As I mentioned in the last lecture, there's a lot going on between the various kingdoms within Al-Andalus, the Muslim area of Spain, as well as between the factions in the Christian kingdoms in Northern Spain. So we don't wanna over-generalize or oversimplify the number of divisions. We don't wanna just say, we don't wanna just conceive of Spain at this time as divided between Christian Spain and Muslim Spain. Although those are familiar categories, we can look at lots of different points in history and say, oh, look, the Christians are fighting the Muslims. We can look at the Crusades. We can look at sort of jihadist campaigns in the Middle East today and easily divide the world and it's a simple distinctions based on religious belief. But I mentioned that there were Christians and Jews in all over Al-Andalus, all over the Muslim territories who had rights to their own religions. They were likely to be promoted in government and that sort of thing. We also had alliances between Christians and Muslims within the Christian territories. We had alliances between individual Christian kingdoms with Muslim kingdoms against other Christian kingdoms and Muslim kingdom and Christian kingdoms against other Muslim kingdoms. And sometimes Muslims and Christians on one side versus Muslims and Christians on the other side. So we would miss all of that and we would completely not understand the role of either the historical Rodrigo Diaz or the narrative protagonist of El Cid if we simplify things into this kind of dichotomy. But it's for that reason that this text, this narrative helps us to examine our own tendencies to divide people into categories and sort of label them as category one or category two. But this is something that's not limited to religious divisions or certainly not limited to the Middle Ages. It's the kind of thing that we can see happening thousands of years before that and something that we see in our own way of thinking today. Just turn on the news and you'll see people described according to some sort of identity category. And that is very natural tendency as we'll see if we look at the medieval kingdom of Oklahoma. Okay, this is going back to the 1950s. Here in our neighbor to the north. There was a set of experiments conducted by psychologist Muzafar Sharif and his wife, Carolyn Wood Sharif, where they got these boys who were between the ages of 11 and 12 and they brought them to this camp called Robbers Cave State Park. And they ran it like a normal, like a Boy Scout camp or something like that, except they were looking to see how people bonded, especially young children bonded when they worked together as a group and then how they interacted with each other and with other groups once their group was in competition with yet another group. So they set up this camp to progress in three stages. First was the bonding stage. This is where they got groups of boys together and they had them carry out common goals where they would be building tents, they would be doing cooperative exercises that didn't have any competition. They weren't like games where one group was competing against another. They all had to work together. And the bonding stage was followed by the competition stage. It was at this point that each group, though they had been operating separate from each other, each group then became aware of the existence of the other group. One of the first things they did was each group came up with a name for itself. One group called itself the Eagles, another group called itself the Rattlers. And once they established these group identities, they then were put into competition in baseball games and tug of war and things like this. But this quickly got out of hand like a lot of experiments like this where the Eagles would go try to steal the Rattlers flag or the Rattlers try to steal the Eagles flag even though this wasn't actually part of a game at a certain point. They would break into each other's cabins and steal each other's stuff. And of course they would get into fistfights. This kind of thing happened at a much greater rate between groups than it ever happened within a group. Now you would expect young boys to end up fighting with each other, which they did but it was almost always an Eagle was beaten up by a Rattler or a vice versa. It was rarely an Eagle versus an Eagle or a Rattler versus a Rattler. This stage was interesting not only because they competed with each other but one thing that the psychologist discovered at this stage was not only did they sort of carry this competition beyond the athletic arena but they also started to think of each other as fundamentally different. The Eagles would describe the Rattlers as bullies or as cheaters or as liars, all these negative characteristics and they would describe themselves as virtuous, as playing fair, as only fighting if they were attacked first and this sort of thing. But of course the Rattlers said the exact opposites that they said they were the honest ones, they were the ones that played fair. It was the Eagles that cheated. And these weren't just immediate defenses of individual actions. They were often just, the psychologist would ask them what do you think of the Rattlers? And with nothing else to go on these boys would refer to each other. The other group is very negative and their own group is very positive. That stage was followed by the reduction of friction or reducing friction stage. In this stage they were required to do, each group was required to do things with the other group to cooperate. So one thing they had to do was fix a water tank that was supposedly broken. It wasn't actually broken but it was made to look that way so that they had to put their minds together to figure out how to fix it. When a delivery truck broke down or supposedly broke down, they had to instead of playing tug of war against each other, they had to unite because only the combined group of the Rattlers and the Eagles were gonna be able to move this heavy object in order to get the supplies to their camp. So once this happened, the infighting or the fighting between groups was reduced but also the stereotypes, the slandering, the accusing each other of being underhanded and deceptive and that sort of thing. Those things were reduced. So what Moussifar Sharif eventually wrote about in this article was this was an example he set out to see how groups interacted with each other but more importantly how they thought of each other in times when those groups are in competition with each other for limited resources but how that changes when those groups are combining their efforts for common resources. And so groups have an in-group bias that is they assign positive characteristics to their own group but they have an out-group hostility that is they're automatically hostile to people who are in a rival group even though they don't know those individuals. So once these groups identify these icons that unify them and the icons that unify their rivals they ignored the fact that these groups were created entirely arbitrarily. Each individual boy was assigned to one group or another based on no independent characteristics. It didn't matter what the individual was like before they were part of the group they were just completely randomly assigned. But when the boys were asked to describe individual members of their own group or individual members of the other group they wouldn't respond to those individuals as individuals they would respond to them as rattlers or as eagles as if it wasn't an external characteristic that they were part of this external group but as if being an eagle was an internal characteristic it determined who they were inside who they were as individuals. This is called essentialism. Essentialism is the belief that people of a particular group or each individual of a particular group is defined by natural internal characteristics that remain constant through different external situations. Essentialism presumes there's an essence to who you are that it's internal, it doesn't change it's more important than external characteristics like what group you're a part of or how you act in one situation. We essentialize people in different political groups different religious groups including ourselves we assume I am this way because I am a member of that group. To be an American is to be this to be a Christian is to be this rather than saying the opposite which is because I was raised as part of this group this group has had this influence on me as an individual. I tend to think that these characteristics aren't coming from outside they're coming from inside. We do this with religion we do this with politics we do this with different groups we also do this with gender and if I told you that either Moussa for Sherry for his wife Carolyn Wood Sherry if one of the two was good with children and one of the two was good with fixing things around the house you would probably assume that the husband was the one that was good at fixing things and the wife was the one that was good with children. We tend to assume that these are internal characteristics that women are just naturally one way men are just naturally another way. And of course there are statistical regularities where it might be more common for women to be one way and men to be another way but we also have the external pressure from our culture that pushes us as men to act a certain way and as women to act another way. And just like the Eagles and Rattlers tended to define each other based on their groups of course we have a millennia long tradition of defining people by their religious beliefs or even the religious beliefs of the groups that they're a part of. Rather than seeing them as members of a group where the individuals may or may not have something in common with the other individuals around them. Just because one person self identifies as Christian or self identifies as Muslim we presume we know certain things about them. Although as you probably noticed when we read the book of Genesis a lot of what we assume constitutes Christianity or Judaism doesn't actually come from the Bible and when you ask people who identify themselves as Christians about individual beliefs or doctrines you ask them if they're Nicene Christians what their belief is about the Trinity. Do they accept that Christ was of like substance with God or a similar substance with God? All of these were extremely fundamental debates in early Christianity but debates which modern Christians almost never know anything about. So are these defining characteristics? Are people actually being defined by their beliefs? Or are they defined by a group? And when asked what they believe do they then go look to that group to find out what they're supposed to believe? That is I'm asking you are you really as an individual characterized by this thing or do you just assume that you should be because you're part of this group? Just like we tend to fall into the essentialist type of thinking where we assume that people are determined by a certain essence we also tend to assume that the groups that we're part of have something in common beyond just the group membership itself. We tend to believe that people in our group all have a common essence that unites us even if we don't know those individual people. So imagine that you are here on campus and you see someone else wearing a Texas A&M Corpus Christi t-shirt it probably wouldn't strike you as very interesting but if you were in New Orleans and you saw someone wearing a TAMUCC t-shirt you might say oh there's a member of my community and this might be somebody you've never met before you've never seen before but you feel that oh this is someone I know or at least someone I have something in common with and imagine if you saw somebody with a University of Texas shirt on in London. You're in London you've got a TAMUCC shirt on they have a Texas University of Texas shirt on even though there's different universities this is someone you've never met before you feel like they're part of your community. So these are people that are not part of our face-to-face community people we don't actually know but we imagine that we have something in common because we have this group that we're a part of. This is what the philosopher and historian Benedict Anderson called an imagined community. So an imagined community is a group of individuals that