So, this time we're going to start looking at numbers. And we're really going to begin at the very beginning and build our way up. So, probably the first thing to talk about is, what is a number? Why do we have them? What do they help us with? So, a number is a way of representing the concept of a certain quantity. And we can represent these with symbols. We can represent them with graphs. And humans have come up with lots of different ways to represent numbers over the last few millennia. But when we think about, why did we develop the ones we did? Why did we keep the ones that we have now? We're going to have to think about, what do we do with numbers? Do we really just represent quantities? Or do we actually do something with them? Well, we commonly like to do arithmetic on them. We like to perform operations that increase or decrease the quantity we have. We'd like the representation for our numbers to be able to help us with this. So, each of the ways we've come up with has different advantages and different disadvantages. Some of them help you in certain ways, make it easy to read your number. Some of them make it easier to do computation. But all of them fundamentally mean the same thing. So, here I've got a table that's got lots and lots of numbers here. Got numbers all the way up to 100,000. And they've got all of the standard number systems that you're probably used to seeing. You're hopefully used to seeing Arabic numerals on a daily basis. You may have seen Roman numerals before. They're still used occasionally. And if you're familiar with East Asian languages, you've probably seen common system used there. Each of these, again, as I said, has different advantages and disadvantages. So, the advantage to things like Roman numerals in the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean system is that the numbers actually give you some idea of the magnitude of the entire number. So, if I'm looking at large Roman numerals, you'll notice I have some really odd symbols. You start getting m for 1000, c for 100, this weird combination of c's and d's inside themselves. And all of that gives us some really nice idea about how large our number is. And the same thing happens with the Chinese, Japanese, Korean system. I have a symbol for 10,000. I have another symbol for 1000. And these systems are, to some degree, combinatorial. If you look at Roman numerals, you'll notice we're kind of adding things together. I have lots of i's. And if I have two i's, well, i plus i is two. So that's what I'd expect. Then I have three i's. But then they also have subtractions. So, I have v, which is five. And I'm subtracting one because my i is before the v. So, I've got five minus one is four. Then I go back to having five plus one is six. Five plus one plus one is seven. Then I've got ten minus one. So, I'm getting an idea about how large my number is. But this isn't a terribly convenient system to work with. This would be even harder if I had to try to do arithmetic with it. Sure, some of it would be nice because sometimes you've got, say, minus ones and plus ones. And those would cancel out. But otherwise, you're left with things like, I've got, say, five plus one plus one plus one and five plus one plus one. And now I'm having to add up all of these terms. I've got two fives, five ones. Together that's 15, but I'm going to have to do a whole lot more work to get there. The Chinese-Japanese-Korean system kind of sits between the Roman numerals and Arabic numerals. In that, yes, we have these magnitude terms, like you can see the ten there. And it's getting duplicated in all of these. I've got eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen. In the meantime, I'm just taking the regular symbol one and copying it after the ten. And if I go farther down, I see, okay, I've got two times ten plus seven. So that gives me twenty-seven. On the other hand, that also means I've got twice as many symbols to write. There is some benefit that I don't have any placeholders the way I do with Arabic numerals. So I have forty here, so I have four and a zero. Over here, I just say I have four tens. So that can be really, really nice when you get really large numbers, because I don't have to read all of these zeros and count five zeros and try to figure out where I am in this number. Instead, I can just say I have ten, ten thousands, which will get me to understanding my number a little bit faster. But it still may not be ideal for performing arithmetic. I've still got lots more symbols to work with, and some of them aren't actually productive towards my arithmetic. The way you're probably used to doing arithmetic involves lining up numbers, so that numbers that have similar magnitude are all in the same column. And that would just involve extra symbols here that aren't really helping us. But they do tell us something about our magnitude. What we're going to do, though, is we're going to try to extend our basic Arabic numeral system to support other representations. And our computers are designed in such a way that they can, that they really only understand two things. They understand ones and zeros.  So it will be relatively simple to produce a computer that can do binary arithmetic, but it would be a lot harder to build a system that can perform decimal arithmetic. So in our binary number system, we've got the same idea. We've got a number line here. It starts at zero, counts up by one at a time. But this time I only have two symbols to work with. I have zero and I have one. So once I run out of ones in my number, I have to increase my next binary place. So after one comes ten. I don't have a two. I can't go to two. I have to go to ten. I'm increasing my tens position and resetting my ones position to zero. Then when I add another one, so ten plus one gives me eleven. Because I can add one more in that ones position. Zero plus one gives me one. And I'm still just holding the tens position constant. But then if I want to add another one, well, eleven plus one has to be a hundred. Because I've got no more room for anything in the tens or the ones position. So I have to carry over to the one hundred position. Octo and hexadecimal are the same sort of idea. But this time we have a different number of symbols to count with. In octo I have eight symbols to count with. In hexadecimal I have sixteen. Obviously I don't have sixteen symbols that I commonly use to represent numbers. So we had to come up with something else to use after we run out of the first ten that we are used to working with. So in this case we've just taken the first six letters from the Latin alphabet. So we expect that A in hexadecimal means the same thing as ten in Arabic. Or E in hexadecimal represents fourteen. We'll also see that there's some really nice correlation between binary, octo and hexadecimal. Because their bases are exponents of binary. Binary has a base of two, octo has a base of eight, which is two cubed. And hexadecimal has a base of sixteen, which is two to the fourth.