previous class we have seen the two non-mechanical compressors, cryogenic compression as well as metal hydride based compression. Today we will see two more types of non-mechanical compressors. The first one is an electrochemical compression where this is like the other non-mechanical compressor this is this does not have any moving part and the driving force for compression is the electrical energy. Now this has a structure which is similar to polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. So it has components like a PMFC, it has membrane electrode assembly where the two electrodes and membranes are integrated with electrocatalyst to form an assembly MEA. Then there are gas diffusion layers, bipolar plates, current collectors and the end plates. The major difference of an electrochemical compressor from a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is that gas is not passed onto the cathode side. So there is no gas flow onto the cathode side so that the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to produce water which used to occur in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell does not occur here. Principle of operation of electrochemical compression is that a low pressure gas is allowed to pass through the onto the anode side. Now this hydrogen gas undergoes hydrogen oxidation reaction onto the anode side producing protons and electrons. These electrons migrate through the external circuit while the protons they permeate through the proton conducting membrane onto the cathode side. On to the cathode side the hydrogen evolution reaction occurs. So protons and electrons they recombine to form hydrogen. Now continuous pumping of low pressure gas in a closed system will increase the pressure onto the cathode side and when the delivery pressure is attained we can get high pressure hydrogen out of the compressor. This process will continue until the driving force which is the electrical energy or current is being fed into the system. Now more is the current being supplied the more will be the rate of protons being transferred from the anode side onto the cathode side. And the performance of such compressors also depends upon the voltage which is being supplied. So and that is given by the nursed voltage. So the E nursed voltage is given by E naught which is the standard cell voltage under the standard condition gas constant temperature upon the number of electrons being transferred Faraday's constant and LN of the high pressure and the low pressure in the system. So the discharge pressure over the inlet pressure. Now here we can see that the discharge pressure or the maximum achievable pressure it depends upon the applied voltage. Now as the applied voltage increases the high pressure or the protons which recombine onto the cathode side also increases. Now thus we can achieve pressures in case of a electrochemical cell. This could be like 25 to 30 MPa at a current density which can vary from 0.1 to 1 amperes per centimeter square and the life of such compressor can be higher than 20,000 hours. But the major challenges are if you want to get high pressures then it has both practical as well as economic challenges. The reason being what happens is as we increase the pressure the nursed voltage becomes almost of the same order of magnitude as that of the ohmic losses and as such the efficiency decreases. Secondly, if we further increase the pressure in that case the permeation of hydrogen from the cathode side onto the anode side the process which is known as back diffusion will also increase. Now if we want to address this back diffusion process in that case the membrane which is being used that can be made thicker but if that membrane is thickened in that case the membrane resistance will also increase and as such ohmic losses will increase and finally the efficiency will decrease. So we can say that if we want to get a higher pressure the efficiency for higher pressures as well as for higher flow rates the efficiency of the electrochemical cell that reduces. So now the choice for getting that the we can get a higher pressure from electrochemical compressors by cascading several single stage electrochemical cells. So a multi stage electrochemical cell which consists of several such electrochemical cells being cascaded together that can produce higher pressures and we can get pressures of the order of like 87.5 MPa or even 100 MPa have been demonstrated. Now if it is say for example if we are operating in a lower pressure condition at a lower flow rate with a lower voltage then efficiencies are very high. Efficiency could be as high as 90%. If it is operating under isothermal conditions which is usually the case in case of electrochemical compressors being operated at a lower pressure say 1 MPa. In that case we can achieve efficiencies as high as 95% but as the pressure increases the efficiency decreases like for example if we go at to 10 MPa or higher than 10 MPa in that case the efficiency can drop to 60% or even below. So the major advantages if we see with this particular process is that since the operation of electrochemical compressors this is almost isothermal as such these are more efficient they consume less amount of energy because of this isothermal compression process. We can achieve high discharge pressures using electrochemical compressors. They do not have moving parts as such no vibrations and noise with these compressors. They are quite robust and they require very less maintenance as such the operating cost as well as the capex is also lower for these type of compressors. We can achieve high hydrogen purity, high efficiency with these compressors but high efficiency at comparatively lower flow rate. So these are meant but these are for low flow rate operations. At the same time these electrochemical compressors can be used for both compression as well as purification. So we can separate out hydrogen from a mixture of gas as the membrane which is used is a proton conducting membrane only proton gets permeated through the membrane and they recombine on the cathode side to separate the hydrogen from the mixture of gases. So it can be used to get high purity hydrogen. However, the major disadvantages associated with electrochemical compressors is the efficiency decreases with the increasing pressure. Also we have seen that there is a back diffusion of hydrogen as the pressure difference between on both the electrode side increases and that increased permeation is undesirable. Now if we want to get higher pressure that then there are both practical as well as economic challenges associated with it and then there is a requirement of sealing so as to avoid the hydrogen leakage. If we consider the current status of these compressors then there are several projects which have demonstrated the use of electrochemical compressors like the fadrass project wherein the output pressure that could be achieved that was achieved was 100 MPa at a flow rate of 0.93 normal meter cube per hour. Another project that was Don Quichote project that offered a output pressure of 40 MPa and a flow rate of 28 normal meter cube per hour. Now the another non-mechanical compressor is adsorption based compressor. Now again adsorption based compressors these are non-mechanical so they do not have any moving part however the compression is derived by means of temperature swing. Now if we look at the process of compression in these adsorption based compressors then this is adsorption desorption based. Now when a high if we consider a tank a closed system when a low pressure gas is introduced into a tank which consists of high surface area materials and high porosity in that case that hydrogen gets adsorbed onto the surface of high surface area materials. Now this adsorption is a surface phenomena and once it reaches saturation then we can have a desorption process so as to get the high pressure hydrogen. Now for desorption heat energy input has to be provided which increases the temperature of the system which increases the temperature of the adsorption bed thereby desorbing hydrogen. Now both the adsorption and desorption occurs at a specific temperature and pressure conditions. Now since hydrogen when it is in the adsorbed state that is a very dense state during desorption the desorbed hydrogen enters into the bulk gas phase and that increases the pressure. So the pressure in this way is increased. Now the maximum achievable pressure from such devices that depends upon how much is the mass of adsorbent used, what is the final temperature which we have supplied and at the same time the volume which is available for the bulk gas. So the final achievable pressure the maximum pressure that we can obtain depends on all these three. The mass of adsorbent what is the final temperature and what is the volume which is available for the bulk gas. Also there is a requirement an important requirement in such adsorption based compressor and that is of high surface area materials which has porosity into the system. Now this is the reason because the adsorption increases or the rate of adsorption becomes higher and it depends upon the high surface area of the bed. Now there are different materials which have shown very promising for having a high adsorption capacities like some of these materials are carbon based materials, carbonaceous materials, these could be carbon nanotubes, activated carbon or full rings, there are materials like metal organic frameworks, zeolites and many such materials which are high surface area materials and have very high adsorption capacity. Now this adsorption desorption process, the adsorption is a completely reversible process with the interaction energy involved being 0.01 to 0.1 electron volt. This is also an exothermic reaction as such this is preferred at low temperature. Now the interaction involved in the adsorption process is a weak vendor walls interaction and as such the thermal motion energy which is involved in that is that can be of the same order of magnitude as that of the adsorption energy or the vendor walls interaction. As such we need to cool down the system to get sufficient adsorption. Besides the adsorption process takes on the surface of the high surface area materials and it forms a sort of monolayer on the adsorbent. As against in case of metal hydrides where a strong chemical bond is formed and that is a volume phenomena here this is a surface phenomena which requires a low temperature. So as such