identify with each other even if they don't personally know each other. They may define their community and themselves according to a common group. The group's name, the symbols of that group, the doctrines of that group even if they don't know all the doctrines of that group. The regions that they're from, the languages that they speak, the accents that they have. All sorts of other characteristics like this that don't actually tell us anything about that individual. So the difference between an imagined community and an actual community is in an actual community you know the people in your community. If you don't know them then they're not really part of your community. They're sort of a fuzzy boundary out there where there's the people that you know and then there's the people you know know and you may not know them. So they're sort of on the outside of your community. But an imagined community would just be the type of thing we're dealing with when we say that they're the Christian kingdoms of Spain and they're the Muslim kingdoms of Spain. As we see, El Cid is one of these people who doesn't really fit. I mean, he is ostensibly Christian and if you asked him whether he believed there was no God but Allah and Muhammad was a prophet he would probably say that's not a foundational belief of mine whereas that God so loved the world he sent his only begotten son that would be a foundational belief. But that doesn't really determine his community as we saw when he is exiled by Alfonso. Alfonso is a Christian, El Cid is a Christian but El Cid has to leave Castile and then he goes into the community of Zaragoza and fights on behalf of the Muslim kingdom of Zaragoza against the Christian kingdom of Barcelona. So he's one of these people who moves from one group to another even though his religion probably doesn't change it's just that that religion doesn't determine his community and that's something that is hard for a lot of people to understand when they read the song of the Cid or look at the historical El Cid. It seems maybe that he's betrayed his faith or something like that according to our terms but all he's really done is not fit our stereotype not fit our assumptions about what is supposed to characterize the individuals of that group. So what are we supposed to do if we can't just judge people or individuals by the groups that they're a part of? Well that leads us back to this necessity of theory of mind. Remember that theory of mind requires us to understand individual thinking at the individual level not just to say well if he's a Muslim he must think like this or if he's a Christian he must think like this. That's appealing to stereotypes. And the psychologist David Comer Kidd and Emmanuel Costano pointed out that literary fiction fiction that makes us distance ourselves from stereotypes, conventions, familiar schemata the way we expect things to go the scripts we're accustomed to literature that de-familiarizes these common expectations they force us to look at each individual character at the level of their thinking and their thinking about other people's thinking. So whereas many of our, they say whereas many of our mundane social experiences may be scripted by convention and informed by stereotypes those presented in literary fiction disrupt our expectations. They de-familiarize our approach to understanding the world and the people in it. Readers of literary fiction must draw on more flexible interpretive resources to infer the feelings and thoughts of characters. That is they must engage in theory of mind processes. And that's what we have to do with El Cid. If we looked at El Cid, the summary of the Song of the Cid we could say that oh, here's this Christian fighting against Muslims. Okay, I know the basic conflict here. I know what drives El Cid. I know what he wants to accomplish. And by conquering the city of Valencia and making it his own kingdom. As a Christian he's conquered a Muslim kingdom and that's the protagonist being successful, VN. That's all there really is to know about the Song of the Cid. But if that's what you thought you would completely miss all of the conflicts that determine the action of the poem and the focus of the poem. If we divided all the characters up according to their religious affiliation we might assume that El Cid should protect his daughters against Abinga Bonn, the Moorish king of Molina. And that he could rely on somebody like Count Garcia Ordonez or Diego and Fernando Gonzales, the Infantes of Carrion. Although that would have him, these are precisely the people that he finds that he cannot trust. These are Christian nobles who are supposed to have certain individual characteristics derived from being Christians. They're supposed to be sexually virtuous. They're supposed to be honest. These are things that they're clearly not. They're abusive, they're deceitful, they just want to exploit El Cid. They want to marry his daughters only because they want El Cid's money. And the fact that they're nobles we might assume according to the conventional logic of the time the Carrion nobles themselves say that because we are noble that even though we've beaten and nearly killed these young women they're the daughters of a commoner. So they have actually been honored by our abuse because we're nobles and they're not. So when we beat them and leave them for dead in the woods that actually is an honor for them to even be acknowledged by us superior nobles. And so these identity categories that were taken for granted are being completely upended or turned on their head by the narrative of the poem itself. So we can't come to this poem assuming that our stereotypes are gonna be validated. Now there are certain stereotypes that we'll see play out the way we expect them to and sometimes disappointingly so. In particular there are the Jewish characters Raguel and Vidas who lend El Cid some money and El Cid deceives them and it's kind of hard to interpret how we're supposed to take this. We have them lend El Cid all this gold when he's going into exile. El Cid fills this safe full of sand so that it's heavy so that they think there's gold in there. They bury it and then later in book two or in canto two they come back to find El Cid and say look we're gonna be ruined unless you pay back our debt. Please, you know, please pay us back what we lent you now that El Cid has all of this money because of all these conquests he's made. And we're never told what happens to them and it seems that their case is just dismissed, that they don't deserve the sort of requital that they were promised. And so it's kind of hard for us to see this as anything other than sort of anti-Semitism and we're never really given anything more to use to interpret that. We see Christians acting the way we would expect Christians to act in an army or a Christian versus Muslim sort of crusades era events when we see Don Geronimo. His only goal seems to be fighting Moors. He wants to fight Muslims and convert new territories to Christianity. And that's all he does. That's all that drives him. That's the only conflict he runs into. And of course we have a lot of sort of Muslim characters who aren't really well described. They're only drive, their only goal seems to be fighting against Christians. And so King Yusuf of Morocco, who is based on the historical King of the Berbers, the Almoravid war leader who came to unite the Taifas and make them more radical and unified against the Christians.  And that's the end of it. But we also have more complicated characters whose thinking we have, whose mental states, whose thinking processes get more attention from the narrator. One of those is Ibn Galboun on page 105, section or chapter 83. We find that he's the Muslim King of Molina and we're told, or El Sidd says, that I've made peace with him and I know he'll join you with another 100 men. So this is someone he's looking to, he says he's made peace with him. So at some point they must have had, that must have been opponents. But for whatever reason, now he knows that this Muslim King is gonna be very loyal to him. He trusts him to give safe passage to his men and his daughters. And the narrator tells us that Ibn Galboun did not blink an eye. Gladly he said that night he gave them a great feast. And then later in chapter 126 and 127, page 183, even when the Infantes of Qari'on go back the other direction and they're taking El Sidd's daughters whom they've married, Ibn Galboun comes out to give them safe passage and to welcome them.  They say that we know we'll soon be rid of these girls and if we can kill Ibn Galboun this more, everything he owns will be ours. And one of Ibn Galboun's men overhears this and goes and tells him and rather than immediately attacking them or imprisoning them or whatever, he just rides up to them and says, what have I done to you noblemen? I've gone out of my way and you're planning my death. Love for El Sidd is all that keeps me from doing things to you that would ring in the whole world's ears. So we clearly have this Moorish Muslim king shown to be much more noble, much more patient, much more upright and respectable than these Christian nobles. And he also shows them, he's much more gracious to them even though they've just been plotting to kill him. So we contrast him with the Christian nobles, the Qari'ons. We have this defamiliarization of type, of the type being not only Christian but also noble that is supposed to be somebody who's more honest than commoners, who's more successful on the battlefield, more successful in business and personal responsibility and all this, but in all of these things we see the Qari'ons consistently failing. They lose all the money that they take even the money that they take that they haven't earned. They're completely financially incompetent, they're self-indulgent and the only reason they want to marry Elsie's daughters is because they want his wealth because they think well to be noble we have to have money so let's take the money from a commoner but when they realize that marrying a commoner's daughters is an insult to them then they want to kill them and they even say that killing these girls would actually elevate our honor because we don't want to be associated with them. And so we're left to wonder what's going on in these guys' heads. The narrator's ideas of justice and of nobility and of noble character at least versus the conventional assumptions expressed by the Qari'ons are clearly at odds. We have to understand their thinking even as we reject it comparing it to another type of standard, another type of criteria for what makes a person good. So this is a theory of mind exercise as well. To disagree with somebody we have to understand two things. We have to understand how they think and we have to contrast it to something else. But when we see someone like Ibn Galban responding to their treachery by being open and sort of rejecting them but not stooping to their level we see his thinking compared to their thinking and we see his way of thinking about their thinking. We see why his character is opposed to their characters. But we also have to understand why they think the Qari'ons think that they're entitled to wealth even though they haven't earned it. Why they think they're entitled to abuse the daughters of El Cid. Why Garcia Ordonez thinks he's entitled to deface or to defame El Cid. And why they all seem to think that as El Cid becomes more successful and more popular their honor is diminished. They seem to think honor is a zero sum game or if somebody else has more then that means I have a less. Now there are other ways to see the world that are different than the way the Qari'ons and Garcia Ordonez see them. But we have to understand theirs is different than the way El Cid and Felix Muñez and Alvar Fáñez and Pedro Pimudez all see the world. But we also see the character of Alfonzo sort of caught between them. He's got to decide do I think the way Garcia Ordonez says or do I think the way El Cid does and we see him sort of going back and forth in his mental representation of what's happening. And not only is El Cid and Evangobon a good contrast to the way the Qari'ons seem to think but Pedro Pimudez is another great character that I think is sort of underrepresented in the song of the Cid. He doesn't get talked about that much. But notice he's the one who is referred to as Pedro Mudo, dumb Pedro or Pedro the mute, the one who never talks. There's nothing he can't talk, he just rarely does. And in chapter 142 and 143, this is on page 221, at the trial of the Qari'ons, Pedro is asked to speak and he sort of feels insulted by El Cid's description. And we're told he tried to talk but his tongue stopped him and would not let a word come out but once again, believe me, no one could stop him. Or once he began, believe me, no one could stop him.  