Hello everyone, my name is Fatih Palli and this is my presentation for our paper titled The Area Latency Symbiosis Towards Improved Serial Encryption Circuits. Let me start my presentation by giving you an example application in which the lightweight cryptography is essential. So on the left side what you're seeing is an identity card which is equipped with a chip inside and on the right side there's a terminal which is wirelessly powering this card for the communication. And the eventual goal is to establish a tunnel between these two parties so that there's a bidirectional communication that is secured from the outsiders. This is typically realized by the primitive authenticated encryption associated data. And in particular in this paper what we're concerned is about the efficiency or lightweightness of the implementation of such a particular scheme. When we talk about efficiency in our paper what we refer to is first the silicon area of the final circuit and later it is the throughput and the latency metrics. And it is needless to say that our effort goes in parallel to the lightweight cryptography which is an ongoing standardization process. Currently it is in the final round but at the time of writing this paper it was at the end of the second round. And typically what happens through the standardization or in general in the cryptographic discipline is we have on the left side as you can see we have this design paradigms which are used by the designers to instantiate their own schemes. In the case of mode of operation we see a different flavors of mode of operation definitions which are employing a common block ciphers such as GIFTS, SKINNY and AES. In the second round there were four tree and four candidates respectively for each of these block ciphers whereas in the final round you only have one candidate which is using GIFT and another one which is using SKINNY. And a particular question that our work tries to deal with is well how can we make these AED schemes as small as possible in the ASIC platform while also considering some of the other metrics at the same time. And naturally it boils down to how we can efficiently build and implement these block ciphers so that we in this paper will particularly look at the implementation of block ciphers. And at this point we should remember what this type of block ciphers look on the inside because from an implementation perspective when we try to build circuits that are smaller and smaller we are going to have to deal with a different type of operations which might be either suitable or non-suitable for the time of strategy that we are following in our implementation. And all of these block ciphers are GIFTS, SKINNY and AES. What we have is a round function and key schedule and algorithms that are running once every round. And inside the round function of course you have the addition of the key here followed by the substitution layer, followed by the permutation layer and then depending on the block cipher there is the linear matrix operation as well. As I said before our main goal in this work is to have the smallest implementations in terms of silicon area. For example one could first consider the cornetory implementation of a given block cipher where each of the RF and KS blocks would be implemented and copy pasted in a row so that the final large combinatorial circuit could execute the block cipher operation. But of course this is very large because we keep repeating the same type of operations inside the same circuits. So the better way to do would be considering a round based implementation where the register blocks are used to store the intermediate values that are coming out of the RF and KS blocks. And the round based implementations are known to be sweet spots in terms of their performance regarding various metrics. For example they are not necessarily very large because they use only one RF and KS blocks. Also they have they have better and smaller energy consumption compared to other type of architectures. As well as they have an acceptable range of latency in the sense that the operation or the encryption operation from the block cipher takes a small amount of time. But our interest is partially theoretical here and we want to know what is the best we can do in terms of area. So we further want to optimize for the smaller silicon area probably at the expense of other metrics. In order to do that one would follow the trend of further and further serialization. And in this case for example one could first consider a 32-bit serialization for something like a yes block cipher. Here it means that the update only 32 bits of data every clock cycle. Both for the key scheduling and the round functional operations. This makes the KS and RF blocks smaller because we avoid repeating some of the same sub blocks embedded inside the RF and KS functions. We can push this idea even further and have the 8-bit serial implementations. And in particular in this paper as well we could go for the 1-bit serial implementations. And 1-bit serial implementations will have these smallest implementations because they will naturally avoid reuse of same type of gates inside the KS and RF functions. And the two previous works that our results directly correlate to or build on top of are as R.S. follows. The first one is the bit-sliding paper from Jean Etel in chess 2017 where the authors provide for the first time 1-bit serial implementations for the block ciphers AES, KINI and present AD and at the time of that paper these are the known smallest implementations and this area gain comes from the fact that we are able to remove the gates that are doing the same operation by reducing the degree to 1-bit. And in the second part there is this other paper which was written by Benek et al including myself. And in this paper the authors look in particular the present AD and gift 64 block ciphers because they have this interesting property that their permutation layer is operating at the 1-bit granularity and it is hard to implement a permutation like that in a pipeline architecture. They introduce an ocean called permutation through swaps in other words they define the operations that are swaps on top of the pipeline because those operations can be executed and implemented very cheaply on hardware and then there is this mathematical question of how we can execute a predefined permutation through conveniently chosen swap operations. And then following these two works, the footsteps of these two works the goal the starting point for us was whether we can apply the same techniques from the swap and rotate namely use the idea of swaps in order to make it smaller, the circuit of A.S. Skinny or gift 108 which is the more popular variant also can we also make other gains according to various metrics, namely latency and the energy consumption. And the motivation was again to explore what I call the continuous execution paradigm. It's a different type of implementation strategy for serial architectures and then our idea was to get a closure on the 1-bit implementation domain. And just to summarize our contribution beforehand we will provide, we do provide 1-bit and 4-in-8-bit implementations of A.S. 1-to-in-8, Skinny 1-to-in-8 variants and then GIF 1-to-in-8 and then other variants of GIFs that are used that assumes a different input and output ordering for its bits. And then what we provide is a continuous executing pipeline where there is a lot of stopping or freezing type of operations which means that we don't have to resort to using something like a clock gating or we don't need to use things like enable flip-flops which are larger than the default flip-flops. Also we achieve a similar latency per round as well and the source code is available as a chess artifact. And with that said let me come back to the implementation