Okay. We're ready to get started. Almost. Welcome to lock picking forensics. My name is Datagram, also known as DG. I run the following two sites. That's my email if you want to contact me about this. What we're going to talk about today is a real quick how locks in picking works. We're going to look at what normal wear on locks and keys looks like. Then we're going to go into examining locks and keys for different evidence of entry based on various techniques. One thing we want to talk about first is that destructive entry is still something that's the most popular method of entry by far. It's also the easiest, usually the cheapest and the fastest. This talk is not going to cover destructive entry, only because from the forensics side of it it's not as interesting as other forms of entry, namely lock picking, bumping, so on. Just keep that in mind. On the website that I run, there's more information on that if you're interested. How many of you know how locks and picking works? Just a quick show of hands? Would the rest of you like a quick introduction? All right, very quickly. This is called the pin tumbler lock. The inner piece right here is called the plug. The outer piece is called the cylinder or the shell. That's how it looks like from the outside. Most people, probably everybody in the United States has these on their work, their home, their garage, everything. The way these work is that inside the lock there are two pins and the bottom pin is called the key pin. The top pin is called the driver pin. Above those two there's a spring. So when you try and just turn that inner piece, the plug, the piece that rotates when you use the key, you're blocked by those blue pins. The blue pins are preventing you from rotating that inner piece, which then engages the bolt or the shackle or whatever you have in your lock. So what a key does is it raises all these pin pairs to the correct position so that the red and blue, top and bottom key and driver pins, they can separate and that allows you to rotate that bottom piece. So essentially when this happens the key raises it, the blue pins are trapped up in the cylinder, the red pins are properly aligned. The point where they meet right here is called the shear line. So here's just a quick animation of how it works. And that's all that happens when you're using your key on these pin tumbler locks. So the way picking works is that we might assume that when these chambers for each pin are drilled and the pins themselves are all perfect alignment, perfect size, they all match. And so when you would turn that inner piece, the plug, we'd be hitting up against all them at once. We'd be blocked by all of the blue pins at once.  The placement of the chambers, the size of the chambers, the shape of the chambers, the size of the pins, the shape of the pins, they're all slightly different. And that leads to the effect of when you turn that inner piece, you're only actually hitting one of those pin stacks first. Now obviously they all need to be moved by the key to prevent rotation completely, but at any given time you're only being blocked by one, in theory at least. So the way we pick a lock is we use a special tool, how many of you bought pick sets in the village? Awesome, awesome. They're great pick sets this year. They also didn't cost a million dollars, which was nice. So the way we pick a lock is we use this tension tool and we apply tension to the plug. Now when we do that we're obviously being blocked by those top pins. What we're going to do is we're going to find that one pin stack that is blocking us, and we're going to use a pick tool to raise those pin pairs in the same way that a key does. When we do that, the top pin will set just like when we use a key. It'll be raised to that point where they're allowed to split. We do this, the lock will rotate a very little bit, and then another pin stack will bind. And we do this consecutively until all the pin stacks have been properly aligned, and at that point the plug is allowed to rotate and engage the bolt work. So here's a quick animation of how it works. Again, we use our tension tool. We apply light tension. We come in with a pick, and so what the animation is doing is he's probing, and he's trying to find the binding pin, and the binding pin will be one that has more tension or it'll feel harder to push up. So that one was the binding pin. So he sets that. So now that pin's trapped above in the cylinder, and he's going and trying to find the next binding pin. So process of elimination, now this one is. So he sets that one. And now the second one. And now the last pin. And at that point that inner piece is free to rotate, and the lock opens. Okay? Has everybody got that? Alright, alright. Let's try to get a grip. So this idea of forensic locksmithing is a lot of times we give talks, almost every year there's at least one lock picking or physical security related talk. A lot of times we talk and focus only on the techniques to compromise locks, compromise safes, and so on. We never really talk about whether or not that's detectable. And in the last talk we saw some examples where it wasn't detectable, because they were basically using just a normal key. So in 1976, a gentleman named Art Bajoki of the Chicago Police Department, I believe he's in the criminology department at the time, he decided that with his knowledge of locksmithing and investigative work, he was going to do all these different tests against locks in terms of different opening techniques and then examine them for different types of forensic evidence. And he basically started this idea of forensic locksmithing. Unfortunately a lot of his original research material is not available. And when I found out about forensic locksmithing and I tried to get more information, it was extremely hard and that's why you're watching this talk now. It's basically the results of me replicating the original tests. So there are a few resources. The first resource, which is probably the best English resource on the subject, with the exception of my site, is a book called... No, the book is actually much more detailed than I could ever be on the site, but again, to buy books costs money of course. So Mark Tobias, who gave the 11 o'clock talk with Tobias, I know I'm going to ruin his name. I apologize if he's in the audience, blues manis. Mark Tobias wrote this book and it's basically this giant tomb of locksmithing information. There's a section on forensic locksmithing and it's extremely detailed. The book itself is somewhat expensive as far as books go, but I believe you could buy just these chapters for 50 bucks. I'm not sure. You'd have to check the website. Another resource is written in German by the gentleman, again, another name I can't pronounce. What that translates to is tool traces. And as far as I know, it's the only book that specifically and only focuses on forensic locksmithing. Unfortunately it's in German, so I haven't read it. However, it does have extremely nice pictures which put mine to shame because he uses a very, very nice microscope set up. Another one that's in both English and German is this book called Impressioning. The English translation is kind of engrishy, but it's still a very good book, and the person who wrote the German tool traces book wrote the section in that book about the forensics of impressioning techniques specifically. So what does a forensic locksmith do? They're also referred to as investigative locksmith. The primary goal of the forensic locksmith is to determine if an attempt or success or both was made to compromise a locker keying system and identify any tool marks, any trace evidence, anything that can help determine the facts of the case, either by identifying suspects, identifying victims, linking things together, so on and so forth. They might also provide expert testimony either as for the defense or for the prosecution on their findings. A lot of times they're also asked to provide testimony just as a, what do they call it, like an independent witness where they just explain things because locks and safes are not something that most people know about, so judge and jury in many cases need that explained to them or clarified just so that they can have the facts about what is possible what is not possible, the difficulty of doing different things, so on and so forth. But that's basically what a forensic locksmith does. So we're going to look at how different levels of wear affect the components in the lock. Obviously if we don't know what wear looks like we can't distinguish it from all the different tool marks and different kinds of evidence. So here is a picture and in all the examples all the components are brass pin tumbler locks. That's the most common in this country. There's obviously different types of materials that they could use for both tools as well as locks. The forensic evidence is still very similar. Wear again may be a little different depending on the type of lock and the components, but this is by far the most common. Excuse me. So in this photo we have a picture of a bottom pin from our pin tumbler lock and if you look at it closely you'll see that there's all these milling marks. We don't see any scratches, we don't see any dents, we don't see any dirt, debris. It looks for the most part new, right? The key itself also looks new depending on where you're getting your key made. This is a factory original key. It's not as smooth and nice as the pins, but then again it doesn't have to be because keys can be replaced easily but the components inside the lock, that's another story. The plug, that inner piece that rotates also looks new. No scratches, no dents, nothing like that. After a hundred uses the pin starts to develop this light dark ring and a couple scratches on it. If we look at it up close what that's doing is that the insertion and removal of the key is actually polishing the bottom of those pins and the reason that it's around the entire surface of the bottom of the pin is because as you're inserting and removing your key you're actually rotating those pins. In the majority of pin tumbler locks there's nothing to prevent you from continually rotating it and there's also no reason. The plug itself, as we're turning it the top pins are riding along it and those will cause a slight bit of wear. The key itself is also going to start to develop these slight crevices where it's rolling along the pin tumblers. I always mention this because it makes me feel better about the time I spent doing this but I did all these by hand, not with a cool machine. Just so you know, thank you for that justification. I was, this is not a joke, I literally sat down and counted and believe it or not 15 year olds with the promise of 50 dollars still find this not in their league. No, no, no, no miscounts, perfection. Okay, I don't want to, we'll laugh about it later and I'll cry about it even later. So after 1500 uses, the pin one, the pin furthest to the, closest to the front of the lock will have the most wear. It'll almost look completely polished. We'll see some light scratches caused by the imperfections and the wear on the key but for the most part all those milling marks are starting to disappear. Pin five is a different story. Pin five is the pin furthest back of the lock and this, as you can see, does not have as much wear and it has more scratches. So why is that? Well, first of all, when you're inserting your key pin one is touching every part of the key and the key is also only touching the tip of pin five. So you think of your key, if it's all the way in the back it's only getting touched by a very limited portion of the key. So that's going to reduce the wear because the tip of the key is also touching all the pins it's the most worn down part of the key for the most part and that's why there's more scratches on here because of the imperfections in the key. At fifteen hundred uses the key also again shows more wear. Well, the black is lubricant from inserting and removing the key so much. Again, the craters are just getting bigger and more deformed. Over time what's going to happen how many of you have ever used a lock and you had to jiggle it or slightly pull it out to work? So that's the key wearing down. So what's happening is the material on the key is going down or the pins are getting smaller and so you have to jiggle them to make sure those pins can separate properly again. At fifteen hundred uses the plug