Ranger Bill, warrior of the woodland, struggling against extreme odds, traveling dangerous trails, fighting the many enemies of nature. This is the job of the guardian of the forest, Ranger Bill. Pouring rain, freezing cold, blistering heat, snow, floods, bears, rattlesnakes, mountain lions. Yes, all this in exchange for the satisfaction and pride of a job well done. Hello, boys and girls. This is Ranger Bill. Have you ever stopped for a railroad crossing when the gates were down and waited for the train to show up, and then all of a sudden along comes a hand car putt-putting away? It's rather a let down to what was expected, isn't it? But nevertheless, the little vehicle saved many hours when the sanctioned hands want to travel short distances. In our story today, the Rangers and I get involved with one of these contraptions that we've been talking about. They come in mighty handy, especially when you need them. No, I'm not going to tell you any more about this story.  This is the railroad dispatcher's office at Junction City, the nerve center of the railroad for quite an area round, even as far north as Canyon City. Wilson McFadden, who's been nicknamed Unk, and his staff of highly trained men, keep the trains rolling, and it's also their job to smell trouble and do everything possible to avoid it. Let's get a little inside view of Unk and his boys' hard at work. Hey, Unk, here's trouble. Let me see the teletype. Roy, get me the station agent at Naughty Pine. Here, I thought we were getting a nice spring rain, and now we find out it's storming cats and dogs at Naughty Pine.  Okay, I'll save the coin. Pick up the phone. All right, things up your way. Pretty nasty, dispatcher. We're getting cloudburst after cloudburst, and it looks like there's plenty left. Okay, thanks for keeping us informed. Goodbye. You think they'll have flash floods up there? I'd say there's a good possibility. I'll reroute the Fireball Express at Centerville. Put them on the southern route. It's too late. She's left Centerville. Ah, how about the freight route? No good, Jim. Stockman's special will just pull under the freight line. They'll be dropping cars at every rancher who's siding for the next day. And we don't have a bypass siding long enough to take the cattle train until they cut out about 40 cars. Roy, get me the engineer on the Fireball. Right on. Seattle Limited's pulling out in three minutes. Which route? Over the high country. You'll be two hours late. That's better than ending up in the bottom of a canyon. Send her over the mountain. Okay. Jim, tell Carl and Pierce to get an engine and caboose and run up to Canyon City. I want all those trestles watched. I'm gonna try and send the Fireball Express through on time and in one piece. Ready to be a guinea pig, Pierce? Yep. Ah, we can always jump if there's a washout. That's right. That's why I picked the oldest iron horse we got. We lose this in the canyon. It won't mean much. Right. Boyd hates to be in unks shoes if he misses on this one. That Fireball's got four hundred aboard. Well, he ain't missed yet, but I guess it's always the first time for everything. Like you say, I'd hate to be in his shoes if he makes a mistake. Ah, well, Unks been in his game a long time. I think he can smell a busted trestle a hundred miles away. I hope so. Well, I don't want Keith to aboard the caboose.  Right. Hold steam ahead and don't spare the horses. We're too far ahead of the Fireball.   Yeah, suits me fine. Let's go. And don't get wet on the way back. Run between the drops like a side winding. Have air, Keith. Can't see as a recognizer. I mean, neither. They look like a couple of wet hens coming in to get dried up. Should we throw them outside and see how dry they can stay, Carl?  They'll get soaked better that way. How's the coffee, Arthur? Right tolerable. Help yourself. I will. Here, let me fill your cup with this varnish, Pierce. Don't drop any on the floor. It'll probably eat a hole right through the boards. Say, how long's it been since you fellas put new beams on the pods? What are you hollering about? They're only a day or two old. We always change them once a month, whether they need it or not. Sure, far be it from us to waste the company's money. Imagine, Otto, how much it would cost if we put fresh beans in every day. Why does a superintendent put fresh beans in your head if he takes it this stuff? But this is a kind of day when anything hot goes good. Say, Carl, how come you stopped here? Well, why, we're too far ahead of the fireball. This is Flash flood country up here, you know. Now I know why they always put you on the job of testing trestles. What do you mean? Well, we could go along testing trestles and be too far ahead of the express. And then if a flash flood occurred after we passed the trestle and before the fireball crossed it, man, what a mess that would be.  It's just that I'm such a mole, old codger, that I've lived long enough to learn all the tricks of the game. This is rugged country up here and many an inexperienced man's been caught short. If you don't believe me, talk to a ranger sometime. I can believe it. Every time we go over those trestles, I get the shivers. Yeah, it's a long way to the bottom. Yeah, sure is. One good flash flood carrying the right-sized boulders could powder a trestle and nothing flat. Well, we better get going. The old fireball will catch up to us for don't. We've got a straight run through Junction City. Yeah, we ought to be able to pick up five minutes. Hot to, man, we will and then some. Full throttle and we'll do 95. Judd, the signal's flashing on the radio telephone. I get it. It's probably the dispatcher of Junction City. I hope he doesn't give us a take it easy notice. We'll soon find out. Hello, Judd speaking. Judd, this is Onk. Hello, Onk. What's up? Is it raining down your way? No. We're under clouds, but no rain so far. Why? Make up as much extra time as you can. When you pull into Junction City, see me personally. I'll give you orders. Okay, but what's going on up there? There's a bad storm at Naughty Pine. Isn't a trestle buster, is it? I hope not. We'll know more about that by the time you get here. See you then. Okay. What's wrong, Judd? Storm at Naughty Pine. Must be a real humdinger. Wrong to make a special fuss over it. Yeah, and how? Pull all the stops, James. We're going to notch this speedometer close to 100. Push a lot. There's the cabin ahead, fellas. We'll put the horses on the lee side to give them some protection. That's a good idea. Even raincourts not helpful in this one. Whoa, Storm! Oh, boy! Boy, let's get inside the quick. Henry, you go in and start a fire. I'll pull your saddle and blanket. Yes, sir. On the double. Tundus not cut out to be a duck. There's about ready to quit. Yeah, but listen to the rain. Wow. There's plenty heavy downpour. Maybe more water than we need. Beginning to look that way, Grey Wolf. I hope the railroad boys are out testing trestles, testing cases of flash floods. Hey, we're not far from the main line track, are we? No. We'll almost reach out and touch it from the cabin window. This is a good night to be home. It sure is, honey. Ain't fit for man or beast outside. No, siri. There's nothing trouble with this, is there's nothing to do. Who said there ain't? I did. Why? You got your new testament with the angel? Certainly. I intend to get a lot of reading gun to see them. But it's still early. How about playing a game of Scrabble? That's a great idea. Who's got a Scrabble game with them? Henry, you know better than to ask a foolish question like that. Nobody carries Scrabble game in the back, Henry. I didn't think anybody would. We've got enough to carry as it is. Well, now I think the fella who wouldn't carry a Scrabble game might be a little touched in the head. Rod's touched, old driver. None of us has one in his knapsack. Well, now I don't allow us out. That's true, sonny. How do you know none of us has one? Well, you've got me on that one. I don't really know. I'm just assuming. Okay, Stumpy. You can get the Scrabble game out of your pack and we'll play. He's got one? There's your hand, sonny. Not get it out, but I don't think any of you fellas can spell. I suppose you want all the spelling bees when you were in school? Yep, I sure did. You want to challenge me? Sure I do. Get the game out. Well, that's so good, huh, Tom? Yeah, but no, we're getting to the higher-pressure's pierce. And not that the damage would be small if one of the lower-pressure's went out. How far down to the bottom of some of the canyon's ahead? Oh, three, four, five hundred feet. There's one way up ahead there. There's eight hundred feet deep. There's a ranger's cabin right close by. That's how I landmark the deep one. Eight hundred feet deep? Wow. Oh, we'd better look that one over carefully. Yeah, I'll give the passengers parachutes before the fireball crosses it. Why doesn't he give it more gas? We'll never make it up this great if you don't. Well, as long as you keep throwing coal in the firebox and we keep getting steam, we won't have a better trouble getting up this grade. Carl, why are you stalling?  