We're pleased to have Colleen Tierling from the Maine Forest Service to talk about the current threats posed by emerald ash borer and brown tail moth. Colleen is a forest entomologist and has spent 10 years largely focusing on invasive insects. Welcome Colleen. Hi. Thanks. So I apologize for the very boring title, but I had this talk already and then realized just before I left, I don't have a title. So, you know, invasive insects. I think your title, you know, invasive insects in your backyard is probably a little bit better. So first of all, I'm going to be talking about invasive insects, but I want to emphasize that for most of us, or for most insects, the vast majority of insects out there are beneficial. We would not survive without them. Okay. And I'm going to have to wander around and point at things. So we've got a lot of pollinators out there. If we didn't have pollinators, we wouldn't be eating very much at all. There are a lot of parasites and predators that if we didn't have parasites and predators, we would be knee deep in insects. And I think I just turned this off. Didn't I? Or no? No. Okay.  So in general, insects are hugely important for us, even if we don't think about them very much. But every once in a while, an insect leaves the place where it was meant to be, comes somewhere else, and then it becomes a huge problem. And that's what invasive insects are. They're from someplace else, either from another continent, or even from, say, the west coast of our continent, from the west of the Rocky Mountains coming to the east. It's out of its environment. And all of a sudden, all the checks and balances that normally kept it under control are now gone. And that's when insects run amok. And by the way, if anybody has questions, just please interrupt me and ask them because I'd rather have more of a back-and-forth conversation rather than just be up here talking. So stop me if you have any questions. So I'm going to talk about a few of the insects that are an issue right here in Portland because we've been getting more and more of them recently. So brown-tail moth, you guys have probably heard about brown-tail moth. Probably everybody around here has heard about brown-tail moth. It is a caterpillar that has hairs on it.  And so it does feed on trees and it can actually kill trees, although it doesn't usually end up killing the trees, but it can. It certainly can cause the trees to decline and die back. But the main thing is that the caterpillars have these really toxic hairs. It can cause a rash. It's really miserably itchy. I can attest to that personally. And it can also cause respiratory distress. Every time the caterpillar molts, it sheds its skin and the hairs fall off and they're down in the environment. They're blowing through the air. If you breathe them in and if you're allergic to them, or if you have asthma, you can end up with pulmonary edema and people have ended up in the hospital. So it can be fairly serious. So the hairs are on the caterpillar, but they're also on the cast skins. And then when the caterpillar pupates, they use all those hairs to create their cocoons. And they stay toxic for up to three years. So often what happens is come winter or fall, somebody is cleaning out their gutters. And they're not even thinking about brown tail moth at that point of year, because brown tail has come and gone and it's not an issue. But there could be hairs in their gutters. There could be cocoons underneath their eaves or something like that and they're cleaning them off. And all of a sudden they've got a rash or they're having trouble breathing. And so that's something to remember is that those hairs are out there long after the caterpillars are gone. Most of the hairs get sort of incorporated into the soil, matted down under leaves and things like that. And so they're kind of out of the system. But in places where the hairs can accumulate, like in your gutters or on a boat or something like that, or a trailer that's parked under a tree, those hairs will stay toxic for up to three years.  And I really wish it did, but our winter doesn't protect us at all. We have found that there is one thing that does tend to keep them in check and that's a cold wet spring. But we can't do a whole lot to control our weather. And so this year we had a very dry spring and brown tail moth is definitely not good this year. So a little bit of the history. So it comes from Europe. This is an issue in England and Europe. It's generally not as bad as it can get here because, again, it's a native insect there and things tend to keep it in check. They first came to down here in Somerville in Massachusetts in the late 1800s and just spread all throughout the northern New England states and then up into Canada, throughout much of New Brunswick and coastal Nova Scotia. And then it tended to retreat a little bit and we don't entirely know why. And then it retreated like right down to a few islands in Casco Bay and Cape Cod. That was partly because we were waging this war against brown tail moth in the early 1900s. And then after we kind of knocked it down, there were sort of periodic outbreaks over the next 60 years but fairly small. And then in the late 1980s is when it started to come back. So there were a lot of efforts made to try to control this insect. The winter webs were clipped, so probably you don't see it much in this picture, but all along the outside of the trees on the tips of the branches, they spend their winter in little folded up leaves. So back in the day, apparently they would hire school kids for a nickel web and they'd clamor around in trees, which I'm pretty sure we wouldn't get away with now.  There were also spray projects initiated, trees were cut down. There was a big federal quarantine which has since been lifted and a big biological control program where they brought over diseases and parasites to try to keep them under control. And as I said, the population went right down to a very, very small area, just on a few islands off of Casco Bay. And the population stayed low for a long time and we don't entirely know why, possibly due to the weather, possibly due to this fungus here that I talked about, that still is out there and on wet springs the fungus does really do a number on brown tail. This is sort of showing you the populations of brown tail moth from our survey. Way back in 2003 when we were very naive, we called that an outbreak. And then you see where we are now. 2016 we thought, oh, next year is going to be really bad because we actually saw the populations rising really high in the fall.  We don't have the graph for this year but way, way up there this year. And so the population's just been growing. And this is kind of our risk map. And Portland is actually, where's Portland? Portland is in pretty good shape. It's in an area that's not really awful. But there is some brown tail here. And this map has just been growing and getting redder and redder and redder over the last few years. So in the red is where it's really bad, orange not so bad, yellow pretty low. And then the blue is areas where people need to watch where we have just really small amounts. And I am not going to make your eyes glaze over with a life cycle. But just very briefly I want to show you when and where the hairs are around. So in the spring is when the, as soon as the leaves come out, the spring is when the caterpillars start to come out and they start feeding on the leaves. And as soon as they start feeding, that's when they start molting and dropping their shed skins and hairs start building up in the environment. And then in, am I sort of going in and out and does that matter? Okay, I don't need it for this. Okay, good. All right. That makes my life easier. So then in July, that's when the insects pupate, the caterpillars pupate. And again, as I mentioned, there's lots of hairs in the cocoons. And sometimes they'll pupate in the trees. Sometimes they'll pupate on structures like under your ease or under your picnic tables. Then in late July and into August is when the brown tail moth itself comes out.  And if you're in an area with a lot of brown tail moths, you'll often see them coming to your lights at night. And they lay their eggs in August and the eggs hatch in August, September. But at that point in time, the caterpillars are so tiny that either their hairs are too small to actually have an effect on people or the toxin might not even be in the hairs and the research is still kind of up in the air about which is the case. But anyway, in the fall, you don't really need to worry about these caterpillars. They're really tiny. But they do hatch in the fall and they do a little bit of feeding out on the leaves on the outer edges of the trees. And then in the winter, that's when they fold together leaves and they silk a leaf together. And inside that leaf will be about 200 to up to 500 caterpillars or so.  And so it's probably a good idea to familiarize yourself with that. If you see in the winter on an oak tree or an apple tree, I didn't mention that, did I? Their main hosts are oak and apple. And so if you see an oak tree or apple tree that all around the outside of the tree looks like they're just leaves still stuck to the tree in the winter, that's probably brown tail moth.  