrestling with the problem. But in a world driven by likes, clicks and attention, do they have what it takes to fight the fakes? It could be that one reason it's so hard to stop this stuff is that there's big money to be made in creating it. This was for a couple of years that I did it. I was so much younger. A lot of fake news that's being written is just by regular people that are sitting down on their computers that have learned this formula, scandalous title, plus false information equals profit. Once upon a time, even a 13-year-old could do this. One thing is certain. Fake news is a lot easier to make and share than it is to find and debunk. And recognizing fake news could be about to get even harder. New technology could soon make us question not just what we read, but everything we see and hear.  From stealing our faces to mimicking our voices. I am not a robot. My intonation is always different. What's real has never been so unclear. Fact-checking organizations and technologists are working to identify and flag fake news. Researchers and politicians are starting to investigate its impact and we're all starting to become more aware of the power it can have. Russia is seeking to weaponize information, deploying its state-run media organizations to plant fake stories and photoshopped images in an attempt to sow discord in the West and undermine our institutions. Is it too little, too late? Or is this just the start of a high-tech fake news arms race? Quick question to all of you.  Joe Khan. Well, it's a useful term in the sense, as your clip points out, the phenomenon of maliciously created false information for political or economic purposes is an ongoing and very serious threat when news and information is distributed so widely on technology platforms. Bill Owell. Is it a useful term, fake news, catch-all phrase? You know, I'm not so sure, Zaynep, because I feel that obviously misinformation, propaganda, disinformation have been long-standing components of information warfare. Fake news has recently gained prominence vis-a-vis the American election, but as we saw in that clip, when politicians use it as a catch-all phrase to cover political spin, stuff they don't like, then it gets murky. Anna Belkina. I think the term is absolutely toxic because it muddles the debate and just the public discourse about accuracy and factuality in information. It is also, we see it weaponized by public figures, but also by media organizations as a way to silence dissenting voices, as a way to avoid answering to any kind of criticism. And at the very end, it is harmful to the actual problem that we're trying to solve here. OK, Jimmy Wells, I mean, you know, we put fabricated evidence into fake news and news that simply people don't like. Yeah, I mean, I do think that's a problem. And I'm surprised, I agree with Anna Belkina, except the one thing I would add to that is we should distinguish between fake news generated by teenagers and things like that. And there are actually better terms for propaganda, for something like RT. And muddling those two together is really a huge mistake. All right, Joe Kahn from The New York Times, you were the recipient of a fake news award, a newspaper award from the White House.  Is it a joke? Well, that's President Trump's definition of fake news is the real problem with fake news, which is, which is that his accusation of fake news is fundamentally fake. There, the problem with fake news is not journalism, which sometimes makes errors in the process of reporting and writing and then promptly corrects itself. Good journalistic organizations own up to their errors. Every single one of the awards that the president gave out to fake news media were media organizations that made factual errors and corrected them. That to me is the definition of good journalistic practice. Calling it fake news is an all-purpose smear, which has made the term, as people said in the clip, a weaponized term to try to... But you're wearing as a bit of badge of honor, are you? I got a fake news award from the White House. Why not? I wish we had more than one. Below and butto. I mean, that's one side of fake news, but actually in your part of the world, when fake news is disseminated on WhatsApp or whatever media model, it can have actually rather dangerous consequences. I mean, I think that it can have dangerous consequences everywhere. What we were referring to with President Trump is particularly concerning and dangerous, not because it's funny he's handing out fake news award and you're absolutely correct. They've all been corrected. The point is to have the leader of a democratic country demonizing the press in such a way is what concerns me. Coming from a fragile democracy, from a political party in a country is fought for Pakistan to be a democracy. I'm concerned both with the use by politicians of this term to sort of demonize the press. And on the other side... Does that go on in Pakistan then?  Oh, yeah, we started rather before Trump. I won't take the politician's name. But attacking and demonizing the media, repeatedly repeating false fiction on a mass scale, that's sort of... And who else is behind it in Pakistan? OK, so I think that, as with everywhere else, it's...there's no concrete way to answer that question. Yes, politicians are behind it. News media in my country and other parts of the developing world are far more commercialized, owned by big business interests who aren't limited in the way it is in the UK, that you can't have a television and a newspaper. They push out their commercial interests. So non-traditional platforms can actually be a source of rather credible news. There are a lot of actors involved there. Jimmy Wells, Wikipedia is part of the digital explosion, of course. But you are, if I could sort of put it delicately, also part of the kind of fake news problem, because there are a lot of inaccuracies on there. There are a lot of inaccuracies on Wikipedia. Well, of course, there are a