for the adsorption we have to have a lower temperature and this can be easily achieved at liquid nitrogen temperatures because that becomes economical and easily available a liquid nitrogen usage. There are materials like metal organic frameworks a typical example NU100 if we see at the liquid nitrogen temperature 77 K it was observed that it has a surface area of 6143 meter square per gram a pore volume of 2.82 meter cube per gram and at 77 K 5.6 MPa it could adsorb 9.98 percent and that is the highest achievable capacity like for such materials. Even we can use the different carbon based materials and they are very attractive they are very attractive because they have sort of moderate cost they can provide very high surface area pore volume they show stability they have a lower weight like for example if we see the activated carbon then one of the result it is shown that with a area specific surface area of 2630 meter square per gram at 77 K 4 MPa we could get an gravimetric capacity of 6.4 weight percent. So this is at 77 K however if the temperature is room temperature we can achieve 1.6 weight percent at 70 MPa. So that clearly shows the advantage of reduced temperature in case of adsorption based compressor. Besides that as we have seen that it is an exothermic process the heat which will be released during adsorption need to be taken out or removed from the storage tank. So a lot of thermal management is required not only the heat which is generated during the process at the same time heat has to be supplied for the desorption and the heat which is produced during the adsorption has to be removed. So for both there is a very major requirement is that of thermal management. Now if the heat which is being produced in the process of adsorption is not being removed in that case that will increase the temperature of the bed and that will reduce the rate of adsorption and we will not get good efficiencies. So if we look at the advantages that we can get from adsorption based compressors these are thermal driven devices and even the waste heat which would be available like the industrial waste heat we can utilize for desorption. Because they do not have any moving part so no vibration or noise is observed. We do not require ceilings like as it was required for electrochemical compressors. Since the hydrogen which is we are they have a very high energy density volumetric energy density as such the volumetric efficiency is higher for such devices. The cost of material is also low as such the overall cost is reduced they have both Kpex and Opex cost which is less the higher pressure can be achieved using these devices by including less number of stages. But the major disadvantages with device these devices is the thermal management becomes very essential and we need to consider both the heat removal as well as heat supply mechanism. So as to have a uniform bed temperature there is a lower efficiency observed if there is a poor thermal management and this is also associated with the poor thermal conductivity of the adsorbents which are used in the compressor. And we require a low temperature operation that adds up to the cost and reduces efficiency. Now if we see the status then this is an emerging technology there are some demonstrations available in literature wherein if the input pressure is used is 0.1 to 0.8 MPa we could get an output pressure of 10 MPa or 35 MPa with flow rates shown in literature to be 3 to 560 normal meter cube per hour. Now if we compare all the compressors that we have learned so far both the mechanical as well as non-mechanical compressors we do a techno economic analysis then we can see that the piston compressors we can achieve very high flow rate of the order of 10,000 normal meter cube per hour their efficiencies is low approximately 45% the cost this is capex that is 170,000 US dollars. The energy consumption is approximately 5 kilowatt hour per kg the advantages associated with piston type of compressor is this is a major technology we can get high flow rates high discharge pressure but the challenges that it can get contaminated with the lubricating oil they have moving parts that adds up to the complexity in the design heat transfer required that heat transfer management becomes difficult and since they have moving parts there is vibration and noise associated there could be challenges associated with the embrittlement and they are typically not very good when it is very high pressures are required. Dye from compressors we can achieve flow rates which are comparatively lower than the piston compressors less than 1000 normal meter cube per hour efficiency 45% if we see the cost then it is 2300 USD per kg per day energy consumption of the same order as the piston compressor they have lower power requirement lower cooling requirement that we have seen in more detail in the previous classes and they are fit to handle the pure gases. The reason being the piston chamber and the diaphragm the diaphragm separates both the piston chamber and the gas handling chamber the disadvantages are there could be stresses on to the diaphragm and that could lead to diaphragm failure design is complex and there is a restricted throughput. Another category of mechanical compressor that we have seen was the liquid ionic compressor or ionic liquid compressor with a flow rate of around 1000 normal meter cube per hour efficiency was very high that we have seen that was 70% energy consumption is very low because they work very close to the isothermal conditions about 2.7 kilowatt hour per kg. The advantages are they have very high efficiency we can achieve higher compression ratios energy consumption is lower there is a reduced wear and friction associated with these compressors we can get long life less of noise and quite operations they operate near isothermal conditions and then there is no gas contamination that can take place in these type of compressors. But the major problem is that the liquid can enter into the gas chamber as such the condensation of the liquid or removal of the liquid from the gas is required even the reverse can happen cavitation of gas into the liquid is also possible and then the associated corrosion then non-mechanical compressors we have seen were metal hydride based compressors electrochemical and adsorption based compressors metal hydride compressors they are suited for lower flow rate 10 normal meter cube per hour their overall efficiency is poor cost is lower than the reciprocating type of compressors 150,000 USD that is the capex even the OPEX cost is also lower for metal hydride based compressors like if we compare then it is 1000 USD for metal hydride based compressor and 9000 USD for reciprocating type of or the mechanical compressors. Energy consumption 10 kilowatt hour per kg advantage is the metal hydride compressors they are thermal driven devices and even the waste heat can be used for deriving the absorption desorption process there is an absence of moving part no vibration and noise they are very compact and simple we can get high purity hydrogen no contamination these are safe to operate disadvantageous appropriate choice of material is required that plays a crucial role thermal management again is very important they have a lower efficiency weight is higher gravimetric capacity of these metal hydride which are used that is lower and we can achieve a lower compression ratio electrochemical compressors they can give a flow rate of around 10 normal meter cube per hour they have efficiency of 60 percent 170 USD per kg per day is the cost advantages again low cost operation no moving parts high purity hydrogen we can get low cost operation high compression efficiency the problems are there are manufacturing difficulties which are associated with these electrochemical compressor the scaling up problem in sealing getting very good seals high cell resistance low compression ratio low discharge pressure and they are better to operate at lower flow rate and lower pressure and the last one that we have seen are adsorption based compressors this is a relatively new technology and there are not much data available but the advantages with these type of compressors is we do not require sealing they do not have moving parts no vibration and noise the low cost material are used in these compressors the major disadvantages are the poor thermal conductivity of the materials which are used and then that increases the problems associated with thermal management at the same time the requirement is of low temperature 77 k and that adds up to the operational cost OPEX to summarize the CAPEX and OPEX is both higher for mechanical compressors they have many moving parts maintenance cost is higher their efficiency is lower we have seen the ionic liquid compressors which have high efficiency and we can achieve higher compressions compression higher pressures like 100 mPa in 5 steps they require low specific energy like 2.7 kilowatt hour per kg and that is as against the mechanical which require high energy metal hydride compressors they have both CAPEX and OPEX which are lower than the mechanical compressors metal hydride compressors require less of power like 5 kilowatt per kg as against 20 kilowatt for the reciprocating type and there is a significant advantage of weight and volume in metal hydride compressors like a typical example a 400 liters 100 kg for metal hydride compressor then 6000 liters 3600 kg for reciprocating compressor thus they require a larger footprint area specific energy consumption for metal hydride compressors is high that is the overall energy requirement and that is because of poor thermal conductivity of metal hydride and high heat of absorption which is required high heat of desorption and then the thermal management which is required. CAPEX associated with electrochemical compressors is low like USD 170 per unit of hydrogen compression that is in kg per day versus the mechanical compressor that is 2300 USD and the same units OPEX with the electrochemical hydrogen compressors is low like 1 USD per kg against 1.75 to 2.3 USD per kg for reciprocating type of compressors and the specific energy consumption is low and that depends upon the compression ratio efficiency also depends upon the compression ratio. Exoption based compressors these are emerging this is an emerging technology it is expected that they will have a lower CAPEX but high OPEX this is because of the requirement of low temperature. Thank you.