If you look on a sunny day, you can often see that the leaf is attached to the twig with a little bit of white silk and you'll have to see that shining in the light. So in the winter at control, the best way to control these insects, if you can, is in the winter on low trees like apple trees, crab apple trees, small oak trees, you can cut the winter webs right out just with a pair of pruners. If you've got a slightly taller tree, I've been telling people just rent a pair of pole pruners because you can clip out all of those winter webs or hire somebody to do it for you and dunk them in a bucket of soapy water and you can make the problem go away entirely. That is absolutely the best way to control winter moth on a small tree. If you have a great big oak tree that has thousands of webs in it or hundreds of webs in it and you can't get up there obviously, then the only way to really control them is with chemical control. So there are pesticides that can be used. It needs to be done early in the spring though. By the time people start itching and started seeing that their trees are really defoliated, at that point in time it's too late to really do anything.  So you really want to treat, if you're going to treat chemically, treat early on in the season. And just as sort of a word of caution, if you do decide that you have trees that you need to chemically control, or brown-tail moth, you want to do that. You want to find it our worst and call them early on. Because by spring these guys are so booked up and they're working flat out and they get to just a tiny fraction of the calls. Because when people start panicking and calling them up there's just not enough people to do the work. Call in the winter and make an appointment if you decide you want to do that. And of course the control is better if it's widespread. And if you decide you want to do chemical control, sometimes a whole neighborhood will get together and say we're going to treat these big oak trees. And it gets cheaper for everybody to do it that way. And then also you kind of clear the neighborhood of brown-tail moth. And that has happened in some of the towns where brown-tail has been really bad for a number of years. So let me just, I've got a picture here of what the little winter webs look like. And you see it just, this is an apple tree or crab apple tree, I guess. It just looks like there are little leaves stuck to the outside edge of the tree. When you look closely and you see here in the sunshine you can see there that it's covered in silk and the silk is attaching that little web to the tree. So getting a search image for that is really good. And definitely for all of these insects that I'm talking about, if you want more information about them you can go to our website or if you just even Google main forest service and brown-tail moth it would take you to our website and there's information there. And this, I'm not going to say too much about this but I've got a copy of this in the back on the table there. This is just some of the hairy caterpillars that we have here in Maine. Brown-tail moth, definitely you want to keep, you know, be very wary of it and keep an eye on it. It's easy to tell because you've got those two orange dots on the tail end of it. So it's invasive, gypsy moth is closely related to brown-tail moth, has hairs that can be irritating to people who are sensitive to it but not nearly to the extent of the brown-tail moth. It's also invasive.  And then these two eastern tent caterpillars, the one that creates all those webs in the forks of trees. You see these big white silk webs in the trees. And then horse tent caterpillar, another native insect, I don't know if you heard the news of brown-tail but they were all over the roads there and they actually had to close roads because caterpillar guts were making the roads so slippery that there was causing accidents. So in general, hairy caterpillars, especially brightly-colored hairy caterpillars is probably good not to touch them. They're hairy and brightly-colored for a reason and it's basically to say, you know, stay away from me, don't mess with me, I'm toxic. Most of them luckily are not nearly as toxic as brown-tail moth but they, I tend to not pet furry caterpillars. So that's brown-tail moth. Any questions? Yeah. Are they really dangerous to birds? They, I think birds don't tend to eat them. We haven't seen a whole lot of birds eating them. I don't know how dangerous they are but I do know that pets will get the rash. I know my cat has gotten it anytime he's outside and I've gotten to the point and he actually carries the hairs inside. So every time my cat comes in, I meet him at the door with a wet washcloth and I just wipe him down entirely because it was on his face and where his fur was thin around his ears and he was scratching himself bloody. So yeah, definitely pets can get it. Probably, I'm guessing it probably does affect things like mice and rodents and squirrels and things like that. Not much we can do for them. So winter moth, another insect that has not been around for all that long in Maine. We found it probably about five or six years ago and another invasive species, again from Europe. And it's another moth but this time it's one of the naked moths. You don't need to worry about hairs. It's an inchworm. We've got a lot of native inchworms so don't worry that every inchworm you see is winter moth but this one definitely is. So this unlike brown-tailed moth which has a fairly narrow host range largely on oaks and apples, winter moth has a really wide host range. So a lot of the hardwood trees, the leafy trees, oaks again and apple are two of their favorite ones. And so a lot of our trees in this area are getting hammered by both winter moth and brown-tailed moth. But then there's also a wide range of other host trees, maple trees, birch trees, basswood, artillery trees, linen trees, blueberry. So it actually is an agricultural pest as well as a pest in the forest and a pest of landscape trees. The insect feeds really early in the season and so it feeds even before the leaves open up so when they're still in the bud and so you get this kind of Swiss cheese effect as it just mines through the bud creating holes kind of like when you fold up paper and cut out a paper snowflake that's sort of what's happening with the insect feeding. Then later on it tends to just feed and completely chew up the whole leaf.  Oh, and you can send around brown-tailed too, I think there's a top two there. Here, that's winter moth, yeah, and that's brown-tailed if you want to take a look at it. So winter moth is a really, really nondescript little beige moth and we wouldn't expect anybody to identify it just by looking at it. In fact, we can't even identify it by looking at it. We have to actually collect the males and dissect their genitalia in order to tell what species it is. So we have to do it under a microscope. But the way you can identify them is through their name, they're called winter moth and they actually fly, the adults fly in November to January. So sometime around Thanksgiving is when we often see them. And so from Thanksgiving right to January, the males will fly. The females actually don't even have wings. They've got very vestigial little bits of wings. So they don't fly. So in the fall, in the winter, in November, December, they crawl out of the ground where they've been pupating, crawl up the tree, they have pheromones that call all the guys to them and the males will come in and mate with them on the tree and then the females keep crawling up the tree, up to the top, and lay their eggs on the twigs and the branches. Then early, early in the spring, the caterpillars, the eggs hatch into tiny little caterpillars before the buds even hatch, or sorry, before the buds even open on the trees.  And that's when they cause this kind of feeding. They continue to feed into May and early June and then they drop down to the ground and they pupate. And they pupate in the soil and they're in there from June right through to November. Looking exactly like a piece of dirt. They use dirt to cover their cocoon. And remember that, that they're there from June to November, looking exactly like dirt. How they got here, we know that they, from genetic studies, we know that they came from Massachusetts. These insects are in Massachusetts. They have been a big issue in Nova Scotia as well, but the genetics say that ours came from Massachusetts. How do they get here when the females can't fly? Well, looking at the patterns of where they are, they're not in the forests, they're not right along the shore. Where we first found them was around the second homes of people who lived in Massachusetts. So, we figured probably what happens is, you know, you live in Massachusetts, you divide up your hostas, you say, I'll plant some up in my summer home up on the coast. And that's what happened. They dug up their hostas with all those cocoons in them looking just like dirt, and they had no idea what they were doing and brought it up here, and all around the second homes is where we found winter moth. So, that's what happens. And so, we have them now basically all along the coast, up as far as Bar Harbor we've been finding them. A few real hot spots in Portland, South Portland, has been one of the early spots where we found it. And they are killing the trees in Cape Elizabeth.  