Welcome to Amsterdam and KubeCon CloudNativeCon 2023. Join John Furrier, Savannah Peterson, Rob Streche, and UPSCOT. As the Kube covers the largest conference on Kubernetes, CloudNative, and open-source technologies together with developers, engineers, and IT leaders from around the globe. Live coverage of KubeCon CloudNativeCon 2023 is made possible by the support of Red Hat, the CNCF, and its ecosystem partners. Good morning, everyone, and welcome to KubeCon Europe. We're here in sunny Amsterdam. It is a glorious spring day, and I am so excited to be kicking off this show here. I am joined by Youp. This is our first time co-hosting together. How are you doing this morning? I am very well. I'm enjoying the natural light here. I'm enjoying the ambiance. It's awesome. It's a whole vibe. And as you told me, you've never looked more beautiful. I'm sure the audience agrees. Speaking of beauty, we've got a fabulous first guest to start off the day. Sebastian, welcome to the show. Thank you so much for having me. So before I say where you work, everyone's been talking about your car. How did you get to the show? Tell us about that first. Well, I drove from Ingelsdott to Amsterdam with an e-tron GT RS, 650 horsepower, three engines, 3.3 seconds from 0 to 100, which definitely is very dangerous in the Netherlands. It was fun driving here until I reached the border to the Netherlands. Then fun stopped immediately. When the three hashes stopped, it was over? Yeah. You can drive 200, 250, 260 was my max speed because I'm a responsible driver. There was very low traffic at some points in Germany. So you had all these three or four lanes for yourself. You can do that. But in the Netherlands, it's like 100 max until 7 o'clock in the night. And then you can drive 120. I don't think I did that. I've seen that. It's like from 6 to 7, from 6 AM to 7 PM, you can drive 100. And after that, 120. So 120 is max speed.  Like, what is that? That's great. It's like, OK, it's like in four seconds, you're definitely a speeder here. Yeah. Well, if you haven't guessed our guest, it works for Audi. Tell us a little bit about your role there and what's up. Team lead of the Container Competence Center and Platforms team. So we have several responsibilities. We create new platforms together with other teams. We maintain our own platform. And we have a cultural mission of transformation. And we have a transformational force with an enablement layer throughout the silos. And that's so critical. We do container security as a service throughout platforms as well. So it's quite a big team now. And we've started this four years ago, just three people. And now it's three product teams, actually. Wow. So what I want to know is you're in its company center. You're kind of centralized. You're uniquely positioned to help the whole organization. You know, adopt Kubernetes, adopt Cloud Native. But how does it work in an organization of this size? Because Audi is not a small company. Great question. So I wonder, how do you do it? How do you make Kubernetes a success in an organization like this? What's your plan of attack? Well, I focus always on adaption. So you need to convince with a great product first. And it's not like there is a top-down decision process first. You choose the tech. And then you tell the people what to do. What we do is we gather the most passionate people. We do people-first transformation. And let them choose the best tech to solve a problem. And if you do people-first transformation, people solve problems. If you do process-first transformation, people satisfy processes. And... Louder for the people in the back. Yes. Seriously. Because I was going to say, I hear people first. Let them choose the technology. And I didn't hear process up until then. Which I think is, A, a great thing. But B, also not something you would expect from a company this size. From German engineering. Exactly. The process comes at a certain point and it needs to come. It's mandatory. It's necessary. We can't live without the process. So it's also not scalable throughout the organization without processes. You can't handle the 6,600 Audi projects. That's so many projects you're working on. That's so many workloads that Audi manages. And that's just Audi. We are a part of the VW Group. So in a wider sense, the scalability is necessary throughout Audi, VW Portia, or the premium group with the other premium car manufacturers in the VW Group. So we always have a responsibility of thinking with a scalability to other brands as well, even out of our own borders. But let alone Audi, you can't have 6,600 DevOps teams with 6,600 security experts. And there is nobody for that on the market. So you need platforms. You need processes. You need to centralize that. And what we promote is something you haven't heard in the DevOps culture a lot. It's respect the silos. Don't fight the silos. Leverage the silos. I have never heard that. It's our way of scaling an organization. But what you can do when you ask why you are doing DevOps, you have some business goals behind it. You can reach those business goals without investing 80% of your energy in fighting silos. So let's dive into that. Yeah, I was just going to say, we've got to go deeper on that.  But how do you then, if you're not going to fight the silo, how do you embrace the silo? What does that look like from a company culture? You have specialists, obviously, in a certain field. We have a product team for container security. So every container or every workload, every application project team doesn't need their security expert in container technologies. That's the kind of platform thought everybody has, right? So you have a centralized service for everyone and that everyone can leverage and that everyone can learn from as well. So we started off with getting the most passionate people together to create something great, right? So you have a great product first. But you also need passionate people to create products. So when you reach the point where you let people choose the technology for solving a problem and you automate that, what is the automation? It's a process. The automation of the technology they've adapted to 100% degree is a process itself. And it's a process that naturally evolved and already is proven to solve a problem. Not something somebody invented that caused even more problems, maybe. Sometimes it is like that, right? So, and that way you can automate through the silos. So you have a developer on the left, you have an infrastructure on the right. So how does the developer get stuff to the infrastructure? It's usually a service owner in the middle. So often it's an external development company, a service owner in the middle who organizes the external company and then internally has to organize operations. And he's like overwhelmed because he's not really too deep into the technology. Mostly they're users themselves of the application. So it's a technical developer of autonomous driving, for example, who's like working on the car itself. So he needs the software to do some math on some equations and needs to calculate it fast with some machine learning, accelerate the process to simulate millions of kilometers driven on a certain part. And he outsources that to an external development company. Then he gets the results but this external development company needs operations internally because the data belongs to us, obviously. And then how do we do that? We let the external company or the internal development company which are companies of ourselves, we let them automate through the, for example, OpenShift platform to our infrastructure, to the Kubernetes endpoint. So after the Kubernetes endpoint, everything is with us. And we show them how to do that, how to create a container on OpenShift, no route, for example, first rule, and how to create a Kubernetes manifest so they can deploy seamlessly and automatically to our platform. And we give them a couple of services so they can do that securely. And we focus just on security and runtime and everything else is with the DevSecOps team. And they have a vertical of managed services as well. So they can tap into cloud native services. We don't resell Azure, Google, or AWS services which will say you can get a cloud account and you can connect your container with a vertical of cloud native services yourself. So it's a mix between you're responsible for your own cloud account and for the services out there but your runtime and your security is with us. We focus on the interface security and the runtime. I like that approach because this almost, this obviously feels like a startup within Audi. It is. Yeah, it totally does. But at the same time, there's a little bit of friction because Audi is a big company. There's a lot of people involved. You cannot let everyone do their own thing completely. Yeah. And so I like your focus on offering a standard runtime, a standard set of security practices. You've standardized that. You offer that as a service. Make it fast and make it safe. Exactly, and that's kind of the de facto definition of what platform engineering is supposed to be. But you also very explicitly say, hey, here's the freedom that you do have because there's a lot of things that you need to do that don't necessarily, you know, we don't necessarily care about. We care that it's safe and fast. You know, you can deploy it to your production but then here's all of this freedom that you have to actually let teams innovate. And I