So far we have discussed diatomic molecules. Now let us expand the scope of our discussion a little bit and now we want to talk about not necessarily diatomic, not necessarily linear molecules. We want to talk about little bigger molecules and while doing that we know that molecules have their own characteristic shape right. So this is something that we have studied Gillespie and Nyholm's approach of valence shell electron pair repulsion theory. There we know that we have an AB2 kind of molecule then it is going to be linear. If it is AB3 where A is one atom central atom and B is another atom you can say pendant atom then we will get a trigonal planar molecule AB4 tetrahedral AB5 trigonal bi-planar trigonal bipyramid sorry AB6 octahedral right. Of course these are all regular solids regular molecules and these are all molecules in which you have a central atom holds very nicely for metal complexes for example and the reason why molecules have these shapes please remember because very often by mistake we put the cart before the horse the reason why molecules have this shape is valence shell electron pair repulsion has to be minimized. So if you have a situation in which you have two bonds right this is one bond this is another bond then if they are like this and suppose there is no other lone pair or anything there will be some repulsion then what will happen they will try to open out open out open out when they are at 180 degrees to each other then this repulsion between what we can call bond pair of electrons is minimum that is why AB2 so two bonds means what have central A atom a B atom here and a B atom here this AB2 is going to be a linear molecule. What happens if I have a trigonal planar molecule unfortunately I do not have a third pen so I will just use this so trigonal planar again you have say three bonds you put them at some angle something like this all with like a pyramid they are going to repel repel repel repel and finally if these bonds are all equal equal if it remember we are talking about AB3 kind of molecules which means all the bond pairs are equivalent then the repulsion will be minimum when they are all in a plane and the angle between 2 is 120 degrees so generally when I go to class I do something which I have not been able to do today because well what I do in class is I take balloons I blow up balloons and I tie them up and I show that when you tie up two balloons hold like this you will always get a straight line right two balloons like this then if I tie two more balloons and wrap them together in front of your eyes you get a tetrahedron yeah balloons are balloons they are no hybridization or nothing so what holds for balloons also holds for electron clouds right in air in the balloon that wants to stay in a comfortable manner similarly electron clouds want to stay in a comfortable manner so it is important to understand that VACPR is essentially a steric effect okay loan pairs occupy more volume because they are not bound at one end so loan pair bond pair repulsion loan pair repulsion is maximum loan pair bond pair repulsion follows bond pair bond pair repulsion is minimum but whatever repulsion it is you want to minimize it and that is why the molecules take up whatever shape they take up okay so unfortunately right now we are in lockdown and I do not know where to buy balloons and then I have to blow all of them up by myself you do not have anybody to help so you do it yourself please blow up balloons you might have seen it in parties and all when they tie up balloons they always tie in pairs and then they roll them together and what is the shape you get is a tetrahedron why do you get a tetrahedron because a tetrahedron is the minimum bond pair bond pair repulsion geometry for an AB4 kind of molecule similarly if you roll 2 more balloons there you will get an octahedron okay and so on and so forth you burst one of the balloons in octahedron it will become trigonal bipyperamide tbp in front of your eyes okay unfortunately I cannot show that to you now but I encourage you to please do the experiment yourself and see is a lot of fun you can demonstrate to even it is 5 year old kid and they will be amazed and they will be amused and impressed and well it amuses me every time I do it so I hope it will amuse you as well right so this is the crux of the matter molecules have certain shapes because of VACPR they want to minimize the loan pair, loan pair, loan pair, bond pair, bond pair, bond pair, bond pair repulsions the problem is this if I want to build say a balance bond description of such a molecule how do I do it because I have to use orbitals that are there in the atoms right atoms that consider the molecules how do I do it because for example I want to make I want to talk about this AB3 kind of molecule BF3 let us say Boron has 2s orbital and 2p orbital it does not have orbitals which have angles of 120 degrees between each other so what do I do what I do is that I invoke hybridization which means I mix orbitals and I make new orbitals which gives us the suitable geometry required to minimize the loan pair, bond pair, bond pair, bond pair etc repulsions so please do not say that BF3 is trigonal planar because it uses sp2 hybridization it is the other way round BF3 uses sp2 hybrid orbitals of Boron because it has to be trigonal planar being an AB3 molecule and that is determined by VACPR right but perhaps I have also put the card before the horse a little bit because out of the blue I started talking about hybridization and hybrid orbitals without telling you what hybridization is and what am I talking about well this is the more formal discussion the handsome gentleman you see here is Linus Pauling who has been one of the founding fathers of the field of chemical bonding especially and Pauling as you might know got two normal prices one in chemistry one in peace very interesting life is not a lot of things he wrote this book on chemical bonding which for a long time was a textbook and now it has become a classic you can read it very easily I recommend that you read Pauling's book and Pauling also proposed this vitamin C theory by which he said that vitamin C is something that protects you from a lot of diseases he also tried to work in the structure of biomolecules very illustrious carrier extremely significant contribution to science as long as human civilization exists in this present form Pauling's name will not be forgotten. So hybridization was one of the concepts that was introduced by Linus Pauling so what I said is that we need more effective bonding more effective bonding means in this context we need to minimize these bond pair bond pair or whatever the pulsions to do that since we do not have suitable orbitals we have to produce suitable orbitals by taking linear combinations of atomic orbitals. So this is a schematic energy diagram of 2s and 2p orbitals remember in a multi electron atoms I do not remember whether I said it in as many words but what happens in multi electron atoms is that because of shielding 2s and 2p electrons now have different energies you might remember that sp these are all atomic orbitals and orbitals as you better remember by now me having said it so many times are one electron wave functions. So as long as it is a one electron system 2s and 2p orbitals actually have the same energy but in a multi electron atom many electron atom the extent of shielding of 2s and 2p electron is not same that is why 2p electrons have higher energy than 2s electron. So what Pauling said is that let us mix a required number of orbitals and we can mix them in different ways we can think that we have applied a field which induces mixing. So let us say we have mixed one orbital let us say 2p z orbital generally what we do is we take z to be a unique axis let us say we have done mixing of 2s and 2p orbital and we have made 2 orbitals one is gamma 2s plus beta 2p z the alpha 2s plus beta 2p z the other is gamma 2s plus delta 2p z. So now these are hybrid orbitals and the picture that I am showing you here is a general picture and sometimes people actually contest this picture because we are fixated upon thinking of equivalent hybrid orbitals I will come to that. But please believe me for now that this is this most general picture in which you can apply some kind of a field do something or require the molecule to undergo hybridization and make hybrid orbitals. These are coefficients alpha beta gamma delta depending on the relative magnitudes of alpha beta gamma delta the energies of the 2 orbitals are going to be more or less or equal to each other. So well more about that shortly. See this coefficients depend on field strength and square of a coefficient is contribution of the atomic orbital and hybrid orbital. So we have discussed linear combination already we are going to discuss linear combination in the later stage of this course as well. So what we know is that when we take linear combination and take mod square the contribution comes from mod square of the coefficient. So see in this orbital that I have drawn as lower in energy mod alpha square or alpha square if alpha is real that is going to give me the s contribution mod beta square or beta square if beta is real is going to give me the relative contribution of 2pz. Similarly here gamma square or mod gamma square will give me contribution of 2s mod delta square or delta square will give me contribution of 2pz in this hybrid orbital. Now suppose mod alpha square is equal to mod gamma square that means the orbitals are equivalent that means they have the same contribution from s orbital same contribution for p orbital. As you understand energy of the orbital will depend on since we are mixing now orbitals or wave functions that have little different energy from each other. If the contribution of 2s is more then the energy of the hybrid orbital will be closer to that of 2s that is lower in energy. If contribution of 2s is less then contribution of p is more we say p character is more or p contribution is more then that orbital will be closer in energy to p orbitals. So that would be non equivalent but if what we have shown here mod alpha square is equal to mod gamma square mod beta square is equal to mod delta square then you have equivalent hybrid orbitals. So the hybrid orbitals that we have used many times right from class 11 or class 12 sp2 sp3 sp these are all equivalent hybrid orbitals but it is