by Jean Etel from 2017 in this 1-bit serial pipeline implementation of A.S. In particular in this slide what you're looking at is 128 flip-flops organized in the form of a pipeline so that any bit that comes into the pipeline which is from here moves by being shifted towards left and then going upward direction. It roughly spends 168 clock cycles until a full round is completed or 128 bits. So that means that this pipeline is surrounded by this additional circuitry which is performing the add-round key, the sub-bite operations, shift rows and mixed column operations. Particularly our attention is on here on the blue arrows that are denoting the ports for the shift row operation. As you can see here these blue arrows are organized in a fashion that the shift row operation can be performed over multiple clock cycles. And later when this shift rows operation is completed over the 128 bits of data then it is followed by the mixed column operation. So this figure was taken directly by the paper from Jean Etel and the main novel contribution here is how we can execute the mixed column operation by reading the 8 bits of input and then feeding back the 4 bits into the pipeline. But we felt that there were a couple of missing things here and I'm going to summarize them in the coming slides. So just to summarize again, what could be improved here when we look at this implementation is the first that the full round can be executed much faster and in this particular figure that you have seen before the designers require 168 clock cycles per round. That is because 128 clock cycles are spent for the addition of the round key. 8 clock cycles are used for the shift rows operation and 32 clock cycles are used for the mixed column operation. And that is because these three group of operations are performed in a citric sequence. And moreover some kind of small rotation ports are enabled on the pipeline, which means an extra gate added on top of the pipeline so that the the implementation can avoid freezing some of the content stored in the register. Furthermore, the permutation could have been done with a scam flip flop, which is the contribution from the other paper as I said before, so that there are a couple of improvements that are awaiting us on the data pipeline. And on the key pipeline, the main problem and the main drawback of this design is that the pipeline must be frozen for 40 clock cycles because the pipeline ends up, it finishes, it is key scheduling execution after 128 clock cycles, which means that there is a surplus of 40 clock cycles. And now coming back to the second paper, which was inspiring for us. This paper from Banik et al looked at the implementation of present AD and gift 64 block ciphers, where the blocks are 64 bit. And here the main idea was to use the swap operation. So here the swap operation is a pair of flip flops that are interconnected with each other in a way that if this swap operation is activated in a clock cycle, then the bit stored within will be exchanged. If this is disabled, then the pipeline is going to move in the regular fashion. By using the swap operations, the designers show that you can execute the permutation layers which look rather arbitrary by carefully choosing the swap locations. This means that the implementation would be much smaller if you use the swap operations. Furthermore, it can actually execute the permutation faster because the permutation operations or the swap operations that are being used can be run in parallel with the other type of operations, the namely add run key and the sub byte operations. And the main challenges in such a design, again, is to first express the permutation in terms of conveniently choosing swap locations. And secondly, the secondary challenge is to interleave the operations so that there's not a data dependency between these operations running at the same time. And by doing so, the authors were able to complete the full run update in 64 clock cycles without using extra additional clock cycles for permutation type of operations. And this is how the pipelines actually look like, eventually, where you have the pair of colors which are denoting the specific locations of swaps, which are hard coded in the circuit, of course. But the position of swaps are carefully chosen, like I said before, and it depends very much on the definition of the permutation from the block cipher. So it does not naturally imply that we can directly do the same thing for AESkin or other type of block ciphers. It means that we have to spend extra efforts to also come up with those convenience swap sequences. And to come to our contribution in this paper, let me use the one bit serial AES implementation as an example. In this implementation, which looks quite similar to what we have seen with the Jean Etel's implementation, again, we have a pipeline that consists of 128 flip flops. And the main difference, the first main difference, is how we actually execute the Schiffroff's operation. So the Schiffroff's operation in the Jean Etel's implementation was done in a natural fashion by connecting these 32 flip flops at a time for each of the rows. Whereas in our case, we only use three conveniently placed swap locations in our circuit. So the first main challenge that we have resolved was the expression of the Schiffroff's operation in terms of swaps. And secondly, and the harder challenge was to accommodate all of these operations in a way that everything can be done in exactly 128 clock cycles. So that means that if you take a single bit and imagine the journey, this single particular bit is going through, it is first going to be performed on top of this bit at the entrance of the pipeline, which is not shown in this slide. And then it is going to be fed into the pipeline. And when the convenient position of this bit is reached, then the S-Box operations will be performed and the result will be loaded. And then later, this bit will go through the particular ports of the swap gates. And if the swap needs to relocate this bit to its particular new location, the correct location, implied by the Schiffroff's operation, it is going to arrive through this swap gates. And then later mixed column operations will be performed. But what is really different, and I think novel in this particular implementation that we have, is that while this bit is going through its own journey, possibly through the mixed column gates, there could be other bits from the next round, which is being performed with the, which is just being updated by the S-Box, which means that every bit is basically treated separately. And every bit that goes into the pipeline now will exit the pipeline in 128 clock cycles. So that means that we can completely avoid the freezing idea. We can avoid things like clock gating, and then we can streamline all of the operations. So that becomes the major challenge that we resolved in this paper, because if you compare it with the previous work of implementation of present and gift, the paper that introduced the ideas of swaps, there they had to accommodate only three layers of operation, because there was not a mixed columns operation. Whereas in this particular case, you have four layers, which has to continuously update the bits that are coming in and then going out of the pipeline. And furthermore, this implementation strategy has been realized on top of the skinny on the gift 128 bit variants as well. So that we also provide implementation for these two popular block ciphers among MIST LWC. And then we do not conclude our work only at one bit serial implementations, and then we port our ideas to eight bits real implementations as well. So the eight bits serial implementations could be useful if the designer is willing to spend a bit more cost in terms of silicon area to gain a lot of