Hi everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft. Thank you for watching my tutorial today. To kick start this week I've got these really fun perfume bottles to share. They're super easy to make, they're pretty quick as well and I'm sure you should all be able to make these, you know, with the supplies that you already have in your craft room. So I've got a variety of sizes. I'm going to be making this one today because I think this is just my favorite and I guess it's almost five by seven. It's five here and it's about six and three quarters in height. The other two I'm going to share these dimensions over on my blog. This one's lovely. This is a four by, I think it's about eight and a half. It should be about eight that could have come down a little bit more but yeah it will fit in a four by eight envelope if you just obviously don't go as high as I have there. But really lovely. I'll show you the card stock and things that I've used in a moment and then inside there just got the birthday wishes and you can still, I've just covered the back there as well so it looks nice from both sides.  I've got this mini one which I really like and then inside there you've got birthday wishes and then this one here which is like I said the one that we're going to share and show today and there again birthday wishes. Really, really lovely. So let's crack on and make these. Okay so I've already cut all my bits to size there. The card stock I'm using is the Mermaid and Unicorn card pack by Dovecraft. Try not to get the glare on there. You get one of each sheet, 250gsm and these are all of the colors that you get here and then if you don't have that one or you know you're going to buy these and you don't know the other ones there's also the Tropical card pack and these are just more vibrant colors so you've got those ones there as well. All the links as always will be over on my blog and you can also pop over to my Amazon storefront where everything's linked there. They are affiliate links which basically just means if you buy via my link I get a small commission. No extra charge to you or anything like that and I do try and make sure I add the ones that are the best value. So you know I do do all the kind of the hard work for you and I will only recommend the product that I use so yeah that's that one. Then for the silver I've used the A4 premium mirrored card again by Dovecraft. I've got a mix of the holographic in there. You can see the difference between the holographic and the normal silver. You see there look at all the rainbow colors you get. So yeah it's kind of my scrap little wallet there now and then to decorate the lids or the little um yeah the tops of your perfume bottles. I've just got these silver ones here and then to do these two I use the Jules Simply Creative 300 and they were from the works quite recently before I started to share the what did I get. I don't think I shared this one in one of those videos. Anyway you get really nice just tones of purples so they worked really well for those ones and then for the sentiments these just worked really really well and these are from Rosie's studio. This is the Puffy sticker and this one's the Foam sticker. Again I'll share links but they just are really really good and obviously there are some branded perfume bottles that just have these single words which some of you will probably know so that's where I've got the inspiration there and these just worked really well for that. So I think this one today maybe I might do another lovely maybe smile. I'm not sure anyway we'll see when I get to it so let's just pop them neatly to one side. That's a very very straightforward to do.  Fold it in half and that'll give you a card base and then everything that I show you I have gone along and just rounded off the corners with the size large x-cut little corner punch there okay again I'll share that link as well so you need one of those and then it's just really all about matting and layering the card so there is no technical skill to this or anything like that it's really really easy to make so this is the silver card so you'll need two pieces one for inside and one on the top and this is your largest mat and this is four and three quarters squared so two pieces of that then I'm going to go for this beautiful it's almost like a I guess a champagne color it's just stunning really nice and it's like a brushed kind of texture so this is four and a half squared so you'll want one in that whatever color it is you're using and then you'll want another four and a half squared but in plain white to go inside so you can see here this is your mat and layer to go on the top and then this is your mat and layer to go inside the card and you will have a really nice frame on each one so that's like that and then to decorate the very top this is a piece of three and three quarters squared to mat to lay on top of that is three and a half squared okay so that one will go there and then inside the middle then to make the actual little kind of like I said lid you've got these here now these are from let me just grab yeah just here they're just rectangle stitch dies I've got a feeling these are from the works a while ago I've used this size and right this is when you have