What's up, guys? My group, Jaspy, is doing a recap for 2023. Panini Immaculate Baseball, two box break, random team number three. This was done on Fanatics Live, auction style. Here's the list, and here's the recap. Had a Goose Gossage, A's edition, patch and autograph to 10. Cam Collier, jersey number. Owen White, patch auto, Bill Lee, South Freilich, Turmar Johnson to 20. Had an Evan Carter, patch auto to 10. Peacrow Armstrong, triple patch auto to 99. Vince Coleman, Colin Couser dual patch. Had a Emmanuel Rodriguez, Cleats tongue logo one of one from Minnesota. And then a Jordan Lawler, triple patch auto to 49 for Arizona. So that does it for the recap. Thank you to everyone who got into the break. Thank you guys for watching, and I'll see you guys in the next one. Bye guys.


know one second really quick though let me finish my little sheet thing here so yeah if i did a total random number block for all the teams in it looked like it'd be around 254 bucks so i'd probably have to make two separate ones and split them up to maybe like 125 each spot or something like that so i'll leave it up there for a little bit guys but if you don't grab your teams by the end of the night guys for that arm for that flawless i'll probably aren't be up later today when i get home later tonight for tomorrow so grab your teams guys and awesome whoo let's do this break and i can post up another case guys and it'll be four pick your teams again okay tight red zone tight red zone i can't burn out here anyways all right cool let me go print out the sheet and then we'll start this guys and then i'll repost up more contenders optics so now that we got that done guys now we can focus on mosaic choice that's what i really want to focus on mosaic choice baby eight left we can at least do this half guys solid solid way to end the night remember no big colts no nebulas or no peacocks yet on the first 10 boxes so here we go guys good luck everybody what's up everybody jason here for jazzy's case 2223 pinini contenders optic basketball just sold out so new release today guys five box break pickage is number four the last five boxes of the master case second half of this inner and again guys if you buy two or more teams win a box of contenders optic by four teams you get two entries six teams three entries if you only get one team not going to get that entry but good luck guys and peter got in got the last five so gonna get a couple entries there to win the box all they know mark thank you and here we go last five boxes here guys good luck but i will post up another uh four picker teams for contenders optic after this so we can pre-order and sell them tonight that way we can break them tomorrow unless you guys want to have i want to break more than i but i'd like to want to do that choice next all right playing the numbers game tray young for the alana hawks and aj griffin for the alana hawks mark with both of those all right we got a blue paul george which is going to be numbered i believe tonight jimmy grant and max christie to 75 nice green oh i really love the green lake show going to peter for that legendary uh duels jason williams and paul the salt for the that's not for memphis is it yeah it's still memphis i was gonna say weren't they before in vancouver jade and ivy lottery team i feel like you got like a bunch of these already actually sorry this is not you actually this is not actually you this time ed that someone beat you out to it i'm not for sure that'd be yours chris meddleton and blake westley spurs someone to beat you out dang i thought i was just thinking man did i make a mistake did i copy the wrong name but i usually like to double check so the numbers game tray young and then legendary staphon marvin kevin garnett do pitch manu quickly and christian leitner to 75 look at that all time signatures nice signature though timber wolves went in madel all right two more boxes it's got a gold vinyl you've never even seen a black hand or yet have we usually those aren't like one pre-case how thick one again or they're just bends it's just a little warped joel mb and a keegan murray james harden jaylen suds christian wood and kory kesper to 25 softmore contenders i have way too many bets right hopefully the case the next case is not like that that's what i'm saying we got gold gold kawai Leonard and pascal siakam legendary tandems one of the last few teams taken by peter three or sorry nine out of ten that's cool yeah i agree with you man i i feel like i've broken this enough yeah usually you get a couple every five soap boxes but damn this one had way more than that i mean we get some nice bets though too don't get me wrong but man just way too many again another one benedict man actually sorry that's not been a matter that's up and coming benedict matter see like i wish it was just more contenders like straight-up ticket i mean these are cool but these nearly don't suffer as much it is a nice hit don't get me wrong adam kelly there you go so we've seen benedict we've seen chat as a redemption then we've seen paolo so i guess it's not that terrible but man more veterans because we got the alan iverson we got the jamaran gold of the 85 edition and then just a ton a ton of vets there you go guys well at least we've seen it like i said this case is not always going to be the same guys it could definitely be much better i mean i don't know if it'll be much worse but definitely be much better there you go guys i didn't see one black hand door either so i don't know could have been an odd case but like i said we'll have more guys it'll be from a fresh case master and get chances of getting more uh bigger hits guys yeah something like that right rock is having the most autos in this product not that you can tell from this case yeah this was definitely a lot different for sure all right so again guys buy two more teams get a chance to win a free box see four two entries brine donald two add two niter mark one mark and two nine out of six so that's three entries oh peter you had a total of seven so i'm gonna have to only do three but good luck buddy and then one jump i should really get out here 13 i would possibly 15 here all right here we go guys roll it and it's a two and a five seven times good luck one two three four five six and seven adam kelly there you go man got the top two if there was even two box giveaways there you go man well deserved man so there you go guys again i'll post up another four bigger teams up right now uh let's try to get that mosaic choice going next though guys that one is down to seven left let's get that rolling jasmine's casebricks.com all right let me repost more after i finish uh uploading this video really quick well have i not been posting any videos dude no freaking way my last video i posted was for the fantasy sports filler i haven't even posted anything after that that's crazy i ain't seen that or not like it i could have sworn i've been posting videos i'm gonna have to go back and post some more then go back in time then let me post up this video the sworn i was posting videos but i guess not i ain't seen none like it yeah she'll can sworn i'll post fantasy sports you know i like it all right i gotta find where number two was because it says i didn't post number two either this was probably this one i assume what oh my god damn it's that one too okay so ending in 46 and 38 so i'm gonna go 38 first and i like it i'm gonna you guys for let me forget to post these videos guys man this has been so busy i totally forgot all right i should be caught up now when it comes to videos guys so i think the last week i had posted was the filler for fantasy sports so i posted that up already i posted up contenders two three and four spectra and immaculate so like i said i think i ended off with last video actually i posted was this one but i skipped these two for some reason and then posted up this one and then skipped all these ones if i'm missing something you guys let me know all right so let's see imagine i missed that everybody's entitled to one i might go with the chiefs and mosaic choice so that's what brings it down to seven it looks like and also got the chiefs in number four so yeah guys i mean if you want to do one more break tonight maybe two i'd say if you guys want to do that immaculate divisional we can do the immaculate divisional first off the line maybe that's that's not a bad break to do and it's quick it's literally one box and then this one guys i'm just going to push this one because this one is the closest spot wise minus the immaculate guys seven left here so again a lot of the teams that remain here in the 40s 50s and then two teams at 120 panthers and falcons last two big teams there like i said uh no colts yet so chance to uh get some big kids or if you buy two teams get a chance to win the colts would have been 180 but they're in both oh i'm not in it actually i do here on the box again i don't care either that's right that was a speaker i don't would you do this list to get multiple r and bs do you still like if you would look at some broncos i want to put r and b yeah so name it so do it like uh like do we have right there so you have a one i don't know i just put like the first team in that r and b wash i like to put all of them but if it's a lot let's say it's like seven then you can put like washington comma etc that way that way you don't do that because how are each of them seven yeah okay yeah so do that then so leave like that washington common etc and then you put even like the r and b right here or do i just take on the jasmine that's where you would put it up for the regular list so that way did they know that that's an r and b team yeah and then they'll know to look at the washington one yeah yeah if it's only like three or four i like to bring me all of them on there but if it's like multiple seven or more then you just put seven team r and b but obviously if they're both seven then you kind of have to specify which one it is all right also sorry guys i probably make yeah i'm keeping you guys waiting i'm gonna post up the next four pick your teams of contenders optic so one through four sorry five through eight i should say i think this case is gonna be much better too guys this case had some good rookies autos grab but way more veterans than i wanted there's some good ones though all right number five is up now six is about to be up sorry six is up now they're not post number five where's number five mustn't have made it active it is active why is it not posted yet it's just sold out so weird that was weird it was like a glitch guys all right five and six are right there guys now i'm gonna post up uh you post up seven seven or eight i should say it rate chick-fil-a for breakfast yeah i heard their chicken biscuits are great never just been able to get up to go to one that's you know by 10 30 like i mean where i live there's a chick-fil-a but it's not near where near me so it's like McDonald's is like Donald's street i'd barely make it for that like for breakfast but i think like two weeks ago i was i was supposed to get uh like a i mean i went to McDonald's like around maybe before they closed but not before they closed but right before they stopped the breakfast and i got like a biscuit sandwich i think it was like bacon egg and cheese and then when i opened up my bag it was a chicken biscuit which i ate it which is not bad i mean i like to make chickens but i was just like matter this is okay i figured chick-fil-a is probably way better yeah chick-fil-a is pretty good five six seven and then one more goes down man people must be gassed out no one's even buying any of these contented optic teams right now we had a pretty busy day busy busy busy i thought there was not a single rookie spot you're wild uh you're saying in one of the flawless boxes they did today on fanatics they didn't have a single rookie like in the the whole box the whole box the whole box was all that it's not even like a relic there was two current players in it okay two current fan i think this half of flawless is gonna be big i i mean i i know you know it you know the last time when we were doing floss if anyone jumped to buy the second one i don't want to know you're wild okay okay guys next contenders are all there i'm also gonna take off this one because it is sold out already yeah i know that's true i had a box like that last week i think where it was like a ton of rookie autographs in the inner