lot of inaccuracies in everything, but the thing about Wikipedia is that we are diligently and passionately committed to getting it right. And so we have very strong standards about reliable sources. We have a very open policy of correcting any mistakes that come into us. Of course, doing serious research, doing serious journalism inherently involves making mistakes from time to time. But the key is you just have to try to get it right. And I think that's fundamental. And this is very different from... Is there no malicious or malevolent intent behind that inaccuracy? I think that's really important, yeah. And also, you know, a lot of the fake news problem, fake news that gets circulated on social media and so forth, doesn't make it into Wikipedia because the Wikipedia community are very sophisticated about evaluating sources. And so they would see fake news from teenagers in Macedonia or whatever the classic example is and they would recognize immediately, that's not a real newspaper. I've never heard of that. They check around and it doesn't make it into Wikipedia. Anna Belkina, we heard Theresa May in our short film there accusing Russia and weaponizing information. And as you know, there are so many accusations against RT from various sources. I know you'll say it's not the case, but, you know, NATO President Emmanuel Macron or France, Theresa May, the German government, the American government. They all say Russia as a state actor is a perpetrator of fake news and it uses stations such as RT. Well, those accusations, and I'm going to speak specifically about RT because a lot of them are very directly addressed to us, those accusations are false. They're demonstrably false. I'm glad that you brought up the statements by President Macron. RT has actually been a target of false information spread about it. Throughout the campaign, the presidential campaign. So you're accusing President Macron of spreading false information about RT.  However, throughout the duration of the campaign or thereafter, they have failed to provide a single example of such a new story. And now... I know you will say they're all false but they come from so many quarters. NATO, Russia, NATO says it's been dealing with a significant increase in Russian propaganda and disinformation since 2014. Mark Zuckerberg from Facebook has denounced Russia's fake news agency. I could really go on and on and on. This is part of the problem, that we're conflating terms like propaganda, misinformation, disinformation are notably much more subjective and vague than something like fake news. And they are used to dismiss and discredit any kind of dissenting, any kind of inconvenient opinion or even just fact, any kind of reporting. But when presidential candidate or his team repeatedly and without evidence presents these kinds of accusations of fake news and, you know, all the media in the U.S. and really the mainstream media in the West is very happy to point to any kind of statement... Intelligence agencies of Germany and France... But we're again, we're conflating this issue... Provided the evidence... We're scrutinizing differently statements by President Trump and we're not scrutinizing accusations of fake news from President Macron at all. In fact, there has been a single, single mainstream media outlet to call out to question the Macron campaign and that has been of Reuters that they did not receive a single example of a false story Archie has provided. Jimmy Wales, you satisfied with it?  I mean, if you just... The evidence is from so many different places. So Columbia Journalism School had a team of graduate students serve at the Project RT Watch and they found multiple examples of completely misrepresentation, false stories, fake experts, outright lies and it's... I mean, it's overwhelming and so it's not really... That's not even an open question. And also, I think it's really important to understand that serious people don't say fake news is news I disagree with and so it's not about silencing dissenting views. You don't see the Wall Street Journal in the New York Times when they disagree on an issue calling each other fake news. It's about basic journalistic standards. Joe, you want to come in here, Joe Conn? I was going to say, Zana, I think Ana's correct and Jimmy mentioned this earlier on one point. There is a semantic distinction between propaganda or news with spin that is put out there by a state or by a news organization for some kind of political purpose or effect which has a basis in fact but it's fundamental purpose is to spin the facts for the purpose of achieving... Is that the case? So, I mean, President Emmanuel Macron said that there were wild accusations about him having secret bank accounts in the Caribbean and that he was secretly a homosexual and that kind of thing. There's no basis in truth in that. There's a spectrum between propaganda and spin and totally false, maliciously created fake news. But that's what he's saying. Well, I'll tell you exactly what he said. OK, just to get this out there. Emmanuel Macron said Russia today, he also mentioned the Sputnik website, several locations spread counter-truths about me personally in my campaign. They behaved like agents of influence and forced propaganda. That's what he said. Take it up with him. Can I just... We've tried. Can I just come to Russia today's defence for a second? Absolutely. Politicians, media outlets, partisan media outlets push out agendas, etc. But let's not forget that WMDs in Iraq was also fake news. Theresa May says on that clip that Russia today is a state... Weaponising information. Fair enough, but she's saying that through state-sponsored media, we're sitting on a BBC platform that's state-sponsored in the UK. We have to be able to sort of see that when we're looking at it from their point of view, we don't seem to notice our own flaws and weaknesses in the West and set up either. Nice try there, below one, buto. However, I have to say... The New York