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss linear equations in one variable. Equations with linear expressions in one variable only are known as linear equations in one variable. Then we have an algebraic equation is an equality involving variables. Like if you consider the equation 2x minus 3 equal to 5, this is an algebraic equation. And as you can see there is an equality sign there. And the expression to the left side of this equality sign that is this expression is the LHS that is the left hand side. And the expression on the right side of this equality sign that is this expression is the RHS that is the right hand side. Then next is in an equation the values of the expressions on the LHS, RHS are equal only for certain values of the variable. And these values are the solutions of the equation. Like for this equation 2x minus 3 equal to 5, the value of the LHS would be equal to the value of the RHS for some values for the variable x. And these values of the variable x are called the solutions of this equation. While finding the solution of an equation we assume that the equation is balanced and then we perform some mathematical operations on both the sides of the equation so that the balance is not disturbed. Consider the equation 2x minus 3 equal to 5, we assume that this equation is balanced and then we perform mathematical operations on both sides of this equation so that the balance is not disturbed. Like we add 3 on both the sides of this equation so this gives us 2x equal to 8. Now we need to find the value of the variable x so we divide both sides of the equation by 2 so this would give us x equal to 4 is the solution of the equation. Now we can also check whether x equal to 4 is the correct solution or not. Let's see how we can check this. We take x equal to 4 and put that value in the LHS and the RHS of the given equation. Now since in the given equation we have that the variable is just on the left-hand side so we substitute x equal to 4 in the left-hand side itself. So consider the LHS it is 2x minus 3 now we put x equal to 4 in this we get 8 minus 3 that is equal to 5 and as you can see the RHS is also 5 so we get that LHS is equal to the RHS hence x equal to 4 is the correct solution. This is how we solve the equations which have linear expressions on one side and the numbers on the other side. Next let's try solving equations having the variable on both sides and equation is the equality of the values of 2 expressions. Consider this equation 3x equal to 2x plus 18 it has variables on both sides as you can see. Let's try and solve this equation. Now we assume that the both sides of this equation are balanced and now we can perform some mathematical operations so as to get the value of the variable x. Now first we transpose this 2x from the right-hand side to the left-hand side so we get 3x minus 2x is equal to 18 that is we get x is equal to 18. So we have got the solution of the given equation. Next we check whether this x equal to 18 is the correct value for the given equation or not. Consider the LHS it is 3x now we substitute x equal to 18 in this so we have 3 into 18 so this gives us 54. Next we consider the RHS it is 2x plus 18 we take x equal to 18 in this so we get 2 into 18 plus 18 and this is equal to 54. Now as you can see that the value of the LHS is equal to the value of the RHS hence x equal to 18 is the correct solution of the equation. Next we have reducing equations to simpler form. Sometimes the expressions forming the equations have to be simplified before we can solve them using the usual methods. Let's see how we can simplify an equation. Consider the equation x minus 5 upon 3 equal to x minus 3 upon 5. Now this is not in a simple form first we will reduce this to a simpler form and then solve it by usual methods. To do this we multiply both sides of the equation by the LCM of the denominators of the both sides that is 3 and 5 LCM of 3 and 5 is 15. So we multiply both sides of the equation by 15 and we have 3 5 times as 15 5 3 times as 15 so we have 5 into x minus 5 is equal to 3 into x minus 3. Now we open the brackets on both the sides so we get 5x minus 5 into 5 that is 25 equal to 3 into x is 3x minus 3 into 3 is 9. Now we have reduced the equation to a simpler form now we can solve it by usual methods. To do this we transpose this 3x to the left hand side so we get 5x minus 3x minus 25 is equal to minus 9 and then we transpose this minus 25 to the right hand side. So we get 5x minus 3x is equal to 25 minus 9 that is we get 2x is equal to 16. Now to get the value of the variable x we divide both the sides by 2 so we get x is equal to 8 is the solution of the given equation. We can also check if x equal to 8 is the correct solution or not. Consider the equation x minus 5 is equal to x minus 3 upon 5. Now let's take the LHS first it is x minus 5 upon 3 we substitute x equal to 8 in this so we get the value of the LHS as 1. Then next we consider the RHS x minus 3 upon 5 and we substitute x equal to 8 in this so this gives us 1. Thus we see that LHS is equal to the RHS hence the solution x equal to 8 is correct. There we have equations reducible to linear form sometimes the given equations are not in a linear form. So we can make them or we can reduce them to a linear form by multiplying both sides of the equation by a suitable expression. Consider the equation 8x minus 3 upon 3x is equal to 2 this is not in a linear form. Let's reduce this equation to a linear form by multiplying both sides of this equation by the expression 3x. So we have 3x into 8x minus 3 upon 3x equal to 3x into 2 so this gives us 8x minus 3 is equal to 6x. Now we can easily solve this equation. First we transpose the 6x to the left hand side so we get 8x minus 3 minus 6x equal to 0. Then we transpose this minus 3 to the right hand side so we get 8x minus 6x equal to 3 this gives us 2x is equal to 3. Now to get the value for the variable x we divide both the sides by 2. So we get 2x upon 2 is equal to 3 upon 2 which gives us x equal to 3 upon 2 is the solution of the given equation. Let's check if x equal to 3 upon 2 is the correct value or not. Consider the equation let's first take the LHS of this equation that is 8x minus 3 upon 3x. Now we substitute x equal to 3 upon 2 in this so we get 8 into 3 upon 2 minus 3 upon 3 into 3 upon 2. So this gives us 9 into 2 upon 9 that is equal to 2. Now let's consider RHS as you can see that RHS is 2 thus we see that the value of the LHS is equal to the value of the RHS hence the given solution x equal to 3 upon 2 is correct. Now let's discuss some applications of linear equations in one variable. We can solve different problems on numbers, ages, perimeters, combination of currency nodes and so on using the linear equations. Let's consider a problem which says that if we subtract 1 upon 2 from a number and multiply the result by 1 upon 2 we get 1 upon 8. What is the number? Let's try and solve this problem using linear equations. Since we need to find the numbers so let the number be equal to x. According to the equation we have that if we subtract 1 upon 2 from the number that is x minus 1 upon 2 and we multiply the result by 1 upon 2 that is 1 upon 2 into x minus 1 upon 2 we get 1 upon 8. Now we multiply both sides of this equation by 2 so we get 2 into 1 upon 2 into x minus 1 upon 2 equal to 2 into 1 upon 8. So this gives us x minus 1 upon 2 equal to 1 upon 4. Now to get the value for the variable x we transpose this minus 1 upon 2 to the right hand side. So we get x equal to 1 upon 2 plus 1 upon 4 which gives us x equal to 3 upon 4. Hence we say the required number is 3 upon 4. Let's check if this is correct or not. The number that we got is 3 upon 4. Now according to the equation we have that if we subtract 1 upon 2 from this number that is 3 upon 4 minus 1 upon 2 this gives us 1 upon 4 and then if we multiply this result by 1 upon 2 we should get 1 upon 8. So 1 upon 2 into 1 upon 4 we get 1 upon 8. Hence this number 3 upon 4 is the correct number. This is how we use linear equations to solve different problems. So this completes the session. Hope you have understood the concept of linear equations as one variable.