also has increased signs of wear more staggering of the lubricant. At five thousand uses. Thank you. At five thousand uses pin one is almost completely polished. Even the scratches that we saw previously are all but gone now. And after five thousand I decided to be nice to myself. After five thousand wear looks pretty similar to this. It gets a little more polished but for the most part that's how it looks when the lock stops functioning. Pin five again, the same pin we saw previously reduced wear compared to pin one. We also see this funky oval shape. It's not an evenly distributed wear like it is with pin one. The reason for that, again, it's only getting touched by the tip of the key so when we insert and remove the key we're not getting the full range of rotation that all the rest of the pins get. And so it starts to develop an oval shape and different pins designs might also be a figure eight looking shape but it's different and that may be important if we get a bag of pins as a forensic locksmith and we need to determine which is which or hopefully determine which is which. At five thousand uses again the plug wears down. Something we haven't looked at yet. How many of you have seen bumping done bumping know about bumping? So you know that it causes slight damage to the face of the lock. So how does normal wear compare with that? Well normal wear, I'm sure all of you know this this weekend but everyone gets drunk or just too sleepy or too tired and slightly misses the keyhole, right? And you make a little scratch. So after five thousand uses you make a lot of scratches, a lot of wear and at the top of the keyway you're also most pin tumbler locks are shoulder stopped which means that that little piece on the key is called the shoulder is what prevents you from going in further and that aligns the cuts correctly so that they could raise the pins correctly and you could open your lock. Five thousand uses that's going to be slightly worn down but it's different than bumping which is what we'll see in a bit. Five thousand uses again the key starts to wear down more and more eventually again those will not properly align the pin tumblers. So what do we do when we forensically analyze?  When we do forensic analysis on the components of the lock well we're going to look at the components obviously we're going to look at the pins the springs and other types of locks we'll look at whatever components they have we're going to look at the plug, the inner piece the cylinder, the outer piece the cam or the actuator is that piece on the back that interfaces with the bolt work that's obviously very important we're also going to look at all the keys we can get our hands on we're going to look at the bolt mechanism itself because that may be subject to attack we're also, which is something we don't cover we're also going to look at doors, windows, walls everything that could possibly allow somebody to gain entry to either a residence or a business or facility so on. So the first thing we're going to look at is lock picking and how many of you picked a lock this weekend? Very good, I applaud all of you so what you're doing thank you for that smattering of applause sir what we're doing when we're picking a lock is we're invasively manipulating the components of the lock with a hardened steel tool and the tool almost, in all cases has to be a hardened steel tool so that it's strong enough to lift those pins against spring pressure so when we do this we're leaving marks in various parts of the lock and all the red marks where we expect to find locks we'll just jump right into it in tip time so the pins themselves of course we're rubbing a steel tool or lifting with a steel tool these soft brass components that's going to leave a lot of scratches on the pins the next five pictures are from a five pin lock that's been picked once so even one slide of the pick through the lock is going to leave marks in the vast majority of cases so in this picture we see lots of different scratches in different positions different angles, different depth of the scratches themselves in this one we see more different places, obviously kind of a similar pattern here we see, again similar we see these two very large impressions on the pin so when we talk about lock picking in the villages we always demonstrate that there's a method of single pin picking which is what we saw in the animation there's also raking where you very quickly scrub the pins of the locks to raise them to a lot of different heights the long elongated scratches are of course raking they may also be just single pin picking when you're trying to maneuver in the lock but something like this is very clearly a single pin lifting and what they may have done is used too much tension and that's why it required that much force to lift it this is again slightly less but we still see marks, they probably pick this pin very quickly and again you see the big long scratch in the center this is pin 5, again not only does it have less wear than the rest but we see there's very distinct markings on the pin, only a few so this is almost certainly something that was single pin picked unless they got very lucky and happened to rake it with a very tip of the pick sometimes we can determine the skill level of an attacker based on how the marks look it's not always a surefire thing because of course an expert lock picker can always pretend to be an amateur after they're finished to dissuade investigators but something like this is basically a horror show in terms of forensics so you see there's very very deep scratches to me this would indicate they applied extreme tension and that's why they're scraping off so much of this material because under normal circumstances you wouldn't be able to scrape off this much because the pins would raise by the springs so this is just something I thought I'd include well what about if you have an expert attack who's very good at maneuvering the pick knows exactly what they're doing can set each pin stack once they know it's binding immediately just by lifting very slowly then you can get them a lock that was picked by an expert it's really hard to gauge what expert means in terms of lock picking but you can see we still see these scratches they're of course light but there are still scratches along both the sides and the bottom of the pin the sides of the pin are something that are extremely hard not to touch when you're picking a pin tumbler especially in the case where if you consider you have a very low pin next to a very high pin without touching the very low pin so here we see some scratches on the side again none of this is consistent with normal wear both in terms of what it looks like so as the angles of these tool marks the depth of these tool marks here's some more examples light scratching here's even extremely long scratches so the question I get a lot is well could this be caused by the key well we saw what normal wear looks like with a normal key obviously we could have a broken or poorly made key that makes different kinds of marks every situation is obviously unique so you need to consider all that but something like this can almost never be caused by the key because we have full length scratches along the side of the pin and the key really only touches the bottom and the very edge of the bottom of the pin again here's another example of someone who wasn't as skilled you can see the marks are much deeper they're more numerous the plug itself that inner piece is actually a great source of forensic evidence so if you consider when you're manipulating these pins you're also scraping against the sides of the plug the top of the plug top of the keyway is something that the key never touches ideally some locks are very tight but the majority of pin tumble locks will never touch this area at the top of the keyway so if we look here we can see some scratches and generally this is thought of as a virgin territory which I'm sure is something you guys know a lot about but we see that they're scratches and so in that position we normally would not expect to find something so that may be a very good indicator that something was picked based on the markings in that location the walls of the plug are again excellent how many of you have had trouble maneuvering the keyway with your pick tool again that's going to leave a lot of scratches the scratch is going to be probably at various angles various lengths they're not going to be consistent with the use of the key in the pin chambers themselves this is a plug cut in half so that's why we can see all this very well in the pin chambers themselves we might find deformities so again this isn't something that a pin would do or a key would do otherwise it would probably do it to more than one chamber and we'd be able to detect by examining the key again here's another example but I like this example because it's actually extremely an extremely good tool mark in terms of we can see that the angle is not consistent with the key the placement as well as the depth and if we look back at this slide we see it's not on the other one so let's say a key was doing that that's one of the wards in the key that prevents the incorrect profile key from going in we would probably see the extra material and they forced it in we'd probably see that on others as well not just a random ward in the middle of the plug again up in the pin chambers we might find more with very high pins this is more common only because you have to lift much higher again the key does this normally but with the pick we can go even higher than the key allows us and get even further the tension tool that we use at the bottom or the top of the keyway is also going to leave a mark here this one I did not even have to disassemble it we can see there is this nice fresh line and that is the tool mark so how many of you when you put your tension tool in you kind of have to seat it right it's not perfectly seated when you first do it you got to jiggle it to get it in place everybody who's picked a lock probably right so when you're doing that what you're doing is you're essentially making these tiny little scratches and when you finally choose the placement of the tool you're making this very long scratch well I it's not a scratch because obviously you're shearing into the material but it looks like a scratch here and so another thing is that well more advanced lock pickers will use lighter tension because that's all that's required so even in this case where very light tension was used we hit it with light in the right position we could see this nice big tension tool mark we also see those same scratches where they were seating the tension tool the cam the piece in the back of the lock excuse me is also going to have scratches this is more of an amateur thing again because if you're touching the cam of the lock and there's no bypass method which we'll get into a little later then you're essentially not touching any of the pin tumblers and you're just scraping something so a lot of times at the conferences we'll have locks without the cams because they don't service purpose because everything's disassembled and there's no bolt work again we can really often tell the skill level attacker by looking at this component as well a lot of times in the village is what we'll see with the back of the pick or the tip of the pick sticking out the back of the lock and they're trying to manipulate things but they're not really touching anything with the pick tip itself so when the cam is there they're going to scratch it up quite a bit doing that and that's going to leave us very good tool marks in a lot of cases with situations like this we hope that the material from the cam or the pins or whatever got onto their tools and we're hoping that their tool material got into the lock and later the type of forensic analyst will probably go through there and determine what that material was and with a bit of luck we could even link it back to a suspect's tools or a specific lock and so on and so forth now there's a lot of, in recent years we haven't really been finding these really giant classes of attack but we've been finding specific tools made for specific locks and each of those in the majority of cases will leave distinct forensic evidence so I believe it was years ago at DEF CON John King demoed his medicoder which is a tool to properly rotate these pins in a medico you need to both raise and rotate