Oh, look at that fish chasing. Look look look. Do you see him? He's chasing. Dude, big and big. Oh, no, you might have me on that Be big Holy Before we hop into this crazy episode, I wanted to announce that I'm gonna be at the MLF outdoor sports expo Aka Red Crest later this week the 10th through the 12th and Charlotte, North Carolina Also, meet me at the Bassmaster Classic the 24th through the 26th March so if you guys want to come out and meet me make sure you go to the mock booth right next to the striking and lose booth at the Expo it's always a blessing getting to meet many supporters of the channel So I'd love to see y'all there today We're going to be searching for some giant bass and some clear water ponds ultra clear water to be exact And we're gonna be hopping around to a bunch of different places today and we're gonna see what we can throw together I got a couple special guests with me. This is person number one. Let's go Fletch Dude check out this new setup I got. Oh, dude. This thing is the new 2023 Barbie rod the Barbie rod catches like like the nukes.  I was just talking to Noah how like this is gonna be like the new trend You're gonna see all the the biggest anglers in the world on the tournament scene fishing with this thing right here Barbie rods.   Yes, sir Hopefully we get some today, but I'm waiting for Noah to actually come out with these kicking Barbie combos We got to see what lose is looking at Pond looks good super clear today show. We'll see how it is. You got the Connor special I got the old wake bait. This is my go-to bait, but hopefully it gets on him today So he's got the striking wake He's got that paired up on a kick of the bass combo if you want to check out these green kicking their bass ex lose combos They're available on kicking their bass calm. You check them out down below. Yeah, Connor usually works this wake bait Tell them how you work it. I fish it weird So I think it's actually designed to be fish top water So I don't know if you could see it on there, but if you notice the bill is very flat So this bait it makes a wake it goes under the water, but I usually burn it fast So I'm reeling I'm burning I'm burning it and it's like two foot under water But it sometimes agitates him and gets him to a strike so I mean you've got a ton of big bass on that Yeah, this is my go-to show. We'll see if it works today This is the first body of water that we're gonna be fishing pretty clear We can almost site fish these bass as we walk up on the bank, but I'm gonna go ahead and walk back here Rig up my rod. See what we're gonna throw today and get after it. What's the goal today? Fletch, what's the big bass the goal is to just catch a bigger fish than Noah But but far as like, you know my personal goal size-wise I'm shooting for a 5 plus There's definitely quite a few in these waters. Hey, you know, we're always on the hunt for a 10 pounder You know, that wouldn't be bad either boys. I didn't say it in the beginning, but let's do a little challenge Little 1v1v1 action. Okay. Okay, and we're gonna do the biggest fish since that's where we're looking We're hunting for the big bass today. So yeah, biggest fish whoever gets the biggest one wins A kicking combo and a barbie rod. I need a few more kicking combos So yeah, whoever catches the biggest bass so if we catch a pretty nice one, go ahead and slap her on the scale I'm curious to see what these clear water ponds are gonna hold boys. You're throwing a jig. Jiggy Piggy.  I think I got to get wiggy wiggy with it with the chatty-chatty. Okay. Okay, you know I'm gonna put a cheddar cheddar So we're gonna put a cheddar cheddar on today. So this is a thunder cricket by striking This is a white and chartreuse leave. This is a 3 eighth ounce. This might actually be a half. It's kind of That's pretty big on it Yeah, I'm gonna I'm gonna work with this puppy. You guys know almost every video.  I want to play around today. So we're gonna start off with that you know Bill our confidence to get some fish on the bank and then uh, you know, try to catch some Other fish on different baits. That's kind of the game plan. Well, sexy swimmer right here It's like the bloke great one I don't have any white ones with this is what I was throwing in some of the recent videos over the past month And this combo tend to work pretty great white and chartreuse with that I almost wish I didn't put chartreuse on since we're fishing a clear water I kind of wish I put just a straight white on but It will get away with it ready to rock and roll with the old bitsy jig Let's give this thing a fling and see what it's all about. I see a bass cruising right there See if she is interested in this at all. Oh Gave me a cold shoulder That's not what we like to see. Noah mentioned it earlier, but I'm throwing this wake bait and I'll actually show you guys how I work it traditionally Beats out there And if you can see it waking there It's just under the water Just under But the way I work it I bomb it out And then I'm essentially bringing my rod tip down and I burn it pretty fast But with that rod tip down there, it's gonna get that bait a couple feet under the water where these fish are at So we'll see if we can get on them before we get deeper into this video only 27% of you all watching these videos are actually subscribed So if you could take the time hit the subscribe button really helps the channel. I'd appreciate it Well boys, we're actually gonna do a quick change. I think I'll tie it back on here in a little bit But I have a better idea This is honestly complete like polar opposite of what I was going for Like I don't want to throw it because I was throwing it earlier today and I was having fun with it And that's gonna be a little wacky rig right here. It's actually weightless. It's got a couple of wee guards on it But yeah, we're gonna rig this puppy up throw a soul stanko on it Get to work. I think we can catch some on it We I was throwing this this morning and we caught a good bit of fish on it And I like never throw a wacky rig I know if you guys are like hardcore supporters of the kick in their bass nation I know you guys know I don't throw a wacky rig often back in the day. I used to a lot I think it's a great bait and I want to introduce it back on to the channel because it's been so freakin long So we're gonna start off with this. I'll show you guys exactly what I'm gonna pair up. I Just think that chartreuse chatter donk It's a little overpowering for this water And I was gonna tie on a different color anyways, but then I thought about the stanko I was like, you know what we're gonna do that boys. What do you think about that color? So that's this is a ocho My striking so these stick baits are very interesting. They got like an octagon shape to them I kind of want to put this over a little bit Yeah, they're shaped very differently than your stereo typical Sanko That's like a plum color and I think that could work really well in this clear water We're gonna take a spare and spare is actually gonna be like a watermelon red Yeah, I think that's what we're gonna try out There's a good couple of tree lines down here, but I kind of want to fish with it And I think we're gonna be able to catch some fish if this isn't working Now I want to switch up to something else and go for some bigger bites But I think this could catch a big bass if we see him and knowing that this place is clear water We can pretty much sight fish. So it's gonna be fun holy That scared the out of me, bro That is Dude come here you guys got our witnesses, bro So I'm just walking okay. I'm like casually looking in the water to see if I could see a fish I haven't even made my first cast yet Dude, I walk up. Okay You hear that Dude, I stepped right here and all of a sudden I heard Do you see all those fish bro you see all those fish Oh my gosh, I cannot cast as wacky Did you see that good one? That was a nice one, dude I need to walk over here guys. Well scared the heck out of myself about getting myself a heart attack I mean, that's pretty valid though Connor, right? I think you're something rattling between your legs like that Oh look at that fish chasing. Look look look look. Do you see him? He's chasing Dude, he chased it from the other place dude. I saw him the whole way I saw him the whole way dude. That's insane Did you see it? Did you see it? Oh my gosh, he was high-tailing it too. Could you see him though? All right I'm gonna run this guy back and weigh him. Fletcher you wouldn't believe that bite I just had dude. I threw it across burning it and I saw the fish chasing it high tail But the whole way back to me dude. All right guys, we're zeroed out. Let's see what we're at here Make sure we focus there We got us a two seven. All right, we'll take you. All right two seven to start off the little challenge Let's get this guy back in the water. Oh All right, we're gonna toss him. There he goes All right guys, we can't seem to get anything to bite in this corner. I'm actually gonna walk down on this side See if we can get us a fish. We got to get something started off Alright, I'm just laying a good one in the big fish little challenge that we got going on I'm just gonna pitch this here. I don't see anything. This water's so clear. You gotta be a little stealthy Like I'll lay down there. I'd assume there'd be a fish nearby Dude, he just ate it. That's cold dude. Oh dude. That was sweet That was awesome. I actually thought I was hung on a tree guys. Oh, there he goes. I'm just gonna let him go Barely had him hook. Well, that's our first fish Flipped on that tree and just let it sit guys. Nothing more than that. Didn't move it around Didn't anything. I actually thought it was stuck on the tree at first Did not realize that there was a fish on it and I was like wait, that's probably a bass That's the cool part about a wacky rig because you can work it so slow and just kind of chill out Let that bait sink Just let the fish grab it That was a pretty slick bite. That was so cool. Just saw him come out of the tree and eat it I wish you guys could see this. He came off again. I can't I'm not gonna hold a fish today. Am I? Or is he stuck?  There you go boys. That was so cool. I just wish that there's some sort of filter There's got to be something I can put on the GoPro to where y'all can see What's going on in the water like my sinker was just chilling there. Nothing crazy He was just chilling. I was popping him every once in a while. He was fluttering down And then all of a sudden I just like from the right hand side this fish just comes out and eats it. He doesn't even hesitate Oh, there's a bass right here boys There's one like a bad one. He's actually looking at my bait. I threw a way out from him I want to stay way far off this bank. Oh, yeah, he's looking. He's going right towards me Yeah, yeah, he is but he's about to come eat it guys. This is a pretty decent one. Oh, he's doing it He's doing it. He's doing it. He's doing it. He's doing it. He's about to eat it He ate it. Oh No, dude, what? Between us like just staying back staying calm and sniping that fish. I hate that he went right up in the air and we missed them Wow That was so stealthy like that's the stuff I want y'all to see if we had a drone up in the air right now We would be able to see these fish eating the bait. I know we can give it a shot Give it the shot like I've yet to catch a fish in any of these so I Don't know if they have any fish in them or not I would assume they do. Let's try we won't spend too much time with it Here we go boys pond number three All right, I'm feeling good about this one Looks really good We'll rip one down this way I'm feeling it. Oh My gosh, dude, he just followed me and that was like probably over four pounds Dude, he he literally came all the way to the bank. Why aren't they hitting it though? He changed me all the way up to me Fletcher Let's get to work here There's four pounders or something even bigger than that, but I would not mind catching a few fours real quick Dude big and dude Yeah, dude. Oh, no, you might have me on that Dude look at that ball right there.  