that kind of fear that all the scraps and I've just thrown this small one in the bin so I'm going to have to have a look in a minute but I'll give you the measurements anyway you just basically want you know a rectangle shape shape that you can you know just die cut or cut yourself on your trimmer this is two by one and a quarter all right so I've got two pieces one for the front one for the back and then the smaller size here which is going to be for the the neck kind of perfume neck and this is one and a half by three quarters again you want to roughly that kind of size I mean like I said if you're cutting them yourself then that's easy to do so now we just put it all together okay so first of all I'm just going to go and put all of these mats and layers down okay so that's the front there again it just looks like you're making a you know just a normal card it's these bits here that transform it and make it look like a perfume bottle so what you want to do is I'm just going to lie this on its side so now it's top facing now you can have um or top folding I haven't stuck them in I'll do that in a sec um you can have it this way if you do then you want to stick these pieces in before you put your mats and layers down so if you can see there because what will happen if you stick it on the back when that opens up this bit will kind of you know angle towards you whereas if you stick it underneath that first silver mat here then when it opens it you know looks up at you which is how you want it to stay all right so again you might prefer that look overall even with it being you know side opening you might want to have that underneath there it's entirely up to you so play around like I said it doesn't really make too much of a difference when it's a side folding card but certainly when it's a top folding you want to make sure it's underneath that silver piece so this is going to be this way and this is going to stick inside like this and then this is going to go over the top now you can have it quite high up you see there that gives it a different look again it looks like quite a well-known bottle or if you bring it down quite short again still looks great they still look like perfume bottles I think because perfume bottles are pretty much made in so many different styles and shapes now that as long as you've kind of got this kind of shape on the card then it will look like a perfume bottle but it's entirely up to you obviously you want to make sure you're going to get it in an envelope so because this is a five I want this to only go up to seven inches on the top here so I'm just going to line up on my grid so I've got one two three four five six seven so I can go up to there that's why I've been doing about six and three quarters just so I make sure it will fit inside my envelope so I'm going to keep it around there if I just bring in this one next to it so that one's a little bit lower but look they both still look really good so yeah so what you want to do is add I'm just going to add a little bit of red tape to the top of this piece I'm going to take it out for a second just trim that piece off okay and I'm going to just pop it back in okay and keep it all lined up on my grid just so I know I'm staying in the right height and just want to make sure this stays in the middle one two one two and then in the middle here it's going to be about there and then that's going to go nicely in the middle just there okay and then I'll open this one up run a couple of strips this is just the quarter of an inch it's probably a little bit shorter than that actually and keep everything nice and lined up like that open it up and then I'm going to stick this one down first like so and then this one I've put some foam adhesive I just liked it just thought it looked nice just to give the the top there a bit of dimension like so okay so there is the the base really of the the bottle it's all down to decoration now so I have got the silver embellishments and this one here and again I think I'm going to use yeah I like this lovely I'm going to use this one here I'm going to just stick that one like about on a little angle actually like so that look great and then these actually end up fittings all I've done is cut four up and then I used one two three four five six seven like yeah it's the seven seven of these flat back embellishments across the length and then four in the width and these ones measure if you've got something similar the five mil ones because I think that's how they're measured these kind of things let me just see what it says on there it doesn't say oh they're saying six mil they go I'm obviously a little bit out there yeah I guess it is yeah six mil and then I can just peel off the stripper four to do it that way actually because I missed it like so and then I can just stick them like so and I start from the outside and work my way in so go to the opposite side and that way you know that you won't end up you know clumping them all together at one end and then it will be kind of wonky like so and there you go of course that and you can make this any size you could do circular cards you could do hexagon cards rectangle cards you get it triangle whatever and just add something like this onto the top and it will create the look of a perfume bottle so there you go there are my four really pretty perfume bottles perfect for any body who you know loves glitter and makeup and perfume and all those kind of lovely things yeah I think they're just really nice like I said I've I've changed my mind on them now I was a bit unsure when I started these but um I guess because it's a little bit blingy for me I don't tend to maybe do this much shimmer and shine but I absolutely love them now especially this one I really like that one it's really cute anyway there you go hope I've inspired you can't wait to see your perfume bottles this week and yeah I'll be back again soon with another tutorial thanks for watching bye