You know in fact I can talk better but nothing's ever missing from what I do. So he's not a very good speaker whereas the Qari'ons are very good speakers. He's not very good at articulating what the right thing to do is but he's good at doing the right thing. And in this, his characterization is diametrically opposed to the Qari'ons. We find out a lot about what he thinks not from what he says throughout the poem but what he does. Remember that back in chapter 115 on page 163 we have something missing from this fight where the Qari'ons were still accompanying El Cid in the battlefield. And there's a missing section. We're told there's a full page missing from the manuscript, perhaps 50 lines. We know from the chronicles that the first speaker below is one of the Qari'ons who had proposed to join the fight but turned and ran when Amor attacked him. Pedro Bermudez kills Amor and brings the man's horse to the Qari'on so he can claim to have won the battle. So Pedro helps this Qari'on fool the rest of the men so he can pretend that he has defeated someone in battle. Keep in mind they have never beaten anybody. They've never had any sort of success on the battlefield. But Pedro wants to help them deceive everybody else so that they appear brave and hoping that that will actually make them more honorable. Once they sort of maybe come to identify themselves as brave or when others identify them as brave, very similar to what Badavar Bjarke does for Hoth or Hjotli in Hroth Krakis saga. Let's take this coward out to the battlefield and then once everybody thinks that he's just won a victory, maybe he'll sort of grow into fit the part. That's what Pedro does but clearly the Qari'ons don't do that. But the reason we know what happens there is because Pedro then tells the whole story that's missing in that missing page. He tells that story in chapter 143. And so whether it's the Qari'ons trying to deceive everyone else or trying to state out loud the way they think or it's Ibn Gabon or Pedro Bermudez contrasting themselves to the Qari'ons and articulating one way or another the failure of character in the Qari'ons. We have in all these cases, people representing to themselves the way they think the world is and representing other people's representations in their minds and then contrasting those. And we see those second and third level theories of mind in conflict. And we have to understand this thinking in order to understand anything that happens. Because if we don't understand that the Qari'ons are the main threat, then we don't understand how their thinking leads to the conflict that is central to the narrator's description. If the Qari'ons were simply motivated by greed, we could understand that easily. If the Christians and Muslims were simply motivated by their religion, we could understand that easily. But we don't get it that easy in the Song of the Sid. We have to understand each individual's thinking to understand why they do what they do and why that requires a particular action from someone else. So in other words, in order to understand what happens, we have to understand how people think and how they think about other people thinking. That's how we understand the characters and that's how we understand where the conflict comes from. And you can't understand a narrative without understanding the conflict. Every narrative is gonna have some sort of conflict. So the literary theorist, David Herman, says that the conflicts that participants encounter in trying to actualize their plans, whether because of unpredicted obstacles, conflicting plans hatched by other participants or other difficulties, confer on sequences in the narrative the noteworthiness or tellability, distinguishing a story from a stereotype or a script. From this perspective, conflict is constitutive of narrative. It makes a narrative. Though it's source, the source of the conflict, the manifestations of the conflict and the relative pervasiveness of the conflict are going to vary from narrative to narrative. So we can distinguish two types of conflict, and I've mentioned this in the past when we talked about Gilgamesh. There's the proximate goal a character has. That is the immediate goal that the protagonist recognizes and tries to achieve. So think about Gilgamesh trying to achieve immortality. That's contrasted with the ultimate goal and that's what the protagonist ultimately gains. And it's almost always different than the proximate goal. So Gilgamesh goes in search of immortality. He doesn't get it, but he understands how to become a better king. Even though the historical El Cid is known for his conquest on the battlefield and even though these battles with Christian kings, like the Count of Barcelona, Muslim kings like King Yusef, these take up a lot of the text. Those individual battles are all proximate goals. They're something he has to do in the immediate present, but they're ways to a more ultimate goal. Namely, this is the way he's going to survive in exile and hope to show his loyalty to King Alfonso. So he's got two ultimate goals. All these individual battles are proximate goals. His two ultimate goals are, one, prove his loyalty to Alfonso. And he does this even when he's in exile by sending some of the spoils of war back to King Alfonso. He sends Alvar Fanyez back with horses and gold and swords that are taken from conquered Muslims. And he sends them, these back is signs of loyalty and he frequently says, I want to win back the trust of King Alfonso. And when King Alfonso finally does come out and they see each other face to face, El Cid gets down on his knees and sort of kisses the ground because he wants to show how loyal he is. But his other ultimate goal is to protect his family and in particular to eventually someday hoping to give his daughters away in marriage. When he has to leave his daughters and his wife with Don Sancho, the abbot, he holds his daughters up and he says, may it please God and his mother Mary that someday these hands will give them in marriage. These two goals are gonna come into conflict when the king decides that his daughter should be given in marriage to the Carrions. There we see him give up this thing that he initially said was one of his lifelong goals and that is to give his daughters in marriage away. He says, I can't do that. He doesn't trust the Carrions. And so he has, he tells the king, you have to give them away. You've made this choice. You give them away in marriage.  And so they've turned themselves against the king and that's what ultimately undoes them. But to understand why there's so much focus on the Carrions themselves and then the marriage with the Carrions and then what they do to the daughters and then the trial at the end, if we don't understand these goals coming to conflict with each other, then we don't understand why there's all this focus where we thought there would just be this constant battle between Christians and Muslims. So character goals lead to conflicts between characters. The conflict leads to the construction of the plot. But there's also cues that the narrator will leave for us to understand other thematic conflicts. And so we don't just have themes where a certain thing is symbolized or some abstract concept is represented. We have conflicting themes, we have themes in conflict like whether or not being born to the nobility makes you a better person or whether it's what you do, your actions that make you a more quote unquote noble. So the definition of the word nobility, that's a theme of two different interpretations that are constantly in conflict. How to respond to attacks, to insults, to violence. We see the Carrions respond to insults that were never even there. When they're afraid of this lion that belongs to El Cid and everyone laughs at them, they act as if someone had done something to them. This had all been a conspiracy against them to humiliate them when it actually it's their own actions that brought the laugh of other people and El Cid was very measured and he tells his men not to laugh at the Carrions for hiding from this lion. We contrast what they perceive as an insult and how they respond to it. They respond by trying to kill El Cid's daughters. We contrast that to the fact that when they tried to kill El Cid's daughters that was the worst kind of attack you can do to another person and yet El Cid has this very measured response. He's very patient and he wants to find a legal solution rather than just overpowering and killing these guys which he could easily have done. And with the swords, Tizon and Colada, we have these sort of markers that obviously they don't have minds. They can't express a particular point of view and then sort of see that point of view in conflict with another point of view. But they aren't necessarily symbols although you may argue that they are. So much as an objective correlative, this is a term which I'm not gonna ask you to learn but if you see an object that is consistently used to focus your attention on one issue or one sort of thread of the narrative then that's what T.S. Eliot and others have called an objective correlative. It's an object that correlates to something else happening in this narrative. And Tizon and Colada, remember, are one by El Cid on the battlefield. He takes them from these two kings, Youssef and the Count of Barcelona and then he doesn't, we're not told that he uses them for fighting but he gives them as wedding gifts first to the Carrions when they marry his daughters and then once they get caught trying to cheat him, they're the first things that he has taken away from them at this trial. And when he takes them away, he gives them to Pedro Bimutas and to Martin Nantelinas and then Pedro and Martin use them in single combat against the Carrions. So the Carrions, we see the swords as El Cid's accomplishments on the battlefield. He passes those accomplishments on to these two guys who don't have any accomplishments on the battlefield as a symbol of his own devotion to them as his new sons-in-law. They fail to live up to the honor represented by these swords and so those swords are taken away from them and then used against them in actual violent combat and then they are both described as seeing these swords about to strike them down during the combat and each of the Carrions begs for mercy when they look at either Tizon or Colada. They recognize that they are unworthy, that they are defeated by these weapons that they were once offered. And so if your goal as a reader in reading the Song of the Cid was to figure out what happens, as you read, you're probably thinking, okay, what do I need to know? And to figure out what I need to know, I need to know who are the most important characters? Which of these events is the most important? What do I need to be focusing on? Now that you've sort of seen what happens, when you first read this narrative or any other text, you don't really know what to focus on. You don't really know which of these things is gonna be important later on. Now that you've read it, you realize that the final battle, so to speak, the climax of the narrative, isn't what you may have expected. You may have been expecting it to be a confrontation between El Cid and Alfonso. You may have expected it to be a conflict between Christians and Muslims. But what you find is this sort of trial by combat, which is not just combat, it's also a trial. And it's not just the Karyons that are on trial, it is what they represent. These Christian nobles who don't live up to the characteristics that either of those identities are supposed to live up to. And instead we have these common men, like El Cid, like Pedro Vunes, like Martin Nantilines, are representing the virtues that the nobility were supposed to have. And we see that the honorable characteristics are not exclusively shared by Christians. They're also a product of Muslims, at least like Ebingobon. If we take this