box like the little box that's just to me yes yeah they're all packed differently i love how you just love it's like they told us not to say shit like that but that's fine it's not your role say that like no if we can talk about this all right guys well like i said i mean i'm still here about another hour or so start at three today so eleven o'clock today but um i think we could do it man i think if you're down to do it head be that be that little leader right now and bring it down to maybe you know five i don't know if you're gonna grab two or not but if you're gonna photograph five i think it looks a lot better for people that are still watching i mean we don't have as many viewers anymore but remember just because we don't have many viewers doesn't mean there isn't people on the website that's the one thing i i love that i can see how many people are on the website and there's always more people on the website than there is viewers and i see two people actively in their car so that makes me believe guys that some people are ready to pull the trigger look for some people that can't stay up and watch right now because they're probably in bed laying down next to the significant other or probably somewhere about they're just checking the website only and not seeing the stream so they don't even know what we're talking about but they're actively just checking the website so if we can bring this down to five six i mean i i think it's done tonight at least this one and it's been marinating long enough guys long enough so you guys are interested guys this would be a nice way to end the night too but yeah we did basically the whole mastery case of contenders optic half a mosaic couple of first off the line immaculate it's a five star case the fantasy sports spectra did quite a few today the daughters played it yeah right this is the last weekend of the series right this is last weekend oh they're actually playing now no it's over no it's over landslin picked up the win you're wild oh the game just ended yeah the giants thing just fired their managers today giants baseball or football uh baseball but who would be oh i guess they would have a manager too right but oh actually you know what how did the merit wow the mirrors want eight to nothing today oh wait is the game still going on actually no sorry it's eight to nothing right now middle of the ninth what happened with the astros the astros lose today i thought the manners baby i know manners oh no the astros wanted it no they were playing the last series but they fucked up dude so i think mathematically obviously they're still in but they need the they need the astros to basically lose two out of their three games and they basically won today yeah so like right now houston's still in but they're up by one full game so yeah they need houston used to lose their next two games in seattle needs to win their next two games if they want to make the playoffs if not it's going to be houston toronto all but sure is probably in because they're one full game up over the houston astros i think once they win tomorrow then it's over but that sucks and then i don't know who has tiebreakers though but and then in the end outside did the cubs choke today i don't know if they won today wow the cubs are not in the playoffs anymore miami marlins have taken over the last spot marlins are a one and a half games above the cubs in cincinetti reds sad times for rex's cubs probably hasn't been around uh arizona hanging on for dear life they have a half a game over miami bruise walked off the cubs yeah that's probably why i mean they're all but sure done right i would assume that the again miami in the same situation the cubs would have to win the next two games and miami has to lose the next two games and then maybe a tiebreaker but i think it's all over now and that's crazy that texas won the division and only two games ahead of seattle like can baltimore win the al this year i mean the way they're playing can they win the al and go to the world series yeah i mean isn't that crazy to think about like five years ago when they traded machado it was all over oh no for sure i mean i just think i was hearing them talk about it on online is like how bad the orals were or how they were gonna start a massive rebuild when they traded machado to the dodgers and yeah they were pretty terrible right i mean but just drafting great getting top prospects just one after another every single year and just slowly building a pretty competitive roster i mean this is though this is the way you do it right i mean this is the way everybody hopes to do it is by like really just drafting well finding prospects and just developing them i mean obviously they don't probably have the luxury of like a dodgers or yankies where they can just buy their way to like some big players but good for them good for the hobby and good for baseball and there's still a couple prospects that i still haven't even came out of baltimore that we're still gonna be seeing soon too since then addy's on that same road too though but they kind of just kind of died down especially with ellie ellie was really bad for the last like 30 games they were trying the basal kid team bogeyman that's good yep while the lost boys is on i don't even play the year really was it man that sounds so fun just being back in the 80s i got a freaking bonfire on the beach with like all these big guys people just look party i didn't but man what did you do i can't catch a break bro still watching buddy you're really serious about getting the commanders but i'm probably going to create that r&b now for tomorrow since it seems like a lot of people are watching but it's all good though if you don't want to buy them but just saying i'll probably r&b them right now in the next like 30 minutes before i head off so just let me know i'm gonna keep them separated though with like other teams okay no problem see i'm gonna have like the commanders bills lines chargers giants bucks rams in a r&b we're trying to be like 127 dollars and then same thing 127 dollars they basically split them up basically so that way people can pick and choose which one they want to get into so then we're gonna have the banglesanes dolphins vikings eagle seahawks texans yeah sure yeah you know i personally still haven't hit any picket or how i don't think either but yeah all right our flawless cases have been good but they just haven't been that crazy yet we're like all new here we set up the patriotic candy foundation to get mobility the one box ran in midst bro so many levels i was like i was like i'm not getting plain time who's who's the starters out there besides terry mcglorn the one thing to do one more break i know there's a few that are interested in grabbing teams but they're probably not gonna get them unless they see other people interested so down to seven this is probably our closest the best bet commanders well i guess you know what he's probably still a starter no i mean i just assume probably just does not getting the the the receptions right seems like sam howl might just have more of a connection with terry mcglorn and kurtis samuel then oh well yeah last week he did get destroyed and he got like four picks so i guess that doesn't really count but the previous weeks i guess maybe i guess maybe he's just throwing more to like terry and kurtis and logan more than anything probably but biorob is in june looks great this year averaging 4.6 yards at rush 216 yards in the first couple games not terrible how does the honors switch they're already having them well he's only had two two monster last games i guess but he probably has some good stats now too and yandere got 300 6.8 yards at an attempt you believe that that is wild dude he only had three rushing yards on sunday against the the patres in week one imagine oh cmc is fucking murdering that shit isn't he did i spell christian wrong oh yeah he has three actually you know what he doesn't actually have that much more but he probably has more receiving yards probably i assume actually you know what why don't we just go to let me just go to the nfl stats let me just look at stats just in general now mccaffrey is leading but since you think about it mccaffrey has played three like full games jr swift has already only played two and he's already only 40 rushing yards behind it but mccaffrey might have like receiving yards over to him though probably i'd assume christian mccaffrey is getting a ton of receiving yards but jr swift for his first two games or last two games with the eagles i mean it's like 170 yards and like 150 yards or 40 yards i should say receiving yards wise yeah keenan has 400 puka jj amonra fonte even pretty good on two i haven't done one in a while they should all be yours though yes i was though double obviously i just look make sure just make sure donovan giggles how many weapons yeah i feel that so but like i said i'm pretty much nearing the end i stopped plenty of time to still do a quick mosaic choice if you guys wanted to that's only like a 10 15 minute break so i can bring it down to the top of the hour at 11 if you guys wanted to if not like i said we'll probably call it i'm putting flawless into an r&b right now guys so it doesn't seem like anybody else is going to grab spots in the break so we'll just r&b that up for you guys so i'm going to take out the teams right now and i'll put two r&bs up guys both going to be the same price but if you guys want to buy one-on-one you can so you can get two different numbers potentially and uh there'll be some good ones i guess good teams on both 25 Go have a sale and set it up. $799.99 100 dollars and again, the way it's made. I had a 9-year-old son out today there. He said, good luck. You're back. Endless and sucky. All right so you got a great match. Two stack. $999.99 $100.99 He did that $999. How skewered that $899. I think I'm the first one to hear a post on it. I hope you guys remember the new 7. Sixth class again. $10.99 $10.99 I hope you have a good week or I'll be out tomorrow. You're too left. I can also add Michael wants to know what's going on. What's going on? I don't know. You're going to take the state line shelf right now. Michael, you know you come home in the middle of the night. Michael wants to talk to you, right? Since somebody asked me to leave dinner. I think it's a real favor. 4 min. To the line. It was a great game. 4 seconds. Now I run the line. We think it's going to rain another 5. Why don't we try it again? 5. 2. 3. 2. 2. 5. 2. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. Dull Dan. It's time to press the bell button. FINISHH. Jack Klopp. any time. When it's snacking, it's protein for you. And when you're snacking, it's any time. It's just what you want, those in between your few hearts. Same guy, James, you're not supposed to, this one is out of seven. Continue. One more? Yeah, one in five, one in five, one in five. Carolina's commanding that. What's the width of it? Well, I'm probably going to go for a little closer. Yeah, yeah. Michael Garcia, this is good to see you. I shot the handiwork to the window catcher. What's your step for it, Mr. Jensen? Three-lander, Barowa, out of 99. Thanks. You're too good. This thing's a little bit sad to come by today. Who's here? It's not you. It's definitely not you. It's someone else. No, all you can do is give out a tip. Thanks up, Barowa. You're watching too much.  Another day today. Thank you guys so much. I mean, it's pretty much nearing the end, but I did already post up new breaks for tomorrow, right? Posted up some flawless R&Bs for the flawless break tomorrow. Looks like we'll have to get that second half of mosaic done tomorrow then, guys, mosaic choice, which I guess we'll let it marinate a little bit longer. Most likely to look out for Bowman Chrome and Bowman HGA to be somehow fillered up to, maybe the hobby. And then a fancy sports. If you guys liked the video, I did repost everything, right? I think I posted everything. Yeah, I posted everything. So yeah, obviously, like I said, check out all those videos there, guys. But pretty much looks like it's going to be the end of the night for us, guys. But I'll still be here. I'm going to probably start creating my break log, actually, now. Start getting that ready. Been a very nice, solid day. Guys, thank you guys so much. We'll be back again at 3 o'clock tomorrow, guys. And we'll do this all over again, guys. So thank you guys so much, guys.