Questions regarding historic tax credits to be used on restoring Bemidji's Carnegie Library still remain as the timeline for the project grows tighter. During Monday's work session, council members discussed the possible loss of federal historic tax credits for the project because of the GOP proposed tax reform plans in Washington that either remove or cut the program. Historic tax credits are still available through the state of Minnesota, but as time passes any delays could cost the project some of its grants. I think you still have to be thinking about how are we going to get this project done because you have grants that need to be used in 2018 and hence one of Bill's suggestions, you know, you need to be talking to those folks too. If you're going to leave the drill for tax credits and you're moving forward on the project as proposed, you may be wanting to talk to the state grant folks about either extending grants or seeing what can be done to protect what you already have in place. The Bemidji City Council will meet again on December 11th and possibly have a final decision on whether to put the project out for bids. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


I'm Zeke and welcome to the dream green show boy. Oh boy. Oh boy. What a month I got paid twice from one company in dividends this month alone I bought some gap because Kanye say he was gonna desire some clothes for gap Kanye say he was gonna run for president I sold that gap Tesla is doing amazing things. They shot through the roof AMD is just straight up killing it right now and the best part about this month is that I made the most Ever from dividends in this month here alone in this video I'm gonna show you guys exactly how much I got paid from each company this month in the total amount I got paid in dividends, but enough talking. Let's get straight into the video Hey, welcome back YouTube I got paid a total of ten times from nine different companies that mean one company paid me twice in dividends this month alone I'm gonna show you guys which company paid me twice But before I get into it look at my portfolio this month compared to last month I think last month I was around $18,000 this month my portfolio is around $22,000 I'm a couple of bucks away from reaching $22,000 portfolio on the day. I am up over $300 I was $65 during the day I think Google or Amazon had their earnings call and then it went up $297 after hours on the week I am up $1338.76 up 6.5% and from this month I told you guys it was a crazy month this month alone I'm up fifteen point four nine percent up $2,938 and thirty six cents. So this one month alone has grown my portfolio 15.4 9% what that that is an amazing feeling to grow this portfolio almost $3,000 in one month from profit alone. Yes, I do invest $200 every single week But that that's $800 is not two thousand nine hundred and thirty six dollars So I'm a very appreciative of you guys sticking to him to follow me on this journey of growing my dividend Portfolio if you guys want to stick around to the journey make sure you scroll down and hit the subscribe button But let's go ahead and get into these dividends right quick. All right. Here we go I have my dividends pulled up so to get the elephant out the room I'm gonna go over the the stock that paid me twice in one month and that stock is SP HD They paid me on the first of July 1st 2020 I had a total of 29 shares and they paid me 15 cents per share at four dollars and forty three cents total they pay me on the first if we take a look at SP HD now 30 shares of SP HD my market value SP HD is $1,014 and I am Down on the total returns, but I am getting paid out monthly in SP HD So let's take a look at the second time they pay me this month That was from owning 29 shares if we scroll up to the top on July 31st I'm gonna get another payment of four dollars and 50 cents. I reinvested that money I got from last month and now I have 30 shares of SP HD and now I'm getting paid even more so I got paid 450 from the Only 31st of July paying out 14.9 cents per share from SP HD So that is the company that paid me twice in one month for a total of eight dollars and ninety three cents After SP HD is Coca-Cola. Yes, the British company. I love Coke I own a total of six shares from Coca-Cola They pay out forty one cents per share quarterly and I got paid out two dollars and forty six cents from Coca-Cola took a symbol KO if we take a look at Coca-Cola I own a market value of two hundred and eighty six dollars and fourteen cents with a total return of minus thirty two dollars and fifty cents So yes, I am down on coke. I do expect them to recover So I'm gonna hold on to them in my portfolio. So we'll cope paying out two forty six That brings my total to eleven dollars and thirty nine cents this month. The next company that paid me is VOO they pay me out a total of one dollar and forty five cents I own a total of one share of VOO. It's a Vanguard S&P 500 ETF and we take a look I am up thirty one dollars and seventy four cents from VOO up eleven Percent since I've been holding it and we take a look at the last five years the Vanguard VOO S&P 500 if you guys just invest into this one stock alone and just hold this for the rest of your life You're gonna make money from holding on to VOO This is a great ETF and as you guys can see, this is a very strong ETF for the S&P 500 tickle symbol VOO and that's gonna bring my total this month for twelve dollars and eighty four cents getting paid out one dollar and forty five cents from VOO and then next one is AGNC the most controversial stock in my portfolio AGNC paid me out a total of Ten dollars and fifty six cents at the time I own eighty nine shares Paying out twelve cents per share from AGNC if we take a look at AGNC The reason a lot of people don't like it is because of their Dividend yield a dividend yield is high at thirteen point two six percent dividend yield now I own a total of ninety three shares. This is a monthly paying dividend stock I mean next month I'm gonna be making even more from dividends from AGNC right now. I'm down four point four five percent But we take a look at AGNC. They just had their earnings report and they beat their earnings report They expect their earnings was around forty six cents per share and that actual earning was fifty eight six per share So they beat their earnings. That's a good thing from AGNC So I should be bouncing back into the positives from AGNC with a high dividend yield thirteen point two six percent Paying me out a total of ten dollars and fifty six cents this month and that's gonna bring my total to $23 and forty cents from this month alone. I love AGNC. The next one is tickle symbol. Oh really the income This is a very solid real estate reap tickle symbol. Oh really the income I own a total of six shares of tickle symbol. Oh Pay me out twenty three cents per share for a total of one dollar and forty one cents We take a look at oh over the last year. They're down, of course because of the You know and um They still got a long way to go to recover But right now I'm down twenty three dollars and three cents So I should continue to collect these dividends to help me catch up and get back in a positive with oh right now I do own seven shares of tickle symbol. Oh really the income So I should get paid more next month from really the income So with one dollar and forty one cents at it that brings my total to twenty four dollars and eighty one cents this month The next one is II PR not gonna talk about this one much because the last time I talked about this I got From YouTube so I own one share pays out a dollar and six cents per share if we look at it it's doing amazing I'm up forty two percent from this one stock alone It's killing it about it at seventy three dollars and it's up to one hundred and five dollars and thirty two cents This is one of the only ones in this sector that do pay dividends have a dividend yield of three point eight eight percent And I'm up thirty one dollars and fifty four cents from this company alone I should have grabbed some more when I could but I'm gonna hold on to this one for a very long time I see it doing well has a very long uptrend as long as some laws get passed in the United States I see this company with a big growth potential in the future if you want to know more about this company you look it up yourself I'm not gonna talk about it. I need this YouTube money So I got paid a dollar and six cents that bring my total to twenty five dollars and eighty four cents From the month of July alone the next one is CTR e Caretres read I had a total of three shares paying out twenty five cents per share for I got paid Seventy five cents this month alone if we take a look at it I'm not sure why I really had this in my portfolio, but I did end up selling it So I don't have this in my portfolio anymore. It had a dividend yield of five point four six