recognition of how the conflicts sort of come to a head, and we go back and reread the novel, these things start to make a lot more sense. You start to see the conflicts building up. You see them introduced, even though they weren't so obvious to us at the beginning. So to take for example, in the beginning, in Canto I, when El Cid leaves his daughters with Don Sancho, the abbot, and he says, I hope to one day give them a marriage. That line probably didn't seem that significant at the time. It was just one of 100 other things you're trying to process. As you're focusing on the fact that he's about to leave. You're focusing on where he's going now. But that line, going back, once you realize how this is gonna come into conflict later on, becomes much more important. And this is why you always benefit from a second reading. Conflicts never come out of nowhere, at least in good writing, they don't, in well thought out writing. But a lot of times they're introduced, and we don't notice them when they're introduced. A lot of times a character's disposition, a character's way of thinking is sort of introduced, and we just assume, oh, this says something about this character that may be more significant than what he's wearing. But if we see later on that that expression of a way of thinking actually leads to a conflict we didn't see coming, then we go back and read and we see, oh, okay, here's where this character's thinking is introduced. And now I see how that's going to lead to a conflict with another character who thinks in a different way. LC, just like everything else that we've read, really benefits from a second reading. And I strongly encourage you to go back and read this if you have time. And just even to skim over it, a lot of things are gonna become suddenly more obviously important that you may not have noticed before. And when you're trying to decide what do I need to remember, what do I need to pay attention to, focus on the conflict and the character psychologies that lead to that conflict.


All right, I think it's about time to get started. This is our final project briefing for day two of the virtual event at the CNI fall 2021 member meeting. And this will be a panel joint panel from the US and Canada representing some joint work that has been going on between in the in the ARL and Carl context, looking at institutional strategies and policies for dealing with research data. This is a, you know, major source of investment and a major challenge for libraries, every research libraries everywhere and it's interesting to me to see the similarities and variations between the approaches that different institutions are taking. We have an all star group of panelists and I'm not going to introduce them all because I believe the next slide is a slide listing all the panelists and their affiliations. So I'm going to just hand it off to our panel, say welcome. Thank you for being here with us and I'm really looking forward to what you all are going to tell us. Thank you, Cliff. And thanks everyone for joining us this afternoon. My name is Jenny Mullen Berg and as Cliff mentioned I'll advance the slide here I will be introducing our panelists just real briefly and then as each one of them speaks they will reintroduce themselves. And a little bit about where they're from. We have Donna born Tyson from Dalhousie Abigail gobin from the University of Illinois Chicago, Jim will dim bush from Minnesota and then me from the University of Washington. The three first panelists will be discussing issues around policy and strategy development and research data services and their institutions. And then I'll mention a little bit about the ARL report that kind of brought ARL and Carl together earlier this year. What we're going to be hearing are some of the experiences and lessons learned, lessons learned, excuse me, when adopting and implementing institution wide policies and strategies. Some of the use cases that our three panelists bring and then some more information about the framework for research data services out of the ARL Carl report. So with that, I will just kick it right off to Donna born Tyson. Thanks very much, Jenny, can I have the next slide please. So, yeah, Donna born Tyson Dean of Libraries, I was pleased to be a member of the ARL Carl RDM committee, and I'm speaking to you from Dalhousie University. Dalhousie University is located in Magma, the ancestral and unseated territory of the Magma, we are all treaty people. I would like to very briefly cover how institutional RDM strategies have been mandated by federal funding agencies in Canada, and how strategy development is being enabled by a national RDM network of experts, and how the spectrum of services and activities from national to local is being considered in an institutional strategy. Next slide please Jenny. So the try agency. Oh, sorry. The try agency in Canada, the funding agency is really three agencies combined for health, natural sciences and engineering, and social sciences and humanities, known as the try agencies. And next slide please. Yep. The RDM policy which was issued by the try agency is the second step after the earlier open access policy was established in 2016. So the data management policy was promised and discussed over a period of five years with the library community and others. The try agency RDM policy was eagerly awaited by the RDM community as something that would draw attention to the benefits of RDM and the services offered at our universities. There are three requirements in the policy to create an institutional strategy for researchers to create data management plans and for researchers to deposit their data. The try agency policies requires an institutional strategy rather than an institutional policy, but it is acknowledged that there are governance issues that could be considered in an institutional data policy as an additional step. And Jim will have more to say about that later. Next slide please. So for over a decade, research data management had been worked on locally in Canadian research libraries, and also at the national level led by the Canadian Association of Research Libraries. Carl started developing portage in 2013, a network of RDM experts, and a national suite of services and infrastructure was support from librarians across the country. The librarians have been developing this national network while creating capacity at their own institution as well by lending support to the national effort there has been an effective coordination and much less reinventing of the wheel. RDM capacity in smaller institutions has been easier to develop as well drawing on the shared expertise. Next slide please. So the process of setting up a national digital research infrastructure organization called the digital research Alliance of Canada, or the Alliance for short. RDM advanced research computing and research software are the three pillars of the Alliance. Next slide please. Before the creation of the Alliance responsibility for delivering Canada's DRI research infrastructure ecosystem ecosystem had evolved to be a highly distributed endeavor with many actors across multiple delivery layers and no formal mechanism to ensure coordination and planning. The government of Canada saw the value of consolidating related services and organizations, and along with other national organizations portage has been merged into the Alliance during 2021. Researchers have expressed a desire for wrote a robust national DRI, but not at the expense of the funding available to them as researchers. This has been top of mind for everyone involved. Next slide please. There are still several layers of national and regional cooperation, including Carl and the four regional academic library consortia and organizations in the DRI such as canary. But additional organizations including compute Canada and research data Canada are now being merged into the Alliance as well. This strong national coordination combined with the regional consortia and a growing number of RDM specialists in each university ensures that no one is reinventing the wheel at the local level and activities are taking place at the right level to meet researcher needs. Next slide please. The RDM coordination name has changed from portage to the Alliance but the focus remains on creating researcher focus capacity at scale. And this includes over 150 experts at each university library, and then a core RDM team of staff with the Alliance infrastructure and programs, tools, services and policies and training and outreach and that training and outreach and actually everything is available directly to a researcher or through their RDM librarian. The expert groups, oh sorry. Yep, perfect. The expert groups offer services platforms training and standards around the entire research data lifecycle, and these all factor into the development of an institutional RDM strategy. And they should be the first consideration for developing something at the local level. Next please. Several of the portage expert groups have created services or infrastructure that specifically meet the requirements of this tri agency RDM policy. They are provided into institution facing and researcher facing requirements for the requirement for an RDM strategy. There's a template to assist the university in the development of the strategy. This was co developed by portage the tri agency and other agencies in the DRI. For the researchers for the requirement file a data management plan. There is a national DMP assistant a bilingual online tool it walks researchers through the creation of the plan. There are two researchers and various discipline specific templates available. Also for the researchers for their prior to deposit their data there are two repository options available nationally, at no cost to the researcher and also guidelines on disciplinary and institutional repository options. Next slide please. There's also support for institutional strategy development being provided in terms of workshops by the Alliance. Next please. And one of the things they're advising is that there's a university wide team together key participants. In most universities this team is being led by the library, often in partnership with the research office and including the IT group, the ethics board and of course researchers. Next please. So there are sort of phases outlined towards the development of the strategy, starting with an assessment of the current state of RDM. Next slide please. And the tool has been developed by portage in the Alliance maturity assessment model that supports this assessment of institutional capacity. Are there RDM librarians or the storage and preservation infrastructure and tool options. What are the relationships with the research office IT and ethics, and a consideration of relevant policies and university systems. Next slide please. At Dell housing we had the privilege to test drive the portage trade agency template for the institutional strategy when it was in a draft stage, and our strategy was proven late 2011 team well ahead of 2023 compliance required. And Dell's fantastic RDM team has continued to refine our strategy to further develop aspects that were not originally given full consideration. Next slide please. We included more consideration of the fair and care principles, care principles for indigenous data governance articulated by the global indigenous data Alliance. And now we're considering and receiving training in the first nations principles of OCCAP from the first nations information governance center. Next slide please. These OCCAP principles of ownership control access and possession, don't always align with the fair principles of open. And OCCAP principles must be given precedence working with the local indigenous research community. We also have advice from the government of Canada on other ways to decolonize research which we are folding into our institutional strategy. Our strategy will always be an iterative process where we're assessing what researchers need to support the management of your data. And now I'm turning things over to advocate. Okay, thank you Donna. So I'm going to take this a little bit different direction rather than talking about very much the large scale and the big picture that Donna's given us for all of Canada I'm going to talk very personally about what I'm seeing here at UIC and how that's a little