Hello aspirants welcome to the hindi news analysis brought to you by shankara ace academy in today's video we are going to cover yesterday's newspaper that is the hindi newspaper edition dated 9th of january 2022 and today we have eight different news articles and we are going to discuss different areas from our syllabus we'll be discussing about neurons synapses supernova biofilms the process of biomethanation we'll also see about online bullying about light combat aircrafts etc so this is going to be an interesting session and quite important for problems 2022 without wasting much time now let us get to the first news article discussion so our first discussion is going to be based on the science based article this article reports about a research study based on the process of synapses formation this study was conducted by researchers from national centre for biological sciences now for this research they chose zebrafish as a model organism why because zebrafishes are transparent and the neuron development in the zebrafish larvae can be observed it can be observed by injecting dye or by engineering the fish to express the fluorescent proteins so through this they have understood the functioning of synapses in detail so in today's discussion we'll see what do you mean by synapses and what were the findings of this research team the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here you can take note of it now to understand the findings of this research we need to understand what do we mean by synapses and to understand about synapses first we need to know what is neurons because synapses is related to neurons see basically neurons are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system neurons are also called as neurons or nerve cells so remember neurons are cells now these neurons are responsible for carrying information throughout the human body and for this they use chemical and electrical signals so with these signals they help to coordinate all the necessary functions of life but note that unlike other cells neurons do not reproduce or regenerate so they are not replaced once they die and this is the reason for neurological diseases like Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease etc so basically what happens in our nervous system is that it detects what is going on around us and inside us and based on this detection the nervous system decides how we should act it also alters the state of internal organs and allows us to think about it and remember what is going on for example if you are in a terror situation our heart rate changes normally it increases and this is done by the nervous system now to do this the nervous system relies on a sophisticated network called neurons and this is how a neuron looks as you can see it looks like a tree it has some roots it has some branches basically a neuron has a cell body dendrites and axon see this cell body is the neuron's core it carries the genetic information and it maintains the neuron's structure and also provides energy to drive whereas an axon it is like the long tail-like structure as you can see here and note that neurons generally have one main axon now then if you take dendrites these are like the fibrous roots that branch out from the cell body and the main purpose of dendrites is to receive and process the signals from the axons of other neurons so what you should remember is that a neuron has a cell body dendrites an axon and here the neurons receive information from other cells through dendrites so dendrites here acts like input so the information is contained in the cell body and then the axon passes this information from the cell body to other cells so here the axon acts like the output so you can see in this image how the information is transferred from this axon end to the dendrite of other neuron so how many neurons do we have generally it has been estimated that there are around 86 billion neurons in the brain and to reach this huge target of 86 billion neurons a developing fetus must create around 250,000 neurons per minute and note that each neuron is connected to another thousand neurons and that is why this neuron network creates an incredibly complex network of communication and this is where that is in this network of communication only we need to know about synapses see for transmitting the messages or for communicating the neurons are connected to each other so the places where these neurons connect and communicate with each other is what is called as synapses and note that each neuron has anywhere between a few to hundred thousands of synaptic connections and these connections can be either within itself that is within the neuron or it could be with neighboring neurons or it could be even with the neurons in other regions of the brain so here you can see how a synaptic connection looks like and this is how actually a neural network looks like so you can see how complex it is you can see the lines these are the connections between neurons so now coming back to synapses in the beginning we saw that neurons transmit the information by using electrical signals or chemical signals and since synapses are the connections that are needed to communicate these signals these synapses could be both electrical or chemical in other words the signals that is carried from the first nerve fiber to the next nerve fiber is transmitted by an electrical signal or it could be even transmitted by a chemical signal and here just note that the first nerve fiber is called as the presynaptic neuron this is from where the information is transmitted and the next nerve fiber is the postsynaptic neuron this is where the information is received so now let us see what happens in a chemical synapse and in a electrical synapse first in a chemical synapse once a signal reaches a synapse it triggers the release of chemicals these chemicals are called as neurotransmitters as you can see in this image and these chemicals are released into the gap between the two neurons that is here and this gap is called as synaptic cleft so the presynaptic neuron releases the neurotransmitters and these neurotransmitters once released they diffuse across the synaptic cleft and they interact with the receptors on the membranes of the postsynaptic neuron see if the neurotransmitters are released then for receiving those chemicals receptors are needed so these receptors are present in the dendrite of each neuron so therefore the neurotransmitter is released by the presynaptic axon and it is received by the receptor in the postsynaptic neuron I hope you are clear with this so as you can see in this representation here the signals that is the electrical signals are converted to chemical signals and here it is the neurotransmitters and because of this there will be delay in communicating these signals and note that in mammals the majority of synapses are chemical now next is the electrical synapse so like its name suggests this one passes the electrical signals directly that means there is no need to convert the electrical signal to chemicals here this is because the distance between the two neurons is low either this happens or the neurons establish a physical connection so because of this the electrical signal is not converted to chemicals and that is why there is no delay in communicating the signals so here the communication is faster so this is the basic understanding you should have about synapses and neurons and how the signals are transmitted etc now let us come to the research done by the national center for biological sciences now according to the research study the electrical synapses are formed before the chemical ones and these electrical synapses act like a blueprint through which neurons make a handshake that is they make a connection and this results in the formation of chemical synapses now previous to this research it is found that chemical synapses do not form if electrical synapses are removed this was found based on the researchers on leeches but the same situation is not known in case of vertebrates and to know this only the research was carried out on a zebrafish what they found was electrical synapses are formed before the chemical synapses apart from this the group also observed that knocking out that is removing a particular protein in the cerebellum of zebrafish it actually affected the levels of a particular enzyme now the protein which they removed was gap junction delta 2b protein and the enzyme which was affected was camk2 that is calcium or calmodulin dependent protein kinase 2 now this enzyme is important because the levels of enzyme camk2 were seen to increase the purkinje neurons in the cerebellum so what is cerebellum and what is purkinje neuron see cerebellum is the little brain it is a structure that is located at the back of our brain now this cerebellum is important for making postural adjustment in order to maintain the balance so what about this purkinje neurons it is the large neuron with many branching extensions and this purkinje neuron is found in the cortex of the cerebellum of the brain and just now we saw that cerebellum is important for making postural adjustment to maintain balance and therefore this purkinje neurons play a fundamental role in controlling motor movement so these neurons and the cerebellum itself control coordination of movements in the organism for example if you take in humans excess abuse of alcohol leads to damage of these purkinje neurons so this results in the lack of coordination in movement now coming back to the research they are saying that the cerebellum shows an evolutionary continuity in all vertebrates and this applies to purkinje neurons also so this also relates to human beings see even though fish and humans diverged from a common ancestor about 500 million years ago the cerebellum still has been evolutionarily conserved so in this regard you should note that a zebra fish has about 300 to 400 purkinje neurons whereas we humans we have thousands of these neurons so normally what happens is the levels of camk2 that is the enzyme is low in developing neurons these developing neurons are immature one but the enzyme levels are high in mature neurons and it was found that the increased level actually freezes the development of dendrite arbors see dendrite arbors are the branched ends of neurons it is given this name because of the tree-like structure now what the researchers actually found was in the absence of the gap junction protein that is delta 2b the enzyme levels prematurely increased so just now we saw that if they increase it freezes the dendrite arbors development so therefore this prevented arbors from forming so if the arbors doesn't form it inhibit or it prevents the chemical synapses formation so they found that removal of gap junction delta 2b protein affects the enzyme camk2 this in turn prevents dendrite arbors from forming and this prevents the formation of chemical synapses this is the finding made by the researchers so this is the observation so far now this research is significant because it unravels the complex mechanisms of human body especially the human brain and the coordination mechanism and this particular research contributes to the knowledge which will help enormously in scientific breakthrough such as finding a cure for