Hello friends welcome back to the channel in today's video we're going to go over some of the best new raid builds that are now available in scholar and violet through the indigo disc. Now we've done similar videos to this with the base games of scholar and violet and when we had the introduction of key to call me through the tool mask DLC so we're going to do the same with the indigo disc pokemon now we've got a fresh batch new pokemon to use and utilise for raid builds. Primarily today we're not going to be looking back at any of the older pokemon that we've had and revamping them for this specific video but if you'd like to see that in future do let me know down in the comments section below and we'll take a look at some of the new options that we do have available with new moves and the new stellar types that we now have access to in the indigo disc. So all of the builds that we're featuring in today's video will be linked down in the description below so if you want to take a look at them after today's video they'll be there for you to reference whenever you need to and all of these builds will be more than capable of taking on 5 and 6 star terror raids in your games so it'll be easy for you to go in farm them and beat them for whatever items that these raids offer. We're going to start things off with venusaur it is one of the starter pokemon obviously you're going to need to either trade in from pokemon home to have venusaur in your games or unlock the starter pokemon to get them in the terrarium this can be done in the post game of the indigo disc if you want details on that and you don't know how to do it then there will be a video linked in the description below showing you how exactly you can unlock the starter pokemon and get them in your game. The venusaur going to be the first one like I say we're kicking off with a great pokemon grass and poison type it is going to have the grass terror type on it and going to have the held item of the expert belt going to be level 100 and be hyper trained so that goes for the same for everything that we're featuring to this video everything will be level 100 and obviously hyper trained using bottle caps or gold bottle caps to make sure those IVs are set to 31. The move set on the venusaur is going to be sunny day growth acid spray and giga drain we're going to have an EV spread of 252 in HP and then 252 in special attack with a modest nature and the rest the remaining six after that investment is going to just be put into the defense or you could put it in special defense whichever you would prefer and the ability on this venusaur is going to be a hidden ability chlorophyll so you will need to use an ability patch to access that and the basic premise of this venusaur build is going to be utilizing sunny day turn one so get that sun up on the field that lasts for five turns and then utilize growth growth will give you a plus two to your special attack and attack stats so be able to use this three times with the sun in effect and you'll be maxing out your special attacking stat then you can combine this with acid spray so that is going to reduce the special defense on the raid boss by two stages every time you use it to use three of those and then you're going to just spam giga drain with the expert belt as well it is going to make that a bit more powerful and you've got a line of recovery with the giga drain so every time you are attacking into the raid boss you will be recovering health meaning that you're going to be able to stay on the field for a lot longer just be aware when you're using this venusaur that there will be times where the raid boss does nullify the stack boost son your side of the field or its side of the field so you may need to repeat a few of the processes over again like going for the acid sprays to just reduce that special defense stat even further if it has been reset by the raid boss but nice thing about the acid sprays it does work through the shield so if the shield goes up you can still utilize that to maximize your damage but venusaur going to be a very strong option especially if you need a grass type to beat five and six star grass weak terror raid Pokemon now we have covered venusaur but I'm gonna give you an alternative set if you would like to use a different one if you want a poison terror type venusaur it can work just as effectively as the grass terror type one this venusaur obviously has the poison terror type but the held item is different it is gonna be the shell bell because we're not using the giga drain we don't have that line of recovery so we're gonna need that throughout the raid the shell bell gives us that the move set is gonna be very similar although we are changing the giga drain for the sludge bomb that's gonna be the main attacking move the basic premise of this move set is gonna be exactly the same as the grass terror type venusaur but the sludge bomb is the only variation same ability same EV spread same nature in modest but the only alteration is the held item which is the shell bell and then the sludge bomb over the giga drain next up we have superior another grass type Pokemon gonna have that grass terror typing on there shell bell as they held I am gonna be level 100 and hyper trained of course with a move set of light screen reflect giga drain and a leaf storm it is gonna have its hidden ability contrary and an EV spread of 252 in HP and 252 in special attack again the remaining six that's left over from that for the EVs is just put into the defense all the special defense the beauty about the contrary ability is any drops to your stats actually flipped around so they aren't drops any longer and they become boosts every time you use something like leaf storm which lowers your special attack by two stages it will actually be boosting your special attack by two stages the only caveat I would say to this move set is just pp max the leaf storms you've got eight of them rather than five so you've got the full utility of those throughout the raid and then giga drain is kind of your fall back if you do run out of the leaf storms when your special attacks that is to plus six after three leaf storms then you can utilize the giga drain for additional attacking damage as well as additional recovery alongside the shell bell held item the light screen and reflect on nice options here because it does give you nice defensive stability against raid bosses in particular boosting that special defense and defense stat with those two attacks and because this move pool isn't so deep it just gives you a bit more staying power on the field while you're getting that set a very reliable way to just come into the raid set up the light screen set up the reflect you've got those for five turns and then start firing off those leaf storms boosting your special attack stat and then relying on giga drain any time you need any additional recovery the next pokemon is another grass type and very similar to the venus or one but for those of you that do like blossom want a different option to venus or this is a brilliant one and one I really like going into the raids grass terra typing expert belt again level 100 hyper trained and it has a moveset exactly the same as the venus or because it can do the same job it is sunny day growth acid spray and then giga drain chlorophyll is the ability not a hidden ability this time so no need to use an ability patch ev spread is exactly the same 252 in hp and then 252 in special attack with a modest nature breast put in defense of special defense the reason why we're going with the 252 in hp is it gives you a kind of the coverage against both physical and special attackers right whereas normally if you go and in against the dedicated seven star turret event you would put the ev investment into one of the defenses and maybe the hp as well just to maximize them but because we're going in against five and six star turrets and there'll be an array of different special and physical attackers we kind of cover in bases with that 252 investment in the hp stat we're obviously maxing out the special attack and stat as well just to maximize damage there so that's the reason basically behind the ev spread there basic premise of this one again sunny day turn one go for those growths get three of those off under the sun plus two special attack and attack then acid spray three times that's going to reduce the special defense on the terror boss and then you can just fire off the giga drains after you've acid spread as well three times you're going to be in a position where you can't rascalize and your damage is going to really be maximized so below some just a different grass type alternative but another one that's available in the indigo disc and one I did want to feature in this video promise will be through the grass types very soon but the next one one of my all-time favorite grass type pokemon it is going to be vile plume again another option that's just different to the venus orb but very similar in a lot of ways we've got the grass and poison typing grass terror typing there expert belt as a hell the item level 100 hyper trained and then the move set of sunny day growth acid spray and giga drain should have probably split these up a bit but at least we're doing the start of the video we'll get these all out the way at one time again ev spread 252 and hp 252 and special attack chlorophyll as the ability that will double the speed under the sun as well which is another complimentary thing about setting up the sun for this particular pokemon again basic premise going to be sunny day go for those growths fire off three acid sprays you're going to be in a position to tracelize and then you can attack with the giga drains it's also going to help you recover throughout the battle but again a very nice option to go in against a lot of grass weak terror type pokemon in the indigo disc and like the venus orb you have the alternative to go for a poison terror type vile plume as well the only things that you would change exactly like the two venus orb variations you would put the shell bell as the hell item on to this poison terror type vile plume and then replace the giga drain with sludge wave which is just an alternative option just to make sure that you can hit for good damage with that poison type attack again away from the grass types we are going to be hitting some of the new pokemon that we've got available in the indigo disc and this time it is going to be galarian sloping poison and psychic type we've actually got the stellar terror typing on the galarian sloping