not necessary that they always have to be equivalent. So in our discussion we will also talk about hybrid orbitals that are non equivalent we actually encountered them in say water orbitals used to used in bond pair you need to such orbitals are equivalent of one kind orbitals for lone pair are equivalent of another kind the 2 types are not equivalent to each other. So this is the most general picture there is no need to think that hybrid orbitals must necessarily always be equivalent if they are not equivalent then you cannot use notations like your sp sp2 sp3 and so on and so forth that is all. Now another important thing to remember is that hybrid orbitals are orthonormal to each other we make them mix them in such a way and we are actually going to do some calculations. So this will become clearer when we do that we mix them in such a way that they form an orthonormal set. So take sp orbitals the 2 sp orbitals are actually orthogonal to each other and they are normalized by themselves that is how we calculate the coefficients in the first place more about that when we come to it. Now let us start talking about the first kind of hybrid well equivalent hybridization that we want to discuss and that is sp or hybridization. How do I decide whether I want sp or sp2 or sp3 rule of thumb number of hybrid orbitals is equal to number of participating atomic orbitals and so if you need 2 equivalent bonds like you do in acetylene then I need 1 s orbital s will always be there I need only 1 p orbital to mix with s orbital so I use sp if you want 3 what did I say 1 if I have 2 bonds 2 equivalent bonds like in acetylene like in acetylene part was correct then we will do sp hybridization because 1 s orbital 1 p orbital makes to give you 2 sp hybrid orbitals and how they look will come to that if I want to talk about bf3 then I need 3 equivalent hybrid orbitals for the 3 sigma bonds. So then I need 3 orbitals 1 is s I need 2 of the piece if I want to talk about methane I need 4 orbitals for sigma bonds 1 s and all the 3 piece like that. Now one thing that we should mention here and this becomes most important because you are also going to talk about molecular orbital theory and we have already we already know about overlap integral from our discussion of your well you did not take the name overlap integral then discussion of many electron atoms please do not forget that s and p orbitals are of the same atom so overlap integral and all those things does not do not even arise.  So what we need is 2 equivalent hybrid orbitals of same energy and shape directions of course have to be at 180 degrees to each other because we want to handle a b2 kind of systems. What do I do this is what I need I have an s orbital and I have a p orbital what I am drawing here is your constant probability surfaces not really orbitals. So when you hybridize I want to hybridize in such a way that I will get one orbital pointing this way the other orbital pointing that way. So I want to measure low 1 1 side I want to minor low 1 the other side and this black dot is a nucleus please note that the nucleus is within the minor low is another mistake that we sometimes make we place the nucleus at the node it is at the minor low and I will convince you that the nucleus is in the minor low. So it is very simple I have only 2 orbitals here s and p and when I combine essentially I need linear combination. So when I have 2 functions I can take 2 kinds of combinations 1 with minus 1 with plus and then I want to normalize it. I said earlier that the hybrid orbitals have to form an orthonormal set. So I take psi s plus psi p psi s minus psi p 1 by root 2 is normalization constant please check for yourself that psi 2 is normalized psi 1 is normalized not very difficult to see because after all psi s and psi p by themselves are normalized. So what is your integral psi 2 square and should I write x no I will write psi 2 square d tau but I will write it in a little shorthand notation that will be equal to integral psi s square d tau plus integral psi p square d tau plus integral I am not even writing the constants all right oh no I think I should so 1 by 2 no this is 1 by 2 and this is going to be psi s psi p d tau this is 1 by 2 here and 2 I hope you understood what I did this is a plus b right so what is a plus b whole square that is a square plus 2 a b plus b square right. So this is a square this is 2 a b this is b square but now we are talking about not any a and b we are talking about orbitals. So now see this integral here what is this equal to integral psi s square that is equal to 1 because psi s by itself is normalized. So this thing becomes half second one again psi p is normalized this thing becomes half and here psi s and psi p remember are orthogonal to each other so this integral will be equal to 0 and this is what I said do not get confused with overlap integral we will get something like this later on when we talk about MO okay well even in BBT we have discussed a little bit. So we will do not think this is overlap integral overlap integral arises only when there are 2 nuclei here there is only one nucleus. So this is 0 this is 1 this is 1 this is half this is half so half plus half is equal to 1 so we have proven that psi 2 is normalized similarly you can show that psi 1 is normalized as well and what happens if I try to work out integral psi 1 psi 2 d tau psi s plus psi p this is psi s minus psi p and we have 1 by root 2 1 by root 2 that will be 1 by 2 integral psi s square d tau minus and take this outside the bracket integral psi p square d tau. So now we know this is 1 this is 1 1 minus 1 is 0 so we have proved that psi 1 and psi 2 actually are orthogonal to each other. Linear geometry with hybridized atom at the center this is what we achieve when we use sp hybridization but we have unfinished business I told you that the nucleus actually resides in the minor lobe which means that the way I have drawn it here the minor lobes are actually overlapping with each other I should actually prove it before we close this discussion. So now see contribution from s what is the contribution from s half contribution of p is also half so it is an equal mix contribution is 0.5 0.5 50 percent s character 50 percent p character how did I get half 1 by root 2 square remember coefficient square. Now let us think about the contours for the moment this is the contour of sp hybrid orbital and I show you how we get it this is where the nucleus is as I said the nucleus is actually engulfed by the minor lobe somehow this does not work on my computer but if you go to this link I am not checked it in a while I hope it is still there you can see very nicely how a 2s and a 2p orbital morph into giving you this sp hybrid orbital and the reason why you get a node here and the reason why you get this nucleus engulfed by the minor lobe is that you are working with 2s orbital and 2s orbital itself has a node right. So let us see if you understand that a little better from here now we go back to very early part not very early part sometime I do not remember module 15 16 where we have shown you the plots of orbitals against R as I said these are made by Professor Shashitar about 20 21 years ago. So this is the plot of your 2s orbital right 2s orbital has a radial node goes through goes through 0 changes sign and remains negative and becomes 0 asymptotically. So this is a radial node and I had shown you the 3d picture actually I shown you prettier 3d picture than what you show this black and white picture that I show you here and this is what it looks like and you also know that this is what the plot of this 2p z orbital would be 3d plot psi on one axis x and z on the other 2 axis right we have a hill we have a trough we have a valley.  Similarly we are going to take a cross section and this is what we see this here is your 2s right peak at the center falls off goes to the node becomes negative then goes to a minimum and becomes 0 asymptotically same thing on the other side what about 2p z plus slope here then at the nucleus we have a node that is a very important difference between 2s and 2p 2s has maximum at the nucleus 2p has maximum sorry 0 node at the nucleus and there it changes sign. Now do not forget the question we are trying to answer we are trying to answer the question why are we saying that the nucleus is engulfed by the minor lobe. So now look at the periphery of the nucleus and let me acknowledge Professor Sandeep Kar my colleague who actually drew this picture and showed us that this is a good way to explain this this picture I have not seen it any in any textbook all right. So now see near the nucleus what is the value of 2p z close to nucleus it is 0 what is the value of 2s near the nucleus it is very high. So I hope you will agree with me that in the immediate vicinity of the nucleus it is the value of the 2s orbital that is going to predominate as you go further away 2p z can take over in the immediate vicinity the value of 2p 2s orbital is going to predominate what happens if you go far away from nucleus on this side or that side if you go to that this side you see 2p z is plus and 2s is negative they cancel each other you have destructive interference so you eventually reach 0 if you go to this side then both are negative so there is constructive interference. So your minor lobe is here and I hope I have been able to convince you that all around the nucleus it is going to be plus sign which according to this is the sign of 2s orbital near the nucleus and that is the sign of the minor lobe usually minor lobe is showing with minus but do not forget that that is just convention we replace psi by minus psi nothing changes psi square mod psi square remains the same. So this is what gives you this kind of major lobe minor lobe and nucleus is within the minor lobe I hope you have been convinced that this is how it happens. So how does bonding take place you have 2s p orbitals overlapping like this and the remaining p orbitals are available for pi bonding that is why in acetylene you have one sigma orbital then one pi orbital like this one pi orbital like this say pz is used for sigma is for hybridization which is used for sigma bonding px and py or I should let us show like this px and py are used for pi bonding right that is what we have discussed about linear geometry next in the next class we will talk about trigonal geometry and sp2 hybrid orbitals.