Well, it's the big pressure, son. The one over Cougar Canyon. That thing's been up there since Hector was a pop. Shouldn't that be proof enough that it's sound? Perhaps it should, but I'm dragging my heels just the same. I don't want too much time to lag from the time we cross it until the fireball comes along. How are we going to get out of the way of that fast job? That is a short bypass site and about five miles of the site of the canyon. We'll pull off on it and stand until the express goes by. Remember, Pierce, 400 lives depend on us making sure that vessel will be there when the train gets to it. Yeah, I know. We're just a couple of guys plucking along in an old engine in a rainstorm. Not very many people know we're here. But if we goof this one up, the whole world will know about it. Scrabblehounds, let's call it a draw. It's getting late. Okay, bro. What do you say, stopper? I think so, dude. There must be something wrong with that engine. It should go on slowly. That's a trestle-testing crew, pal. How? Come again? I said that's a trestle-testing crew. Oh, oh, trestle testers. I thought you said wrestle testers. Henry, I think you have too much scrabble, Henry. You punch you from trying to think up and spell words. Wrestle testers. When did you get that one, pal? I just thunk it up. Well, let's have our devotions and turn in. We've got to be on our way up the trail, first thing in the morning. Big trestles right ahead. Who said it? We'll know in a short while if it's going to hold or not. So far, we're all right. I don't see much water in the bottom of the canyon. We shouldn't have any problem then? No, I guess not. The old trestle didn't even sway. I feel better now. So do I. That old fireball's going to be safe and sound as he snorts over this wood pile a mile a minute or better. We'd better head for the side and get out of the way. I sure wish we could go back and stay in the range of cabin.  We'll be able to go back to Junction City in a couple of hours. As soon as the fireball zips by, I'll put this old relic back on the main track and give her full throttle. Jumping? Yeah, you've been listening to that thunder and jumping with every crash. I don't like it. Why? It's only another squall I'm moving in. That's the whole idea. Another squall I mean more cloudbursts. And that means more water in tremendous quantities. What's the difference? The trestle's sound is a lot. We just tested it. You've had that thing in your mind for hours, Carl. How come? I told you how come. That's an old castle. It worries me. Aw, take it easy. We've done our job now. Let's relax until the express goes by. Then we can head for home. Sure. Don't worry about that pile of lumber. It'll stand. Well, I'm not so sure about that. We're going back down there and make sure. Aw, come on. Yes, I want to satisfy myself and everything's all right. Now we might get squabbered by the fireball. Yeah, go here. Now don't talk foolishly. We'll be back up here on the side in plenty of time. Let's go and that's final. Great Scott! Looks like a flash floods at the canyon. Look at the water. Man, alive all say there's water. Now I'm glad we listened to you, Carl. I wonder if the trestle footings are okay now. I don't know. We'll have to stay here and watch it for a while. Did you hear that? The trestle's weakened. How are we going to know if it'll hold the fireball? We'll back this old crate out onto it. How will we get across if it goes down? Who will pay by to stop the express? Well, if the trestle collapses, the rangers will hear the racket and they'll know something's wrong. I'll be glad to go across to the other side on foot and get help from the rangers, Captain. Well, there ain't time. You need up all the valuable time left just walking across the trestle. If we had listened to you, Carl, instead of arguing, we'd have time to get across. Well, let's not waste time being sorry. I'm going to release the break and let the rig roll back onto the trestle. You fellas stand clear now. Make sure you don't get taken along, Carl. Don't worry. I don't have any intention of going down with my ship. You fellas ready for lights out? Yep. I just finished the Gospel of John. Oh, what a wonderful book. I'm through. Send me about halfway through the show, Miss Solomon. You can put light out now, Bill. Okay. Here goes. Good night, fellas. What's that? What's happened? It's been a train wreck. Grab the boat lights. Let's go. Yeah, what's the word, Unk? Can we take off with the fireball? In this case, I'll have to say no news is good news. Now, trust the old testers. I haven't reported anything wrong. I haven't heard a word. If there are any out, they would have been back here by now to tell me. Well, I guess I'd better get the fireball rolling. Right. Keep your ears open for dynamite caps on the track, although the boys would put flares out if there's trouble. Well, keep awake, all right. We've got a full load and quite a few important people aboard. See you later, Unk. Okay. Keep your eye on the radio telephone light in case I have to call you in a hurry. Yes, sir. I'll do that. Al, give the fireball a green light. She's going out on schedule. Jumpin' catfish. The trestle's gone. And how it's gone. And so's an engine and a caboose. There's smage to bits down there. This putty pad. I wonder if crew on train, when it go down. That's hard to say. The word won't make any difference now. Between the crash and the explosion, they didn't have a chance of getting out alive. Hey! Turn your lights across the canyon. I hear voices. There. That train crew. Four men. How'd they ever get over there, safe and sound? What are they doing? Looks like they want us to go back. I've got it. They want us to go back down the track. The fireball express is due along here any time now. You must be joking, sonny. No, I'm not. I don't know how soon it's due, but it'll be along. Just as sure as I'm knee-high to a toadstool. We do something quick, Bill. There's got to be a section hand car along here someplace. Let's start back down the track on the double. Look for a little shed where they keep the hand car. On the double, men. I've worked, Carl. They're going down the track on the run.  I hope they get far enough. That fireball takes about two miles to stop when it's going full blast. It's a sharp upgrade to the trestle. That'll help. Yes, thank the good Lord for them rangers. They've averted a terrible tragedy. I can't see their lights anymore. I sure hope they make it in time. You know, fellas, we could be praying instead of talking. My heart gets pains when I think of that trainload of passengers. It's sure good to know that everything's all right up ahead, eh, Judd? Yes, sir. Those engines are powerful. Not enough to jump across canyons, though. That gives me the shivers just to think about them. You get jumping on us, sir. And the crew that tests these bridges is made up of old-time railroad men. They can smell a bad trestle on by-law. Oh, I'll be all right, Judd. Especially after we get across the Cougar Canyon Trestle. After that, we won't have a thing to worry about. There's a hand car shed. Oh, good, Bill. I'm glad we found one. Stumpy, stay out here on the track with your light. We'll get the hand car. All right.  Now, swing those doors out. All right. Let's get it on the track. That's it. Lift it. Lift it. Lift it, fellas. And hit me. That's it. Okay. Right here. All right. Drop her. Drop the engine. Throw your light over here, pal. Yeah. How's that? That's fine. That must be wet. All right. Yeah. Don't run. Start it, honey. Sit tight. Till I give it one more whirl. Hey, Bill. That's Express coming now. Hold your light closer. I think this lever right here should be up instead of down. Bill, did you hear what I said? Yes, pal. I did. All right. Now we'll try it again. Over. Come on. Let her go. Bill is still going to cross the big trestle. Then you can relax, email boy. Yeah, I'll be glad to. Hey, what are those lights on the track? Lights. Hey, there's four of them. Those are men in the hand car. Four men. There are four men in the trestle testing crew. Don't get excited, son. We have plenty of time to stop. I know. I know, but you'll hit the hand car. Sure. I can't stop any sooner without hurting the passengers. The boys will have to jump. Not yet, pal. Just wait or we slow down. Still got a couple of seconds. And I think they see us, Bill. Shine your lights in the engineer's eyes for a second. You'll see us then. He can't stop me short. Get ready to jump. We have to bestow honor upon you. Honor for your acts of courage that exceeded all expectations. Bill Jefferson, we're putting a new streamliner on this railroad in six months and we're going to call it the Ranger in honor of you and your men. Thank you, Mr. President. We'll be pleased to accept this honor, providing the man who our employees of your railroad receive their share of praise and credit. The employees involved have already received bonus checks and promotions for their part. Tell me, Bill, what compelled you and your rangers to ride that hand car into the path of the Fireball Express? Surely you were aware that you could have been killed. Yes, sir. We were aware of that. But we weighed the value. Four against 400. There was only one decision to make. No alternatives. That's right, Mr. President. We lost the hand car, but we won the race. Almost lost more than the hand car, old-timer. Especially if we'd misjudged the speed of the express. Well, it's an old saying that all's well that ends well. In this case, it's true. See you next week for more adventures with...