because i feel like it gives you a nice option for hitting with both of its star attacks both of its poison and psychic type moves held item is going to be the shell bell it is going to be level 100 it is going to be hyper trained and it will have the move set of acid spray nasty plot sludge wave and psychic it will have the ability curious medicine not going to be too important for raid bosses but can come in handy if you get knocked out and you come back onto the field if the raid boss has boosted up it starts a bunch of times then we've got the ev spread of 252 in hp and 252 in special attack with a modest nature basic premise with this move set is going to be get your nasty plot up three of those that will boost your special attack by two stages every time you use it so using three get you to plus six then utilize your acid sprays is going to reduce the special defense on the raid boss by two stages every time you use it so three of those and put it down to minus six and then you're in a position to thrastalize and utilize the star boost that you get from the stellar terror typing on either the sludge wave or the psychic but just bear in mind once you've used that move once you take away that boost for the rest of the raid so you want to time your attacking moves really well with the stellar terror typing to make sure you're getting the most out of the attacks when you do target the raid boss because once you've used sludge wave once after you've thrastalized you'll not get the boost on at the next turn you use sludge wave but you can get the star boost with the psychic so just bear in mind that's how stellar typing works i feel like it gives you a nice flexibility in particular with the glaring slurking i prefer this one just because i feel like it's got a better ability and it has a better poison type attack as well again going with the stellar terror typing shell bell as the hell that i am level 100 and a move set this time of acid spray nasty plot psychic and shell sidearm which is a signature poison type attack and the ability quick draw as well which is a bit like the item quick claw but as an ability quick draw it let it periodically move first before the terror boss can attack you so quite a slow pokemon in general really useful ability in certain situations again the basic premise with this is going to be nasty plot three times acid spray three times then thrastalize and utilize both your stab attacks and psychic or shell sidearm ev spread is going to be 252 in hp and 252 in special attack with a modest nature and the rest put in that defense stat which is pretty big anyway so that is the glaring slobbro and the glaring slurking which are nice options if you need any either psychic or poison type going in do any of these five and six star terrorids next up is another starter pokemon this time going to be swampert going to be the water and ground type again going with the stellar terror typing on this one i do feel like it gives you the flexibility to go between the water typing and the ground typing and you're not losing either of those types when you go into your thrastalize set shellbell is the held item for our line of recovery going to be level 100 and hyper trained and a move set of bulk up screech earthquake and liquidation so earthquake liquidation going to be your main attacking options on the swampert especially after you thrastalize you're going to be hitting for really big damage basic premise is going to be going for screech three times that's going to reduce the defense stat which you're hitting on with your physical attacks by two stages every time you use it to using it three times we'll get the defense on the terror boss down to minus six you're going to use bulk up maybe two to three times that's going to boost your attack and defense by one stage every time you use it so getting yourself to plus three in attack combined with that minus six defense stat that the terror boss will be on after those three screeches will produce some big damage for you with this swampert EV spread is going to be two five two in HP and then two five two in attack with an adamant nature and the rest put into that defense stat the ability here is torrent that will give you increased damage if you're low enough health but you can go with its hidden ability down but although not really that useful in any raid situation because you're not really ever seeing any of the raid bosses go for the self destructor explosion moves so torrent really a bit more useful especially if you're in that hinge situation where you've got low HP and you just need a little bit of extra damage now the start of poke one is for alligator and this one is one of my favorite builds i think i'm featuring in this video life orb as the held item level 100 and hyper trained moveset of swordstand screech ice punch and liquidation with the hidden ability sheer force you're gonna have to use an ability patch to get that sheer force ability on the for alligator and then we've got an EV spread of two five two in HP two five two in attack with an adamant nature as well and the rest put into that defense stat basic premise with the for alligator is it's going to swordstands up three times boosting its attack two plus six so plus two every time you use it then screech again we've talked about that with the swamp hurt utilizing that every turn will reduce the defense stat by two stages so use three of those to get the raid boss down to minus six defense and then utilize the ice punch or the liquidation but you're going to have increased damage output from that sheer force ability as well as the life orb on top of that you'll not be taken recall damage the only drawback with the sheer force ability is it doesn't allow you to really utilize the shell bell item because it takes away that secondary effect where you get the health back so you're going to have to rely on an item like life orb if you're not really too keen on the sheer force ability with the life orb combination and you prefer to have the shell bell item then just change that sheer force ability to the torrent ability that it is in its regular form so that will allow you then to use the shell bell item but a very strong pokemon the only caveat i would say is to not having that recovery through the raid is that you're going to have to rely on the heal cheers just periodically throughout the raid especially after you do terastalize you don't want to get knocked out because it will make the raid a lot harder especially against those six star raids we're nearly through all the starter pokemon but another one that i wanted to feature in today's video is infernape one of my all-time favorite pokemon is a fire and fighting type we do have the stellar terra typing on this because it does have good flexibility with the fire and the fighting type moves that it does have access to shell bell as the held item level 100 and hyper trained with the move set of nasty pot forest fear and heat wave the ev spread is going to be 252 in hp and then 252 in special attack with a modest nature and the ability is going to just be blaze here we don't need the iron fist because that is a hidden ability and we've got nothing that's going to take advantage of that on the move set the basic premise is going to be using fake tears reduces the special defense on the target pokemon by two stages every time you use it so utilizing three will get it down to a lost point minus six then utilizing nasty plot to get your special attack up to plus six and then spamming the heat wave or aura sphere until you can terastalize and really close down raids a lot of the times when i've been using the infernip you haven't really needed to tracelize so you've just been getting the nasty plot set up the fake tears set up as well and then one of the attacks which is going to be enough to pick up a lot of the terrarium pokemon even six star terrarium pokemon that you come up against so a very nice option just a little bit flims here on the defensive side but all in all a very strong build and for you infernip fans a very nice option next up is a lola nine tails i know this was introduced earlier and could be transferred through home but now catchable in the indigo discs i thought it would feature it in today's video ice and fairy type pokemon a really nice typing obviously does have that four times weakness to steal but will not be bringing it to those sorts of terrors anywhere ice terra typing on this one shell bell as the held item for a line of recovery level 100 hyper trained of course with the move set of nasty plot aurora veil fake tears and freeze dry with the ability snow warning and the ev spread of 252 in hp 252 in special attack and the rest put into defense so the basic premise of this is going to be taking advantage of the snow warning ability it brings snow to the field for five turns that's going to boost your defense stat for the period of time that the hail of the snow is on the field and then also with that in effect you can utilize aurora veil which is going to essentially give you a light screen and a reflex of further boosting those defense stats meaning you're going to be able to stay on the field for a very long period of time then you're going to utilize fake tears we've already talked about that reducing the special defense on the toggle pokemon by two stages use that three times use your nasty plot to boost your special attack by three stages to plus six and then fire off those freeze dries the nice thing about freeze dry as well is it hits water types for super effective damage and also anything ice week as well very strong option you could go with blizzard here but i just prefer the flexibility of freeze dry over anything like blizzard or ice beam just because you can hit those pokemon for good damage as well next up we've got another sheer force pokemon and it is going to be all rompados and is the rock type pokemon if you need rock type coverage for any of your turrets if you're going against bug types or flying terror type pokemon rompados gives you a nice option going to have that life orb held item level 100 hyper trained who's set of swordstand screech rock slide and head smash sheer force is the ability on this pokemon of course you can go with its regular ability mold breaker and go for a shell bell held item so you've got a line of recovery there but don't go for the shell bell if you are going for the sheer force ability like we are here we just want maximum damage from this rompados as soon as we are set up the ev spread pretty straightforward 252 and hp 