Alzheimer's disease so that is all in this discussion we saw what do we mean by neurons and what are synapses and why they are important and we saw about the chemical and electrical synapses the difference between them and finally we also saw electrical synapses are formed before the chemical ones then we saw about how removal of gap junction delta 2b protein affects the enzyme called as camk2 this in turn affects the formation of chemical synapses so these are the takeaway points from today's discussion let us move on to the next news article discussion now our next discussion is going to be based on this news article it reports a case filed by a west bengal based organization in the supreme court now this organization has filed a case against the implementation of inner line permit system in manipur so we can understand that this system is going to be news from now on so today let us understand what is it that is we'll understand what do we mean by inner line permit see it is basically an official travel document it is issued by the concerned state government now this one is issued to allow inward travel of Indian citizens into a protected area for a limited period so this means that no Indian citizen can visit any of these states unless he or she is a resident of that state or they have an inner line permit further she or he cannot stay longer than the permit allows and you should note that it is not something that came into existence today but this is a colonial concept it was brought by the britishers under the bengal eastern frontier regulation act of 1873 under this act the british framed regulations to restrict the entry of outsiders into certain designated areas and they wanted to regulate the stay of outsiders in these areas now this was mainly done with the aim of protecting the crowns own commercial interests and this was done by preventing the british subjects that is british indians from trading with these designated areas or regions but after we got independence indian government continued with the system but at this time indian government changed the term british subjects to citizens of india and here the aim of indian government also changed mainly now it is aimed at addressing the ethnic concerns in the region and to protect the interests of indigenous people in these regions from outsiders who belong to other indian states so basically inner line permit is a document that allows an indian citizen to visit or stay in a state that is protected under the ilp system this concept comes from the colonial period and previously it was brought to protect the commercial interests of the crown which prevented indians from trading within these regions but now ilp is implemented with an aim to address ethnic concerns and now it is more concentrated on protecting the interests of the indigenous people from outsiders who belong to other indian states so now where this ilp system is applicable see earlier the regime of ilp was applicable to the states especially the northeastern states such as arnauchal pradesh mesoram and nagaland but after the presidential order of 2019 ilp system was made applicable to the state of manipur also and note that in all these states that is in arnauchal pradesh mesoram nagaland manipur the entire state comes under the ilp system now in case of manipur the west bangal based organization is claiming that the extension of ilp to the state of manipur is a violation of fundamental rights of citizens why because it provides the state government an unrestrained power to restrict the entry and exit of non-indigenous persons into the region so we can understand that on one hand ilp protects the interests of ethnic people in the region but on the other hand it restricts the fundamental rights of other indian citizens so these are the points that you can take note from this ilp discussion now let us take the next news article now next our discussion is going to be based on this snippet article from the science page it reports about the death of a red super giant star so recently astronomers have captured the images of explosive death of this red super giant this red super giant star burned for 130 days and then it exploded into a supernova and according to the news article this star lies in the ngc 5731 galaxy this galaxy is around 120 million light years away from earth but today we are not going to focus on this galaxy but we are going to focus on supernova because this giant star exploded into a supernova so let us see what is the supernova and what are the causes of supernova see first of all as we just said a supernova is nothing but a large explosion it takes place at the end of a star's life cycle and it is the largest explosion that takes place in space now to understand this we need to understand the life cycle of a star see basically stars are the celestial bodies that emit their own light if we see scientifically stars are any huge self luminous astronomical body of gas that shines by radiation and this radiation is derived from its internal energy sources so it should be self luminous and it is a body of gas and it shines using the radiation derived from its internal energy this is a star and we have a very good example of star in our solar system which is the sun now these stars are formed in the clouds of gas and dust this clouds of gas and dust is called as nebula now we know that the stars shine for many thousands even for millions of years but they do not last forever why because depending on the size of the star changes occur in the star over time and it even comes to the final stage of its life so as you can see in this representation first in a nebula a star is formed and then it becomes a massive star or a sun-like star and then it becomes a red giant or a red super giant and in case of a red super giant it explodes into a supernova so now what causes this supernova it basically happens when there is a change in the core that is in the center of a star now this change can occur in two different ways but in both these ways it results in the supernova only now the first type of supernova happens in a binary star system the binary stars are those stars where two stars orbit the same point now among these stars one will be a carbon oxygen white dwarf now this white dwarf steals matter from its companion star and since it steals matter in a matter of time it accumulates too much matter and when a star has too much matter it explodes and this results in a supernova so this is the first type now the second type of supernova occurs when a single star comes to the end of its lifetime so here there is no play of another star like in the first type here the star runs out of nuclear fuel and because of this some of its mass flows into its core and this core eventually becomes too heavy to withstand its own gravitational force so the core collapses here now this results in a giant explosion of the supernova now here we should note that even though our sun is a single star you will think that it will develop into a supernova in the future after many billion years but remember that our sun does not have enough mass to become a supernova but if after a few billions of years if our sun gathers enough mass to become a supernova then it will explode like this as you can see in this image so basically before a star explodes it becomes a red super giant so this is the process of a supernova i hope you would have understood that supernova is nothing but a giant explosion that happens in this space and this explosion is caused by a star so with this understanding let us move to the next discussion now our next discussion is going to be based on this FAQ article this article has been written in the backdrop of two cases that were registered by Delhi and Mumbai police taking cognizance of multiple complaints of online bullying targeted on women and recently we have heard about two important cases in this regard the first case is regarding the arrest of a b-tech student for allegedly creating an application called bully buy and this application was used for a derogatory action like for conducting a fake auction of muslim women and the second case was regarding a similar application it was named sully deals now in this application also images of muslim women were uploaded in the same manner so because of these actions the topic of online bullying is making the rounds again and particularly this FAQ article discusses the legal provisions that can be invoked in case of online bullying actually if you remember on 6th January we discussed this case with respect to misinformation and today we are addressing it on the front of online bullying or cyber bullying so today we will limit our discussion to the legal provisions that can be invoked to address online bullying let us get to the discussion now the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference see first of all cyber bullying is also known as online bullying it is the bullying with the use of digital technologies it can take place on social media messaging platforms gaming platforms and through mobile phones now the cyber bullying is a repeated behavior it is mainly aimed at scarring angering or shaming the targeted individuals or even communities and for carrying out cyber bullying many abusive actions are done such as they upload embarrassing photographs online without the person's permission or they post hurtful nasty rumors or comments on the pictures and videos shared by an individual in a social media platform they also steal someone's account password and send unwanted or inappropriate messages from that account to harass other individuals and sometimes they also exclude individuals of different cultural socioeconomic backgrounds from online groups and forums so all these constitute cyber bullying I note that cyber bullying is punishable in every country including India particularly in India it is punishable under Information Technology Act of 2000 and also under the Indian Penal Code of 1860 so let us see these provisions under which cyber bullying can be dealt with first let us take the IPC under IPC many sections deal with this kind of crime now the first section that we are concerned with is section 153 a of IPC this section talks about promoting enmity between different groups and this enmity is developed based on grounds of religion race place of birth residence etc and it also includes acts that are prejudicial for the maintenance of harmony now this can be linked to cyber bullying because we saw that sometimes individuals of different cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds are also excluded from online groups and forums and sometimes their account is stolen to harass other individuals so these kinds of actions can be brought under this section because this developed enmity between different groups and this crime is punishable with imprisonment up to three years with fine or with both fine and imprisonment now the next section in IPC is section 153 b this one deals with imputation assertions which are prejudicial to national integration so when you say imputation it means a charge or a claim that someone has done something undesirable so it is nothing but an accusation so when in an online platform someone says that this person has done something like this which