Welcome back everyone to day two of theCUBE's live coverage of MYs here at the Merriamarkey in Washington DC. I'm your host, Rebecca Knight, along with my co-host and analyst, Rob Stratche. We have Jeff Reed. He is the VP Product of Cloud Security at Google Cloud. Thank you so much for coming on the show. Yeah. So we're going to talk about attack surface management, which is really the foundation of risk management. I know there have been a few updates to Mandy in attack surface update service management. Can you tell us a little bit about the new features and what's been announced? Yeah, so let me start first. The thing I love about ASM is kind of one of those hidden gems that came along with the broader like Mandy and acquisition that we did. So obviously we have Kevin and all the IR and those capabilities. The threat intelligence is world class, that's the world class. But we also came with this attack surface management capability and really the helping customers understand what are their vulnerabilities from an external perspective looking in. And so we've done a couple things. So one is we introduce in kind of an outcome based view of our attack surface management functionality. So I want to look for specific things. They could be, what about my development lifecycle? Code repos, what's available or not? Searching for shadow IT capabilities across the organization. So really trying to make the tool as quick time to value as possible for users and customers of it. So it builds off all the capabilities that the tool has already. The second one is integration with what we're doing on the Chronicle, SIM and SOAR side. And maybe we'll talk a little bit more about what's happening there as well. But I think the key thing is the attack surface management brings a set of contextual awareness around the types of alerts I'm getting on the SIM side. And what do I know about them from a surface management perspective? And so it helps enrich those alerts with what we can see from an external view. Helps prioritize which things. The alerts that we also see have potential external visibility are more important. And you'd want to prioritize then as you're going through your process of triage and on the response side from a SIM and SOAR perspective. So those are a couple of the key areas that we've worked on on the ASM side that we're talking about this week. No, it seems like, and again, we just had Kevin on and we were talking about red teaming and attack surface is just getting bigger and bigger. Especially when you have, now that you're part of Google, Mandiant's part of Google Cloud, I think that attack surface just spreads beyond just the four walls of the data center now. It's how are you doing your VPCs and things of that nature, right? Cloud, identity, shift left on the code side. Like all of these are surfaces that we're seeing more and more attackers go after. It makes total sense that especially getting into the code because I think a lot of it is where people may have had an accident with putting code in that's vulnerable. Are you seeing a lot more of that? Is that what some of these additions have been going? Yeah, yeah, no, absolutely. And I think there's, you know, with the number of the supply chain attacks over the past few years, I think the overall awareness of that as a vector and the radius of those, the blast radius of the attacks can be so significant that they're really important. And they're also just really impactful in terms of an organization's brand reputation, et cetera. Like, you know, software is so critical over in Sebastian's software, but it's also a representation of your company and how customers are using those. And so, you know, making sure you're protecting that, that part of your environment's really, really critical. And does it help the customer prioritize what they should need to address, and how does that work? Exactly, exactly. So the way to think about it is, you get lots of alerts, you know, from your SIM environment, your other detection tools out there. One of the key things that I think the industry is a whole and we've been really working on in a couple of areas is, how do you prioritize those things? What are the ones that are most critical for you to work on? And one of the inputs to that should be, hey, is this, a finding alert, is this something that's also showing up when I'm scanning from a attack surface management perspective? And so if it's both a potential problem and we think it's exploitable externally, that increases the prioritization that you should put on that. And that's where bringing that visibility on the attack surface management, combined with the richness and all the alerts and findings that we have in the SIM and SOAR environment really makes sense. So how are these mandient solutions being integrated into Chronicle? Can you share a little more about that? A whole bunch of different ways. So when I start, so just talk about attack surface management. So that's your story. We've done a couple of things though. One of the things we're announcing today, this week, yesterday, was all the work we've done to integrate the threat intelligence that we have, both from mandient threat intelligence and virus total into Chronicle. And really what that is is, helping you enrich the findings. So this can be IOCs, they can be doing attribution like we see an alert, we know that this is attached to a certain IOC and we have attribution to the attackers that use that IOC. And bringing all that information right to the fingertips of the SOC analysts. So instead of having to swivel chair across multiple tools, I've got it all within my security operations platform, Chronicle. And it just makes you faster, allows me to prioritize better. And really just in general increases the overall security posture of an organization. So as we were again talking with Kevin and I brought up the fact that Duet was one of the announcements integrated into Chronicle back at Google next a couple of weeks ago. How does that play with this whole, because it would seem that it's necessary just to help people understand how much information is the use of AI and how that's going to help. Yeah, so we're really excited about this. We talk of kind of the three key pillars of where we're using AI in the Chronicle environment. So security in general actually just beyond Chronicle. So ones around like threats, how do we make smarter decisions, quicker decisions around threat detection. And another kind of I think good example of Mandy integration into Chronicle is what we've done with Mandy at Breach Analytics. So we have taken the findings from all the Mandy and IR activities, et cetera. And we've been able to once they extract the TTPs, the IOCs from those engagements, we can essentially within an hour, take for example an IOC, retroactively search all the customers using Chronicle with Mandy and Breach Analytics for the past year of have we seen any, have we seen that IOC in their environment ever before? And so the idea being, look, we may not be able to stop patient zero. There's always going to be like the first folks, can we get to a point where can we stop patient one? So stop the spread because we've taken that, we're going to go below an hour in the near future. So really reduce that time between, we've identified the specific vector of a threat and how can we help make sure that that's not happening within any of our customers? So that's a great example. And then when you go into the other things, the applications that do at AI, a lot of it's really around the talent and the toil that analysts, security professionals deal with every day. So a lot of that's been, first, how do you just make the repetitive tasks easier? And that could be many, it's incredible as the best finished Intel in the world, but there is a lot of it.  You're using the duet in NATI, allows us many threat intelligence, allows us to quickly summarize that information. And instead of taking hours, going through a lot of intelligence reports, can we get that to something that takes you minutes? And then you link to the sources, you can go deep dive further, but making that toil quicker and easier and faster. I think Rob, you're going to ask something. No, no, I think it just totally makes sense that, and we were looking at it from, how do we get the next generation of folks interested in this? And everybody's like, hey, well, we want to be AI engineers or prompt engineers now. And I think getting them to be, I have a son at Arizona State studying computer science right now and it's, you know, there's a cybersecurity curriculum there. And I think it's how do you get people to engage more? Is that part of making it simpler to see the path and how these things come together? I think absolutely. You look at the same thing where if you make it more accessible and you make your entry level job a more less busy work and more outcome related. And secondly, you make it so that the tools are easier to onboard, easier to work without the gate. And another example of what we do and do at in Chronicles the ability for you to use a natural language search for your unified data model query. And UDM is relatively, you know, it's not as well known throughout the security industry. So instead of requiring someone who's just starting to understand that query language right away, can you say just say, you know, who are all the users that downloaded files that have PII over the last, you know, seven days and regenerate that query on the behalf of the SOC analysts that can be used. But we also show all the query so you can both use it but also learn about the syntax, how those queries are formulated. So allows you to make immediate productivity gains but also understand the technology in more depth as you go. So those are the types of things I'm really excited about. I think that the application of generated AI is going to be foundational across a lot of IT and frankly, I think security will be one of the most important areas. Well, that's what is really striking to me about what Kevin Mandia said yesterday about how it is the solution to the overwhelmed security. As you can help the defenders more. Exactly, exactly. We know about the enormous potential of AI but the idea that it will help inspire younger people to get involved because they know they'll be able to make an impact, add value right away and not be so consumed with busy work but then also help the veteran cybersecurity defenders who are swimming in data and needs some help sifting through it. I've never met a CESA that has told me I have all the people I need. It's easy to retain them, et cetera. So I think this is just, you were, it was a foundational issue in the security industry around the scarcity of talents and the difficulty of retaining said talent and I do think that these steps forward will meaningfully change that. Yeah, I mean, going back to that retention, the talent retention issue, how do you solve it on your team? Because as you said, these are teams that are overworked. They're often demoralized because this is, these are such intractable problems. How do you make these jobs more interesting and more attractive? Yeah, I think, look, I'm luckier than the average bear, you know, working at Google. I think one thing that we see is the scale, one of the things I think helps people want to stay at Google is the scale at which you can help customers, users, the world, I mean we're operating on, we think, you know, are safe browsing, you know, hundreds of millions of users being protected by that. Our data loss prevention in workspace, billions of users. So there's a really, what I found in the security industry is that it tends to attract certain types of folks, but like where that the kind of service component, the helping, you know, the world is like a big part of what attracts them to the space and gets them to stay and the nice thing, you know, at least in our world is the platform upon which you can impact, you know, the world is actually quite large, just based, because we have technology that is in the hands of so many customers and users. Yeah, it seems like that all these integrations and all of this coming together really could help the broader security community as well. How do you see that playing out? Yeah, no, I agree wholeheartedly and you see some of the announcements you had this week with, you know, like the Sentinel ones, the Coralites, Google in itself, we're taking a more and more significant role in the security landscape. And so the integration of, for example, what we do in threat intelligence, and we've always been doing that in like the virus total space and really community sourced and you're bringing in Mandy and on top of that, I think as Mandy's had such great relationships with so many other vendors, because in so many times when Mandy is being called in, you know, they're working to help a customer in concert with the other security vendors that customers, you know, utilizing. And so they're, I think they've just brought in a lot of that, say, industry-wide relationships, engagements that has really helped kind of take Google security more broadly out to the, I think the next level. So you said that Google is raising its profile within this community. What do you make of the sort of urgent message that we heard yesterday from Chris Ray of wanting more public-private partnerships where the private sector is working with the government more readily to solve these problems? Do you think that that is something you're seeing more and more? 100%. Yeah, so in fact, if you were next a couple weeks ago, in the security keynote, we had the director of the Israeli National Cyber Directorate come and speak in terms of the work that we're doing together with Israel and the work that he's been doing to take that and work with other nations to bring this all together and think about, I think one of the nice things that we've been working on is using Chronicle. Because of its unique, it's so scalable, it searches so quickly, it's uniquely capable of bringing in these massive, you know, public environments, public data sets, and be able to operate across multiple nations to help secure the public environment, utilizing a lot of the private investment that we've done. So I actually, we're really excited about this. And I think it's been something, I think we've always had a lot of engagement, but I think that some of the dynamics are changing, and I actually think AI is another one that will kind of, I think hopefully kind of change some of that dynamic as well for the better. Exciting times. Very exciting times. Jeffrey, thank you so much for coming on theCUBE. Thank you so much, I appreciate it. I'm Rebecca Knight for Robstretch AI. Stay tuned for more of theCUBE's live coverage of MYs. We'll be right back after the short break.