When you're making a game with Godot, there's a pretty high percentage chance you're going to want to display some text to let your player know something unless you're making a purely textless game. What you do is you add a scene called label and there's also a rich text label which we'll get into after, but label is your basic text and you can display all kinds of things here like we'll just put hello Godot and you'll see it come up right away up there. This label has all kinds of properties, settings, it has alignment. Alignment is actually pretty useful so like if you made it the full width, let's just say for example there are other ways to do this, you set it to center, it centers it. If you set it to align right you can set how it aligns within that box vertically. You can set auto-wrapping so like if we make, you know, if I take a paragraph that'd be cool if that worked. My thing's broken but if we put a bunch of them in there we can say okay what happens here you can set the auto wrap to word and then it wraps it there. You can clip the text instead so it overruns. You can set it to uppercase. You can control all these properties with code which is nice. There's support for bidirectional text. You know, those are the main things. You can also change its theme which will, for example, you can set it to large. These are the baked-ins large, medium, small and you can change these type variations. There's support for theme override so you can override what the theme is giving you to change it to be a different color. You can change the font file, the size, you know, you can really override all this stuff. You can change the theme too which is a little bit beyond what I want to get into but that's an option that's there so that's how you display text in some examples of the properties. From within your code you can go and change the text yourself by setting the .text property so like if we had the ready callback and we just grabbed our label like this and said text is equal to set from the code. Save it, run our game. It's set from the code which is kind of nice but over here you'll still see our old text so that can be an area of potential confusion where like you've set some text here and you see it here but then maybe your code's changing it so that's just something to be aware of and I generally just view setting text in here that is dynamic. I'll like put like dynamic or I'll put like kind of mock-up of what that might be and whatever so so that's labels and they're really easy to work with. I recommend reading more about label in the docs. Then let's look at rich text label so rich text is when there is formatting applied like bolding or highlighting or those kinds of things and you can even set the markup so you can say use bb code which is cool so let's say hello world I'm rich text let's see I don't know what it wants by default so we'll just enable bb code because I know it you can do like b and that sets it to b to bold I think you can do i for i and if we turn this off I don't know what it wants it to be oh yeah here's some example the labels text in bb code format if it's enabled it's an advice to use the plus equal operator hmm so yeah that's um I would look up bb code syntax to learn more about that and you know that can be useful in different points like if you had a text box from like a visual novel guide or some text being displayed in a way like a character speaking this is an easy way to get some formatting uh automatically added but that's the basics of labels uh there's more advanced functionality that I'd love to learn and share but for now I think that's uh what we got for this all right thanks bye


What is going on everybody? Today's a very serious topic and hopefully by the end of this video I'm going to help you identify several red flags that you should be looking out for in a job description before you actually accept an interview or accept a position so that you don't end up with something that I like to call a data analyst horror story. Now I like to think myself as a pretty positive person but there was nothing positive about this job that had about five years ago when I was first getting my foot in the door in data analytics. Looking back now when I look at the job description and the actual interviews that I had there were just a lot of red flags but I completely ignored all of them because I really was just trying to get my foot in the door and I was ecstatic about getting my very first data analyst job and so I really just ignored every red flag in the book and I just kept on going and and so about four months after I got that position I was basically applying to every data analyst job that I could possibly find because I wanted to get out of there as quickly as possible. It was just a very toxic work environment and something that I couldn't stay in any longer. And so in this video we're going to talk about five of the biggest red flags that you can see in job descriptions and that doesn't mean that you shouldn't apply for the job but if you actually do get an interview that might be something that you want to ask about. Now number one is the one that I think is going to be the most controversial on all the ones on the list today and that is if you see in the job description that is a series A, B or C funded startup that may be a major red flag. Now there are some great things about working at a startup. You most likely get to learn a lot. You get to build something from the ground up. You potentially have a stake in that company and so if that company does really well you could earn a lot of money. And so one of the biggest red flags about working at a startup is job security and that is pretty important for a lot of people. I mean imagine if you got this amazing job at a startup and you were super excited to go in and you're in there for about a month and all of a sudden they make the announcement that either they lost their funding and so they're going out of business or they got acquired by another company and unfortunately you just were not part of that acquisition and so you're out of a job. That happens all the time especially with series A they typically lose funding and then they go out of business because lack of revenue or with series C they're starting to grow and then they get acquired by a larger company and so that happens all the time and so that's why I think is a red flag for the vast majority of people because honestly you don't know if you're going to be working there for a month or for three years or somewhere in between and definitely has a lack of security in that job. Number two is that the job description basically has every skill data ants could possibly have and they want you to have three years experience with all of them. Did I mention that this is also a junior level position because I have seen jobs exactly like this where they are basically asking for every skill that entire analytics team may have but just for one person and honestly that's extremely unrealistic and so you're really really really setting yourself up for failure if you accept that position and they want you to do everything and maybe you want to have a junior level position when you have three years experience in all these skills but I don't think that's most people and so that's a big red flag if you're seeing all of these skills in a lot of years of experience especially for like a junior level position. Now if it has a mid-level position you know maybe they only want two or three of those skills but honestly some of these places they just expect you to be doing a ton of work for very little money. Number three is if the job description mentions flexible hours or weekend work. Now flexible hours may sound great to you you know you can set your own schedule you can work when you want to work as long as you get your work done right well not really typically that means it's flexible for them to call you whenever they need you so if a client needs something the next morning they can call you at 8 p.m. at night and say hey we need this report to be run or we need this dashboard to be created and you need to do it because you're basically on call all the time. Now I'm going to say that's a red flag for just about everyone because I don't want to work at 8 p.m. at night and I'm sure you don't as well but that does happen in those types of positions. Now there's going to be that one person in the comments who's like well I work flexible hours and I love it and it absolutely is perfect for me and that's fantastic but for most people that is not going to be the best setup especially when they call you up late at night or they want you to work weekends or something like that like I do not want to do that and I'm sure almost nobody else wants to do that but for some reason some companies still do that and they will put it in a job description. Number four is a little bit more nuanced and if you're looking at the job description you may see something like we're looking for someone who hits it out of the park who goes the extra mile who's willing to put in the extra work to get things done. Now this one may seem positive at first and honestly some companies may be viewing it that way they're you know looking for someone who's just really outgoing and optimistic about the job and willing to put in the hard work but honestly for some you know there used to be a guy named Bob who's doing basically the job with two people and that company does not want to hire two people to do that job they're