percent It wasn't doing bad, but I Just decided to get rid of it because I seen better buying opportunities in different stocks in my portfolio So I got rid of CTR e so that might have been my last dividend Payment I'll ever receive with them unless I decide to buy back in in the future But with all that being said I got paid a total of seventy five cents from CTR e bringing my total to the 2662 that I got paid in dividends from the month of July the next one is ticker symbol PSEC Prospect Calculable I got paid a total of 18 cents from holding three shares paying out six cents per share If we take a look they have a pretty high dividend yield at fourteen point one five percent dividend yield I am up on this company thirty eight percent I bought in at three dollars and sixty five cents in the city at five dollars and five cents So I should have should about a lot more with that kind of dividend yield I could be making a killing right now. Yeah, but with all that being said I got paid a total of 18 cents From Prospect capital this month bringing my total to $26 and 80 cents and the last one I'm going to get paid on July 31st It's even more controversial than agency, which is NRZ New residential investment that has a high they have a higher dividend yield than agency But I only told at the time I only a total of 157 shares paying out 10 cents per share at the time I owned a total of 157 shares paying out 10 cents per share So I got paid $15 and 70 cents from NRZ. If we take a look at NRZ Now I own a total of 168 shares of NRZ, but I am down 33 percent I had a whole bunch of money invested into this and the reason that I'm down is because they actually cut their dividend right when the Pandemic started but now they raised that dividend back up to where it was So I hopefully they recover if not I'll end up taking my losses using that $1,362 and buy something else with that money But I am getting paid a lot of money in dividends from NRZ On right on Robin Hood. They have a dividend yield of 19 percent, but that's not right It's more around 14.75 percent. That's their dividend yield I guess Robin Hood have not updated their Systems yet on NRZ. But yeah, I did get paid $15 from NRZ this month $15 and 70 cents this month bringing my total to $42 and 50 cents $42 and 50 cents. Yes, I got paid $42 and 50 cents this month This is my largest month ever in dividend investing. So I'm excited to take this $42 Reinvested back into my Robin Hood account. If you guys watched my last video about Reinvesting your dividends to grow your account to a million dollar account. Go watch that video It is so I'm going to follow that plan and invest that back into my Robin Hood account to hopefully grow my account into a 7 figure portfolio So yeah guys, that was my full dividend payout this month from my Robin Hood account 10 different payments, nine different skypays twice from SPHD the platform that I use. So it's Robin Hood I'm going to leave that link down in the description if you want to sign up You'll get a free stock just for signing up And I'm also going to leave a link down to Weeble if you sign up for Weeble and deposit $100 You'll get two free stocks value up to $1400 And then you can just pull out your $100 if you don't want to invest it. So free money guys Free money, but other than that, I want to thank you guys for all of your support If you can leave a thumbs up that helps this channel out more than you even know It really do and if you want to keep up to date on my dividend growth on my portfolio Make sure that you subscribe to this channel so you don't miss out on any future videos But other than that I'm Zeke bringing you to dream green show and I'm out. Peace


Transcribed. Schlitz, the beer that made Milwaukee famous, presents the Halls of Ivy, starring Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Coleman. Good evening, this is Ronald Coleman. Beneath the Coleman. Inviting you to join us again on the campus of Ivy College as the guests of our sponsors, the Brewers of Schlitz Beer. Tonight's program is dedicated to Dr. Marion T. Harrington, president of Texas A&M College. The taste of Schlitz. The taste so many people prefer has made Schlitz beer first in sales in the USA. If you like good beer, do as millions of people are doing all over the nation. Ask for Schlitz, the most popular beer in history. That's around us here today. Welcome again to Ivy. Ivy College, that is, in the town of Ivy, USA. It's been an eventful day on the campus, not because of the usual activities of the faculty and student body, not because of what anybody did, but because of what one undergraduate refused to do. His actions thrown the college into an uproar with factions beginning to form on all sides. But Dr. William Todd Hunter Hall, president of Ivy, is completely unaware of the incident, since he and his wife Victoria have been at the state capitol all day attending an educational conference. It's dusk as they're driving back home and they've just turned up Elm Street on their way to number one faculty role, as Dr. Hall is saying, You know, Vicki, if you ever had a rival for my affections, it would be this campus. Returning to Ivy, even after a very brief absence, is like returning to a circle of old and cherished friends. It's better.  Of course, I suppose my emotions concerning it are somewhat mixed, as I am both its acting father, so to speak, and one of its sons. Starting here as a freshman student, then coming back as instructor, then professor, and now as president. You know, I've always thought that you scholars ought to have decorations to wear on your chest, like campaign ribbon. Well, that's a splendid idea. Oh, nothing really. I've got ideas I haven't even thought of yet. Well, imagine meeting a fellow pedagogue in a hotel lobby, examining his chest and being able to read off his academic accomplishments. Aha, master of arts, with oak leaf cluster for advancing through smoke of burning midnight oil. Oh, bachelor of science, with purple heart for wounded ego when refused to raise. It ought to be a medal to heroism too, wearing a vest in hot weather just to show off a Phi Beta Kappa key. Ficky, my love, it's an inspiration. I shall lose no time in suggesting it to the next annual NEPAD meeting. What meeting? NEPAD? Yes, dear, N-I-E-P-A-D, National Institute of Executives, Presidents and Deans. It was suggested that we call it NEPAD because we spend so much of our time praying for endowments. Well, here we are. Well, again, number one faculty row still seems to be where we left it this morning, hasn't moved an inch. Ah, nothing has changed, apparently. Even the chimes are running on time. Toddie, suddenly I'd like to meet our bell ringer. I have such a charming mental picture of a little feather of a man swinging bravely at the end of a rope. A sort of human yo-yo.  No, little yo-yo. No, dear, no, no. The age of electronics has eliminated the factor of human error while preserving the mellow cadences of the Middle Ages. We are rapidly advancing toward that happy utopia wherein human beings can be eliminated entirely. And the universe will be run by push buttons, pushed by levers, pushed by other push buttons. Eventually, we were... Oh, hello, Professor Maxwell. Good evening, Dr. Hall. Hello, Professor Maxwell. And how's our favorite astronomy, Professor, tonight? Well, I still seem to be rotating on my axis, and I've just paid my income taxes. Oh, say that, that's quite good. You follow me, Dr. Axis. Oh, I do, Professor, yes. Axis. You know, I don't understand why I never think of these things to say in class. Apparently, I'm just a sidewalk whip. But a classroom bore. Well, with warmer weather approaching, you might start holding classes on the sidewalk. You seem to handle the abstract better on the concrete. Oh, okay.  Won't you come inside, Professor? Oh, no, no, no, thank you. It's not really a visit. I just thought perhaps you had heard, but... Oh, no, you were away all day, so you wouldn't have. And you must be tired. It is dinner time, isn't it? Well, I won't bother you now. Oh, but if it's something important, you wanted to see me about... Well, I... No, no, no, I really... You know, I never noticed it before, but you get a very good view of Castor and Pollock from your front porch, don't you? Do we? Yes, yes, indeed.  I'll drop in another time, if I may. Oh, please do, Professor, anytime. I'll make it soon. Thank you, thank you. I will. Good night. Good night. Ah, he's such a cupcake, isn't he? He enjoys his little joke so much. Yes, he's a completely unpretentious scholar, and a brilliant one. I wonder what he meant by perhaps we'd heard. Oh, you're coming. Good evening, Dr. Hall, Mrs. Hall. Ah, Louisa. Have a nice quiet day while we were gone? I don't know, Mrs. Hall, I've been too busy. There's a fire in the library. Good heavens, did you call the fire department? Send the fireplace, Mrs. Hall. Here's a list of phone calls. Thank you, Louisa. Anything urgent? Doesn't seem to be.  