affects the national integration then it can be punished under section 153 b of IPC under the section the punishment is of imprisonment up to three years this could be with fine and the next section that could be related to cyber bullying is section 295 a this deals with deliberate and malicious acts that are intended to outrage the religious feelings of any class and this is done by insulting the religion or religious beliefs and we can say that this often happens on the social media platforms where one particular religion is targeted and their religious feelings and beliefs are hurt so the person who does such kinds of acts can be punished under this section they can be punished with one to three years of imprisonment or they can be punished with a fine or with both fine and imprisonment now the next section is section 354 b of IPC now this one deals with stalking stalking is nothing but an obsessive behavior of an individual towards another individual so in this case mainly the obsessive behavior of men towards women is taken into account and this can be punished with imprisonment up to five years and they shall also be liable to fine and the next important section is section 500 of IPC this one deals with punishment for defamation see defamation is nothing but attacking another person's reputation by false publication for example assume that someone is accusing another person of saying that that person burned indian flag but that accusation is false then in that case the person who is accused can file a defamation charge this kinds of defamation is carried out using social media platforms or other online platforms it could amount to cyber bullying because they are trying to defame that person so according to section 500 such kinds of defamation is punished with simple imprisonment that could extend up to two years along with fine now next important section is section 509 this one talks about insulting the modesty of a woman and this insult could be through words gestures or acts and if you see the examples of today's cases which we took like the application of bully by or the other application they insulted the modesty of muslim women and that is why this section can be brought into the picture and under this section the person responsible for such actions is punishable for a term which may extend to three years and they may also be liable to fine apart from all these sections section 354 a of IPC can also be applied if sexual nature is associated with the act see this particular section deals with sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment so what constitutes sexual harassment under this section for example if a man demands or requests for sexual favours or if a man shows pornography against the will of a woman or if the man makes sexually coloured remarks then all these amounts to sexual harassment and in today's cases we are discussing there the muslim women were being auctioned through those derogatory apps and that is why this section 354 a of IPC can also be applicable in this case and another section the perpetrators can be punished with rigorous imprisonment that can be extended to three years or they shall all be liable to fine or both that is both fine and imprisonment so under all these IPC sections cyberbullying can be punished but note that these are all general sections they are not particularly focused on these crimes that have been committed using a computer or a computer network now for that we have the IT Act because it mainly deals with the information technology or the actions that have been conducted on the online platforms or that have been conducted using the electronic form so here we can take two important sections under which cyberbullying can be dealt with the first important section section 67 a of IT Act this one deals with the punishment for publishing or transmitting any material that contains sexually explicit act in the electronic form now the punishment for this is 1 to 5 years and the person can be fined up to 10 lakh rupees if they does this crime for the first time but if they do this crime for the second time then their punishment will extend to seven years then another important section is section 66 e of IT Act this one deals with the punishment for violation of privacy see if anyone publishes or transmits the image of a private area of a person without the consent of that person then this amounts to violating the privacy of that person now this act can be punished with imprisonment which may extend to three years or they can be also liable to fine of up to two lakh rupees one of the benefits of IT Act is that it has high levels of fines whereas if you see IPC the fines are quite low because it is an act that was enacted in 1860s quite an old one we need to update IPC according to the recent trends so under all these sections the cyberbullying can be brought in and the perpetrated can be punished depending on the act of crime now along with mentioning of these provisions the FAQ article also talks about the responsibility of intermediaries see intermediaries are the social media intermediaries like facebook youtube instagram whatsapp etc basically these intermediaries are not liable for any third party data or third party communication link that is hosted or stored by them but these intermediaries are required to retain the requisite data for a duration as prescribed by the government now this is as per section 67c and if that intermediary does not preserve or retain the information then they can be punished with an imprisonment for a term which may extend so first they have to retain the requisite data then they have to supply the same data to the authorities concerned when they seek this data and this is as per section 69 of IT Act and this particular section is dealt under subsection 3c so that means for dealing with the cases of cyberbullying having that information is important and for that only these provisions have been made under IT Act and along with maintaining the information and providing the data the social media intermediaries are also asked to comply with the information technology intermediary guidelines and digital media ethics code rules of 2021 remember this name intermediary guidelines and digital media ethics code rules these rules list out certain actions that need to be taken by the social media intermediaries for addressing many issues like misinformation cyberbullying etc and we have discussed about these important rules on our 6th january 2021 itself so that is all in today's discussion we just saw about the provisions under which cyberbullying can be brought in we saw about many provisions under Indian Penial Code and also under the IT Act these provisions will be helpful for you in writing a well-framed main answer so take note of these provisions carefully now let us move on to the next discussion now our next discussion is going to be based on this news article which talks about a technology in biomethanation process see the news is that a memorandum of understanding has been signed between the Institute of Chemical Technology and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited and through this memorandum of understanding they will execute a research and development project and this project aims to demonstrate the potential of anaerobic gas lift reactor technology on a pilot basis so today first we'll understand what is this biomethanation process and then we will see about this anaerobic gas lift reactor technology and its benefits so before getting into the discussion the syllabus for this discussion is given here for your reference you can just go through it so first let us understand what is biomethanation see it is a process by which an organic material is microbiologically converted to biogas it is mainly converted under anaerobic conditions when we say anaerobic condition it means in the absence of free oxygen and here the term microbiologically means using microorganisms so biomethanation is a process by which an organic material is converted to biogas in the absence of free oxygen by a microorganism and in this biomethanation process three main physiological groups of microorganisms are generally involved and these groups are fermenting bacteria organic acid oxidizing bacteria and then methanogenic archaea these microorganisms degrade the organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide and this is done through a series of biochemical conversions that is triggered by these microorganisms so these microorganisms change the organic matter into methane and carbon dioxide remember this now apart from this synchropic relationships between hydrogen producers and hydrogen scavengers are also critical to the process of biomethanation see here synchropic relationship means the cooperative interaction between at least two microbial species to degrade a single substrate so here the two microbial species would be the hydrogen producer and hydrogen scavengers and as the name suggests hydrogen producers are those organisms that produce hydrogen and then hydrogen scavengers means the microbial species that feed on hydrogen and the examples for hydrogen producers include acetogens and the examples of hydrogen scavengers include homoacetogens, hydrogenotrophic methanogens etc so remember these names it is important from problems perspective generally acetogens are hydrogen producers but the homoacetogen is a hydrogen scavenger along with the hydrogenotrophic methanogens now the relationship between hydrogen producers and hydrogen scavengers are also important for biomethanation process now one of the main advantages of this biomethanation is that it has strong potential for the production of energy from organic residues and wastes therefore in this way it helps in reducing the use of fossil fuels this in turn reduces carbon dioxide emission therefore for the biomethanation process various organic residues and wastes are utilized such as they use wastewater, slurries and even solid waste but here one of the factors that need to be addressed is the proper utilization of methane potential and for this practical and theoretical determination of methane potential is very important and once this determination is done then the required optimal process design configuration and then effective evaluation of economic feasibility of this methane potential is carried out and based on all this determination variety of process applications utilize different reactor types in biomethanation the reactor types include fully mixed reactors which is also called as the completely mixed anaerobic reactor and like this we have different types of reactors now each of these reactors have different process conditions like they have different temperatures etc and these different conditions maximize the energy output from the waste and today we are going to discuss one such reactor technology it is the anaerobic gas lift reactor technology now this technology was a novel development of CSIR IACT that is Indian Institute of Chemical Technology and this reactor was developed to generate biogas and biomanio from biodegradable organic wastes and this technology works on a high rate biomethanation process that is suitable for operation in Indian conditions so let us see the structure of this reactor in brief