expecting you to replace Bob and so now you're coming into this position and they want you to go the extra mile they want you to put in that extra work they want you to be somebody who comes in and is a rock star so that kind of language can be really tricky because genuinely they may be looking for someone who is actually going to put in the extra mile. Now this one is definitely a red flag to me but I don't think it would stop me from actually applying to the job I would just ask about this in the actual interview and say things like you know what does the actual workload look like you know how am I replacing somebody or is this a new position things like that so you can kind of get a feel for how much work they're actually looking for this individual to do and number five is one that I have seen a lot recently and it's when a job description has a lot of buzzwords like the cloud algorithms big data but they have no actual skill sets listed and so it's very very ambiguous and what they're actually looking for now why is this a major red flag well most likely this is a company who has not leveraged their data a lot in the past and so they don't know what skills you actually need and so this company is saying hey we need some data analyst or data scientists to come in and basically tell us everything we need to know about our data now no we don't have good data infrastructure or data documentation and we have no data pipelines but you know whoever we hire they're going to come in and do all of that and honestly that happens a lot especially at smaller companies where they just expect one person to do everything and you do not want to be that person because although you may try to learn it all and do it all it most likely is going to end in failure and their expectations are that you're going to come in and do all of it and most likely you won't be able to do any of it now those are all the red flags and listen you guys are very smart people you do not need me to tell you what jobs to apply for or not apply for and that is not what I'm trying to do what I am trying to do is just alert you to some of the red flags that you might see in job descriptions and ask it when you actually get into the interview ask the interview these questions so that you can know if they are just red flags or if they are actually going to turn into a data analyst horror story which I do not want you to go through what I went through I promise you it was not fun and I want you to have successful careers in places that you enjoy and places where you're going to be happy and content to work for a long time so thank you guys so much for watching this video I really appreciate it if you like this video be sure to like and subscribe below and I'll see you in the next video


Okay, it looks like it's 5.15, so I think we'll go ahead and get started. Thank you all for coming. I'm Jan Kemp, Assistant Dean for Public Services at the University of Texas at San Antonio. My co-presenter is William Glenn. He's head of reference services at UTSA. Our briefing today is called Transforming Online Reference with a Proactive Chat System. And today we'll be talking about how our library experienced dramatic increases in the number and complexity of chat questions after we switch to a proactive chat system in 2013. I'll start by giving an overview of the system and its characteristics, and then William will provide some details about some of the system's features. Can everybody hear me okay? Okay, great. So Zopim is a chat system that was created for use by online businesses. It's not one that was in the library world. And some of you, or maybe not, but in 2013 we did a presentation about Zopim here at C&I after we'd had it up for about four months. So now it's been two and a half years, and the increases that we saw after those first four months have only continued and increased in the last two and a half years. As soon as we implemented Zopim, we immediately started receiving large numbers of questions. And in fact, the increase from 2013 to 2015 was 489%. I know, it's incredible. It was to us too, we had no expectation for that. But we don't think that our library is unique. We think that this system would work for anyone. So hopefully what you see today will give you some ideas about that. So actually, full force online reference was predicted in 2005 by Charles Martel, who was then the dean of libraries at California State Sacramento. He said, well, he was talking about the slowdown in the use of physical services in libraries, including reference. And he said, reference transactions will probably remain soft until online reference services appear in full force. However, I think for many libraries, they're still soft. In our case, I think we have seen full force. So maybe we'll tell you a little bit about that. Before you go any further, I just wanted to give you a couple of facts about University of Texas at San Antonio. We're one of the UT system libraries. We're the third largest. We have about 29,000 students. And our physical library is extremely busy. Our main library on a busy day in the fall has anywhere from 9,000 to 10,000 visitors in it. And that's almost a third of our student body. So we feel that we, although we had a lot of students in the library, even back in 2013, they weren't using our reference services, whether in person or chat. And so we had a goal. We wanted to reach more students with reference. The questions that we did get made us realize that there are a lot of students with questions out there. And there's no reason why these students who ask would be so different from the others. And so we started looking around for a chat system that might attract more users. And our user experience librarian, when she went to the ACRL conference in 2013, saw a presentation by the librarians at John Carroll University. And they had just implemented Zopim, and it had doubled the number of chat questions. And maybe even more exciting for them, they had increased the complexity of chat questions to about like 75% of the questions that they received were they considered to be complex. So we decided to go ahead and give it a try. And there's a lot of times in life where you have to say the change didn't happen overnight. But in this case, the change did absolutely happen overnight. On July the 22nd, 2013, we had eight chat questions, and that was very typical for us. The next day, July 23rd, we had five times that many questions. And that was without any change in our staffing, our marketing, or our hours. So we just had to attribute that completely to the new system that we implemented. And what we saw also very quickly was that the majority of these questions were complex questions. They were actually questions from students who were working on topics, who needed help figuring out which database to use, or didn't understand the topic they were working with. And so six weeks later, we began staffing chat with librarians only, which was quite a shock to the system. So what do we think, oops, one, two, five. Okay, so what are the characteristics of the Zocum system? There is a chat box on every page of the library website now, including in Summon. So it's there ubiquitously throughout the library website. Perhaps the most distinctive feature, I think, is its context-sensitive triggers. So what will happen is the libraries who use it have the opportunity to notice which parts of the website, which pages give patrons the most difficulty by looking at web analytics. And so, for example, one place where we have a trigger is the Find Databases page. We notice that when students would go to that, good things did not happen afterwards. And so now what we have is a trigger on that page. And if a student or a faculty member for that matter sits on the Find Databases page for 30 seconds without taking any action, a new chat box pops up in the middle of the page. It's a little bit larger than the one, the regular one. And its context-sensitive, it says to them, can we help you find a database? So it knows that they're on the Find Databases page. And William will show you in a little bit more detail how that works. Another feature is that the chat session continues as the user moves throughout the website. It doesn't go away if they leave. And the chat box can be customized and branded, which is something that we did, which I'll show you an image of it in a few minutes. So what do we, what do I think caused the chat increase? I think that the branded larger chat box, which was so different from what we were using before, really gets their attention. The chat box wording has changed a lot. We used to say ask a librarian, and that's kind of kind of dried. So we moved to something more friendly, chat with us. I believe that the triggers are offering them help at the point of need, which before they would, there were several steps for them to get to the chat box. And I think that it makes sense that users would ask more difficult questions online and more questions online, because that's where the library research is taking place now for the most part. So here is the library homepage on the right. And in the right-hand corner of the bottom, you can see the chat box. So it's quite orange. It says chat with us, and the image there is an icon of our Blue Crew team member. We brand our public services staff as the Blue Crew, and that's Blue Crew Sue. So trying to make it friendly and appeal. I don't particularly like Blue Crew Sue, but students apparently like Blue