252 an attack with an adamant nature and again like we've covered on some of the other physical pokemon we're utilizing the screech to lower the defense stat on the toggle pokemon then the sword stands to boost our attack and then firing off big attacks like the head smash just beware head smash is probably one of those moves that you wanted to use in a last ditch attempt before you get fended because you will take recall damage from this move which is one of the only drawbacks with it primarily you're going to be using utilizing the rock slide which is going to be your main attacking option i guess if you're in that end game where you can where you know you're going to knock out the pokemon you can use the head smash or if you're about to get knocked out you can use a head smash just to make sure that you do get knocked out then you can come in to rastlize and use rock slide for the rest of the match but a very good option nonetheless the only drawback is you've got no recovery with it because you're using that life orb although with the sheer force ability you're not going to be taking the recall damage and you are going to have a little bit more damage output from this pokemon next up is electivire a really nice option and i've had some fun playing with this taking down a lot of six star terrarium pokemon very easily now we've got the stellar terra typing on here as well because it does have another option that we wanted to have flexibility with you could easily just go for the electric terra typing on this that will work super fine but i just wanted to have the stellar terra typing on here to take advantage of some of the other moves that it does have access to and i have the shell bell as a held item for a line of recovery level 100 once again hyper trained and a move set of bulk up screech ice punch and thunder punch the ability here is going to be vital spirit which is its hidden ability and i've chosen this over motor drive because motor drive does give you a speed boost whenever you hit with an electric type attack but basically when you're going into a terrarium you're not going to be bringing electivire to those raids so vital spirit one of those moves where it gets around things with yawn things with hypnosis a lot of options that we're going to see in the indigo disc and the other regions of scholar and violet will have those kind of disruptive moves whereas vital spirit really makes it easy to bring electivire against those sort of pokemon if the terra typing is right of course and have an easy time and not have to worry about being put to sleep the ev spread is going to be 252 in hp 252 in attack with an adamant nature and basic premise of this is going to be screech three times get the defense stat on the toggle pokemon down to minus six make sure you do that before the shield goes up because once the shield goes up the screech will no longer work and then alongside that utilize the bulk up which is going to boost your attack and defense by one stage every time you use it then fire off your thunder punches and ice punches until you can terastalize and you're going to have that increased damage and be able to wreck and wreak havoc through a lot of the six star terror raids that are available on the map next up is iron crown and i'm featuring this it is a violet exclusive but if you are a scholar player and you do have access to it it's still a very very good option out of all the kind of new paradox pokemon that we've got coming into the indigo disc i feel like one of the best raid pokemon that we've got overall in general steel and psychic typing terra typing on this is going to be steel we've got the held item of the shell bell again a line of recovery level 100 hyper drained with a move set of electric terrain tacky and cutter metal sound and calm mind cork drive is the ability with an ev spread of 252 and hp and 252 in special attack the basic premise of this is going to be turn one get your electric train set up that's going to boost your cork drive so giving you a special attack boost that's for the five turns that the electric train is on the field a nice thing about electric terrain as well it gives you immunity to any sleep moves anything like yawn, hypnosis, spore, things that we talked about the the advantages of vital spirit on that electric via so immunity to sleep as well as giving you that boost to your cork drive then we're going to utilize the metal sound move it is a bit low on accuracy but every time you do hit the target pokemon it does reduce the special defense by two stages so again you want to use that three times on the target pokemon and then get your calm mind set up boost your special defense and special attack up by one stage every time you use it and then you're going to rely on tacky and cutter as well i'd maybe go to ppmax that one just going into the raids but once you terastalize you're going to be in a really good spot where you're going to be doing big damage with the iron crown which like i say is probably the best raid pokemon out of all the new paradox pokemon that we've got available to us in scholar and violet next up one of my favorite new pokemon that we've got available for raids in general is going to be meow stick it is going to be the female meow stick going to be psychic type with a psychic terra typing shellbell as the hell that does need a line of recovery the shellbell offers that level 100 hyperdrained of course with a move set of psychic terrain fake tears nasty plot and expanding force with an eevee spread of 252 in hp and 252 in special attack with the rest put into the defense and the ability on this meow stick is going to be competitive so every time you take a stat drop with the meow stick actually going to give you a plus two boost in your special attack so essentially if you're taking attacks like bulldoze or anything like that that's lowering your speed or any of your other stats it's going to be giving you a free nasty plot essentially which is really useful especially in raids where you're utilizing fake tears which is going to reduce the special defense stat on the toggle pokemon by two stages every time you use it and then combine that with the psychic terrain which is going to then boost the power of the expanding force it's a very very strong pokemon when you've got it set up and it will rip through raids under the right circumstances of course going in against psychic weak terra types and finally we're going to finish off with arcus we have covered arcus here on the channel before i think one of the first channels to cover arcus as a good pokemon to go in against six star terra raids right back when it was first available from palm transfer into pokemon scholar and violet but we are covering it in today's video now he's mentioned at the start of the video i wasn't covering any of the older pokemon to revamp but this is an exception because i do feel like arcus is just such a strong option if you've got access to it in your copy of scholar and violet obviously not something that you're going to be able to catch in scholar and violet but you can transfer in from pokemon home from other games if you do have it from old events or just from bdsp or pokemon legends arcus so the only thing that we're really changing on the arcus from the original build is the terra typing because the stellar typing is that perfect typing for arcus where you're not having to worry about tracelizing and then disrupting the damage you're doing with judgment or anything like that the stellar typing is so perfect making the arcus such a good flexible pokemon to take into any amount of six star terra raids to farm for herba mistica or just the good item drops that you're going to get from these raids in general so again just going to be the change of the stellar terra typing the held item will be the different plates to suit the terra raid that you're going in against that will change its typing and then the move set of recover calm mind acid spray and judgment multi-type the ability which plays off the plates and then i would go with an ev spread of 252 and hp and then 252 in special attack with a modest nature i think i catered this one for a different raid that we had recently for a seven star raid so it's in special defense but i would put the ev spread into special attack with the modest nature then you're going to be hitting like an absolute truck but a very strong pokemon the basic premises going to be acid spray three times get that special defense down on the toggle pokemon to minus six then calm mind one to two times yourself then you're going to be in a position to trastilize and then fire off a judgment and more often than not you're going to be picking up a one or two hit kill on the toggle pokemon and that's against this six star terra raid pokemon and recovers there just anytime you need to get any health back but that is all of the pokemon that we're featuring from the indigo disc that i feel like a good pokemon from the new crop that we've got of course we're not featuring too many from the old crop that now have new tools to play with so like i said before if you'd like to see an update on some of the older builds now we've got the indigo disc let me know down in the comment section below and we will get that video done as soon as possible but i hope we found today's video useful if you've got your own builds that you've putting together in the indigo disc and having a lot of success with do leave them down in the comment section below i look forward to reading through them when i get a moment but thank you so much for tuning in i hope the builds are helpful for you farming through five and six star terra raids and you can utilize some of your favorite ones if they were featured in today's video thanks for tuning in do drop a like if it has been helpful and do subscribe to the channel to stay up to date with all of our pokemon skull and violet content i'll see you all in another video very soon until then friends take care of yourselves and bye


Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Iyer's Academy for the date 6th October 2020. The list of news articles along with the page numbers of five different editions is given here for your reference. The link of the handwritten notes and the time-stamping of all the news articles taken up for today's analysis is available in the description section and also in the comments section in the best interest of the viewers. Let us now begin our analysis. This editorial revolves around the three controversial farm acts that received precedence ascent the month of September. The major argument against these three acts is that they have poor legal validity, they are unconstitutional and they weaken the concept of federalism in India. So in this discussion, let us see the legality and constitutionality of these three acts as discussed by the author. The relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. First note that these are the three acts farmers produce trade and commerce promotion and facilitation act of 2020, farmers empowerment and protection agreement on price assurance and farm services act of 2020 and the essential commodities amendment act of 2020. We have discussed the pros and cons of these acts and why it is opposed in our previous analysis. We know that there were protests by farmers organization across India. Further, the state governments of Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and Punjab have said that they might not implement the new laws in their respective states. Even states like Kerala and Punjab have declared that they intend to challenge these laws in the Supreme Court. This is because of the question on the legality that is whether the union government has the authority to legislate on these matters or not. See, this aspect can be discussed on the basis of division of powers provided by the constitution under seventh schedule. As you know, the powers between center and states are divided in terms of union list that is list one, then state list which is list two and concurrent list which is list three. And according to article 246 of Indian constitution, the union government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the union list. Similarly, the state legislatures have exclusive powers to make laws for the matters in the state list. But if you see with respect to the concurrent list, both the union government as well as the state governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in the concurrent list. So, now what about the subjects that are related to agriculture and farm trade? First, know that agriculture is an exclusive subject under entry 14 of state list. Next, the activities such as trade and commerce within the state and production, supply and distribution of goods and then markets and fairs, all these come under the state list only. Since all these matters are under state list, according to the author, the intra-state marketing in agriculture that is the agricultural marketing inside the state has always been considered a legislative right of states. But here note that in entry 26 and 27, these matters are subject to the provisions of entry 33 of the list three that is the concurrent list. Additionally, for passing the three farm bills which we saw earlier, the central government has invoked this entry 33 only. So, what is it? See, it deals with trade and commerce and then production, supply and distribution of certain producers or products like foodstuffs, raw cotton, jute, etc. Here, you should focus on the word foodstuff that includes agricultural produce as well. So, that means since this entry 33 is under concurrent list, the central government can also enact laws on these matters including foodstuff or agri-produce. This is how the central government has powers to legislate the three farm acts of 2020. So, from the discussion so far, you can easily conclude that the contentious provision is the entry 33 as it encroaches upon the legislative rights of states. And according to the author, the same was felt or perceived by some of the legislators when this entry 33 was modified in the constitution through an amendment. Here, note that this entry 33 which is in the existing form was inserted through the Third Constitutional Amendment Act of 1954. This amendment attracted constitutional debates before it was passed by the parliament, even in the joint committee to which the amendment bill was referred. There was opposition from the members of the committee that they actually wrote an important note of dissent in the final report. They noted that if the bill is passed, then it will constitute a serious encroachment on the rights and powers of the constituent units of the Indian Republic, nothing but the state governments. Further, they refer to Article 369 of Indian Constitution. See, this provision was included in the original constitution because after 1947, the situation in India was abnormal and the food situation was very bad. And this mandated the interference from the union government. And this was the reason why Article 369 was included that provided temporary power to the parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the state list. And these matters include trade and commerce within a state and the production, supply and distribution of items including foodstuffs. But here, carefully note that this power was provided to the parliament only for a period of five years from the commencement of constitution. And that is why it is named as a temporary power. This means that the constituent assembly that is the constitution makers wanted these powers to be given to the parliament for a limited period only. Knowing that the situation would return to normal in few years. But if you see through this Third Constitutional Amendment Act of 1954, the then central government wanted to make this provision as a permanent provision by bringing it under concurrent list. This was one of the reasons why it was opposed by some members of the joint committee at that time itself. And some other reasons are that if this amendment is passed, then the state's autonomy would be made illusory, that is imaginary, and the state powers and rights would be progressively defeated. Then the legislative authority of state legislatures to that extent will also be abrogated, that is nullified. So as a whole, the amendment would permanently deprive the state legislatures from effectively exercising their legislative judgment in certain important matters. So because of all these reasons, the opposition at that point of time even argued that the passage of the bill would transform the Indian constitution into unitary constitution instead of being a federal constitution. See in a unity constitution or a unity form of government, there will be no division of powers and all the powers will be vested in the national government, that is the central government. But if you see in case of a federal constitution, that is in a federal form of government, there will be division of powers between the national government and the regional governments. In our case, it is between the center and the state governments. And we have seen the seven schedule which segregates the union list, state list and the concurrent list. And this is the reason why there are arguments that these three form acts weaken federalism. But finally, as usual, you know what would be the result, the then central government defended and it passed the amendment which inserted the existing entry number 33 in concurrent list of Indian constitution. But as we can clearly see, what was feared by the dissenting members of joint committee is what is happening now through the enactment of these three form acts using this entry number 33 in the concurrent list. But here notice that the entry number 28 in the state list, which is markets and fares, they are not subjected to entry 33 of concurrent list. So, only the states have the exclusive powers in this matter and not the central government. So, the author is of the opinion that the three form acts which were passed recently have poor legal validity. Now, as a conclusion, the author of this editorial discusses about the judiciary stand in these matters. According to the author in many judgments, the Supreme Court has upheld the legislative powers of states in intra-state agricultural marketing. That is the agricultural marketing that is happening within the state. One such case law is the ITC Limited versus Agricultural Produce Market Committee and others 2002 case. In this case, the issue was between the Tobacco Board Act of 1975 and the Bihar State APMC Act. In the end, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of the State APMC Act and according to author, the Supreme Court has noted these three points in its judgment. First one is that the market fees can be charged from ITC under the State APMC Act. And the second thing is the state laws become repugnant that is unacceptable only if the state and the center enact laws on the same subject under an entry in list three, that is concurrent list. And in those cases outside this concurrent list, one has to first examine if the subject matter was an exclusive entry under the list one, that is union list or list two, which is the state list. And only after determining this, one can decide on the dominant legislation that would prevail in that particular case. So, taking this case law as backing, the author concludes that the points A and C, that is the first and the third points are valid for the three farm acts of 2020. So, as a conclusion, the states can continue to charge money taxes from private markets anywhere in the notified area and the state legislation should prevail as agriculture is an exclusive subject matter in the state list. So, this is in detail about the discussion of this editorial related to the recent passing of the three controversial farm acts. And today, we also have one more editorial which expresses the similar sentiments telling that these three farm acts are unconstitutional. And this editorial also conveys the same message that the passing of three acts is an abuse of federalism. One important thing which is discussed in this editorial is that all these three acts do not refer to the minimum support price. So, what this editorial suggests is that the state governments can explore the potential of granting the minimum support price with a legislative backing at least within the APMC Mondays. So, that it would incentivize the farmers to sell their produce at the Mondays at assured rates instead of private players taking advantage of the situation. Ultimately, the authors of this editorial tell that it would be better if the states challenge the very constitutionality of these three laws that were passed by the parliament. This is all about the discussion of both these editorials related to the controversies surrounding the three farm acts passed by the parliament. Now, have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. Now, let us look at this editorial which has been authored by the director of the Indian Institute of Management, Cody Coat. He talks about