Because the trees just get heavily defoliated, and then maybe gypsy moth comes along and defoliates them as well, or round-tail moth defoliates them as well, and if it happens year after year, a tree can take defoliation for a year or two, even complete defoliation for a couple of years. But if it happens multiple years, or if it gets defoliated twice in one year, that's it, the trees end up dying. And so, we're seeing mortality in some of those red areas. So, how do you control it? Practice safe soil. Don't move materials around from places that are infested. And we've actually had people be really responsible about this. There have been some libraries in some of the small towns that use plant sales as fundraisers, and they voluntarily decided we're not going to do a plant sale because we know we've got a lot of winter moth, and we don't want to set it out to other areas. Other places do have their plant sales, but they will tell people these plants are infested with winter moth. Don't take them out of this area. If you live in a winter moth infested area, sure, it's safe to buy them because you've already got winter moth, but if you live inland somewhere, don't buy these plants because you'll be bringing winter moth to your home and end up killing your trees. So, that's probably one of the most important things to do, is just don't move plants from underneath infested trees. If you've got plants that are out in the middle of a field where you're not likely to have pupa in it, because there's no trees nearby, those would be a little safer to move around. But anything that's underneath trees that are infested by hemlock will be a delgid, you're pretty much guaranteed that anytime that the frost is out of the soil and you're capable of moving winter moth, or when you're capable of moving your plants, you will also be guaranteed to pretty much move your winter moth. So, other ways of control, remember I told you that the female doesn't have wings, and so she climbs up in the fall when she comes out from the soil, she climbs up the tree and calls to the males and the males come and mate with her. So, if you can put sticky bands around the tree, she gets caught on these sticky bands and the males fly in and they get caught on that as well. And that can be effective, however you need to put bands around all of the trees in an area, because you guys have probably seen tiny little caterpillars that silked on a silk thread and then blow in the wind. That's how the caterpillars of winter moth move around as well. So, if you banded this tree, but this tree over here wasn't banded, and if this was also a maple tree or an oak tree, the caterpillars from that tree would just sort of swing over, kind of like Tarzan, and invest this tree as well. But that banding can work. Horticultural oil can also work. It basically smothers the insects, the eggs, and kills those eggs, and if you can get good coverage of your trees, that can be fairly effective. And then other than that, there's general conventional insecticides. BT is actually a bacterial insecticide that's considered, it's organic and only affects caterpillars, and can be used for organic growers. And that can be used, but you have to time it really carefully. It's also good for ecologically sensitive areas or if you just don't want to be exposed to pesticides, because it has pretty much no mammalian toxicity at all. Other than that, there are more general... Spinosid is a bacterial insecticide, and then just the standard chemical insecticides used for caterpillars can be used. What we're really sort of pilling all our money on, though, is Wintramoth biological control. I think I told you that Wintramoth, back in the 50s, had been an issue in Nova Scotia. They brought in this parasite, Syzenis albicans, which is a little fly that looks kind of like a spiky... a spiky housefly. A housefly with kind of a spiky hairdo. And it is a parasite. It lays its eggs on the leaves, and when the Wintramoth comes through and eats the leaves, it ingests the egg, which then hatches inside the caterpillar, and eats the caterpillar from the inside out. And so we entomologists think this is a wonderful thing, but we're sort of a perverse lot anyway sometimes. So that is something that worked really well in Nova Scotia, and it's very specific. It only attacks Wintramoth. And then when the Wintramoth populations just crash because they've all been attacked by the parasite, then the parasite numbers crash as well. And what they've just seen in Nova Scotia is that every once in a while, if the Wintramoth starts to rear its head again a little bit, then a year or so later the parasite does and knocks it right back down again. So it's the perfect biological control. It kind of just disappears along with the Wintramoth. It doesn't go on to anything else. They've been releasing this Syzenis parasite down in Massachusetts as well, and they've had a big problem with Wintramoth for a number of years, a couple of decades. And they're at the point now that their Wintramoth is starting to reduce the numbers as well. And so we've just started just a few years ago releasing these parasites. We're working with a researcher from University of Massachusetts and getting parasites from them and then releasing them all up and down the coast in areas where the Wintramoth is the worst. It should work for us. The evidence shows that it works for other places. And actually it works remarkably fast for forest entomology because usually biological control programs may take 50 to 100 years to actually build up enough numbers to create control because there's millions of these insect pests out there, and we're releasing these parasites by the hundreds or the thousands, so it takes a while for them to build up. But Massachusetts has been seeing good results within about 10 years or so. So we're hopeful that within 10 years, Wintramoth might not be that big of an issue. This is one of the few invasive insects that has a potentially happy ending to it. And so we can just avoid spreading Wintramoth further throughout Maine. Practice safe soil. Don't move around your plants. We may have a good answer for Wintramoth. And this is just sort of a little timeline that shows that Wintramoth is on the host plants. The eggs are on the host plants from the winter right through to the spring, and then comes spring. The larvae are on the host plants. They're on the host plants around at any time of year because when they're not on the plant, they're down in the ground. And so it's really not safe to move host plants or soil around them. What if you were like washing the roots before you transplanted it? You would need to wash them completely clean, so completely bare root, because if there's just a little bit of soil, these cocoons are really little and covered in dirt, so you could do it. And there have been some nurseries that do do that if it's a plant that will accept that. And that's Wintramoth. Any other questions about Wintramoth? Helmlock woolly adelgid. So that is another insect that is here. And do you want to send around the Helmlock woolly adelgid one? The Helmlock, yeah. So it is a little creature that's been here for quite a while. It's related to the aphids that you see on your roses or anything else. And when you see it, it's on the undersides of the twigs of the Helmlock trees. And it's only on Helmlock. We've got a lot of other woolly aphids and woolly adelgids that are on other kinds of trees. Some of them are invasive, some of them are not. We've got a lot of native ones as well. But if it's on Helmlock, then it's probably Helmlock woolly adelgid, looking like just sort of little puffy bits of cotton wool. And as I said, on the undersides of the leaves, this is where we have found it. This is an insect that moves around on trees a lot. So before we had a quarantine, originally we thought, well, if we put a quarantine, we don't want to totally disrupt the nursery industry. So we'll have people look very carefully at their nursery trees that they're selling. And if we can say, okay, yes, this is clean, then it'd be safe to sell. Well, we found planted Helmlock trees all the way up the coast to Machias and Way inland, where people brought in trees perfectly legally. They thought they were clean. Ten years later, we find that they're covered in Helmlock woolly adelgid. So that's when we then put a quarantine in to absolutely stop Helmlock trees coming in from infested areas. So this is where we have Helmlock woolly adelgid established in the forest. As I said, we found it on planted trees in various areas in the state. But those trees, we usually hammer them pretty heavily with pesticides or we cut down those trees entirely so that we don't start new infestations all over the state. Because this is an insect that we can't eradicate, but we're trying to slow down the spread. And so it started down in Kiddery and it just sort of moved up the coast. We found this big infestation on Fry Island there a couple of years ago. It's been there for a while and nobody really noticed it