the pins properly so that adds an extra element of difficulty for picking as well as various other things so his tool worked very well to pick these locks but again we see these scratches in this channel which is somewhere the key can never touch and it's somewhere if you know what a medico is the sidebar will also never touch the very bottom of this and we're seeing the tools from that seeing the tool marks from that tool so how many of you know what pick guns are? okay cool, how many of you know what bumping is? alright, if you know what bumping is you know what pick guns are pick guns are basically bumping with a specially made little gun thing and I had one in the village that was broken but that's what it looks like it's basically a little gun with a pick at the end of it and it slaps all those tumblers in the same way that when you bump a lock you're hitting all those tumblers with a key same principle we're going to expect to find various different types of marks obviously on the cam, the pins themselves because it's essentially just a pick with a snapping motion at the end we're going to find most of the same marks however they do look different than traditional lock picking with the pick gun, unlike bump keys you do need a separate tension tool so again we can find the same tension tool marks in the front, either at the top or the bottom of the keyway so pick guns essentially they just slap the bottoms of the pin tumblers to effectively effectively bump the lock and so when this happens they're leaving these nice little dents on the bottoms of the pins and when you do this repeatedly the pins are again allowed to rotate and they'll start to resemble this bicycle spoke pattern so with this not only can we count how many times they used the pick gun in a lock but hopefully some material transferred to their key or excuse me to their pick gun hopefully some of the pick gun material transferred to the lock and again we can try and identify or connect a suspect to this situation on the cam of the lock we're also going to find these scratches and these are kind of neat because again we can count how many they are but the cam is also going to allow you to take off quite a bit of material if you're hitting with the tip of that pick gun it's going to scrape off quite a bit of the key tool marks again we're going to hope for something to transfer between the tools for identification later so everybody got it who's going to get it? okay so key bumping is kind of this thing started in 2004 by tool of Netherlands they're hopefully here somewhere criticizing me and making notes for me to make this better later and in the US Mark Tobias a lot of other members publicize this between 2004 and 2006 it's kind of fallen behind lately because once you learn it it's kind of boring it's not something that requires a lot of skill and practice like picking does but when this happened a lot of people myself included by the way kind of misrepresented the ability to detect bumping and so everyone's like well what happens now with insurance if your lock was bumped because it doesn't look like anything happened it looks like you left a door open and so on and so forth and in some cases that may be a problem a lot of insurance contracts as I'm sure many of you know are very very tight and they only cover a specific subset of different techniques and so on and so forth so maybe bumping wasn't included in your insurance policy again we're going to find a lot of different forensic evidence of this more than most all other techniques in fact although we're going to find them in all these different areas and they're really distinct when compared to all the different types of entry so the primary thing we're going to find is when you're bumping a lock you're basically forcibly impacting those pins with the key and the key has a lot of surface area so it's going to make these nice big dents and so wherever you bump the lock you're going to be basically hitting this and we're going to find nice big dents so that doesn't look like pick guns and it won't look like the other things we're going to go through handmade keys are kind of an interesting thing so most people don't buy their bump keys because they're morbidly overpriced that's right I said it but instead file their own because it's an easy thing to do it's cheap all you need is a key that fits the lock so what's kind of interesting about this situation is that when you file your key you're leaving a specific unique pattern on that key when you file it any tool you make can have a specific pattern when you push it into something or make an impression with it now with the bump key we might be able to correlate the uniqueness of the key with the impact on the lock now it's an extremely hard thing to do it's not something that's going to be done all the time because in most cases we just want to know that the lock was bumped but of course in criminal cases we'll want to try and identify a suspect or be able to link a suspect back to a location or with a tool that they have I like to use different lights and it's a good thing to get into the habit with forensics just to try and illuminate these different things so here is a different type of light source and you can see that the the dents and the scratches are all pretty easy to identify but again same basic pattern what's kind of cool and something that unfortunately you don't have a lot of time to talk about is the shape of the pins may cause unique things when you're bumping so hold on yeah I can't talk right now sorry I bet it's one of the people in the front row in fact keep bumping in this specific lock both the tops and the bottoms of the bottom pins are rounded and so what that means is you could insert them in either orientation to make re-pinning the lock easier when you bump what they're doing is basically impacting very lightly the bottom of the top pin and that's causing this strange deformity when you bump how many of you have bumped and it didn't work the first time everybody who's bumped I'm sure so when you do this what happens to all that kinetic energy you're trying to transfer it doesn't just magically vanish what usually ends up happening is that they don't jump correctly instead of jumping you're basically slamming the top pins against the chamber walls remember because they're blocking you from turning at that position they're going to slam into those walls and cause various dents if we look at the last slide we'll see that there's a gap between those two points and that's called the serrated pin if we look here there's bumps so much that the serration closed up and so it's kind of an interesting thing that this bumping attempt allowed this security mechanism to be slightly damaged now we're still going to have the same level of difficulty picking the lock but it may cause a slight difference it may make it easier again we talked about the top pins are basically slamming into those chamber walls and over time what that's going to do is distort the chambers in almost any direction so you can see here there's various distortions along the lip of the chamber in various directions right the face of the lock again we talked about what looks like right here the face of the lock is going to have a lot of wear from bumping there are techniques to mitigate this but most of the time when we bump we don't do this and we would still have forensic evidence inside the lock anyways so here's like the lock that I've taken to every conference I've ever been at where I've demonstrated bumping and you can see it's really beat to hell here's a more moderate example of something that's only been bumped a few times but again it still doesn't look like normal wear it's really we definitely tell it something impacted that point the plug itself if you look at your keys and your hands you'll see that as you go towards the handle the bow of the key the material starts to get thicker and that's so you can provide strength so you don't snap your key when you tune it when we do a technique called the minimal movement method we're actually allowing that thicker part of the key to enter the keyway and the keyway is not shaped for that by default it's only shaped to where the shoulder stops it and when we do this we're actually displacing material from the front of the keyway because we're allowing that thicker portion of the key to go in impressioning is kind of a cool I think I got all the vowels in that one impressioning is kind of a cool technique that we demonstrated in the lock picking village I hope some of you got to see that where we basically use a blank key to manipulate the lock and make a working key for the lock and obviously open the lock with the working key that's going to leave evidence because of the technique to do impressioning so what we do when we impression is we insert the blank key and we apply very strong tension on the key itself, torque if you will and we're going to rock the key back and forth remember we're binding all these pins at the shear line so they can't move the blank key is going to pick up marks from us doing this and from that we take it out, we file those positions the key will drop slightly the pins will drop slightly and we're going to have all of the cuts on the key properly position the lock and it's a very easy thing to learn it's a hard thing to master but it is extremely effective and it's great for locksmiths because they can open your lock as well as have a key that they could use to make you a new brand new working key so when we do this, when we apply this strong tension we're basically shearing the pins forcibly into the plug and cylinder and that's going to cause all these the shear points along the key or excuse me the pin and what's kind of cool is that we could actually for one we could look and see how many times they sheared it and as it drops down we could see well maybe they filed this many times we could also see the distance between those shears and if they're really big distances like in this photo here we could say well maybe they knew exactly what lock it was so they looked up to keying specifications so that they could make impressioning quicker because if you don't know how far each pin depth is supposed to go totally so you don't go too low but if you know you could just go directly alright this made a mark we'll go to cut one made a mark again we'll go to cut two it's a much quicker way to impression and here we can see that they're very spaced out so the person that did this probably knew exactly what the keying specifications were impressioning again we're applying extreme tension to both sides of the plug that's going to distort the plug chambers laterally bumping can distort and almost any direction any way shape or form but impressioning is only going to go to each side of the pin chambers we did some UV demonstrations in the lock picking village basically you can coat the blank with ultraviolet ink and the marks will be extremely easy to see there's no guesswork involved it's actually a really easy thing to do and it's a lot of fun if you want to do this as a hobby but all that UV ink is going to obviously rub off on the lock and so we could see here in the key way as well as on the shoulder there's UV ink now the pins themselves are also of course going to have UV ink on them and if we look we can actually see the positions where they rode the key so as you're pulling it out those are the tracks of the UV ink rubbing off inside the lock decoding is kind of a hard technique to define only because lock picking opens the lock impressioning makes us a key decoding doesn't necessarily do either of those decoding is is that we gather information so that we have the information necessary to make a key doesn't necessarily make us a key right away impressioning could be seen as a very obscure form of decoding where we're manipulating and we're decoding the positions of the lock but decoding as a general technique is really hard to define and so decoding is extremely powerful because a lot of methods are surreptitious which means you can't find any damning forensic evidence so how many of you have a key on your belt or on your lap right now no one else raised their hand ok that gentleman so the person sitting next to him could very easily look at his key to look at the pattern of the cuts and once you get really good at it it's not very hard to determine the code of that key so you can make