see first of all for anaerobic digestion in this reactor it has a tank and this tank has an inlet for feeding the waste and there is a gas inlet for feeding gas which will mix with the waste now this reactor also comprises a transporting mechanism for assisting in an upward movement of the waste and this uses differential pressure concept don't go deep into this concept just know that it uses differential pressure concept now further this reactor also has a downer this downer assists in the downward movement of the waste when there is absence of differential pressure and then for withdrawing the biogas that is produced within the gas the tank also has a gas withdrawal mechanism but you should note that some part of the gas that is withdrawn from this tank is utilized for recirculation so here in this image you can see this process and these are the salient features of this technology now here you should focus on the ninth and tenth feature ninth feature is higher methane yield or biogas yield and then generation of nutrient rich fertilizer these two are important features of agia technology that is anaerobic gas lifter reactor technology now this is the IACT biogas plant that uses agia technology and it has the capacity of handling 10 tons of market and vegetable waste per day so what is the benefit of having such a biogas plant based on agia technology see firstly as we just saw it will generate biogas and this can be utilized for combined heat and power applications now along with that we also saw that it produces bio manure that is nutrient rich fertilizer so this can be applied in farms to increase the fertility of the soil which in turn will provide improved crop yield other than this the technology also helps in reducing greenhouse gases and then it also avoids the diversion of waste to landfills so this results in a much cleaner environment further this agia technology is a promising method to treat biodegradable waste in-house that in a scientifically safe manner to generate green energy other than this it also has these benefits as you can see in this image for example here the digested or whatever is left after the production of biogas it can be used in animal bedding also and for producing other products like building materials etc so because of these benefits it is expected that this project between IACT and BPCL will bring a paradigm shift in biomass burning issue once this pilot project becomes successful so these are the points that you should know about biomethanation and the agia technology that is anaerobic gas lifter technology these points are important from prince perspective first and secondly it is also important in the mains perspective because directly there can be a question like what do you mean by biomethanation explain a technology that is associated with this so you should know these kinds of technologies and mainly the benefits of these technologies so with these points in mind now let us move on to the next discussion now our next discussion is based on this news article it mentions that the hindistan aeronautics limited has delivered the light combat aircraft to indian air force and the defense ministry has also said that it has signed a 48 000 crore deal with the hindistan aeronautics limited and therefore the company will supply 83 lcmk1a aircraft to the indian air force that is why today we are going to understand about light combat aircraft it is a fighter aircraft that is on the lower side of weight cost size and other features and that is why they are also known as light fighters these aircrafts provide cost-effective design and performance because we can select specific features according to the requirements and that is why lcs are considered as strategically valuable assets so let us see why these lcs are important so one of the major aims of lcs is to address standard air-to-air fighter effectiveness needs at minimum cost and these fighter effectiveness needs could be acquired with certain requirements and among that the first requirement is element of surprise see generally small fighters are not visible to opposing pilots if they are beyond the distance of 6.4 kilometers but on the other hand larger fighters that is larger fighter aircrafts they are visible to a distance of 11 kilometers and in case of smaller fighter aircrafts they even take longer to be visually acquired even when they are visible so these factors put the lca pilot in a better position to fire the first decisive shot now the second requirement is the numerical superiority this is important in any combat situation and we saw that lcs are on the lower side of cost maintenance etc so this helps in producing more aircrafts would also boost the training of more pilots and finally they also provide superior maneuverability this is mainly because of their smaller size better maneuverability helps in getting into better positions and these positions help them to fire faster and score the kill so in this manner the Hindustan aeronautics limited has produced India's first self-made light combat aircraft and it has been named as Tejas now the stages is a single engine fourth generation multi-role light fighter it is produced by HAL but it was designed by aeronautical development agency in collaboration with HALs aircraft research and design center and this has been produced for the use of Indian air force and engineering now you should note that the development of this lca started in 1980s mainly to replace India's aging mig-21 fighter jets now some of the variants of Tejas include TD-1, TD-2, Tejas MK-1, MK-1A and MK-2 and according to the news article MK-1A is expected to be delivered by Hindustan aeronautics limited by 2024 to the Indian air force and the MK-2 is expected to roll out in the skies by 2023 itself now this MK-2 has one special feature which is the onboard oxygen generation system see this is a life support system it provides enhanced physiology protection to the air crew of high altitude and high speed fighter aircrafts basically the system consists of two molecular sieve beds that help to provide breathing gas to the air crew continuously so this notable feature has been integrated in the MK-2 Tejas aircraft and this has been integrated for the first time and that is why this system is important it is named as onboard oxygen generating system it generates oxygen for the air crew to breathe continuously these are some of the points that you can take note from the discussion of light combat aircrafts we saw they are lighter they have superior maneuverability they have an element of surprise and we saw that India's first self-made lca stages HAL will produce lca stages for India and finally we saw about the onboard oxygen generation system so these points in mind let us move on to the next discussion now our next discussion is based on this news article the news is that five primate carcasses were found in Assam forest and the officials believe that these are carcasses of capped langurs so today let us understand about these capped langurs its distribution and the threats faced by them see first of all capped langur is a species of primate when we say primate it is a member of the group of mammals which includes humans monkeys and apes now these capped langurs have dark gray to black fur on their backs and they have creamy white or golden yellow fur on their bell but their face is black and their crown is dark gray as you can see in this picture and note that these monkeys have very long tails that are longer than the head and body combined now these capped langurs are found in India Bangladesh Bhutan and Myanmar and their natural habitat is subtropical dry forests and tropical dry forests and if you see its characteristics these species are basically arboreal that is they live in trees and they are also diurnal creatures that is they are active during the day and another important feature of the species is that they usually forage that is they search for food in the morning and in the late afternoon and in the evening they will find a suitable sleeping tree and they will change the tree every night and basically these species are very gregarious that is they are very much sociable by nature now their diet includes leaves fruits twigs and birds so capped langurs are herbivorous polyvorous and frugivorous primates now what are the threats faced by this species basically they are threatened by the destruction of their habitat now this mainly happens due to the practice of a zoom cultivation that is the slash and burn cultivation then due to the harvesting of timber and firewood from the forest and other development activities that causes loss of trees are also leading to the destruction of their habitat because just now we saw that they find a suitable place to sleep in a tree and they will change the tree every night so if there is no availability of tree where they will reside apart from this another big threat to this species is hunting they are hunted for meat then they are hunted for traditional medicine also and sometimes they are hunted for sports and often they are also treated as pets and that is why they have been provided the highest conservation status for example under the is in red list they have been classified as vulnerable because their numbers are decreasing and under the indian wildlife protection act they have been given the highest status under schedule one part one so they have been given the highest production and even in the sites they have been listed under appendix one providing them the highest protection and that is why if the officials confirm that these species have been killed in some forest then they have to take further measures so as to safeguard this species so with these points in mind let us move to the next discussion so our last discussion for today is going to be based on this another snippet news article from the science page it mentions that bacterial biofilms have been found to form complex patterns like the higher plants and animals along with this the snippet also mentions that biofilms are used in various industries from medicine to food industry so today we are only going to focus about what are these biofilms and what is its significance see first biofilms are a collection of one or more types of microorganisms and they grow on many different surfaces now here the type of microorganisms that forms biofilms include bacteria, fungi and protists see basically protists are microscopic and unicellular organism for example amoeba is a protist now these biofilms or these group of organisms they are held together by a mucus like matrix which is made of carbohydrate and this mucus makes these microorganisms to adhere to a surface that is this matrix serves to hold the bacteria together and it irreversibly binds them to the surface here you can see in this image that first the microorganism attaches to the surface and it forms a mono layer that is a single layer then this mono layer develops into a multi layer and then it becomes a mature biofilm now this mature biofilm starts to detach and it disperses into the environment as planktonic cells and these planktonic cells again start a new cycle of biofilm formation so it is like a cycle now where do these biofilms form see it have been found to be growing on minerals and metals