think that's a very nice balance between being in a big company but also being that startup within the company. Yeah. So what I wonder is, how do you make, how do you onboard teams onto a platform like this given that they're maybe used to a lot of freedom but now they do have to use a couple of your standards? How does it work in terms of user adoption? How do you make them smile and be happy about the services that you offer? Yeah, you have to keep in mind we have all flavors of product teams. People who have literally no idea haven't ever worked with these kind of technologies and experts who are not very happy about guardrails or policy enforcement on that matter. So, and you have always these people who say, well, if you give me too many guardrails I can't be innovative. And obviously it's selling something, selling a value out for them. And we always convince our users that this is the best solution. If you don't think it's the best solution then don't go with us. So we don't force you to go with us. It's your choice and people get so many good services, so many advices. They're never left alone. So we force them into having success actually. We take their hand in onboarding and we never let loose their hand until they're productive. Yeah. I mean, that's always a good approach, right? Don't force your customer in, make them want to use your stuff, make them want to stay. Show them why it has value. Exactly. It's not even a force function at that point. Yeah. And that's how, if you do that 20 times you have 20 happy customer teams and you basically created a community. Exactly. So, and we have so, so few tickets in the service center like first level tickets or that sort of thing because the people solve their problems Wow. between the project teams. That's amazing. So no tickets, you embrace the silos, you recruit the best people. Community obviously really matters to you. It's something that you're passionate about. A lot, a lot. Talk to me a little bit more about both your internal community as well as the broader Audi community. I'm sure a lot of people here driving Audi as I know John drives an Audi. We've got a whole family of Audi fans in the house here. What does that mean to you as a leader as well as the company? The community in the cloud native sense obviously is a very different kind of community as in the Audi customer sense, yeah. I figured they were a little bit overlap maybe, but yes. It's an overlap. We have customer success managers, for example from other companies that are huge Audi fans and even have our leading Audi fan club. So actually that was super fun when I was talking to our container security customer success manager from the company that is working with us in there. And he's actually like literally leading an Audi fan club. And that's always. Does that make you feel good? It's an honor for us obviously if our products are loved by the customers. So in IT infrastructure, you're very abstract basically. It's a very abstract topic. So many people are really not getting what we're doing. So I needed like 10 years to explain my friends what I'm actually doing. And I'm still not sure. They ask me every year, you know. I'm still not sure if it's stuck with them, but I tell the digital world needs compute, right? So you need computing power somewhere. And we allocate that stuff. That's it. That's our thing. We allocate compute to where it's needed. And that usually automatically. That doesn't take 10 years to explain. That was not legit. It doesn't, but the next 10 questions too. So, and obviously in the, in the Audis, we're talking driving data centers now. They are driving data centers. We create petabytes of data every day with our fleet. We have autonomous driving. So a lot of GPU necessities, camera workloads. We have a digital service portfolio that we want to engineer as amazing as our hardware products, as the cars itself. And we're coming from three to five year product cycles. You can imagine in software that doesn't match. Right, there's a lot going on there. And that's something we want to match with our digital transformation. We need to go away from these old school product cycles, from these waterfall engineering, to a continuous deployment and continuous development. And we're doing that obviously on Kubernetes with the many, many, many development teams that we have in Audi and in the Volkswagen Group. And thus, the growing adaption of cloud native in general. And this huge community, this is the biggest conference now, the biggest open source conference now in Europe. It's amazing. That's really amazing, yeah. And that creates obviously more overlap because people know now what cloud native is about. People know what kind of thing we're doing. And they also recognized our contribution to CO2 savings, for example. Because in the cloud, we create the public transport versus individual mobility use case. Love that. Because you share a data center with many companies. You don't need the hardware yourself, like everybody has a laptop at home. How often are you using your computer at home? So. Yeah. We're all edge devices at this point. Same, yeah. Same, yeah. So, and if you share that computing power, if you share the chips, we could save so much actually in resources, in hardware, that it contributes to a higher goal. And that's what we're doing, not only this community, but also in a transformational sense, in reaching our business goals, creating value add, having a better time to market. Cloud native community, everybody's asset, everybody investing in cloud native, his main goal is kind of rockets launching the time to market KPI here. I mean, time to market is really everyone's biggest KPI, I feel like around here. Exactly. Last question for you, Sebastian, before we wrap up, real quick, this is obviously a show that matters to you.  What are you most pumped about this week? The CTO summit tomorrow, obviously. We're talking about FinOps, financial operations, optimizing cost in the cloud. This is a topic everybody's very, very much in. Oh, it's a huge topic right now. Yes, exactly. It's all about that cost optimization. In the last couple of years, everybody, I politically correct, say, created cloud, cost agnostic infrastructure. So they didn't care what it was about, at least it boosts time to market. That was the main KPI. And now we're optimizing all of that stuff and going into a more responsible handling cost and optimizing costs in the cloud. But what I'm really looking forward here is meeting the people again. The communities, what creates the technologies? You have seen 200K contributors, 1,300 maintainers. And talking to these people, exchanging with these people that really are hands-on on these technologies and talking about exchanging like my needs, my pain points. For example, certification processes in big companies and third managers and that sort of stuff and automate that in a suitable way is like a very small pain point but it's something people here are working on. So I will meet them, I will talk to them. I hope I get them today and we can exchange on how we develop the future of our digital world.  We allocate the computing power. So if quantum computing comes, we allocate a lot of computing power. We're still there, you know? In order of magnitude. Yes, oh, I love it. Sebastian, thank you so much for joining us today. It's been really great. You, this is going to be a ride all day. And for you folks at home, thank you for tuning in. If you're here with us in Amsterdam, definitely check out the e-tron and say hello to Sebastian. He is here to meet you. As are we on theCUBE with you. I'm Savannah Peterson. You're watching theCUBE, the leading source in high tech coverage here in Amsterdam at KubeCon.


International Charity, the Simply Help Foundation, has made its annual donation of supplies for the less fortunate in the St. Lucia Society. Jesse Leos reports. Residents of St. Lucia continue to benefit from the bonds of cooperation between their government and the Embassy of the Republic of Taiwan and the Simply Help Foundation. In a recent ceremony, resident ambassador to St. Lucia, his Excellency Peter Xie Yen-chen, handed over 1,000 boxes of goods donated by the Foundation. Today, the love from the Taiwanese people and overseas Taiwanese, the kindness, compassion, because small acts of generosity is a solid testimony to the fact that Taiwan and St. Lucia are not just partners in prosperity, but also partners in adversity. Taiwan will continue to work with St. Lucia to come out better from this pandemic. Minister of Equity, Social Justice, Empowerment, Youth Development, Sports and Local Government Honourable Leonard Mantute expressed a sincerest gratitude to the Foundation for their charitable efforts. I want to assure you, Ambassador, that we will spare no effort in ensuring that those who are most in need of what we have here to distribute will receive them. It will be done on the basis of merit, it will be done on the criteria of need. And so on behalf of those people, the many who will benefit from the gifts that will be distributed, who may not have the opportunity, Ambassador, to meet you and to personally thank you, I take the opportunity on their behalf to express sincere gratitude. The Simply Help Foundation, composed of Taiwanese-American businessmen and women, is a charity that has been donating to those in need annually for seven years. For the Government Information Service, I am Jesse Layance reporting.