Hi, I'm Kyle with Razor Back Off Road here today to talk you through the install of our 2021 and up Can-Am Commander Folding Front Windshield. Here on the table, we've got all the parts, all the hardware and all the tools that we're gonna need. All this can be done with simple hand tools, but for the sake of shortening the otherwise long video, I'm gonna use a impact gun to take some of these nuts and bolts off. So starting at this end, we'll work our way down. We've got the windshield, lower panel, upper panel, windshield rest and mounting bracket. We've got a couple brackets for the windshield itself, all of our hardware, then hand tools. So we've got screwdrivers, wrenches, these ones are ratcheting wrenches, sockets, ratchet, and then you'll also need a marker and a drill. I'd recommend one drill size up from a quarter inch just to give you a little bit of clearance for putting that windshield rest on. This you can either use or ignore. I'm gonna do this to make it simple, make it fast. Okay, so first thing we're gonna do is some housekeeping. I'm gonna get all the body panels, the grille, and the roof off of the machine. So to get the grille off, pull these little tabs down, rotate it out, pull it up out of the way, and we'll just put everything inside the machine so it's out of our way while we're doing our install. For the hood, there's a little catch on the top, pull it towards you, lift it up and out. There's four Torx bolts, T30.  On the roof, we've got four T30 Torx in the front and four more in the back for a total of eight. Okay, keep these together, keep them organized so it's easy to put this all back together when we're done. Okay, now to get the ones off the roof, I'll need in addition a 10 millimeter wrench. In fact, let's have our resident tall guy come in and do this so you don't have to see me stand on my tippy toes. Brian, if you'd help me out please. So again, to help us shorten the video, we've already removed the hardware from this side of the roof, so Brian's just gonna show us and walk us through this side. There's these bolts on the outside, then on the inside, there's bolts on the inside that we'll need to take off on this front rail and then four more across the back. Okay, now that Brian's got all the bolts out, we just lift it straight up and set it back. You don't need to take it completely off the machine. Thanks, Brian. Okay, so the next thing we're going to work on is getting the hood rest installed, because the last thing we want to do is get the whole windshield installed and then have somebody accidentally drop the windshield down without having the hood rest on. So we're going to take this, line it up, we'll mark it and drill it, this is the only drilling you have to do on this whole project. So that's good, we try to minimize that. So one thing to note before we line this up on the machine, we want to get it nice and centered on the front of the machine. So what we've done is add these little notches on either side of the bracket, those line up with these pieces on the grill so that you know you're actually centered on the machine. So we'll take our bracket, take our rest, eyeball it to center, and then what I'll do is squat down here in the front so I can see through both sides and see that I'm centered up. Now I'll take my marker, mark my position on both sides and then remove the hood rest so I can drill out those holes. Again, you want one size up from a quarter inch drill bit, that way you've got plenty of clearance for your hardware. Go nice and slow, nice and easy, light pressure, you just have to get through that one layer of plastic, which is why we have a mounting bracket behind it. Last thing we need to do before we can install the window rest is to take those fenders off. I know it seems a little harsh, but don't worry, they won't break. Now that we've got our holes drilled, we can install the window rest using the mounting bracket and the provided hardware.  So I'll just peel off a little piece, set my rest in place, line it up with the holes that we just drilled and just hold it there like that. Now the next thing we can do is grab our mounting bracket, weave it up inside until you can see it from the top side and then just get our bolts started.  