Times... I can only tell you... The BBC, how do you report WMDs in Iraq? Yeah, but when we get it wrong, we say that we got something wrong. After the invasion in Iraq. But there's no equivalence argument. The BBC, yes, you say RT is just a national broadcaster just like the BBC is. BBC is subjected to independent regulator, OFCOM, which is nothing to do with the government. And the BBC regularly makes reports and investigations which criticise the government. Do you do that on RT? We absolutely do that on RT. We are regulated actually by OFCOM as well, all of our programming. And just as Joe is describing the process of... I've been saying for multiple times by OFCOM. Less than the BBC and never find, like the BBC has. But this is the problem. We're moving the goalposts, something. And this is the problem, that errors that RT has made. And of course, we've made errors in our reporting. And we've addressed them, we've corrected, we've issued clarifications to inform our audience. But when it comes to RT or other alternative voices, legitimate alternative voices in the news media, those kinds of accusations become a way to summarily misrepresent the nature of what we do. Let's take a question actually. We have got Iman Usman from Indonesia, the most populous Muslim nation in the world, and you work in online education. Your question, please. Many politicians have overused digital media for a short-term benefit of winning the election. And this led to the explosion of fake news, which led to the divisions within those communities. So my question to the panel is that, how much danger does fake news pose to democracy? There was a Gallup poll just this month saying that 73% of Americans believe that fake news is a threat to democracy. Joe, quickly. I think it is. I think I'd twist the question a little bit. I think that the hyper-partisanship in politics, not just in the United States but around the world, produces the fake news phenomenon as opposed to fake news producing hyper-partisanship. We are in an environment where people are lead identity-based political lives where they are affiliating with certain news and information based on the way political parties are using it. I don't think fake news is the cause of the problem to democracy. I think that the proliferation of fake news is one of the most important symptoms of a decline and sort of shared values and a shared sense of truth, quite honestly. Annabel Keynes, what do you do in democracy and politics? Well, I agree with you, Joe, that any kind of false information has a potential to negatively influence not just political processes, but a lot of public discourse overall. However, there have already been several studies in the U.S. and Europe that show that even though people might be exposed to fake news well to false stories and false information, in the grand scheme of things, they still make their decisions, their political decisions, on the basis of factual information and factual reporting, which is encouraging for all of us. It doesn't mean that we should be complacent, but I think this is where kind of the upside lies in the situation. A report on 28 countries by the Edelman Trust showed that 65% of people get their news online or via apps like WhatsApp and so on, so the potential for fake news wreaking havoc is huge, isn't it? It is huge. One of the encouraging things from that Trust Barometer survey was that people's trust from social media has declined substantially in the last year, which means that people are beginning to be aware of the problem that something that just flows by you in social media may not be valid and that maybe you need to turn to a better source. I mean, that's the point, isn't it? I mean, that's a very point. Do people really believe that this story about the Pope Francis endorsing Donald Trump as the candidate is true? That was one of the ones given out by the Macedonian teenagers. I mean, people are intelligent, they kind of think that the Pope Francis, you know, supports migration, left essential and so on. I mean, this is not really going to be accurate. So it should be credit people with more intelligence that they're not so susceptible to fake news.  So more than a million people thought it was interesting enough to share with their communities. It's unclear, you don't know, but in most cases when people share, it's something that they want their friends to see and understand. Do you think that's right, Jimmy? I mean, you know, if people shared, do you think that means that they believe that story is true? Yeah, or they think it's either alarming enough or confirming enough of something they feel at that moment to pass along. How much do they even bother reading it? How much do they just vaguely go away with the notion? I mean, one of the things that I think really hard for people who are news junkies to keep in mind is that, you know, we immediately see that and we say, well, that's ludicrous. There's no way the Pope endures Trump. But people who are not avid news consumers, they're very naive about the news, which, by the way, I think in free societies, people have the right to not be interested in news. However, when they do get some information, it should be quality. They also have a right to quality information. Ana Belkina, I think we have to look at why they're compelled to read and to share those stories in the first place. And I think the big reason for that is that for many years, if not decades, a large part of the audience in the US and Europe felt underserved by their own news media, because they didn't see that as reflecting their reality. And so they would turn to alternative voices, some legitimate and responsible and accountable like RT, but others are not. And until the mainstream media, RT vs. the mainstream media takes a more critical look at why this kind of environment was created in the first place. And by the way, Joe, even reporters and columnists like Jim Brunberg from the New York Times