throughput and minimize the latency even further. In the case of AS, we provide the very first implementation, eight bits serial implementation that can execute a single run in exactly 16 clock cycles. But this comes with a drawback, that is, we have to use two S-boxes, because the key schedule and the run function operations, both of them use S-box. It means that the single S-box cannot be used to maintain this minimal latency of 16 clock cycles per round. And the second thing about this AS implementation is that it is slightly larger. So this is a consequence of using two S-boxes, because the AS S-box is particularly large. And then later, again, we resolve the issues about the interleaving of the operations. In terms of skinny, we do not have any major conflicts when we upgrade our implementation with eight-bit serialization. It just requires duplicating one gate by a factor of eight to realize the swap gate. In the case of Forbit Serial, a GIF 128, it was implemented in the Forbit Serial fashion only because the S-box was Forbit. We resort back to using the fully maxed pipeline. But of course, the main message here is that we are able to maintain 132 clock cycles for executing the full rounds. And you might wonder, how does it really fair in comparison to state-of-the-art implementations? Here you can find the direct comparison. So in the case of AS, the size of the circuit is rather similar. It is slightly smaller in the 9 gate 45-nanometer library, but the difference is quite small that we would consider them to be equal. But in the case of latency, you can actually see the main gain here. From 168 clock cycles to 128 clock cycles per round. And this is the minimum that you can achieve for one bit realization anyway. And this of course directly translates into the energy consumption as well. Because now we can avoid this extra clock cycles as well as this unnecessary rotations which are just trying to keep the pipeline synchronized. The same type of results apply for the skinny as well. You see a roughly same size in terms of comparison with the previous work from the work of Jan et al. And here again you see the same gain in terms of latency as well as the energy consumption as well. In the case of gift, it's slightly different. For example, in one particular case, we do not end up having the smaller power consumption. That is only because now when we try to make it faster, when we try to make everything be completed in 128 clock cycles, now we have to make a major improvements on the key pipeline. And the key pipeline becomes a major problem if you want to run it faster. And similarly, we can give a comparison with the state of the art 8-bit implementations. Unfortunately for some of the comparisons, we do not have the implementations in the same common library so that we cannot provide a direct comparison especially in the case of AS because if for example, if you take the numbers as they are, it looks as if our implementation is slightly smaller than the one done in the previous work. But the reality of the case is that here the STM typically provides a smaller gate equivalent numbers. And in our implementation of AS, it is probably slightly larger because although we make some gains in terms of other parts of the circuit, we use two boxes, two S boxes in the end. In the case of latency, you can see the gain as clear as possible because latency does not depend on the technology library anywhere. It's a feature of the implementation. Again, for the case of energy, it is better not to try to do comparison because they are different libraries. In the case of skinny, we can actually provide some comparison but not with the work from Jean Etel. For the lack of the same library again. Again, it is clear to see that the latency wise, our implementations provide the smallest, the minimum number of clock cycles. And it typically gives less energy power consumption compared with the previous work of Banik Etel here. And in the case of gift, again, we can make some gains in the latency and the energy consumption as well. But it must be noted that the implementation that we did here is different variant of gift, which assumes a different input and the output ordering for convenience, especially in the software implementation, it becomes very convenient and cheap to implement this variant. At the beginning of my presentation, I talked about design paradigms and the mode of operation as a one particular design paradigm which provided a lot of schemes in the LWC, especially in the second round. Therefore, it is natural to assume and it is natural to say that the block ciphers are not end user primitives. So therefore, we need to also consider the mode of operations. And here, just to show you that the mode of operation circuitry can also be done quite cheaply and it is possible to execute these operations in one bit or four bit or eight bits realization. We provide implementations for the authenticated encryption primitives as well. And in particular, I think the Sunday gift is very impressive because it is quite small and it is a full and user friendly primitive here. So we provided here in this paper one candidate implementation that covers at least one for each of the block ciphers that we have provided. In that case, let me conclude my presentation and summarize the contributions from this work. Again, we provide open source implementations that are accessible through the chess artifact for one bit, four or eight bits real implementations for ES128, a skinny 128 block variance, three of them. We provide implementation for gift 128 and then the other variant of gift which assumes a different input and output ordering. And then the main novel technique that we introduce is the one where the pipelines are continuously active and the operations are set in line in a fashion that while some of the bits are going through things like add round key or sub bytes, there are other bits that are being executing through the mixed columns or the shift of operations. And this naturally implies or the outcome of such an approach is that we can achieve the minimum latency that is possible from this level of civilization from given block ciphers. And then as on top of this the implementations that we provide always respect to standard ordering. So one of the very convenient thing that comes along with this swap technique is that we can drag the follow the standard ordering and the swaps are very useful to handle the movement of the bits while they go through the pipeline. With that, I thank you for your time and attention.


In the preceding videos, the reason we had to do input before the loop and at the bottom, or set a boolean to tell whether the loop is done, is because the while loop checks for the condition before it does the loop body. If the initial test of the condition comes back false, the loop body never happens at all. But we need to ask for input at least once. To handle the case when you want to go through a loop at least once, Java provides the do-while loop, whose flow chart looks like this. The loop body happens first, and then the condition gets tested. You are guaranteed at least one trip through the loop. Here's how you write it in Java. You must follow the condition with a semicolon to end the do-while statement. Here's the code for our leap year test program using do-while. We start with do, and in the body of the loop, we'll prompt for input. If it's not zero, we'll check to see if it's a leap year or not and print the result. We do all of this as long as the year is not equal to zero. Let's compile and run it and see that it works exactly the same as the others. In summary, while test the condition first, if it's false, the loop body won't be executed at all. Do-while test the condition last, the loop body will be executed at least once.