your own not only that I'm sorry sir you might want to put it away real quick not only that but some keys have the code for each cut directly written on it and with that of course we could go and make a working key that would be an example of visual or optical decoding there's also the over the shoulder if we're using a combination lock somebody could see you put in the combination and they would know the combination there's this idea of a decoder pick which essentially leaves the same evidence as a normal picking but while you're picking it you can see when you set the pin and based on that you could decode the depth of the pin and so on there's this idea of combination manipulation with safes which we talked about in the village again where you know like the spy movies where they jiggle the dial and listen to it with a stethoscope that's not really how it works but it is a very powerful technique and since we're basically just using the combination lock normally we're not really doing anything that would leave forensic evidence and when I speak of forensic evidence the forensic locksmith isn't responsible for fingerprints or hair and fiber or so on and so forth they're only responsible for forensic evidence as it relates to the lock or keying mechanisms themselves so you could very well manipulate the safe dial and still leave your fingerprints still leave traces of your hair or maybe your skin cells so on and so forth but the forensic locksmith is only concerned with locks and keys now when they disassemble it they might find additional evidence such as hairs or blood a lot of different things inside the lock that may help the investigators but it's not their primary focus for those things there's also this idea of thermal decoding where if we have a keypad combination lock we can use thermal imaging to see the last buttons pressed based on the heat residue there's radiological attacks which are basically taking x-rays of the lock to see where the components are where they should be there's thermal locks and very easily determine all the components that's something that of course you have to know how to do if I gave you guys a screwdriver and said well take apart that lock and put it back together completely maybe a lot of you could do it but a lot of other people would have trouble especially if it's a more complicated mechanism there's a lot of little moving parts so on so visual decoding also goes into looking at the components inside the lock itself not just the key but the colored pins and these are used in a lot of different locksmithing kits or pin it yourself kits at Home Depot where you want to re-key your locks so all you got to do is replace those pins and you match them up the colors with numbers on your key or with whatever locksmith gives you of course we could use a board scope or an autoscope or some kind of viewing device to look inside the lock and if we could figure out all the colors and which pin set these came from some locks this is called a wafer lock which is something we didn't talk about but some locks you could actually look at the components themselves and they will sit at different positions and from that you could decode the correct position on the key there's also again disassembly and something that I've actually been interested for the last couple months because I've been doing a lot of conference stuff is hotel safes now that may or may not be a hotel safe disassembled or at least the lock on it so it doesn't even have to be a safe it could just be the lock on the back door or a side door or an inner door what if that safe lock is master keyed for all safes in the hotel what if it's the room key is master keyed so that the janitor or the maid whoever can get in that's obviously a huge problem and with disassembly we could take apart the lock and decode all the positions and then obviously have a key for one lock bypass is kind of a cool technique so in lock picking we're manipulating the components directly bypass goes straight to trying to retract the bolt without affecting the integrity of the locking components does that make sense this is how I define bypass a lot of people consider bypass to be any technique that opens a lock but I find it easier to segregate between the two so with bypass the most common kind in the back that actuates the bolt in a lot of cases that's unrestricted you can move that freely in really bad locks or even some well designed locks that just happened to have overlooked this so in this case you can see the scratches from a tool that was used the American 700 is a story we like to tell a lot in a lot of the lock picking villages we give about this lock and it had this problem where you could just put in a thing in the back of the lock and turn and the lock would magically open and it's kind of an interesting thing so what ended up happening is that this attack got to American lock and so they said well we'll design this little it's basically a piece of metal that fits in the back of the lock so that a tool can't go further and touch that component and it has its own part number and everything it's kind of a cool story and so here's an example of tool traces of an attempt on that thank you and so what happened after this which I haven't included yet for time so somebody made the pick to do this they made the little metal disk to prevent this somebody made basically a giant knife that you slam into the lock to break this component so that there's a nice hole so that you could again use that original tool eventually this ended up they redesigned the lock completely and discontinued the old one I think I'm not sure I know there's a new design that they went with but it's kind of a cool story of cat and mouse and then eventually they ended up redesigning it to be much better due to this so in the 11 o'clock talk there was a lot of discussion about manufacturer response and how they improperly in our opinion I don't want to talk for everybody but in my opinion improperly deal with these security vulnerabilities these security threats so Mark Tobias originally discovered a technique to bypass this really expensive electronic lock a couple years ago if I'm not mistaken Bobic of Tool US he knew that there was a bypass available and this happened over the weekend at Black Hat so this is apparently O-Day material but I want to credit those two for figuring it out and letting me take pictures and do this so what happened is that we're at the Black Hat lock picking workshop and we have this is a very expensive lock a couple hundred dollars US and so it's a combination lock obviously it has an override mechanical cylinder that we could pick but that's boring Bobic noticed that there's this hole at the bottom and what that is is the drain hole because this is meant to be used on exterior doors so we want to make sure that water and moisture can drain out so that the components work correctly so when Bobic took this apart he noticed hey that's interesting that drain hole goes directly to the bolt actuator and that's that piece right here and so Bobic figured out how to do this and we were demonstrating it in that class at Black Hat of him and DVNL and DVNL he's going to kick my ass for that demonstrated this and so everybody in the class was like hey you're that forensics guy why don't you figure that out and so I took my camera and I looked at it and the first thing I noticed was that there's all this material missing and the way this bypass works is essentially a wire is placed between there and it picks up the actuator and allows the bolt to retract without entering a combination without picking the lock like Mark Tobias said there's still mechanical locks and in this case there'd obviously be no audit trail of when that happened because we're never interfacing with the electronic components of this lock so in this case the placement of the wire when we rotate the bolt is scraping off all this material inside and now obviously I'm not CSI so I couldn't do this during the week but that could be material from the tool he used but for my money I'm guessing it's probably material from that that actuator position itself more damning is where the placement of the tool eventually finds itself that piece on the end pushes in and allows the actuator rotate is tool marks and obviously those are very distinct the angle and pattern of them indicate normal use so that's our O-Day and that's the forensic evidence I hope you enjoy that because it was the last minute edition we have a lot of material to cover which we'll cover in 103 which is the Q&A room I only have about 5 minutes left so I'm going to go through there's 2 more sections but we'll go through them in Q&A if you guys are interested I'm going to jump directly I told you there's a lot so a lot of people since I started the site about 6 months ago a lot of people have been asking me well how can I get certified or learn more about this the International Association of Investigative Locksmiths offers licensing and certification they also offer training but all the people I've been referring to them come back to me and say they're not offering either so as Mark device said if you're a letter agency and you like training I'd be happy to help you out but if you contact them eventually I assume they'll start figuring out whatever they're doing and accepting new members or training and so on I always hate it when people put a lot of links on the last slide and everybody scrambles to write it down so if you go to my site www.lockpickingforensics.com you can get all this information and a lot more you can also go to the links page for a lot of things you might be interested in I also run the site called LockWiki which is a collaborative lock resource that has a lot of material that also has a community portal with lots of other links as well as links to various lock sport groups so on that is all I have I'd be happy to take questions in room 103 it says track 4 Q&A thank you


This paper is about template attacks against the desk key schedule in actual implementations. My name is Johan Heisel and this is a collaboration with multiple co-authors from three different institutions. Two of them are Fraunhofer institutes. One of them is the German Federal Office for Information Security, the BSI. The motivation for this work were several e-print publications from several years where there was described an attack against a commercial security controller where single trace attacks led to significantly weak keys and also to remaining rest entropies of keys which were very low. So this was surprising and interesting and after reading those publications there were several questions which in our opinion were left unopened or unanswered. Namely are there really such wide distributions and are there really side channel weak keys and is this reproducible using state of the art tooling? Is this device specific to one specific commercial security controller or is it more general and does it even apply to other devices? What is the impact on what is the actual impact on three key triple desk which is the only real application of this nowadays and is it predictable these are those weak keys predictable through simulation? This was the start of our work and we started with an empirically study using a similar commercial security controller which was programmable for this investigation and we target the desk key schedule. We use a high precision EM setup, we de-cap the security controller, we perform measurements from the backside, we spent a lot of effort for alignment and then we did a t-test using a preliminary leakage assumption to detect measurement positions and used a correlation-based leakage test to select points of interest. To the desk key schedule, the desk key schedule is remarkable because it's very simple unlike the AES key schedule which for instance includes an S-box transformation the desk key schedule is much simpler it simply shifts and permutes key bits so the round keys and there are 16 round keys are simply created by shifting and permuting bits from the original key. This means that bits reappear in all the round keys and remarkably this also means that transitions between key bits on certain bit positions also reoccur. So this is depicted in this table here we see half of the desk key schedule we see the so-called register C so we see half of the 56 initial key bits and we see the 16 round keys in as one round key in a row and