they form on liquid surfaces solids and on even living tissues such as they form on animals and plants therefore they have been found underwater underground and even above the ground now actually there are many disadvantages of biofilms first it is disadvantages because it is advantageous to the bacteria see these biofilms provide a nutrient rich environment and it facilitates the growth of bacteria apart from this it also confers resistance to the antibiotics why because see generally when microorganisms live together as a biofilm they benefit from the presence of their various community members for example if you take ototrops they are able to produce their own food in the form of organic material so here if you take photosynthetic bacteria or algae they can produce their own food but on the other hand heterotrops they cannot produce their own food so they require outside sources of carbon so when these microorganisms that is both ototrops and heterotrops they come together in this biofilm they make a multi-organismal community and they help in cross feed and that is why these communities of microbes are usually more resilient to stress and it is said that when compared to a free floating bacteria the bacteria that is growing as a biofilm can be up to you know 1500 times more resistant to antibiotics apart from this biofilms can also cause severe infections in hospitalized patients because they can grow on implanted medical devices such as they can grow on catheters on pacemakers etc so this will lead to infections and then these biofilms also form on the thin films of plaque that is found on teeth so here they form in the sugars and starches into acids and when these sugar and starches are turned into acids they cause destruction of the tooth enamel so therefore biofilms also destruct our teeth so these are some of the disadvantages of biofilms but apart from this they also have many advantages for example biofilms play an important role in the breakdown of organic waste it filters waste from water and it also removes and utilizes contaminants in the soil as a result of this biofilms are used to purify water and water treatment plants and they're also used to detoxify contaminated areas of the environment now here what the microbes will do is they can either degrade the contaminants or they change their mobility or sometimes they even change their toxic state therefore this makes those contaminants less harmful to the environment and to the humans another important application of biofilm is the microbial fuel cell it uses bacteria to convert organic waste into electricity here the microbes live on the surface of an electrode and they transfer electrons onto it so this ultimately creates a current so this provides a low cost source of power and a clean sustainable energy apart from this they also have advantages to the microbial cells in the food industry environment why because basically it provides physical resistance against desiccation desiccation means the removal of moisture from something so they prevent against desiccation then they also provide mechanical resistance against liquid streams in pipelines and they also provide chemical protection against chemicals antimicrobials and disinfectants that are used in the food industry and overall it also provides prevention to corrosion see basically biofilms also cause corrosion but certain aerobic bacteria such as basillus strains they have been shown to decrease metal corrosion so these are some of the notable advantages of biofilms so with this fact in mind now let us get to the next discussion which is the practice questions discussion session now let us take up this first question it is a simple question that has been framed based on the facts that we discussed in the Tejas fighter aircraft discussion now the question asks consider the following statements regarding Tejas fighter aircraft often seen in news first statement it is a light combat aircraft this statement is correct we saw that Tejas is the first LCA indigenously developed in India by the hindustan aeronautics limited now the second statement it is developed by the aeronautics development agency this statement is also correct we saw this during the discussion and here the question asks for the correct statements so the correct answer is option c both one and two now this next question is based on biofilms the question asks with reference to biofilms consider the following statements they only grow on minerals and metals this is the first statement this statement is incorrect because the statement has only in it we saw that it also grows on liquids solids etc and they can be found underground underwater and also above ground so this statement is incorrect and here the question asks for the correct statements so we can eliminate option now the second statement they contaminate water in water treatment plants now this statement is also incorrect because during discussion we saw that biofilms actually are used in water treatment plants to reduce the toxicity of contaminated water so this statement is also incorrect so if we eliminate options b and c the correct answer is option d three only that means they can be used to break the organic waste this statement is correct we saw this during discussion now let us take up the next question now this next question is based on supernova discussion two statements are given first statement a supernova involving a star that is more than 10 times the size of our sun might produce black holes see this statement is actually correct we saw in the discussion that changes that occur in a star over time and especially during the final stage of its life depend on the star size and when the stars are of massive size and when they die they form black holes so that means only the most massive stars become black holes at the end of their lives according to nazar they should have three solar masses so this statement is correct definitely a star 10 times bigger than our sun will produce a black hole now the second statement supernovas were difficult to see in our milky way galaxy because dust blocks our view now this statement is quite tricky but the statement is correct why because astronomers believe that about two to three supernovas occur each century in galaxies like our own milky way galaxy but supernovas in our own galaxy is difficult to see because the dust blocks our view actually in 1604 janice kepler discovered the last observed supernova in the milky way galaxy and even recently nazar's chandra telescope discovered the remains of a most recent supernova this one exploded in the milky way more than a hundred years ago so this statement is actually correct in our galaxy when a supernova happens it is difficult to see because the dust blocks our view but here be careful because the question asks for the incorrect statements and just now we saw both statements are correct so the correct answer to this question is option D neither one nor two now this next question is also a two statement question first statement is nilgiri langur is a threatened black phased colobine that is endemic to western grads in south india this statement is correct see when you say endemic it means that the animal is regularly found in a particular place and this species of nilgiri langur is endemic to western guards now the second statement the geese golden langur are endemic to bhutan and asam in india now this statement is also correct this species is endemic to these regions now this is the image of nilgiri langur and the geese golden langur and here both the statements are correct so the correct answer to this question is option C both one and two now this next question is based on inner line permit first statement given is this permit is obligatory for all those indian citizens who reside outside the states protected by the ilp system this statement is correct because we saw that those who reside in the state itself they do not need ilp rather those who come from other states they need ilp so first statement is correct and the moment you know that you can eliminate options a and c because the question asks for the incorrect statements now the second statement an ilp can be issued for travel purposes only now this statement is also correct because it is issued for travel purposes only it actually mentions the dates of travel and also specifies the particular area in the state which the ilp holder can actually travel to so the statement is also correct now the third statement foreign tourists are not eligible to apply for the ilp now this statement is actually wrong because even foreigners are eligible to apply and they can travel within the protected area if they have this ilp but the rules might vary according to the states for example if you take mizoram here foreign nationals do not require any permit while entering the borders of mizoram but they have to mandatorily register themselves with the office of superintendent of police of mizoram within 24 hours of arrival in the state so this is the only incorrect statement the correct answer to this question is option b 3 only now this is our last problems question it is based on neurons first statement is neurons are responsible for carrying information throughout the human body this statement is correct this is the main function of neurons they pass electrical and chemical signals and they pass on the information now the second statement neurons are regenerated if damaged or died this statement is incorrect because during discussion itself we saw that neurons don't reproduce or regenerate so they are not replaced once they die and this is the reason for neurological diseases like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease so second statement is incorrect and therefore the correct answer to this question is option a one only because the question asked for the correct statements so this practice question let's take two main practice question this question is based on biomethanation discussion and this one is based on the cyberbullying discussion but read the questions carefully and try to answer it now in this question you have to analyze the information technology intermediary guidelines of 2021 and you have to say what are all the provisions in it that makes the social media platforms accountable and which helps in strengthening the cyber security so with us we have come to the end of hindi news analysis for the date 9th of january 2022 i hope you understood these sessions and you were able to answer many of the questions and if you like the video as always don't forget to like comment and also share among your friends if you want to receive regular updates from us please subscribe to our shankarai's academy youtube channel thank you


In other news, the man accused of shooting and killing a Johnson County man last month appeared in court yesterday. 50-year-old Walter Lee Curtis, who turned himself into authorities on Friday after nearly two weeks on the run, was arraigned in a Johnson County courtroom on a murder charge. Police say Curtis shot and killed 58-year-old Mike Jones outside a home in the Flat Gamp community on August 27. Walter Lee Curtis is scheduled to appear back in court Wednesday for a preliminary hearing where more details should be released about that case.