I was really, really, really into DMX. Stiches wanna try, stiches wanna laugh, stiches wonder why. DMX. Oh man, man, what? Yeah, like when DMX, yeah, when DMX died, I shared real tears. He died the day before my birthday. Man, I shared real tears. Yeah, we on boss talk one on one, one on one. Yeah, we gon' talk. When you was young, who, you say you love rap music. What was the, who was the artist that you love? Was it Pee and Nemo? Was it, what was the thing that you really listened to when you was coming up? That's a great question, bro. I love answering this. I was really, really, really into DMX. Stiches wanna try, stiches wanna laugh, stiches wonder why. DMX. Oh man, man, what? Yeah, like when DMX, yeah, when DMX died, I shared real tears. He died the day before my birthday. Man, I shared real tears. You know what I mean? So I was really into DMX. I was really into knives. How did, how did you, how did you, how did you learn about DMX? You just listened to the music, just hip hop head? Man, one of my middle, yeah, just listened to the music. That's how I found out about him. Of course, watching BET, MTV, but DMX's presence was so big when he got onto the scene that one of my math teachers in middle school, white dude named Mr. Adams, this man came in class one day reciting DMX lyrics. With us. What did he really want? Nah, the intro, he was reciting the lyrics to an intro skit where DMX said, Just cause I love my, Just cause I love my nigga, I shed blood for my nigga. Yeah. Of course he wasn't saying N-word, you know what I mean? He wasn't dumb, but he was like, I shed, oh, he replaced the N-word with students. That's what he did. He said, Just cause I love my students. I shed blood for my students. Little student, holla, where are my students? All I want to hear is right here, my students. Bro, that's when I was like, oh, DMX is on another level, bro. Then a lot of these other rappers, he got a suburban white dude in class, you know, rapping is to his students. So DMX, Nas, Juvenile. Juvenile. Lil Wayne, Lil Wayne was the youngest out the clique. So it was easy coming up, you know, my generation. It was very easy to be like, yep, that's the one we like the most. Cause he closest to our age. He the youngest one. He got the sound effects when he rapping. Chica-pa! You know what I mean? I felt that. So I really came up on them. No limit as well. I mean, no limit, no limit has so many artists that it was like, I just rock with the brand, you know, because man, it's hard to, it's hard to even attach to just one or two people.  These are the albums I bought. I bought Barcelona, I bought Shell Shocked. I bought The Last Dying with the hologram cover. You know, I bought these albums. So the New Orleans stuff, no limit cash money, yes. But DMX and Nas, big yes to them. Wow, so. Oh, oh, I gotta add one more now. Who is that? Will Smith. Oh man. The guy will be slapping people. I used to rock with Will Smith, bro. I used to rock with him. Oh, you say you used to, after he slapped Chris Rock, you quit rockin' with him? Man, I mean, no, as a rapper I used to rock with him. Yeah, after he slapped Chris Rock, I kinda, I didn't respect that move, you know? Cause I felt like that move was in the effort to impress his woman, you know what I'm saying? And I didn't feel like that was with a real shoe. Any time it's two brothers, I don't really rock.  Yeah, that's the part.  You feel me? That's what made it kinda, if they did it offside somewhere, I'd still be cool, cause they two dudes, bro. But so I didn't respect that, but when he put out like getting jiggy with it and that song, just the two of us dedicated to his son, all out, bro. Like, I used to could listen to rap, but my parents, they had one catch. I had to listen to clean rap. So it had to be the edited version. So when I bought 400 degrees, it was the edited version. Really? When I bought the block, it's high from Shirani Apeaches. It was the edited version, you know what I'm saying? Like, when I would listen to these albums, it was always the curse words bleeped out. Will Smith never cursed in his music. So I was like, oh, I could get like the real version of his album, not the edited version. And that's part of what influenced me.  Okay. I didn't even want to be a rapper back then. But when I did start rapping, one thing I always remember was like, yo, I don't want cursing my music. And that's aside from my religion and me being Christian and all that. Even outside of that, I love the fact that you could be a dude that's like, hey, this dude different, but dope at the same time. You know, and I just, I was up for that challenge. So. That's the crazy part.  So how was you when you, when you really, I knew you was, I heard you say you was in college when you, when you started rapping, but when, when, how was you, when you knew that you had a possibility that I want to rap? So I played basketball and I thought that was going to be my ticket. You know, that was my first record. Were you good? Yeah, I was, no, I was really good. I was like setting records at my school and everything. Yeah, I was, and I had the opportunity to play in college, but I wanted to play D1. You know, if you're familiar with college athletics, that's the dream right there.  I could have played D2 and D3. You know, I was on that type of level, but I tried to play D1. So I went to LSU, a D1 school, and I tried out for the team, tried to walk on, got cut, right? Whew, bruised my ego, you know? Cause I'm, I'm, I'm used to being the man on campus. I'm averaging 20 a game in high school, you know, district four A, like people that's in the NBA right now, like DJ Augustine, people that's in the league right now and played and put up real numbers, real legends where I come from. Bolester, McCaleb, you know, people like this. My man Milton, like, I was balling with them. I was, I was holding my own against them. You know what I'm saying? My man tweeted, the mind caught her. Like I was holding my own with these people. So of course, when I got cut from my college team, that stuff didn't feel right. So that's when I get cut from the basketball team. Meanwhile, all my friends in college, they all picked up a new hobby. Once we, once we got to school, it's like everybody turned into a rapper, you know? Everybody wanted to reinvent themselves and they all in the dorm room. They got their recording equipment and they having ciphers and they spitting and all this. So I was like, dang, everybody, all the black dudes in my school look like they into rapping. Let me try. You know what I just kind of got into it like that. Like let me try. And you know, when you're going around the circle and everybody rapping, everybody went home the night before and wrote something and now y'all all spitting it for each other. And when y'all all spitting it, you could kind of tell like, oh, he trashed. Like, oh, he better not ever rap again after this, you know? He straight. And then some people you just like, hmm, he got that it factor. I had that it factor and everybody knew it. You know, from the time I started rapping, I had the it factor. I just didn't have confidence at the time, you know? I had the it factor when it came to that panel and those lyrics. So I started rapping, yeah, in college, bro. And it was just a little high bed at first. But all in one year, my freshman year, I got cut from the basketball team. One of my best friends got murdered. Like I was talking to y'all about my girlfriend cheated on me with an LSU football player.  And then my roommate in college started selling dope. You know what I mean? All this stuff happened in a small amount of time. So when I started rapping, I had a lot built up on the inside that it was like, man, I got to talk about this stuff, you know? So for me, real quick, it became therapy, free therapy.  I always talk about that. You got to go through your, you call it, you know, issues, but it's three days are done.  You know, did you get closer to God during that time? That's when I found God. Okay. Oh, he found you. But at the end of the day, that's the three days, you know, when you start going through with losing your girl, these doors start closing and these doors are closing for a reason that's God saying no. You know what I'm saying? Like, and basically getting you positioned to be honest with you, to make that decision to be on. So I think that's a beautiful thing cause I went through my three days of dying and I love it. You know what I'm saying? Cause I wouldn't be who I am today. I wouldn't even have this wife. You look back on it and now you're like, that's the thing that could have ever happened to me. I'm like, man, I was in tears, man, when these things were happening to me. And now I'm looking back. Like I would not be who I am without that stuff happening. So I'm thankful for it, you know?


To all who shall see these presidents greeting. This is to certify that the President of the United States of America has awarded the Purple Heart Established by General George Washington at Newberg, New York August 7th 1782 to First Sergeant Jonathan Mejia United States Marine Corps for women's receiving action on 25th March 2011 in Afghanistan As I'm wearing this medal I think about all those Marine sailors Air Force Navy Coast Guard anyone who's been winning action So I'm making the ultimate sacrifice to receive this but specifically for me. It's a more sentimental and I think about the Marines in 2011 when I was in Afghanistan who lost a little more than I did a little more injured So for me it's about them. I think more about them strongly recommend for those Marines that are dealing with mental issues is to seek help It's okay for those Marines to lay the weapon down Reload and take care of themselves in order to be effective in the community in the Marine Corps


May 10, 1857.  That gunshot triggered the revolt of the sepoys of the light Bengal infantry. Impoverished peasants soon joined the sepoys and started the first major struggle for freedom. Bakht Khan, the leader of the rebel soldiers at Delhi, drafted a republican constitution in Urdu for a post-British India. His long poem calling upon the people to rise up and revolt and a ghazal authored by Zafar expressing the hope that Indians will soon push the firangi back to Britain were also written in Urdu. The language born in the streets and the bazaars had come to occupy the centre stage. The starkly Indian imagery in the poetry of Anise and Dabir later developed into the nature poetry of Hali, Azad and Ismail Meriti. Even as the Marcia was transformed by Josh Malia Badi into a poetic form which called upon the people to even die in the pursuit of freedom. The troubled 18th and 19th centuries provided fertile ground for the growth of Rekhta into Urdu. In 1835, the East India Company decided to switch to Urdu in the district courts under their control. Malvi Nazir Ahmad and Malvi Zakhaullah, both of Delhi College began translating the laws, legal commentaries and the various civil and criminal procedure codes into Urdu. The British soon learnt that in order to rule the new territories effectively it was necessary to learn the lingua franca. Therefore in 1800 the Fort William College was set up in Calcutta under the supervision of John Gilchrist in order to teach the British officers Hindustani. The College also undertook large-scale translations and publications of works of fiction from Sanskrit, Persian and other languages into Hindi and Urdu. It needs to be remembered that the practice of two sets of translations, Persianized Urdu for the Muslims and Sanskritized Hindi for the Hindus, started at Fort William, was responsible for causing great harm to both languages and to the unity of the Indian people in their struggle for freedom. The Fort William College was closed down by 1854, but other institutions like the Delhi College, the Hyderabad and Lucknow Translation Bureaus and the Scientific Society of Sar Sayed carried on the translation work started at Fort William. Urdu journalism made a beginning in May 1822, with the Urdu Persian newspaper Jame Jahanuma of Calcutta under the editorship of Munshi Sadasukhlal. The first Urdu paper in India, the Delhi Urdu Akbar, became the mouthpiece of the revolt by becoming Zafar Akbar, the victory news in 1857. A large body of material on the impact of British rule began to make its appearance. There were laudatory pieces as well as writings that were strongly critical of the British. The Indian National Congress set up in 1885 had traveled a long way. The partition of Bengal in 1905 led to widespread protest. The Swadeshi movement mobilized the entire nation. This was the time when the entire nation was fighting for freedom. The first world war began. This war led to developments that changed the world. These developments also had their impact on Urdu and were to shape its growth in the coming decades.