the changes in our education practices that are going to happen by 2047 when India will celebrate 100 years of its independence. So, let us discuss this editorial from Main's perspective. The relevant syllabus is given you for your reference. See, the author of this editorial is really optimistic about the future of education in India, but at the same time, he is also worried about the practices in the current education system of India. We know that the Indian education system striped to transform in terms of policy through its national education policies announced by the government from time to time, the recent one being the national education policy of 2020. But in practice, if you see, it has failed to overcome the challenges presented by the colonial legacy which India inherited. This is what we call it as colonial hangover. Now, let us see the author's perspective on how our education system should be in the future. Here the author prescribes five design principles for future. First, the author talks about autonomy. According to him, currently the autonomy given to our educational institutions are just in the legislation, but it is not working practically. Here, the authors of the opinion that the autonomy should not be just a piece of legislation, rather it should be more practical and it should reflect in the excellence in students outcome. As long as institutions continue to excel, they will earn their autonomy through social community and citizens sanctions. Here, he gives a classic example of the Indian Institute of Management. See the Indian Institute of Management Act of 2017 granted autonomy to the Indian Institute of Management across India, but there was no dramatic variation in the nature of autonomy across the Indian Institute of Management. This was because the institutions performed with robust self-correcting systems. They concentrated more on students outcome. So, according to the author, autonomy should be given in teaching methods, then for the learner in creating their own curriculum and also on the thought and self-governance. So, instead of legislation, autonomy should be focused on these aspects. This is about the first design principle which is autonomy. Now, the second principle which the author has discussed is learning. By 2047, technology will be the driving force of education system. It will be used for each and everything. For example, smart schools and smart classes may soon change to smart chairs and smart desks. And with regards to teaching practices, the intangibles of the teaching learning process like creativity, mentorship and facilitation of learning should all be adopted. So, all this will lead to enthusiasm among the students so that they will gain more knowledge. To be precise, the author tells that learning will be about propagation of crucial questions rather than predetermined answers. And coming to teachers, the author tells that the teachers should raise awareness with an essence of humanitarianism or selfless approach rather than just delivering the content to the students. So, the second principle which the author has discussed is about learning. Now, let us see the third principle which is trans-disciplinarity. Before looking at this term, the author describes the term multi-disciplinarity. See, this term involves experts from different disciplines who are working together where each expert will draw from their unique disciplinary knowledge. Suppose there are five streams, so each expert will try to get the knowledge from their respective stream. See, the author tells that the world is going to be more complex and volatile. So, in order to deal with the problems which the world will face, expertise from multiple disciplines would be required in the future. One classic example is the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this pandemic, we require experts from different fields like medical scientists, economists, historians, architects, health workers and even political scientists in order to reconstruct the society that is damaged by this COVID-19 pandemic. However, here the author tells that trans-disciplinarity will be the norm by 2047 rather than multi-disciplinarity. So, what is this term trans-disciplinarity? See, it is about creating a coherence of intellectual frameworks beyond the disciplinary perspectives. To make it simple, it is a strategy that crosses many disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic approach for a particular problem. Now, coming to the fourth principle which is technology innovation. Here, the author tells that the technology-led innovation is gradually taking learning from just acquiring knowledge to deep involvement. Why? Because the technology is making the learning process more easy as well as interesting at the same time. Also, it will help the students in understanding things better. For example, in today's time, the students need not visit the factories as a part of practical learning. Instead, the factory experience can be simulated in a classroom. So, according to the author, the education institutions should be connecting hubs that will digitally decode, deliver and disperse the knowledge. So, technology innovation is one important principle. Now, coming to the final principle which is values, mindset and culture. See, by 2047, the author tells that Indian teachers should be engaged in nurturing the global mindsets based on three classical values of India. One is authenticity which is sathyam, next is sustainability which is nithyam and the third is wholeness which is purna. And these mindsets shall be based on how the learners receive the information and not what information they receive and on how to think rather than what to think. Basically, the learners should not just gather knowledge, rather they should be in a position to analyze the knowledge. See, we talked about the post-colonial Indian education system in the beginning and according to the author, this post-colonial Indian education system has created mindsets of clerks and coders and imitators so far and even in the present scenario. And it has taught us to serve and love the material values of exploitation of nature and increasing consumption. So, the author tells that this mindset must be changed. And this is the reason why the author has spoken about these five principles which will design our education system in the future. So, the author concludes by telling that the teachers should work hard in creating a generation that is compassionate towards living beings and nature. And this should be the agenda of our education system rather than just injecting the outdated and formal information into the minds of the students. So, this is in brief about the discussion of this editorial. From this editorial, try to take these five principles which the author has discussed. You can maybe present them as suggestions to improve the education system of India. Now, have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This editorial is regarding the upcoming elections in the state of Madhya Pradesh. You all might know that there was a defection of more than 20 MLAs led by Jyothiraditya Sindhya from Congress party to the BJP party in the state of Madhya Pradesh. So, this upcoming by-election will determine who would rule Madhya Pradesh. In this context, let us discuss some of the important provisions regarding by-elections that I mentioned in the Representation of People Act of 1951. The relevant syllabus is given you for your reference. Know that by-elections are discussed in part 9 of the Representation of People Act of 1951. See, this editorial is of political nature. You just need to know about by-elections from prelims as well as main's perspective. So, let us focus first about the by-elections that will be conducted for the state legislature which includes state legislative assemblies as well as state legislative councils. Then, we will see about the by-election procedure for Lok Sabha as well as Rajya Sabha. First, let us start with the state legislature. It is discussed in section 150 of this RPA Act. See, if situation arises when a seat in the legislative assembly of a state becomes vacant or is declared vacant or an election of a member to the particular state legislative assemblies declared void, then in such cases the election commission shall call upon the concerned assembly constituency to elect a person fulfilling the vacancy that has been caused by either of these three reasons that we saw now. Here, note that the date for such an election will be notified by the election commission through notification in the official gadget. Here, one more thing you should note. If vacancy in a particular seat that has been reserved for the scheduled cast or any scheduled tribes, then those seats shall be filled by a person belonging to the scheduled cast or to the scheduled tribes. So, this is regarding the by-elections to the state legislative assembly. Now, let us look at about the by-elections that will be conducted for the state legislative councils. Here also, the reason is same. When the seat becomes vacant or when it is declared vacant or when the election to the legislative council is declared void before the term of office ends, then the election commission shall call upon the concerned council constituency or the members of the legislative assembly of the state to elect a person to fill the particular vacancy. And here also, the date for such elections will be notified by the election commission through a notification in the official gadget. So, this is regarding by-elections to the state legislative councils. Next, let us come to Rajya Sabha, which is discussed in section 147 of this act. Here also, the conditions are same when the elected seats become vacant or they are declared vacant or when the election is declared void before the term of office ends. Then, in such cases, the election commission through a notification in the gadget of India will call upon the elected members of the legislative assembly or the concerned members of the electoral college to elect a person to Rajya Sabha because we know that a particular seat is represented by a particular state. So, the legislative assembly members of that particular state will elect a person to Rajya Sabha from their state. So, the election commission will call upon the elected members through a notification. So, this is regarding the by-elections that will be conducted for Rajya Sabha. Now, what about the by-elections for Lok Sabha? Here also, the condition is same. If the elected seat becomes vacant or when it is declared