and we never go out to Fry Island, so we didn't notice it until the trees actually started to die. This is an insect that will kill trees much more slowly than say winter moth might. It usually takes a good 10 years or so depending on the climate. This is an insect that actually is somewhat controlled by winter. So in areas further north in Maine, up in this area, it certainly is not going to be a problem now. In the future, who knows exactly how the climate is going to change. But at this point in time, we expect it to be sort of an issue within 100 miles or so of the coastal area is where the adelgid can survive well. So how do we move this insect around? Well, as I said, we moved it on nursery trees. So this, the adelgid, most of its life, it spends actually attached right to the tree and it sticks its mouth parts into the twig at the base of the needle and has to stay there. There are really long mouth parts that are about twice the length of its body and it can't withdraw the mouth parts from the twig. But the very youngest of its, let me just go forward and then I'll come back. So the very youngest of its, once the eggs hatch, the very youngest larvae are mobile and they can crawl around. They have to go look for their own needle to attach to. They can crawl around quite a bit. Remember those tiny little bits of fuzz that I saw that you saw on the riker mount there? Under each of those, this whole thing is one of those tiny bits of fuzz and there's a tiny little larval, or nymphal adelgid. And this is a beet sheet that we put underneath an infested tenlock tree and we just beat the branch with a stick and it doesn't really look like there's a whole lot on there other than bits of twigs and stuff, but if you look more closely, all these tiny little bits here are crawlers. So there's thousands of them and they get moved around really, really easily. If people hire a landscaper or an arborist to work on their trees, if this arborist had worked on infested trees earlier that day or even earlier that week, his clothing would be covered, his hat would be covered, his equipment would be covered with crawlers, we find that animals move crawlers around, people move crawlers around, trees that are hanging over driveways. If you have somebody come visit you from an infested area and they brush up against your hemlock tree, during the season that the crawlers are around, then they will almost certainly transmit adelgid to your tree. So all year round, life plants can carry hemlock will be adelgid into new areas if plants are being transported. But March to July is when the eggs and the crawlers are around and that's the time when it's just so very easy to move adelgid. So if you're going to have work done on your hemlock trees, it's probably a good thing to try to do it in the fall or the winter because then you don't need to worry about the crawlers. So natural spread, these things move around in the wind. Again, March to July when those crawlers are around, they move around in the wind, they move around on animals, they move around on birds. And so I often suggest to people who have hemlock trees, if you want to try to protect your hemlock tree, think about maybe not feeding during the March to July period or if you do want to feed the birds, make sure your bird feeder is as far away as possible from your hemlock tree because you think how birds feed, they'll fly into a feeder and then fly back to a tree, the nearest tree and if that nearest tree is a hemlock tree, they'll make an end up transmitting hemlock will be adelgid. Often when I get a call, somebody says, I think I have adelgid on one of my trees, and if I go to their house, I look around and see where is their bird feeder? Yep, that's the hemlock tree. And always the hemlock tree that goes into the bird feeder is always the one that's infested. So just keep in mind that March to July is when they can easily be moved. And because all adelgids are females, we only have females here in North America. They don't need to mate. So all it takes is one adelgid to get moved onto a new tree and you can have a new infestation. There are two generations a year. Each generation can lay up to about 300 or so eggs. So 300 times 300, that's something like 90,000. You can go from one crawler that got transmitted to a tree to having 90,000 at the end of the season. So this insect can just kind of grow explosively. That's the potential to do that. So I mentioned things like, oh, that if you can prune your trees back so that you don't have vehicles brushing up against your trees, that's a good thing to do. This here, all these here, this is from Fry Island. These are all hemlock trees over here and down at the other end. These trees are looking pretty healthy. I had to look really hard and I just occasionally found one adelgid here and there. But this on this side right here is a hemlock tree that was overhanging this little lane way and brushing up against every vehicle that went in. That tree was practically dead because it picked up a delgid from every vehicle that went in and out. So that's definitely something that people can do to protect their trees is just prune them back so that you don't have cars brushing up against them, vehicles, trailers. Even prune them so you don't have... Parks have been doing this. Ferry Beach State Park has done this, that they prune their hemlock trees so that hikers don't brush up against the trees because a hiker can carry adelgid crawlers from one tree to the next to the next where they can walk through an infested park and then carry those adelgid crawlers back to their own trees and if they brush up against their own tree they've just transmitted adelgid. So pruning is probably one of the most proactive things that you could probably do. Biological control, we have been doing biological control as well for adelgid. There are no parasites for adelgid which we usually prefer. Parasites make the best biological control, there are diseases. Hemlock will be adelgid for some reason. It has no parasites at all. So we have been using predators. There are a couple of old predators we've been releasing.  And the other one is a slightly larger beetle. They're both specific and so they don't attack other things.  They may occasionally snack on another insect but they're reliant on hemlock will be adelgid. However, it's really expensive to buy these insects and they're in pretty short supply so we release them by the hundreds here and there. And there are probably billions of adelgid out there. So this is definitely going to be one of those long-term biocontrol options. We don't know when it's going to work, we don't know how well it's going to work. The results from further south where adelgid has been around a lot longer suggests that these predators do actually help keep trees alive. But it will probably be decades before we start to see real results up here. Hemlock will be adelgid, can kill trees in about 10 years or so if it's having infestation. So certainly there are trees that are probably going to die unless they're protected with pesticides because it's just going to take a long time for biocontrol to take effect. So things that people can do if you've got hemlock trees, as I mentioned, trimming your trees is a useful thing to do. All these branches here that brushed up against hikers, the bark trim goes back and it does make a difference. If you have a tree in your yard that you can actually get coverage with a hose, a jet of water can actually knock a lot of those crawlers down and they're so tiny that by the time they crawl back to the tree and crawl up, a lot of them will die. So that can sometimes help a little bit as well. Cutting off heavily infested branches is a good thing to do as well. If you do do any trimming, you want to do that during the fall, winter so that you don't end up moving a delgered around. Yeah. You're just going to ask, can you cut those branches off? How should you dispose of them? Should you burn them or soak them away? Probably the best thing to do is during the... if you trim your branches during the fall and winter, so after August, before March, you can do pretty much anything to them then because any a delgered on those branches or actually attached to the branches, you cut the branches off, those will die. So then you can send them off to your transfer station or something like that or send them off to be recycled or composted or whatever. If you're cutting your branches in the spring and the summer when the crawlers are around, the best thing to do is just let them lie there under the tree. Very few of the crawlers are actually going to be able to make it back up the tree because you really don't want to start... you don't want to throw them on the back of a trailer and drive down the road with them because you'll just be releasing clouds of crawlers into the air into all of your neighbor's trees. So the best thing is just to let them lie on the ground and after maybe a month or so, you can then potentially take them and drive them to the dump or something like that. You could potentially put them in soapy water but usually it's big branches and that's a lot. You could potentially burn them too but in the spring and summer, you probably