Crew Sue. So that's fine. And then on the left-hand side is what the chat box looks like when the student has asked a question. You as the student and it's saying, I need to locate an article of the Journal of Visual Communication and Medicine. Can you point me in the right direction? And then Rita is our librarian. And you see they're branding her as a member of the Blue Crew and saying, you know, and then she'll answer their question. This page shows what the triggered chat box looks like. On the right is the triggered chat box. It pops up a little bit above where the other chat box would have been in the lower right-hand corner of the bottom. It's a little bit bigger. And as you can see, as I mentioned with the Find Databases page, the wording there is context sensitive. It says, hi there. Let us know if we can help you find a database. And it's comparing it with on the left-hand side the regular chat box that's sitting there on every page. So as I mentioned, we've experienced a huge increase in chat. And we started off in fiscal year 2013, about six weeks of that 2013 fiscal year were Zopim. The rest was our lower level chat. So 4,600 questions in 2013 to over 20,000 in 2014, which was a full year of Zopim. And then this past fiscal year, 27,039 questions. That's both reference and directional. Everything that came in through chat. So it's continued to grow, too. William has worked constantly to try to make our chat service more efficient. And so in the week of September the 27th, 2015, we had over 1,000 questions for the first time in one week. In fact, we found out that many faculty, or not many, but some faculty have started to encourage their students to get on chat when they're working on a project. And I think what may have happened one morning when we had 34 questions in one hour was maybe something like that. And that was an hour we weren't prepared for, so we had to take some names and call people back, or email them back. So we've also done some interesting comparisons about the complexity of the questions that we received. So the bar on the left is the percentage of complex questions that we receive at the desk. In two sample weeks, February 2015 and September 2015, the total number of questions at the desk was about 420. The total number of questions that were categorized in chat was 1,750, something like that. So just to give you an idea of the numbers. And so 20% of the desk questions were complex, reference questions, and almost 75% of them. And in fact, that just matched what the John Carroll University found out from Zopim, too, when they implemented. And then this is something that's pretty interesting. It looks like the questions are more complex when it's a triggered chat than when it's a question that comes from a patron-initiated chat. So if we prompt them to ask their question, 82% of those questions are reference questions, complex questions, not simple ones, like where's the study room, or can you help me find a known item? And 65.4% of the sample questions in those two sample weeks were complex for patron-initiated. And in fact, the trigger chats are the majority of our chats now, or barely write it. Write it 60% by under 60%, something like that. Yeah, so if we weren't triggering chats, if we weren't inviting them to chat, our chat numbers would be cut in half, or less than half, if I'm not mistaken. So just for fun, I wanted to share with you, because everyone loves reference questions. So here are 10 questions that were asked in a one-hour period on Sunday, October the 25th. William happened to be the lucky person who was working chat at the time when all these chat questions came in. So for the benefit of our audience here in the recording, let me just read a couple, or a few. I'm trying to zero in on a topic from my literature review and find articles from specific journals on the topic. Currently, my topic is cultural variances in female leadership in nonprofit organizations. Question two, I'm looking for books or journal articles, government doc, about the roles of GSEs in operation of CRA. Would you mind helping me find an article on the United States Depression in the 1930s? I have an essay assignment about the benefits of higher education, and we need three academic sources from scholarly databases. And I need help finding a court case where the defendant is facing the death penalty and where the defendant is still alive. So these are pretty, could be pretty meaty questions, depending on where the chat goes from here. And that's just in one hour. So they're not that atypical, or they're not atypical at all. They're atypical. So faculty are asking us questions as well, which was something we didn't see before when we had our other chat. I think they know perfectly well they have a subject librarian, but they know also the subject librarian doesn't work nights and weekends.  A journal asked me to provide keywords for my manuscript. Should I select keywords from established lists to make sure others find my paper? And I'm looking for respondent level data sets for my students to analyze using SPSS. What might you recommend? So you can see why we like to have librarians answer those kinds of questions. And so to conclude my first part of this, I just wanted to say that we're pretty sure that these questions had been out there all the time. I think that because as soon as we implemented Zopam, the numbers jumped right up, and they stayed there for two and a half years. So it's not anything that we had to build slowly and work really hard for us. Just boom. So what I would just like to say is that I think that the proactive chat has lowered the bar of inquiry for our reference questions. And now the library can play a larger role in supporting student success. So we'll begin. Hello. OK, so I just wanted to go through some of the back end of this and give you some additional information. Maybe we'll answer some of your questions you might have in mind. So my name is William Glenn. Before I was at UTSA, I was at Stony Brook University in New York, where I managed the virtual reference systems there for seven to eight years using initially OCLC's question point for quite a few years and then later, SpringShare's LibChat. And I think one year we had a little over 2,000 questions. So we can do that now in about two or three weeks. And so for me coming, I've been at UTSA now a year and a half almost, I interviewed for the job. They told me all of this. I looked it up, did my research, but not until I got there and really experienced the difference between what I'd been doing for seven or eight years and this, did I understand how powerful and transformational this really is. And after a year and a half, I mean, I'm still stunned at how many, not only how many questions we get, but again, the kind of questions we get, the complexity and the feeling that we really are helping students in a way I hadn't felt maybe as much for a while. So I want to go into the triggers a bit more and the statistics, how we use those shortcuts, which are very helpful. And then a really exciting aspect of all of this that we've sort of discovered is mining our chat transcripts. So just to kind of reiterate what Jan showed earlier, this is our fine databases page and here is the chat that has been triggered. So as she said, we have the widget all throughout the website and within Summon. We currently only have triggers on two of the pages. The fine databases page, which we know from analytics is the most visited page after our homepage and also within Summon and the results in Summon. We've thought, as she said, those were really the points of need. People trying to figure out, a lot of our students are still working with the jargon of library. They don't really know what they need if it's a database, a journal, an article, but they've been told databases, so they do tend to go here a lot. So those are two of the... Then we also have a third trigger, which comes on after 50 seconds when one of the librarians has not responded. Our chat rescuer it's called and that's very helpful when we're really, really busy. It's not on a page, it's really part of these triggers. And let's look at the backend. So this is actually, it's pretty simple. There are a lot of different parts there, but really you can set these up. Once you've done one, it's very, very easy to do the others. The three most important parts, and I don't know if you all can see it, but it's like you want the first red circle there, the URL of the page you want. And then the second one is the time length. How long do you want patrons to be on that page before it goes off? Actually, you can see that was 35 seconds. This is for the fine databases page. We've been playing, experimenting a bit with the time length, trying to find... You don't want it going off too much, but you also want to catch them in need. So you can change that very easily. And then down at the bottom, send message to visitor and you just type in the language that you want. And you can adjust these as necessary. The others are kind of conditions, logical sorts of things. If the visitor is doing this, you don't want them. One of those is if they've already initiated chat, you don't want the trigger to go off, things like that. But really once, like I said, you do one, then you can set up the others very easily. And I don't know if there's anything else on that page. We did have them earlier on the e-journals page. Actually, that was removed even before I got there. Do you remember