I'm excited to be here. Thank you also to the local team for stepping up. And thank you very much for trying to say this today. First, I'm going to start by telling you you're introducing this very briefly in North Korea. Some of you may have a lot more than enough to talk to somebody, some of you may even know a little. But obviously, you can agree with what we're doing about the government and the figure out the situation there. Then I want to introduce the organization I work for. And to tell you about our economic project that we've been doing for about three years now. Then I will discuss how we use the free open source software and data to be in and out of our lives. And I will now conclude by telling you a little bit about my thoughts about community, what I discovered over the last couple years and share with you. Here is where we are in the world. The red spot is North Korea. And it's attached to China. According to the U.N. report, recent reports said, quote, gravity, scale, and nature of constable atrocities committed in the country reveal a totalitarian state that does not have any power in the historical world. One thing, actually, that it is not often to be believed a journey in our newspaper articles as a communist country. That may have been true at the beginning. In 2009 they changed the constitution. Now they are just a socialist republic. But any matter, I would say, is just an animal. Essentially, they are a dictatorship. They are a monarchy because the grandson of the founder is in charge. And, of course, as you can see here, the photos of the leader and the original founder that had his son, who is now grandson of the charge of course, is a woman. They have a personality called Glorified and Deified. It's almost Deified. It's a premier, a student young man, that's had a dream. And then they did this republic and education from there. North Korea also is very nationalistic and it's a race. They use a race based on the origin and they probably had a name there. For example, a few years ago, they called President Obama a, quote, wicked black monarchy. And this was actually, this was a softer version of the Korean. Even in the Korean times, when he was in the Korean, they weren't even as strong as that. They also, other ways you can see this, the woman escapes to China and then if she is caught and sent back, to Korea, if she is pregnant and she is sent back, the authorities will typically almost always they will either force abortion on her or they will, if the baby is born, hit someone. Of course, they'll just die. But it won't happen. Why do they do this? The three main classes are loyal, vagrant and hostile. If you're in the hostile class, it means that you've already been, your family's already been relocated to far away from the capital. You get fewer resources, fewer opportunities, opportunities in education and jobs. You won't be able to join if you don't work there in the society that you are born into that class. How does the Korean maintain all this? It's true here, of course, but they have secret police they also have citizens of Florence they also have kind of the Florence of course they're public executions. One of the things in our research community we hear a lot of people who have seen these they also in order to be still here they bring the teachers will often bring the school children to public executions and which is you know very, very strong there is a system of political prison camps called the Wally Stoke but these basically political prison camps are even called concentration camps because without saying there's no new processes in Korea these places are very large this photo there's no scale here unfortunately but this is a satellite photo of one of the large camps and it's over 500 square kilometers so it's a large area thousands of people there these are not these are not real criminals these are people who have sent their police or perhaps religion or if they said anything that might have been sustained or against the Kim Jong-un and if you do something it's not just if you do something but then if you do something then you are likely to be taken with your whole family to be free from the risk of your family and then in these camps some of them you can be released you just work until we die or this is a human report and this is the network of the criminals by the way so the the latte version of my speech because just in the comments I've linked to a lot of the things I've learned too in North Korea yeah there's really not much civil society to speak about because there's no you can't have an organization everything is controlled by the government in the 90's I think we can pass over this for the second time that was a very, very brief introduction to North Korea it's really interesting that by no means to value your justice but I do recommend reading one of these books if you have time or other things like I said that you can talk about in the presentation file you can I'll have a link to that in the comments area these are true books and human rights activists have known about this situation for many years we hear bits and pieces about it in the news but for the most part the world didn't really seem to have a lot of attention to this maybe they didn't care very much but about five years ago one thing changed that it started to get more momentum going and that was the United Nations commissioned they called it North Korea and after one year they published a report in 2014 now there wasn't a whole lot of new reports in terms of what had happened they didn't break the ground per se in what North Korea and Syria just came up with what I've been talking about but now the weight of the UN was also that and so they the legal experts they they found an antidote to bring a legal case that crimes against humanity have been created sorry pursuant to the policy of the state the highest penalty of the state here's a list of some of these crimes I've greatly increased the attention of the people in government in a very pure situation and in addition to calling to the end to the uses they also called for accountability for those responsible later that year in 2014 and so people like this and friends who were originally from 500 countries who didn't want to go to the state they wanted to bring this out we were inspired by the COI report and we were trying to figure out what to do to sort