different in the United States. So, thinking about this and as I was getting ready to tackle this I was that was thinking about like walking into a restaurant with someone ask you how big is your data party. Next slide please. And also I'm the data management librarian at UIC and I'm also a data policy advisor for our office of research so I hold joint positions within the university. When we're talking about identifying policies needs and librarian models and how do we get people involved and how do we engage with all of this. It's something I've been looking at for a long time and so I have research on all of these areas for you to build upon. First, about five years ago a team and I looked at institutional data policies what's available and my understanding is that we actually haven't changed all that much I know UIC does not have its own research data policy yet. There have been some new ones there are some others that were in our paper that are continuing to emerge and evolve, but that paper can give you a quick idea of where institutional policies are what the best ones we thought were and how you can build on those rather than having to reinvent. Another thing that we've seen quite a lot of is curiosity about researcher needs. And in 2019, we looked at 35 needs assessments on faculty and what their, what their needs were surrounding research data management. It will probably come as absolutely no surprise to this particular group that the primary need that they identified with storage. There's a lot of other needs though that we can, we can get to and seeing that at scale, it helps you to understand that everyone is really working on a lot of these same issues, faculty have crossed the border are pretty homogenous and what they're asking for. And then more recently, I had the opportunity of the last four years I built and ran the ACRL RDM road shows with Megan Sap Nelson and an amazing team. And one of the things that Megan and I saw were these different models that our institutions were using to engage liaison and subject librarians in data management and research data services so we've articulated what these models might look like at your institution. So you'll find things that may look familiar or if you are just getting more involved with data management or you're trying to figure out a different model. We've articulated those for you. Next slide please. So what does that look like at you I see as with many institutions, data management and data services falls to kind of under that tripartite group of University Library, it and the various offices that are aligned with that and then our office of research. And for us specifically, the University Library in the Office of Research will that's, that's me. There are certainly other colleagues that I work with on campus, but I have those titles that is my primary job responsibility. I'm also liaison librarian. And then we also have our information technology leadership council. There is a research committee specifically there. And that group really advocates for the research needs and has a very heavy data focus, we're trying to advocate for the storage needs for the high performance computing needs. It is a governance group and an advisory group. We gather information it's really neat because it draws together all of these people from a variety of colleges and experiences. There's a lot in terms of education, we do workshops. I teach a full data course in the spring we're going to be working on an NIH data management plan sample library. We respond to a lot of RFIs I just turned in one last week about data to the NIH so there are a lot of RFIs coming out and it's really essential for us to keep reporting on this. We're going to figure out how do we identify resources that we have in need and working on a data policy development for campus, which is so hard with all the disciplines that we have. Next slide please. And the thing that's going to be taking up my next year is this new NIH data management and sharing policy. This came out about a year ago, and introduces that two page data management plan into all of the grants. This will start next year in January of 2023 sorry year year plus, and it really changes the culture because we're moving from data should be shared. It is nice if you share you should share to data must be shared. And specifically as soon as possible, and no later than the time of an associated publication, or the end of a performance period, whichever comes first. This is an enormous cultural change. We have so many things to tackle and you I see is a huge week. We get a lot of NIH funding. So trying to make sure our researchers are prepared. This is what I this is what I am doing. Next slide. So how do I do that. So last spring I went on what I called the awareness tour. I started at administrative as high as I could go and worked my way down. And I was like hi, hi, here's a new policy. Surprise. I'll be back and just made sure people knew about it. I didn't want this to come as a surprise. I start that second awareness tour with our faculty next spring, I'm doing a couple this December and but mostly next spring. I don't want them to hear it over and over again. I don't want this to be a surprise when they hit those fall grants and that fall grant cycle. To that end we built a campus task force which is offices of research and various people from college it departments are research technology group or clinical translational center. We focused on how do we do this in a way that preserves human subject protection. There is specifically in the policy requirements that we observe indigenous data protection, speaking back to Donna's focus on what they're doing with the care principles. And we have to prioritize this it is in the policy, and then also with AI and machine learning. There's so many new and emergent re identification risks, and I don't know how we tackle all of those but we are trying as a campus to make sure that we look at those and consider those holistically now in advance of data sharing. Next slide. And now I will turn it over to Jim. My name is Jim Wilkenbush, and I direct research computing at the University of Minnesota and research computing includes the Minnesota Super computing Institute, the University of Minnesota Informatics Institute and a unit called use the report directly to the vice president for research, although I work very closely with our libraries here on campus in the system in general. And so the attack that I'm going to take in terms of just giving a bit of an overview is to describe really how the joint task force report fits into a broader vision, where really we are looking at ways to view data more as an asset, as an asset to a liability, and I'll explain more about what I mean when I talk about data as a as a liability, specifically. Next slide. So, all of this that I'm about ready to describe is drawing heavily from a practices and experience and advanced research computing paper, which is cited here. But it also includes a number of updates since this is about two years old and as as our panelists already mentioned things are always in need of being updated. Next slide. So, among the things that you've heard already about this particular framework is that it's very practical. In fact, there are a number of very specific recommendations with examples that you can look to to see how your institution might be able to take advantage of this report. This is extremely handy and this will certainly I think help you see why we've gone where we went and why we're going in the direction that we're going. Next slide. So, the, again, the larger vision is to shift this paradigm from talking about data as a liability to realizing data as an asset and, and part of that is sort of recognizing that in the role that I play very often amongst technologists. We spend a great deal of time talking about the liability side of the equation. For example, the cost of allocating storage the cost of storage itself and the cost of protecting storage. The real shift should be, and what what we're trying to achieve here at the University of Minnesota is to not lose sight of the fact that data are also tremendous asset. This to all of you here hopefully it does, but to really bringing voice to that is is what we're aiming to do, because of course it promotes public private collaboration that helps in recruiting faculty and students. There are economies of scales that can be achieved. And certainly it increases our capacity to do high quality research. Next slide.  Some of these data sets are in fact large it's fairly common to see data sets over 100 terabytes and, and even to see multi petabyte data sets that need to be preserved in some way. The use agreements are certainly onerous and are not getting any easier to navigate. And our academic institutions are complex. There are many organizations on campus that are involved in in some way in the data management process and I'll touch upon a few of those as we go forward. Next slide. So, when we started doing this work really we identified this was this was really in 2015 so as prior to this report and we identified for key ingredients to realizing data as an asset and the first was that there needed to be some sort of sustained research computing infrastructure research infrastructure. We needed to have well trained cyber infrastructure professionals. Sometimes these are called cyber practitioners in my community. We needed to have good data governance that spans institutional reporting lines, and that really sort of fill that that middle if you will, and we needed to have good tools to make data interoperable and to facilitate analysis and sharing of these data. Next slide. I'm just going to look at one element of this really quickly in the last couple of slides, and that is really the good governance because I think it, we've really been helped by the task force report that you were just that you that we're talking about today. And I think you know one thing that I just want to say is that everyone at the University of Minnesota was motivated by the reality that if we didn't do something. People are resourceful. They'll find a way to do things and the ways that they find to do things will vary between not particularly elegant to potentially dangerous and in various ways or risky with respect to the institution. Next slide. All right, so the reality that we faced is that, you know, from a top down approach where we're really looking for strategic alignment and so forth the reality is far as many of our data users and data generators is that could slow things down. And, and from the sort of bottom up approach from the researchers is that really they're interested in time to solution and the solutions that come to bear might actually lack broader alignment with our strategic goals and so. Next slide. So we really came up with and this is this is an iterative process if you read our paper you'll see that these this middle looks a little bit differently we've refined it to include two groups. The first group is what we call our institutional cyber infrastructure group. It involves people who directly report up to the vice president to their respective VPs, and I'll show you who those are in a moment, and then really more of a sort of boots on the ground group and these are the people who are working directly with the researchers. Next slide. And so the charge of this group really could be summarized as to coordinate various research cyber infrastructure initiatives across the system. The members of this group, as you've heard in the previous talks it's important to build effective coalitions they include research computing or the OB PR, our central it group, our academic health center, and our libraries those are the core. What we call our owners or members of the ISIC. Next slide. So it implies that this group also doesn't operate in a vacuum. We were really initiated with the idea of engagement and so just like within your own institution, you have various groups to engage with and they have already policies and ideas about what needs to be done and so we've actively engaged with these groups. Importantly, I think this approach has allowed us to speak more effectively also with external organizations, both in terms of describing what it is that we're doing where we're doing is when I speak about the University of