couldn't get a burn permit in some places anyway. And then of course there are also chemical options for people who have big beautiful hemlock trees and they really want to save an individual tree because it's important to them. Chemical options is probably about the only thing that really will work with good consistency and reliability. You can use horticultural oil or soap. It needs to be done usually once a year or so and then there are also systemic insecticides that can be injected right into the tree or just sprayed like this, just sprayed right onto the trunk of the tree and they will stay in that tree and they will protect the tree for anywhere between five and sometimes 10 years. So that is something that can be done if you're desperate to protect your beloved tree. And the other thing I mentioned this earlier, we do have a quarantine for hemlock woolly adelgid. And a quarantine basically means this is an area that we consider to be generally infested. You're not allowed to take stuff out of this area. So for the hemlock woolly adelgid quarantine, that's the area in gray. And so what the quarantine covers is live trees so no hemlock seedlings or nursery stock is allowed to move from the gray area out into the white area, the rest of the state. And then it also covers branches and twigs, anything that has green on it. So if somebody is doing logging down in that gray area and if they cut all the foliage off of the tree and just have the logs, those can actually go out of the quarantine area. But nothing with foliage can go out of the quarantine area because that's the thing that's going to be carrying the crawlers. But anything from outside of that quarantine area can move into the quarantine area. So you can take a hemlock from Bangor and you could bring it into Portland. So any questions about adelgid? Okay, one last insect and this is not something luckily that in Portland has yet. And I'm hoping it will be a long time before Portland gets emerald ash borer. But we did find, I did find, emerald ash borer for the first time in Maine just this month ago, pretty much exactly. Emerald ash borer is... Do you want to send around the emerald ash borer display? It's a really tiny insect. Here it is sitting on a penny. People often see pictures like that one over there of the emerald ash borer and it's a nice, clear, beautiful picture and they think, oh, it must be a big insect and it's not. It's really small. Bright, brilliant metallic green. On that mount there you'll see, down at the bottom I think, a little beetle called the tiger beetle. When it's alive, it's also brilliant metallic green and we get hundreds of calls every year. People say, I saw that emerald ash borer. So far it's always been the tiger beetle. But so that tiger beetle is just sort of there for your reference. It's a native insect. It's a really good little predator. It's actually one of the good guys. So this is where emerald ash borer is as of now. Well, actually, no, as of last September. So it's in a lot of states. It's out as far as Colorado, as far west, down as far as Louisiana and Georgia and Mississippi I think. They found it this spring in Vermont. So Vermont, the entire state of Vermont is now quarantined. And then we just found it way up north in, I'll show you us. So yeah, they found it in Vermont. This is the entire state there is quarantined. The lower half of New Hampshire has it, all that big red area. And we just found it right up there in Madalaska and Edmondson on the New Brunswick side. We actually found our infestation up there really early because they found it in Edmondson and they invited me to go up and take a look and see what they were doing and help with their survey for a day or so. And I stood in their sort of ground zero area where the trees were heavily infested. I looked right across the river and thought, that's an ash. That's an ash. That's an ash. All these are ash in name. And I knew we had it. So I came across the river that night and went out with a draw knife and peeled the bark off the trees. And yeah, we have it up there. So it was fairly early on in the infestation that the trees are still really looking healthy, which is good because it gives us a little bit more time to do, you know, to manage it a little bit. But actually, realistically, for you guys here in Portland, the find up in Edmond's there in Madalaska makes very little difference to your level of risk because Portland down here is an awful lot closer to the infestation in New Hampshire. And the town of Lebanon is right within a 10 mile expansion buffer zone there. And we expect to find it down right there in that corner of York County anytime now. And so probably for people along the coast here, it will probably come up from New Hampshire before it's going to come down from Madalaska. We do a lot of monitoring for emerald ash borer. You probably have seen over the past years those great big purple traps.  They're about this big. They're covered in a sticky glue. And they've got a lure inside of them that smells kind of like an ash tree. It's not a great trap, but it's kind of the best that we have and it's something that's relatively cheap and we can put out by the thousands. And so we do put out a lot. Something that is actually much better is to create a trap tree. And so I've been, I work a lot with woodland owners and volunteers and state parks and national parks and Acadia National Park and a lot of different places where we will girdle an ash tree in the spring. And the tree stays alive all summer. But it's stressed. And so it's releasing all these stress volatiles, these stress scents into the air. And if there is an emerald ash borer nearby that tree, instead of just going to a random ash tree, it'll come to that particular ash tree. Then in the fall or the winter we cut down the ash tree and we peel the bark off of it. It's really laborious and we do have to sacrifice a tree. But we look then for the little galleries under the bark. Because emerald ash borer does burl underneath the bark and essentially kills the ash tree from the inside. So that is something we have a lot of people doing. The other thing that we do, which is kind of cool, it's kind of a homegrown method of looking for emerald ash borer is biosurveillance, which we developed here in Maine. And that uses a little native wasp. It looks kind of like a yellow jacket, but it doesn't sting, it can't sting.  They hunt our native bupressed beetles. They hunt our native bupressed ones that are related to emerald ash borer. And when emerald ash borer does come in an area, these little wasps are really good at catching emerald ash borer as well. And so what we do as we go out to schools is where we mainly find this. We find this in school ball fields. And during the summer months, we go out and we find nests of these little wasps in the grounds, in the ball fields, ball diamonds. And watch them come in, and when they're carrying something, we'll net them and we'll steal away their prey, just a small portion of their prey, and look to see what species it is. And then we let the female go and she kind of shakes her head as what happened there and flies off and catches another bupressed. And so because human beings are really bad at finding emerald ash borer, we're getting the wasps to do our hunting for us. And that has worked actually really well in some of the other states. We only have this wasp in sort of the lower southern and western part of the state because we're at the very northern edge of its range. But in states to the south of us, it's done a fairly good job of being the first one to detect emerald ash borer. Our other ally over there, there's also just people being educated, knowing what to look for, which is really, really important because we only have, oh, right now we're down to two entomologists, two forest entomologists in the state. And the chance of us actually going out and seeing emerald ash borer in the forest is pretty slim.  The other ally that we have are woodpeckers. Woodpeckers like to feed on emerald ash borer underneath the bark. And so in the winter, they're a really good food source because they're nice and fat and juicy and lots of protein in there.  