Capricorn? I'm afraid we only have orange marmalade for dinner. Only marmalade? Well, of course, it's always wise to eat lightly after a long trip. Small saucer of marmalade, not to bed. Well, we're out of strawberry. I hope you like it. Charlie killed it himself this morning. Charlie killed his strawberry? No, Mrs. Hall, fried chicken. Oh, oh, yeah. I put fresh towels in the bathroom. Hot biscuits, too. My work to do. Well, there goes the world's greatest antidote to locustity. Capricorn. Oh, I know that's our little star man, Professor Maxwell. Oh, yes, yes, it must have been. Then he was waiting to see us. I wonder why. Maybe he wasn't just joking about his income tax. Maybe now that he's paid it, he wants to raise.  Yes, in the words of William Cowper, we shall stir the fire and close the shutters fast. Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa around. Ah, so let us welcome peaceful evening in. Oh, so cozy. Oh, there goes our peaceful evening. Oh, don't bother, Louisa, I'll get it. Yes, I know it's dinner time. Why, Mr. Wellman, good evening. I couldn't wait. I simply had to. Good evening, Mrs. Hall. Come in, won't you? I hope you haven't heard yet because I wanted to be the one. Oh, Mr. Wellman, I thought you'd never. So you finally got back, Dr. Hall. Well, not finally, Mr. Wellman, just. Just what? Oh, I see, just a fact, yes. Do you miss us, Mr. Wellman? Well, what I miss, it's what you miss. I have been laughing all day long. I couldn't wait. Well, if it's that good, by all means, let's hear it. He simply got up and walked out, Dr. Hall. Walked out. I can't wait. Give us a punchline. Well, well, well, Mrs. Hall, you won't believe it. He just slammed the paper on the desk and said, I refuse. Refuse, by you. That is, he said, I refuse to take this examination because it's too ridiculously easy. Easy. Then he got up and walked out. What do you think of that, Dr. Hall? Well, who is he? What paper and where? Young Leslie Gifford refused to take an examination in Professor Maxwell's astronomy course today, period. Too easy. Professor Maxwell. Well, Dr. Hall, what's the matter? You're not laughing. Perhaps I missed something. Don't tell me you don't think it's funny. Now, Mr. Wellman, if you're telling me that a student made a public demonstration about an examination paper, then it seems to me that the boy was extremely rude. Rude? How can you be rude to Professor Maxwell? Paid in the stars doesn't even know what kind of day it is. Strange, you should say that. Professor Maxwell, of all people, knows with astronomical exactitude why the time of day is the time it is. After all, if it went for our astronomers, the farmer wouldn't have his calendar of the seasons, the fisherman his table of tides, the statesman their maps, the sailor his means of navigating a ship into port. Farmer, steamships, fishing, politics. What have they got to do with young Giffords? I'm asking you, don't you admire his spunk spirit? I call it very bad manners, Mr. Wellman. I don't think it's very funny. Oh, you don't? Well, Mrs. Hall, it may surprise you to know that now that I think of it, I don't think so either. It's a disgrace. Oh, Mr. Wellman, you gave in awfully easy on that one. That's what's disgraceful. That's what they call Professor Maxwell, easy maxi. Why everybody knows it is a pipe cost. Why the students say, take Maxwell's class and get a good day's sleep. Dr.  Are you suggesting that every time a student refuses to take an examination, you'd fire the professor? Dr. Hall, this is no joking matter. I mean, what happened to my joke? I thought it was very funny. But Dr. Hall, if you don't speak to Maxwell about his scandalous latitude, it won't be. Funny, I mean. And you know what I mean. Good bye. Oh, Professor Maxwell of all people. I hope he won't become the victim of one young man's impudence and flippancy. They didn't abet it by Mr. Wellman's flipping. Yes. As Addison observed, Vicki, the talent of turning men into ridicule is the qualification of little, ungenerous tempers. But lest we be ungenerous ourselves, we'd better have a talk with Professor Maxwell. Yes, and find out what kind of an examination was so easy that a student wouldn't take it. I can't remember any other instance in my entire career when a student complained because he knew the answer to a question. When I turned up my coat collar to combat the icy blast blowing down Ivy's main street, I noticed I needed a haircut. So I dropped in a dark fish's tonsorial parlor and shading him for him. Well, well, Mr. Carpenter, you're in luck today. I have a haircut here that's just your size and at a price you like, too. Good. I didn't know if you'd be busy or not, Doc, but I just take a chance. Shucks, Mr. Carpenter, it's been so quiet today I haven't even got the clippers warm. What'll it be? Oh, usual things. There's us on the side. How long have you been the college barber here at Ivy, Doc? Well, we've seen now nine to 35 years, I guess. I've clipped more people than a spry politician.  I remember the day I opened the shop here. It was a Saturday, hot day, too. I put in a mighty good day's work. That was back when the faculty had its hair. And after closing up shop, I went home, sat on the porch and had a big, cold glass of beer. Man, did that beer taste good? I can remember it yet. When I say that beer tasted good, I mean tasted good right down to my tired toes. Doc, I hope it was Schlitz because you know... Sure it was Schlitz. What else could it be? Yes, sir, I know all about Schlitz beer. I've been drinking Schlitz for years. Best beer there is. Why, it's the best. I know, I know. Schlitz is the best light beer in America. And it ought to be. Seems like all McCrooney's like it better than any other beer, too. And their family's like it. I'll say this. People are drinking Schlitz and we'll go right on drinking it because it tastes so good. The beer that made Milwaukee famous. That's just what... Milwaukee! Now, there's a town. I know all about it. Mighty night folks up there. Good town, too. That's the road. To the Halls of Ivy. It's the next morning and Dr. Hall, while awaiting the arrival of Professor Maxwell, is absorbed in astronomical calculations. Is why Victoria's doing some figuring of her own. Let me see. £3, £1.38 a pound. £3.8, £24. £3, and £3. £3.3, that's nine. And £3 is 12. Oh, no. £2. And £3.3, £11. Do you know what that means, Charlie? Well, if £3.3 is at 11, it means your carriage are too, too far. It also means that I've decided we're not going to have breaded veal cutlets for dinner tomorrow night. As the old saying goes, when you can't make both ends meet, make one end potatoes. What are you thinking about? Oh, I'm sorry, darling. I was four million years away. Oh, well, then I'm glad I didn't order the veal. You might not have made it back to dinner at all. Whereabouts were you? I was on Nebula, NGC, 4157. Oh, I always called it Cloud Nine. What's doing on NG 4000? Well, a terrific explosion took place there four million years ago, but no one found out about it until February the 16th, 1937. Well, where was everybody? Huh? Where was Winchell? Oh, and that happened because there probably wasn't anybody. You see, since that explosion four million years ago, light rays have been travelling through the vast empty spaces of the universe until they finally entered Dr. Zwicky's telescope. This is that wonderful. Travelling through space for four million years and then hitting a telescope right on the nose. You see, Zwicky set up a system of photographing extragalactic nebulae. Extragalactic, huh? I love to have these little bits of startling information at my fingertips, but I don't think this is one I can use at the women's club. Now, come on, confess. You made it all up, didn't you? Including Dr. Flicky. It's Zwicky, Vicky, not Flicky. No. No, Dr. F. Zwicky. It's an eminence with scientists and his hypothesis concerning the catastrophic events observed in the supernovae is one of the questions in Professor Maxwell's examination paper, which I have been studying with great interest. And Leslie Gifford calls that an easy one. Oh, he ought to be ashamed of himself. What does he think he is, a Zwicky? Oh, it was easy enough for him. You see, I found out he's one of Professor Maxwell's brightest students. But I also found out that we... Yes? Excuse me. Mrs. Hall, I thought you'd like to know it isn't dripping anymore. But thank you for telling me, Louisa. I didn't know it was, but whatever it is, I'm feeling relieved it isn't.  Oh, I'm sure he can't. And in conjunction with Venus, fine thing. Of course, once Jupiter gets into his fifth house, things might look a little brighter for him. But that's not until late spring. Well, if I... If I knew how to get from the seventh house to the fifth house without breaking a lease... Oh, well, that'd be easy. Just pass by the fifth house. But Mrs. Hall, the way it pig is out, Mercury doesn't even show up in his sixth house until June. Oh, of course.  