itself have reflected on the wake of the Brexit vote in the US election. Until there is a very honest effort to address this issue and to not discourage legitimate alternative voices from the news discourse, that a problem will persist. Ana Belkina brings up a very good point for the mainstream media. It's a challenge really that citizens and readers go where they want. And it's because the mainstream media failed to give the citizens and the readers what they wanted. So you also do share some of that responsibility. I think there's we have a mission to try to reach as many people as we can with our journalism, but I think we have to understand that a large part of the reading public wants information that is confirming of their biases and the political beliefs. And the New York Times and the BBC are not committed to providing them with information to confirm their biases. We are committed to providing them with journalism. So in a hyper partisan environment, you will have people constantly search for sources of news and information that confirm their prior political beliefs. They will often fail to find that in the most credible news media and they will seek it out elsewhere. But it's not our responsibility to provide them with fake or misleading news simply to confirm their political bias. But the mainstream media is also, people say, it's not possible in the sense that there has been a failure in regulation of standards in the mainstream media which kind of helped the proliferation of fake news. I guess I would not agree with that. Not for the New York Times, but well, I can, you know, I can't speak for every element of the mainstream media. I think the mainstream media for the most part does its best to try to improve itself. It makes mistakes over time. The journalistic process is inherently imperfect, but we are committed to fact-based, you know, well-reported journalism. That is the way that we try to get our audience. We do have a very substantial audience, but you can't look at the entire world of news and information and blame the proliferation of partisan, biased view that circulates online on a failure by mainstream media. Alright, let's go to the audience because there's another question from Rebecca McKinnon who's from the United States an advocate for digital freedom of expression and privacy. Your question briefly please, Rebecca. Sure. My question relates to the previous question, but it deals with business models and democracy. We know now from studies of what has happened over the past year that disinformation campaigns appearing on social media were really the result of people very skillfully using the features and services that social media companies, Facebook and others provide to advertisers and digital marketers. So the question is the over dependence of our media ecosystem on advertising and particularly advertising technology that tracks people all over the internet and enables very targeted messaging to specific types of people. To what extent is that an existential threat to the Democratic discourse? Well we've talked about the Democratic discourse so let's just keep with, do we need to rework the business model because that's what the Macedonian kids did, didn't it? They're trying to get lots of hits so that they could get advertising. Yeah, absolutely. So the advertising only business model has been incredibly destructive for journalism. One of the most encouraging signs that I've seen in the last couple of years is the incredible surge in digital only subscriptions to the New York Times and other quality papers. People are finally understanding, hey, actually we need to pay for quality journalism. The problem with, particularly when we have this advertising technology everywhere I go on the internet I see the same ads. I see ads for boats because I like boats. And in the old days you might say I want to sell boats. I'm looking for 50 year old men in some kind of midlife crisis who want to buy a boat because that too buys boats. And you would think, oh, they read the New York Times and the Guardian and the FD and the Wall Street Journal and you advertise with them. Now the ads can be anywhere. I can be on a message board. I can be on Reddit. I can be on a spammy website. I can be anywhere and I'll see the same ads which means that the serious players here are now competing head to head in a really direct way for ad dollars, for clicks which puts the wrong incentives in front of everybody. So we need to rework the business model. We need to rework the business model. Advertising as a piece of the business model is fine but in this environment with this highly automated advertising ecosystem journalism can't compete if it's just about raw, raw clicks, clicks, clicks. Need to rework the business model? Absolutely. I would agree. I think that not only fake news for many reasons but the business model is a fundamental threat to democracy and to media in a country like Pakistan in particular. That's where I know more examples of. So big business houses control the majority of media in Pakistan, all media in Pakistan that dominates all the space, dominates all the narrative and they don't hesitate to print fictional news, to run fictional news on their electronic media and the quality of journalism in Pakistan. Let me tell you we have some of the best journalists in Pakistan. We've managed to stave off three military dictatorships with the help of some of the most bravest journalists in my country. But with this commercialization, with this, with less with the ads but just sort of the big industries in Pakistan who have the money and the government doling out cash what's produced on television is more acting and spin and propaganda. So you think that there's more sensationalism in the news. Absolutely. And the poor credible journalists who for all their lives do this can barely make ends meet, aren't getting the same packages at these done up actors to read off the telephone. Anna Belkina. I think it's part of the problem but it is not the majority of the problem. In my view, false information is just as harmful if it's created and distributed for just for fun or for the purpose of political interferes as it is when people are trying to make money off of it. The issue again is how can we inoculate the audience against this kind of information regardless of the means through which it is distributed and promoted.  