And if you see that on ash trees, that means woodpeckers have been feeding on something in that ash, and that something might be emerald ash borer. And so that's how a lot of other places have made their first identification of emerald ash borer, is watching where the woodpeckers have fed, in the winter when the leaves are off, it's easy to see, and the woodpeckers are hungry in the winter, and that's good food source. So that's something to keep your eyes open for. And that is the end of my talk. If anybody has any other questions, I'd be glad to answer anything. A few of the pesticides or the treatments we talked about were in oil. What is that exactly? It's horticultural oil. It's a garden center. It's basically just a mineral oil. So it's not really toxic to humans. And it's used in organic farming all the time. And basically what it does is it coats the tree, the eggs, things that are overwintering on the tree. You apply it usually in the late winter or early spring. It sometimes is called... I guess horticultural oil is usually what it's called, sometimes I think it's been called dormant oil. Actually, yes. Neem has been used... I think it's been used against emerald ash borer. And I think... In the U.S., the U.S. tends to have not quite as strong or stringent... The rules are different in the U.S. than they are in Canada for pesticides. And so Canada does not have a lot of pesticides in the U.S. does, and so it uses neem a lot more. And so they've been using that for a delgid and against emerald ash borer, I believe. So yes, neem is certainly something that can be used. It's not used that much in the States because people tend to use the harder pesticides, the more conventional chemical pesticides. But yeah, it can often be used. Just thinking about these insects, they do not care about geographical borders. So how do you, as entomologists, communicate our network around these invasive species? Really well. Neem actually shares a whole lot more border with Canada than it does with other New England states. And so as entomologists, we have working groups that, you know, the Northeast Forest Pest Council, which is all of New England and all of the Canadian Maritimes, Atlantic Canada and Quebec. And we get together once a year, sort of in one central area and share information. We talk to each other an awful lot. And so when New Brunswick found emerald ash borer right on our border, the moment that they had it identified and were able to talk about it, they called us and the very next day, I was on my way up there to go over and see their infestation. And when we found it on our side, I let them know we will be, when we do biological control for emerald ash borer, because that's definitely one of the things that we will be doing. Because I didn't go into all of that, but there is biological control for EAB as well. We will probably be coordinating so that what we do on our side is equivalent to what they do on their side, because not only is the emerald ash borer going to fly across the border, because the river's pretty narrow up there, but also the parasites will be flying back and forth. So we do interact a lot with them. And at a provincial and a state level, we have freedom to do that. And that's really, really important. Mine's quick. Where do you report a sighted emerald ash borer? Is there like... I've got in the back, there's a little brochure that shows you the various signs and symptoms. One of the things to look for is, if you see bark splits, and underneath the bark split, you might see some of that S-shaped gallery. I think on the display that I handed around, there's a little piece of bark that had sort of the tunnels underneath the bark, kind of showing you what that looked like. So those are some of the things you can look for. Definitely, woodpecker feeding is something to look for. There are kind of a D-shaped exit hole, and there's again cards back there that you're welcome to take. And they have very distinctive exit holes when they come out from under the bark. Those are really small though and sometimes it's hard to see unless the tree has actually been cut down so there are definitely a few signs to see. And just the trees declining. So if you see a lot of ash trees that are dying, especially from the top down, and it's spreading from one tree to the next, and trees are dying within a few years, that's something to definitely give us a call for. And we'll come check it out. I'm just wondering if you're talking about how the brown-tailed moths populations were controlled a few years ago. Is that still an active program or did they just cut it off?  There was federal funding for this a long time ago and I think in the 60s or so, they had it basically, they had chased it out to just a few islands offshore, the Casco Bay area, and then the feds cut the funding for that saying, it's not that big a deal. And so there was no funding to do anything and the quarantine was lifted and it did eventually come back. And I think now probably people are kicking themselves because now we've got this huge, huge problem. It's still fairly localized. No other state really cares about it the way Maine does because it's not really anywhere else in the country except potentially, or it is in Massachusetts. It has the potential to move to other New England states. It hasn't yet, but I think we're finally convincing the entomologists in some of our neighboring states and certainly Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are taking it seriously as well and they're looking for it because they know it could spread today with those states again. And is it getting just as like, I know it's growing a lot in Maine. Is it doing the same in Massachusetts? I'm not entirely sure. I think it's not as bad yet. It's not growing there as fast. It seems to be kind of an epicenter for us around the Bath Brunswick area and has been moving south and north or east and west along the coast as well as moving inland hugely. So I'm not sure. Certainly I think Massachusetts is a little bit on the rise. I don't think it's nearly as bad as we are at this point. Not as widespread.


You need a financial advisor with the freedom to focus on your specific needs. Whatever your goals, Reed Potter can create a game plan tailored to you. Call Reed at 432-0777 at Pikeville, Kentucky to learn more. As Eastern Kentucky is working to return to normal post-pandemic, the U.S. 23 flea market has returned and is open for business. We have vendors coming in every day and renting tables, renting buildings out like this one. So it has picked up so, so much. I mean, and it's a blessing to see this, you know, come back to life. Yeah, it used to be, there for a while it was like there was one or two buildings rented and that was it and now it's like there's one or two vacant. The flea market features discount groceries, flowers, handbags and other daily necessities and deals. Tables are also available to rent for $8 a day. This flea market coming back to life is a blessing. It really is. I can remember when I was young and this place was like really booming, then it died out, you know, and now to see this, this gives not only us a chance to sell things here, but everybody a chance to stop by and get great deals, you know, different because there's so many different things here. For more information, go to U.S. 23 Marketplace Flea Market on Facebook. Reporting for Mountain Top News, I'm Brianna Robinson.


In this video I will show how to use 2ds Max design for visualizing light levels inside your building or design project. So we will work with input parameters, how the tool is calculating, how we can use output and visualizations and which types of analysis can be helpful looking at the interior design conditions of our building. I have now opened 2ds Max design and this design tutorial I am going to show how we can use 2ds Max design for doing daylight visualizations, daylight simulations on a grid and how we can overlay data on a picture to see the amount of illuminance hitting the different surfaces in our model. The great thing about 3ds Max is that it really has a high degree of interoperability with other Autodesk products and because we need fast feedback on design when looking at daylight and other parameters that is really effective to use 3ds Max for doing daylight simulations. So what I did here is that I imported this model here from Revit and it is really simple to do this. Go here to the 2ds Max icon and just say import and then you can directly import a Revit file into 3ds Max and then combine it by using Revit materials and because these programs are using the same material library it is really you have already kind of set up the model when you have imported it. Just make sure that you are using mental ray materials and mental ray settings because this is the way that you can do physical accurate daylight simulations for the inside 3ds Max. So from Revit my daylight system was already imported and a camera view that I set up in the model because this is kind of the space I want to take a look at. You are also able to inside 3ds Max to look at artificial lighting with indoor spaces and on outdoor spaces. So let's mark out the solar system here and let's set it to Mr. Sky and Mr. Sun and then we can either import an EPW weather file or we can just specify the date and time and location here. So just going to set up and I am using the time I want to look at and I can actually interactively see this. Let's see this is the period I want to take a look at and I want to look at August because it is one of the extreme months for direct light and daylighting of course coming into the space here. So when that is set up I want to go to my rendering here and I want to go to environment and I want to set it up using Mr. Physical Sky and Mr. Photographic Exposure Control because it is using mental ray and I am just using here going to set this for physical based lightning indoor and see the impact here in the viewport. So the first thing I want to do is just to make a quick rendering or daylight simulation here or visualization and so I close this down and I just click here to do a rendering of this viewport. We can now save out this rendering for later analysis but the next thing we want to