Oh, that's a pretty fish though, man Oh, that's a good one.  I Barely hooked this fish dude.  Heck that might beat your fish another pond Connor we're smoking them. I got a nice little two-pounder, but I ain't gonna do it You got one almost three in the other pond that one's close to it again Okay, we might be on to something here This might be the spot dude.  I don't know if he's two seven short and stocky Let's find out what's your this thing out.  All right, not the exact size we're looking for but we'll take it We went from two seven to two eight. Let's see what else we can do Little upgrade flat you This one was this one was two eight. Thank you, dude What do the people want? That's the real question Things people want a net rig. Oh There's one on the net on the net is she respectable. I can't tell yet. She's coming right at me.  I've got hooked first one on the bank We're getting something going here. It's all we need all we need is a little bit of hope It's amazing what you can do. We'll just announce a hope guys I didn't see that until just now Huge pipe right there. I don't know if you guys can see this but there's a giant pipe right here Got my hopes right now. I think we're about a Oh, dude came off. Oh my gosh. I Watched him eat it guys. I Watched him eat that as soon as they hit the water just he twirled on it. Oh My god, I don't think that was a bite the second time, but dude They're getting aggressive it's crazy because the other pond they were just not aggressive at all This pond is like a little hyper They're want to move in bed. It's pretty crazy Like I said sometimes Dude you keep stealing my trailer. That was a nice one Dude that fish was over three guys.  They're loaded. They're freaking loaded, dude My trailer's gone, but I'm just gonna keep casting because There's a lot of fish in this area I had three bites on that one cast.   I just had So many bites right here in this one spot Plutcher didn't even know he had the honey hole there What is going on? I'm so confused Is that happening? That has to be a fair show What is happening? I know I'm going crazy guys. You're going crazy. I'm watching like big ones pick me up here Like three to four pounds. I'm literally looking at them They're not eating it though for some reason They're like sharks. They're like freaking sharks. They keep going like this over it I'm watching Really watching it happen Dude, I he just picked it up again. Like what is they're not eating it though?  I don't want to like put down the moving bait, but like If I had a jig right now, I feel like Like look at the boil dude, you see that they're freaking low Guys, I'm gonna retie so I'm real quick. Looks like Noah's getting absolutely obliterated down there by something he ran back to change a soft plastic Or something along the lines of that. So what are we gonna do? We're gonna go right to his spot and we're gonna just slid the right on in there And see what's going on. But first we're gonna check this pipe. This pipe looks very enticing There's one. We got him Another one on the ned Not what we need not the size we need Connor, I'm putting a square bill on. Do you have another wake bait or no? I'm tying on this wake bait like Connor's working it because They are fired up on moving baits right now. I just cannot get them to commit on that chatter dog But I had so many freaking bites Let's go down here and see Did you get smoked? Do you see him? Watch I got one Got him Stuck him Stuck him That one feels like she might have a little bit of girth Oh, yeah Oh Boom that one's worth weighing I think You think that one's worth weighing? Wait Connor, you want to see something funny? You want to see something hilarious? Connor look, Connor look. I want to catch a lot of the rod dude. I want to overtake him right here. Watch this All zeroed out Like right at two pounds It was jumping back between One 15 and two pounds There he is Did you just pick up my dangle?  Oh cool. It doesn't feel like it, but let's give it away. All right What is going on here out there? We're on the mother load Just about two one pound 15 ounces This this might be a new honey hole. Ah, it's a snack. Please come out. I don't want to get a retie Dude, no, you put some bad voodoo on my Bait over here. That's a tree. All right, we'll go back to back here. I'm feeling it But I slowed it down just a little bit kind of like right here I feel like this bait just does an exceptional job of making these fish freak out and think they have to eat Just say oh my gosh, dude. I just got slammed So we're gonna tie on this four odd. There might be a three odd extra why get up We're gonna go with that that pink flu I just feel like I can take advantage of this right now since we're doing this little one view one view one deal Like if connor standing next to me and a fish follows him back like it's been that's been happening to us I could technically just throw in right behind it And possibly salvage up the bottom, but I feel like this fluke is slow and fast at the same time So it might might do the trick The real question is should we go with a solid pink? Should we go with that more of like translucent pink Um, I'm gonna say with it being cloudy out We're gonna go with the straight pink And I think we're gonna be surprised with the results on this. I got the secret bait Did the fish I just caught I just told him to let all the other fish To not buy yours. Oh to not buy mine. Okay. Well, I'm gonna catch his brother And tell him to not buy yours. You know what I'm saying? Right, you see this fluke. Oh my gosh, this caffeine shot looks so good, dude Yeah, dude and this caffeine shot falls guys the tail just kind of like wags Dude, that looks so good Oh, it looks so juicy Here we go boys our final destination Our final destination It's the final countdown Well, what's gonna happen is connor gonna win and one of us gonna pick up a good one I guess we're about to find out. There's some good fish in here If we can get one of them hooked, it'd be a freaking fatty dude. I'm telling you There's like brush piles connor that you're going over How far down are you? From the bottom Oh hold on Yep Uh-oh Oh I was like he's coming up Is it gonna be a big head? You see what I did, dude? Look how fatty he is, uh, he is thick Look at that thing, buddy What? Brothers man literally ate my bait with a leaf on Hey, that's a chunky guy. Definitely fat just not what we're looking for. Yeah, I hit that tree, dude And I went boom pop dude one hard time and I felt like a slight tap how to give it a little wiggle wiggle pop We smelt through the last time too. It sounds like dead blue No, dude, that's a that feels like a good one. Oh Gosh, I was pulling them out. That's not a bad one, dude, but it ain't beating me.  I like that That was a good bite, dude. The last one was a little tap. That one was like, don't know Congratulations young sir. You have won The turn guys you you didn't know the reward of the challenge But no is actually turning the channel over to me now I mean that's what it seems like after the last couple of days. I mean shoot. You're not wrong Good day fishing. No, did you weigh? I didn't even weigh. You didn't weigh. I didn't even weigh. So that means I officially second No second place Guys, I hope you enjoyed if you did please hit the like button Let me know in the comment section down below and what you guys want to see share this video with a friend Get somebody new and efficient and I will catch y'all in the next


Hello. Great. Ancient tradition, I introduced this talk. It's been going for what, three, four, five years now? Probably more like four. This is the traditional kernel talk by Ben Hutchings, what's new in the Linux kernel, and what's missing in Davion. Please welcome. Thank you. Let me briefly introduce myself. I am a professional software developer, so I get paid to write on code, paid to work on code in the day, and then I do the same thing in the evening for Davion. And I've been working on the Linux kernel in both those roles for about eight years now. My day job mostly, it's working on extending and fixing drivers and platform code for various new and interesting devices. And in Davion, it's packaging, fixing bad port security fixes, and generally making the kernel work better for Davion users. I am also on the long-term support team, so previously supporting the Squeeze kernel and now the Weezy kernel for five years. And I work on the unstable updates for the Linux 3.2 and 3.16 branches used in Weezy and Jesse releases. I work on getting those updated and reviewed on kernel.org. So, as you probably know, Linux kernel is a fast-moving project. It had a release cycle of typically nine or 10 weeks, so it has about five releases every year. And indeed, since last year, we've had another five releases, 4.2 to 4.6, inclusive. So, as ever, we have new kernel features to take advantage of, but in some cases, we haven't yet packaged or integrated the user space that's needed to use those. So firstly, I would like to have a look at some of the features I talked about last year and see what's changed. Have we taken advantage of those? Have those been developed further upstream? So the first thing is the extended Berkeley packet filter, which is used for filtering all kinds of things now. Network traffic, performance events, tracing events. So the eBPF virtual machine has been further extended to support some of those uses. We have the BPF system call that lets you create a program before attaching it to any particular kernel object it's going to be used with. So it has an independent existence and the file system for keeping track of data structures used by those programs. So it used to be that a filter program would only return zero or one same key for drop the packet. Now, you can have these sophisticated data structures providing information back to user space. One of the problems with extended BPF is it's so powerful that you could leak interesting information about what's going on in the kernel that could be useful for exploiting security bugs. So last year, this was only available to processors running as root. And I'm glad to say there's now a verifier that, at least in theory, is supposed to stop that sense to information leaking. And now it's safe to let all users use this facility and that it is available to all users by default. There was some work to let you write eBPF programs in a subset of C and then compile it with Clang that's now supported by the version of LVM in Unstable. However, most of the extensions aren't being widely used. I couldn't actually find any user space programs packaged in Debian that use eBPF directly, but I might have mistaken, correct me if I'm wrong. And then, yeah, so this is a virtual machine. The virtual machine code is still interpreted by default. There are just-in-time compilers that will translate the programs to native code for certain architectures, but they have some security concerns about those. So they're not turned on, not enabled by default. There are some changes have gone in to address the security concerns, but so I hope that we will have a jit enabled by default soon. OK, so overlayFS is the new or not so new anymore union file system that's actually included in the mainline kernel. So in Debian, that's effectively replaced AUFS, who don't include any more, but it has a lot of limitations. So a lot of things AUFS can do that overFS