then what is highlighted here is that for two examples that specific key bits from the original key subsequently follow each other on the same position so for instance on a lot of occasions the bit zero follows after the bit seven and here in red depicted the bit zero follows on the bit 14 so if we look into the other bits this is similar so this is a different representation of the same key bits and the figure here shows all the transitions between key bits which occur in a desk key schedule. So the dashes are again the transition between those key bits and the two colors they indicate whether those transitions occur more frequently or less frequently. The red ones occur only three times and the blue ones occur 10 times. Now this is interesting because these those bit transitions those the number of those bit transitions is much smaller than if those bits would randomly be distributed across the round keys. In order to understand how the template attack should work in the best way we needed to understand the leakage model of the device in more detail and we approached this by precisely analyzing the leakage model through calculating SNS for value leakage so for the leakage that the bits have directly and for the leakage that occurs through the sequence of two bits. And we found that this device exhibits exclusively XOR leakage so that this device this specific security controller only leaks the XOR difference between subsequent bits. This means that we can group those XOR transitions into templates and we did this and created 7-bit templates and this also meant that we could use state-of-the-art key rank estimation for those independent template results and derive security levels from those template attacks. The dash boxes here represent how we selected the XOR transitions for the for the templates and and proceeded with the template attack. Now the results this is the first result of the analysis and this on this figure we see the security the resulting security level for 1000 attacks and we see a histogram of results on the on the Y axis and what is remarkable here and what is similar to the findings of those previous publications is that the results are widely distributed so unlike usually when for instance performing DPA where we would expect a certain narrow span of results we see that there is security levels resulting security levels from this template attack against the the key schedule which span from very low numbers to higher numbers. So the orange line here depicts the medium the average result which is still a quite high number given single days an attack single days but we also see that there is significantly lower security levels and we tested also specific or very special keys and we found that for two very specific keys namely a key with all zeros and the key with all ones the the resulting security level is as low as two bit even. And since this is a distribution it follows that the more keys we test the more we find which have exceptionally low security levels. Now if an attacker uses more traces than a single trace this improves the situation for the attacker and what we see here in those figures is the first figure is the same as before this is the case for a single trace for the attacker and then we have the case for three traces for an attacker and then the case for 900 traces for the attacker and we see that the distribution moves to the left meaning that the results for the attacker get better the security levels get lower and also the the mean security levels get lower. But this also means that this white distribution is not due to noise factors or that that can be averaged out. So if we use like 900 traces for an attack then there are several noise factors which we already averaged out. So this means that those noise factors are not the reason for this white distribution. This is a different figure and this shows the evolution of security levels over the number of traces. So here on the x-axis we have 900 traces and on the y-axis we have the result of an attack after this number of traces and what we see here is that the attack result asymptotically converges to a certain level. So we see that after a certain number of traces the result stabilizes and there is no further gain for the attacker meaning that the fact the noise factors that can be averaged out are averaged out then and the remaining the resulting security level stabilizes. In this in the left side we selected 10 random keys for this figure and on the right side we used we selected 10 keys which showed lower security levels and what we see in this from the comparison from the two figures is that there is an inherent security levels that the keys converge to and even if the number of traces is increased the security level stabilizes at a certain value. So from this and several other findings we conclude that it is the leakage model and also the switching noise from the key bits which determines the key weakness which is an interesting finding. Now as an overview and comparison from this work to the previous works as a summary we see that the results are similar. So the specifics a little bit different but for instance in this single trace attack from this related work there were actually four death executions per trace and so this is comparable to the case from this work when we use three traces and in every one of those three traces there is due to account the measure as it seems there's about one and a half death executions per trace the security mean security level in those two comparable cases is quite similar. So what we learn from this is that using a state-of-the-art and solid approach as described here and with described in more detail in the paper we it leads to similar results hence they are reproducible hence they are really weak keys and also the security level of keys is widely distributed but what does it mean for an actual application of death so we know that death is outdated in general but if death is used then at least it should be used in triple death mode with three keys and to to understand what this means for this kind of use of the death we we came up with a method to to estimate this security of a three triple death implementation based on the analysis or investigation of a single death attack and we we estimate this result for three key triple death by even allowing the attacker a mid in the middle advantage while using such a result and the figure here shows an empirical density of security levels so on the x axis we have again security levels and on the y axis shown here we have an empirical density and then we see four different graphs and the blue graph is the one that that is derived from the single trace results and as expected it shows the highest results so the highest security levels and then the attacker gains something when he increases the number of attack traces when he uses three traces it's the orange density and if he uses 900 traces it's the green density and we see that increasing the number of traces the distributions move to the left meaning that there is more keys with lower security levels so in as a result we see that a lot of the the security levels will remain in a quite high range but we also see that those distributions have long tails to the left and there is a certain percentage of of low security level keys in the table and with concrete numbers this means that on average in this row here on average the security level is still very high so it's still in the range of 80 to 90 bits but this also means or the results also show that there is a fraction of cases where the security level is lower than 80 bits for instance and the fraction of cases where this is happening depends on the number of traces used and for instance if a single trace attack is performed then we see that this estimation leads to an estimated dot 24 percent of cases which show a security level below 80 bits for three key triple days so this is not zero but it's still a very low number meaning that roughly for instance this is it can be thought of like every an attack on every 400 device shows a security level below 80 bits so what we asked ourselves is if this can be generalized through a simulation so and for this purpose we created a simulation where we simulated XOR leakage without any noise factors and performed the same attack and the results show that even in this simplified simulation we get a very wide distribution of security levels and even in this simulation we already see that there are weak keys to be expected with exceptionally low security leverage hence we find that the issue must be more general than applying to this one specific security controller and then we wanted to understand whether this simulation can help to predict reality so whether this simulation can be used to predict the resulting outcome of an actual measurement and for this purpose the figure shows the security level and we attacked a lot of different keys and we attacked them once in a simulated scenario and this is the the X axis and then it shows the results of an actual attack of the same key on the device and on the Y axis and if the simulation and the actual device would be perfectly equal then we would expect a perfect diagonal in this in these results but what we see is that this is not the case specifically the the blue group of of keys here shows only a relation between simulation and reality to a certain extent and this blue group of of keys is is a group of randomly selected keys so for randomly selected keys which are more representative of a real-world kind of scenario we show that the simulation and the reality have a certain relation or there is a certain predictability but this is not very good but then we we also tested this for for special keys for keys where about 90% of the key bits are either all zeros or either all ones so those are keys which are skewed so the the distribution of the keys is not uniform but is either very a high number of zeros or a high number of of of ones and for those kind of special keys the the red dots in this figure we see that the relation between simulation and reality is is is much more precise so there is a much more direct relation between the two and then from this we also learn hence that this this key weakness and and and this this this concept of of side channel weak keys for the desk key schedule is is a partly device agnostic so partly non-specific to a to a specific device and to to proceed further into understanding this we also tested the second security controller of the same manufacturer manufacturer and this led to very similar results the results were about three bits better in terms of the the security levels were higher but nonetheless it's still a case of a wide distribution and and we is still to be expected that there are weak keys then we used a totally different device we used an off-the-shelf regular general purpose microcontroller and stm32 we used the hardware desk engine of this microcontroller and performed a similar attack in this case we also again we tested for the leakage model and we found that the leakage model was completely different so this device leaks the values of bits not their transition not the x or between values and still an attack against this device is still leading to similar results in terms of there is a wide distribution of results and there is obviously weak keys to be expected so what do we conclude from this investigation we set out to to to answer questions that we found were left open through the series of publications that we referenced and we found through our investigations we found that this wide distribution of security levels and weak keys in fact does exist for a similar security controller and also exists for for different implementations and even for different leakage models so at least for leakage models such as an x or leakage model or value-based leakage model the desk key schedule if it leaks will lead to the to the case of wide distributions of security levels and weak keys why is this the case the desk key schedule seems very prone to this because this non-linearity in the the key schedule leads to the fact that bits and their transitions reoccur frequently this increases the amount of leakage that can be exploited by an attacker generally nonetheless given our findings we can say that the impact on the specific commercial security controller seems less dramatic than the original publications alleged with only a very small percentage of cases with a security level of below 80 bits after an extensive side channel attack what we find is left open through these results is that if in a similar scenario or in this scenario a side channel attack leads to results which are distributed and where the distribution is wide and maybe there is even outliers or few cases with with very low security levels then it's interesting to to to assess the security of such a device in in such cases it seems on the one hand it seems unfair to assess the security based on the average security level on the other hand it's difficult to to understand whether a low percentage of outliers should be used to assess the security levels and also from from these findings and discussions we find that that most probably probably a lot of different algorithms key schedules should be affected by a similar finding if there is leakage for an attacker that is exploitable and with this I would like to conclude the talk these are the contact informations and some references thank you