Minnesota I could speak in a more coherent fashion. And then also to sort of take that advice and make sure that it enters our institution in an effective way that can affect change. Next slide. And so, just quickly back to those recommendations where are we. Next slide. We're, we're getting there. Specifically what I tried to do here is map some approaches that we've taken and some results that we've observed to the specific recommendations. So this top four seem to be very good starting places. That said, these highlighted in sort of orange and red are ones that we certainly want to get to and actually are putting those on our roadmap now. And that's all I have looking forward to, to questions here's some resources if you wanted to sort of dive a little bit further into what we're doing. Thanks. Thank you everybody. I am again Jenny Milenberg and I'm research data services librarian at the University of Washington in Seattle and I'm also an ARL visiting program officer for research data. So I'm just going to kind of illustrate and put an exclamation point on what the speakers have talked about today. In late 2019 ARL and Carl formed a joint task force on research data services, which had the following three goals, which I won't read to you but the goal of the group was really to have a selection of deans and directors, as well as data practitioners, data librarians, etc, working together to try to come up with some some of the ways that research libraries help steward information. As well as coming up with some support structures and some frameworks for how people can go ahead and not only implement research data services, as you see as we talked about today but the policies and strategies that institutions are using. So we tried to create some guidance and reference work for research data libraries to use. So there are there's, I'm going to go back actually so you accept it's not going back. There we go. There's a link there to the actual page on the ARL site that links to the, the report that we have produced. There were also three working groups, the one that dealt with institutional strategies, much of their information was put into the final report itself but there were two other groups that have forthcoming separate research outputs that are coming our way. So one is on the policy working group is from the policy working group and this is the work they did kind of collected a history of policy and the US and Canada, and provided an overview of current policies, and then the goal for institutions and librarians was to come up with a list of recommendations when instituting policy and strategy development and implementation. So to do that we looked at examples of current policies, we included exemplars of library involvement when librarians or libraries had been involved with developing policies and strategies at the institutional level. We've included information about exemplar policies, and then some of the selected policies strategies and principles that drive current practice whether that comes from government layer or you know, a federal state layer or it's an institutional policy layer. So as you saw with each of these speakers partnerships and having strong relationships with stakeholders is critical to having research data services at an institution. And so this particular partners that partnerships and stakeholders working group looked at the types of partnerships that exist in providing research data services. I think each one of the three speakers just really highlighted the types of internal and external collaborations that become essential to this kind of not just the institutional strategy and policy development but they actual implementation of services for an institution. This group also looked at the whys of partnerships which help define what what the goals of a partnership is for, whether it's going to be formal or a more informal basis. They included information about assessment tools, as well as a lifecycle for partnerships, and what partnerships need to succeed. There was also some information about the catalog of partnerships if you will it's all of this is to help people figure out when developing institutional strategies and institutional data services, how to best go about doing them. So some of the next steps and horizon issues for this particular ARL and Carl research data services test for us, and then and beyond that particular group is continued engagement between ARL and Carl on the role of research libraries and I should have said first that the bolder things that we've actually done already so we've already convened members to talk about some of the NIST standards and their research data services framework, building upon the AAU and APLU a part work is another one. So working on investigating the open by design approach with regard to indigenous data and community expectations you saw Donna in particular talk about how that's working in Canada. And it's definitely has has a lot of traction and other institutions as well as in the United States, and with some of the individual societies like research data Alliance, and I assist etc. The work that we're doing is examining costs related to public deposit of NSF research there are always conversations going on about that. As Abigail mentioned storage is always huge and issues around storage are constantly moving target. And then also working with disciplinary societies and repositories on coordinating research data services is something we're working on now. And then the last is to hold some more discussions on emerging areas that affect research data services at the institutional level. So we wanted to make sure to leave. We wanted to make sure to leave time for questions I want to thank all three of the panelists for helping explain their situation and how things are going at their institution, and I will mute myself and take a look at the chat. The next question in the chat is I'm hoping the panel can reflect upon if you all worked with campus administration for contracts and grants, how you engage with those folks for research proposal planning development submission and approval and for award acceptance set off set up and kick off. It wasn't off topic but it's something we're looking at at UCLA. Panelists, does anyone want to address that directly. Well, from a high level. I think one thing that is maybe germane to other institutions as well are sort of compliance, things that are governed by compliance where a funder for perhaps requires. a client sort of rating and cmc right now in the US for defense research in particular is one area that we've been focusing on and really requires administrative buy in to to do effectively and so we have, we have certainly engaged across various administrative projects at a very high level to come up with an approach actually to to implement proposals from from the very, you know, moment of development all the way through to acceptance enclosure, and if you're familiar with the cybersecurity maturity model certification process. I will appreciate that it really does demand that degree of coordination and fortunately we had this group, the Isaac group in place prior to that really becoming a new thing and I think we were able to effectively assemble the right parties to to address some emerging opportunities. Let's take things down to a very practical level after Jim's wonderful high level answer. We were one of the mandatory tick boxes on the research office tick list for researchers before they're able to submit their proposals to the committee for funding. It's a list of things they have to have done without shall see the research ethics board etc. And so one of the tick boxes is, do you have a data management plan or have you talked to the RDM librarian. And that has to be done before they can proceed. So we're kind of in between. I'm not a tick box yet mostly because there's not enough of me. But we're kind of in between in that where I'm aiming is at the people that are actually doing that work. I think education and training, just as much or as more than our researchers do and I think they're often missed in who needs rates, who needs education who needs support who needs checklists who needs resources. So I've been tasked with targeting those groups and making sure that they have support because they can get researchers, then they can do handoff to me or we can make sure that we're connecting people in the best way we're really trying to work on networks and partnerships. Thank you. So there are any other questions go ahead and put those in the chat, but one of the questions that we would I'm interested in, and we talked about this a little bit, but what mechanisms do you have at your university to encourage information sharing around these issues related to data policies and strategies. I think this is key and it kind of gets to the issue of partnerships and collaboration. I can start on this one. So there's the two different committees that I mentioned in my presentation one was the our information technology governance group, which sees it people from across campus that's one easy and frequent place I see them once month no matter what. Next week I will see the data committee now that task force is very much focused on the NIH data management policy it's so big it affects us so much. We have us, we have that targeted task force but what it has evolved into a little bit is making sure we're getting that relationship sharing. And I think there's a real hunger for that there's people who've been kind of isolated and am I the only one doing this the same that all of these needs needs assessments at different institutions on our own campuses we see a lot of people who are isolated they feel like they're alone and being able to say hey here's a place come together and talk about this has really helped with information sharing. But created a digital strategy for delhousie and part of that one of the biggest recommendations in the strategy is to overhaul the information governance for whole university, because there are three or four fairly effective tables right now but they're not really linked or, you know, it wasn't constructed from the outset to work as a governance structure. So, that's something that we hope to do in the next year. And when we when we envisioned our institutional cyber infrastructure group and our research cyber infrastructure champions. We really had in mind the fact that some, you know, we needed to meet people where they were, and, you know, there are researchers and and staff who will will really do a great deal of work, searching on the web to figure out what the right person is to to talk to and so forth and that are others who who will not look at the digital resources available online and just want to speak with the technical person within their unit and and so that's where we sort of came up with this dual strategy of trying to really get a network of individuals and this is the research cyber infrastructure champion network across all of our campuses so that wherever someone went, they would quickly come to information that would be, you know, more perhaps impactful to research either in terms of finding the resource they need to do their research, or if there's a policy issue quickly get to the policy that's relevant. Thank you everyone. And I, I've lost track of our time but I think we're just about at time. So I will pause there and see if there's any other questions from the attendees or from cliff. Okay, thank you to our panelists. I don't see any more questions from attendees. So, I will just thank you all for a great panel that that that change that NIH is putting in place I think is going to be, as you say, a really big deal and I, I'm very appreciated. I'm very much appreciated you highlighting that in case there are folks who don't have that on their radar screen yet. Thank you all so much for joining us today, and for sharing your thinking on this. Thank you all for joining us for the event. I wish you all a good afternoon or evening, wherever you may be. I look forward to seeing you at one Eastern tomorrow for a closing invited session where we're going to talk about how scholarly societies are thinking about the future of meetings, virtual, real and mixed. So, with that, I thank our speakers, all of our speakers for today. All of our presenters, and I wish you a good evening. Thanks.