Are they publishers or are they platforms? Jimmy Wells, you're nodding so come to me. No, I think it's super interesting what Facebook is doing. I think we don't know yet what that will mean exactly . On the one hand, I think serious publishers should be happy that maybe it's not all about click baby headlines that get traction on social media. On the other hand, a lot of publishers are worried about if there's a decline in traffic from Facebook, that's meaningful certainly in the short run. But I do think that the platforms really do need to think and reflect on the role of the information that they're providing to consumers and not just from a public spirited motive, although I hope they take that into account, but also just from a quality of user experience. If people begin to feel like, you know what, actually I find that I go on Facebook or I go on Twitter and I get all these nonsense news stories that I don't even know are true or not. I don't really want to do that. That's not what I want Facebook for. Then they'll stop using Facebook as much and they'll say I just want to service where I can look at photos from my friends, kids, and they all move to Instagram, but I think Facebook owns. But the point is I think that the platforms need to take this seriously. So you think that they've not been doing enough? I think that they have not been doing enough to the extent that their brands are being tarnished. But you refer to them as platforms because that's their fear of being seen as publishers, as I said, because then they're subjected to different rules. Do you think they are just platforms? Yeah, definitely. I think it would be if I want to share something with a friend on Twitter or on Facebook. I don't think it's fair in any way to assume that Facebook is responsible for that content. Joe Kahn? Facebook are absolutely determined not to be reclassified in the business ecosystem as a publisher. That really takes responsibility for what all of its 2 billion users around the world post, the accuracy of it, the reliability of that information. They would essentially need to hire every available human being in the world to police that content in order to have any assurance the way a good publisher would that what they're publishing on that platform meets their standard. So it's literally impossible for the Facebook business model to become a publisher business model. At the same time, they're feeling some of the pressure that publishers feel because they do feel a certain sense of responsibility for the most malicious fake news that may have an impact on the political debate. I think that explains why Mark Zuckerberg announced this change in their algorithm to some extent they're stepping back from trying to be or even present themselves as a primary provider of news. It doesn't mean news won't show up on the platform but they want to be a social media site, not a primary source for people to consume news and information. But they could see a real drop in their income as a result if they do rework their business model. They could even disappear conceivably, couldn't they? That seems unlikely but I do think that they could become a somewhat less significant source of news and information and they would not, at least according to what they're telling us, be that reluctant to be viewed as a less significant source of news and information. What has this Facebook's recent decision on this, how is that impacted publications like the New York Times because surely sort of when this stuff was being promoted actively on Facebook they would drive traffic to organizations? We're watching it closely, we're concerned, we think that it will impact us somewhat less than the ecosystem of true sort of fake news providers that Rebecca was describing who are looking for click-baity returns from advertisers that was never our business. We never got enough revenue from Facebook to support the gathering and the reporting and publishing of real news anyway. Annabel, can you note on this issue of the business model, time to rework it? Well I think the one danger that we need to avoid when discussing the role of these platforms is to not put three American companies three platforms essentially in the positions of global censors of news. Obviously absolutely no idea when patently false information is going to be taken out of the discourse and I hope that this happens because it's harmful for all of us. But they should not be deciding that one point of view is more valid than the other. Then Washington Post should be promoted over the New York Times, over BBC, over France, over RT when it's based, when it's discussing and publishing legitimate reporting. That's a very valid point. I mean you talked about Joe said, Joe Khan said you just can't have enough fact checkers to just deal with the volume of news and trying to see what's fake and what isn't fake. I think there's a temptation to make them de facto censors. So what are the solutions? You've got this idea of the Tribune. Yeah well, Wiki Tribune is my effort to play a small part in helping think this thing through. The idea I have is to say look we know that communities can do incredible positive work and we see that at Wikipedia. Of course it's not perfect but it's great people trying really hard to get it right and I want to see if we can bring in a community, pair them with paid professional journalists to do something new in the space of news. So you kind of get citizen journalists along with professional journalists working together. Together as equals