Do you agree with that? You know that's that's kind of a some plays sure he has and other plays you got to give credit that the illusion is when you're stretching the defense out and it may not look there but those those cut backs and you got to get a lot of credit to the offensive line and the tight ends because those lanes they're all you know but it's designed and then obviously other ones he's made some really great plays and we've all witnessed that so it goes together but not you can't take anything away from the line and the tight ends and the receivers blocking on the perimeter. The call to Khalif last week Mike said it was your best play call of the year. Why why did you choose to kind of go for it there as opposed to you know third down maybe just try to get the first down. It just goes back to the lessons learned I think is you know going from week to week every game is different in the situations that come up and then just same thing we ask the players I put on myself otherwise it'd be a hypocrite you try to get better from week to week you learn and there's lessons learned the things that you you know from early in the season or something that happened years past and as the game was going and the situation presented itself that decided to go for it and Khalif did a nice job and Ryan may have kind of a throw in front made a good block. Do you know when you when you take a risk like that are you nervous a little bit going into the play or no it's because I got a lot of faith in those guys out there and that's the the risk you got take you don't want to live in fear and when worried what if and I'm not saying that to have bravado but I really don't really happy. Khalif and bodies are program. He really does is the guy that just kept chipping away and small school guy and you know he's been cut a couple times and he's come out here every day and I love his mindset. He's he's a little guy but he's he's one of the toughest guys on that field and he's he keeps it even and I and I have so much respect for Khalif and I was really happy for him. I was happy for Cody Hollister too. That's another guy that's solely chipped away. Joked with him. He had one of the more efficient games I've seen. He came in there two different positions. The ball found him both times. So I was happy for Cody as well. This is my first year as a play caller. It just is how I felt as coach and really with this game and that's just how I evolved and when I was playing and as I got into coaching and yeah it's just the way I just the way I think I guess. You kind of debated upstairs downstairs. It seems like you've enjoyed I guess the emotions after place. Whether it's chest bumping a guy or kind of getting in the state. What's that like for you to be down there and to kind of I know you've got a job to do. Sure. Yeah I try not to do that. I know it's like ironic because I've got a huge family. So like course they sent me. I saw that clip. I didn't it's a little different hitting Derek than was Khalif. I felt bad because I forget how big I am and how little Khalif is. So it looked a little ridiculous and I told Khalif I wouldn't try to send him out there but I really try to get disappointed to keep a steady presence. A lot of times he's really just happy for those guys because I know that I know what Khalif's been through and his football journey and happy and the same thing with Derek. You know it kind of gets the sideline going but after it's over I really don't I try not to react and show both. It's unfortunate that a couple of those have come up. A couple of times you'll see a coach knock down by player doing that. I mean that kind of a biggest fear when you approach somebody. Not really. I don't need to do it. When Derek you got pushed on the sideline I just had to move out of the way. I've seen coaches get crushed that way. But no not with it. Maybe probably too big right now. So no in terms of this Raiders defense I know they'll try to stack the box to try to stop Derek Henry. But what are the challenges you've seen on film for Run Game and the past game this week? Yeah they do a really good job and Paul Gunther has when he was in Cincinnati and obviously out in Oakland and they'll give you different looks and they'll have something cooked up as most of these guys do and we got to be smarter with the football and we just got to keep getting better and improved. Looks like maybe some of the sack issues have been a result of maybe coming into that gap sort of between Ben and Nate. I just wonder is there some communication issues there? Maybe especially dealing with a rookie in that kind of situation? Well you go look at them and obviously there's areas we've always got to improve whether we win or lose and some of them are different schemes and to put it on those two is a little unfair because we've had it happen. Unfortunately in some play pass screen situations as you go through the season, you know, but Nate's done a good job trying to improve week the week and a lot of times I know it looks that way, but we may been in a scheme that could have been a call miscommunication and then as an offensive lineman, I mean, you're going to look. It's going to look like it's on you whether it really was or not and then every one of those is a little bit different, but we just got to get better overall.


Throwing up 12 and a half bitcoins every 10 minutes really wears down on my throat. Are you still in quarantine? I'm a decentralized public ledger, Giovanni, so it's hard to keep a coin like me in lockdown. If anyone from the federal government is watching, I'm still waiting on my stimulus check. Hi everyone, I'm Giovanni. I'm excited to announce that today I'm going to interview Bitcoin from the popular YouTube series Bitcoin and Friends. How are you doing Bitcoin? I'm doing very well, Giovanni, thank you. I saw you weren't doing too well lately. Did you catch COVID-19? I'm feeling a little under the weather. Well, as you may or may not have known, I went to Wuhan recently on a small vacation, and although I wasn't tested, I did have a lot of the symptoms, but I quickly recovered. Thanks for asking. So are you still in quarantine? Well, as you know, I'm a decentralized public ledger, Giovanni, so it's hard to keep a coin like me in lockdown. However, I am being considerate of the elderly and medically complicated, as they say. So I'm staying in, I'm doing some yoga, taking it easy, throwing up blocks every 10 minutes, and preparing for the big event on May 11th. So as you mentioned, we are very close to one of the most important events in your life, the halving. How are you going to celebrate? Well, Giovanni, all I can say is I can't wait to throw up last Bitcoin. Throwing up 12.5 Bitcoins every 10 minutes really wears down on my throat, not to mention 25 Bitcoins, and as we all know, when I first started, it was 50, but honestly, I don't even want to think about those days, they were dark.  It was, Giovanni. It was. So do you think your life will change after the halving? Well, I do find it incredibly amusing and fitting that as the inflation of the Bitcoin currency is winding down, it appears the Federal Reserve here in the United States is just winding up, printing trillions upon trillions. So I think my halving, coinciding with the recent world events, is about as poetic as one could ask, and I hope it sends a powerful message to the world. Also, if anyone from the Federal Government is watching, I'm still waiting on my stimulus check so I can convert that paper into satoshis. So if you could look into that, I would appreciate it. Yeah, I hope you get it soon. Many of your fans were counting on you as a safe haven, but during the latest market crash, you kind of led them down, crashing with the rest of the market. How are you planning to rehabilitate yourself? Well, I have to say, Giovanni, I was disappointed at first, but I don't think we should let a short blip like this get the community down. I think this is simply a war of attrition with the centralized currencies slowly digging their own graves. So there's going to be bumps in the road, but I think all we have to do is zoom out, as they say, and we'll see that we're holding strong.  Zoom out. We're doing fine, everyone. Just hold on to your hats. You are quite a grown-up man already. Are you still searching for your father? Well, let's not get ahead of ourselves. I'm only 11 years old, Giovanni. I still think of myself as a kid, and the producers of the show won't let me talk about the show too much as I have an NDA, but let's just say the absence of my father leaves my character to some valuable lessons. Talking about your affections. So for those who watch the series, you seem to have started getting along with a girl. Her name is Ethereum. I didn't get anyone to fall in love with me.  How are things going between you guys? Well, as I keep teasing, there will be a hot and steamy atomic swap sequence in the near future, so stay tuned for that. And also, the producers want to stress for any of the female viewers out there that Ethereum is much more than just a simple love interest. In fact, both Ethereum and Litecoin play key pivotal roles in the development of the ecosystem in season two. So for those who don't know, there is another episode of your series coming up soon. Do we already have a release date? Yes, that would be May 10th. We're coinciding that with the happening. Oh, nice, nice. Looking forward to that. The next question is actually about Litecoin. So in the last episode, we saw the appearance of Litecoin for the first time. Can you tell us your name? Oh my gosh.  Well, as you'll see Giovanni, Litecoin does get himself into a bit of a pickle in episode five, which premieres, like I said, May 10th. But as a slight spoiler, he does make it out okay, I promise. And in terms of what type of role Litecoin plays in the show, I'm not sure if you've ever seen the film The Godfather, Giovanni? Sure, of course. But I guess if I had to compare him to someone, it would have to be Frado from The Godfather. He's a simple coin with a simple mind. He has good intentions, and we certainly love him very much. Another character in your show, which reminds me of a character from The Godfather, I think he's like a villain. I'm so sorry, Mr. Cornhole, but I need a warrant.  You can't refuse. Yes, he was heavily inspired by John Corleone. Yes, The Godfather has been a big influence on us making the show. We like film references. So now, Bitcoin, the last question would be, how do you see yourself in one year from now? That's a good question, Giovanni. Well, I won't make any price predictions, Giovanni, but what I will make you is this guarantee. I will be producing trustless, secure, immutable peer-to-peer transactions. I've been doing that for over 10 years now, and I take great pride in what I do. I think the true value of Bitcoin isn't the price of its currency, but the freedom that my blockchain brings. Thank you, Bitcoin. That was a cool conversation. Thanks for having me, Giovanni. You are both a gentleman and a scholar. And for those watching, be sure to tune in to episode 5 on May 10th on CrapTube, I mean YouTube, and library.tv. That's LBRY.TV. Thanks, Giovanni. That was Bitcoin from Bitcoin and Friends. Thanks for talking to us and have a great halving. And you guys, if you like the interview, don't forget to smash the like button and subscribe to our channel.