why? Probably just not as much traffic perhaps. They definitely summon our discovery system, gets a lot of that on the homepage of the databases. And then recently, a few months ago, we've revised our accounts page for patrons and we wanted to kind of get some feedback from them. So we easily set up a trigger, set up the time. And with the message after, I don't remember now actually 45 seconds, something we asked them if they needed any assistance and how do you find the new page. And so we left that up there for a while. And then once people started to actually just ask research questions from my accounts page, we realized we could begin to take that off. So the students love it, I have to say. And actually the faculty just this morning when I was on chat, it's great to hear that, faculty members saying, I just want to tell you again how much I love this service. So with the explosion in the number of patrons we're dealing with, the statistics have been very, very important, even more so than when I was doing them before with the chat system. This is a monthly report that is sent from Zopam. It's pretty basic. As you can see it has page views and things, but the two most important numbers there are the ones I circled, which are the total chats. This was from October of last year. That was the busiest month ever that we've had so far. And then over on the right you'll see it says chats completed, chats dropped, chats missed. So we went through all of these categories I did and made sure of what they were.  And so I dug into those a lot and what we discovered were half of those were patrons saying no thanks, I don't need any help. And the librarian doesn't respond. And so it's really not a reference transaction. So that's the largest section of that. There were also sometimes because of the trigger once in a while people will type in, like they're thinking they're gonna search in the search box, but they start, and actually if I may confess, I have chatted with myself on a couple of occasions. You get very busy and I type in climate change and economics and then I hear the chat go off and I'm like, oh my God, not another chat. And I look at it and it's like, oh that's weird, it's the same topic. It's like the same class. That really happened, it's kind of embarrassing. Once in a while, that's a low number but sometimes it does happen. So what we found were the chats missed really only, we only missed 2% of our chats. Genuinely do not respond to a patron. Which I find stunning because when we were doing 2000 a year at Stony Brook, we were trying to keep it under 10% of missed chats. And now with such an enormous volume, I was so impressed with our librarians that and it gets really busy sometimes but we don't miss that many chats, realistically. Then I also looked at chats dropped, that sounded dire. So that turns out, those are really reference transactions though. Zopam basically I think is when the patron says the last thing in a chat and they immediately leave, they call it a dropped chat, I guess because we didn't finish it or they didn't do something but I've looked through those and those are legitimate chats. So really when we're trying to figure out how much each month we're doing, it's the total chats only minus the chats missed. And then we do have offline messages, you'll see which come in overnight, we handle those just like live answers, questions or email reference. We'll do those first thing in the morning. There's not too many of those as you'll notice. Chats on until 11 at night, starts at nine in the morning most days but we do get some in the middle of the night. So in addition to that monthly report, Zopam sends us very detailed files each month that we can go through and use to create things like this. This is our spreadsheet, this was October 2015 and I was able to figure out the average number of chats per hour to see when are the hotspots, the red being the most. You'll see Thursday from 11 to 12, we were averaging 19 questions in one hour and then the orange is a little less and then the yellow and then the white. As you can see Saturday, not a real popular day so we only have one person on most of the day but this has been incredibly helpful it also allowed us to expand because I was seeing enough questions between 10 and 11 that we were like, oh, let's try nine and sure enough it's not as much but you can see that's 10 questions an hour, a couple of days and now we're about to expand to midnight because we get so many questions between 10 and 11. You see a lot of those are eight, nine questions an hour from that time period. And we can do other things, Zopim you can also just look within Zopim I've been able to verify a lot by seeing what they send us and then you can use their search mechanism to go between very specific time periods and I can see how many chats there are and I can read them to see what were the missed chats, what were the dropped chats. You mentioned, or I think you mentioned you have librarians, do you have librarian staff for the night to midnight? We do, yes. Professional librarians? Yes, all of them are professional librarians. Three of them are part-time librarians? We have three part-time, well, now four part-time we just, she starts today. But they actually, the part-time librarians handle about 50% or a little more of the questions because they're doing primarily chat. The subject specialists do X number a week because of everything else that they're working on. So another great way to help is to have these shortcuts and I will say having used question point and lib chat, these shortcuts in Zofum are fantastic. You're in the middle of the chat, you start typing the word and it populates and boom, you send it off like that. You don't have to think about it. I don't know, I remember the canned messages I had to go and do a drop-down menu and choose it but this is super easy when it's very busy and even when it's not, they can be very useful. You can see just, this is a sampling. We are doing about 125 shortcuts and I went through and reviewed all of them. Some are not used that much. Some are used a lot but if, and we actually eliminated some that weren't being used at all but you can see the first one's canceling a study room. We'll get a fair number of questions. There's a link to information for one of the subject specialists. So we try to refer a lot. It's chat, it's hard to accomplish some of things we've been able to do at the desk in the past and you really wanna make sure that they're able to come in and talk with someone in person. So we do refer as much as we can. Points of view, academic search completes. So some of our popular databases will have links that we send to them. Policies, I see alumni, borrowing acts, things. Where are the book drops? And then things like anything else which actually help a lot. What I would call conversational shortcuts. Hello, how may I help you? I'll be with you in a moment. I'm helping other people right now. There's different things. Is there anything else I can help you with? These come in very handy when you're handling multiple people at the same time. And these are even easier to set up than the triggers. I mean, give it a name, type in the message, create shortcut. And you can create those on the fly, which we've done in some cases. Weird network problem. Or the classic one, a middle school who discovered our website in our chat service. And suddenly we were flooded with middle schoolers asking all kinds of interesting questions. The classic one, are you a robot? We get that from time to time. Although less now. We used to get that a lot in the beginning.  Actually came up again just recently, the night that an assignment was due. One of the only database that could be used went down and we were getting flooded. So, the librarian just created that instantly and was able to handle. So, we're again getting multiple questions. So, those are really nice, very useful. And then my, yeah, I think this is super exciting, mining the chat transcripts. I didn't really just think about it at first, but it's really fascinating because it's both qualitative information and quantitative because we have 27,000 plus chats a year. What are our patrons talking about? What are they wanna know about? What are they complaining about? And actually it was Jan who said, the first time I'd really started to click with me was, hey, let's look at all of the noise complaints. What are people saying? Because they would use chat a lot, makes sense. They don't wanna get up and go tell on somebody or things like that. So, we were able to go through and using the search mechanism and Zopim be able to look up noise, loud, quiet, various terms for a time period and very precisely figure out what people were saying. We went through all the ones we could find and you'll see there. Can someone please tell the people next to the quiet study area on the second floor to turn down their videos or music? Third, four quiet zones, some, yeah. How do I submit a noise complaint? How can I file a noise complaint? Study room 23 on the second floor. So what we found was, and actually, you know, I knew this was gonna happen. I debated when to put these slides. I'll go back. We were able to very precisely figure out where the noise was happening. And it was basically two areas. Our fourth floor area, which was not enclosed and was hard to keep quiet. And then we kind of realized that our third floor quiet zone was surrounded by study rooms as opposed to the other side, which