What's up everybody, I'm the Mangus, you are awesome and it's time for the weekly update of what's been going on in the world of 3rd person bobas that I track. This week I have updates for Predecessor, Fault and Ethereal. Let's start with Predecessor. Amena has added two new members to the team, Terri Ender, a 3D modeler and environmental designer. We've already seen some of his work with their design of the Core, as well as that Six Scythe weapon skin for Severog. They also added Oak Owl, a music and sound designer, it'll be fun to see what he can do with the sound effects and hopefully we'll see some original tracks for the game. They've also resumed internal play tests, I haven't been able to participate however Smokey promised me a private session so hopefully I'll be able to record that and hit him with a few questions along the way. Strange Matter has been doing some development live streams on their own Twitch channel. They kept the game under wraps until now so we did get much insight into their processes starting out, but they are more than making up for that now. Their Twitch channel is linked in the description below. They've also continued to update the game, smoothing out bugs and adding some animations. Before we move on let's take a look at Windu the Maze, great friend of mine and great friend of the channel popping off early with Chimera. Windu's Twitch and YouTube will be linked below if you want to check out more gameplay from him. Bad news for ethereal fans this week as they have announced a delay for their alpha. Much of the undying team is located in Colombia which has been experiencing civil unrest. One there is currently okay physically so silver lining there.  Some good news though most of their programmers are in the US so development is set back but not completely stopped. They also gave me some nice new content to use in my latest video to include the splash art that has been playing in the background, a look at what their towers will look like, some new items, and this sweet ass cyberpunk malaya skin. That's all I have for this week my friends all try to keep my ear to the ground and try to provide these brief updates to those of you that don't have the time to follow these games incessantly. This is the mangoo signing off, you guys have a good one.


through Bloom Glaze. Come on! This is what I talked about right here. This is a styler. Hey y'all and welcome back for a new video. Today I'm doing a one product twist out using Canvas Beauty Morshda Moolah Bloom Glaze. This is one out of four products which contains a shampoo, conditioner and oil. This Bloom Glaze is described as being perfect for twist outs, braid outs and wash and goes. So y'all check out the packaging. It's really nice. It's really pretty and pink. Very girly. So kudos on the packaging. It's formulated to provide tons of moisture for the ones who want full moisturized big hair without breakage, dryness and frizz. Some of the ingredients include aloe vera juice, mineral oil. For those who have an issue with mineral oil this product might not be for you. It has Zathom gum, ginger root oil, sugarcane extract and hydrolyzed collagen. Being that aloe vera juice is the very first ingredient that means this product contains a lot of it and I can definitely feel the moisture in it. Right now my hair is freshly washed, detangled and sectioned in quadrants. Currently on my hair as a barrier just to keep my hair from drying out is to refresh from girl and hair. This is a water based leave in that's extremely moisturizing. So let's go ahead and get this one product twist out going. So without further ado let's get started. So I'm applying this Bloom Glaze for my hair. It has a very smooth application mainly because of the moisture that it has in it. My hair is intense and up just a very smooth glide across my hair leaving my hair very soft and moisturized. I'm curious to see that once this dries if it'll leave a hard cast because you know some of these gels will fool you or if it'll give me a soft flexible hold. So I got half of my hair done I'm going to finish the rest off camera and come back when it's fully dried. It's time for the take down. Aside from all this gray in my hair and this camera not doing my hair any justice I'm actually amazed that my hair has a really nice shine to it. So after taking down my twist I'm going to do a curly faux hawk updo style. Clearly you can see my curl pattern is much looser in the bang section so next time I'll definitely concentrate on that section of my hair and go in a little heavier with the glaze. Hawking bell coming through with the definition the shine the moisture. What can I say I am very happy very excited about this styler from Canvas Beauty because stylers I don't have the best look with glazes and gels in my hair. So needless to say I am very very happy about the outcome of my hair the definition the softness the moisture I got everything everything that I want it in the styler this bloom glaze did it for me this moisture mula moisture mula bloom glaze did it for me. I'll put the information in the description box below but definitely check out Canvas Beauty. This was actually my first time trying anything from this brand. I know I didn't get the hold on I didn't really see a need for the shampoo and the conditioner at this particular time but I might go back and get that but this moisture mula was perfect. I'm gonna let you know right now this does not have a scent it says it has fragrance but I don't smell anything but the main thing was the performance it gave me very strong definition without any cast it was a very flexible hold no flake edge no residue it didn't even feel dry but overall this bloom glaze left my hair shiny defined moisturized and very very soft that's it I don't have anything else to say nothing bad whatsoever it was all good I love the product I love the outcome so as per usual don't forget to like comment and subscribe if you enjoy this channel don't forget to hit that notification bell so that way you'll be alerted of all videos that I'll be dropping your way and I'll see you on the next one bye


Minuao Chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, EFCC Ola Oluqoyide, says adherence to the rule of law among other factors is key to building investor confidence in the country. Oluqoyide, who was represented by the Ilnori Zonal Commander of the agency, Michael Zequie disclosed this during a walk to commemorate the 2023 International Day Against Corruption in Ilnori. All over the world, corruption is a threat to the growth and development of individuals and nations. Only through professionalism and adherence to the rule of law will the Commission be able to contribute to economic growth by restoring investor's confidence in our economy. At the EFCC, we remain committed to working with the Corruption Prevention Template recommended by UNCAC. In driving this prevention focus, the Commission under my watch will prioritize these focal areas. Collaboration and synergy with local and foreign law enforcement agencies, professionalism and strict adherence to the rule of law as the absolute minimum in all activities of the Commission. Corruption is one of the factors that destroy any nation, most especially our dear country, Nigeria. We, at traditional rule, we always try to support and encourage all the agencies fighting the corruption to do their best. If you don't fight corruption, corruption will fight you back and all of us eventually will be the victim. We return out here today. It shows that there is a synergy and all of us are willing to actually fight corruption. Our willingness of our desire that as they march forward in this type of going against Corruption Island, we will play our part in every process of our ramifications to make sure that they are successful. Marvel Chairman of the Anti-Graft Agency said interagency collaboration should also be adapted if the cycle of corruption is to be tackled comprehensively.


The results of this study suggest that stigma has a significant negative impact on mental health, while resilience plays a mediator role in the relationship between stigma and mental health among COVID-19 survivors. Based on these findings, it is important to consider reducing stigma and improving resilience when designing psychological interventions for COVID-19 survivors. This article was authored by Wei Zhenxiao, Xiaoyang Liu, Hao Wang, and others.