But what... Oh, now I see. Capricorn. So that's what you were busy with this morning, Louisa. Charting Professor... Professor Maxwell's future, eh? Like I told him yesterday, he's in an adverse cycle. Dr. Hall, he's... He's a nice man, but I don't know why you got him teaching about the stars. Why, he didn't even know he was born on the cusp. Well, Professor Maxwell is an astronomer, Louisa. Not an astrologer. What's the difference? It's all in the stars. Louisa astrology was an early attempt to study the relation of the stars and their influence over terrestrial life. Later, under the guidance of exact science, astrology became astronomy, which has attempted to solve the deepest problems of the cosmos. That's what I said, Dr. Hall. They're both the same thing. Except I... Eh, perhaps I might put it another way now. Let me see now. If you remember your Copernicus, Louisa, you must admit... Yes, yes, yes. That'll be Professor Maxwell. Show him in Louisa, will you? Yes, Dr. Hall. And Mrs. Hall, all it needed was a new washer. Imagine, whole sentences, Louisa. Maybe we better take up astrology so we can communicate. It would be worth taking up if I thought we could guide the stars into a more favourable cycle. Oh, come in, Professor Maxwell. Good morning, Dr. Hall. Mrs. Hall. Good morning, Capricorn. Oh, yes, yes. I didn't quite know what your housekeeper was giving at yesterday when she asked me for my birth date. I thought maybe she was going to send me a necktie. No, she just presented me with this. It seems to be a horoscope. Louisa has taken quite a personal interest in you, Professor. I hope you don't mind. Oh, no, no, no. Not at all, not at all. As a matter of fact, I have the highest respect for the early Babylonians and their magic. But when it comes to horoscopes, they have more faith in fluoroscopes. Aha! Now... Oh, yes. Yes, horoscope, fluoroscope. Very good, Professor. Very good, indeed. I don't know why I'm jesting in the light of what's been happening this morning. I'm quite perturbed. I suppose you know about what? Well, yes, Professor, but I wouldn't take it too seriously if I were you. Oh, I didn't. I didn't, but suddenly it's all over the campus. I realise that young Gifford was just being impetuous and I don't want him to be embarrassed by this any longer. I don't want this attitude to take, Professor. Do you mind if I speak to the boy? Of course not, Dr. Hall, but I wouldn't want you to penalise him. He's one of my brightest students and after all, I suppose I don't pay too much attention to examinations. You see, it isn't what my students put in their blue books that counts with me. It's what they see in the blue heavens. Oh, that's good. Blue books, blue heavens. Do you follow me, Doc? Oh, indeed, I do. However, we do have to conform to certain procedures in our educational system and one of these is examinations. So, with your permission, I'd like to insist that the Gifford boy take the one he brushed aside, so cavalierly. For all his brilliance as a student, he is flunking in manners. Dr. Hall, I'll take the exam. I didn't think it was going to raise all this fuss. And I'll apologise to old easy Maxie. I mean, Professor Maxwell. Oh, thank you, Leslie. Leslie, I was sure you would. Well, I wish somebody would explain to me what I'm here for. Everybody apologising to everybody else and everybody missing the point. What are you going to do about Maxwell? Well, so that we will all understand the problem a little more clearly, I thought I'd ask you and Leslie each a question. What kind of a question? An examination question. What for? I'm out of school. I admit I don't know everything, but I'm getting by quite nicely. Well, so is Dr. Hall, Mr. Wellman, but he's been asking himself questions all morning. And if I may quote him, an intelligent man is never out of school. Well, school is his business. Business is my school. That's very cultured. Well, after all, it's Max while it should be. All right, what is the question, Dr. Hall? Mr. Wellman, what do you know about Kepler? Kepler. Kepler. Oh, you mean Ira Kepler, wholesale mattresses. Detroit. Planet rating, Donald Bradstree. Well, how did he get into this? I know the students sleep through Maxwell's classes, but since when did we supply mattresses? In our astronomy class, the sky's the limit. Now, Leslie, I'd like to ask you the same question about Kepler. Sure, Dr. Hall, that's a cinch. Everybody knows that. Kepler gave us the laws of planetary motion and he was the man who... Of course, that Kepler. Well, that's different. Astronomy, not my subject. After all, a long time ago, too busy a man forgets. Slips. His mind, that is. Now, Leslie, I have another question for you. Can you, very briefly, cite Wesley Mitchell's contribution to economic statistics? Wesley Mitchell? Well, wasn't he the one who... I know he was an American. Seems to me that he was a... Economics is one of your subjects, isn't it, Leslie? Oh, yes, Mrs. Hall, but it's a required subject. Mitchell, Mitchell, I don't think I... Oh, goodness sakes, Gifford. You're taking economics and you never heard of Mitchell? You sleep through all your classes? This is shocking. Mitchell studies on business cycles, history of financials. And you never heard of him? How do you expect to earn a living young man? Marry the banker's daughter? You see, gentlemen, as the French might say, one man's fish is another man's poisson. Kepler? Kepler was a familiar subject to Leslie, who doesn't know a Mitchell from a meteor. While Mr. Wellman, the businessman, knows Mitchell like his Babson reports. And for him, Kepler might as well be throwing custard pies at Martin and Lewis on television. The point is that brilliance in one field is no cause for intellectual arrogance.  Yes, I know, sir. I'm sorry.  Oh, no, you're not a fool, Leslie. I guess I have to remember that pride goes before a fall and sometimes quite early in the spring. This is all very well, but I'm still not satisfied about Maxwell. His course is too easy to pass. No, there always have been, and I expect there always will be, certain courses known as pipe sauce naps. The student can coast through these, but coasting will get him nowhere except the bottom of the hill. He benefits only as far as he contributes. Astronomy is an exact science, but Professor Maxwell is not exacting because he realizes that the real discipline of a student comes from dedication and not requisition. That's certain attention, Mr. Wellman, packing, and I hope he packs for a long journey. You should feel well rewarded for your cunning ways, my darling Aquarius. Aquarius? Yes, astrology. I just need to look into Louise's book. Listen, Todd, under the sign of Aquarius, the water bearer. Every college president should be. It makes it easier to carry water on both shoulders and to dispose of any annoying little drips. Uh, naming. No name, of course. No.  Libra, the sign of the scales. This accounts for the fact that I weigh myself carefully every morning and that I've weighed you in the balance. And found me... Wanting. Me. Or am I just being vague? Libra, my love, your scales will never be questioned by either the Department of Weights and Measures or William Aquarius Hall. Come here. Powering Mrs. Ronald Wellman has been presented by Schlitz, a beer that made Milwaukee famous. The taste of Schlitz. The taste so many people prefer has made Schlitz beer first in sales in the U.S.A. Why don't you too enjoy the most popular beer in history? Next time, every time. Ask for Schlitz beer. And now, here again, our Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Coleman. Good night, everyone. Good night. Come on, sponsor the Joseph Schlitz growing company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and its thousands of friendly dealers throughout the nation. Good night. Ladies and gentlemen, it's just that the Halls of Ivy has been awarded top honors for 1951 by the National Association for Better Radio and Television. We'll be seeing you next week at this same time at the Halls of Ivy starring Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Coleman. Mr. Wellman is played by Herbert Butterfield. Louisa is Elizabeth Patterson. Professor Maxwell is Bruce Payne and Gifford was Herb Ellis. Tonight's script is written by Barbara Milton Merlin and Don Quinn. Music was composed and conducted by Henry Russell. The script was created by Don Quinn directed by Milton Merlin and presented by Joseph Schlitz growing company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We're invited to enjoy on television the Schlitz Playhouse of Stars with Helen Hayes, Margaret Sullivan, Ronald Reagan, and more of the brightest names of Hollywood and Broadway. See your newspaper for time and channel. Ken Carpenter speaking.