was surrounded by faculty offices. So, switch, we did that. We moved the quiet zone from the fourth floor down to an enclosed area on the second floor. But having a map, you know, and being able to see specifically, I mean, they were giving it, because we would ask them, you know, can you give us a call number range or whatever would help us? So that was, and after that, it was suddenly like, oh, hey, we can look up all kinds of things. Because I'm also on our web presence team and our discovery team, where we're investigating, you know, how are patrons using the websites? How are they finding resources? What problems? That was the big thing we're, because also because of live call, we had, you know, we could see that people were frustrated across all the levels with accessing online resources. Well, what does that mean? So we started going in and you can see this is the search thing mechanism. And it's very easy. Keyword, it worked really well too. Date range, time range, which can be very helpful at times. And that's usually what we're doing to find eBooks. So we've been analyzing what are all the issues that people are running into with our eBooks? Which platforms? What are they trying to do when they have a problem? What titles are they trying to access? Streaming video, we did the same thing. So now we're keeping track of these. I'll show you that in a second. And then also this is how we find, you can see we can look for the different kinds of chats, triggered, and things like that. So that's one way we're able to determine percentages, like how complex something is. Or chats by a person, when, you know, I can go through and look for people. And also the chat transcripts are just fantastic for training purposes. You know, it's just wonderful to have these reference transactions that people can study to see, you know, what's a good job of doing this. And I review our chats on a regular basis to pick up on things, trends, and we use the search feature. If I notice a couple of things, and I'm like, uh-oh, this book title's having issues. Let me go in and sure enough, oh my God. There was, you know, because they happen just infrequently enough sometimes, it's just an assignment usually. And then all of a sudden you see there's 14 chats about the same eBook. Well, boom, we can go in and make sure it gets straightened out. We had that recently, database issues. What are courses? We've also, we see weird assignments. The one, you have to do a search on men and the culture, but it has to be from a print journal, you know, all 37 we have left. And the poor kids, you know, these kids, they had no idea how to search for something within a print journal. So when we started to see that, we're like, we better talk to this professor. Is this really, you know, do they, you know, and we contacted them. And we can also see what kinds of questions are coming in based on a course or a program. We, for the psychology librarian, we did, we did research on psychology just that term. We looked up psych info and other databases and resources. How many times were they coming up? What were people saying? So it's been a fantastic source for us. And then this is just us tracking ebook problems. We have the date and time. You can copy and paste that pretty easily. The visitor number and the date and time allow us to go and look at the actual transcript. And we found a way to put the transcript in the spreadsheet, but it was really clunky. So, but yeah, the question, the title, the provider and what we did. And so that's, this is from September 22nd through November 9th. These were some ebook questions using different terms to try to find what people are looking for. So on that note, data mining work, that's all I have. And so we would love to get questions from you all. Okay everyone, well thanks so much for all your questions. Thank you.


So this is Algebraic Geometry Lecture 10 where we will be giving the proof of the Laskan-Nurta theorem and giving an example of it. So the Laskan-Nurta theorem states that for modules, finitely generated modules over notarian rings, nought is an intersection of primary sub-modules. Recall that n is primary means that m over n is co-primary, m over n, this is so short we can get it onto one slide if we cheat slightly. So it has two steps, first of all any sub-module and the proof of this is very easy, the proof you can just write down in two words, notarian induction. So what this means is the sub-modules of m have this sort of notarian property that any non-empty subset has a maximal element because that's true because m is finitely generated over a notarian ring and notarian induction sort of means you prove things by considering a maximal counter example. So this means suppose n is a maximal sub-module among those that are not a finite intersection of irreducibles. Now such a module, if the theorem isn't true, such a module must exist by the notarian induction. On the other hand, either this module is irreducible in which case we're done because it's an intersection of itself or it's not irreducible in which case it's the intersection of two largest sub-modules and by induction each of these two largest sub-modules must be a finite intersection of irreducibles so we're done. So step one is just completely routine, step two takes a little bit more effort, it says any irreducible sub-module n is primary and to prove this we can reduce to the case zero just by quotienting out by n and so we have to show that we want to show that if nought is irreducible so we want to show if the sub-module nought is irreducible this implies n is co-primary. Well that's quite easy because if m is not co-primary this implies there are two associated primes p and q so m has sub-modules of the form r over p and r over q, this is a bit sloppy it doesn't mean r over p is a sub-module, it means that r over p is isomorphic to a sub-module but it's fairly clear what it's meant and the intersection of these two sub-modules is zero because the annihilator of any non-zero element in this sub-module is p and the annihilator of any non-zero element in this sub-module is q so they must have intersection zero so this implies nought is not irreducible. Okay so there's the proof, ask a note missing out one or two details but it's an enormous improvement on the hundred pages that Laska originally took. Now let's look at an example of this, let's look at the ideal generated by x, y and y squared in the ring of polynomials in two variables over x set y squared equals zero well y squared equals zero is just the same as y equals zero but it's not quite the same and somehow it's a sort of slightly thicker version of y squared equals zero so it's sort of the y axis doubled up like this in some informal sense, I mean it is just the y axis but you should think of it as being a sort of rather thick version of the y axis. So the intersection of these two sets is going to look like this, well the intersection will just be the y axis except near the origin you should think of it as being slightly thicker it's got a sort of double point here that's strictly speaking this doesn't really make sense because a double point of a fine two space is really the same as a single point but informally we should think of this point as sticking up an infinitely small distance along the y axis so geometrically it's really just an irreducible set but informally there's a little extra bit here and you can detect that extra bit by looking at the primary decomposition of this idea so a primary decomposition of the y just corresponds to the algebraic subset consisting of the x axis and the ideal x y squared just corresponds to the algebraic set consisting of a point except you can sort of think of this point as being a slightly slightly bigger than a point it's really a sort of double point sticking up a bit so the metric example is something called an embedded component so so this ideal here is called an embedded component and it's pretty obvious why that is true geometrically so so this point here is really embedded in the in the line here um so we notice this primary decomposition is not unique but it's that there are some rather trivial ways in which it can be none unique you can just add extra um primary ideals but it's also none you none unique in a rather more serious way for instance that the ideal x the ideal x y y squared is not only equal to the intersection of the ideal y and x y squared so it's equal to the intersection of these it's also into it's also equal to the intersection of y and x plus y y squared um so x plus y y squared um is a different ideal from this and it's also co-primary