Natalie Lyra is an interdisciplinary scholar and assistant professor in the Department of Latina Latina Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her research interests include the politics of reproduction, histories of medicine, and the ways that struggles for racial and reproductive justice intersect. She is an expert on eugenic sterilization, member of the Sterilization and Social Justice Lab, and author of the book, Laboratory of Deficiency, Sterilization, and Confinement in California, 1900 to 1950s. In her presentation, Who is Unfit? Centering Race and Disability in Histories of Eugenics, Professor Lyra outlines how in California's Pacific colony, ideologies of racism and ableism converged in the label of the unfit. Her discussion will outline the history of the Pacific colony, dynamics of resistance and consent, and how racism and ableism play into the decision to institutionalize and into the decision to sterilize. Thank you for that introduction. Hello everyone. I want to start by thanking those of you that are joining us virtually and express my appreciation to the organizers of the symposium. What I want to do today is really bring our attention to race and disability as essential lenses of analysis for understanding histories of eugenics, specifically for understanding how eugenic notions of who was considered unfit for reproduction, unfit for the rights and privileges of citizenship, and unfit for freedom were really shaped by already existing racist and ableist ideologies. And the way that I'm going to do that today is by focusing on one case study. So pictured on the right side of the slide is a black and white image of a landscape view of mountains and several buildings that made up the California state institution at the center of this presentation, which is called Pacific Colony, established in 1927 near present day Pomona Pacific Colony was described by its supporters as a quote, great humanitarian project and quote, and really this institution represented what many considered to be the most scientific and advanced thinking on how to deal with issues of poverty, dependency, delinquency and immorality in the state.  The institution was one of two that was constructed in California to warehouse people that were labeled feeble minded, and one of thousands of similar state institutions constructed throughout the country during the late 19th and early 20th century, by examining Pacific Colony, particularly how this disability label of people mindedness was constructed, and how it worked to categorize people as eugenically unfit, and by also kind of looking at how this label was implemented, and theories of feeble mindedness were implemented, and how they work to justify some of what are considered the most violent eugenic practices, so sterilization and institutional confinement. By looking at this history, we really get a sense of how notions of race and disability converge. So I want to start with a quick overview of, you know, what I'll do is start with a quick overview of disability as a lens of analysis and how I apply this lens to understand eugenic notions of fitness and who was unfit. And then I'll go into the case study of Pacific Colony, looking at three aspects of the history of feeble mindedness. So we'll look at knowledge production around this disability label, its gendered application, and then its implementation. I'll also talk a bit about how disability and this disability lens can help us reframe our analysis of resistance and defiance in relation to particularly eugenic institutionalization and sterilization. And then what I'll do is I'll end with some thoughts on eugenic legacies. So most people understand that race is a social construction, right? But many might not be as familiar with the notion of disability as a social construct. And so in lieu of doing a deep dive into the literature of disability studies, I just want to highlight a couple of things that are really essential and really shape my analysis in this presentation. So my research is grounded in critical disability studies, and it applies the assertion that disability is a socially and historically informed construct. Of course, this is not to say that physical, biological, and neurological differences do not exist. Of course, they exist among humans. But the assertion made by disability scholars is that those differences are, and their meanings and consequences, right, that they are informed by social and historical context and that they change over time. So given this point, critical disability scholars, study scholars assert that we need to study disability not as this kind of fixed biological reality, but more so as a concept that works to signify and shape relationships of power. And this assertion also urges us to recognize and study the ways that disability labels, like people-mindedness in this presentation, have historically been used to justify inequality and discrimination, both for people that have disabilities, people with disabilities, but also for other marginalized people. And that works by attributing disabilities to them, right? So some historical examples of this include antebellum-era pro-slavery arguments, right, that asserted that enslaved Black people were mentally unfit for freedom, and then argued that slavery needed to continue, right? So that's one example. Another example would be arguments against extending suffrage and the right to vote to women that were based on arguments that women were a mentally and biologically inferior gender. So those are some of the examples that we can see historically how disability gets attributed to other marginalized groups in arguments about inequality and barring freedom and participation in civic life. The other important point that I want to highlight is that in line with what intersectional feminism has taught us is that disability functions alongside other subjectivities. So in her work, disability theorist, Nirmala Ervillas points out that disability has historically functioned as a, quote, ideological linchpin in the constitution and reconstitution of social differences, quote, along the axes of race, gender, and sexuality. And so this image, I think, is really illustrative of this point, and what we have in this image is a table that lists eugenic criteria for sterilization by state. So we have a list of states, and then, you know, the criteria that is pulled from this eugenic sterilization state laws. And so we see from this list the legal and medical criteria for mandated sterilization and how it really revolves around these disability labels, right? So we see people mindedness very frequently across the states. We also see insanity, epilepsy, idiocy. And so you'll notice that none of these state laws explicitly said that people that we will target for sterilization are going to be poor people or racialized folks or immigrants or promissuous women. Those are not the, that's not the language that's used in the laws. The language that's used in the laws are these disability labels. And so, you know, we see kind of how the labels work to mobilize and legitimize and even, in a lot of cases, naturalize already existing racial class and gender prejudice. And we see how that plays out in looking at the demographics of who was targeted for eugenic sterilization. I'll make a last point here that this is an important departure from some histories of eugenics that situate people mindedness as, you know, ignorance as bad science and as merely a misunderstanding about intellectual disabilities. So, you know, these histories kind of situate this disability label as kind of a mistake that lives in the past. But really what critical disability studies urges us to do is to recognize disability labels like people mindedness as part of a broader set of social categories that work together and worked within a larger system of power that, you know, was used to naturalize social hierarchies and justify not only inequality, but also these very violent medical and state interventions. So Pacific Colony is a useful case study here because it illustrates how eugenic theories of people mindedness were both developed and implemented. So much of my research on Pacific Colony comes from these scientific research studies that were conducted in support of the institution. So before the institution was built, a group of progressives, eugenic researchers in various fields, including psychology, education, juvenile, legal studies, produced a body of research on the need to institutionalize folks labeled people minded and why the state needed to fund the construction of Pacific Colony. So a bulk of my research revolves around this body of literature that proceeds and supports Pacific Colony. And then later on, once the institution opens, it becomes a site of continued research, right, where graduate students and advanced researchers come and continue their work on this disability label. And so it becomes a site where this theories of people mindedness are developed, also where they're implemented, right? This is where people labeled people minded are confined, where they receive different types of treatment and where they are sterilized. But it's also an important case study because it gives us a sense of the ways that disability and race came together through the targeted institutionalization and sterilization of Mexican origin youth. So I'll share some descriptive data here. Several thousand people were confined to Pacific Colony over the years. So my research really focuses on when Pacific Colony opened in 1927 and, you know, the arc of its history into the 1950s. In the 1950s, it changes its name. There are some, you know, important changes that happened then, but that is kind of like the chunk of time that I look at. And so several institutional records show that Mexican origin youth, both men and women who were largely in their teens and early twenties, were committed to the institution at rates that exceeded their population in the state at the time, which was between 6.5 percent and 8 percent. So, for example, a California Bureau of juvenile research study estimated that the Mexican population in the institution was 15.3 percent. In 1935, so that's the population in 1935. In 1947, the institution's psychology department reports that Mexicans made up 21.2 percent of the institution's population. And my analysis of admission ledgers collected between 1927 and 1947 shows that 21 percent of the over 4,000 people admitted during this period were labeled with an M, which signified Mexican sterilization patterns mirrored admission patterns and my analysis of over 2,000 sterilization requests processed by Pacific Colony between 1928 and 1951 shows that Mexican origin youth made up almost a quarter of all sterilization requests. And in 1943, they made up 37.5 percent of all sterilization requests. So how did this convergence of race and disability come to be? And how did this disability label of people-mindedness work to really funnel Mexican origin youth into the state institution where they could be sterilized? So one of the principal supporters of Pacific Colony was famed American psychologist, Louis M. Terman. And pictured here, we have an image of Terman and an image of his widely read book, The Measurement of Intelligence. And so Terman is largely known for his translation and revision of the Benet-Simon intelligence tests. He also participated in lead army intelligence testing during World War One and later on gained some fame around a longitudinal study that he was doing on people that he labeled geniuses. And so, you know, Terman was very invested throughout his career in measuring intelligence and he viewed intelligence as a scientific and logical approach to determining social rank and social value. And so he developed what became really widely used methods for determining determining an individual's intelligence level, which he and other eugenicists believed were inherent, right?  And some of the methods that they used were, you know, intelligence testing and gathering and estimating IQ scores, gathering social data to kind of inform IQ scores and also gathering family histories. And they, you know, Terman and folks who worked on measuring intelligence and labeling people according to their intelligence really use these methods to rank people along kind of a continuum, a rank system of intelligence that really ranged from genius, right, at the very top, normal average and kind of feeble-minded and low intelligence at the bottom.  