The development of electricity pricing has been essential to the evolution of today's power systems. In particular, the integration of renewable energy sources and controllable loads requires new pricing models to ensure efficient operation of the power grid. Furthermore, the increasing use of P2P and M2M energy trading and sharing, as well as demand-side ancillary services, DCS, necessitates the need for more sophisticated pricing schemes. This review article surveys the developments, methods, and frameworks related to electricity pricing and energy trading, focusing on the impact of pricing schemes on resas and batteries, controllable load applications, and DCS for grid frequency support. It also discusses the current frameworks and limitations of electricity pricing in the current energy market, as well as future research directions. This article was authored by Jechi Liu, Hongjie Hu, Samsung SU, and others. We are article.tv. Links in the description below.


Now more than ever, there's a whole lot of clowns spreading bad advice on how to grow your music's fanbase. So I wanted to counter that with showing one of the groups I think has done the best job of growing a fanbase over the years in the smartest way possible. That group would be LA's Health. We're really hard to classify music-wise since they have really high-impact heavy parts and then really light, pretty ambient moments. Seriously, listen to their music, it's kinda hard to place. They presently boast over 1.5 million monthly listeners in a genre that's nearly impossible to do and I'm consistently shocked at how well they serve their fans what they want, which is why they're rewarded with such a huge fanbase. They've been one of my favorite groups for over a decade and a half, but in addition to making great music, they've done genius marketing for years. And luckily I've gotten to know them so we sat down to talk what they've seen while promoting their newest record, Rat Wars, which dropped two months ago, which many of the big heavy music websites have called the record of the year and a record that has shaken awake a really stagnant genre. So let's get into this. One of the things about Health is I can't think of many artists I've seen who've done more remixes and collaborations than them. Each record they release has a follow-up collaboration or remix record. Over the years, the group has done around 80 collaborations and remixes with different artists, including 9-inch snails, corn, Danny Brown, and Lamb of God. In addition to that, they're a part of a handful of video game soundtracks which have given them algorithmic ties to that community. In the last four years, they've put out over 50 songs, which is crazy considering how great the material is. But here, they're going to detail some of the lesser known ways that all has helped them grow and really show the details of how that pays off for groups. Here's Health's creative director, Joseph McKinney, and the band's bassist and producer, Johnny Health. Uh, so this is, I mean, this has been amazing for us. It just, I think it's the only way social media right now. You can't even message anything. And you can't even, so, like, people listen to Spotify. People listen to artists. If you do a collab, you guys can both unlock for both. That's a simple version, but it's definitely true. And it really, really changed things for us. And it wasn't simple for us.  We had to get a lot less precious and we really had to figure out how to do it. And us, the way we're doing it with other bands where it's really mixing two band sounds or something is a full band, it's like a math problem.  But we've gotten, we've gotten good at it. And we also, our sound, it's just very possible to do with us. If we had a different sound, it might be harder. So we're weirdly suited for it. But in terms of opening the doors and connecting the dots with streaming or with other artists, it's been immeasurable.  And obviously that's why we're listening to your stuff a lot. We still have not cracked the TikTok code, but even TikTok, I can't message any specific TikTok. I can just make something that someone can see. But just one of the things, main things you talked about was that, that you saw the algorithmic growth being bigger than the playlist, Spotify editorial playlist growth was what you initially said to me. We saw something sort of organically happen with excess, right? Oh, because it had the Synthwave sound palette. It was getting recommended. And Perda Bader is a listed artist on it, right? So the algorithmic playlisting, or really just like the play next, the one where it fills in after you're done listening to whatever song you picked, that had a pretty significant pop. But getting on a playlist anymore, it isn't just getting on a playlist. You need to get on a playlist. You need to be on the top five. If you're not like the top five-ish, especially on these bigger ones, you're not really going to see a whole lot. And even when you do, it isn't this life-changing trajectory of the song-changing event so much. If you look at the collab songs, it's just, it's way more valuable that you've got this other artist's name on there doing work behind the scenes algorithmically, for sure. Yeah, it is interesting because what I do see is that when you get on those playlists, I think almost some of the work is that now your other people are listening to those similar artists and it's breaking connections to you, and then it's going to do the work and release radar and discover weekly and radio. And that seems like the most way people find music. I do, for when I try and find more tracks to DJ, I'm putting on the songs and I let Spotify do its thing, and I actually discover a lot of tracks that way, you know, which is probably the best feature of Spotify, you know, in terms of getting music out there. I have a nearly 500 song playlist of every one-off song I've liked in years, and letting that autoplay off of that is like the greatest I've ever had. Well, I think our number one playlist right now is actually just user-generated Cyberpunk OST playlist. Oh yeah, well, that's the thing. For all your listeners, you can't beat a great sync still. You know, I don't think Indie Days is all about that, even though syncs don't pay such money now, syncs are really important, especially if it's really on-brand, and obviously Cyberpunk, Edgerunners, anime, video game, like that's... Well, what's interesting about that is that, so we do have the opportunity to see some of this data and be able to look at stuff as apples apples as we can, and so that song is actually on an editorial playlist as well, but it is listened to far more on these user-generated ones, and Jesse, that has something to do with our fan base. A thing that I don't know that our fans, or fans that are like our fans, look like fan base's audiences, I don't know that they're going on to Spotify and looking for the kick-ass metal playlist and then hitting play from the top on that, right?  