Let's get into the word together. Colossians chapter 3. We're going to be looking at verses 12 through 17 as we continue our series through the book of Colossians. And so I'll begin reading at verse 12. I'll read to verse 17 and we'll get into our study. Colossians chapter 3 beginning at verse 12, reading to verse 17. Paul writes, Therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved, put on tender mercies, kindness, humility, meekness, long-suffering, bearing with one another, and forgiving one another, if anyone has a complaint against another, even as Christ forgave you, so you also must do. But above all these things put on love, which is the bond of perfection, and let the peace of God rule in your hearts, to which also you are called in one body and be thankful. Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom, teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord, and whatever you do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him. So Paul is just given a command to the church here in chapter 3. And the command that he gave to the church continues to apply to us today. He's instructed the church to forsake sins of the flesh, and he's commanded them to live proper lives. Now this has been clearly the central theme of this letter from the very first chapter. In chapter 1 Paul had revealed his deep concern and his prayer for them. Colossians chapter 1 verses 9 and 10 contained his prayer, that they may be filled with the knowledge of God's will, that they might walk worthy of the Lord, fully pleasing him, and being fruitful in every good work, and increasing in the knowledge of God. So this is the purpose and the joy of the teacher of the gospel. The purpose and joy of the preacher of the gospel is to encourage people to be followers of Jesus Christ. I have a feed that comes to me, news feed, and oftentimes there'll be advertisements that are put on by a pastor who is asking other pastors to go to some kind of event, some seminar that they're going to be holding, and they want us to come to the seminar. And recently I was watching one of the advertisements, just wondering really what it was that he was trying to sell. And I found it interesting in that as I watched the video, and I'm going to say it the way he said it, I'm going to quote him in one, as he said something in one part, but he said, you know, this is a surefire thing, you know, we'll get people to come to your church. And he's telling me that if I want to start filling the pews with people that I need to come to a seminar, and I need to learn to do that, because he said, and this is a quote, and this kind of shows you where the coarseness of the church is today, where the church is, and the way we communicate and all, because this young man is referring to himself as pastor, but he says, after all, our goal, this is his words, not mine, after all, our goal is to get butts in the seats. And when he said that, I thought, is that right? That's why Jesus died on the cross. That's why Paul gave up his life for the gospel. That's why the apostles did the things that they did, is so that we could have something like that. So that people would occupy the pews. So that's the way it's supposed to be. That's not the way it's supposed to be. We have a goal, and the reason that Paul was writing this is to produce faithful, loving, spirit-filled disciples of Jesus who live out the Word of God, because as John said in third John, verse four, John said, I have no greater joy than to hear that my children walk in truth. You see, the whole purpose of the exposition of the Word of God, the reason that Colossians, and all these other letters were written, is to encourage people to be loving, spirit-filled believers in Christ, who live for Jesus Christ and walk in the truth. And that's why Paul is writing to the Colossians. He wants them to know that. We're to set our mind, he says, on things above, because we long to see him face to face. We look forward to being in heaven, and we look forward to seeing him. It's like what he said to the Philippians when Paul wrote and said in chapter three, verse 20, our citizenship is in heaven, from which we also eagerly wait for the Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, who will transform our lowly body, that it may be conformed to his glorious body according to the working by which he is able to, even to subdue all things to himself. And so there's a purpose in writing this, and he's been sharing, he's been saying to them, there are things you ought not to do, why? You're seeking things above, not things that are below. Why?  He said, because Christ is our life, he's going to appear, and we're going to appear with him in glory. He's been saying that through chapter three. The false teachers have entered into the church, they brought a bad message. They're creating disciples who are discouraged, and all who don't have a heavenly hope. And they're infiltrators who are bringing in a message that undermines the grace of God. And so he says, this is the purpose of this. You're going to go to heaven. You're buried in Christ of baptism. He says, you're alive in Jesus Christ. Therefore seek those things which are above him, and put these things away. And he went through a whole list of things to put away. In other words, because God has set us apart for himself, and because we're deeply loved by God, what manner of life do his children live? As I mentioned before, he had just commanded them to put to death a life that is given over to sin. And he began to speak concerning the sins that were to no longer be in bondage to. He said, put aside fornication. He said, put aside uncleanness, passion. Put aside evil desire and covetousness. He said, put aside anger and wrath, malice and blasphemy. Put aside filthy language. Put aside lying. And we're to put these things aside now because we can. We've been born again. God's spirit is within us. There are too many people who say, well, I do that because it's my nature to do that. No, not if you're born again. If you're born again, now you have power in the Lord Jesus Christ to put these things aside. God never gives a command that he doesn't supply the power to obey. And God says, put these things aside.  He went on in verses 13 and 14 of Romans 6 to say, do not present your members as instruments of unrighteousness to sin, but present yourselves to God as being alive from the dead. And your members as instruments of righteousness to God for sin shall not have dominion over you. You are not under the law but under grace. So he didn't give you a law. He didn't give you some kind of command that you cannot fulfill. You can in the power of the Lord. So put these things off. So as he's been speaking about putting these things off, he now commands us to put on certain things. Paul describes the behavior and attitude that God expects of every believer. The thought is since you have been raised with Jesus and since you are the elect of God, this is how you are to live. And it doesn't matter how you feel about it. This is what you're to be. This is what you're to live like. You see there are many modern believers that have great struggles. They want to be authentic. They want to live completely centered and integrated with their own values and beliefs. They want to be honest about how they truly feel about their own life and views and live them out completely aligned with their personal feelings and with this as a motivation for them it's important to be real in order that they might avoid hypocrisy. For them this is a path of true spiritual growth. I was reading something by a Gnostic philosopher, a modern Gnostic philosopher who said this. He said, we advise disciples not to follow anyone. Let them follow themselves. Each one should follow his resplendent and luminous inner being. By nature I am sinful. By nature I don't have a resplendent, luminous inner being. The heart is desperately wicked. It's terribly deceitful. Who can know it? Jeremiah asks. You see so you don't follow what your inner inclinations are.  Well when you have that kind of philosophy the result is you end up doing whatever feels best. So if these people want to do something they will. If they feel something deeply it's got to be true. Their moral foundation is built on being real, being their true self and their moral code is developed by what makes them comfortable. That's how they live. If it feels good we used to say then do it. Well many say if it doesn't feel right why should I do it?  Well the answer to that question is no. I'm not a hypocrite when I do the right thing without wanting to. Hypocrisy is to profess a belief that is intentionally different than the way I really am. There are a lot of things that you do that you don't feel like doing. That's just a fact some of you are saying yeah that's why I'm here right now. I mean talk to any mama. You know it's you have a baby the baby is a year and a half or two years old not feeling well baby goes to bed in the middle of the night you know later three in the morning because you don't really sleep that well your ear is always attuned to the cry of the baby.     Did you want to do that? No you wanted to sleep you wanted to rest you're tired why did you do that you're a legalist no you you did that because your husband wouldn't no you did that you did that because you love that baby did you feel like it it's a different question no I don't feel like doing that I feel like laying down resting my tired body having a full eight hours that's what you feel like but what did you do you did the right thing why did you do the right thing because of somebody else's needs that's called love and that's what Paul is talking about there are people who will not do the right thing because they don't feel like it they're following their true luminous inner self and all of its resplendent glory and they're ignoring everybody else's needs and that comes through following the philosophy of the world and so doing the right thing even when I don't feel like it changes how I feel about it making a decision to do the right thing because it is the right thing actually works to transform me and in this section Paul gives certain qualities that the Colossians are to put on what kind of life earmarks a believer who understands how love they are my god if we put off sinful things well what do you replace them with while he's telling us here and verse 12 and following so in verse 12 he says therefore because of all these things being true therefore as the elect of God holy and beloved put on tender mercies kindness humility meekness long suffering so he begins to speak concerning the things that we put on you put these things off you've taken some things off but now you need to dress yourself now we do dress we dress for certain things we dress when we get up in the morning to go to work we have a certain work clothing that we wear if you're playing on a sports team you dress appropriately for that team if you're going to go out on a date you get dressed go to church you get dressed even a baptism or a wedding you'll dress in a certain way we dress for certain things and as believers we also dress in a certain way and he's telling us what to put on so he begins first with tender mercies when he speaks of tender mercies literally that speaks of compassion it speaks of co-suffering compassion is a sympathetic consciousness of someone else's pain with the desire to alleviate it you saw a video this morning of our our compassion ministers at work that's compassion that's called putting on tender mercy and you see these these older ladies who haven't had their hair done or makeup put on for a long time and you see these people there who are loving them and caring about them holding them and all that's called tender mercy and you put on tender mercy and now why would he say that well instead of anger wrath and malice we now express compassion and concern for somebody else when you have tender mercy when you have compassion and care that ensures good marriages because you need to have tender mercy in marriage it ensures a good family it ensures good friendships a good church even a good society when this society our american society had more of a concern over the things that were right and wrong those things that were approved by god and disapproved by him we had a different kind of society but even today there's still an awful lot of people who have a tender merciful attitude towards those who are outside and we still see that you see the point is not only should we do not do not hurt anybody