Welcome to this video tutorial. I'm Simone from the Okta Developer Support Team. This video is for Okta admins and developers who often collaborate to set up OpenID Connect or OAuth 2.0 integrations. And generally anybody interested in how Okta implements these two security protocols. In this video, we will cover the different authorization servers in Okta and more in-depth will cover what is OpenID Connect and OAuth 2.0, what is an authorization server and the types of authorization servers in Okta, where to find and how to configure the different authorization servers, specifically where to find the public metadata or discovery URLs for OIDC and OAuth 2.0 integrations. And so by understanding how to configure an authorization server, you'll be able to solve common issues. In Identity Access Management, OpenID Connect or OIDC and OAuth 2.0 are two separate security protocols that go hand in hand, but can function separately for the purpose of authentication and authorization respectively. OIDC relies on claims or info regarding a user stored in an ID token issued by an authorization server to log users into your app. Whereas in OAuth 2.0, this relies on access tokens that contains info regarding a user, which will allow them access to certain backend resources. As we can see here, OpenID Connect sits on top of OAuth 2.0. And in this diagram, we see them existing separately and yet accomplishing the same goal of Identity Access Management. Now moving on to authorization servers, what is it? It's an engine trusted by the protected resource, aka your backend resource, to issue tokens to your app. Think of it as a bridge between your web app and the protected resource, allowing users access. Now let's take a look at another diagram that shows the authorization server in more detail. Here is one type of OAuth 2.0 grant type called authorization code, which is the most common OAuth flow. In this scenario, Okta is the authorization server in between your web app and your resource server, issuing a code to your web app, which is then responsible for presenting that same code back to Okta in exchange for a token to gain access to your protected resource. Here is a table of the different authorization servers and their capabilities. We have the custom authorization server, which is an add-on feature. The default template, which is a ready-made custom authorization server and the Okta Org authorization server. What I want to draw your attention to is that the Okta Org authorization server can be used to implement OpenID Connect, but if you need access tokens for your backend resource, you will definitely need to upgrade to include the API Access Management feature to enable custom authorization servers. Feel free to pause this video to take a closer look at what is available within each authorization server. And now, this is a table with all the available Okta Orgs within Okta. The free developer org, Okta Preview, and Okta ProdOrg. Notice, the free developer org includes all the different authorization servers, but the custom and default authorization servers are not included in the Okta Preview and ProdOrgs. So be sure to reach out to your account manager for more info on pricing for the API Access Management feature. Again, that is if your use case requires access tokens or OAuth 2.0. Now, let's go over where to find and how to configure the different types of authorization servers. First up is the Okta Org authorization server that lives within the OIDC application. Here is an example of an OIDC single-page application. Under the Sign On tab, and then under OpenID Connect ID token, we find the issuer, which is the URL used to request your tokens. You can also set up group claims here, which is typically used for role-based access. And I'll go in-depth about this setup in another video, but for now, just know that you can create group claims here using Okta Group Expressions. Now moving on to where to find the custom authorization server, which again is a paid add-on under the API Access Management feature, and which again comes free with all developer orgs for your testing and which I'm using in this demo. To find that, we go under Security, API, and I've opened a new tab here. Notice that if you don't have API Access Management, you would not be able to see this authorization servers tab. As you can see, Okta provides a custom authorization server ready-made template called default. Let's take a look at its settings. Under its main settings, it provides a metadata URL, which provides information about your authorization server. I'll provide more info on this later. You also have a Scopes tab, which you can use to create custom scopes. And a Claims tab to create custom claims to extract user info as needed. Under the Access Policy, Okta provides a default policy and default policy rule for you. And when you create new authorization servers, you'll need to create policies and rules on your own, but you can use the default to model after. Here you can restrict what applications get access to this authorization server, and you can also restrict token lifetime as well as scopes being asked. Lastly, we have a token preview tool to see a sample of your ID and access tokens. When setting up your OIDC or OAuth integration, the third-party service you are working with may ask for metadata, discovery, or a well-known URL. This just means the public URL containing info about your OAuth server. Specifically, the OIDC or OAuth endpoints needed to interact with your OAuth server. Let's go find where that is. So under the main settings, I had mentioned the metadata URI. If I click on this hyperlink, I'm taken directly to this public URI where I can find the issuer of the tokens, the token endpoint to get the tokens, and the keys endpoint to validate those tokens. Now, this is for the OAuth integration, and if I wanted the OIDC integration, I would go to a different public URL and add open ID configuration at the end. And here I would find, again, the issuer of the tokens, the authorization endpoint where I could get the code, and in exchange for that code, I can get a token from the token endpoint. I can then use that token to get more info about the user at the user endpoint. And again, I can take the keys endpoint to validate those tokens. I will be sure to add all the documentation I've used in this video, and specifically this documentation that details all the OIDC and OAuth endpoints in more detail. And now finally moving on to the fun part of this video. Let's break some things to recognize common mistakes and learn from them. Remember, one of the ways we can tell that an org doesn't have an authorization, a custom authorization server, is when the org doesn't have the authorization servers tab. Yet another way is when you or your developers build with one of our SDKs, which all require the use of a custom authorization server, and find the following 401 error like this. In this scenario, I'm simply calling the metadata URI of an org, which I know that does not have API access management. And I get the error, you do not have permission to access the feature you're requesting, which simply means I do not have the API access management feature. And so with that error, don't forget to reach out to your account manager for more info on pricing and to include this add-on feature to your org as needed. Another error or confusion that we typically see is when an app receives a missing group claim due to calling the wrong server. As I have shown you, these two servers, the org and the custom authorization server, are two unrelated authorization servers. However, your app can request tokens separately from both the org and the custom authorization server. I'll show you what that looks like. I have already set up a group's claim within the org server. In this scenario, I'm simply asking for a group claim that will include all the groups I have within Okta. I'm using a handy tool called the OIDCD bugger tool. And this tool is what I'm going to use to manually request a code from Okta so then I can use that code to exchange it for a token. So I already have it configured and I've included a group scope so that I could get the groups within my ID token claim. And so when I send this request, that means sometimes you'll get an error because the app includes an ID token. We don't want that, we just want the code. So once we have the authorization code, another tool I use is Postman and you can go on to our Postman collections and download the API access management collection. Within this collection, you can find the request ready made for you to exchange the code for a token. Here I'm now given the ID token that I expect the groups to be in and I will include it in this handy tool that decodes Jots or JSON web tokens for me. And here we go, I see that I have groups included. Now let's intentionally call the wrong server and see what happens. So I go back to my debugger tool, I start over and this time I'm going to call the default authorization server by adding default. I make the same call, make sure I untick ID token. This error says one or more scopes are not configured for the authorization server resource and that's true because in my default authorization server I did not include or create a scopes called groups nor did I create a claim, a custom claim with any groups requested from Okta. Lastly, you will be met by confusion and madness when you go to validate a token you know you've revoked only to find it is still active because you are calling the wrong authorization server. There are two ways to validate a token. One way is by directly calling the introspect endpoint here saving the keys used to verify the signatures of your tokens from the keys endpoint locally to your app. Again, we know where to find the keys endpoint that's in our OIDC well known URI. And here it is for my org server. If I visit the keys endpoint directly here are the key IDs used to sign the tokens. Now let's validate an ID token from Okta. We'll first use the introspect endpoint and then we'll use the keys endpoint. So first we go to our postman sandbox and remember how we were able to exchange the code with an ID token. So with the ID token we can now go to the introspect endpoint. Again, Okta has these postman collections ready made for you and all you need to do is add the ID token to the introspect call. Send that and find the ID is in fact active still and some information about it such as groups. Now let's try making the same call intentionally to the wrong server. See what that responds with. So I'm adding default here and when I add default I get this message active equal false and that is not true because we saw that it is active. It's only that we were calling the wrong server. Now let's validate the same ID token using the keys endpoint method. Again, you would programmatically save the keys used to sign the tokens in your app. So with the same ID token I am going to use token.dev to peek into the token info and one of the information given to me is a key ID which I can use to verify that in fact this was the key ID used in signing the ID token. The caveat I should mention is that the access token coming from the Okta org authorization server cannot be validated locally as it is an opaque token. Fun fact, per the OAuth spec, access tokens are really opaque tokens but here at Okta we also consider them JSON web tokens or Jots. With that said, don't try to validate it with any of the public keys provided in the keys endpoint. I'll show you what I mean. Let's start by generating an access token. I'll be using the OIDCD bugger tool. I get a code and exchange that for a fresh access token. Notice I am calling the Okta org server and let's just inspect the access token. Using the handy dandy tool token.dev, let's inspect the access token. So see or notice two things here. First, that the audience is set to Okta. What this means is that the access token is intended to be consumed by Okta and one common use case here is when setting up a service app to interact with Okta APIs, your Okta org APIs. That service is called OAuth for Okta, but I digress. The main point here is that the validation is not intended for your backend resource. So with that said, the public keys to validate the signature at the keys endpoint is not available to you. So I'll show you what I mean by that. You are given a key ID and when you visit the keys endpoint, you notice that a key ID is provided, but it doesn't match because the validation is done by Okta and not by the keys endpoint. However, you can still perform a remote or opaque remote validation using the introspect endpoint. And I'll show you how to do that. You take the access token that you were given, present it to the introspect endpoint. Oh, by the way, the introspect endpoint takes the client ID and client secret just like the access of the token endpoint. So make sure you authorize, remember to authorize with that back to where we were. Provide the access token and see that in fact it is active. Let's just for fun. Try to validate it using the custom default server. See what we get with that. And it's false and that's that lines up because this token was not minted by the default authorization server. So in all the potential pitfalls that I have mentioned, the solution is to make sure you were calling the correct authorization server. All right, that's all for now. Happy coding and integrating with Okta. Reach out to us via the support portal or our dev forums for any further questions you may have.