can't or couldn't. One of those has been removed since last year. You can use NFS as the lower layer so you can possibly use it as the upper layer as well. But the common way of using a union file system would be to have a read-only file system on the lower layer that's imported through NFS. And then you have an upper layer that's stored locally or it's just temporary. That now works. So FAI and LTSP can use over the FS and don't need AUFS. The atomic mode setting, which provides a better way of changing display configuration, is supported in many more drivers. But it's not actually used, even the upstream versions of Zorg and Wayland aren't using that at all. So that's still unfinished. Life patching had a fair amount of interest in people who would like life patching to happen. You might even pay for it. No one's working on it yet. There has been some progress upstream in that last year we had a big major blocker, which was needing to know when it's safe to flip the switch and have a process that was running the old kernel code to start running the new patched fixed code. You can't do that at any point. It might be right in the middle of that old code. And very bad things would happen if it ran a mixture of old and new codes. So you need to have some way of detecting what's the safe point to switch over. And that turns out to require a whole lot of work to understand where each task is logically in the kernel code. And that's been done. But no one has actually started working on life patching in W. It would be nice if someone did. And I certainly don't have the time to do it, I'm afraid. So non-volatile dims are this new kind of super fast flash storage, which has RAM in front of it. They plug into dim slots like regular dims on and appropriately on computers that support this. And one of the neat things you can do with this is directly map that flash storage or flashback memory into a process. You can memory map a file and not have any sort of buffering in system memory. That's called DAX. Last year, we had support for that in X2 and X4 file systems. Now we have it in XFS as well. We also have some kernel infrastructure for configuring nvdims. You can use part of them as a RAM-like mode and part of them in a more disk-like mode. But you need some way to configure, to sort of partition the memory. And this is a lower level than the usual partition labels that you would write with, say fdisc or parted. So you need the NDCTL program to configure this, which is not yet packaged. So I opened an RFP bug. I'm not going to work on it again. I don't have any non-volatile dims or computers I could plug them into. But hopefully someone wants this and will get that packet. And there's the file system level encryption in X4, which is kind of someone's waving at me. Do you want to talk on the microphone? I wanted to be supported in Partman. So I was interested in doing it already, the XT4 encryption. Now, I believe Ubuntu has had support for doing eCrypt FS set up in the installer for quite a while. Is that something that could be built on to do the same thing with the XT4 encryption? Or is it too different, do you think? They're similar. XT4 encryption is better. I realized that there's a, I realized that by advantages. I was interested in, would the process of setting it up be similar enough to? Somewhat. So you want to work on that? Yeah. Yeah, great. So Intel MPX, this is their memory protection extensions, which is the main part of that, is being able to do array bounds checking very cheaply in hardware, which could allow for generating safer code for C in some other languages. Well, generating safer code for C and perhaps more efficient native code from Java and other languages that require bounds checking. So we have support for that in GTC and Glibc now. I don't know whether anything else ought to be done there, whether there's something that we can actually start generating that code. I suspect not because new instructions are just going to crash on older processors. So that's going to be difficult to take advantage of in Debian as opposed to in custom built programs running on Debian. But we've got the infrastructure there at least. Batch network transmit is a nice little optimization for transmitting at high packet rates. That needs supporting each driver. It's supporting more drivers. Nothing needs to be done in user space, so that's all good. And then year 2038 compliance on those two-bit architectures. I'm sure most of us will have got rid of our two-bit systems by 2038, but there are probably going to be embedded systems made in the next few years and using those two-bit architectures for various reasons that will still be in use in 2038. And at that point, sorry, I won't go back a bit. The usual Unix representation of time on a first-to-bit architecture is a first-to-bit signed value. And the largest time value that that can represent is some time in early 2038. So all kinds of time handling code is going to break beyond that point if it's still using 32-bit time values. So there's still been a fair amount of discussion, fair amount of some ideas tried out. Nothing has actually changed yet. I really hope that's going to get fixed in the next year or two. And I believe it is going to require fixes at the application level to actually you to, or at least in the build process, in the same way that you have to opt-in to large file support, you will probably have to opt-in to large time support. But yeah, as it is, there is no new API to opt-in to. So nothing for you to learn to do yet. So onto the new new features that have been added in the last year. So control groups, or C groups for short, are the mechanism for limiting resource usage in containers or even smaller groups of processes. One of the things that we've not been able to do well with containers is to limit what they're doing with writeback. So I'm sure you know that when a process writes to a file, it doesn't have to wait for the data to go to be written to physically to disk, usually. It goes into a buffer and gets written back later. And sometimes it's possible to build up for a large amount of write buffers that take a long time to flush out to disk. And that's bad. It's particularly bad if you end up using up a huge amount of your memory with write buffers. And one of the problems with controlling this with C groups has been, by the time that IO is done, it's no longer has anything to do with the process that generated the necessary. The write buffers are kind of a global control of writeback, but that's about it. So the block IO controller couldn't share out bandwidth between different processes. It didn't know about the processes. And the memory controller couldn't slow down, brought all the processors that were writing too much or writing more than their fair share, because it just didn't know anything about what was going on with block IO. There were, I believe, some code in the memory controller to attempt to do this, but it didn't have enough information to do it properly. Now we have a writeback controller that is properly integrated with memory and block IO systems. And that should do a much better job. Unfortunately, it requires specific, needs some help from the file system that's supported in ButterFS and EXT4, but not yet in XFS. So that's something to bear in mind when setting up container hosts, perhaps. And there's another TNE controller. PIDs controller does something fairly simple. Limits the number of PIDs you can have in a control group, which essentially means it limits the number of threads that can be running in there. And that's important mostly because we limit the number of PIDs in a namespace to 30,767. It's a tiny number. We could actually make it much larger, but there are some compatibility reasons why that isn't done by default. Yeah. So another feature that's somewhat useful for dealing with containers, but also immediately for dealing with virtual machines. This needs a bit of an explanation. All memory that's not mapped from a file is called anonymous. And that can be written out to swap. So basically, all the memory that's used by a virtual machine is anonymous. So if you migrate the VM, all of that has to be moved to the new VM host because it's not in shared storage. For example, a virtual disk would typically, if you're going to do live migration of a VM, you'll typically need to have its disk in shared storage that can be accessed from both the original and new VM host. So for all that anonymous memory, you need to copy it in some way. And I have two broad people of strategies for doing that. The last one called pre-copy is what is normally done now. You start copying the pages that the VM is not writing to. And so copy all the data you can. At the same time, the VM is still running. You'll need to copy all the pages that it modifies. At some point, you can detect. You have to detect that it's dirtying pages faster than you can copy them. At that point, you freeze it, copy the remaining pages, and restart it. Resume it on the new VM host. And that can actually take a very long time if the VM is running across a large amount of memory. So an alternate way of copying is post-copy, which is you freeze the VM right away. You copy a minimal set of its memory, start it again, and then you copy the remaining memory, prioritizing all the pages that it needs right away. But in order to do that, you need to have some way of getting the home VM at a page fault for these missing pages. And then, instead of trying to read in from the swap file because those pages aren't in the swap file on the destination host, you need to intercept those and copy from the original host. So the user fault FD system call and semi-octals that you can run on that file descriptor are the mechanism by which a machine manager can implement post-copy. And QMU KVM does now use this. I don't know whether that's done by default or whether you have to opt into it. But it's there, I believe, in unstable. The CRRU, that's checkpoint and restore in-user space project which can do live migration of containers, we'll probably use this in the future, but I believe it needs a few more extensions because there are slightly different considerations. There's some more complexities when copying a group of processes rather than the single, rather than the virtual machine which is a single process. And then we have lightweight tunnels. This is a networking feature. Currently, if you create a network tunnel, usually you have to create a tunnel device which has configuration of where that tunnel goes to. And what kind of encapsulation is used in the tunnel. And then separately, you have to create a route on top of that. So the configuration is spread across two different objects in the kernel. And the kernel is actually pretty good at handling thousands and thousands of routes. But devices are relatively heavyweight. And the kernel and user space management tools don't deal so well with having lots and lots of devices. So in certain virtualization hosting configurations, you actually want to have lots and lots and lots of tunnels. So the new lightweight tunnels allow you to configure the tunnel as part of the route. If the tunnel doesn't need a whole lot of state, then all you need to do is specify the destination and the encapsulation as part of the route. There are several different encapsulations that are supported with this. Nots. I don't think you can use this for things like VPNs. But then you wouldn't need thousands of VPNs, hopefully. So this needs a newer version of the IPv2 utility to configure it. So Debbie is a bit behind there. I might fix that by myself. But if anyone else is interested in this, I believe that's in collab mains. And it's open to anyone to update