of build on this and made many corrections and now how did all the group go now transitional justice what is that I was at the time I heard the term before going to conferences but I was very much beginning on myself New York administration the full range of processes with this value of time to counter-turn in order to ensure that the police or the justice achieve reconciliation so this people want to do corrections but they're running for grace and they also work together but truthfully correct the reconciliation mission partners who are perpetrators in any case contrives memorials but sort of in layman's turn how do you say if after the Civil War in the country or after the question of the regime then the question is now what do you do so there's sort of a continuum of options available that the one part we could say you know what, that's horrible but it's gone now so let's not worry about it we really need to sort of interact with another approach to be for example to say we are going to identify the person who did anything wrong in the name of the government and that both of these approaches are probably not going to work very well I think I'll just start to heal so the question is where on this continuum should the government or should this society how should it deal with that each country and I can learn from other institutions another thing I'll mention this transitional justice approach brings beyond just a normal criminal approach is that it looks not only back but it's also looking forward and it's trying to comprehensively address how to heal society and one last note it always needs to be listening to the voices and the victims and you might be asking yourself well is this meeting a transition without a reviewer and maybe in the news you've heard about the president of South Korea meeting or the president of the US meeting meeting does it mean that the transition is about to be I personally don't see it but there is not that transition either in the way that the current government works or obviously but so we believe that it's important to be ready at some point there will be a transition we need to start preparing because it could be sooner than then and so what are we doing we are engaging with over 30,000 North Koreans who have resettled inside Korea from what they think they would see as a good approach to move forward after the transition also we are focusing on strengthening the existing documentation that they've used to open the document so this brings us to our mapping project in the last few years we've been working on the factures for South Korea and what are the types of sites that we focus on first of all we primarily are interested in finding out where the victims of the government the victims of the regime where are they killed where are they buried and then where are they docked some of those questions are easier to answer for people in terms of methodology we use satellite imagery using Google Earth so our interviewer who comes from North Korea originally and then the interviewer they just looked together at Google Earth and when we asked have you ever seen a public execution and he said oh yes I did and he said oh could you show us where are those and how do you report specific requirements objectives of our project for the second time but some things for example we are interested in helping out of these efforts and I mentioned a little bit of accountability so what this means is the data we are going to keep it safe for now but then if there is some sort of a trial in the future against the leadership of North Korea then we would hear about the possibility to help them also other purposes other uses of this could be we expect in the future to be able to help the victims hopefully we can help some of these identified rare family members buried we can aid ex-expression efforts also for the more one more organization one more this work is very interdisciplinary so we actually came out with our report early in that process because we want to meet with other groups like Aaron friends and anthropologists people who have expertise in specific areas of our future work so we very much look into collaboration and looking to improve our anthropology so that brings me to the basis of our first report one year ago I did learn a couple just a handful of copies that anyone actually wants a paper copy otherwise we can download them in our website members who are here today who helped us and they gave us a lot of help maybe they didn't always realize that someone who was just emotional was a long way during the conversation it came out as I said last year we were really really grateful for the coverage that we got and this covered everything from artist technical to different terms we interviewed for this report 375 Korean defectors and I'm not going to show you in great detail but basically if I summarize it was mostly in the 40s to 70s who have arrived in South Korea in the last 15 to 20 years now that's not the exact amount of people who are in Korea but that's impossible to get but it is similar it's similar to the general population of 30,000 who have resettled in South Korea here is a table of some of the sites that we recorded during those two years just a couple highlights from this that we found we should say we have over 40 reports of burial sites and 333 reports of killing sites and of those killing sites there are a lot of good people this is a map of where those body sites where most of the burial sites were found and the shading that you see the dark of the shading means from that so in the northeast there are many more parts of our interviews came from the northeastern parts and more related that we received reports about we just so far we just have one person telling us about one site but a few people said we have more than one person telling us about a similar location and a similar story so this is an example of that in the orange box whatever that shape is that one person said somewhere in this region which is kind of a long area but somewhere in Houston I saw bodies the bodies of those public executed thrown into a pile were waste generated by a line and another person told us a specific point that happened later like a year later when we pulled it up in QJS so basically now we have two people telling us similar stories and this is important because of course it can increase the confidence that we have in this information we just received one report even if the person seems to be incredible we don't have anybody right now to go to North Korea and start digging to verify this the more confidence we have and that can become one of the most prioritized sites in the future we do have access to this is a similar map to the previous one which is about the killing sites that were reported were and here is a map of where suspected or military places that may have documents related to people who live in Korea the difference here the difference is that here we are actually revealing specific locations because we feel that probably in North Korea they are not going to probably move a police station just because we know what it is but for the previous, especially for the bear sites if we know