but we should be especially busy doing good so believers are known by certain things and you're dressed in a certain way and because you're dressed in a certain way people will know that you are have a certain uh like or dislike or whatever even today again i mean if you like a sports team you might wear their gear you might walk in wearing whatever whatever college you you appreciate whatever professional team that you appreciate you'll walk in with your gear and people know that you like this particular team you're known by where you're wearing and so we should be known by the way that we wear christ and the things he would have for us and so instead of anger and wrath and malice we have compassion we don't want to hurt others we want to be busy doing good we're to be known by our a compassionate action towards others is what he's saying in Galatians 6 verse 10 he says therefore as we have opportunity let us do good to all especially to those who are of the household of faith so instead of yielding to anger and wrath and bitterness we we are now to be tender and merciful like it says again in romans 12 verse 10 where paul said be kindly affectionate to one another with brotherly love in honor giving preference one to another in galatians 5 22 and 23 it says but the fruit of the spirit is love joy peace long suffering kindness goodness faithfulness gentleness self-control against such there is no law and so he says as the elect of god holy and beloved put on tender mercies he goes on to say put on kindness kindness is moral excellence it speaks of goodness or gentleness a warm heartedness being considerate it's been said kindness is goodness in action it is the fruit of the spirit in our lives in 1st Corinthians 13 4 paul said it like this he said love is kind it's the spirit of kindness that actually helps us to forgive one another Ephesians 4 32 says be kind to another tender hearted forgiving one another even as god for christ sake has forgiven you kindness reacts with gentleness tender heartedness and it responds and those are in need with pity and compassion you're known as being kind when i first got saved i was sharing with a friend of mine i said if there's inequality i asked the lord to give to me it's a quality of kindness i want to be kind i want to have that gentle compassion loving heart that was one of my desires it's one of the things i asked the lord if he could please work that into my spirit kindness is a beautiful beautiful garment to wear so he says to us put on tender mercy and put on kindness he goes on in verse 12 to say put on humility humility is lowliness of mind humility is a result of an honest self assessment it's been said that humility is the antidote for self love because it helps us to see ourselves for what we really are humility enables us to resist seeking vengeance on those who have heard us humility is an honest self assessment and the way you become humble is spending time with the lord because the more you're with him the less of you you you like and you humble yourself before him i knew a guy many years ago i had just gotten saved it was a long time ago and he was an older man i was 20 at the time and he was an older man in his 40s at least maybe 50 maybe as old as 50 he was old i was amazed that he could still hobble around town and he was and he and i had a conversation more than once i had known him because of the neighborhood in all and i'd gotten saved and i was speaking to him about the lord and and he originally had initially had been rejecting the gospel but god was good and not through me but through some other place he went to church or whatever he had given his heart to christ and and after doing so he came to my parents house where i was living at the time and and he said david i want you to know i gave my heart to the lord and i said that's great but this was a guy who used to brag about everything if you had one thing he had two if you had three he had five he if it was good his was better he's just that way he was this older guy you know who had this attitude and he and it used to really get on my nerves to be honest with you because he was always bragging about one thing or other and there he was bragging with me about how he has now a healing ministry and he goes around and he tells people to get healed and and he's beginning to boast to me which was you know off-putting and so i said to him listen i said i said you know if god's going to use you and that was only a young man i said if god's going to use you you know there's one thing that he wants to bring into your life don't you to be used was that he wants you to be humble because he wasn't humble see he wants you to be humble i'll never forget him as he responded by saying humble i am humble he goes as a matter of fact i'm the most humble man i know he was proud of his humility which i find really interesting because humility is simply seeing christ for who he is in contrast to who you are and the closer you draw to him the more into the light you are in him the more of your own imperfections you begin to see which causes his grace to abound in you as you yield yourself to him by humbling yourself you see often failure to humble ourselves leads to a break in a fellowship with other believers it's pride that god satan cast out of heaven and the bible makes it clear that god hates it in man in proverbs 11 verse 2 when pride comes then comes disgrace but with humility comes wisdom in proverbs 16 verse 18 pride goes before destruction a haughty spirit before a fall so it's humility that enables us to turn the other cheek and to resist the temptation of getting even with those outside of the body of christ as well as those are within in first carinthians chapter 6 verses 6 and 7 paul was speaking about this problem that was happening in the church of Corinth and he says brother goes to law against brother and that before unbelievers now therefore it is already an utter failure for you that you go to law against one another why do you not rather accept wrong why do you not rather let yourselves be cheated instead you go before the world and make the cause of christ to look bad you see genuine humility is in contrast with the false humility of the the teachers of error that paul had already spoken of this this false humility it's the attitude of a soul that has lost its pride when receiving god's mercy in psalm 116 verse 5 it simply says gracious is the lord and righteous yes our god is merciful so when you've personally received his mercy and it really has impacted you you begin to learn to be merciful to others he goes on to speak of meekness meekness is the opposite of rudeness and self-seeking meekness is the willingness to suffer insult without responding in kind paul went through this a lot he was insulted he was he was attacked in many ways and he was writing to the carinthians and he said in first carinthians chapter 4 verses 12 and 13 we labor working with our own hands being reviled we bless being persecuted we endure being defamed we entreat we have been made as a filth of the world the off scouring of all things until now when he says we are the off scouring when you're cooking something and then the whatever it is you're cooking begins to just burn and remain on the pan and then you scrape it off that's called off scouring and he says that is what we have become we are the off scouring of all things until now so what did he do how did he view this well he knew that he was looked at as the lowest of the low but he also knew that he was just passing through moving on to heaven and that was going to be the part of the part of the work of god in him because he knew that the things that he was going through were producing greater character in him and because of that he could patiently endure it he goes on to say put on long suffering long suffering is another word for patience if you will though it speaks of the duration because irritation normally doesn't go away that easily if something irritates you for a moment you can get over it but when you're married to it no but when it's there all the time it's a little difficult it's hard it's hard when this thing will not stop bugging you you know sometimes you go to work and you may have a co-worker and that co-worker comes in on occasion and they always are irritating they say something dumb you know and you go oh man here they come and they come in and they say something dumb and you just kind of look at them you know they irritate but they go away some people have a desk right next to you so patience is putting up with something for a moment long suffering it's there next to you and it requires a lot more so he's saying you need to bear you bear with people's insults you bear with their belligerent behavior toward you he's saying don't be quick to respond to their meanness and the pettiness and you need to remember the example that was given to you by Jesus himself in first Peter chapter 2 Peter tells us something about that in verses 20 through 23 he speaks to the church and he says what credit is it if when you're beaten for your faults you take it patiently but when you do good and suffer if you take it patiently this is commendable before God for to this you were called because Christ also suffered for us leaving us an example that you should follow his steps who committed no sin nor was deceit found in his mouth who when he was reviled did not revile in return when he suffered he did not threaten but committed himself to him who judges righteously you see this was shown to us because the Lord put up with us for so long that he might save us as cute as you think you are many of us think we're the cutest thing in heaven well God wanted to save me of course I'm a cute person as cute as you think you are you and I we we irritated him him by the things that we did we provoked him you know but he was patient for me his patients extended over 20 years and still continues in many ways how old were you when you got saved 30 40 50 all those years he showed this long suffering for you and for me so he shows long suffering and so if we were to understand that with the Lord we could extend that to other people we extend it because it's been given to us and long suffering is something the Lord has for us in Psalm 86 verse 15 the Psalmist said you oh Lord our God full of compassion and gracious long suffering and abundant in mercy and truth now long suffering is an outgrowth of humility and gentleness because the patient person endures negative circumstances and resists giving into them in verse 13 he continues and he says bearing with one another when it's the word bearing it means to put up with somebody to put up with them now bearing with one another is the opposite of quick anger or getting revenge it's the it's resisting the urge to get even right now and this kind of love literally throws a blanket over another person's faults it doesn't ignore it doesn't justify but it does resist the temptation of pointing out someone else's faults to others out of spite or out of malice you're bearing with one another and bearing reveals a love in 1st Peter 4 verse 8 Peter said love covers a multitude of sins and 1st Corinthians 13 7 love bears all things and Proverbs 10 verse 12 hatred stirs up strife but love covers all transgressions and so he says bear with one another and then he goes on saying forgiving one another if anyone has a complaint against another the word forgive speaks of releasing someone from a debt they owe you they did something and it's it's like a debt and down they owe you and forgiveness to release them of that debt Jesus said it like this in Matthew 6 verse 12 he said forgive us our debts as we also have forgiven our debtors there are those who are in jail constantly because emotionally in jail because they will not release somebody who has done something to them they remain in emotional jail if you are unforgiving you're in prison you're a prisoner of unforgiveness and when you finally release it and forgive them of that debt when you finally release it two people are set free that person in yourself you are also set free and one of the ways for you to know that you have actually forgiven is if you can honestly pray for them and ask God to please bless their life that's when you begin to know hey I have forgiven this person when you can honestly say God be with them God help them God move in them you know that you actually have released them of their debt and that's what we are called to do we bear with one another we forgive one another we release them of their