vacant or when the election is declared void, then the election commission will call upon the concerned parliamentary constituency to elect a person for filling the vacant seat because it is a direct election. And here also, the condition is if a particular seat is reserved for scheduled cast or schedule tribes and if that particular seat becomes vacant, then it shall be filled by a person belonging to the scheduled cast or such scheduled tribes only. So, this is with respect to the by-elections for state legislative assembly, state legislative council, Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. Now, if you see, we have not discussed about the time limit for filling the vacancies in all these four houses. So, what is the time limit? It is mentioned in section 151A of this Act. It tells that the by-election for filling any vacancy referred to all these four houses shall be held within a period of six months from the date of the occurrence of the vacancy. But if you see, the section also mentions that if the remainder of the term of a member in either of these four houses when a vacancy arises is less than one year or when the election commission in consultation with the central government certifies that it is difficult to hold the by-election within the set period, then by-elections need not be conducted. So, the by-elections has to be conducted within a period of six months, but in two of these cases, the by-elections need not be conducted. So, remember this fact. So, the time limit is applicable for all the four houses that we saw. This is all about the discussion of this news article, which is about by-elections. Now, have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This news article mentions that the defense research and development organization has successfully tested an anti-submarine warfare missile system. See, the submarines remain one of the most important platforms in the modern naval warfare scenarios. And the anti-submarine warfare remains the important part of sea control. Therefore, improvement of the anti-submarine warfare capabilities is among the most crucial aims of many countries. Now, India has put one step forward in this regard with the successful flight testing of anti-submarine warfare missile system, which is called as supersonic missile assisted release of torpedo or in short SMART. See, SMART is a missile assisted release of lightweight anti-submarine torpedo system for anti-submarine warfare operations that are far beyond torpedo range. In this flight test, all the mission objectives have been met perfectly. The objectives include missiles, flight up to the range and altitude, then separation of the nose cone, then release of torpedo and deployment of velocity reduction mechanism. So, this SMART is a game changer technology demonstration in India's anti-submarine warfare. Here, also know that the test was conducted from the Abdul Kalam Island, which was formerly known as Wheeler Island. This island is situated off the coast of the state of Odisha. It is an integrated test range or ITR of DRDO. See, the integrated test range is a well equipped test and evaluation center of DRDO. It provides high performance range instrumentation systems such as radar system, central computer system, etc. These are deployed and configured in real time to provide necessary data such as precise location and health parameters of the airborne targets through the entire course of flight. So, the integrated test range is set up to provide safe and reliable launch facilities for performance evaluation of rockets, missiles and airborne weapon system. That is why SMART has been tested here. Here, note that Wheeler Island is the launch complex number 4 of DRDO. Don't confuse it with the launch complex number 3 that is located at Chandipur. It is located about 75 kilometers north of Wheeler Island. Together, all these launch complexes are commonly referred to as the integrated test range of DRDO. So, this is in brief about this news article. From this news article, try to know about the launch complexes that is the integrated test ranges of DRDO. Now, have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This news article is about the recently awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the year 2020. This year's Nobel Prize is awarded to three scientists, Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice for identifying the novel hepatitis C virus. They have made decisive contribution to the fight against blood-borne hepatitis, a major global health problem that causes cirrhosis and liver cancer in people around the world. Note that it is the second Nobel Prize for Medicine for hepatitis research. In the year 1976, a scientist named Baruch Bloomberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for determining that one form of blood-borne hepatitis was caused by a virus that came to be known as hepatitis B. See, the discovery of the hepatitis A and B viruses was very important. But if you see, majority of blood-borne hepatitis cases, especially high number of cases in those persons receiving blood transfusions, remained unexplained. And the discovery of this hepatitis C virus revealed the cause of the remaining cases of chronic hepatitis. Note that hepatitis, which is also called as liver inflammation, is mainly caused by viral infections. Apart from this, there are also some other important causes like alcohol abuse due to environmental toxins and even maybe because of autoimmune diseases. In the 1940s, it became clear that there are two main types of infectious hepatitis. The first name hepatitis A is transmitted by polluted water or food and generally has little long-term impact on the patient. The second type is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. It is a more serious threat since it can lead to a chronic condition. But the development of cirrhosis and liver cancer. See, this form of hepatitis is insidious as otherwise the healthy individuals can be silently infected for many years before the serious complications arise. Note that the second form is caused by hepatitis B virus or the hepatitis C virus. This blood-borne hepatitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. That is, the disease burden is high and deaths are also high. So, it causes more than a million deaths per year worldwide. So, this makes hepatitis as a global health concern on a scale comparable to HIV infection and tuberculosis. Now, note that the discovery of hepatitis C virus is considered a landmark achievement in the ongoing battle against viral diseases. Why? Because the discovery has led to increased availability of highly sensitive blood tests for this virus. The discovery also allowed the rapid development of antiviral drugs which are directed at hepatitis C. So, this discovery has also raised the hopes of eradicating hepatitis C virus across the world. In order to achieve this goal, international efforts facilitating the testing of blood and facilitating the making of antiviral drugs and making them available across the globe would be required. So, this is in brief about the hepatitis C virus that you need to know from this news article. Now, have a look at this practice question. Now, let us move on to the practice questions discussion session. This first question is about places related to the integrated test range of DRDO. The question is, consider the following places, Kulasekara Patinam, Abdul Kalam Island, Chandipur, Sriharikota which of the places given above are integrated test range of defense research and development organization that is DRDO. Here, note that in Sriharikota, we have the Satish Dhawan Space Center. Sriharikota is located in Andhra Pradesh. It is the space port of India. It is responsible for providing launch-based infrastructure for the Indian space program. See, this center has two launch pads from where the rocket launching operations of PSLV and JSLV are carried out. So, option Sriharikota is related to the launch pads of ISRO. So, if you know that Sriharikota is wrong, you can easily arrive at the answer, which is option C 231D. See, the first place, Kulasekara Patinam is also related to ISRO. It is located in the Tutukarind district of the state of Tamil Nadu. Recently, ISRO has begun preparatory works for setting up a third rocket launch pad. So, just have an idea about this place as well. The correct answer is option C. This question is about the Nobel Prize in Physiology. The question is the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology is awarded for the discovery of. Here, the correct answer is option C. Novel Hepatitis C virus which causes blood-borne hepatitis cases. Now, let us look at the main questions. Today, we have three main questions. Look at this first main question, which is related to the three farm acts. The question is, do you agree with the view that the three farm acts passed by the parliament recently are unconstitutional, have poor legal validity and weaken federalism, give reasons in support of your arguments. It is a 15 marks question. Answer this question in 250 words. Now, let us move on to the next question. This next main question is about the education sector. It is based on the education editorial which we saw. The question is, India's dream of carving its own niche in the future world will be possible only if we take efforts on upgrading our system of education. In the light of this statement, suggest some measures to guide India's future education system. It is a 15 mark question. Try to answer this question in 250 words. This last main question is about by elections. The question is, in a democracy, by elections are essential to fill the vacant elected offices that have fallen vacant before the seizure of its tenure. Discuss the important provisions regarding by elections to the state legislature. It is a 10 marks question and you have to answer this question in 150 words. State legislature includes both the state legislative assembly as well as the state legislative council. So, discuss the provisions related to the by elections of both the houses of state legislature. Please post your answers in the comment section. We shall review and give suitable suggestions and feedback within a reasonable timeframe. With this, we come to the end of the analysis of all the news articles taken up for today's discussion and also the practice questions discussion session. If you like the video, press the like button, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for latest videos and updates. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.