what it is we are keeping that secret now because maybe you can know all those locations but we are not sure of this so we don't want them to know what we know because then they could just be interested we also did a survey about learning about what North Korean defectors tend to prefer in terms of detention from justice learning about their thinking just for example, real quick his exhumation of various substance-containing victims of human rights abuses is that necessary to transition and it will only launch the 8% so if there are more as I said, if you download more details I can give you a review of that yes, we I should say that I'm sorry, the first line I just didn't erase it that belongs to the latest slide but as a start-up NGO we have a tiny budget we are growing a little bit now but when we first started and my side of it was pretty much to empty budget plus a few computers but so this very much means that free software creates a beard in that sense free software really did help us it gives all the possibility to us when we got to have this very much money another thing is we value free software we have to protect some sensitive data so the North Korean hackers are good we have to be careful and but I would say when it comes to the North Korean hackers they do as I said this day when they choose to form a project they have to taste as you know but yes we definitely we rely on for encryption and secure communications for many things and we think it has less likely to have backdoors when it comes to privacy and security which is going to be better I am at control it doesn't go home nearly as much as it was in the World War I another challenge is I am alone in the organization and also in the organizations in my field I mean still I was in the organization and now I should say one person we just hired one more person in the organization but I want to come back to that because the answer to that of course it has been community and we didn't group site and building relationships that has really been wonderful but I want to come back to that let's talk a little bit about how we do the specific software the first thing that we use is QJS and but we didn't really the short answer is we didn't want to worry about vendor lock-in we didn't want to find out that one feature that we announced and it's cool, we didn't know about $100,000 or I don't know what a feature is also we really value the data formats and then the big thing about QJS you know to open up a feature it's probably a structure that allows us to quickly modify or to easily relatively modify and benefit from both the others and then if we do anything we can share with other human rights groups so we want QJS then we also we of course use the PostGIS which is an extension that goes into Postgres and it's wonderful it gives us lots of it gives us especially the extra functions so I can do a lot of my work just in a day and I want to I should mention quickly but do not forget to leave out OpenStreetMount OpenData is important for us in our work so we definitely use OpenData and that's a small part of the global industry in various in Korea there are a couple of challenges that we've come across an example that make it more difficult to adapt across a couple of things turning on creative books and this effect is also going to CJK China, Japan, Korea back in the age of two especially if you're trying to turn it on after and if you're not trying to turn it on fast we had a issue just a couple weeks ago about bold fonts bigger things are like basically online banking and financial transactions it's a long story it's a few years ago so basically if I want to do banking in Korea or buy anything online in Korea I have to install a bunch of stuff that's supposed to make it safe from each website that I do my I think now made it possible to develop our ecosystem for a good amount of time and it's only possible for one hour and then finally the hunger process hunger is the Korean Alphabet Korean life system this is Korean the frustrating part is that it's closed for a long time but the government encourages or forces you to use this and so whether it's because you've got websites you want to download forms or whether you need the university to do all of this so almost every Korean is forced to use this so this brings me to the last part of the talk a little bit more about community and what it's meant for me and especially sharing values so as I mentioned recently I have a loner as a person in my organization and also in the field around me so finding a community it's been really wonderful it's been a huge game but also the other thing whether it's the local group in Korea or the cross-country events that I attended in Korea and also last year I got to go to the national everybody really loved me all of you this has really helped me do my job but but reflecting more about the people that I've met over the last couple of years I realized more and more that we have a lot of shared values many of the things that motivate me as a human rights activist but the same things motivate you as in a free software movement so we both at the university and working with people from other countries and others collaboration with the Korean guys very always looking at people so you and me pay close attention to licenses that protect the user of your software more than it protects yourself likewise we pay close attention to make sure that when interviewing is given consent to the interview it's important to consent we understand that it is the data that we use in the future that's very important to us and if they still don't know or at some point so it's about the structure of individuals whether it's software users or victims and it's not a failure it's about not forcing students or your real owners also for you maybe if you sell a device to a customer you don't then turn around and say you're not allowed to execute we don't advocate for solutions or public policy changes without first understanding what it is to the victims so you see software developed as tools to help people create and play and solve real problems and we see industrial justice as a set of tools to help a society an individual to clean a society to heal people with deep wounds so the topic of North Korea offers us theories about where our shared values or where we ask our values stand maybe dare I say we're not on a roll we both strongly value rights to intermission and expression we actually all want to see internet access for everyone people's wealth created are not having enough so I value it to fight together for both ways rights to enjoy these freedoms and to access the internet that everyone wants to build as a part of that happening sooner or later we won't know the real process of making North Korea let me see that KVD starts to get co-construction from North Korea I would like to I'd like to say thank you both as members of KVD and both as members of KVD for making tools that enable human rights civilizations and powers specifically in our case to prepare for a successful transition and make sure there's a process for North Korea and I wish to announce the best of success and I look forward to participating