debts and then he goes on in verse 14 and he says above all these things put on love which is the bond of perfection now this is the source that enables all these other commandments to be kept in Romans 13 9 and 10 the commandments do not commit adultery do not murder do not steal do not covet and whatever out what other other commandment there may be are summed up in this one rule love your neighbor as yourself love does no harm to its neighbor therefore love is the fulfillment of the law love is not an emotion love is the decision of the will and it's much deeper than what we call what many people call love today speak of love I've discovered something over time I've discovered that love actually has various facets and it's very deep and it applies in various ways but we today we have this sense that I can only love the lovely people in this and that when in fact we're called to love others and we've I think gotten a mistaken idea that love is really a romantic romantic notion it's something that we that we find ourselves falling into or falling out of but in reality love is the decision of the will it's a choice that I make so as a young man will say I I meet a young girl and and I kind of like her she's going to school with me or I I see her on the job or at a bible said whatever and and I've since an attraction especially when I'm talking to her I'm introduced to her and and I started thinking boy she's nice she's funny she's sweet or whatever so I kind of like her and now I look forward to seeing her when I go to work or whatever and when I see her I always want to say hi she seems to be nice too because she actually takes a moment to say hi to me to the point where I start thinking I wonder if I could ask her out now Marie doesn't like it when I do that no I say to myself I wonder if she'd go out so I don't know I don't know how confident you men are but I wasn't the most confident so I'd be real nervous and so I'm nervous and I'm thinking well what's it gonna hurt if she says no everybody else has and so I'll ask her out right so hey are you gonna be busy this weekend you know she says well no not really I don't have plans and so you say well would you like to go get a cup of coffee or go whatever yeah I think and and the guy's trying to be all cool in this and that and he said that's cool you know I'll need your number and this and that I'll get in touch with you and you go and you're biting your thumb you're so excited because you're going out on a date so you pick her up and when you pick her up guess what she's fun she's just as fun and even more fun now that you're not in that workplace or whatever and you start to like her now you're liking her deeply all of these are decisions you're making you're liking her deeply now you're starting to really care about her so you get to the point where you're wondering how she feels about you but she's starting to show you that she kind of likes you too and before you know it you're starting to feel that this like is more than just like an affection this this is something that is moving me to thinking I could stay with this person the rest of my life and then you begin to realize there's all decisions that I'm beginning to love this person I love her I love her and now guess what she says to you she has deeper affection than just like to she says to you I love you and then you say oh this is great and so now you're loving each other and so now when you're hanging up the phone if you ever do you're saying to her you know I love you baby and she's saying oh yeah you big gorgeous hunk of man and and all of that and and you're feeling quite the man then one day then one day you go out and buy some cracker jacks and you find a a ring in it and you take it to her and you ask her would you make the greatest decision of your life outside of your commitment to Christ and will you marry me and and you kind of know she will because you've already kind of tested the waters and she's got nobody else that she's seen at least nobody that you know of and so and she says well why not and now you're so excited and then you get married and then you have that now you're in love now you have the honeymoon love and the honeymoon love you're like your eyes are you know you know she wakes up she doesn't have bad breath I mean she's just gorgeous all the time right and and so that's that's part of what happens and and yet now that you're married you see you've seen things when you were dating that you thought well those things can change they don't but you think they can you know she does this or he does that you know those are things that can change with some training and a little pressure and and women have a whole list of things they're going to do to make you what you are eventually because that's what God's put them on earth to do and so they understand that and so what happens is now you're married you're going through your honeymoon whether it's a honeymoon week a honeymoon month a honeymoon year it could be a long time it's just everything she walks on water every time she walks in the door you know you hear music playing and flowers and you know and birds and everything but then you start discovering some things that yeah these are things that but you're making decisions you're saying to yourself doesn't matter these things that bother me sometimes they really don't matter because the things that matter I've decided to concentrate on and things that don't matter are the things that she'll either deal with or I have to get used to that's okay and after a while it may be five years it may be 10 years it may be 15 years 20 30 40 years or more you begin to realize something in this relationship that it was all a series of decisions from the first disappointment to where you are now and you also realize that you've spent a whole bunch of life together a whole lot of life together you've gone through the joys where you've had your first baby and you've gone through the sorrows when you've lost one you you you go through the the moments of happiness and you go through the moments of tears you go through the seasons of joy and you go through sometimes it seems like a prolonged season of pain and and at the end of it all and you're looking at each other and you're no longer that 20 25 year old person 30 year old person in war you know you're getting up in the morning and your back hurts and your feet are swollen you know and you're thinking oh I what's going on with me and and you turn to your wife and you say to your wife honey will you love me when I'm old and weak she says yeah I do I meant five years from now 10 years from now no no you've been that for a long time I made that decision a long time ago love listen we have to be aware of the fact and this is just a silly little attempt at illustration to say one thing love is a decision it's not your feelings it's not how they make you feel all the time it's who they are and in your life there are people that will come in and out of it in a church let's face it are very difficult some of the most difficult people I've ever met have been Christians I'm ready and prepared to handle the world because I know the world and what it does it's hard to put up with rude Christians it's hard to put up with self-seeking pseudo believers it's hard to put up with judgmental people who are always finding something wrong in you what you said what you didn't do what you should have done isn't it it can be hard to find a moment when your heart has been broken you need to find a brother or sister to share with and you do and before you know it it's on the prayer chain everybody knows your personal business it breaks your heart and you get hurt over it and that's where forgiveness and that's where love comes in that's where the compassion that's where the loving kindness that's where all of that starts working in you because listen Christianity doesn't work just when it's when it's sunny outside it works in the middle of storms too as a matter of fact that's when your your faith really very often is exposed is what it really is and the deepness that it really has is when you're going through these valleys and going through these tough times and going through the hardships and going through that pain and and he had said a moment before he says if anyone has a complaint against another even as christ forgave you so you also must do but put on love because if christ forgave me who am i that i can't forgive you who am i that i can't forgive you i sinned against god you sinned against me my sin against god is greater than what you did to me and if if god forgave me who am i to not forgive you to release you of that death and what is it that provokes me not not any emotion i have to be honest with you there have been times when people have hurt me seriously hurt yeah i get hurt people do i do too but i could go to bed at night put my head on a pillow and i could say oh lord i want to pray break his teeth oh lord break his legs and jesus david prayed that way my name's david must be my prayer it's a lot easier to wish ill on somebody than to pray god's mercy on somebody and in churches churches are filled with people who climb in cars and drive to other places because someone didn't look at them right because somebody didn't move over quickly enough when they wanted to sit down the pettiness of the body of christ is sinful in so many ways in so many ways if you don't look like me if you're not for my race my culture my language whatever you really aren't one of us there's so much like that that go on we deal with it we deal with it that's true it's all true we deal with it how we put on love which is the bond of peace because it doesn't matter we have to get to this point it doesn't matter if you're brown if you're white if you're red if you're yellow if you're black doesn't matter you're my brother or my sister you are saved i am saved we need to get along together we're going to heaven let's love one another that's how it works it's the decision decision of the will that's what we do that's what we do that's how it works and so that's something i had to learn that's something we have to learn to do it's not an emotion it's an attitude a decision of the heart i decided to do these things yeah i i still remember i'll say one last thing i i yeah i still remember you know yeah i play with the guys and teas like it's only women no my children got got sick and there was more than one time when i would carry a vomiting baby to a to a bathroom there were there've been you know to wash them up and claim to save mama from having to do that you know to change those dirty diapers and give them those baths and things like that i came from a culture that said women do that i'm a mexican man women do that and man we look at them i do diapers i say honey do that diaper but i learned to do that and by the way you know i'm an old man now i haven't always been an old man i i was a young man i had babies you know and i'm carrying babies in my culture you don't carry babies a woman carries the babies the mexicans hang around with their friends and the women that you know i'm telling you the truth that's the truth women in the kitchen with the kids and guys in the front room drinking coffee or whatever am i wrong i don't think so that's what we do and if a woman wanders into the hey guys if a woman wanders into the front room while the guys are talking what do you do i'll tell you what you do you get quiet i mean you look at them and they'll smile at you what are you guys talking about and we say nothing and they say oh and then one of the older women will come take her by the arm and bring her back into the kitchen and then we go on talking the way we do see so that's a fact and so i am a young man carrying babies and don't think that i didn't get guys looking at me wondering kind of man is that and me i cry carry babies cry one and one is two and i made a decision a long time ago i'm gonna love and if i and if i cry i cry if i if i love my baby you'll know about it because i'm going to be a man not what the world told me to be but what jesus made me to be and that's what god calls us to do and it's hard it's not easy but that's what you do you die to these things it's a decision of the will to love those who don't love you to pray for those who have despitefully used you and to bless them it's not easy to do but in the power of christ you can and that's what keeps churches together because the church on wheels if somebody hurts my feelings i'll just go to another church and i'll take my bitterness with