Hateful, it's number one playlist right now is user-generated Ultra Kill playlist, and there's many of them, some of them are huge, some of them are small, but they get a ton of plays because people are just playing them over and over, right? So it's really remarkable who your fans are and who your proto fans are impacts where you find success.  So part of the genius of the marketing of their amazing new record Rat Wars is the band evolved their sound to a band that's more in the heavy metal lane. And in doing that, they really needed to understand their fans. A big thing that changed for health is, you know, we've made such strange music and we were always, I don't know, some rogue samurai or something. We're always the guys like, how are these guys in the party? How do these guys get booked on pitch work? There's stuff we were doing with take this huge chance with Death Magic and all the stuff. We kind of these conversations were like, who is this music for?   Like we need to make music for this person and we need to find this person. And that's what we've over time, like we found the health fan and just want to grow and cater to those people grow more health fans. We don't need to do these crazy moves. I know the old days that you might do to rope a bigger wider net. I don't even know it's possible now. So we're just finding our people and we want to just find our people and grow those people, you know?  And early last year when I talked to them as they were putting together their album rollout, they sent me a deck to understand the group. Even though I've been to shows and streamed them hundreds, if not thousands of times, I learned why they really, really understood who their fans were and did a lot with that information. I'll let them explain. The amount of decks I've seen where I've wanted to absolutely kill myself reading them, this was the exact opposite. You had this slide in here that I've thought about what and so for the audience here. We now have it on the screen. This ranks so true to me of who I see at your shows. I obviously am a much older guy at your shows. But then I'm like, oh, no, this is like my friends who like your band and who are obsessed with it. This describes them to a T. Can you talk to me about how you came to this and then what you've done with this information? Back to just paying attention to your fans. Obviously, most people in business are not in music. Music is a young person's game. So of course, you always meet young people, but that's also who is resonating with the music.  But we, so this is just very much. That would be way better. Financially, that'd be substantially better. If we can figure that out, we will come back and let you know. I'm thinking, I'm thinking Dependicore after Come Metal is personally what I'm thinking. Dependas. But yeah, so those things are just all true. 95% of our fans are gamers.  It's like we're really making music for the time and for our fans. And then the horny, I don't know, man, all our fans are just fucking, just everyone's just a little degenerate and that's great. And I love it. And that's just who our fans are. You go for your fans. You go to war with the army and have another army you want. And the only other thing missing is, I guess, just the greater heavy metal rock world. But we're considering that normal. This is sad music for 100 people like these are the health. These are the core health fans. This is our elite. I don't know.  Well, these are the people that we want to hang out with. 10th Legion. 10th Legion, I think. These are the people that we want to hang out with and we do. Like we, John's got that community text program set up. And when we were in Atlanta for DragonCon, we just sent out a text. Hey, we're going to do karaoke tonight.  They check all the boxes. And we had a great time with them. You know what I mean? Like we were fortunate that we have the fan base that we see ourselves in a little bit. Like I certainly see myself in our fan base. I know John does. That helps a whole lot. So a little bit of what you're showing in that deck is looking in the mirror. Yeah, that's the thing. I think it's very real to everyone. It's like we really love our fans. We're not cynical about it. We're just like, how do we find our people? Let's find some more people. Let's think about it. Let's strategize. Let's be smart about it. How do we get this? It's less cynical and more in our case. So you can't always do this. Sometimes you need to be cynical. And you know, there have been times where we need to do something a little bit more cynical. And but in this particular, the deck that you're looking at, like these, these are the people that we want. And here they'll explain why identifying this was so important, making this album roll out so huge. One of the things we care about the most is who is showing up at health shows. And we want it to be the kind of people that are there having fun that we want to see, that we want to hang out with too. It's working out. So part of identifying them, you could read it as cynical, but also just in practical terms. Now that we've identified them, where do we find them? How do we reach them? How do we go out and get more of them? And that's what that that deck goes on to sort of do, like where are we finding these people? They're on Steam. They're on YouTube, not so much Spotify. You know, they're not really so much even on TikTok. They're on Twitter. But you're probably wondering what they did with that information. And that's where things get really interesting. They went to the video game platform Steam to partner with the game Ultra Kill. Part of why it was so important to me in particular looking at the metrics and shit is Steam doesn't have the same kind of squashing algo that Instagram or Twitter or Spotify has. If you attach yourself to a game that has an