that IPv2. So ARM, or ARMHS specifically, got a nice bit of security mitigation. There are specific safe functions that the kernel is supposed to use whenever it copies data between user space and kernel space. And if it doesn't do that, it's a bug. It might be a bug with quite serious security impact. So this is a known problem. There are mitigations against it in GL security. There are also hardware mitigations against this. Intel has implemented something that's called supervised remote access protection. And ARM is done as a privileged access never. And the kernel can take advantage of those features, which turns that bug, it makes that class of bug less serious. You'll get an oops, possibly the kernel will crash completely. Possibly the process will abuse that process that's killed. But it's still not as bad as having someone able to take over the kernel completely. So the Debian ARM-HF architecture is built for ARM v7, which does not have this feature. I think it was added in version 8.1 of the architecture. So even ARM64 doesn't have it, doesn't not even all ARM64 processes have it. However, there wasn't previously unused feature of memory management domains, which turns out to be usable to do the same thing. Or very similar with a bit of software configuration. So that's enabled by default. So Debian ARM systems are just a little bit more secure. So reproducible builds. It turns out that some people had been thinking about this upstream. And if you just set the environment variable, kbuild, build timestamp, then the kernel build will use that instead of the current time. And you get perfectly reproducible kernel image and modules. What hadn't been covered was documentation. Very differences in the documentation from build to build probably don't mean you should be worried about it being exploited by wrong documentation. But anyway, several people worked on fixing the reproducibility of the documentation in Debian. I submitted those changes upstream. They've all been accepted. So that's fixed. Raspberry Pi, for anyone who hasn't heard of Raspberry Pi, I don't know where you've been. But there's a series of low-cost development boards that use the video core SOCs made by Broadcom. These are basically meant for doing video processing, image processing, using the video core architecture, which is proprietary. But all of these SOCs also contain one or more ARM cores. And the default OS for these dev boards has been the Raspberry Debian Derivative. There were a couple of reasons for that, for not using stock Debian. One of those has been that the mainline kernel didn't support these SOCs. There were a lot of different types of SOCs There were a lot of extra drivers and platform code that used to go into mainline. Thankfully, that's been done over the last four years. The graphics driver has been rewritten to run on the ARM core rather than on the video core. And the Raspberry Pi 2 is supported in Debian on testing and unstable. The Pi 1 can't be supported because it only has a V6 processor. Or we could support it with Army L, but I don't think anyone would be very interested in that. And the Pi 3 has a 64-bit ARM, but the firmware at the moment tries to boot a 32-bit kernel. So I don't think we'll be very interested in that until we can run the proper 64-bit code. So the Linux Foundation has started a project called Kernel Self-Protection Project, which aims to add some security mitigations into the kernel. Because it's written in the C language, there are always going to be bugs that allow for memory corruption and potentially compromise the security of the kernel. There's not much we can do to stop that other than rewriting it in a safe language, which is not going to happen anytime soon. And if it does happen, that won't be Linux anymore. But it'll be an interesting project. There is actually a project to write a new kernel in Rust. Should be very interesting. Maybe have a good Demian port to it someday. Anyway, working with Linux, we need some sort of mitigations against those bugs that will inevitably occur. So the Pax and GL Security projects have done a lot of work in this area. But unfortunately, I've had quite strained relations with mainline kernel developers. So there are a lot of features that have been developed separately that have never gone into mainline Linux. This project is an attempt to get as many of those features as possible, or at least the most important features brought into mainline Linux. And it's making somewhat slow progress. But there are a couple of things that have already gone in. Firstly, to reduce the amount of writable data, there are a lot of data structures in the kernel that contain function pointers. If you can find a bug that lets you write to one of those, then you can redirect code flow. And that, obviously, would be a bad thing. So more architectures are now right protecting all the data that doesn't need to be written to. And there's a new option to make more data writeprotectable if it's not statically initialized, but just needs a little bit of code to initialize it once. Then it can be made read-only afterwards. And then the page poisoning feature. This was something that was actually already available as a debug feature, but it was bundled with some other debugging checks so that it had quite a significant performance impact. So the idea, so there's now an option to enable just what's necessary for security mitigation that doesn't slow things down as much, and that might be maybe something we could turn on in the Devian kernel configuration after think about it. Maybe do some measurements of that. And some of the hardening features that have been implemented by those projects have used GCC plugins. A GCC plugin can implement new extensions to the C language and then systematically do interesting things with the generated code or make sort of logical changes to the code before it gets translated into machine code. So that's, I think, the plugin infrastructure is included in Linux, will be included in Linux 4.7, and then after that hopefully we'll get some more interesting hardening features building on that in later releases. The real-time Linux project is another thing that's unfortunately outside of mainline Linux. It's trying to keep close to mainline though. So that adds a compile time option to limit scheduling latency, which is basically what real-time is about. It's important, some people think that running real-time Linux means they get lower latency, and that's not generally the case. It actually tends to increase the average latency. The important thing about real-time is that the maximum latency is limited, and there's a lot less jitter, but the latency of responding to events is predictable. So yeah, it's a long-lived fork, but a lot of the changes that have been made on that fork have gone into mainline. So the difference from mainliner is something like 300 patches, which sounds like a lot, but a fair number of them are tiny bug fixes to make drivers work with real-time. It's had intermittent funding, I would say. Currently the Linux Foundation is paying the Thomas Likes, who's been one of the main real-time developers for years. His now, I think, has paid full time to work on that, and a couple of changes from real-time have gone into mainline recently. The time of wheel is a structure that keeps track of all the timeouts that the kernel looks after. There are huge numbers of timeouts with things like sockets and so on. And basically this is about limiting the amount of time that any operation on that will take. CPU hot plug is actually used for things like suspending or power management, not just for turning off the entire system or for actually physically unplugging a CPU. So CPU hot plug is something that isn't such an unusual operation. And as it is, it can take a very long time, but basically I'm about a time to complete. And so that was a problem for real-time Linux. And so this is gradually moving towards maybe someday being an option for our mainline. And finally, let's quickly run through the changes that we've made to packaging in the last year. The binary packages are reproducible, at least when you use the reproducible build, at least on the reproducible build infrastructure where they've modified the package and a few other things. There's a Stage 1 build profile, which can be used for architecture bootstrapping. That just builds the Linux Libc Dev package. The Linux tools package was separated out, mostly because it didn't support cross-building, whereas the Linux source package did. I've now folded those together and added a build profile so that you can do a cross-build of Linux. In fact, they've also implemented cross-building of most of the user space packages as well. So the Linux package has a whole lot of configuration in the source package to define which binaries will be produced and to adjust the configuration in complicated ways. And I've now added some options there so you can turn off generating binaries, various sorts of binaries, which is useful if you want to build a derivative like Linux GR-SYC that's basically the same as the Linux packaging with a couple of switches turned off so it doesn't build binaries that will conflict with those built by the Linux source package. That might also be something that's useful for our derivative distributions if they have the reasons for building some extra configurations. I've done a lot of preparations for supporting secure boots. My tools are now getting signed, although only with my key, not with the archive key. At the moment, the kernel images get signed and have these secure level patches that block off other ways of inserting unsigned code into the kernel. We're building the user space lock depth and CPU power packages. And I've changed the way that the drivers are packaged for inclusion in the installer. So instead of having to list all the individual drivers and maybe leaving some of them out so that you find that, oh, this kernel runs on my machine, but the drivers I need aren't there at installation times, so how am I supposed to install it? That's now hopefully fixed because the drivers are included by directory name and the drivers are organized in the kernel source by directory, so all network drivers are together, for example. And so we've unfortunately had to drop support, well, not have to, but we have dropped support for some older processors, 586 isn't supported, minimum is a 686 for some definition of 686, which I'm not going to go into right now. We're just about to drop support for MIPS R1 processors, which unfortunately means the Loonson 2E and F are gone. And I rewrote the horribly complicated Perl maintainer scripts. So, well, actually we put a lot of complexity into a new Perl script in Linux base, but it's still much nicer, I claim. So the scripts that are in the Linux source package are pretty simple now. And that's it. Well, there were a lot of other changes that were too small to mention, but that's all I thought was noting today. So any questions? Microphone? Hello. I missed the beginning. I don't know if you have a word on that, but they need RFS tools. What are the plans for this? Or moving into DRACAD or keeping those? Or what is there for the future of that? That's not really your scope of this talk, but I think I'm happier about maintaining the init-round-of-fest tools. I would also be quite happy if DRACAD could replace it, but I think init-round-of-fest tools is in fairly good shape now. And there's no urgent need to switch over. But if we could share a DRACAD with other distributions, then that might be good. Unfortunately, I couldn't go to the DRACAD talk earlier. I would hope to, but I couldn't. So yeah, I can't give a definite answer to your question.