me and i'll tell other people you never need to go over there because that place over there's mean they don't love people like me that's not true that's not what the church is supposed to be and so what do we do we put on love which is the bond of perfection and he says in verse 15 let the peace of god rule in your hearts to which also you are called in one body be thankful let the word of christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and him spiritual songs singing with grace in your hearts to the lord whatever you do in word or deed do all in the name of the lord jesus giving thanks to god the father through him let god's peace rule in your midst in the church in you and be thankful again that's a decision we can quench the peace of god through division and dissension he says let the word of christ dwell in you richly the doctrine or the teachings of jesus should be our constant study not just me and an individual basis but me individually but the church together and so he's saying let god's word be rooted in you making your heart its dwelling place may be engrafted in you may it enter you deeply you see when god's word is present and the people are well taught the church becomes healthy it's going to be centered on the things that matter it's going to be strong when the latest movement or latest fear latest doctrine encroaches on their lives and because of their love for god and one another the people will encourage one another they're going to be capable of teaching of warning and keeping each other in line they're going to be able to do that because they know the word of god the word of christ in verse 16 will dwell in them with wisdom teaching admonishing one another to be a place of worship psalms hymn spiritual songs and you sing with grace in your heart to the lord that's one of the reasons why we as a church need to remember and realize that coming in during the worship time and singing with lord is actually an offering you're giving to god you're giving of yourself to him and you're vocalizing your faith to him and then when you empty yourself of yourself by giving to him then the word of god is presented and you can receive those things that help you to live a life that pleases him and it works that way because worship as we sing is not just songs what it is it's encouragement to others around us it's a it's a community of faith filled believers sharing the same faith in christ and it's an emptying of myself of myself because i'm centering my attention on him and as i have given to him an offering of my praise then he through his word teaches me how to live for him and then finally whatever you do in word or deed do all in the name of the lord jesus giving thanks to god the father through him amen yeah your life becomes centered on christ and you become thankful remember that the main purpose of life is not your own happiness but god's glory if you have one thing that you walk out today remembering remember that jesus did not die on the cross to make me happy jesus died on the cross that i might be holy so that my life might might be a living testimony of the reality of a god who loves who transforms sinners makes them into saints fills them with his presence and his power and uses him to reach a world that is lost hurting empty and supplying the answer that gives him purpose this all comes to the faith of christ may the word of god dwell in us richly richly


everyone. So we're on to the next package demo. So we have today, once and more, and Eric Davis, once and more, and Eric Davis talking about Null Ranges, modular workflow for overlap enrichment. They're both from the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. Take it away. Did you need a mic? Hi, everyone. Welcome to our presentation. Me and Eric will present together for the package Null Ranges that aims for generate non-future set of either blackboard strapping or the covariate matching algorithm. A common question in genomic analysis is passing whether two facial intervals are significantly over that that expected by chance alone. And many studies have shown other transcripts. Oh, is it better? Sorry. Many studies have shown that other genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics are not randomly distributed along the genome. So successfully detecting those genomic ranges that are significantly enriched or deeply located are biologically important. Example, like integration in cancer genomics analysis enriched genome regions that enriched in somatic amplifications or depletions shows contains a K cancer associated genes. While this test highly relies on the non-distributions, so our package is to generate reliable and close to choose non-distributions for this example, each non-hypothesis test. In our packages, there are two options to generate non-distributions. Suppose if you want to generate that non-future set for the feature Y, you could add a subsampling white prime from a pool of feature Z by controlling certain characteristics so that your Y and Y primes have similar distributions over one or more covariates. In another case, it's when you don't have a pool of feature Z or you don't know which covariate to control, then you can subsampling white prime from original features Y by moving blocks of the genome with the replacement, meaning that one feature can sample more than once by controlling their local dependency structure. So that the score, including JSA content or feature density, can be controlled. There are already a amount of studies going on in enrichment or colloquialization analysis, and many methods have been proposed. So if you are interested, feel free to go to our non-ranges website or this Velconductor tutorial. There are many real data examples under these articles' icons for the matching, and for the block bootstrapping, you can look into the tidy ranges tutorial bookdown here, noting that our block bootstrap idea actually motivated from the GSC method proposed by Baco in 2010. However, this time, we implement an efficient vectorized code to offer a genome-scale bootstrap data rather than GSC doing the generate block-wise bootstrap data. If everyone has been clear for the difference between matching and the block bootstrapping, then I will head over to Eric to talk with the match ranges first. I'm just going to go ahead and switch over to the... Oh, sorry. Oh, it's in the tab. Okay. Thank you.  It's probably pretty small. Is that better for people in the back? Can you hear me? I'm just going to open up a blank R script here for pasting in code from the vignette here. All right. So thanks, Wensen, for covering the beginning part where we're talking about the two major approaches of this package. First, I'm going to talk about the matching portion of this. So this is matching covariates using the match ranges functionality. So I'm just going to follow along with this vignette here. If everyone wants to follow along, you're welcome to. So match ranges allows users essentially to sub-sample a pool such that the resulting match set contains similar distributions of covariates or genomic features as a focal set of interests. And so as a visual example, we have this little diagram here where we have a focal set of ranges here on the right. And what you'll notice about them is that in this little toy example here that there are different colors and lengths. And then on the left, we have a pool set, which has ranges in different positions. And those also have their own distribution of color and length here. And so what we can do is we can use match the match ranges function here, setting color and length of the genomic ranges as covariates in our model. And it will pull out a match set of ranges, the same number of ranges as your focal set, but they're going to be matched for those covariates of color and length. And the match ranges, the null ranges package also comes with helpful visualization functions for visualizing the distributions of your covariates in these different sets. And the benefit of this is that the resulting sets can then be compared in whatever way you would like without the potential confounding effects from these covariates. So my research is focused on 3D chromatin structure. And one of those chromatin structure, one of those 3D chromatin structure is chromatin loops. So I'm going to talk a little bit about chromatin loops and use that as a biological example for this, for this spin yet. So if you don't know, most chromatin loops are formed in a process known as loop extrusion, where this ring-like cohesion structure extrudes chromatin until it's stopped at both ends by a bound CTCF transcription factor. Therefore, most of these chromatin loops tend to have CTCF bound in their loop anchors. Because these are transcription factors, one, these chromatin loop anchors also tend to have CTCF in accessible chromatin regions. And this can act for in this case as a potential confounder. So suppose that we wanted to compare CTCF occupancy between the anchors of looped and unlooped ranges. Match ranges can help by generating a set of null ranges that control for this confounding by chromatin accessibility. So in order to do that in this demo here, we've assembled this object called HD19 10 kb bins, where we've taken every 10 kb range of the human HD19 genome. And we've annotated it with CTCF sites, DNAs, the number of DNA sites, and the strength of these DNA sites, along with whether or not this range contains a loop anchor. So with that introduction, we can go ahead and get started with the code. So I'm going to go ahead and copy this code here. Paste it in. So first we can load in the object and take a look and see how that appears. Is that better? Sorry, a little bit of loading from the cache here. So what you can see is we have a G-range object and for convenience we're renaming it to bins here. And what this has is every 10 kb region along the HD19 genome, but it's got in the metadata columns here information about the covariates that we're interested in. So it's got the number of CTCF sites, CTCF signal, the number of DNA sites, and DNA signal here, as well as whether or not it's looped. So in order to use match ranges, it's fairly simple. First you need to define the focal and pull sets. So focal being the sets that you're interested in. So in that case this is going to be bins that are looped. So I'm going to define focal here as the bins where bins looped is true. And run that code. And the pull set is going to be where there are no loop anchors. So where looped is false. And to use match ranges, first we'll load our package here. And I'm just going to copy this code here. So I'm going to replace the code that's already here with focal, pull, and our covariates here are going to be DNA signal and the number of DNA sites. And so we can run this. And in just a second what we get out is a matched g-ranges object here. So what this is, is the result of match ranges performing the matching operation. It's finding the ranges with the correct distributions and returning it as a matched g-ranges object which functions essentially as a normal g-ranges object. So the next section here is showing you how you can use the matched g-ranges object just like a normal g-ranges object. So we can use the packages, genomic ranges, ply ranges, and ggplot to perform operations on these genomic ranges. Have you ever seen this before? Has anybody else seen this before? Sorry for the technical difficulties. Just like refresh the block due to a security threat. All right. With Mike's suggestion, we're going to ditch the live coding. Apologize for the difficulty. All right. Well, in the interest of time, I'm just going to go ahead and finish through this vignette here. So, yeah. So the result, and really all of this is sort of in the vignette anyway, so there's not too much additional that I was going to demonstrate here, but feel free to later go ahead and go through it and play around with some of these functions as well. So essentially what I was showing here was that we can use packages like ply ranges which supply functions for doing tidy or like operations on genomic ranges. It allows you to manipulate your matched g-ranges object as if it was a regular g-ranges object. So here we're grouping by summarizing and then plotting the result here. Doesn't really matter what we're plotting here. It's more just to demonstrate that it can be used for doing these sorts of operations. So once you've actually generated your matched g-ranges object, one thing that you'll want to do is assess the quality of your matching. So