install base of over a million people, it's going to hit those people straight up. And there's nothing really between you and them. So that was really important. And if you look at the releases, that one has by far been easily the biggest hit. Right, John? Like in terms of just like hitting. And also, we're also mean the right people. Fans of Ultra Kill, they got the weirdest perfect base. It's perfect. Everything's got to work. It's like, you can open for a huge band, but if it's not the right band, it's going to do nothing for your band. It's got to be appropriate. From where we're sitting, we see that the Ultra Kill fan base and the health fan base that Venn diagram is a circle. We just need to make the Ultra Kill people aware. Hey, you're also a health fan. You just don't know it yet. Also, a conversation that John and I had before this record, like how are we going to do this? It's like trying to market on Steam, trying to market places that aren't the socials, because Zuck is going to make it impossible for you. So like how like we should market people through Steam. You know, we should do more like those are our people. They're living in a social media platform. Just before the album released, I worked with folks on our Discord to make a Vampire Survivor clone game. And we put that up on itch.io, which is you got Steam and then you got itch.io being like the web version of that and reaching a lot of people through that as well. And you don't want to just look for random other like Twitter competitors. You want to look for specifically, you know, where are our fans hanging out and and reach them, even if it's not a traditional way to reach them. And they definitely found other non-traditional ways to reach their fans. This idea we're about to discuss here based on their song Feel Nothing got them all the way to the top of Reddit. So the condom idea, man, someone's just someone just made the joke in the Discord. Yeah. That's amazing condom. And we're like, that is so good. And I had this being a graphic designer. I download mock-up templates all the time. And one one of the places I went through Black Market, they have just this killer, very realistic looking condom template. I made it up, put it on Instagram and it looks so real. People are like, where can I get it? Maybe two weeks go by. We keep seeing all this feedback for it.  And we did. Yeah, we give them out for free. But truly, one of the more interesting things is I rarely see groups who are focusing on YouTube as much as they have. And they really have been killing it there. And I'm consistently shocked as I see them doing live streams all the time on there and tons of other smart things, including shorts and releasing concert footage. I'll let them talk about what that's done for them on this record cycle. So one of the other aspects of you guys that I think has been incredibly smart and the thing I've said in so many videos, but seems to go very unheard by my audience, is that no band on earth is using YouTube to its full potential. We are not, we've not even seen what people will be able to do on it. But you are one of the few acts, I think that is using YouTube best and really has been rewarded from leaning into it. Well, you can start by patting yourself on the back on that one. That's a lot of you. I mean, yeah. And I still feel like we haven't fully cracked it and we're like, we're making the moves. We're there. We're going to push it farther. We need to cut that. But boy, oh boy, it's already paying off like significantly. We've nearly doubled our subscribers just in the past year or so. And I mean, we've always, we've always struggled on YouTube historically. That's really where I feel like the recommendation is the best, you know? Yeah. Even when I kind of came on board, we were so focused on Spotify streams. It was tunnel vision, 100% tunnel vision, especially for me because I'm not trying to figure out how I can help. And over time, I don't even check Spotify so much anymore. Now, some of that's privileged, right? Because we have 1.5 million listeners. But it's like, it's more important to me that these YouTube videos do well because you're reaching, some of this has to do with our target audience. Gamers are on YouTube listening to music because you can do it for free. And it's just an easy way to find stuff. You're already on it for other reasons. We found great success. If you enjoyed this video, I have great news. The full interview with them is in my member feed, which you can access for $5 a month. And you'll get access to my full back catalog of cheat codes to promote your music and your genre, dissections of artists who are blowing up the latest marketing tricks I'm seeing before everyone else hears about them.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards, ripping three boxes of 23 Penini WWE Revolution Hobby for Dustin Seat. Good luck Dustin, let's see your kaboom buddy. WWE Rev. That's a what? Is the American Nightmare Cody Rhodes to 199? What'd you say? That's a what? You know now what that's going on, that situation, that's just a matter of time. Yeah, Zelina Vega on the auto, nice one there Dustin. That men's on men's on on the Astral. That is a Elton Prince and Kit Wilson to 149 on the cosmic. That is a Otis and Chad Gable to 199 on the impact. We've got a Drew McIntyre to 99 on the sunburst. Zelina Vega in the box, ultimate warrior. That is a liftoff sunburst in 99 of Mustafa Ali. And then we've got a Dominic Mysterio to 149 on the cosmic. Nice pack there, two numbered cards. Don't see that too often. Roll of Batista, throwback Batista. That is a Becky Lynch to 199. Randy Orton Astral, Austin Theory, Von Wagner to 99, sunburst. Andy. We did hit a Yacht Dracula earlier though. Anthony, I guess to go back to the Poisson thing. We did hit a Yacht Dracula. Oshka to 199 on the impact. And Sean said and I quote, thanks Anthony. Yeah, let's get that one dude. Big E, nice one there on the auto. Congrats on that one there, Dustin. That is a degeneration X to 149 on the cosmic. Nice one there, like when those inserts are numbered, it looks good. I just did that Warren basketball. That was a nightmare. Brett Hitman Hart to 199. Got to remember when the last box got purchased of that, I had like a celebration dude. So I don't want to think about it. And base, that'll do it for your break there. Dustin, thanks again for the support buddy. Get him right out to my man.