episode of the City Considerers here at Davis Media Access. I'm Autumn LaBea Renault, and my guest today is recently elected city council member Dan Carson. Dan is here today. We're going to dig into the current status of the relationship between the City of Davis and the University of California at Davis, and we're going to hear from him about some things we need to know. Welcome, Dan. Well, thank you for having me. So there's a lot going on in short. What's been in the news lately is that the University released a long-range development plan, an LRDP, but we're going to try to steer away from acronyms and an environmental impact report about some of the things that were in that plan, and then the city responded. And the city's response now has the, so the city, the county, and the university are all in mediation, as I understand it, to try to work through some of these things. So I'm hoping that today, from your perspective, as someone who's on council and now dealing with this as pretty much a full-time job, you can kind of hit what some of the sticking points are and what we as community members might need to know. Great. Happy to do that. And this is a really important issue because it gets to the heart of things that affect every day of the site. It has an impact on our housing supply, on traffic, on parking, on city finances, and many other aspects of the city. And so this has always been a very important relationship between the city and UC Davis campus. This, I think, is sort of a turning point in our relationship. I'm hoping, as I had urged during my campaign for office, that we can turn this into a great way to reinvent the relationship between us, create a great two-way working relationship. But we have some work to do. So that that campus plan that was released just as recently as a couple months ago, as they had told us, results in a 24% increase in the campus population over about a 13-year period under their proposals. And that includes undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty, all the folks who drive or come to campus. And so, quite understandably, that kind of growth has a significant potential impact on our city. Our city staff has carefully reviewed the plan. We've urged, in the environmental review process that was conducted for that plan, we've urged the University of California to make more concrete assurances to our city that they will mitigate the impacts of that growth. And we've urged them to do that before they approved the plan, they did not do so. However, it's second best, but it is a step forward that the University quickly offered, as their regents had urged them to do, to start a process to negotiate with the city to try and resolve those issues after the fact. And our council embraced that. They beat us to the punch, essentially. We very much appreciate the opportunity to try to work out these issues with them. Sure. And it is a moment in time. We have a new chancellor, Gary May, relatively new, and we have a relatively new council composition. And so that does present an opportunity for moving forward. One of the biggest issues in this town is housing. That's the thing that you hear the drumbeat all the time. And we have a situation where our housing vacancy rate for rentals in this town is so low as to be functionally zero, as I understand it. And then we're looking at adding all these other students. So I imagine that one of the biggest issues is how the university will address on campus housing or near campus housing. Can you address that? That's absolutely the cornerstone of this issue. There are other issues too that relate to campus mitigation of growth. But that's where it all starts. And we've seen it in our lives. I had one of those mini-dorms, just a couple of houses away from me for many years until recently, with the parties and the noise and the parking issues and all the rest of it. I also saw the other side of it. We had a student living out of his car for a couple of months, just a couple of blocks from my house. It's just not appropriate in a city like ours for that kind of thing to be going on. And so the city has a responsibility. We exercised it last night. We approved another housing project called Davis Live across the street from the university that will provide 440 beds, predominantly for students, but there's also the opportunity for non-students to live there. The voters of the city approved the Nishi Student Apartment Project that would provide housing for 2,200 persons. So our city has understood that this is a college town. We understand the mission of the university and that there is going to be growth. But what we're turning around and saying is as this growth occurs, campus, university, you need to help us deal with the impacts of that growth on housing and parking and traffic and other areas. And so on the housing one, just because it is the cornerstone here that you mentioned, they laid out an ambitious plan that would provide 9,000 additional beds that would start to catch up on the deficiency of housing that has, it's a 0.2 percent rental vacancy rate by one measure. In other words, functionally, as you said, there are no vacancies on an ongoing basis in this town.  It makes it harder for people who work in this town to be able to live in this town. And so we want the university to make a much more clear and binding commitment to actually carry out the growth plan for student housing that they have told us that they're willing to do. Sure, and one of those adjunct impacts is if you have fewer people who can afford to live here or find housing here, then they're commuting in which impacts the infrastructure, it impacts the traffic flow, it impacts all of that. Which kind of links to my next question. It's not just the housing, it's the impact on downtown, it's the parking, it's the impact on all the other aspects of infrastructure. So can we talk about that for now? Absolutely. So for example, their own environmental impact report documents through the traffic models and other things. They assume, for example, that all 2,000 new faculty and staff that would have to be hired to teach those additional students that they plan to bring in is increased enrollment. Well, all live out of town. Well, I'm not sure I agree with that, that that's what will really happen. But if you take them at their word, that means that many more folks commuting. And we see what happens to Richard's Boulevard and I-80 in that area, for example, mornings and late afternoons in rush hour. You see what happens on Russell Boulevard and how much traffic and congestion there can be. There are statements in their environmental impact report about some of the ideas that they're considering. But what we don't see, and we put this all in a 19-page letter to the regents before they acted on their plan, we tried to be as specific as we possibly could on where we think there need to be stronger commitments. But mass transit, what can we do with Unitrans? What can we do with surface road improvements at those critical intersections? Those are things that we need to work together to solve. Yeah, and I read an article the other day that Unitrans actually served more than four million people, four million passenger rides in its last year of operation, and that was, you know, up from previous years. And that's a really significant number because they're serving not to students, but the community as a whole. And Unitrans has significant challenges. So the new state laws that increase the minimum wage in steps over the next few years means significant additional costs for Unitrans to pay its bus drivers, who are most all of them at the minimum wage or affected by the minimum wage. And so their own numbers suggest that Unitrans over the years is going to be in serious financial trouble. And so the university says it's counting on Unitrans to help carry some of the additional students that are coming, help deal with the faculty and maybe regional bus service. But they're pinning their hopes to a bus system that needs a lot of real financial help and we don't see the commitments there at this point from the university to to provide that help. And that's part of the issues I'm sure we'll be talking to them about in mediation. What are some of the other asks that the city is making of the university at this as part of this process? Well, one of the really big issues is the impact on our public services and on our downtown through parking. So for example, one of the ideas that the university has is will help mitigate some of the impacts of traffic by really encouraging people to do ride sharing and more like will provide preference to people who park on campus who double up or or more in in carpools. But if they some of the measures they might take to encourage that might push some of the students off campus into the community creating additional problems with cars for us. We want them to take a close look at just those kinds of issues that the mitigation impacts that they're proposing the mitigation steps that they're proposing to help cope with the growth in the campus don't inadvertently have negative impacts on their host city. There's a great path forward that we've seen in Santa Cruz and Berkeley where they had similar kinds of issues come up and those two communities reached binding and enforceable two-way working agreements that have been good for both sides to my understanding. And we're looking you know we're open to the mechanics and specifically how we solve these problems that's why you talk. But we think there are some great models for other cities with who host campuses where they've been able to reach out to each other and bridge those kinds of differences that were really important at the local level. I have every confidence that we can come up with solutions to this growth impact that will be beneficial for the city of Davis and then if you really want to have a good and effective two-way working relationship I'm a graduate of their MBA program. I want this campus to succeed and I want to know what things does the campus want that the city could do for them that could help them to succeed. We want this to be a world-class university that it's becoming. We want that to continue. Davis wouldn't be Davis without UC Davis. That's very true. I feel that as an alumni and so we want to be open and collaborative and we've been willing to to do our part. You know we voted as a council last night unanimously to approve yet another student housing project. That's not an easy vote around here you know it's a controversial thing. But we've recognized that while we want the campus to do more and provide additional housing for its own students that we have responsibilities as a city there as well and we've been living up to that responsibility we feel and so this is a really great time to try to move forward together and resolve these issues. So what's the rest of the timeline like this look like for this? Sure the mediation period will run until at least early October. My understanding is both sides could extend it if we're making progress and we're working things out you know that isn't necessarily the the end of the story if the talks fall apart then we as a city have some really big legal issues to discuss and we would have to see what we want to do at that time. All right well there are a lot of Aggies in this town myself included who yeah like you said I think we all recognize the the value of the university the community and the value of the community the university and would hope to see some good solutions moving forward so I want to thank you for number one for stepping up and being on council it's a big job so thank you for that and for making time to come in here and appear on community media. You have been on KDRT for a couple of interviews recently and if you go to kdrt.org and plug in Dan's name I bet you will get to them one was on Davisville and one was on That's Life with Lois Richter so thanks for making the time for that and to connect and please come back and and talk with us again a few months down the road. Thank you so much for having me I'd love to come back. You bet thanks so much Dan. This is The City Considerers I'm Autumn Labay-Renau tune in next month when I interview our new poet laureate James Lee Job. See you then.


Hello. In this video, we are presenting the new 10 GHz bandwidth common-mode filter from ST Microelectronics. The ST ECMF devices are very successful in a wide range of applications like smart factory equipment, medical and laboratory systems, and home automation. Let's see an example of an ECMF application. You can see an electronic system with USB Type-C and HDMI high-speed connectors as well as some high-speed data lines for the display. The potential common-mode noise disturbance coming from the high-speed data lines radiates through cables or flex. This noise emission can have a similar frequency to RF signals, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth in this case. If the noise radiation is stronger than the useful signals, there is a risk that the antenna won't work. This is what we call antenna descents or desensitization. When we connect ECMF on the high-speed lines, the radiation is reduced and the antenna can work properly. The ECMF device combines ESD protection and common-mode filter in a single package. It is three times smaller than a discrete solution with passive technologies, improving the quality with a smaller fit and better reliability, and all the technical details are incorporated in a single data sheet. The two latest ST ECMF devices are specified with 10.7GHz bandwidth. They are compliant with HDMI 2.1 on USB 4 standards. They provide very high rejection on the Wi-Fi bandwidths and they are available on evaluation boards complete with SMA connector and USB Type-C.