In our Anchor Explorer series talk, Dr. Rebecca Centeno will talk about keeping an eye on the sun's magnetism. In my talk, I'll discuss why magnetism is so important to the sun and to space weather. And I'll explain how scientists like myself use the magnifying power of telescopes and instruments to quantify these magnetic forces. I would like people to understand the fundamental role that magnetism plays both in the dynamics of the sun and in space weather itself. Space weather has the capability to disrupt technologies on Earth and it's very important for us to be able to forecast it. When people think about an astrophysicist, they always think about a nighttime astronomer. There's a whole branch of astrophysics out there that is devoted to studying the star at the centre of our solar system.


And some of my work that I did, while I was at the university, I prefer not to talk about them. Why not? The greatest thing that I did there was to to introduce our Metallurgical Engineering Department to a material at Christmas time we call Purple Jesus, which is a grape juice and alcohol. And we use the very pure alcohol, the 99 plus percent, which we need for for polishing metallurgical samples, so they will not stain. And that's what we use to spike our grape juice. Makes for quite a party. Yeah, they would have a late late of a steel and they would have an ingot to plunge into the molten steel to mix it up so they get a uniform bath of steel so that they can cast the steel with uniform properties from the start of casting to the end. Okay. And I said that is backwards, that is dangerous. So I, so that's when I developed a porous plug and you will have a report off on that. Okay. Which I just gave you. And if you could explain it quickly in layman's terms, how would you, how would you explain it? What does it do? I said it's dangerous to get an ingot and plunge it like that. Wouldn't it be nice if we can use some gases in a porous brick and place in the bottom of a ladle and put gases through to stir the bath up. That would be a very good way of doing it. Okay. And that's how as you will see in the report how I developed a porous plug. Okay. So more of a from the bottom approach unless from the top. So I went to brick manufacturers and I said I would like a porous brick. And I said not only porous but continuous porous so I can put some gas through under pressure. They showed me the doors and we want to make our bricks as dense as possible so they can last as long as possible. And then the government in the old days, they call it the department of mines, had a refractory lab there. And I approached them and they said, well we'll help you to make a porous brick. And we were successful in developing a porous brick which was usable and now it is used throughout the world. It changed the world of metallurgy. So you not only came up with the idea of finding a new technique but you also developed the actual brick. You will read in that little report that I showed you. Okay. Yeah, no, it's all. And no one knew about that.  Why don't you tell the people how it came all about? And that was the time I was sitting in the bathtub and I was like, I don't know what I was doing. That was the time I was sitting in the bathtub and I released some flutes, they call it a fart. That's the idea, that's how it came from.


Good afternoon, my name is Chad Griffin and I'm the board president of the American Foundation for Equal Rights. We also have our co-counsel here today, Theodore Olson, who you saw argue on our behalf, as well as David Boyce. We also have Theodore Butrus, who argued both of these matters in federal district court, as well as Terry Stewart, with the City and County of San Francisco, who you heard so eloquently today. Also, and I think perhaps more important than any of us, we have the four plaintiffs in this case that completely were referred to repeatedly as plaintiff, plaintiff, plaintiff, and occasionally mispronouncing their last name. So we have Paul and Jeff and Chris and Sandy who are here with us and are a reminder of exactly why we're here. And having not asked anyone else permission on our team of what I'm about to do, if Mr. Cooper is still here, I would like to cede my time to him and have him come explain a bit more of what to me was the headline today, where he expressly stated that allowing gay marriage would not in any way harm heterosexual marriages. At least not now. There was some discussion about that in the future. Any time we could figure that out. Again, as you know, those of you who follow this case, that was not what was stated repeatedly in trial. And that was, I think, a headline moment for many of you and for many of us. Assuming he's not going to come back and answer your questions, I'll speak very briefly. Today we take one more step in the march towards marriage equality and one step closer to the decision from this court and to the day when our plaintiffs Chris and Sandy and Paul and Jeff can celebrate a marriage with their families, their kids and their parents. Sadly, the issues before the court today were ones of desperation and bias by the anti-marriage proponents of Proposition 8. The proponents of Prop 8 attempted to undermine our country's judicial system by accusing the U.S. District Chief Judge of bias, simply because the fact that he is gay the way he was born. The time for their delays and distractions and baseless claims has come to an end. The American people are now saying with increasing force, in fact, a majority, that they support marriage equality. Our Constitution's promise, the promise of liberty, is one that every generation must realize. And the fight to secure marriage equality is the defining element of our generation's search for greater freedom. I just want to end on a note, once again putting the spotlight on the actual personal faces and couples I've already mentioned our plaintiffs, Chris and Sandy and Paul and Jeff, who have now been waiting since we filed this case almost three years ago to get married. They represent thousands, hundreds of thousands and millions of Americans like them. And some of you may recall, in fact, some of you here wrote profiles of garrison ed, a couple who had been together for almost 40 years and were brought to the public attention by the Courage campaign, by the Los Angeles Times and by many of you who talked about them. About a year ago, they made their story public that they had been together for 40 years. They met at Polytechnic in San Luis Obispo and they were living their lives 40 years together in Palm Springs. And they wrote a very eloquent letter and a video saying that they could wait no longer, they wanted to get married because Ed had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's and they wanted to get married while Ed could still remember the occasion. And sadly, Ed passed away last night and they won't realize that dream. And I think today could be a moment where we remember Darenson Ed and that we don't allow any members of this generation and young people and couples like these plaintiffs who want to get married to deny them that right. It is time to stop treating them as second-class citizens and we are well on our way. And with that, I will turn the podium over to our brilliant co-counsel who have led this case and represented these plaintiffs for the last three years. Ted, David. Ted Terry. How about you want to do us an alphabetic order, David? I'm going to be very brief because I think Chad really said it. When we started out in this case, we said we were going to demonstrate that marriage was a fundamental right and that depriving gay and lesbian citizens of that right terribly harmed them and their children and that depriving gays and lesbians of marriage equality didn't help anybody. They conceded that marriage was a fundamental right. They just said gay shouldn't have it.  And today, you heard them concede that allowing marriage equality isn't going to hurt anybody else's marriage. That's what we said from the beginning.  It doesn't help anybody. I think that's the end of the story. And you saw today how hard the proponents behind Proposition 8 will fight to prevent and delay a resolution of this case. The first hour was about whether or not the American public could see what happened during that trial. And our opponents make the argument that somehow witnesses, in a case that might take place in the future, would be discouraged or harassed or intimidated. Yet all of their witnesses testified on video depositions that are available on websites anywhere. And there was not one single shred of evidence that any witness would be intimidated by the American public seeing what happened in this trial. We are anxious for the American people to see what some of you saw every single day in this trial. The truth. And to see what the judge had before him when he was making his decisions. And to listen and hear to see the witnesses actually testify under oath and some of them subject to David Boyce's cross-examination. They don't want you, the American public, to see the trial. They claim that they are somehow misled by the district judge. This is the first time a lawyer has ever said, gee, a judge ruled a certain way and therefore it can never be changed and I somehow relied on that and so forth. They're saying that they do not want the American public to see what happened in this trial. Now, is there any good answer to the argument that the American public should not see the trial of a constitutional right of hundreds of thousands of Americans that 13 million citizens of California cared enough about to vote on? And this involves the Constitution of the United States and they don't want you, the American people, to see it. What does that tell you? The other thing is that they're saying that inferentially because they do, after a year or so after the trial, when they knew darn well the judge's sexual orientation that the case should be thrown out and everybody should start all over again because he's gay. Which is, as David pointed out, I think extremely