This study investigated the potential mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of olive leaf extract, OLE, on lipid and blood glucose levels in rats. OLE was found to reduce glucose levels, decrease AS-160 expression, and protect against streptozotacin, STZ, induced hyperglycemia. Additionally, OLE was found to maintain insulin levels within the normal range and similar to metformin treatment. These results suggest that OLE may have potential for use as an alternative to metformin treatment for diabetes. This article was authored by A.B.D. Alraman Al-Shutifat, Hadeel Al-Turk, Homs A.J. Alamir and others.


Hey guys, my name is Denali. Welcome back to my channel.  So for an everyday basis, I use this product from Simple It is the Foaming Cleanser and you can never really go wrong with any of Simple's products. They're all really great I personally really love this one because the foam itself is like really silky on your face You could just feel how great the quality of this is and you can also find it at the drugstore So it's not too expensive. Whenever I'm searching for skincare at the drugstore I always find myself going to like Simple's section because I've loved every single product that I've tried from Simple I think my first product ever from them was the micellar water because everyone on YouTube talked about it for like three months straight So I had to get it. 99% of the time my skin is super dry But then of course you have like the oily T zones like everyone does so I would say my skin is dry to normal So after I wash my face, I immediately hydrate with a face cream So I have two right here that I want to quickly talk about they're both in the same price range You can definitely find something cheaper at the drugstore But these are the two that I've recently been using this one is from Fresh It is the Lotus Youth Preserve face cream with super seven complex and I loved this face cream It was like 40 something dollars and I thought it would last me a lot longer than it did So I don't know if I would repurchase this one again But this one actually just got in a PR package So it was like perfect timing because this one's running out and I've been using this one a lot more lately The fresh one would hydrate my face, but it wouldn't like soak into my skin It would just like stay at the surface, but this locks tan face cream would keep my face Hydrated like throughout the day So this one is the Shea light comforting cream and I'm pretty sure it's around like the same price range But I can definitely see this one lasting a lot longer than this one because just a little bit of this goes a long way So I don't know if you guys know this, but I did have eczema sometimes it will come back up But not that much the only area that I'm really struggling with still is my upper lip and it's always super super dry And if I don't hydrate it the night before Then you can tell in my makeup the next day, which is like awful and definitely decreases my confidence So I try to remember every night to put like a really really thick cream on my upper lip or just any kind of ointment This one, I'm pretty sure I got prescribed by the dermatologist But this is Aladel and like I said, it is a really thick cream that just really helps hydrate that area Because it's literally the most stubborn area of dry skin ever So I'm not sure if you guys have that problem too, but I just thought I would add that in So now we're gonna move on to anything extra that I do to my skin Which is a lot because I'm such an extra person I love just like hydrating my face with anything and I have so many great products to show you guys But first I wanted to talk about a problem area that I have It is around my nose and I have just like such bad whiteheads all the frickin time So a tool that I've been using for a very very long time is a pimple popper So this tool has like holes at the end of each part and basically you put your pimple in it and Press really hard and kind of like drag it down or up or anyway And you can like take out like the pus of a pimple and that sounds really gross But it's actually really satisfying to do so sometimes if I do get a pimple I'll use it for that obviously, but I usually use the more rounded side for my whiteheads So whenever I get out of the shower or if I just need to heat up a towel and put it over in my nose And then just kind of like extract the whitehead then I'll just do it like that It could be satisfying in the moment, but you will have a scar for like two to three weeks or even more and Sometimes I just have to live with it because personally for me. I think like oh you can cover up a scar It'll go away in like two weeks But a bump is really hard to cover if you guys are scared of getting scars Don't worry because I have a lot more products just for the whitehead problem This one is a black mask that I got on Amazon And I don't really know like exactly what the brand is because obviously it's all in a different language But there are so many brands on Amazon that's probably all worth the same This is actually a peel off mask So you just put it anywhere that you have like a problem area So when you're gonna pull it off your pores are instantly less noticeable Usually I'll do this after my shower or even if I think my pores are really bad that day I'll do it before I put makeup on. Another product that I use to help my whitehead problem Is this Freeman mask and scrub So this is the polishing charcoal black sugar gel mask and scrub This product is awesome for exfoliating so sometimes when I don't want to use the black peel off mask I will use this product and I'll just scrub it all over my nose Maybe my chin and this product will also leave it a lot less noticeable It claims that it instantly detoxes pores and exfoliates for smooth skin This is also really inexpensive. You can find it at a drugstore. This past year was the year of Sheet masks and I hope it never ends because I'm in love with these things I really recommend shopping online for any sheet mask bundles because if you go to Sephora You'll pay like six dollars for one when you could pay 12 to like $14 on Amazon get 20 or more So that is like such a good price and they're basically all the same if I'm gonna be honest So in the bundles I get I have so many different kinds of sheet masks So it's definitely really fun to play around with and see which ones I like the scent of and don't like the scent of I mean, I feel like they're all basically the same Formula wise, I think they just all have like different scent But I love using these sheet masks when I want to pamper myself or maybe before a big event because these even my skin tone Out and just brighten my skin So I have two other hydrating masks that I've been loving this one is from skin food It is the rice mask wash off the first time you put it on it might feel weird I let it soak in while I'm editing a video or something like that And I'll just take all the excess off with a little tissue paper and then rinse my face and my face feels like a baby's But when I use this, I'm obsessed with it I'm actually running out so I definitely should get some more and you can find this at Ulta And my last hydrating mask is the rose face mask by Fresh I literally have so many of these little samples of this I don't think I even shopped at Sephora like that much recently to even get this many samples But I'm not complaining because this is a really awesome face mask when I go to apply it I actually use the glam glow brush that the glam glow mask came with and I apply a thin layer of it and just let it Soak into my skin and then rinse it off So I don't usually get extreme breakouts. I'll maybe get like one pimple here ones that there But most of the time I get these kinds of like bug bite looking pimples And I wouldn't really even say they're like pimples I would say that they're kind of like a rash and I don't know what causes them If you know what I'm talking about, let me know in the comments down below because I still have not figured it out So when I do get those I'll usually just take an ice pack and Rest it on wherever it is and the swelling will usually go down from them But when I do actually get a pimple resist, I usually like taking toothpaste and putting it on the problem area And it usually dries it out overnight Another product I really like putting on problem areas is tea tree oil I've just heard so many good things about tea tree oil and how it can like fight bacteria and stuff like that So I've been doing this recently and I think it really works. So I definitely recommend this this one right here I actually got at an Indian store. So it's from the brand Himani and it was like three dollars It's just like an essential oil. So you probably get on Amazon or anything like that. So that was my updated skincare routine I hope you guys enjoyed this video Check out my blog post linked in the description below It will have all the direct links to any of the products mentioned in this video So I will see you guys in my next one. Bye guys


The Red Lake Girls basketball team has made the state tournament before two years ago in 2017, but the team is still looking for their first ever win at state and today they tried to pick it up against top ranked in only one speed in Minnioda. Red Lake was not fazed by the big stage as they jumped out on the Vikings early. Jerica Kingbird finds Lataya Pemberton underneath for the deuce and the Warriors are off to a 14-4 lead. The Minniodas showed why they're number one as Abby Hannon hits the three to give the Vikings a 15-14 lead. Red Lake down 14 at the half, but in the second Kalana McClane goes coast to coast, part of a 14-7 run. Warriors down 10 with nine to play. Angel McClane tries to bring Red Lake back with a three, but that was as close as the Warriors would get. Tighter than the score would indicate as they fall 66-46. Sports reporter Anthony Scott has more on how rebounding played a big factor in today's game. Red Lake jumped out to a 14-4 lead and you could sense an upset brewing, but Minnioda showed why they were the number one seed out rebounding the Warriors 66-37 on their way to a quarterfinal victory. We knew from the get go that they're a good rebounding team and you know regardless of who was shooting the basketball we just have to put a body on 52 and there's their main rebounder and you know she's pretty dominant under there and she's big. So really athletic too and you know bottom line is we just need to be better as a rebounding team and you know not have any lead-ups on a defensive end. Yeah we were in boxing and we needed to be able to win the lead. It's almost seemed like we play a little lack of daisy you know satisfied with the lead but at the same time we got to have that killer instinct to put him away right there. I mean it could have been different if we would have kept the intensity up. We're just grateful to be here and at the same time we would have loved to win that game but at the same time we got another one to look forward to tomorrow. Other than that I'm very pleased with our girls tonight. Red Lake still has a chance to make their mark at the state tournament as they will play in the consolation bracket tomorrow at 10 a.m. Reporting from Minneapolis, Anthony Scott, Lakeland News.