Welcome to the Knuckleheads of Liberty. Libertarianism is a very thin ethic. We're not going to violate your self-ownership. That's basically what libertarianism is, right?  Now, on top of that, there's going to be all these customs and traditions and religions that you can put on top of libertarianism. As long as you do not violate your fellow man, you can be a libertarian, right? So, it's a very thin, I see it as a very thin ethic on top of which we can have morals and cultures and preferences and stuff like that. So what portfest is, is, okay, look, this is steadfast, right? You can do with your body and with your property, your campsite, whatever you want to do, you may not violate anyone else, okay? So that's the basic ground rules. And now I'm going to give you like these little Lego tools to build your hub. And whatever it is that you find exciting, whatever it is that you're excited about, you go ahead and build it and produce it. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness always and forever.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. I am Poranjoy Gohar Thakurtha. We're going to discuss the goods and services tax or GST. On the 1st of July 2019, the new GST regime enters its third year. Two years ago, at the Central Hall of Parliament, there was a midnight meeting and the government said that India has now entered a new tax era. A new tax era which would unite these countries markets, fragmented markets. A tax which would be good for everybody concerned, for the taxpayer as well as for the public at large. To what extent has the government succeeded in improving the indirect taxes regime? This is the question that I'm going to ask. Professor Arun Kumar who is here with me in the studio, well-known economist, a former professor of economics at the Institute of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Professor Arun Kumar, former finance minister Arun Jaitley has issued a statement saying that the monumental restructuring of one of the world's clumsiest indirect tax systems was not an easy task. And he felt that he feels that this government has been able to develop a consensus among different states and we can talk about the federalism part of it. But he says that the GST has merged 17 different laws and created one single taxation regime. And earlier the GST rate of taxation was a standard rate for value added tax which was 14.5%, excise was 12.5%, you added the central sales tax and then you had the cascading effect of tax on tax. And effectively the consumer was paying about 31%. And now we have entered a new regime and of course there were exceptions to that. But today to use Mr. Jaitley's words, there is only one tax, online returns, no entry tax, no truck use, no interstate barriers. You've recently written this book where GST has been somewhat derogatorily described as ground scorching tax. So is the Mr. Jaitley and the government, the Narendra Modi government justified in being exultant about having entered the third year of the new GST regime? Well, in my judgment it has damaged the economy. You know it was said that this will lead to a higher rate of growth by at least 1-2%, lead to lower prices, lead to a higher collection of taxes. None of these things have come out right. The rate of growth, if anything, has fallen since GST has been implemented, the latest quarterly estimate is 5.8% and declining from 8.2% has come down. Inflation hasn't come down in spite of the fact that agricultural prices have been declining because there's a deflation in agricultural prices, rate of inflation hasn't come down. And tax correction under GST has been shot by 1 lakh crores roughly last year as compared to the targeted amount. So none of these three big things that were supposed to have been done has happened.  According to Mr. Jaitley, the SSE base in the last two years has increased by 84%. The number of SSEs covered by GST was around 65 lakhs. Today it's 1.2 crores. Obviously, according to him, this has led to higher revenue collections. In the eight months of 2017-18, that's July to March, the average revenue collected each month was about 89,700 crores. And in the following financial year, 18-19, the monthly average has increased by about 10% to 97,100 crores. And the states are happy because they are guaranteed a 14% increase. So according to Mr. Jaitley, it's been good for the economy. So, you know, what was expected of it, you know, was 1 lakh 10,000 crores and we were collected in the last year roughly an average of 97,000 crores. That's why revenue is short, you know. So in other words, that has not really happened that, you know, it has led to an increase in the revenues. You know, it's not commensurate with it. Second is that even though 1.2 crore people have registered under it, but those are filing returns are only about 70 to 72 lakhs, okay. So the large number of people who are not filing returns. And as Mr. Jaitley himself said, 5% of the entities pay 95% of the tax and 95% of the entities pay only 5% of the tax. So you can register a lot of people, but they're not necessarily the people who are going to pay a big amount of tax. So therefore, in a sense, there's a fudge in all this, you know, in the way the data is being presented for the success. But more than that, you know, it's two problems. One is implementation. The other is a structural problem. In the last two years, there have been more than 800 changes. You know, even under demonetization in 15 days, there have been 100 changes. Let me give you the figures I have. In the last two years, there have been 90 notifications on rate changes and exemptions. 175 non-tariff notifications on the central goods and services tax. There have been 20 notifications for the integrated GST. And there have been 28 orders issued and 370 circulars have been issued by the central board of indirect taxes and customs earlier called the central board of excise and customs. These are circulars and press notes and information seats and flyers and about 50 odd bulletins which are in the form of FAQs or frequently asked questions. And of course, there are hundreds of case laws and advanced rulings. Yes, and as you rightly said, high court judgments have come, etc., which have changed the character of this thing. So in other words, there's a huge amount of confusion and when you talk to chartered accountants and income tax lawyers and big businessmen, even they are confused as to what is the state of the current GST. But the unorganized sector, the one that is unambiguously hit badly because even though it's exempt, it's actually suffering as a result of GST. And I'd like to quote only the chairman of the pressure cooker industries, Mr. Zaganathan. He said in October that we are very happy because our business has increased and why has it increased? Because the unorganized sector is unable to cope with GST and therefore the business has shifted to us. This kind of story is repeated in the shoe industry. It's repeated in the other small scale industries, etc. So unorganized sector has been declining. Organized sector is happy that its business has increased even though it's confused about the laws. So the rate of growth of the economy has fallen because unorganized sector is 45% of GDP and if that declines... About 90% of the total jobs. 94% of the jobs and 45% of the output and if that begins to decline then the rate of growth is falling. And the reason why the GDP data doesn't reflect the unorganized sectors is because you collect the data for the unorganized sector once in five years in between you assume that it's roughly growing at the same rate. There's slight complication there but roughly that it's growing at the same rate as the organized sector. But that was true before demonetization but that's not true now because demonetization administered a shock and GST has administered a shock to the economy. And these two shocks have meant that the ratios have changed. So therefore the rate of growth has come down rather than it's going up. Prof. Arun Kumar, Mr. Jaitley and I quote him says after two years one can confidently argue and he says without fear of contradiction the GST proved to be both consumer friendly and SSE friendly. The high taxation of the pre-GST era pinched the consumers pocket acted as a disincentive against tax compliance and the last few years have seen each of the meetings of the GST council reducing the tax burden on consumers and the tax collections have improved and it's a far more efficient tax system, better compliance. The 31% tax which was temporarily 28% has been the largest single reform. And he believes that the loss of revenue on account of the fact that you have the items of daily use which are in the 0 to 5% slack the government has actually lost 90,000 crore but only the luxury and the sinful taxes remain high and he's hopeful that things will move in a direction that will be more rational. And he's saying we are not taxing the Hawaii Chappell as a Mercedes car and the 28% slab is almost being phased out and the 0 and 5% slab will always remain and as revenue increases further it will give an opportunity to policy makers to possibly merge the 12 and 18% slab in one rate and thus effectively making the GST into a two rate tax all of which are supposed to be very good for the economy. And one last point, Mr. Jaitley says there were protests in Surat but the issues were resolved amicably and the BJP won all the assembly seats in the Gujarat assembly polls in Surat and in 2019 the BJP won the Surat Lok Sabha seat by the highest margin in the country. I mean economically good and politically good also Mr. Jaitley argues. So you know there are a whole range of issues that are being raised here when would the consumer benefit when the prices begin to fall and prices haven't begun to fall. In fact prices have continued to rise. You know the rate of inflation is still in the positive it's not in the negative. So it's not as if because of the introduction of GST people have benefited because the prices have begun to fall. So that's point number one. But two is that it's a hugely complicated tax and even the organized sectors unable to cope with it. So this ease of doing business that was supposed to take place because of which investment was supposed to rise. Investment rate had peaked in 2012-13 at about 37% it's down to about 30%. So in spite of two years of GST the investment rate has not risen. So therefore the ease of doing business is not visible people are not able to invest more and the reason why people are not investing more is because the rate of growth of the economy has come down. When the rate of growth of the economy has come down it is because the unorganized sectors affected adversely and because that's 94% of the workforce so their incomes have come down and where their incomes come down then the demand goes down.  