Hello, my name is Jason Sinwell. I'm going to talk about a package on CRAN called the RegMed, which is short for the regularized mediation. I'm going to talk about the analysis of that with a couple of examples. Here's a rough outline, which isn't anything fancy, just talking about the background of regularized mediation. I'll talk a little bit about structured equation modeling at the RegMed method, and then the basic RegMed method and extension to multileveria, and then just some concluding thoughts. A little background on myself, I work at the Mayo Clinic as a biostatistician, been there about 20 years since I graduated from Iowa State University in 2002. Share screen there. My main research areas are in cancer genomics. Specifically, I've worked in GWAS, DNA RNA sequencing, or the years, and I'm a package co-author on the packages listed. Most of all of them are collaborations with one or more other people, so definitely not my own work with those. A little background in regularized mediation. Most of this talk is from two different papers that were published in the last couple of years. The first one, both with Dan Shade, who I worked with for a while. The first one was introducing a different way to do this analysis. It's not a totally new analysis, but it's with mediation, with lots of biomarkers, especially in my area, cancer genomics, it makes sense to try and put some structure with some penalized models for these mediators, which can be, in my motivating example, they're biomarkers between exposure and an outcome. And then the 2021 paper is an extension to multileveria data. And if these slides become available, these are all active links, which you can see. And then I just put a link to the RegMed package on CRAN, where there's a vignette, which covers actually a lot of these examples, but I try and give a few more details in this seminar. Okay, so mediation, motivating experiments. So we all know their exposure variables, which I'll call X in most of this talk, and those can have an effect on an outcome. Most of the examples that this works with are continuous outcomes, but you can take residuals from a logistic regression, make it work that way, if you need to, or from a survival model. The variability in the outcome can be explained by one or more biomarkers. Those would be called, I'll call mediators, for most of the purposes here, but those mediators, biomarkers, are not independent of this exposure variable, so you have to account for that indirect association. So these kind of models impose that linked association between the exposure and the biomarker, so two different levels there, or one level there, and then the second level being the biomarker and the outcome. But also we wanna allow for association between the exposure itself and the outcome. So just to put this in the graphical terms, I've got two different examples. These are not overlapping, these are side by side. The first example is kind of how we do regular linear regression with multiple variables. You can't really deconvolute any effect between the X and the mediate, the exposure, the blue one and the mediators, but they all might have an effect on the outcome. But on the right, pardon that I can't really control how the structure works, but at that, it's a good example that we can take advantage of our plotting of graphs where you can see that in structural equation modeling and I guess in mediation, we allow links between the exposure and mediators and the mediators to be linked to the outcome. So that's the kind of models we're trying to set up. So just to put this in the formula terms, so exposure is associated with mediators. So we model an alpha for that, any of those mediators, i's or any number of exposure, sub i. So in mediation, that has to be non-zero, the some alpha has to be non-zero. And for that same mediator, it would also, the beta between the mediator and the y would have to be non-zero as well for it to be a true mediator. But in that second equation, associated with outcome, you would also allow the exposure variable with the delta parameter to be linked and associated with the outcome. So as I was saying, for a mediator to be truly mediator, you'd need both the alpha and the beta in those two equations to be non-zero. And you can do a formal test where you do like alpha times beta, this is classical in the literature, that's kind of what's done is multiply alpha times beta, do it and then see if that's different than zero. And you can do that over a group of mediators where you can sum that. But what the RegMed package is trying to deal with is what happens when you have a lot of mediators. Can you filter them? So there's some work by, originally by Sobol and then more recently by Fan and Liv in 2008 for just pre-filter by covariances of those two different levels between the x and the mediators and the mediators and y or what we've offered in RegMed is a penalized approach. So we, how do we set this up? So we have structured equations modeling and we allow direct relationships from exposure to mediators and also exposure to the outcome and allow correlation among the mediators and some other metrics that are considered in this framework are CFI where higher is better, root mean square error of approximation, lower is better for that. And what we do in RegMed is BICs. So we do log likelihood and then we add penalties for all these different parameters. And obviously in log likelihood, lower is better. So, and obviously the problem is better with the penalties involved. So let's talk about what we do in the RegMed package. So, but I just first wanna note that if you do, after you're looking for latent variables where you're having groupings of mediators, that's more for just the LeVon package, which we talk about a little bit here, but so just use structural equation modeling with that. The RegMed is not talking about latent variables or is not aimed at finding latent variables for those mediator or for the intermediate terms. RegMed uses structural equation modeling to select from mediators for our best model with these best penalties for the model. So a similar package is called RegSEM, but RegMed has been compared to it where it's improved on speed, different penalty options and convergence. And like I said, we take advantage of the log likelihood and use a beige information criteria, the BIC. So what we do for penalties is a combination of L1 and L2 penalty, the L1 being termed LASSO and the L2 penalty being a ridge-based penalty. So the Sparse Scrooge LASSO penalty used in RegMed has a lambda that penalizes all these different terms. So outside of this is the log likelihood. This is the penalty on the actual coefficients that I'm simplifying and singling out here. So a lambda is, we apply that penalty to everything. And this W is a penalty on the delta, which is the direct effect between X and Y itself, exposure and Y. And then we have two different terms here, awaiting between, so F is kind of a fraction of what weight gets applied to the LASSO and the ridge L2. So the LASSO being on the right here, we have a penalty on the absolute value of the alpha plus the beta. And then the L2, the ridge penalty being a penalty on the square term of those, but we're adding them instead of multiplying, which is what we talked about in previous slide there, where we multiply. So an F as a fraction of that penalty, like I talked about, and I already talked about the weights and the delta, W weights, how much to penalize delta in addition to the lambda that's still applied to there. So we have a simple example that we take advantage of with data that we simulated and put in the RegMed package, just called MedSim. X has 10 exposures, this is 100 subjects, and 200 mediators. So we just choose the first X for simplicity here, and we're gonna try and pre-filter the mediators. So we're gonna try and just announce the steps are to pre-filter and then find the best lambda penalty to apply where we get the best BIC and apply that fit, select the final model. That sounds like the same thing, but it's not, I'll show you why, and then fit a final model without the penalties. So the simple example, first we just have an X, the first X from that matrix of X's, and there's actually two Y's, but we just do the first Y and then give it all the mediators, and I'm gonna tell it to pick just seven for this example, and they still run off my screen. Sorry about that, but it does pick seven mediators, and they're just simply named, so it doesn't distract where we all be like, oh, I like that mediator if we had a real example, but so then with those pre-filtered seven mediators, I put them all in a matrix or a data set called X1, or yeah, X1, I set X1, Y1, and then mediators, pass those to a regmet.grid, which is running, trying to find the best lambda penalty. So I give a range of lambdas one to zero and to differ by negative 0.33, and then a fraction of that lasso and the weight of delta are specified as below, and then it does give some log messages, and then here is the BIC, so we choose, you don't have to choose the lowest, you can try and interpolate between where those lambda penalties are, like the lowest BIC here seems to be the 803, and they all converged different number of iterations. So here is, I did an actual fit with the best lambda, I just chose 0.3, and we see that I just condensed this to two column matrix of the alpha penalties or alpha coefficients, these are penalized still, so they're lower than what they would be estimated otherwise, and so we see a lot are non-zero for the alphas, this association between the coefficient between the X and the mediators, and then only two that are non-zero between the mediators and Y, sorry about that. But notice that not all these are that big, so I can filter those further. So what I actually do, we actually have a function called regmeted edges where I take that fit and I, looks like I've used a different one when I was going through this, but it does the same thing, lamb four, so sorry about that, that was lamb three with lambda three, so I fit the wrong one there, but it does the same thing, I was just tinkering with those as I was developing the presentation, but the napsalon, that's the lowest value that I'm gonna allow the alpha or the beta to be, absolute value, so if I use lexon 0.01, I'm only gonna actually have one true mediator, I'm not gonna have mediator 99, I'm gonna have mediator one, if I say I want to only show mediator, so this is where the plot shows that I only have that mediator one, but you might think of a scenario where you want to show anything that had that met that alpha or that epsilon 0.01, so I wanna keep more of the exposure association between exposure and mediator, so I might do a different option called any kind of association or any kind of correlation that it's picking up, so this would show all the extra relationships that it did estimate between the X and the mediators, and then we still have that one between the exposure, mediator, and the outcome. So then reminder that the RegMed is penalized, so what we offer is a way to fit Levan where we pull out what's necessary from RegMed and then fit Levan with it, and then this is a quick output of what you'd see from unpanelized estimates of those coefficients between all those different terms. Now we do, the last row is, I think roughly what you'd have, I don't understand Levan that well, so I'm not gonna overinterpret too much, but I think that's like the baseline effect. All right, so multiferous extension, this is, I don't have much time, so I'm just trying to go a little quickly. So now those X-singer exposures, so note that our example had multiple exposures and another outcome, I'm just gonna still keep with one outcome, gonna give it more exposures, and this is just with a different grid of lambda penalties results or the code I'm hiding a little bit, but it doesn't choose too many mediators, so I'm just gonna give it, I think a lambda of 0.1 here even though it wasn't the absolute best, somewhere up here between these two, lambda of 0.25 or 0.3 might be the best, but I wanna show more of the mediators, so just as this example, so it's called MVregMed, so I'm gonna fit that with the lambda of 0.1 because I wanna see a few more of those mediators, so allow less of a penalty, and then I'm gonna choose the edges with an epsilon of 0.05, and so a little different output here, I'm just saying what kind of vertices or what kind of coefficients were kept, so I have multiple mediators, X1, X2, and I have multiple, and X5 actually, and I find different mixes of alphas and deltas that were kept by that criterion, so here's an example of the graph that would be, remember that it does get a little complex, and I'm trying not to have these mediators be too distracting, so you see different mediators, different Xs, and a lot have association with the outcome in this example, so here's a real-world example that was published in the MVregMed extension, lots of SNPs are associated with different heart disease outcomes, but other biomarkers as well, LDL, LHGL, and a couple other things, so the big group SNPs by region, and then we put them in, so those aren't necessarily continuous, but it does work as long as they have good sample size to put those into a multivariate mediation framework, so how do those SNPs and biomarkers play a role in either end point, and then I'm just gonna show what it looks like, and you can see a lot of complex relationships to untangle, but without doing this, I mean, the research questions are like, hey, there's really, we don't know how to untangle this, so now you can apply, this is what the method's telling us with different penalties, and telling us that these kind of associations are going on with the outcome, the red, and the different biomarkers, and you can switch up mediations and exposures as well, depending on how that framework goes, but you're left to interpret it to yourself, so some quick conclusions, note that the experiments don't have to fit perfectly, but the mediators can help make sense of the cause or relationship that might be going on. Different alphas, betas, I noted that, don't always have to have both, which, since we allow more flexibility, you can do other kind of quantitative variables or use residuals from something else. The graphs were useful, and then a final model fit with the Le Bonne, sample size limitations, not much time to talk about it, maybe in question and answer session, please let me know your questions in the question and answer session. Thank you.