in the meeting questions how can you access North Korea outside is the North Korea backbone as open on both sides you're talking about the internet yes there are a couple of connections that go into the country from time it's been a while since I've looked into this but I've been seeing a lot I think I forget which website it was for a different organization I remember seeing in the access laws somebody coming from coming out and I think there are a lot of other settings I was guessing maybe from the Russian industry but I think those connections the key point is that only the North Korea is only with the internet access to it and then there is actually for forms of Korea you can pay but that's not completely acceptable they don't understand from what Korea is so they have an access indirectly to the internet so there is a bit of access but with North Korea there is a matter but it's run like a huge run there's no DNS if you get the presentation file in the comments there's a website called he addresses a lot of issues I recommend checking it out but yeah technically they do have some internet access but it's not why so the key point is that the last couple of times the last session about how the internet works in North Korea how they are how they are going to get the internet and the internet and therefore really good costs and I think they are important so yeah our data is in no way so we can all talk about conclusions about North Korea but why is it that they mostly come from the North East let's go back to the math here so that comments in the North East is all along the top but as you get further to the west the river gets a lot wider but as you go to the North East the river gets smaller and smaller and so to the point over there at the beginning it's really tiny so it's much easier to cross there there are bars along the river and both sides especially in North Korea it's easy to keep people in but basically if you're going to successfully cross it's much easier to do so in the North East another reason is that as I mentioned the further you are from Pyongyang which is Pyongyang where the six is the further you get away from there the more you're judged to be hostile your family is put there so certainly there are these people have less opportunities all day so they have more reasons to want to leave than the people who are closer but also the important thing is the reason that the most important reason is that we need to most likely reserve an accident because that's where the people who have escaped and then escaping to China it's stupid one more question but then we'll give one after and then we'll catch up with the set a little bit I have no question I just want to say something I want to say thank you for the software developers for able to work and I just want to say thank you that's such wonderful that I'm managing all that you use these tools to make the world better thank you very very much thank you


My name is Howard Eisenbrock. I'm a neurosurgeon. I trained in neurosurgery in the city of Philadelphia. After finishing my neurosurgery residency, I did a complex spine fellowship in the city of Boston. Some common health issues and conditions that I treat are things like lumbar stenosis, cervical stenosis, arm pain and leg pain caused by problems of the back. Usually when patients come to my office and they need diagnosis or workup of problems of the spine or diseases of the spine, they'll require some sort of imaging modality, be it MRI or CAT scan, to see if there's any surgical pathology that I can help them with. My practice philosophy is to treat the whole patient. While many times it's easy to treat just single problems, I like to look at the whole picture so that I can gauge care accordingly. I always strive to make my patients feel as comfortable as possible when they're in my office. I never rush you through your office visits. I want you to feel that your questions are important and I want to give you the time that's needed to answer them.


If you hit that wall, you're going to go out, one from this way, go out, two, three, four, and five. This one. Nine fifty-five. What's your name? Huh? Name? That'd be nice. Nine fifty-five. What was this? Nine fifty-five. Great change up, man. It's easy, isn't it?  Go, push him out, push him out.  Come on, man, push him out. Come on, let's go, come on. Come on, let's go. Five, four, three, two, one, and hold. It's on the shoulders now. Okay, you've got to rest in the up position. You've got to achieve. All the way down. Find that 110% and pull it out here. It's a muggy day.  Okay, this is your typical morning in, let's say, Indonesia or Thailand or Vietnam or wherever you are.  It's muggy. And this is not going to hurt you. Stand by. Oh, sorry.


But a second, it's not gonna be close to a career. It's gonna go for it, let's go, let's go. Stand by.


In this part, I would like to introduce you the STM32WL hardware and software security mechanism available. STM32WL single core or dual core have some common security mechanism that you can also find on other STM32 family. We've got the boot lock mechanism, readout protection, damper detection, proprietary code readout protection, also named PCROP, write protection and the memory protection unit. Those mechanisms can address different types of attacks. For example, readout protection and damper detection will address some outer attack, while PCROP and write protection will address outer and inner attack. The MPU is an isolation mechanism and will address inner attack. All those mechanisms combined together allow you to achieve a certain level of security. On the STM32WL single core, ST delivers a code example of secure boot and secure firmware update, which rely on some of those mechanisms. It allows to ensure firmware authenticity and integrity. It allows also to update the firmware in a secure way, thanks to local loader which rely on wild modem protocol. Two main security features are using, ADP press write protect, but those ones are not activated by default. This is the first level of security which allows you to protect against any attack via GTAG. But beware, as we don't have any isolation in our example, it means the surface of attack includes all the internal flash, application and restack. This example is delivered in the CUBE firmware and the name is BFU underscore 1 underscore image. Underscore 1 image is because it's a single slot and there is a local loader on KMS included in this example. On this slide, I want to give you some details about the memory organization and the different security mechanisms that are active on this example. As you can see on the user flash, we've got the secure engine keys, which are the static key. The Q-engine code, BFU and KMS code are protected by the write protection. Then we've got the region of KMS data storage where you can, you will store your updateable keys. The download blob slot which allows to download a new blob and provision new keys. Then you've got the active image editor, where is located the metadata of the installed firmware.  