So Terman asserted that, you know, this, that intelligence was socially important, right, that it was an important scientific approach to social organization, and he advocated for the use of intelligence testing in schools, right, so it could be used to determine who could benefit from education and who should be segregated into different classrooms that it was useful in labor and in industry to determine who would make a good manager, a good boss, a good supervisor, a good capitalist, and alternately, you know, who should be relegated to kind of low-wage menial labor that it was important in civic life to determine who deserved the right to vote. And of course, that it was important in reproduction, right, because intelligence was seen as hereditary, you know, figuring out someone's intelligence level was important to determining whether they should be allowed to reproduce or not. Terman and other eugenicists asserted that intelligence, particularly low intelligence, was, you know, had broad and severe social implications that many large social problems, including poverty, crime, and immorality, were caused by feeble-minded people whose low intellectual capacity caused what they referred to as, quote, economic incompetence and what they also described as kind of socially deviant behavior. So within this broader theory of intelligence, feeble-mindedness came to represent really an individualizing of and biologizing of large social issues. And to address this problem, Terman and other eugenicists advocated for institutionalization, finding out who these feeble-minded people were and warehousing them in state institutions and sterilization, right, ending the reproduction of feeble-mindedness by preventing the feeble-minded from reproducing. And so Terman used his research and the research of his colleagues to really push for the construction of the Pacific colony. And so a lot of his research also kind of, particularly his studies on IQ scores, asserted that racialized folks, particularly racialized folks in California, were more likely to have low intelligence, right? And so he starts kind of making connections between low intelligence and race. And his research is proliferated by his students and other researchers in the state. So here I have some quotes from, the first is from a 1915 legislative support that was actually a research report that was in support of Pacific colony by J. Harold Williams, who was a student of Terman's. And he asserts that, you know, a third to a half of delinquency in California can be prevented by segregation in their early years of feeble-minded children, right? So using the science to support, then to make the case that the state needed to construct Pacific colony. The second is also from Williams, who conducted a study in California tested youth that were confined to juvenile delinquents, juvenile reform schools. And he asserts that with the IQ scores that he collected, that black and Mexican youth showed a greater tendency to delinquency because of their low intelligence. And this assertion is echoed by the third quote, Mary B. Henry, who was an educator and who also kind of does a study and among students and under her, in her school system. And the conclusion of that study that she that she kind of highlights here is that intellectually, the Mexican children are consistently inferior to American children. And that this is not due to a language factor. But that disappears to be real native inferiority. And so, you know, we see kind of the creation of a theory that not only posits that racialized people are, and particularly black and Mexican youth in California are inherently of low intelligence, but that that low intelligence causes deviant behavior, right? That they're more prone to engage in, you know, socially deviant behaviors. And this symptomology is very gendered.  And so we see this, for example, in this sterilization request, for a 16 year old Mexican origin boy, whose family history is described of being quote, low Mexican type, and his clinical history really highlights this history of thefts and malicious malicious mischief, right? And so engaging in petty crimes, even status crimes like truancy, school truancy, become symptoms of people mindedness that then get turned into rationales for institutionalization and sterilization. For young women, deviant sexuality is a predominant theme. And so we see this here with this young woman who is, let's see, 16 years old. And what it says is that she has been committed to Pacific colony to keep her from contacting men, that she's also suffering from a chronic issue in her left leg, and that, you know, it's important for her to be, you know, confined in order to keep her from contacting men, right? So the implementation of this convergence of disability, race and gender was severe in the lives of Mexican origin youth, you know, I went over some of the disparities in a previous slide. And so, you know, one of the consequences of being labeled, people minded is that you could be institutionalized and early on in the, you know, late 19th century institutionalization was proposed as a reproductive control measure. And so here, I'm, you know, citing Nicole Rafter who talks about these institutions as, you know, prophylactic institutions. But even with sterilization, given that residents lived in sex segregated quarters, and were constantly supervised, we see that, you know, being confined was one way that these folks reproduction is managed, right? Under California law, anyone committed to state, a state institution could be sterilized at the discretion of the superintendent or the clinician. And it was also used as a precondition for release. So once committed to a state institution, you become a ward of the state. And decisions around release and treatment are really left up to institutional authorities. And for many people that were institutionalized, and whose parents or family members want to tap and release, sterilization becomes a prerequisite for release. The last way that this theory was kind of implemented at Pacific Colony was through an effort at making the feeble minded productive. And so despite assertions about their incompetence, residents were largely they sustained the institution through their labor. So they did most of the cooking, they did most of the cleaning, and they even cared for the other residents. And so on the right of the slide, on the left of the slide, you see one of the buildings that where folks were confined. On the right of the slide is a black and white picture of several cribs in a Pacific Colony nursery. And we see there's an attendant towards the front of the photo. But in the back, you can't see it very clearly. But towards the back of this image, you see a plain clothed person who is likely a resident of Pacific Colony. And so one of the cruelest ways that, and one of the most contradictory ways that notions of disability and labor intersect here in Pacific Colony is that at the same time that institutionalized people were seen as unfit to reproduce unfit to have children of their own, they were charged with caring for young and even infant residents of the institution. Many of these infants and young people had specialized needs. And so there's this very clear contradiction, you know, that arises in the institution around this question of labor and whether people can be productive or not. Pacific Colony also developed a practice of industrial parole is what it was called. Where institutionalized people who were deemed, you know, fit enough to potentially be released, and who were sterilized, were placed in labor or work placements outside of the institution on parole. And so they were often leased out as domestics, young women were leased out as domestics to largely middle class and upper class households in the area. Young men were often leased out to ranch hands, others went to work in different sanitariums. And so, you know, this really highlights the way that the institution worked to kind of make people productive, but not reproductive, right, and kind of creates a pipeline for people with disability labels into low wage and so called low skilled work. So in addition to kind of thinking about race and disability and its function within the institution, I've also, you know, thought about the ways that disability can inform our analyses of resistance and agency in this context. And so, you know, some of the ways that people defied sterilization and institutionalization was by simply, you know, refusing to comply with orders, another way included refusing to consent. So individuals themselves were not asked to consent for sterilization. But family members were. And so family members often refused to sign consent forms. Of course, this wasn't a very effective because under the law, consent was not a requirement. And so oftentimes even if a family member refused to sign a consent form or expressed a desire not to have someone sterilized, sterilization would continue would proceed. And the last thing is escapes. So escapes were prevalent. Young people would literally either on their own or in collaboration with other other institutionalized people devise ways and devise plans or escape. And so what we're looking at here is kind of some reports of escapes from institution for the people minded. And these often happened when residents were working, right? So in the first example, we see John Martinez, who was working on a gang detail in the vegetable garden on the institution grounds, said he was going to go get a drink and didn't return, right? Another young man was working also in the vegetable garden and left with John, right? So these two likely escaped together. And then the third person, a young woman, Rosario, who was working in the yard, and she escaped through by cutting a hole through the window, right? And so, you know, these behaviors, this defiance, this disobedience escapes were all talked about and very pathologizing terms by institutional authorities, right? These were often used as further evidence for why these young people needed to be confined and why they needed to be sterilized. But really thinking about, you know, how these were some of the only ways that young people could express discontent and could really challenge this practice kind of helps us switch our, our lens of analysis here, right? And so thinking about reading against the grain of these kind of pathologizing assertions around these behaviors, and really thinking through, you know, a lens of disability and racial justice here. So I want to, you know, conclude by thinking a bit about eugenic legacies, and highlighting just three recent examples. So the first revelations that in the 2000s, hundreds of women were sterilized in California women's prisons under the rationale given by the doctor that performed these sterilized that they were unfit to reproduce because of their criminal behavior, which is why they were imprisoned. And because any children that they would have would likely become a burden to the state, right, that there were concerns around dependency and that sterilization was more, more economical than allowing these women to have more children. The second example, a recent example, include comments by Kenosha Wisconsin Sheriff made in 2018. And he was talking about a recent uptick in burglaries. And this sheriff asserted that men that were accused of shoplifting should be quote, warehoused for life, to stop them, at least some of these males from going out and getting 10 other women pregnant. And so this, you know, is kind of a sort of repetition of this idea of delinquency, or this time together of delinquency, criminal behavior, and reproduction, right? And this, I think, quote, highlights the ways that confinement continues to be used, kind of our thought of and seen as a way to manage reproduction of certain people who are seen as unfit. And then the last example that I'll share is very recent revelations by an organization in Georgia in September of 2020 that really revealed different types of human rights abuses occurring in an immigrant detention center that included unwanted hysterectomies. And so again, thinking about how, you know, reproductive and human rights continue to occur in settings of confinement, like Pacific colony. And so, you know, what I want to suggest here is that, you know, if we analyze the history of eugenic sterilization and some of these legacies through the lenses of race and disability, we're kind of, you know, we're urged to not only trace the come the consistencies, right? But also kind of understand the ways that reproductive injustices are replicated over time, particularly through what seems to be very enduring logics, sustained by shifting and overlapping ideologies of race, disability and gender that affect the reproductive lives of people who continue to be deemed unfit, you know, over time, and trying to figure out, you know, what those enduring ideologies are and how we might start to deconstruct them, why they continue to be held by, you know, certain physicians who work with prison populations and other confined populations. And I'll leave it there. Thank you once again. And I look forward to our discussion.