What's up everybody, I'm Jason here for jaskiescasebrakes.com which has a 1920 Panini Mosaic Sello One Pack Break brand and the team's number 29 just sold out. This is our last Sello pack to unlock the mixer. We have four spots straight up left in the mixer which should break today, but these were the last five spots we were given away in one of these Sello packs. And again, the way this works guys, round them by the customer names and teams, distribute the hits out of these packs in the Sello and then at the end of the break we'll round them by all 30 customer names again, names only, and numbers one through five, top five at the end of the randomizer we'll get each a spot in the Devin Booker baller basketball mixer. So there you go. Let's do the break first. Round the names and teams after a full 12, good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Yeah, we did Rex. He also posted, he took it off the, he took it off a TikTok, which doesn't surprise me. I'm sure a lot of players keep their own cards except he's just one of the bigger ones. Alrighty, but I don't think a lot of them are stamped either. I think some of them, I think he might just be signing some of them and they don't have them stamped them yet. All right, 12 times here. One, six, seven, eight. Pacers down on the wizards. Knowing you're honest, I will probably have a couple of his own NTRPAs from back in 1314. I'm banking on his own RPAs.  I'm also gonna try to win, I don't know if I'm really retracing these pack rigs, but we'll see who gets spots in the mixer at the end of the break in a separate dice holder randomizer. Let's do the break first. Magic, Johnson Green, Silver, Put Your Homes, Dumboya, Kuzma, and Charles Bawkley. Cool. All right, you guys, let's go to the randomizer now and see who wins spots in the basketball mixer. And again, five spots, top five after, one and a three, four times, get in, good luck. One, two, three, four times, top five. Ryan Harold, you're in, Oliver, you're in, Joseph, you're in, Zach, Paul, you're in, TJ Leonard, you are in. So three, four, four times. Congratulations, you guys are now in the mixer. And again, we have four spots straight up left there. We can get that going, jazbyskatesbreaks.com.


Hi everyone. We're going to try to keep our editing tips brief to ensure enough time for you to try out lots of possibilities for your movie. We've given you the clips, the music, and the clip order. Now you can use various transitions, titles, clip tricks, FaceTime footage, and other editing tools to give the movie your own flair. Anything goes. As long as you tell the basic story of the engineering experience's activity, which is, Disasterville was a peaceful town, that is until it was hit by a tornado. Drones were sent in to assess the damage to the town since the road into Disasterville was blocked. Video was taken of the town from the drone. From the video, a plan must be put into place to help the town. There are two last editing tools you can learn during NJEC's editing and engineering. iMovie easily allows you to do voiceovers or recordings of your own voice. Maybe I want to narrate aloud what the Disasterville activity is all about in my movie. Using the voiceover tool, you're able to narrate all or parts of your video as you speak. To do a voiceover, it helps to use the microphone. We have a few that you can use later if desired. You also have a built-in microphone in your MacBook that you can use, at least to practice. To activate iMovie's voiceover feature, make sure nothing is highlighted in your media browser and then press V as in voiceover. And you'll see these voiceover controls. Another way to start the voiceover is to press the small microphone in the corner of your viewer. So does everyone see them? Raise your hand if not and we'll come around and help you. But if I click on the voiceover tools to the right of the record button right here, a dialog box opens and it asks you to import the source of your sound and you can see I'm using a microphone and I could also choose the built-in microphone. You would choose your built-in microphone. Also you'll notice this volume slider here and you can actually set the level of volume that you'd like to record by. 100% will give you some distortion and right in the middle or a little bit over is usually about right. Also you'll notice that there's a mute button here that you can check or uncheck. I suggest you check it. What it does is it mutes other sounds within your video while you record so that you're not easily distracted. So go ahead and choose to record using your built-in microphone by clicking the red voiceover button. Just like that. Wait for the beeps to end. You'll hear some then start recording by saying something like, this is a movie about the peaceful town of disasterville or should I say the once peaceful town. You can use any voiceover narrations in your movie but practice with this line for now. It will be saved in your media browser and you can add it anywhere in your timeline but of course it will go best with the beginning clips. Take a listen and see how it sounds. Redo it if it's too loud or too soft. This is a movie about the peaceful town of disasterville or should I say the once peaceful town. The last thing we're going to learn is how to speed up or slow down one of our clips in the timeline. Let's use our clip of the tornado hitting the house for this. Click on it to activate it. There it is. I'm going to turn off the sound for now. Then go up to the menu bar and press modify.  If you choose fast forward you have four choices. It can be two times four times eight times or a whopping twenty times faster. That's really fast. So I'm going to actually slow mine down. Let's slow it down fifty percent. And you'll see that it's about double the length. You'll also notice that there's a turtle icon on my clip now and that's to signify that it's been slowed down. But I'm going to undo that clip. I can also press Z and let's speed it up also. And let's do that two times and you'll notice that it's shorter. And there's also a rabbit icon on the clip and that means it's been sped up. So let's take a look at that really fast. Let's undo it. Okay there's a couple other things I'd like you to note that if you press on your clip again you can also access speed icons here. Normal slow fast freeze frame or a custom speed. Another thing you'll notice in this speed editor here is that you can reverse a clip as we have checked. Now when we play it it'll play backwards. So it'll start with the tornado and then tear the house apart and put it back together in slow motion. Or you can press Preserve Pitch and that's important if you have voices. Basically it will keep the voices normal. The last thing I want to show you is if you control click on a clip you can press Show Speed Editor and at that point you'll receive a little button on your clip that allows you to manually adjust the speed of the clip. And you can turn that off too by control clicking and then pressing hide speed editor and it will disappear as well as that icon. So there you go. You have a lot of clip tricks to play with to edit your movie just how you'd like. Here's a cheat sheet with all the clip tricks we've discussed up through video 10. Explore, have fun, try all sorts of things. The more things you try and the more practice you do the better editor you'll become.


Statistics and Excel. Binomial distribution coin flip random number generation. Got data? Let's get stuck into it with statistics and Excel. You're not required to but if you have access to OneNote we're in the icon left-hand side OneNote presentation 1560 binomial distribution coin flip random number generation tab. We've also been uploading our transcripts so that you can go to the view tab immersive reader tool change the language if you so choose be able to read or listen to the transcripts in multiple different languages and use the timestamps to tie in to the video presentation. In prior presentations we've been thinking about how we can represent different data sets both with mathematical tools such as using calculations of the average or mean the median core tiles and with pictorial representations like the box and whiskers and


Hi everyone, welcome back to the makeup chair. Today I'm going to go through my top favorite primers, so top five-ish kind of primers I absolutely love. And I feel a little kind of, you know, tips and tricks about that. If you have any questions about primers though and this video doesn't cover it, definitely let me know in the comment section because I'm always here to help. So just leave a comment if you have any complaints about your skin or your makeup not lasting. Just give me a little bit of information about you and hopefully I should be able to find something that's going to work. So I'm going to start off with my favorite moisturizer. It's not a primer, but a moisturizer does make a massive difference and I talked about this moisturizer in my recent skincare favorites. I haven't seen that, I'll link it up here. Sometimes your moisturizer can do all of the work for you so you don't necessarily have to apply a primer. The primer is like an extra added bonus, but provided you have the right type of moisturizer that's going to work with your skin, this should illuminate, it should create an even base, and it should give the makeup something to hold on to. If you do want to use a primer, one of my go-to favorites would be the Floormar Illuminating Primer Base. And what I really like about this is that it's illuminating while also giving oil control, so it's great for no makeup days if you just want to pop a little bit of something on to illuminate the skin but control oils throughout the day, but it also creates a beautiful even base and gives your makeup something to hold on to. It's also available in a glow version, so this has more of an oilier texture, a lot of shine and shimmer. I love that for the more kind of dramatic glam looks. Now, if you need a lot of oil control or to reduce any looks of pores, try using a poor minimizing primer. Benefit have one of the original ones. This basically fills in any kind of gaps in the skin, even little lines and wrinkles, pores, anything that needs to be filled in. This will create a sort of a blanket over them, while also giving the makeup something to hold on to that's a little stronger and that's also controls oil, so it's a great one for oily t-zone through the center of the face, maybe around the cheeks, maybe around the nose. Now, for the more drier skin types you want to add in some glow, try using these oil drops. These come in lots of different types of formulas. This one is by the Body Shop and I love this because it creates that beautiful texture. It evens out the appearance of the skin, which is what we're all about when we're using a primer and it adds an oily texture, a shine, and it gives the makeup something to hold on to, so it doesn't necessarily always have to be a primer. To me, this is a great way to prep the skin. And then finally, I asked my mom what her favorite primer was because I always like to find out what the mature people are using and this is one of her favorites by Clarence. It's the SOS primer, as you can see she's used the whole thing. This is great because it illuminates the skin, it adds a really smooth texture, gives the makeup something to hold on to, while also creating that beautiful bouncy texture and glow to the skin that you really want as you kind of get a little bit older, particularly if you have drier skin type. And Clarence actually have a huge range within the SOS primers, so you can definitely find something that's going to work for any skin issue that you have. So if you need help finding the right primer for your skin issue, definitely let me know. I'm just waiting for pebbles to stop barking. Those are some of my favorite primers, definitely let me know if you have any recommendations on primers or if you need a recommendation. I'm always here to help, so definitely let me know in the comments section. And I will see you guys in a video tomorrow, no, Friday. Okay, bye guys. Hit subscribe, hit like, all that jazz that's here, and I'll just spin in my chair while you do that.