All right. Oh my goodness. So as you guys can imagine, two freaking puppies, right? So they're dealing with everything that you would imagine. They're dealing with pulling on the leash, jumping, counter surfing, fighting with each other because they're siblings. So there's just so much that goes involved. So we're gonna restructure and reshape their entire relationship, not only on the leash, but as well as in the house off the leash because training just doesn't end when the dogs are on the leash. Training is universally with the off the leash, equipment on, equipment off. So it's a full transformation with two dogs and how to go about training two dogs. Oh look, a horse. What's your horse's name? Hercules. Is that your dog too? Yeah. So anyway guys, we're gonna get right into this video. But before we do, do me a favor. Like this video, we do a 24 hour challenge where if we get 2,000 likes in 24 hours, then we are going to do a live. In the next five days. Anyway, I appreciate you guys watching either way. Like, subscribe, leave a comment down below. Let's get into the video. All right. Oh my goodness. So I wanna see, I just wanna see where you're at.  Yeah, it's just that at any given point, they just forget everything. It's so frustrating. I feel like I've made such progress and then one day as we come out, it's like what just happened? Okay. Particularly when they see other people or other dogs they completely lose themselves. I think not. I just, somebody wants to take one and start healing around a little bit or. This would be what he does when we're on a walk. Okay, just constant. He just checks out and doesn't remember anything he's supposed to do. So I'm gonna just start with a slip and then I have my no bad dogs training leash. It's a four foot training leash. Oh, you do? We do have it with us, yeah. Wonderful. How are we with people, okay? Oh yeah, super friendly.  You haven't seen your videos. So we're just gonna start with the slip and we'll take off the harness. Just cause the harness, as you know and see it just doesn't give you enough control. Now using just a piece of string and a leash to handle a dog takes great skill and great experience. So the things that I do on the leash may be different from what you guys can do. And that's why I'm so versatile in being able to use different tools. Cause I understand that I don't have six months to make you guys dog trainers.  Cause you guys aren't calibrated at all if you will. The dog is completely out of sync. And it's tough.  So I understand how frustrating it is. But the hard thing is, is like when you get a dog that's like barking and stuff like that is they mentally just go crazy. They are stressed. They are, they create anxiety. They creates all this stuff. Just gonna do directional changes. Jameson, come. Yes buddy. Good boy. Come. Good. Come. So they, see that little pop there? Come. Good. Come. Good. Jameson, come. Yes buddy. Good boy. Come. So just a little pop. So if I turn, Jameson, come. And he doesn't just a little, hey, remember me? Good. Jameson, come. Good boy. Sit. Good. So now you, so I'm tuning them up a little bit where you're starting to be a little bit more responsive to me. Good job, buddy. So it's all about your relationship with them is because if they're out of control on the leash when you're out, they're gonna be out of control everywhere. No. And I want them to be a dog, but when you're on the leash and we're barking and we're pulling and we're lunging, it's just a great representation of how he is up here and how he perceives you guys. Once you get that fluidity of paying attention to me and being really nice on the leash, then they're like, oh, this is way better. Mentally, behaviorally, he's in a better spot already. And he's in the back seat now. Versus trying to drive.   That's exactly what you were getting. I know, buddy. The way that I want him to be is the way I present myself. Calm, neutral, not yelling, not screaming. I'm not forcing, I'm not yanking and cranking. He barks, I go, hey, what the leash? It's a lot easier than poking them and stuff. So the important thing is, is when you're working with two dogs, get them separately under control, always. Good, we will be able to after this, if you want. He's a little bit more spunky. So I gotta give him structure. That's what's happening. Yeah, yep, yep, yep. Sure, yeah, no, it's not ideal. Come on, bud. Come on, bud. See how he's doing this? Okay, so this is big. I wanna talk about using different types of tools. So for him, obviously, you know, the harnesses are completely not going to work for you guys. I don't have to explain why. You've done that for four months, it's not working. So with him, because he's choking himself out and he's throwing a tantrum, we can switch to a prong collar and make it safer for him, which is gonna help. And then I can switch back to the slip collar after he unders, because he doesn't know the game right now. It's gonna be the safest tool, period. So he's not fearful. He's not afraid. He's just, I'm not doing this with you. Oh, bud.  This is a tool that allows us to control the dog better. So instead of choking and freaking, because he's happier than a, he's so happy. But he's like, but I'm not working. I'm not, this is, that's, I don't work. So by using this, it's a safer ability. You'll see, I mean, immediately. The reality is, is could I get him to move forward other ways? Yes. I could get out some really yummy treats and get him to walk with me. But the problem is, behaviorally, that doesn't help me because he's not doing it for me. He hasn't, he's doing it for the food. And you could tell like in his breathing, he's a little bit stressed. Anything that we do in life, and that's like the thing about the studies of like, tools make dogs more stressful. But tools also get dogs to a different point in their life where they're more confident, right? I see you shaking your head like, okay, yeah. So same thing with us is like, man, I really don't wanna go to the gym or I don't wanna go to that wedding or I don't wanna go to my first day of school because it's stressful. Stress is what creates progress. And that's where like the empathy that I have for all animals. I'm the type of guy that takes a piece of ant and I'm like putting it outside because I don't want anybody to step on it. I love animal. Ant thing. It's a big old spider. Run free. So I would never intentionally say, I'm gonna stress a dog out because it's my only option. That's not the case at all. Once you see this work, you're gonna go, oh, that makes a lot more sense. But I guess my point is is, stress is part of life. Like we said before, we don't live in a bubble where there's, yeah, no, he's good if there's no squirrels, no people, no other dogs, no chipmunks, no wind, no leaves, we don't live in that world. So ready, this is the test. So breaks are on. I'm not working for you, he says. Do you see? So instead of throwing a fit, it comes up, it releases, it comes up and it releases. He's like, okay, fine. So now watch what I do over the next two minutes with him. And then the restriction stops because he's like, you're gonna win this. And I'm like, yeah, dude, I am.  This is what we gotta do, man. Let's go, like push him out of the nest a little bit. Stressful form, but that's the world we live in. Going to get braces is stressful, but it gives you a perfect smile. It's like stress is a part of our life. Good boy. Good job, buddy. Yup. So see? So instead of, so watch. Boom. And he's like, okay. Boy, Janice, good job. Good. Everything come? Yes, buddy. Well done. His tail is wagging, he's having a good time. Right, Rick? Now that I know, he's mentally gotten over what he was so terrified of, which is honestly just work. I mean, I used food every single day of my life when I train. But I don't start off with it for that exact reason. Out of my, out of the hour session that I work with any dog, we may spend a cumulative of maybe a second and a half out of the 60 minutes on just a little bit of pressure. The rest, rainbows and butterflies, right? Making it really fun for the dog. Good heel.  Good job. Sit. Yes. So shoulders are straight. I'm not looking at them. I'm not talking to them. I'm feeling them on my arm. My arm is nice and relaxed. Hey, no, no. So for me, it's just being assertive. So here comes another person. Leave it. Leave it. Good. Leave it. Yes, guys. Yes. Good, leave it. Good, leave it. Good job. So that's what it's all about for me. Somebody new comes in. Ruff, ruff, ruff, ruff, ruff.  Like, what's going on here? Just chill. What's the deal? All right, you guys. So lots of information in this video. I absolutely love working with puppies. I absolutely love working with dogs. And more importantly, I love helping owners with their dogs.  And one thing that I really liked about this that we actually didn't catch on film was when the owners came in the second day, because you guys primarily saw the first day, they said, Tom, for the first time, the dogs actually ran to us and they were excited to put the collars on. And so before they said that with the harnesses, they had to literally wrangle them around the house and they are enjoying life with their dogs for the first time without frustration. This is a family that worked really hard but really just didn't have the necessary tools to implement and the skill sets to implement in their relationship. So from here, they're gonna go onward and upward and I'm really happy for them. And I hope you guys liked this video. Don't forget, hit that like button, smash that subscribe button. We're here in beautiful Burlington on Church Street. We're gonna go to our favorite coffee shop, Crew Coffee. Shout out to Crew and we're gonna get some work done. But anyway, I hope you guys liked this video. I will talk to you next time. Peace.