In this second discussion of plate tectonics and plate boundaries, we want to focus on what makes a plate, what a plate boundary is, how we can identify them, and begin to get a little bit of a sense of the type of geological signal that they may provide. In the last time, we looked at some of the evidence that was used in the history of plate tectonics to develop it, and one of the key pieces of evidence was earthquake data. When one looks at the global pattern of earthquakes, we see that it is not just randomly distributed, but rather falls in very discrete zones. We have locations such as along the various mid-Atlantic Indian Ocean ridges, etc., in which we have a linear trend of earthquakes away from any of the continents in the middle of the oceans, and we saw previously that associated with those linear trends of earthquakes in the oceans, we also had magnetic anomalies which were symmetric on either side of the oceans, and we could see that there was a symmetric age pattern on either side of the ocean. We also have another style of earthquake activity, and that tends to be along the margins of many of the continents in general, and sometimes with the oceans, but like for example here in South America, there the trend of earthquakes is relatively broad, but still it's focused in one area. And then in between these locations of large earthquakes, there are these large areas that have very few earthquakes, such as through most of Africa, Australia, major parts of North America, etc. And so that was one of the observations people had made that in general most earthquakes with a few notable exceptions such as this area in Central Asia and some parts of Western North America which have diffuse seismicity, in most places the earthquake activity is fairly concentrated in local places. So that was one piece of evidence about what is going on in terms of plates and plate tectonics and was used as people were developing the ideas. A second concept that was developed early in the 20th century it was first proposed around 1911 is the idea that when we think about the composition and the behavior of the earth we think of it in terms of shells or layers and compositionally in terms of types of rocks we have a very discreet boundary between what we call the crust and then the mantle below. And the mantle makes up a very large volume of the earth and the crust is a very thin layer on top of that. And that is based on composition. There's another way of describing the behavior and the layering of the earth and that is in terms of how it behaves mechanically. So we talk about a mechanical layering and in that case we have a layer which we call the lithosphere which is the outer 100 or so kilometers of the earth and it's composed of both crust and some parts of the mantle. The term lithosphere was coined to describe the rocky layer so it's the layer that is relatively strong and rigid and beneath that is a layer that's been termed the asthenosphere and that means a weak layer, asthenosphere means without strength. And so we have this rigid strong layer sitting on top of a weak layer and that becomes a very important part of the whole plate tectonic model in that we will have the lithosphere being rigid, hard to deform and it will be moving around on top of a layer of the upper mantle that is relatively easy to be deformed. So between those two concepts and some of the other things we saw one was able to develop the basic plate tectonic hypothesis. So let's just go over what that is and see what some of its manifestations are. So our plate tectonic hypothesis and remember a hypothesis is a statement of a concept. You say it as though it were facts but then it is something that can be tested by other data. So it's a hypothesis. You can also think of it as a framework and we will think of plate tectonics as a framework that we use to help understand other geological and tectonic processes. So the plate tectonic hypothesis can be basically divided up into a couple of key points. One, that the Earth's surface is covered by a finite number of rigid plates, hence the term plate tectonics and these rigid plates are made up of the lithosphere. So the lithosphere can be broken up into somewhere between about 8 and 15 major plates that are relatively rigid, relatively strong that would be sitting on top of the asthenosphere. Secondly, the plates move with respect to each other. And so that's a very important aspect. It's not simply that we're dividing the lithosphere up but these blocks that are sitting around then tend to move with respect to each other. And remember when I talked about Begner and some of his ideas he was focused on looking at things like ice flows in the Arctic, these blocks of ice that are relatively rigid, moving around in the Arctic Sea and then interacting with each other. But the third aspect of this which is very important is that since the plates are rigid so if we say, okay, since plates are rigid that implies that all the deformation must occur at the boundaries. And so that's a very important aspect of this and that gets back to our linking it to the pattern of earthquakes is that the plates themselves are relatively undeformed and it's only at the boundaries that most of the action is. And that is really very important from our geological analysis because if we want to understand plate tectonics it becomes very important to study what's happening at the boundaries, not necessarily what's happening in the middle of the plates. Now as a hypothesis or as a framework there are things that would follow from that that could be of importance and we call those corollaries. If you think back to some math classes you might have had a corollary is something that results from a theorem and so the corollaries from this, well the first one is that the earthquakes are going to represent the deformation represent the deformation at the boundaries and so essentially the earthquakes are really our present day manifestation of the fact that the plates are moving and that as they move with respect to each other earthquakes occur at their boundaries. Secondly, there will be little permanent deformation outside of the boundaries, so little permanent deformations in the interior and so although there might be something we don't expect much in terms of the many earthquakes the size of them, etc. And then the third and a very important aspect of our corollary is that rigid plates will move in specific ways. That is once you become a rigid plate you're constrained and you want to stay on the Earth's surface you can only move in particular ways the same way when you're driving in your car you're in a rigid vehicle you can only go certain ways you can't bend around a corner you have to turn around a corner and this has led to something which is a very important mathematical constraint and it was really the identification that one could describe plate motions using this mathematics that helped it along and this is known as Euler's fixed point theorem. Now Euler was a swift mathematician of several hundred years ago but what he recognized was that on the surface of a sphere any motion of a rigid body can be described as a rotation about a pole or fixed point and so you can think about any motion of any plate any rigid body as being a rotation about a pole so that means you can turn around the other way and you can say I can describe the motion of North America by simply describing the pole and that became one of the very important tools because then we can apply the mathematics that comes out of Euler's fixed point theorem to all of our discussions of plate motions and we'll use that to actually figure out some of the things that are otherwise difficult to know so with this now we have the hypothesis that we have rigid plates that will move with respect to each other the earthquakes will be a modern example of the relative motion of them so we can use earthquakes and the patterns of earthquakes to define the actual sense of motion or where the boundaries are and also we can use the motion of the plates in terms of they have to behave in a particular way according to Euler's fixed point theorem so when we look on a map we should expect to see a big plate like North America will move in something that looks like an arcuate or rotation about some other point and so this will be a way to test some of our ideas so we can then look at the patterns of earthquakes and what the different types of plate boundaries are so with that sort of a conceptual framework people have been able to break the earth up into many major plates and so the major plates are shown here with the black things like North America South America Eurasia Australia India now Africa is sort of interesting because we do have the East African Rift Zone and so the eastern part of Africa this part in here we call the Somalia plate and then the main part of Africa we call the Nubian plate so or sometimes just called the African plate but so we see that Africa actually has a boundary with internal of it but otherwise we can define these plates this way now most plates have both ocean and continent like North America is both the continental part of North America and part of the North Atlantic the Nubian plate has Africa plus some of the Atlantic South America similarly but there are several plates in particular the Nazca plate the Kokos plate and very importantly the Pacific plate that are almost entirely if not entirely oceanic in their nature and so that will be important in the way they behave so we have these different types of plate boundaries we have different plates and they're going to interact with each other in different ways and we can then use our identification of such things as the ages in the ocean any evidence we have for the direction of motion to try to pin down how the plates move with respect to each other and so one can take that picture and superimpose it now on the actual earth and the topography and we can see that for example the mid ocean plate boundaries that are defined by earthquakes also are defined by topography there's shallower bathymetry or higher topography near the ridges and as you move away from the ridges the oceans get progressively deeper and we get closer to the continents so that's very important we have these boundaries say for example if we look at the boundary here the plate in South America we have this boundary here where the two are meeting in some way and we're going to want to understand how that happens so there's a lot of tectonic activity and we can see that a lot of the areas of say mountain ranges high elevations are associated with the active plate boundaries now with the onset of such things as GPS we can now determine how the continents are moving with respect to each other we can only do it where we have land so we can observe above sea level but as we can see we can as we break the plates break the globe up into plates we can see that the different plates are moving in different directions with respect to each other so we can see that for example in this reference frame here Australia is moving to the northwest whereas the Pacific northeast whereas the Pacific is moving to the northwest America is moving to the northeast Eurasia is moving principally to the east and North America is moving to the west southwest and so we can see that the plates are moving with respect to each other if we zoom in on the area of North America that's our principal area of interest for this course we can see that the details tell us a lot here is the GPS field of motion for North America we have lots of data so it's pretty clear this beautiful, arcuate nature of the plate motions of most of North America that's because