The different security mechanism activable or activated in this example are the independent watchdog, the temperature detection, the write protection combined with the ADP level 2, which ensure the immutability of your code and also the boot lock mechanism. STM32W held while core brings some additional mechanism, isolation of the core M0 plus for memory and peripheral, the privilege protection for memory and peripheral, the secure memory also called HDP, the debug core M0 plus access and the boot lock mechanism on the core M0 plus also. I will detail all those mechanisms in the next slide. New core TXM0 security feature bring a strong isolation. Portion of flash and RAM could be assigned to the core TXM0. We can also assign QBGIRS, IOS, PK and RNG to the core TXM0 and also some DMA channel. Some resource protection could be based on privilege. And we'll see also that we can restrict debug to certain portion of memory. We have a boot lock mechanism now for the core TXM0 and also for the core TXM4. Core TXM0 plus security flash isolation. To define this portion of flash that could be exclusively accessed by the core TXM0 plus, we need to define two options by it. The first one is to enable the security. FSD, flash security disable. If you set it to zero, then you will enable the security. Then you just have to define the secure flash start address. And from this address until the end of the flash, everything will be assigned to the core TXM0 plus. Another feature for security flash isolation is HDP, hide memory protection. It allows to make disappear memory from the system after its execution. You just need to activate it thanks to one option by it, hide protection disable, that you should set to zero. Then you define the hide protection start address. And from this address until the end of the flash, it will be the secure hide protected region. As for the flash isolation, we have RAM isolation. We can define portion of SRAM that could be only accessed by the core TXM0. To configure this feature, first you need to have the security enable. To do this, you need to have the option by it FSD set to zero. Then you have to activate the RAM security. For this, you've got one option by it for the SRAM 1, NBRSD, and one for the SRAM 2, BRSD. NBRSD stands for non-backup SRAM security disable and BRSD backup SRAM security disable. As you can see, the logic is negative. That means you need to set to zero to activate this feature. The last point is to define the SRAM start address to define the location of the SRAM 1 or SRAM 2 that would be protected. Zubjigar's radio system could be also exclusively accessible by the secure Cortex-M0. This is configured again thanks to an option by it. Some peripherals could be assigned to the secure CM0 or the non-secure CM4. This is done on the security controller part of the global security controller. So, secure IPR, iOS, PK, and through RNG. The location is done dynamically. That means based on your need, you can assign them to the secure CM0 or the non-secure CM4. You can do the similar things with the GMA channel, but this time, it's not saying the security controller, but directly in the IP of the GMA. Here, it's also done at runtime. Privilege protection is an additional isolation mechanism that you can configure inside the global security controller. It applies on memories, flash, SRAM, on its configured songs, watermark for them, and also on the Zubjigar's radio, iOS, PK, through RNG, and DMH channel. Any legal access to the secure and or privileged resources can be signaled to the Cortex-M0. This is done thanks to the secure illegal access controller part of the global security controller. Then, it's up to the Cortex-M0 firmware to take the action. Any illegal access will wake up the Cortex-M0 from any operating state. Another security feature is the capability to disable the debug power access of the Cortex-M0+. By default, the value is set thanks to the option by EDS. Then, it can be dynamically changed by the software embedded. One of the key requirements for security is to ensure you're always booting on an immutable code. To ensure the code location that is executed after boot, we've got some additional option bytes that have been defined. We've got a boot lock for the CPU-1 and the C2 boot lock on the CPU-2. This will guarantee our chain of trust. As on the single core, ST delivers code examples of secure boot and secure firmware updates which rely on those new security mechanisms and in such a way increase the security level of your system. The additional mechanisms are HTTP, MPU, and Cortex-M0+. There is two examples, one with a SBSFU plus a KMS and a local loader. On another one with a FUTA, firmware update over the air with a lower one stack. The diagram shows the memory organization on the associated protection of a full SBSFU. On the CM0+. in privileged mode, the most sensitive code and data. If you have a look in the top address of the flash, which is a bottom on this diagram, you'll find first the header or the metadata of each firmware that's running on each core. Then you've got the static cryptographic keys. Then you've got the secure engine, which will operate all the cryptographic operations. In addition to the secure privilege protection, HTTP is used to protect the key and the headers. In un-privileged mode, we have SBSFU on KMS interface code, the KMS data storage, and the lower one middleware on radio. This last firmware could be updated. Isolation between the KMS storage and the lower one middleware on radio is at RedSync's MPU. All the S-RAM2 is dedicated to the CM0+, with a similar split between privileged and un-privileged. On the CM4, a secure boot is also needed to ensure about the secure boot process on this core. This one will be right protected and bootlock mechanism will be activated. The lower one application on the downloading slot will be located in this non-secure un-privileged area. This slide is somehow complex because you've got a lot of information. The purpose is really to show you the different isolations that have been activated in this example, but you can find much more detail in the SBSFU documentation. This slide sum up the different protection on the hardware and software availability in the context of secure boot and secure firmware update. I will not comment in detail this array. The main message is that on the single core, secure boot and secure firmware update mainly rely on RDP and write protection. This allows you to address only outer attack via debugging link. Activating the MPU isolation will be possible, but due to the complexity, it has not been considered as a mass market solution. PCrop mechanism has not been used to ease the KMS integration. This is the first level of security, but if you need also to address inner attack, the STM32WL dual core is a ready to use solution from the hardware and software point of view. As conclusion to this comparison, I want to insist in the fact that on the single core, any successful inner attack can lead to the loss of the confidentiality of all assets inside your device. This could be mitigated using MPU mechanism, but this would increase the implementation complexity. On this slide, you can find links to the user manual on the integration guide of SBSFU in the STM32WL. Thanks for your attention.