Hey, welcome back everyone to the CUBE coverage of AWS re-invent 2021. I'm Geoffrey, your host. We're here with two sets with live content pumping out 120 years of the course of a couple of days, 28 hours of programming from the people making things happen, sharing the news and the insight. We've got Sandy Carter, worldwide public sector vice president of partners and programs for Amazon Web Services. Sandy, CUBE alumni, welcome back to theCUBE. Great to see you. Great to see you too, John. It's so awesome to be here in person, right? The news is coming more and more. We got healthcare news, we got this news, we got all kinds of certification. We just recently talked on a segment about all the great stuff on certifications, but healthcare is booming, okay? We got talking about delivering the kind of performance that people need in healthcare with data, and you got delivery, destination is healthcare. Let's talk healthcare. What's going on? Yeah, so we made a couple of really awesome announcements around healthcare today. So if you think about it, one of the big trends in healthcare is digitizing health records. So electronic healthcare records to really help and assist with patient care. So because that is so big, we launched an initiative for electronic healthcare records migration assistance. And what that means is that we have now added technical subject matter experts and industry subject matter experts in the healthcare space who understand EHR, electronic health records, to help us migrate at least 500 ISV applications over to AWS. This is really big news because so far, most of those applications are running on premises. So getting them over to the cloud gives them the scalability, gives them the agility that they need to provide all of us better healthcare. Well, one of the big themes is the epic performance, the database on the cloud. Cloud has given so much agility and has changed the game.  You had that era of healthcare where data and the records were super important, privacy, lock it down, don't talk to each other, we're going to respect the privacy of the individuals. That's all now changed with horizontal scalable data. As Swami pointed out, who's the SVP leader of AI and the data for AWS, whole new paradigm of data, architecture, this is disrupting healthcare. And you got the epic situation, take us through what's, why is that important? Why are we talking about epic? Well, so EHR is one of the announcements and then the second big announcement is our epic on AWS announcement. So you may have covered this, back in the August, September timeframe, we announced the new EC2 instance called the M6I. And Epic, which is one of the leading global healthcare providers in the world, has been migrated to the cloud. And so they started testing themselves. Epic started testing on the M6I. And so what we saw is a 40% performance improvement. Now that is, that's huge, as well as a 30% reduction in total cost of ownership.  And Epic has an amazing ecosystem, John. They have what they call the Coke travelers. They kind of exist on Epic because everybody uses Epic. Those ISVs are now going to get that benefit in 90% of the current Epic customers. And then our consulting partners are also going to see the benefit because of that total cost of ownership reduction of 30%. So imagine you're a consulting partner, you're now going to go into a hospital that's using Epic and tell them that you can reduce their total cost of ownership by 30%. That's amazing. Well, first of all, the cost thing is amazing. But also, you mentioned the instances, what's happening with the Graviton and the processors and the performance you're getting in the cloud now. If the applications are running faster and lower cost, so databases there really want the most horsepower. So you got the cloud performance, you got the lower cost, why wouldn't anyone want to run anywhere else? This is what I'm saying on my story I wrote Sunday night. All the modern applications will go to the best performance, even legacy apps. That's right. And I think this is so important because you need performance, you need speed, you need to get the rest of this application migrated over. That's why we've got the EHR migration initiative. And then if you couple that with our third announcement around authority to operate, that now gets you that security and compliance, right?  And so we introduced as an authority to operate a program that enables our partners to get HIPAA and high trust authorization faster, cheaper, so that they can move with this new digital trend that's happening all across healthcare. I mean, it is our fastest growing area today, growing at five percent. It points to, again, there's another one of those areas that is urgent under the COVID, it's exploding because of the demand, just on performance. And Swami said it today also in the keynote, the AI data keynote, governance should be an enabler, not an inhibitor. See, when you start getting into governance, where you can start managing the data in a way that's cool for people to use the data, but protect the privacy, you then can have the modern apps. So- And if I could just add on one thing there, today we talked about, you know, when you go on your digital transformation journey, it requires digital security, especially in healthcare. And so as you have those requirements, you have to be able to not just get stuff to the cloud, it's got to be secure. And that's why HIPAA and high trust exist today. And these fine grain controls now available are amazing. So again, I love the way you guys are going in this direction with AWS. I got to say every year it's like, wow, again. But I want to get back to this ISV angle because I think this is super important. Again, I tease this out on my post Sunday night when I went after my sit-down with Adam Slepsky, was that if you have, if I'm a software vendor, an ISV, an independent software defender, or a software owner, I want my app to run faster, period, okay? I want my app to make money, which means valued by customers. I don't want my app to be slower and not be seen in front of my customers. So again, ISV is now an opportunity. The Epic is a shining example of that where now as an ISV I can innovate and not have to do the heavy lifting. This is a huge point. Can you just share some color on this? Because this is like, I think, kind of the elephant in the room. The ISVs are going to go where the action is. That's right. And the Epic ecosystem is such a force. Epic being a global healthcare leader, getting that performance level, all of those, they call them co-travelers, that exist around Epic. All of those applications can now take advantage of that performance improvement, which for me is a game changer.  She had trouble, we thought she broke her elbow. And you know, we were sitting there waiting as the person's entering and waiting and entering and waiting. So that performance really makes a difference, right? And your customer satisfaction and your patient care, all the things that really matter, the business outcome areas, not just the technology side. It's a game changer for healthcare.  And two, hassle time, avoiding the steps, waiting in the wrong room, going here, waiting for this, getting a test you don't need. That's right. It's a hassle for the customer, but also puts pressure on the supply chain, the operational bandwidth, and with telemedicine around the corner, everything is happening with telemedicine. Why I might not need to go to the hospital, I don't have to. So again, another big wave coming is telemedicine. Yeah, that's right. And in fact, we launched that healthcare startup accelerator where we invited healthcare companies from around the world to come in and get extra support as a brand new partner, as a next-gen partner. And that was actually one of the top areas of focus. About 40% of the companies came in around telemedicine. And one of the really interesting partners that came in through that accelerator was a partner named GitLab. They do, you know, surgeon training, which is quite fascinating. And they were doing that and time named them one of the top most innovative companies of the year in 2021. And they accredited a lot of their success to the healthcare accelerator that we just launched as well. So much action going on. I got to get your thoughts on just in general healthcare. Do you find the vibe to be more from the doctors and the service providers? Because they're the ones on the front lines. They're in the foxhole, so to speak. It always seems to me that they always wish that things went faster. Similar to government workers, right? It's like, I wish there wasn't red tape. I wish it was easier. Why aren't we doing this? That seems to have been like the culture. And now it's shifting back to, all right, now we're having fun. We're delivering care. We're riding the right wave. I agree. You know, these business outcomes make a huge difference, I think. And I think that transformation that you're talking about is occurring much faster than anybody anticipated. I predict in 2022, you're going to see this increased focus not just on telemedicine, patient care overall. Like how do you combine the two together? How are you able to move quicker to provide more diagnostics? So for example, one of our partners, GE Healthcare, was using AI and ML with one of our partner programs and was able to automate the radiology workflow. I mean, just think about radiology, reading x-rays. How fast that can be with AI and ML. It increased the diagnostic accuracy by 30%. I think you're going to see lots more use of technology to speed up diagnosis, to increase that customer patient care. I think that's really going to be the trend in 2022. And it's great for all of us. And computer vision, by the way, with explainable AI can come in, tell about analyzing x-rays and or film, more and more tech coming in. And machine learning is driving a lot of it. I completely agree. Machine learning, I would say machine learning and analytics. Now that we've got the data, and the data IDC says that data coming in from IoT sensors increased by four accents COVID. So imagine there are now robots working in the hospital gathering your readings of how strong you breathe, your temperature, all your vital signs are now coming in from IoT sensors. So you're just seeing this explosion of data and healthcare, which only makes diagnosis and hopefully cures new vaccines more possible because now you've got more data to work with, right? That data accuracy is going up, data sources are going up. It's just a really powerful combination. Yeah, healthcare is great. See, it's been amazing run on the healthcare side and it's continuing to change. And in a good way, the healthcare is managed and delivered and dispensed and cost savings. I do want to ask you if you could point out to the audience just within the partner base. What's the big trend there? Because obviously they're all engaged seeing all kinds of new things. Where's the innovation vibe? What's the pattern in the partners? More software development, more cloud, more AI. What's the, how would you rank the activities of innovation? Yeah, I would say there are five prime drivers today on the technology side. First and foremost right now is IoT, believe it or not. And IoT because it's driving so much data. And you have to have data for the second big trend which is artificial intelligence and machine learning. So that data is essential for feeding all the modeling that's going on. We're also seeing the edge come to pass really fast, right? A lot of work on outposts. In fact at the conference we announced that we just opened an outpost innovation center with WWT and Intel in DC. We already have an innovation center for outpost in Seattle. So we opened one in DC for our partner community as well. So we're seeing a lot of focus on that edge. Containers as we talked about earlier, 60% of customers want containers so our partners need to be all over it. And then another huge trend in public sector is blockchain. So if you think about Panama, El Salvador, Ukraine, they're all moving to Bitcoin. And I just went over to the Wen hotel because we're here in Vegas. Did you see how many vendors are taking Bitcoin now? It's amazing. And so all of that is built on blockchain. So we also introduced a set of workshops and POCs with our partners around blockchain because we see it happening in states and countries. And then the countries drive everything else to have to use or leverage that chain for Bitcoin. Great trends. The tailwind, the wave is here. It's a big wave. Healthcare, public sector, a lot of change. Cindy Carter, thank you for the great commentary. Great insight, great to see you. Thank you for coming back on theCUBE. It's theCUBE coverage. I'm John Furrier, your host for theCUBE. We have two sets, wall-to-wall coverage here in person, live event as well as hybrid with the software as well. You're watching theCUBE, the leader in global tech coverage. I'm John Furrier. Thanks for watching.