This is Tom O'Brien of TFNN, we've got five days a week, we go seven hours a day, we go 24 hours a day on the internet at TFNN.com. Always remember folks, whatever you think about, you bring about whatever you focus on grows, whatever you're having a great day, safe day, making a great night folks. Be impeccable with your words, seek to know the truth. When you hear an opinion and believe it, you make an agreement because part of your belief system. The only thing that can break this agreement is to make a new one based on truth, only the truth has the power to set you free. Guys, let's take a look at it out here. We have the Dow Industries up 20, Nasdaq up 116, S&P's up 30. Gold, Gold contract up $4.20 traded at $2,039. We have Silver down 6 cents, $24.09 announced. Light sweet crude up $1.70, $2.54 a barrel, notes and bonds. A 10-year note, down 5 ticks, trading $1,1208, the 30-year down 16 at $12,309 and $Kingdala. Kingdala's up 26 ticks, trading $102,579. Euro is at trading out here at a price point of $109. The yen is at $142, British Pounds at $126 to $1 at U.S. Dollar. Our phone number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Give us a call, folks. I want to know what's going on in your world and the world of the S&Ps. Let's take a look at them. What do you have? Well, we have ABC structures up inside the indices, folks. Check it out. I'm going to put this on a weekly and these are big ABCs, man. There you go. What do you have out here? Mark it down for you as you're A to B and you're B to B to C is the same day, actually, which is pretty wild. And then you blew it away. You can see on this weekly basis, okay, took it out, took it out with volume. Right now, you're at 472. Now, we haven't even reached the high yet, okay? But the bottom line is that the spies on an ABC structure up to 502. So, big numbers here, man. And I suspect we're going to go. And the real question is that the B to Cs are straight line moves. If this is ever a straight line move out of here, it's really a mind blow. If it isn't, you can have a chance to buy a retracement. But this could be a straight line move. That was really just dumbfound just about every market participant out there, particularly because we just went straight up. If you take a look at the Cues, same type of setup. It's a really clean one too, man. I mean, you have the A to B, it's a straight line move. You pull back slightly and then bingo.  We're 407 right now. The Cues, that's 434. So, monster numbers out here, man, monster numbers. And you can see what's intriguing here is that we still have Microsoft that is an ABC structure up confirmed, one of the 412. And you can see what's going on here. Microsoft is only a 372. You get AVGO. This is like insanity, man. And you know, Broadcom, this has gone up like $250 in all of five trading days. That's continuing higher.  And this is a monster ABC up also. And this one here is on a monthly basis. So, bottom line is that when you have the chip stocks basically taking out highs, you're taking them out with volume, all of the above, you're doing ABC structures up, you get a market that wants higher price. Gold, gold contract, we take a look at the gold, well, here, let's do bonds first. You take a look at the bond market. What you're going to see inside the bond market is that the bottom line has been going up with 2.1 million, 2.8 million contracts, and you're pulling back with 976. That's the 10-year. 10-year right now is an ABC structure up to 114, 115 area. That is going to bring, the bottom of the consolidation for the yield folks is 3.24. And I suspect that's where we're going. Right now, you're at 3.9. We go to the gold contract, gold contract is looking for 2,500. It'll take a bit to get there, but the bottom line is that right now you're at 2,040. You have that high volume swing out there from a couple of weeks ago. That's at 2,103. That's going to get tested at least. And my take is that we're going to continue going. Why? Because as we go over here, we take a look at the dollar. The bottom line is that the dollar came down fast and furious. Now you're building up some cause where we are, which makes sense. It can go down up so much. And this dollar is on the way down to 99. And that's on a shorter term basis. We'll see if it holds in the 99. If it doesn't hold the 99, it's going to 89. It is the 99 right here. You're already in the smaller trading range. So bottom line, that's where we're going. We'll take a look at some of the higher volume equities out here today. When we did have option expiration on Friday, it was a 5.4 trillion notational value. And if you want to see some volume, check this out, man. And this is important to understand, too, is that when you get option expiration, if you have a lower day and you get volume, well, that's what you want to go. You see this on the NYSE? We did 3.9 billion shares. And on the composite, we did 8.5, I think. 8.8. We did 8.8. So monster numbers out there. Some of the high of, oh, U.S. Steel. This is kind of ironic, actually. U.S. Steel, when we grew up, U.S. Steel was like the premier company in, industrial company in the United States. Bottom line, they're getting bought by Nippon Steel for 50 bucks a share. Nice premium. No doubt about that. And I suspect what that's all about, folks, guess what? That infrastructure bill, that infrastructure bill that already had got passed, that was passed under Inflation Reduction Act, how do you like that for a couple of words? Bottom line, that's a 10-year deal, meaning there's going to be money that's poured into infrastructure for 10 years. So you can see why companies want to buy other infrastructure companies, because that is some kind of a run rate, man. There's no two ways about it. And then we get into the gold market. What are you going to see in the gold market? Gold market last week had a huge sound of strength. Bottom line came back to, it came back to a sound of strength, did it with light volume, teetered, almost broke down, and then it just took off like a rocket ship. As soon as the Fed came up Wednesday, and bottom line, rate cycles over, the Feds out there kind of yapping away as much as they can, like, oh no, hold it, hold it, we're not going to get out that quick. Well, guess what? The market's going to send them down, folks, meaning the 10-year.  Come back with our mammoths to Steve Rhodes.