Hello everybody hooded Cobra Commander 788 here It is class of Friday where we look at a GI Joe classified series figure every Friday And it is the final class of Friday of Cobra Convergence 6 this time We are looking at a figure that a lot of other people have already reviewed including Cobra Convergence 6 Participants so I'm a little late to the game here But better late than never and I thought this would be a good way to wrap up the event This is Crockmaster and Fiona full disclosure. I did not purchase this figure. This was sent to me by Hasbro Let's look at the packaging we have the window pane that shows the figure and the accessories and the very large crocodile We have the GI Joe classified series logo. This is Crockmaster and Fiona Fiona is the name of the crocodile We have some package art on the front and on the side showing Crockmaster and Fiona and I really like this I like the detail. I like the lighting effects and the color I think this is some excellent package artwork that captures the character of Crockmaster This is number 38 in the classified series and on the back We have some poster artwork and this is a bit different. I have not seen this particular artwork and it looks pretty good It's not as nice as a file card, but the artwork itself is fine on the other side of the box We have these symbols which represent his specialties This is the first version of Captain America's shield This means his favorite 1990s GI Joe action figure is Mace This is three donuts of different sizes viewed from the sides No frosting or sprinkles on those and this is flaming poop Let's take Crockmaster and Fiona out of the box and take a look at them Here are Crockmaster and Fiona out of the packaging this figure and animal companion are inspired by the 1987 Crockmaster version 1 the inspiration is pretty direct This is an upscaled and more detailed version of that 1987 figure Let's take a look at Crockmasters accessories and let's start with the crocodile Fiona even though it's not really an accessory This crocodile is inspired by the alligator that came with version 1 Crockmaster That's right. Crockmaster came with an alligator, but this is a proper crocodile and what a croc This is not just a lump of plastic. This is highly detailed and articulated You have to see how many ways this thing can move first the mouth opens and the inside of the mouth is painted and highly detailed He has articulation at the neck and that's a ball joint so it can move pretty well He has articulation on the front legs at the shoulder so he can move both front legs and The front feet move as well. So that's another point of articulation Then he has another cut just behind the legs kind of under the shoulders and that's another ball joint So he can move pretty well there as well The back legs are articulated and the back feet as well and the tail has a ball joint at the base So it can move at the base, but it's also a bendy tail So you can bend the tail any way you want it I always wanted to do this with a crocodile and now I can. The eyes are painted in and they look very menacing There's a realistic texture all over this crocodile And if you look closely you can see some scars where this guy has definitely been in some fights There are multiple color shades along the back of Fiona and a lighter paint on the underside This is an amazing crocodile even outside of the context of GI Joe If you wanted a highly detailed and highly articulated crocodile, you can't beat this Fiona even comes with a couple baby crocodiles These are Fiona's children Laurel and Hardy. These are Fiona's children Luke and Leia These are Fiona's children Thelma and Louise These are Fiona's children Riggs and Myrtaugh. Let's take a look at some actual accessories and let's start with this chain collar for the crocodile This collar piece is a solid piece of plastic. It is flexible though It has a silver chain and a handle. It has a tan collar belt and silver spikes This is an improvement on the chain and collar that came with version one croc master This was way too short and difficult for croc master to use This is much more functional. He includes this silver hook, which does not have a vintage accessory analog I'm told this is used to open the crocodile's mouth and I'm sure it could be used for that I think it should be used to replace croc master's hand after the croc bites it off The next accessory is this whip. The whip fits in the figure's hand as you can see It is in black plastic and it's kind of curled like this. You can stretch it out. It is flexible It's mostly black with a green textured wrap around the handle version one croc master also included a whip It's very different in color and design and overall functionality This is one instance where I think I like the vintage accessory better that curl is just too dramatic Croc master has a left side holster suggesting he is left-handed the vintage figure also had a left side holster On the classified figure though the gun is removable the gun is a revolver. It is in black plastic It has a hole in the barrel for blast effects. The detail is pretty good. It looks like a hand cannon I think croc master will let his reptiles do most of the fighting for him There's one more removable accessory at least one that's intended to be removed and that is the knife on the right ankle It's a tight fit the knife looks like a big bowie knife It is in flexible plastic so it's not likely to break It is silver with a green textured handle even though it's not packed separately in the packaging This hose connected to his mask can be taken off that is connected to a tank that's pegged onto his back And that can also be removed This is a callback to the hose accessory piece on the vintage figure that hose on the vintage figure is often missing It's very difficult to collect and that hose connects just to the shoulder It's not really connected to anything This at least connects to an oxygen tank or maybe it's like a helium tank to make croc master's voice sound funny Let's take a look at croc master's articulation He has the articulation that's standard for classified figures, which is generally pretty good And he's not wearing any vests or anything like that to obstruct the articulation His head is on a ball joint and he has a swivel neck So he has an excellent range of motion at the head you can pretty much turn the head any way you want He has butterfly joints at the shoulders, which always on mind. They just barely move He can swing his arm up at the shoulder and swivel at the shoulder all the way around He has a twist at the bicep. He has double jointed elbows He has swivels at the wrist and both wrists have in and out hinges He has a hinge at the rib cage so he can do an ab crunch and move back So good range of motion there like I said nothing to obstruct it He's also articulated at the waist He has a wide leg split and his legs can move forward and back a little bit Not very much. He has a twist at the thigh cut. He has double jointed knees He has a twist at the boot cut and he has hinged and rocker ankles Let's look at the sculpt design and color of croc master And this figure is directly inspired by that 1987 figure almost every element is copied over So if there's anything unique about this guy it's going to be in the fine details He's wearing a black mask over his entire head. He has red eyes. Those are some kind of lenses I guess then he has this silver respirator looking like a batman villain He has some stitching on the mask where it's apparently been damaged and repaired He's wearing a crocskin tank top with exposed neck and arms that is green with a lighter green on the front He has a black disc on the right side with a red cobra emblem Notice the texture on the front is similar to the belly on fiona and the back is similar to the back of the crocodile So I think it's implied. This is an actual crocodile skin vest. His arms are bare and hyper muscular He has a silver forearm guard on the right arm and a crocodile skin forearm guard on the left arm And he's wearing black gloves. He's wearing a silver belt with yellow details And that belt has a buckle in the back. I like that. That looks really good in the front He has this large yellow reptilian eye That was always a shocking detail on the original figure and it still is Looks like there's a faint red ring around that yellow eye Let's not forget the green reptilian skin codpiece. We wouldn't want to forget that His legs are black and there are some seam lines and some texture and some knee pads Not a ton of detail on the legs He has a brown holster on his left leg and that holster has a reptilian skin texture Finally we get to his boots and he has green reptile skin boots and these boots look pretty good But one complaint I have is the hinges are black rather than the green color of the boot And that doesn't look too good. We finish up with the brown knife sheath on the right boot Why can I say about this figure that hasn't already been said? It's amazing. It's very well done It's highly detailed a lot of effort went into this the figure is impressive and the crocodile almost outshines the figure Fiona is amazing. I didn't think they could do that much with a crocodile. Do I like this figure? Well, it's croc master. I wasn't a fan of the original croc master and I haven't changed my mind Obviously croc master has some fans and this figure may have created some new croc master fans But I'm just not one of them this classified croc master though does about as well as any figure could of making croc master look cool That was my review of croc master and Fiona I hope you enjoyed it and I hope you've enjoyed cobra convergence this year So many people have put in so much effort to bring you some amazing cobra content If you like this video, please give it a thumbs up on youtube and subscribe to the youtube channel and share this video with your friends That's what helps this channel grow You can find me on social media on facebook and twitter and I have a website HCC788.com if you would like to support the channel patreon is a great way to do it I could not do this without the support of my friends on patreon You could get some special perks and get your name in videos like the names you see scrolling on your screen right now I'll see you one more time this month to wrap up cobra convergence six until then remember only cobra is cobra