do is that we want to lay out a light meter or analysis grid that we can look at in combination with this picture to see the amount of illumination inside the work plane in the building. So let's save this out here as JPEG here. Let's close this down. The next thing we want to do is go to the lightning assistant here, go to the analysis output tab and go to grid light meter and just click in the right side and about that size. One bit annoying thing here is that we can't really out of fit this so we have to kind of fit it into the area where we want to put it about here. We look here, it looks kind of nice and we can of course if we select it we can go here to the modifier tab and we can work a bit more with the scale just here or work with the width and how many segments we want to have it split up in. We want to look at now is the total illumination and we can also look at the daylight factor and stuff like that and we can of course when we're done export the data to a CSV file where we can use it in Microsoft Excel to compare different kind of design alternatives. So just want to have a take a look at the height here, go to move and say mark out the grid here get it there and we say move and just press here 700 like that about the work plane height here and then we just go calculate all light meters now and we have now calculated the amount of daylight on our analysis grid and we can use a functionality here on the tools calling grab viewport and we can then create a still image daylight and we can then grab that and take it out to a picture then we can save later on. We are of course we are able to go in and work with the scale here to say okay in the same way that we can use the scale here as an identifier and you could check the other program we can do that here let's say we're between 0 to 5000 looks or maybe 2000 looks so in that way and identify we want to see where this over 2002 let's say 5000 looks because this will be some places here where we will have some possibility for glare and that way we can work with the scale and use the scale as an identifier. The next thing we'll do here is that we want to create an image overlay effect to visualize the illumination in combination with the nice daylight rendering we can make here and we do that by going to create image overlay and say edit and I already made one here so we can just activate that and now it's putting the data on top of this picture and now the overlay has done and we get really false color picture here it's not that useful but in here we are now able to use the scale again to see whether it's between 0 and 500 and update that and place our own metrics in here so this is really the workflow using 3ds max for daylight optimization


Hello, everyone. I'm Vincent Huang. Currently, I'm a master student at National Thai University. In this video, I'll talk about paper for enomial multiplication in n-true prime. This is a drone work with several authors. n-true prime is an alternate candidate in the third round of this post-quantum cryptography standardization. There are in total six parameter sets. In our paper, we focus on the parameter set where p is equal to 761. In this video, I'll show our result for all other parameter sets on quotation 4. I'll show the numbers for multiplying polynomials and the force fields. Given two primes p and q, n-true prime selects the polynomial ring as a large scalar field. For a polynomial, if all of its coefficients are within plus minus one, then we call it small. If there are exactly w non-zero coefficients, we call it w-w. If it is small and w-w at the same time, then we call it a short-point nomial. We focus on the case when one of the modulcans is small and make no assumption on the other modulcans. If both of the modulcans are small, then it takes fast computation for this case. If you are interested in this case, you can check the reference, and I'm not going to tell about the details in this video. In our paper, we propose two different approaches for multiplying polynomials in n-true prime. Our first approach is about Good Street, mapping a one-dimensional convolution into a two-dimensional convolution. Our second approach is Mixed Rates approach. For the Mixed Rates approach, we propose two different implementations. The first implementation is utilizing several small matrices. The second implementation is handling the large radius with rather straight. Now, I'm going to talk about the convolution and how to apply a convolution for multiplying polynomials in n-true prime. For a polynomial ring, if the polynomial modulus f of x is equal to x of n minus 1 for some n, then we'll call multiplication in this polynomial ring a convolution. If we look at the polynomial modulus of n-true prime, then multiplication in this ring are clearly not convolutions. We observe that the degree of the product of A and B is bounded by 2p minus 2. Therefore, we can choose an n greater than 2p minus 2 and compute the product as a size n convolution. After computing the product, we then reduce the polynomial modulus to x to p minus x minus 1. Our first approach is about Good Street. Good Street is converting a one-dimensional convolution into a multi-dimensional convolution by permuting the coefficients. Suppose we are given 2-core prime integers q0 and q1. We can permute the coefficients according to the map sending x to yz under the agreement that y is a q0 loss of unity and z is a q1 loss of unity. After applying the permutation, we compute q0 and qt on the dimension of y. Number theta transforms. Number theta transforms is converting a convolution into polynomial locations. For polynomial A, the number theta transform of A is n-tuple derived by replacing x with a certain power of c, where c is a n-dupe of unity. The convolution theorem tells us that the product of AMB can be computed by first applying NG key on AMB, point multiplying them and applying the inverse of NG key. Efficient algorithms for computing NG keys are also called FF keys. Now we return to Good Street and we focus on the number of locations before and after the isomorphisms. On the left-hand side, a straightforward approach for computing convolution requires about q0 to 2 times q1 to 2 modifications. On the right-hand side, we first apply permutation to have a two-dimensional convolution. Then we apply NG key on the dimension of y. In total, we only need about an order of q0 times q1 to 2 plus q0 to 2 times q1 modifications. In the appendix, I give an example showing that Good Street is already fast for computing small convolutions such as x to the 6 minus 1. Q2TFFP is the most commonly seen fast Fourier transform. Given an invertible element data, we have the isomorphism from the ring on the left-hand side to the product ring on the right-hand side, where the polynomial modulus of each ring is x minus theta times c to the i. We apply this isomorphism by observing that roots of unity are just invertible elements. Suppose we are going to compute side N0 and line entity. For applying Q2TFFP, we first compute N0 and T to have a product ring. For the second isomorphism, we apply the isomorphism on the previous slide by setting theta to c to the i. So eventually, we have a product ring where each ring is a product ring. If N0 and N1 are power 2, then Q2TFFP is very fast. If N0 and N1 do not share the same radix, then we call such Q2TFFP a mixed-radius computation. For our first approach, if we want to apply 5 tau energy on the dimension of y, then 5 tau has to divide Q minus 1, which is not the case. So how can we overcome this? We compute SFZ is a coefficient ring, and after computing the product, we then reduce the coefficient ring to Z2. On quotas N4 with powerful 32-bit arithmetic, we can choose a large point bounding the maximum value of the result for entity. For the 5 tau entity, we apply Q2TFFP by observing that 5 tau is just 2 to the 9. So eventually, the result is a very reversal of the result from the straightforward application of 5 tau entity. Notice that the goal is simply computing the product. So as long as we can design the inverse of entity by assuming the input is already in the very reversal order, we can compute the product in normal order. After applying the inverse entity, we have to multiply each coefficient by the inverse of 5-12, reduce the coefficient ring to Z2, and finally reduce the polynomial modus to x761 minus x minus 1. We can instead first reduce in the polynomial modus to have the number of notation reduction to ZQ. When we reduce the polynomial modus first, then the maximum value of the result is bounded by Q times 2p minus 1. Additionally, for the small polynomial, if it is actually a short polynomial, then we can replace p with w in the above conditions. Our second approach is an interesting approach. It will propose two different implementations. For the first implementation, we look at the small-point factors 2, 3, and 5 for defining entities. After applying one layer of 2nd key, three layers of 3nd key, and one layer of 5nd key, the convolution is transformed into several modifications for 6th coefficient polynomials. For the second implementation, we look at the prime factor 17 and 3. First of all, we apply 17ngt, and then we apply 9ngt. For the 