What if I told you that on Netflix right now, you can stream a western film directed by Sam Raimi. It's less than two hours long. It's rated R. It features a top-tier cast and the kicker, it's a damn good movie. I would hope the reaction you give me is, I've seen the quick and the dead Adam, I'm gonna watch it again. Or, never heard of this film, but I'm gonna check it out now. If either of those are the scenario by all means go, watch now. Otherwise, stick around and I'll tell you exactly why the quick and the dead is awesome. I'm a sucker for a good western. I like to draw the gun.  At that tier level, he has a perk where he can recommend movies and I have to watch him and give a shout out like I'm doing right now in the video. So thank you, Isaac. Let's talk quick and the dead. I mentioned Sam Raimi, if you're not familiar with his work, you should be. You're missing out. He did the evil dead. He did Spider-Man 1 and 2 and 3 and 3. It's grown on me. It's grown on me. He also did Doctor Strange, Multiverse of Madness, and a few other gems out there, Drag Me to Hell, comes to mind as a classic that nobody saw but me. His style works so effortlessly in this western theme, the campy zoom ins, the tilted camera angles, the pageantry and overdramatization of everything is on full display. The movie's protagonist just goes by the name lady for most of the film as her name is a mystery to this town that she rolls up into. We will get presented with the reason why in a series of flashbacks as the movie progresses. This woman's played by Sharon Stone. She has a very basic instinct about her and that instinct is to not say much to these people. Keep low, off the grid, sit in the corner with your hat pulled low. Just kind of survey the area. Why is she at this rundown town, this lawless area that's been taken over by bandits? Well, she wants to kill the man in charge.  Legendary, Gene Hackman. And Hackman and Stone are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the actors on display here. We have Leonardo DiCaprio as Billy the Kid. We have Russell Crowe as court, a priest, a man of faith who has renounced the old man he used to be and has been reborn, a phoenix rising from the ashes of his past. Lance Hendrickson's in this as ace, a showbody magician of sorts who is quick on the draw and quicker with the ladies. Tobin Bell aka Jigsaw aka Dog is here. Criminally underrated Keith David as Sergeant Cantrell. And then there's Gary Sinise casually popping up here and there in flashbacks. I will say Gary Sinise is making some awkward facial expressions in this movie. His tongue is just out of control. I understand in the scene he's being hung but still this is like pre-hanging. He's already like it's a little off-putting. It's a little off-settling. And I love Gary Sinise. Don't get me wrong. It's just Lieutenant Dan's a bit much in those moments. Blockbuster Hollywood writers today are complete hacks to put it nicely. They don't seem to understand that women can be strong independently of men. They don't have to make men weaker or dumber to build them up. They can actually coexist at the same plane. Men can actually be better than women and the female can still be the protagonist. It's wild. It's crazy stuff. And that's how quick and the dead presents it. Sharon Stone's Ellen is not a gunfighter. She has learned over the years to be good with a gun but she's not like the fastest draw on the west. She gets scared. She has nerves. She's not just this strong female lead. It's about time. I mean she definitely is but not in the generic sense. She has layer tour. She has baggage. She's weathered. She's older.  She still knows how to show some leg while laying on top of a bear skin rug which is on top of barrels of gun powder. I mean you don't talk about smoking. That's straight fire.  He looks to be 19 in this.  Perfect hair. Perfect teeth. He's Billy the kid. I mean he's the American fetishization of the character on full display. I love it. But Gene motherfucking Hackman is the reason to watch the quick and the dead. He is a powerhouse in this movie. Every scene he's in you feel a little chill in the air. His presence is baller. He saunters around, cash while his men have guns drawn on the town. This is a guy that saw what he wanted and he took it for himself with his posse. The people are on their knees begging this guy to let them keep a little bit of their money and he says nay. In fact he says I might take some more. You guys seem a little too comfortable and that's where Sharon Stone's character comes in. She wants revenge on a past wrongdoing by this guy and in the process of doing so she might end up liberating a little town. It's simple. It's eloquent. It's the 90s. This is how storytelling was perfected. You don't have 14 different subplots. You don't get to know 18 different characters. There are multiple characters for sure but they have limited screen time.  I like the style of that guy. Let's get the gunfights going. And that's where we get to the main premise of this movie. How is she going to get revenge on this douchebag? Well she's going to sign herself up for a one-on-one gunslinging showdown.   You got great creative camera shots. You got bullet hole silhouettes.  Now I will warn you if you're looking for something a little bit more straightforward like a Christopher Nolan flick where it's all very by the books. Very beautifully presented. You know stock camera shots. Not a lot of movement. You're going to be sorely mistaken. You're going to be sorely disappointed. This is Sam Raimi. That camera's moving all over the place. We're doing wild stuff. Sometimes it works. Most of the time it works. Sometimes they might miss here and there but we thankfully move on quickly. Quickly and the deadly. And that's my thoughts on this movie. I'm a big fan.  I can watch this movie every year and I'm glad that it's on Netflix at least for free. Now I want to hear from you. Let me know if you saw this movie and your thoughts. Isaac on Patreon. Thank you again for recommending this gym. It's been a long time since I saw it. I watched it with my son Connor. He's on the precipice of turning 11. He was a huge fan as well. Thanks again for watching. Like the video if you had a good time. Please think about subscribing as I post tons of movie related content each and every week and Patreon's right around the corner. So even if you can only give a dollar it shows some support. It shows that you appreciate what I'm doing and I would appreciate you. All right hopefully I see you soon. Take care.


Hello, thank you for joining me. This is part two of the list of every minute to railway intend to visit and as you can see I'm actually on a minute to railway today. We've come to Beckinscott model village and I'm enjoying a trip on the Beckinscott light railway. There will be a video on the Beckinscott light railway itself. I just thought I would see as I was here record this part of the introduction. So what I've done is I've also on this visit I've traveled on the railway. I've made a video given a bit of the history and everything. It's a really lovely place to see the model village over there. So as I said this video will come at a later date. Well I actually have my trip on Beckinscott light railway so another trip and explore Beckinscott. So really this is just to say this is the second part of the list of every minute to railway I intend to visit. It's the same system as before. So if a miniature railway has a green background it basically means it's easy to get to. So like this one I can get to it by public transport. If it has a yellow background it means I probably need to use a car to get there. If it has a red background it's one that I believe to be closed but the track possibly still in situ. So it's kind of like a hibernating miniature railway. So they're gonna I'm gonna they're now gonna play so all the miniature railways from M to Z and as I said any there's going to be that quarterly update so any others that need to be added or deleted will be published every quarterly. It'll just be a video where I'll say which ones we're adding which ones we're taking away or possibly which ones have been extended and needs to be featured again so enjoy the list.