I got time to do this. Hi. Hi. How are you feeling? Late night. Good night. Did you have your time? Did you? Yep. Did you sing? I didn't know the words. Were you surprised? Really? The whole party joined. See, it evidently is a very well known Russian song. I thought that library was just great. First time in nine years that he's played. I mean, really it is. What did you and she talk about last night? Did you have a chance to... See, she was with my husband. What did you ask your husband? How did he go with Mr. Gorbachev? Well, we talked about... Let's see. We talked about the art coming to Moscow. Did you set a date? No. I really believe that's other people. Did you have a little bit of a go at it? I don't know. Did you have an itinerary for you when you were right there? Tell you what you should see? No, Wally thought I should see so... I thought I should see the Kremlin. I said I'd like to see Leningrad and Leverikov. Then we told that story. I told you. We got into a lot of discussions with Dick Cheney and Richard Pearl. It was a very... Did he seem to be having a good conversation? Did he seem to be having a good time? Did he laugh a lot? No. Easy. Did they seem a little jet-lagged? Not at all. Not at all. Maybe they are, but they didn't seem it. Have you had a chance to see Mrs. Gorbachev a little more? Have you had a chance to talk a little bit more? You know, the only time I've had to see her really is the coffee that you have after the state arrival with every visitor. And then there are a lot of people there, and when you're going through translators, it makes it difficult. Mrs. Reagan, can you share with us some of the things that you spoke with Mrs. Gorbachev about? At the coffee? Yes. Seemed so long ago. We talked about she was talking about the Soviet Union. Did she ask one of the questions about America? No. What do you plan to talk about today? Mrs. Reagan, there's been much made of a competition between you two, one close and also an area so silly. So silly. This is a pretty substantive issues. You know, that's what I felt the same way. Did you and she talk about that being silly? No, but I assume she feels that way. Mrs. Reagan, you mentioned you suggested to her that you did both of you did. Could you tell us what you thought about? Well, our husband is a shaken and so I thought we should shake hands. Mrs. Reagan, I've seen you yesterday dancing with your president. Is it the Gorbachev joining you dancing? No, they've gone home. Is there any health between you and Mrs. Gorbachev? It seems like it's not related. I'm not thinking about it. I was just basing on Larry's piece of the book. I didn't read it that way and Larry's piece is not me. Is there anything in particular that you'd like to show at the White House? Anything in particular piece of art or room that means something to you that you'd like to show? Well, there's a metal piece in the and I think it's a little bit of a description. What's the inscription? I'm not going to tell you. You have to wait for me to find out. Mrs. Reagan, one last question. What's that Mrs. Gorbachev is actually speaking English? Have you noticed that she's actually learning English since you've also under her? Have you been able to talk to her in English at all? No. Tell us your impressions of Mrs. Gorbachev. Very nice, very nice. Or else she's not going to be very thrilled. Thank you, Mrs. Gorbachev. Thank you. I'm telling you. Quite so, sometimes. Because I'm not... Good morning. Good morning. Good morning. And this? This is... Next. I need money. I need money. I need money. I need money. I need money. I need money. I need money. This picture that we face belongs to this picture. This is a typical picture of the 20th century. I would say this is a typical picture of the 20th century. Thank you. Oh, sister of Andrew Wyatt. Sister of Andrew Wyatt. Sister of Andrew Wyatt. Sister of Andrew Wyatt. Wyatt? Wyatt? Yes. It is a whole generation of painters. Right. This is a very interesting painter. And this is a very interesting painter. And the whole generation actually is quite impressive. Andrew Wyatt was held in Moscow. Yes, I know him. Yes, I know him. Yes, I know him. Ok. Let's take it very. Ok. Ok. Huh? Hello. Today, now it is normal to have them here. They were taken away. So it's very, very important. Thank you. This is the one. Oh, yes, thank you. This is the one. Thank you very much. This is connected in a way with the lives and the function of the system. No, it's not. I hope you didn't have to do your presentation. And what is the one house bill? The president of the House of Representatives. Who is the first president of the House of Representatives? John Adams. John Adams. This was the first president who came to live in the House of Representatives. So Washington did not live here? No, they didn't live here. Washington didn't want to live here. Washington didn't live here. John Adams was the first president of the House of Representatives. Who was the first? Can I take a picture? So Jeffers was the first president. Here you can take a picture. Yes. And Jackson was the first president. Jackson was the first president. It's an official residence, it's an official house. I would say that human speaking, a human being would like to live in a regular home for humans. And Mrs. Reagan is kind enough to tell me what she does about the history of America. And indeed this house is a museum of the history of America. I see that very useful things here, very good art. This was a saying that was put on here by taking from a letter from Andrew his wife. And it says, I think that's the blessing on this house that you are here after and have it. It's a good letter. Let honest, wise people rule. Let honest and wise people rule. It's a good letter. Do you know how beautiful the city is?  This is our history, this is your history. I would say that meeting people is the most interesting thing. Even more so that I never doubt that I am confident of the sincere, honest and friendly feelings of the Americans, of the American people. But I consider myself and I consider you to be those people who are in contact. So meeting you for me is meeting Americans. This time our visit is too short, I hope next time it will be longer. This is short, so it was quite an active guide for me. And she told me quite a lot about me watching it. I don't have time to especially in every United States. You know that in our century, in our age, we have our family duties. And a person living in the 20th century is a boss. And how do you distinguish his or her strengths and time, although we all see to know as much more as possible.