and you know true citizen journalism has produced some interesting things now and then but it always hits a wall. There's a lot that you can't really do as a thoughtful person of Goodwill sitting at home working in your spare time. You can't drop everything and chase a story for and things like that. At the same time we know that there's a lot that thoughtful people can contribute and in the past the structure of most news sites hasn't really done anything useful to bring a community. The classic news community is here's the news article and at the bottom are the most horrible people in the world screaming at each other and a lot of journalists are actually afraid of the community because of that because their experience has been I published something and I got all this abuse in the comments and that's not healthy those people, those angry people in the comments don't represent the whole of humanity. Alright, let's go to the audience again and get a question from Zuned Ahmad Palak Minister for Information and Technology in Bangladesh. Your question please. I thank to the distinguished panellists for your insightful discussion. So in my views there are two tools to tackle the fake news. One is definitely tough regulation and the other is self-censorship. So my question to the panel so what would you suggest for a country like Bangladesh although there is a strong argument from the government to regulate the fake news but it can actually damage the freedom of speech or freedom of press. Thank you. I mean we've seen I mean in fact Downing Street the United Kingdom British government has just announced that it will rebut fake news and we know that France and Germany have actually brought in regulations Germany in particular with very, very heavy fines if you're found to be perpetrating fake news. So there are some examples there of government regulation but below with buttoe let me put it to you you've got to strike that right balance between regulation hate speech versus free speech. I mean I look forward to seeing how this goes forward forward in a country like Germany in protecting freedom of speech and fundamental rights and it will be an interesting place to see how this sort of regulation goes forward, same with France but just with the minister from Bangladesh my gut reaction is the fear of undermining freedom of the press especially in young democracies like ours where the tendency to authoritarianism and why I'm much preferred and really excited about the idea of things like Wiki Tribune because a lot of citizen journalists in Pakistan that would allow sort of credibility and authenticity and help with the training I like also this Africa check and see Ukrainian ones stop fake where journalists have got together this is sort of this traditional politifact angle of of checking fake news perhaps this will develop into a more community driven So you want the grassroots to kind of police fake news rather than governments doing it? I would say I'm more comfortable with something like that You've got elections in Pakistan Absolutely We've historically been dealing with fake news in election cycles Bangladesh and Pakistan dealt with fake news even back then So it is that component but I personally do not trust my state to be regulating this But when you've got really detrimental effects and harmful consequences of fake news in your part of the world where you can result in death Don't you need a heavier hand of just grassroots policing? No absolutely grassroots policing on its own One important component I think that we're not addressing is education I think we need to re-look how we're teaching our kids in school I don't remember being taught about journalism in high school or anything you would take an elective at university If you're taught about sourcing, if you're taught about bias If you're taught about how to research and check multiple angles What does fake news look like? I think education is a really strong component Another tool I've come to Annabelle Keener on this issue of hate speech versus free speech and the role of government in regulating fake news Well A lot of traditional news platforms such as the press such as TV broadcasters are already pretty thoroughly regulated in all the countries where we operate This is true for RT, it's true for the BBC where I most certainly don't think that additional regulation is the answer But speaking as a member of the media community I think that a lot of the solution lies with the news media community and holding each other accountable Now this is not something that is viable when Donald Trump accuses somebody of fake news the media takes as the badge of honor but President Macron does the same thing and it's not even examined and it doesn't exist without these kinds of double standards without lumping some editorial mistakes as dismissal of fake news of entire organizations and excusing repeatedly mistakes of others But if there is a real honest, open approach and examination when mistakes that our team makes can be pointed out in a constructive debate by the likes of the New York Times but RT's in position to point out mistakes in the New York Times reporting that is the most constructive approach that I see Joe Cohen the United States under President Trump and the Russian government under Vladimir Putin have actually taken upon the political leadership to some extent to combat what they call fake news which I think is emblematic of the risk of having the state get involved in policing this. The Russian Foreign Ministry has a stamp a big red stamp that they put on pieces of news that they consider fake Donald Trump has his fake news awards These are not the people that we the broader community should be looking to tell us what's accurate and what's not accurate in the news media. I think that is a very slippery slope to authoritarian sense. So no government regulation? I would say that I have very little to no faith in government regulation as a way of