remember they're rotating a belt this pole of rotation somewhere to the south in this case that is related to the Euler's fixed point theorem the other very important thing we see is this boundary between two distinct styles of motion in this reference frame most of North America is moving in this west southwest motion until we get to California and then we see a fundamental boundary between stuff that's moving to the southwest and material that's moving to the northwest and this is then the plate boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate and so we have a very distinct and a very sharp boundary and so we can see that based on plate motions moving with respect to each other we'll then be able to look at say earthquakes or other evidence of what the nature of this boundary between the Pacific and North America looks like so with that let's look at the different types of plate boundaries talk about them a little bit here is a map of active plate boundaries around the world one produced by the U.S. Geological Survey and we can see the various plate boundaries are defined and we zoom in and there's behavior associated with the boundaries between in this case the Nazca and South America plates but we can look at those in a little more detail and we'll do that both this week and next week so if we zoom in on this map a little bit and look at the behavior that we we see in each of these plate boundaries let's look in particular at several different plate boundaries we have plate boundaries for example down here in the middle of the ocean those will be interesting to look at we have plate boundaries say along Alaska South America the Western Pacific another and then we also have the boundary for example that we've seen already in the GPS data in western most North America so let's first look at this boundary in the South Central Pacific we zoom in on that area this is what the seafloor bathymetry looks like the colors are depth the red colors are shallow the blues and purples are deeper and we see a very distinctive a very linear region of very shallow seafloor that's offset from each other with a boundary between them and then the seafloor gets progressively deeper as we move away from this linear region of shallow bathymetry other features for example this particular ridge here that are associated with other aspects of the plate tectonics but we see this very simple thing and so we can identify the location of the East Pacific rise by the bathymetry by the elevation of the seafloor and it provides not only we would see this with magnetic anomalies also but we get to see this pattern moving away we also see that the East Pacific rise is offset in places and then we will have a feature connecting those and remember this is the feature that Tuzo Wilson find as a transform fault that in this case is connecting to mid ocean ridge segments now what is happening at the mid ocean ridge well that's still a point of active research but our general picture is that as the plates move apart mantle material comes up to fill the space and as it does that it melts and so the situation we have can be seen in this cartoon here in that this would be the position of the ridge that shallow region of bathymetry underneath that is a region of partially molten rock it's called here a crystal mush so there will be both some melt and crystals in it as the plates move apart these plates are moving each other a gap opens up this material can flow up fill that gap some gets erupted and forms this top layer others get injected here as a series of near vertical dikes and then the main magma chamber itself just slowly cools along its edges producing an additional crustal rocks and so we end up with a very systematic pattern of rocks three or four different types and then there's a boundary here which is the boundary between the crust and the mantle but remember even this upper mantle is still all part of the lithosphere so all of these two sides are moving away from each other even though it involves both the crust and the mantle because of the heat associated with the magma here and the system being overall quite warm this area will be much shallower than the area to the side and hence we see this nice well defined region of high elevations so that's one type of boundary the mid ocean ridge type of boundary we can then go and look at some other boundaries in particular there are the ones that we refer to as subduction zones and subduction zones are where we have two plates meeting in a convergent direction and then the question is what happens when you do that do they just collide with each other and crumple up well in general that may happen sometimes but in general one plate goes beneath the other and when we talk about subduction we're usually talking about one going beneath the other the question really comes down is how do we know that that is happening so the first thing we can do again is look at the earthquakes and so to do that we'll look specifically at this region right up here off of Alaska and look at a profile from the ocean to the continent across Alaska so if we go to well before we do that let's just look at some of the complications down in this area this is the area between the Pacific and the Australian plate and if we just look at that quickly we can see that the area has a lot of earthquakes the earthquakes are all the various color dots in this as it clarifies itself and what we can see though also earthquakes are color coded by depth and so the red or the shallowest earthquakes green and yellows are intermediate and the blue are the deepest and what we see is we go from shallow say here in the Tonga trench we go from shallow earthquakes to very deep earthquakes over a distance of 500 to 1000 kilometers so if we look at that you know where all these earthquakes occurring and what do they tell us about the way the Pacific plate and the Australia plate are interacting with each other well let's go up to Alaska then where we have some very good data to look at and when we look at Alaska we see that there are lots of earthquakes those are all the red dots on this figure here and we can look at those in detail Alaska's had some very large earthquakes this represents the area of rupture from the 1964 magnitude 9 plus earthquake so if we look at that area in a little more detail and so we'll look at a profile that's basically running across here from the Pacific Ocean on to mainland Alaska going from this would be the right hand side to the left hand side of our profile if we look at that we see a picture that looks like this so what do we have well we have the trench which is right here the trench is located here and we see that the earthquakes tend to be fairly shallow but as we go progressively further in we have this deepening of the earthquakes and so this is the characteristic shape of a subduction zone and the interpretation is that this would be North America this over here would be the Pacific and the Pacific is coming in and subducting beneath it so the Pacific plate might be made up of something like that it's coming in and going down underneath and the earthquakes get progressively deeper and that's the color scheme here so we see that profile the other thing that's very interesting to note is that our plate tectonic in theory just talks about rigid plates moving and doesn't talk about other features such as volcanoes but associated with subduction zones we very typically have a series of volcanoes that sit above the subduction zone and we're going to look at those in more detail and on our field trip we'll go and look at Mount St. Helens Mount Hood and some others because they have a very important role both in terms of defining the plate tectonics of the area and a very important role in the evolution of the planet so we've looked at two types of plate boundaries we've looked at the mid ocean ridge type we've looked at the subduction type that occur in different places along the plate boundaries the third major type of plate boundary that we need to look at are the so-called transform faults and there are two types of transform faults they're the ones that are associated with the mid ocean ridges and then there are others that are big faults that as Tuzo Wilson said simply connect other segments of the plate boundary our most favorite of those is the San Andreas and so we'll look at both what happens at the mid ocean ridges and along the San Andreas in the field trip in the class we'll be going to this area so we'll actually be looking at the San Andreas in quite a bit of detail so if we look at this earthquake activity around the San Andreas and here's a zoomed in area we can see the San Andreas system in the vicinity of San Francisco San Francisco is right here and we can see this band of earthquakes coming down like this but we also see that there are other bands of earthquakes in the region that are associated with the plate boundary so in this case we think that the Pacific plate is moving to the northwest relative to North America and when we had the GPS data the GPS showed North America moving this way and the Pacific moving that way when you add those together you get the two slipping past each other so if we look at this we can see that the faults are very distinct of course if I'm going to say where is the plate boundary well all of these faults play a role in the plate boundary so really when I'm out here in the Pacific and when I'm over here I'm clearly in North America but somewhere between here and here I'm in a transition zone between the two so the entire area around San Francisco Silicon Valley etc is a transition between the Pacific plate and the North America plate now this is zoomed in just to the Bay Area if we zoom out just a little bit and look at the area south of the Bay Area we see that this the fault and the plate boundary through the San Francisco Bay Area is not something that necessarily is occurring everywhere as we go further south the San Andreas becomes a very narrow feature and the plate boundary is much simpler there are some complications like this cluster of earthquakes here that we'll talk about in the future these are not associated with the plate boundary but we see that as we go further south the plate boundary gets progressively simpler we're just studying the plate boundary even further north of this figure and in there we'll see that it becomes a very diffuse boundary so that's what the plate transform might look like on land if we look at a transform in the ocean it's a much simpler feature in this case we have the mid ocean ridge coming in here this is in the North Atlantic the two sections of the ridge are offset from each other by the transform fault this is the motion is something like this this ridge is spreading this way this ridge is spreading this way and so along the transform the motion is like this we would say this is left lateral because as I cross the fault the plate on the other side is moving to the left I can zoom in on this picture a little bit shown here and here's the same feature the mid ocean ridge this very narrow very discreet transform fault connecting them so we've seen the three major types of plate boundaries we have some hints on how we can detect them and so in this week's activity we will actually take some data from the Pacific Northwest and attempt to do that so we look at a map like this of earthquakes and we can say okay we know how to draw plate boundaries on it and in some cases we can also interpret what might be going on and in this week's activity we will zoom in on the area here right around western most North America to understand what's going on


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