17ngt, we apply rather strict for efficient computation. Rather strict is converting part of the computation of size pngt into a size p-1 convolution by permuting the coefficients. For prime p, there is always a bijection of size p-1 sending i to g to the i. After permuting the coefficients, we see that in the second equality, the exponents of g sum to a fixed j. This is exactly the pattern of convolution. Here is a small example for size 5ngt. After permuting the coefficients indicated by sending i to g to the i, we see that this part of the computation is just a size 4 convolution. I'm going to talk about our implementations using some unique features of QuotientSync4. QuotientSync4 implements only 7m architecture with DSP and single precision floating point extensions. DSP extension is so crucial for arithmetic in ZQ. For the floating point extension, we are not using floating point arithmetic by using floating point registers at temporary storage. In the DSP extension, there are instructions multiplying specific haps of the operands. There are also instructions that you still have words at the time. The second result is the attitude of subtracted from the first result. One could also choose to accumulate the result to accumulate it later. Another useful instruction is SMMULLR, which is useful in implementing 32B barrier reduction. The instruction first multiplies A with the inverse Q and extracts the upper 32B result with rounding. We then apply MLS to reduce the value in A. Another important feature of QuotientSync4 is that the long modifications and the accumulation reverence are one-cycle. After acquiring the 64B product of A and B, we multiply the low register with Montgomery factor. Finally, we multiply T with the modules and accumulate the result with a 64B accumulator. The result of Montgomery malocation is then in a high register. In our implementations of mixed-redice approaches, we commonly have to compute butterflies that are not power-aspective. These are implementations for registry butterflies. If we look at the computation of T1, then we see that the T1 can be computed by the instruction SMLAD. After computing three double-sized products, we then apply three barrier reductions to reduce them in QQ. For our questions approach, we commonly compute three layers of registry butterflies. First of all, we remove the T2 factor from the floating-point register to the general proposed register R1. We then perform four Montgomery malocations followed by four SR pairs. We can also group the add instructions together to save the code size. Next, we compute another two layers of registry butterflies. Another important idea for implementing QQ is that we can design spatial butterflies utilizing the fact that half of the entries are zeroes initially and permuting the coefficients on the fly. These are these are the figures for the data flow. For the details, they are shown in our paper. These two tables are a result for multiplying polynomials in entry prime. The first table is in our paper. We find that NTTs whether including QStreet rather straights and utilizing several smaller digits are all far faster than QStreet. In the second table this table contains our result in our follow-up work. We find that for the smallest two parameters sets rather straight is fast. On the other hand when the polynomial degree is larger and larger we find that switching the coefficient ring to a larger coefficient ring is the most beneficial approach for which QStreet is useful. These are the cyclicals of the four schemes shown in our paper. And this table is our result in our follow-up works. All these implementations are rarely merged in the peculiar form. For the streamline entry prime the t-generation is now with NTT for computing jump steps. In summary for multiplying polynomials in entry prime we first have to decide do we want to compute the result as if the coefficient ring is Z or not. If we decide to compute as in Z then we can freely choose an N for fast computation with NTTs. We recommend choosing N as a product of a power of 2, a small power of 3 and possibly a 5. If N is divisible by 3 or 5 then QStreet is very useful. For deciding the large modulus to utilize the power for 32-bit arithmetic on Q4 we first have to decide do we want to reduce the coefficient ring before reducing the polynomial modulus or not. If we decide to reduce the coefficient ring first then the maximum value is bounded by Q times P. If we reduce the polynomial modulus first then the maximum value is bounded by Q times 2P-1. Additionally we can also look at a small polynomial. If the small polynomial is in fact a short polynomial we can replace P with W in the above conditions for determining a large modulus Q prime. On the other hand if we decide to compute as in ZQ then the size of NGT is restricted as a divisor D of Q-1. We then choose an N for computing the convolution. If the quotient N over D is small then after applying size D NGT multiplying N over D coefficient polynomials can be implemented efficiently. For the size D NGT I include 2P-1 for efficient computation. For small radius computations the butterflies can be implemented efficiently. For the large radius computations we employ rather straight for efficient computation. During the implementations of the butterflies we find that GSP extension is very useful. In particular there are instructions multiplying specific half-words and there are instructions performing two hyper-modulations at a time. We find that both of the approaches can be implemented efficiently on Quartus in 4. Thank you for your attention.


While we wait for the mayor I just want to say thank you to the performers please big round of applause to performers it's so important to have our culture represented in these locations and at every event we have while we wait for the mayor I want to ask you to make sure he hears you when I say Long Live Albania! All right let's try that again Long Live Albania! Long Live New York City! And Long Live the United States of America! Commissioner Mermolstein likes it when I say Viva! Let's just let's give the mayor a little bit and I'll introduce him once he comes up. I'm incredibly proud to introduce the mayor of the city of New York Mayor Eric Adams.  My son is in Albania right now you know performing and showing his talent so he's letting me know that I'm not the only one with talent. I'm not the only one with talent you know. What a community and you know this community means so much to me. Your support, focus, discipline, small business owners, you believe in public safety, you believe in family, you believe in education, and you believe in the patriotism of embracing your adopted country as you love your motherland of Albania. Only country on the globe that we tell you to hold on to your culture as you come here and infuse it with the American experience. So I'm happy to be here with the deputy with my commissioner, a mayor, office of immigrant affairs, and my international affairs commissioner Mermolstein. And we want to acknowledge also the ambassador here from Albania, Ambassador Faber. Welcome here to the Albanian capital of America right here. You know we're proud that we have the largest Albanian population outside of Albania. Over a hundred thousand Albanian participants here in this city strong and you own business, your frontline workers. You're very much engaged and sure that we continue to have the diversity and the prosperity in this city. It doesn't matter where you go. If it's from little Albania in the Bronx to Queens to Staten Island, this is a community that just knows how to get stuff done.  That is who make us what we are as we continue to grow and expand and pursue the American dream in a real way. And so I'm happy to be here today to raise the flag 110th anniversary anniversary of how we acknowledged the independence of Albania and to honor all of our Albanian Americans who have long enhanced the five boroughs of this amazing city and amazing people that's in it. So happy independence day. This is such a significant moment when you raise the flag here in Bowling Green at the heart of our financial capital. It states that we acknowledge you. We acknowledge your contribution and all that you have to offer. And so not only do we raise the flag on this pole, but you raise the flag in my heart. I love this community. Let's continue to grow and prosper. So this is proclamation. Whereas Albanian Americans have long enhanced the five boroughs, and they will continue to play a key role as we take bold steps to come back stronger from the COVID-19 pandemic, grow our economy and build a safer, fairer, more prosperous future for all.  This event is also a wonderful occasion to celebrate the meaningful tradition of this vital community and our enduring friendship with their homeland. I look forward to the many ways everyone gathered will further invigorate New York as we work to build a brighter, more united future together. Therefore, I, Eric Adams, the mayor of the city of New York, Albanian's 110th anniversary day here at Bowling Green. Now we'll begin a flag raising ceremony. Yes, please. You're welcome to get closer. We'll begin the flag raising ceremony with the United States National Anthem.