ferreting out fake news. The only thing that's really going to work with fake news is more quality news more attention to quality news better traction for quality news on online platforms and ultimately simply more information that's out there to combat the maliciously fake news. So it's a shot in the arm for things like the New York Times which is why your circulation has gone up you think because people think you know around since the mid 19th century I do think some people are gravitating to reliable brands and I think it's reaffirmed in the kind of social media age the value of true original reporting and over time we just have to continue to reemphasize that. Jamie Wales? Yeah I think particularly in countries where there are fragile democracies or there's a lot of potential problems with pressure from the state on publishers strong regulations is an incredibly dangerous and incredibly bad idea. I also don't think self-censorship is the answer. I don't even know what self-censorship means. I think that's a completely false dichotomy. I think what we need is a robust ecosystem you need to have the independence of journalism to speak truth to power but also to ferret out fake news and to speak truth about that. Minister you've got some good answers there go back to your ministry and you've got your blueprint there to work out with your civil servants let's take our final question from the audience Victor Ochsen, a youth activist from Uganda. Your question please. Thank you very much I'm from Africa probably the biggest victim of fake news what I wanted to ask is in a continent like Africa where across the countries there's that strong tribal loyalties to politicians the point that it doesn't necessarily mean citizens are questioning whether the news coming from their leaders are fake or true I'm asking in such narratives how can you enforce change in cultural norms of that time. Thank you. Joe Khan I think it was you who said earlier on you wanted to seek out opinions that reflect their own values and so on so in the context of Africa and that question where people have tribal loyalties how can you try to I don't think it's only Africa where people have tribal loyalties I mean I think it's well since you put it in the context of Africa but I mean the question is how can you bring about a cultural change I think it's a generalized problem that's getting worse which is the hyper partisanship of politics and news media debate I mean I think basically the idea of unpartisan facts even science is itself being questioned or subordinated to partisan politics you will believe what I your political leader or spokesman say you ought to believe about climate change about the performance of the economy about what's happening in your own community about the threat from immigrants the idea of having a truly independent fact-based for democratic discussion has been eroded in recent years so that tribal loyalties a real fertile breeding ground it's become more rather than less important and that to me is an enormous dilemma for mainstream media which is not by its nature partisan so we cannot by our nature truly satisfy the demand for that kind of tribal affiliation is that the case we know lots of newspapers I mean in the United Kingdom you've got the daily telegraph which is referred to as the daily Tory graph that's the conservative party but if we go in that direction if wikipedia or wiki tribune go in that direction we will have such a sharp deterioration but they don't peddle fake news anyway I think what's important here is that yes people do like to buy the Guardian for example if it confirms their world view and so on that's a left of centre newspaper in the United Kingdom or they buy the telegraph but I find wikipedia is incredibly popular and New York Times is incredibly popular BBC News is incredibly popular people get that and they also really do have a strong desire for clear facts clear unambiguous as neutral as possible facts I mean it's basically the echo chamber and its effect on fake news so Annabel Keenan and then Bilal Wilbuto Annabel Keenan? Sure I think the solution is diversity of stories diversity of points of view and in legitimate accountable credible reporting that is what RT seeks to deliver and exploring news and topics and issues outside within the US for example outside of the partisan divide as a way of providing the audience with the widest range of legitimate news stories possible. Bilal Wilbuto? I think raising this partisan tribalism issues is really really important I think internationally a partisanship has gotten so toxic that that's probably a more fundamental threat to our democracy but I wonder if President Trump by engaging in these awards are sort of rounding up and painting as partisan the previously seen as objective news organisations by sort of engaging and hitting you in a politically partisan manner almost forcing them to react in the same way Alright just very quickly to all of you fake news however imperfect a phrase might be you think it's still going to be around that we're not going to find a way of combating it yes or no? Annabel Keenan is it going to be around? Yes but not for much longer I think we're all starting to find to see the issues with it. Jimmy Wells I think the the true fake news spammy websites generated by teenagers will be algorithmically sorted out you know by Google and Facebook and everyone else the deeper problem of financial problems in the news media, low quality media we've still got a lot to deal with Been around for ages going to be around for a long longer I just hope we educate ourselves and empower our citizens to deal with this Joe Conn. Actual fake news is on the decline the fake news as a political smear is on the increase that's the threat at the moment. Well gotta leave it there. Thanks very much indeed to my panel thank you to my audience here at the World Economic Forum for me, Zaynab Badawi and all the team on our world debate. Goodbye