Well, I've never been a big outliner. I think my intention always was, like when I was close to my mid-thirties and I'd written short stories and poetry for years before this. My intention, I knew the novel was a much bigger project, so my intention was to do all of my research and then to put the big sheets up on the writing room wall and mark it all out because it was an historical thing. So there's all kinds of stuff I had to try and keep in my head. And then, stupidly, I just jumped right in, in the middle of the book. And it was a bit of a nightmare. In fact, writing that book was one of the worst experiences of my life, and it was partly because it was the first time I tried to take on something so huge. And I've since learned that feeling a little bit crazy is part of the process. But at the time, I just thought I was coming unglued. And part of the problem was I didn't do enough prep. I didn't sit down and figure out what does this story look like? Where is the story going to start and how am I going to, what is the ending and how am I going to get there?


Hi friends, Janae would be procure with some exciting news. Town meeting day elections for mayor, city council, and more will be using ranked choice voting and all polling to voters get to participate. Unfamiliar with ranked choice voting? Keep watching or visit the link below. Ranked choice voting is a simple way to let voters rank candidates in order of preference. First, second, third, and so on. If your vote can't help your first choice win, it counts to your second choice instead. Here's how it works. If one candidate gets over 50% of everyone's first choice votes, they win and the election is over. However, if no candidate reaches a majority, the candidate with the fewest first choice votes is eliminated and their supporters votes will count towards their second choice. This process continues until one candidate reaches over 50% of the vote. Ranked choice voting is an easy way to give voters more voice, more choice, and makes for a stronger democracy. Learn more about ranked choice or try it out for yourself at betterballotvermont.org slash BTV 2024.


I swear, this entire new gender identification thing is just some kind of academia, 136th wave feminist deconstructivist movement to make men call themselves sissies. Oh, sissy! I'm telling you. No, no, no, I'm telling you guys.   Stop hitting yourself! Take one! Stop hitting yourself! Stop hitting yourself! Stop hitting yourself! No!    Because the only other choices on the online application form were like transgender and non-binary for crying out loud. I mean, the application form wouldn't let me continue without choosing an option. But this isn't a presidential release of prisoner form. Those are blue. Oh, I'll stay here. You forced me to call myself a siss, dang it.   But on the application, they only let you just cross over the line of possibly being a man. They're like, you can be a man, but you have to just barely be over the center point to sissy man. Excuse me, but if we're making up spectrum of gender characteristics, I don't think sissy man should be like the end point of the male side of the spectrum. I think the spectrum, I want to be self-identified as Rambo, which should be acceptable given the fact that realism doesn't seem to be a thing with these self-identification process. Dang, academia 136th wave feminist deconstruct, I mean, think about it. In normal life, if someone called you a siss, you'd think they were picking a fight. Would you not? It would be a perfectly reasonable assumption.  What did you say? But then with these job applications, that's like the least offensive choice. Obviously, there's a translation problem here. Hooker, prostitute, slut for money. And how dare they? How dare they? Well, now you're crossing the line. No, you are crossing the line!  How dare they do this manipulative stuff on the application? No no says the academia 136th wave feminist deconstructivist. Siss is a perfectly normal term. You're the cruel one for not using it, they say. Just watch me. It's so simple. You sissy Mary. But honestly, I feel like there's some manipulation going on here. Now Bambi, who started that forest fire that killed your mama? I've never heard of the term until like five seconds ago. Oh for crying out loud. I mean, I don't even know what it means. This trial is the biggest load of... I heard that it somehow stands for like the same sex you were presumed at birth. Two bodies sharing the same feet? But even that doesn't make any sense. Does that even mean?  And the doctor still refused to identify the gender at birth. So like how can siss mean the sex you were presumed at birth if they stop presuming a sex at birth?  Up there it says he was out. And he's way up there on a mezzanine. Hey!


Okay, in the RCC there are more APIs. There are APIs which can not only configure the clock sources but also the APIs which can give us the information about the frequency of the system, frequency of the HAB, frequency of the APB, APB buses. What is the oscillator frequency? We can also configure the MCO output. About this we talk in the QPAMX session when we configured the clock tree. And also we can disable and enable the clock security system. This API you can found in the HLSTM32F4 in my case underscore RCC.C or RCC.X.C or in the H files can be the macros like the enable and disable clocks. We can look on this in the IDE. I have here the last example, the GPRO3. Then I can look into the drivers, I will search for the RCC, it's here. Then here you can found all the APIs which we have. Not only the oscillator config, how you know. As you know, then more definitely the best way how to search is to look into the header file, from this file, then I here and try to open the header file, it's in here, let me read the header file here, here is the header file, RCC.C. Then on the bottom of this file you will find all the API functions, here it is, the oscillator config, the clock config and the rest of the functions. And I have here also the extension file, then I can look into the extension file, what is here. With something useful, some functions which we can use. And here is the X-PayFile clock config, this are usually the initial additional PLS which we have on the different devices, like the F429 and F4669. Then this is how to find the clock API. Okay, now we look on the very basic stuff, something which is very basic of the HL in the file, HL.C is the HL API functions, the main HL API functions, mainly the functions for the initialization, the HL, without this the HL will be not working correctly. The main function is the HL init and the opposite HL init, there are some functions to get information about the HL time, the get tick, there is the also function which we use in the first example, the HL delay which we know, there is also functions for initialize the tick source and also to suspend this tick and to resume this tick, this is mainly for the low power devices, for the low power behavior and also function which give us the information about the clocks. But the main function which we need is the HL underscore init, without this function the HL will be not working correctly and this function is generated in the QPenix automatically and it's put on the beginning of our code. And I think now it's time to look on this function, what is inside and what this function do or how we can influence this function.


Social networking, that's for IT people, isn't it? But what about the agricultural sector? People are living in rural areas. Giacomo Rambaldi here, he works for the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. Now, you've been training farmers' agricultural workers in how to use social networking. How is it going to help them? Well, within a programme which started in 2008 we have been offering technology intermediaries the possibility of gaining skills and access to online facilities which would enable them to create content, to share content, to collaborate remotely, to speak remotely at cost zero among each other. So that has proven extremely, extremely successful. Once these people are exposed to these kind of technologies they want to continue learning and discovering and that's the beauty of the process. And how would a farmer in rural Africa, for example, use this? Well, I would rather speak about a farmer's organisation who would act on behalf of the farmer. So the farmer organisation would set up a Facebook page where, for example, they are discussing and showcasing their products or sharing up-to-date information on the latest publication which is available on how to grow pigs, for example. And on the top of that they have access to technologies which allows them to speak freely at a zero cost among each other as members of the groups. They can set up discussion lists and so on. Now farmers are increasingly in Africa in certain areas, are increasingly using mobile devices, text messaging and so on to share information, to access information, to access advice and using webtoon and social media that can help them in getting access to relevant and up-to-date information which is critical for them in their endeavours. So that's fascinating. So it's not just putting your products out to market or advertising what you produce. It's about sharing know-how, sharing technologies and techniques. Have you been getting positive feedback on this? Yes, actually we invest a lot in monitoring and evaluation. We get back to the trainees at regular intervals and get feedback on what they have been doing, what has changed at their professional level, their individual level, at institutional level and at their beneficiary level. So we have done a study over the period 2008-2010 which has guided us in improving the curriculum of the training and we are doing now one study covering the period of 2011-2012. So all these studies allows us to assess the impact and improve service delivery. And we have impressive returns. I mean I've been working in development for 32 years and I must say that this particular program is the one which is yielding the best returns and makes a change in life of the people. So when you get emails telling it changed my life, I mean as a person you are extremely gratified by that. Thank you very much. My pleasure.