you can do that using the overview function here, which provides a quick look at how well your covariates are matched. So for every set, the focal matched in pool set, it provides the number of ranges that were pulled, the means and standard deviations, if they're continuous variables, or the number if they're categorical variables. Aside from looking at it with the overview function, we can also use plots to visualize how well the matching was done. So I'm going to skip over this plot in the interest of time, but you can plot the covariates using patchwork here to visualize all the covariates that were matched. And we provide a number of different types of plots for visualizing these. So in this case, we have a density plot or this sort of stacked bar plot here for categorical variables. And if you don't like the way these visualizations are made, then you can extract the matched data with an accessor function, the matched data accessor function as well. And so finally, once we have our matched ranges, we can actually investigate the question that we were interested in, which is comparing the CTCF sites between looped and unlooped anchors or genomic regions. So as you can see here, the loop set contains a high percentage of CTCF sites. The unlooped or pool set contains fewer. But once we perform our matching controlling for the effect of these potential confounders, you can see that there's an increase in CTCF relative to what you would expect. And essentially, this means that we attain a more meaningful difference due to looping when we're matching on these covariates. So if anyone has any questions, yes. I guess it's a very simple question. Do you recommend doing this matching and generating the references for multiple times to account for random sampling? Yes, you can do that. So in this example, we've set a seed for reproducibility, but you're welcome to iterate through these matched samples until you get one that is matched. Because visualizing these distributions is an important part of assessing that the covariates are appropriately, the distributions are appropriately balanced. And I guess how do you balance that with not cherry picking sort of the best result? Yeah, so this is sort of done upstream of your inference.  So it's appropriate to use them. I just want to make sure that I've understood how it's working. It seems like you're adjusting the bin sizes until you get the right parameters that match your null distribution of parameters. Is that correct? Not quite. I think it's maybe a mixture of the two examples that I was showing. The first thing was showing the distribution of the genomic lengths, but the second example is it's not adjusting the bin sizes per se. It's selecting ranges from a pool that are matched on your covariates, not on the size of the bins itself. Okay, so there's a subsetting component that you can drop. Okay, that's awesome. Thank you. And I'll go ahead and pass it off to Wanzi, who's going to talk about the bootstrapping, which is the other portion of functionality in the package. Yes, thanks, Eric. And I will now talk about the boot ranges part. While data structure, while data don't have that full code pool structure, you would want to generate artificial ranges from the original set. And one strategy to do that is naive permutation or shuffling. However, genomic features often exhibit a complex dependency structure at a base on the placement or the local correlation of metadata. Example here is a snapshot from Genome Brother that jc% gene density and the CRE locations shows a clumping properties at a scale of 500 kilobases. So if we do the naive permutation, then we would lost the natural clumping properties as well will break the correlation of the metadata. Here shows the histogram reproduced from Baker's paper that the true non-distribution is shown on top sequence that are generated from a random process. So if we compare the permutation and the black bootstrap statistic distribution, we will find out that black bootstrapping doing a much better job to estimate the standard deviation compared to the permutation with the true non-distribution. So in conclusion that black bootstrapping will do a better job to kept clumping properties as well as estimating the bootstrap statistic. During the simulation, we find out your permutation will have a smaller variance so that your test will have a much smaller p-value which may cause the false to positive. Then go through here. This shows our methods process. In figure A, we can say yearly the feature sets are showing several homogeneous sets along the genome. Here different colors may represent different feature density, example high-gint density, middle-gint density, and low-gint density. So the algorithm would do black bootstrapping within each segmentation state separately. Example here, we will randomly selected a block with dance lb from the rest state and move it to a tail block across chromosome within the same state. Then the workflow for the block boot ranges is firstly we will compute a statistic by overlap ranges y and ranges x. Then after you derive the boot ranges by given optional segmentation or exclude ranges, you repeat the step one to derive a bootstrap statistic distribution. Given enough multiple times bootstraps to assume normality assumption, you can do a z-test for the hypothesis testing whether there is true biological enrichment between the two feature sets. For this demo, I will first load DNA's hypersensitive sites from encode project that has been pre-processed and start in the non-rigid data. Firstly, we could look at the overview of the data. It has more than 700 ranges, but thinking that your bootstrap data is many times larger than your original data. So filtering and trimming extra metadata can help make the analysis more efficient. Here we filter based on metadata column to remove the noise ranges and only select, because afterward we will calculate the statistic as number of overlap. So we only will mutate the ID number here and select that metadata column. We have to first library the apply ranges. Then after this step, we will have 62, around 6,000 ranges left. That falls on all 24 crums on HGA38. Then we import exclude ranges that we don't want to, typically won't have features located in. Here with data pre-combined, exclude ranges including encode produce ranges and tele mirrors and central mirrors from the experimental hub. Then for segmentations, we have two options, either perform a de novo segmentation based on feature density or download existing segmentations like the crumb ish shaman from annotation hub or other databases. In this demo, we use the segment density function from the non-ranges to use either a circular banner array segmentation or had a markup model method based on the gene density to segment this data set with segmentation bounce as two million basis. And it's pre-start in the experimental hub as well. Here I loaded the CBS one. There are also functions plus segment to evaluate the segmentation performance. You can first we need to evaluate non-ranges and the plot segment. Given the segment GR ranges exclude ranges and the type of plot we want, suppose we want a ranges plot, then it will show the segmentation state across the whole other crumb zone. The ranges that can connect together if they belong to the same state. And the breakpoint here may be caused by the exclude ranges or the transition between different states. Then given the block lengths, we are ready to run the boot ranges. Here I run 20 times iterations, but normally you will do 100 times. But based on different statistics, you can change the R here. To look at the return object is actually a subclass of GR ranges with block return as a integer format and iteration number and block lengths recorded as a factor RLE format. Then we could access the quality of our bootstrap samples. Firstly, we have to combine the original set with the bootstrap that is set by mutate iteration number zero to record the original set. And then we can easily use the summarize function from the plot ranges. Here I am trying to calculate the number of features per iteration. The result showing here, the zero here remember is the original set. So the bootstrap that have similar number of features as the original set. Then remember the advantage of block bootstrapping over the permutation is that it can keep the local dependency structure. So in order to assess that feature, we decided to calculate the interfeature distance to see whether it is close to our original set as well. Firstly, we define the interdictive functions and the return. It has the middle ranges difference if the two neighboring ranges are on the same chromosome and NA if not. And then we use the nest function from the PURR package to map the interdictive function to every iteration's data and then an assist to plot the density plot. Yeah, here the plot shows that this three times bootstrap data is really has the interfeature distance density really close to the original set as well. Then we are ready to derive the statistical of interest and perform the Z test. Imagine we are evaluating the enrichment of a feature X with this DHS. We will firstly simulate a 50 ranges of in feature X with the Y as one million basis and decided to use the sum observed number of overcome as the statistic. So for this up to rate feature X, there are 64 DHS has overlap with this feature X. Now we repeat the same step to overlap X and bootstrap data by grouping by the iteration and summarize the number of overlap count. Noting here we need to use the complete function to fill in zero when there's none over the ups.  Remember the original set there are 64. So it falls in this histograms. It's because of it's an up to rate data. So we although not showing the Z test a result here but it will fail to reject none hypothesis and saying that there's no significantly over that between those two features. But since our downstream analysis is really flexible depending on the statistic, we can also do the mean number of overlap count per features. Then we have to do group by X ID and iteration and also complete the X ID here. We can see the middle step. If we summarize group by X ID and iteration it will return the number of overlap based on each ID and each iteration. But after we do the complete it will return zero for when this ID and this iteration have none over that. Then for deriving the mean number of overlap per iteration we have to add a new group by function for iteration and the summarize is as well using the ply ranges. Supposed the mean overlap because the mean the histogram will change as well. Similarly the observed mean overlap will be 1.28 and it still falls in there and fail to reject none hypothesis. I just want to mention not only to derive summary statistic that can use boot ranges, we have a lot of extensions. For example, to modeling the bootstrap you can use like panelized lines to derive optimized luckful change for the differential expression genes like this or even you can use the count matrix from the summarized experiment or single cell experiment to calculate the correlation between atasic and the genes and our data is always different for data format. You can either do that with ply ranges or do that with the tidy summary experiment object. This is the pseudocode. If you are interested you feel free to look at it. In the example that's provided for the attack on RNA-seq block bootstrap the RNA G-ranges object is not found. Leonardo had the same issue in terms of where it would be located for that example. Yeah, there are pseudocodes. I don't have time to run this time but you can change the summarized experiment to a g-ranges and extract the count matrix to give this numeric list to run the boot ranges. Is there any other questions? If not I'd like to thank our advisor Dr. Vab and Dr. Fastil and all the collaborators to give a really great comment on this project. Thank you. Thank you guys. I think there's no questions on the chat and no questions from the audience as well. There's a few more sessions here but I think there's something in the auditorium as well. Do we break or I think the next session is at 3.30? Yeah, the next session is at 3.30. So thank you.


4100 side-by-side with a 6100. No, now it's side-by-side. Okay. Now we have it side-by-side I just wanted to point out that they're extremely similar. So here's your 4100 Here is your 6100 if we flip over the 4100 And if look over the 6100 They are really close to being the same Review coming soon That's pretty cool. Yeah