So RBI data shows that capacity utilization is under 80%. And if capacity utilization is low then investment is less because if I can produce cars but I'm not able to sell them then why would I invest more? Maybe we already have a situation where cars worth 34,000 crores are lying idols. That's right. So why would you invest more in that situation? I mean five of the biggest car companies have actually shut down their assembly lines for short periods and some for a few days, some for a few weeks. Yes. Even two wheels sales are down. This is true in FMCG, this is true in other sectors also. Heavy vehicles sales are down. So not only automobile sector but FMCG and other things also. So demand has become short and that's why the rate of growth has come down and that's why capacity utilization is low. So investment is not picking up. So at the macro level this is not true that it has led to better performance for the economy, better performance for the people who are the consumers. So the question is what is it that GST has? That GST has two things. One is it's calculated as VAT, value added tax. The other thing is computerization. Without computerization it won't work. Now the benefit of computerization should not be confused with the benefit of VAT. So what we are seeing in terms of ease, you know, is because of computerization. That has nothing to do with VAT. Calculation of VAT remains very complicated and the small scale and the cottage sector is not able to deal with it. Most people believe that the computerized system of the goods and services tax network, the glitches that were there, the technology platform has stabilized. But the point is that's a separate thing than VAT. Okay, so we must not confuse the two. If the earlier system had also been computerized all that benefit would have been there also. But the eva bill that has been introduced which Mr. Jaitley is talking about, ease of transportation, etc. there's a huge complication there because you could be carrying the mis-specified goods and therefore there's a lot of checking and a lot of corruption going on in the eva bill. Similarly a lot of companies have come up which are presenting fake input credit, you know. So when they present fake input credit then the government loses revenue, you know. So large amount of tax evasion cases are coming up. Now the question is, as he says rightly that we have kept all the items of daily consumption, education, health, outside, you know, or at low rate of tax. Who's the last consumption? But the point is that when you have an indirect tax it's levied at some point and it's felt at another point. So like weed doesn't have any GST or any VAT, okay. But when you levy the tax on trucks the price of transportation goes up and therefore the price of weed goes up. So therefore, you know, it's levied at some point it's felt at another point. So having zero rate doesn't mean that doesn't have a tax, okay. Secondly, unorganized sector up to 40 lakh it doesn't have to register. Between 40 lakh and 1.5 crore it is in the what's called the composition scheme with a very simplified structure. But there is the problem. The problem is, so they don't get input credit therefore their cost of production is higher, okay. As compared to the large-scale sector which gets input credit. Then when they sell they cannot give you input credit so their price would be higher even though the tax is not there on them compared to the organized sector. Third is if you're in the composition scheme or this thing, then there's a reverse charge mechanism which is applied. So the tax that you should have paid the other fellow who's buying from you will have to pay. So the cost goes up further. So therefore the demand has shifted to the organized sector away from the unorganized sector even though the unorganized sector is not in GST, okay. Even though it's simplified for them, okay. That's why the unorganized sector is hurting very badly. So you're saying this is actually a structural problem. This is not just an implementation problem. And it's widened inequalities. And it's widening inequality, okay. It's also, this was supposed to benefit the poorer states because it's supposed to be destination tax but the poorer states have the larger amount of the unorganized sector. And when the unorganized sectors hit badly then the poorer states are hit badly. So therefore it's going to increase inequality between the poorer states and the richer states even though it is supposed to be destination tax. No, no, destination tax. After the second year, 20 states are independently showing more than... No, so that's a different point that they may be... Revenue. They may be getting revenue. And the compensation fund is not necessary. Revenue in nine states. Yeah, so that's a different point. But the point is that the unorganized sector is concentrated in the poorer states. And if the unorganized sector declines, the poorer states' income will decline. And therefore the income disparities will rise, okay. So I have two sets of questions for you. The last two sets. As I was telling you, I was reading an article by Mr. Rajagopalan, TNC Rajagopalan Business Standard, and he suggests the way forward. And he says the new return formats should be implemented right away. The trial period has to begin. But these concerns are large companies. There's a need to change the laws and the rules pertaining to the new computation schemes for service providers. How do you level penalties on profit? Profit tiering. The whole issue of profit tiering. Profit tiering. That's right. Raising the threshold of suppliers of goods to 40 lakhs. Making digital payments mandatory. Extending the due date, the power. These are all implementation issues. You know, I'm saying it's a structural problem. It's not an implementation problem. And the reason is... And the way the refund is called. Yeah, the reason it's a structural problem is because it's a VAT.  Then you sell it and then you get input credit. You produce something.  There are 100 stages where it stacks. Somebody pays five pesos. Somebody pays 10 pesos. And then there's an input credit, you know. But ultimately it's the consumer at the end who's paying the entire tax. And that's why the complication is coming. And that's why your 4 billion filing of returns every month, you know, entries in the returns that are coming in. And therefore, the computer systems get jammed. So by the 10th, you have to file the GSTR-1. By the 15th, you have to file the GSTR-2, which is at the moment suspended. Then by the 20th, you file the file GSTR-3. And in each state that you're in operation. So something like Maruti will have to file 1100 returns in the year. Okay? So it's a hugely complicated. Second point is that ultimately it's the final buyer who's paying it. So why have all these intermediate stages? I have suggested a simplified system where it's only the last point tax that is taxed. All the intermediate stages are removed. So eva bill requirement is removed. Input credit is removed. The reverse charge mechanism is removed. All the things that are affecting the unorganized sector, they're all removed as a result. It's a final good tax. Mr. Jaitley says that it's already simplified. That the SSC had to file multiple returns, entertain multiple inspectors, additional inefficiency. That's a different argument. That's a different argument. Trucks being stranded as state boundaries for days altogether. Trucks are still stopped because they may be carrying fake invoices, searches still going on and there's a lot of corruption going on in that. But the point that I'm making is there is a structural problem. These are all implementation issues that he's referring to. All right. Or the other article that you're referring to, business standards, all implementation. To try and do that. But if it's a structural problem, you have to change the structure. And to change the structure so the unorganized sector is not at a discount, which it is at the present. I'm saying just leave it as a final point. Okay. Because ultimately it's the final point. And as Mr. Jaitley has said, 5% pay the 95% of the tax and 95% pay 5% of the tax. Okay. Therefore, if only the last, you know, the final good price, the MRP, if the tax is levied on that and all the unorganized sector therefore would be left out of it, it'll be just the 5% who will be paying all the tax anyway. All right. Mr. Jaitley and the present government thinks that the GST council is an example of fiscal federalism. Mr. Jaitley describes the GST council as India's first statutory federal institution. Central representatives of the central government and the state government sit together. They decide. Both have pulled their fiscal rights in a collective forum to create one common market. And his view is that while he was chairing the GST council, the finance minister of states notwithstanding their political position, that their party stake had displayed a high level of statesmanship, acted with maturity, worked on the principle of consensus, and this has added to the credibility of the decision-making process. He said they were fearing there would be loss of income, but as I mentioned a little while ago, after the second year, 20 out of the 29 states have showing that they have 14% increase in their revenues. Compensation is not required. So on the whole, according to Mr. Jaitley and those who are supporting this government believe that this is an excellent move and this is, you know, really made our country not just united our market and unified the market. It's made us more fiscally federal.  We have one market where goods could move. There may have been delays, you know, but that delay doesn't mean that we were not one market. You know, it's a hyperbola and the government has been indulging in hyperbola. There's one market that one nation, one tax, et cetera. There's not one tax, there are eight taxes, you know, and therefore cascading effect continues. But it's still better than having 17. No, but the point is there were no 17 taxes anyone. If you're a manufacturer, you're not paying entertainment tax, et cetera. You're paying basically service tax, sales tax, and excise duty. And now you're paying CGST, SGST, and IGST, and SES. So, three taxes are replaced by three taxes, you know. You may have all the three taxes in one bill as opposed to earlier, you know, in different laws, but you still have three taxes, you know. So, it's not as if 17 taxes have been replaced by one. Basically, you're replacing three main taxes by three main taxes for bulk of the producers, you know. So, this is all hyperbola. This is not really the thing. Second point is fiscal federalism is very important in India because we are a diverse country. The requirements of Assam are not the same as Maharashtra. The requirements of Himachaland are not the same as Tamil Nadu. So, saying that we give up our taxation powers is a very bad thing. You know, it works against fiscal federalism. You know, Assam may want to tax differently. You know, it may want to tax timber. Maharashtra may not want to tax timber. It may want to tax cards. Maharashtra may not have problems with education. So, are you arguing that the GST regime reduces their flexibility? Yes, they reduce their flexibility and therefore it works against the basic structure of the constitution where autonomy was to be given to the states. You know, so states giving it up doesn't mean necessarily it's good for the country. I'm surprised that the opposition parties and BJP was in the opposition earlier. It opposed it for some of the... Including Mr. Nelligarh Modi. Yeah. And now the Congress was opposing it but could not oppose it effectively because it started saying that it was its own baby. So, politically there's confusion. But let me say nobody has represented the interests of the unorganized sector. If any party had represented the interests of the unorganized sector, then this kind of tax would not have gone through in the economy. So, my argument is that let's simplify it. Let's use the computerization and the advantage of computerization with the last point tax. Earlier, why the last point tax did not work the way it should have worked was because there was no computerization. Now that we have the GST network, we have the GST numbers being given, therefore the last point tax will work better. And the kind of tax evasion that was going on earlier, similar tax evasion is going on even today. You can buy without bills. You can buy a variety of things. But with computerization, you can check it if it's simplified. Okay. Thank you so much, Professor Arun Kumar for giving us your time. To summarize a very, very complex and a complicated issue, what Professor Arun Kumar is arguing is despite all the claims that are being made by the government, he believed that there's more hype than substance in the government's claims that the introduction of the goods and services tax, the new goods and services tax two years ago, has made a dramatic change to the working of India's economy. On the contrary, Professor Arun Kumar argues that the structural problems that continue to plague India's economy and the unorganized sector in particular remain and perhaps have been exacerbated. Thank you for being with us on this program. Keep watching NewsClick.