elegantly, as did Terry. That would mean a black judge would not be able to rule on the constitutional right of black children to go to school. Or women couldn't rule, women judges couldn't rule on cases involving pregnancy or abortion or planning for children's birth control and things of that nature. Or a person with diabetes or something like that, a hidden condition, couldn't rule on a disability case. Minority people can't rule on issues involving civil rights. That's what this is all about. And those things are completely peripheral and beside the point with respect to what the fundamental rights are in this case. But they're fighting so hard because they don't like the decision that this judge made and they don't want you to see how fair and impartial and level-headed he was throughout the whole case in rendering that decision. Because if you did see, if the American people did see the trial, the idea that the judge was biased would be out the window. So that's what we're fighting about today and we're going to keep fighting and we're getting very, very close now to a decision by this court and very, very close to an end to this case when we will vindicate the rights of the citizens of California to marry the person they love, irrespective of their gender. A week or two ago the California Supreme Court held that the proponents have a right to be in this case and had a right to be in this case to represent the interests of the people of the state of California in defending Proposition 8. And yet they come to court and argue that they can conduct the trial on behalf of the people without the people being able to see the video recording of that trial. We have a statute in California not to mention constitutional cases that says the people don't delegate to their public servants the right to decide what's good for them to know and what's good for them not to know. And so the proponents of Prop 8 here have no business as claiming the mantle of the state and representing the people of trying to hide the work that they did in the trial, not to mention the opposition in the trial and the witnesses and evidence presented on the other side from the people who they claim to represent. I want to also just add on the motion to disqualify. We in the gay community have heard for way too long, oh it's not because they're gay, it's because they have a relationship because they have an intimate relationship because their relationship is this or is that. That's what that motion was about today. It was saying, it was trying to say this isn't because he's gay, but I noticed they didn't say if he was a heterosexual getting married there would be a problem.   They get to change their mind. They have the right, the freedom to change their mind and they have an equal interest in that. They also have an equal interest in it because as the testimony at trial of our experts showed, the stigma that Prop 8 imposes by treating gay people differently from heterosexuals falls on every gay person. Straight, I mean in a couple who are single or otherwise. It harms everybody, including young people.  I don't think the court, I mean the court did push back to us on that, but I think in the end I'm optimistic that we will win that. But the double standard that the proponents advocate in every circumstance that different rules apply to gay people than other minorities or than anybody else is appalling and I'm tired of it. And I hope that the court will say something about that in its decision and emphasize that the same rules apply to us as everyone else. Thank you. We have time for a couple of questions. I don't know how much you see when you're out there waiting, but Mr. Cooper did not even approach the podium and I think that says a lot. And I want to thank you for coming down here and talking to us because it again just highlights a very great difference. It's a two-part question. First off, proponents of Proposition 8 are claiming that the reason why they're supporting this measure is because of religious liberty. Would you care to comment on that opinion? Proponents are also suggesting that they will be pushing for about 2012 regarding this same issue. And I was wondering is that something under consideration? Well, I'll say something about religious liberty. They didn't mention that during the trial. They had a 12-day trial. They could have put on any witnesses they wanted. This case is not about religious liberty. It is inhibit anybody's religious liberty. It is about the First Amendment and it's the right to association under the Bill of Rights. It's the right to marriage, which is a fundamental right. And if they're now saying it's about religious liberty, I guess they thought that up two years after the case was brought. And it's clearly an afterthought because it wasn't mentioned during the trial. I just don't know where that's coming from. And the other question, David gets... I'll say a word about that too. And that is that the First Amendment to the Constitution guarantees everyone's religious liberty. It also guarantees that no one can impose their religious beliefs on anybody else. And what you have here is you have a group of people trying to impose their religious beliefs on somebody else. And that simply isn't consistent with the Constitution. They can exercise those religious beliefs. They can believe what they want to. They have the right to do that. And we respect that. But what they cannot do is impose those beliefs. And I've seen no ballot measure filed by them, so I don't think anybody else can comment on that. I don't know what kind of ballot measure they're going to file. Anyway, the whole thing about the Constitution is the voters of California, no matter how much we may hold them in high regard, cannot amend the United States Constitution. A lot of what's happened in court throughout this year on Prop 8 has been the side issue. Tell me about what happens once these two particular side issues are resolved. Where do we go? What's the next step in this case, if you would? The next step is that the court will address the merits of the case. As both Terry and Ted indicated, the California Supreme Court has now answered the question. And so I think once these last two motions are cleared away, that means that the court will turn to deciding the underlying merits of this case. So I think, as they said, we are stepping closer and closer to the day when people will get a decision on the merits of marriage equality. I know the court has no deadline, but do any of you have any estimate on when the court might rule and whether it might rule on all three issues at once, the third being the underlying substance of this case? I don't think any of us know. They don't tell us very much about that sort of thing. I do think that once the California Supreme Court rendered its decision on the standing issue, this court has been moving rapidly. It set a very short deadline for us to file briefs on the standing question. That deadline has passed. Those briefs have been filed. It set these two issues for argument quickly on the same day at our request. We asked that, and the court is moving forward on that. I think the underbrush is being cleared out of the way. We have filed all the briefs on the merits. We had the argument on the merits on the constitutional question on December 6, one year and two days ago right here. And I'm optimistic that we're going to get a decision on the merits soon from this court. And we're optimistic also about the outcome. Not only we're hopeful and optimistic that it's going to be soon, but that it's going to be a very favorable decision. One last quick question. I'm kind of curious. Today's proceedings, you guys were basically having to argue on behalf of Judge Walker. Tell me about that. Just odd to me, he's not even a plaintiff, but he became the focus of both hearings today. Well, I think, Terry, you might want to say something about that. But I think what we have said all along is what Terry said here at this podium, whether it was Judge Walker or any other judge, it was a particular bias against having a gay judge. And the irony of these two hearings, one, they're saying the judge was biased, therefore the trial was biased. The other, the actual tapes from trial, which would allow them, if they're right, to prove their case to the American people that the judge and that the trial was in fact biased. One would think it would be quite the opposite. If what they believe that they said in round two today is true, you would think they would be the ones arguing for the trial tapes to be made available for the world to see so that they could prove to the American people the very point that they have worked so hard to attempt to convent judges in the public hub. One other thing I will add to that is, as you know, once the trial court was not broadcast live, one of the things that the American Foundation for Equal Rights committed to was ensuring that we would do everything we could to let the American public in on and see exactly what happened in that courtroom. In fact, the desperate attempts by the opposition to hide those tapes has created tremendous demand from around the country for those wanting to see what actually happened in that courtroom. If it's so important to hide, it must be something we really should all see. And to that end, a lot of things have happened. One, we had the premiere of 8LA, a play that was written based on the exact trial transcripts from the Federal District Trial that premiered in New York with award-winning actors and cast playing the actual individuals on both sides from trial. On March 3rd, that same play will debut in Los Angeles, directed by Rob Reiner, as well as Michelle Reiner, a producer, and Adam Umhafer, as well as Lance, who brilliantly put together a fair portrayal of what happened in that courtroom. And at some point next week, we will be announcing the cast that will be playing those who are behind me and those who were previously at this podium. So be careful what you wish for. Alright, thanks everyone.