Hey, Charlie Farrin here. I'm coming to you from the Blackstar room that the F mentioned to talk about the new Blackstar ID Core 40 amp. It's kind of in the direction for them. It's a stereo amplifier, which is fantastic. It has 20 watts per side. And it has stereo chorus, stereo reverb, stereo delay. Fantastic overdrive, just like so many different parameters. You download some software from the website. And you connect the amp to your computer via a USB cable. And you can upload six presets to the amp, a couple of cleans, a couple of crunchy, a couple of super crunchy overdrive patches. And then you can manually override that to tweak it. I can see you're using this for radio interviews, for the TV appearances, in the studio, where you want to go in beforehand with the sounds all dialed in. You can even use it in a live situation because it has a speaker emulator output. You can use it in the studio to record or in the live instead of bringing like a stereo rig and pedals and the whole road crew.  The other thing I really love about this is it has this exaggerated stereo effect. It seems like it's, I don't know if the little camera's going to pick that up. But it feels like it's coming from a surround sound. Really that wide, exaggerated stereo. So it's really fantastic, really versatile. You're going to like this one. I'm going to recommend this amp. So go to your local music shop and try out one of these. They come in three flavors. There's a 40 watt, that's what this one is. There's a 20 watt, and there's a 10 watt. So you can get the size that's right for you. The Blackstar ID Quart. Rock and roll a bit of it.


Ok guys, so here are the posts that are in, now I've put the screws in, the nylon screws for the power distribution board, I'll get on to that when we do the electronics like I said, I've put in the stands which are noise reduction, the rubberised ones, I can't remember the proper names are for them, but they're the rubberised ones so when you put your flight control on, even though the flight control I'm using doesn't have a particularly sensitive electronics accelerometer, it's still good just to put those rubber type standoffs on anyway. Now this is something worth noting, when you fit your camera of course, you don't want to put your camera in, but you've also got to put this on before you, before you clamp the arms on, else you won't be able to again get underneath. Now I'm not sure what it's like with the original model of this, I'm sure one of the viewers will be able to tell me, but there isn't really a lot of screw sort of gap here, I mean you can't put a normal, one of these normal screws that I've used for everything else, it just won't fit, so I'm going to have to use my little gremel copy and just grind away in there slightly, just enough for me to get a screw through and then so I can actually bolt that down. I could try just putting the screw through and see if I can cut a thread into this, but I prefer to stick a bolt on the underneath and tighten that up. Personally that's how I prefer to do it. Now you know this is, these were the same size cameras, I think they're 19, I don't know what the size of these are, but what's that will fit in there, this is my, even though it says owl on there, it's actually a Swift, Swift 2 and I'm going to put that in here because it's the only one I've really got to spare to go in here and I need the bigger frame on this as well, I'll get around to that a little bit later, but the difference between these two frames is this one's 3.2 grams and this one's 2 grams, so again in the interest of just keeping the weight down, I'll be putting this one on and we'll just see where we go from there. Yeah, so that's something to bear in mind as well that you want to fit your camera bracket before you put these together and make sure, well I don't know if you do or don't, but it's sometimes a good idea to have some of this locked height stuff, this is just like the blue and then you can just dab that each of these screws when they go into these posts, it will help stop the post from coming out, now I didn't do it when I first built this, when I first built this one I didn't do that at all and it hasn't caused me a problem at all, but you know you may want to, you may not, it's up to you. If you've got it I'd say use it. Yeah, so that's that, so that's that ready to go, like I said I'm going to drill through these little bits so I can fit that and then we'll come back and we'll look at the electronics. So here we go then, this is how you want to have it before you put the arms on, and I've used a little nylon screw, like bolt type fashion things and nuts underneath, don't know tight enough, again if you've got any of the, if you've got any of this stuff, that's fine, I'll thread it like that and put it on, you don't have to, again with the last build I did, it didn't seem to be a problem at all, but if you've got it, you know you've got the option there, so like I said there we go, we're ready now, all I'm going to do now before I put my arms on is I'm going to solder these into place because I'm going to bring them up through here, and I'm going to solder these into place, I think that's actually the wrong way around just for, so then I've got my cables in for my battery, okay, all right, just hands it over, come back one of them, if you've got a soldering station that's fine, that's the case, you'll probably already know this, your main nightmare, I've just got your soldering station, but use a wider, I don't know what I've got on here, probably going to be wide enough, but I wouldn't just go ahead with one of the really thin tips because you want to get this quite hot because you don't want to leave it on the pad too long, and if you've got any, I've got one kicking around here somewhere, a little bit of flux, just to help it seep into these two pads, and then just tin the pad gently first, tin your wires, so you've got plenty of solder actually in the wire, and then when you go to place those on it's going to be a lot quicker then for it to solder in, rather than having nothing at it, and then spending quite a lot of time trying to get this warm enough, I hope you can see that, sorry, I'm trying to get this warm enough, it'll be better off with it on quite warm, I'm going to put mine up to about 165 for this, and then just get that tinned, get that side tinned, I'll probably go around and do the rest of the tinning as well, just so it's done, just so it's ready, and then we'll come back to you. So there we go guys, we've put the camera mount on, got all the screws into the arms on, nice, we've got our power distribution board, and we've got our main discharge cable there, you know there's a discharge cable, that's what we'll attach to this charge on there, on the battery. Okay so, right I suppose we can do a quick little go over of the power supply, of the power distribution board, and like I said I've used miker just to insulate them from the frame, whether it is cause or problem or not, I don't know, but in this configuration it won't cause a problem anyway. I've tinned all of the connections I want to use, apart from over on this side with the VTX and the cameras, because I haven't decided, because I don't know if you can see that, let's just zoom in if we can, and hopefully that's in focus, I hope you can see that, but we've got a options there for, we want the camera at 5 volt, 12 volt, or VCC and the same for the VTX, all the camera watches before I go on 12 volt, I can't actually see with my eyes from here, so you can see on there, and because I don't know, not quite never mind what's going to go on there, I'm not going to do that just at the moment, so yeah we're ready now to put the ESCs and the motors on, and get those connected up to the distribution board here, I think we'll look at that in the next one, and we'll have that since just the frame part, you know I've used this just because this was already here as well, I've used this base, but this is already on here, it's a shame to waste this, because it does work, where's the battery, it does work really well, especially if you've got some screws that stick up here, these ones here are a little bit short, these ones are a little bit long, but it's all I've got, so it's what I'll have to use, but at least I know that I'm going to be clear of those when the battery goes on, this is great stuff, there we go, get in there, thanks for watching guys and I'll see you in the next one, take care everybody