Okay, get the first one started, just finger tight, get the opposite one started. This is where the tape comes in handy so things don't fall apart. So now that we've got that bracket in there, bolts are hand tight, we're going to grab three eighths ratcheting wrench and get them tightened down. Once everything's tightened down we can remove the tape. Next we're going to install these little brackets onto our upper visor mount. The way these go, place these with the hook facing out and grab our short carriage bolts, run them through and get nuts on these, but just get them started. We don't want to tighten them because we're going to need to rotate them in place once we get it on the machine. Once those hooks are on there nice and loose, grab our other carriage bolts and nuts, take it over to the machine, set it up in place. There's brackets on the machines with holes in them already, that's where we're going to feed our carriage bolts through from the top. And once again we're just going to get nuts loosely started on there so we have everything where we want it and then we'll tighten it all down together. Now that the upper visor mount is in place, we're going to rotate these little hooks up into the holes in the frame. Make sure your carriage bolt is pushed in, okay, tighten it down. Same thing for the other side, rotate it up into place. And then once these are tight we can tighten down the top ones. And then we go back and we tighten down these top bolts. Now that the upper mount is mounted and tightened down, we can do the lower panel. For this you're going to need your lower panel and your four six millimeter bolts. And for that you're going to need a 10 millimeter wrench and socket. Okay now there's a little bit of a trick to get this in place. It's already got these brackets on here, but the way to do this is you set one end in place all the way at the bottom and you rotate the other end in. Get these out of the way. Okay there we go. Next thing to note, this panel needs to tuck behind this piece of plastic on the body. And I'd recommend you get these bolts started on the bottom first when you can still move the panel around. Get them in a bite. Just like with the upper panel, we're just going to get everything loosely installed. Don't even get it finger tight, just get a couple of threads started until we have all of our hardware in place. For these brackets that tie into the frame here, a little trick you can do is kind of squeeze the bracket as you put the bolt in. That'll help give you enough clearance you can turn the bolt by hand. Okay get this last bolt finger tight and we can take our wrench, tighten these down and just work our way back across. And the last piece we need to install is the windshield itself and for that we're going to need these stainless bolts and nuts and our windshield. It's a little bit heavy so take your time, move carefully. We need to line up these brackets on both sides. At that point you can just lay the windshield back for hardware install. Now that you've got the windshield resting you don't have to hold it. The gaskets will have enough friction to hold it in place. Then what you'll do is just rotate and move the windshield around until you can get the bolt installed. Once again we'll just get everything started, then we'll come back through and tighten it all down. Okay and for this hardware you're going to want a number three Phillips and a seven sixteenths wrench. The trick for this is you get it snug and then back it off about a quarter turn. That way it doesn't bind when you try to open and close the windshield. Check and see if it rotates freely. Yep, looks good. Then we'll test these latches and make sure they work. If they're difficult to get into place take a look at your window and make sure that it's squared up in the frame. If it's crooked one thing that can happen is we've left adjustment room in this lower panel mounting hardware. If your window is crooked in the frame take a look at your lower panel it may need to get adjusted a little bit so you can get everything latched down properly. That side works, that side works so we're good there. Next thing we'll do is open it up, fold it down, test all of that, make sure we're happy with it, set it in place, make sure your latches work. Last thing to do get all our body panels back on, get the roof back in place and then we're good to go. If you do decide to put them back in with a gun like this just give them one or two agadugas, don't go nuts. Last piece to go on is the hood. It's got these little rounded brackets on here so you set it in vertically and then you rotate it down into place.  That's it, windshield's installed, everything's in place, everything looks good, everything functions so there you have it. There's our 2021 and up Can-Am Commander folding front windshield. Thanks for joining us for this install video, we'll see you out on the trail.


Well with summer just around the corner it's time to start thinking about fun on the lake. This week's Northwood's adventure our very own Clayton Castle took a day trip to Grand Rapids to check out the newest exhibit at the Children's Discovery Museum in preparation for a summer on the lake. It was all fun and games on Saturday afternoon on the banks of the Judy Garland Children's Discovery Museum in Grand Rapids as it opened its newest exhibit titled Lake Life. Lake Life is our new interactive exhibit for kids and it reflects our culture here in Atasca County. We have 1,000 lakes. Lake Life had its grand opening on Saturday which included face painting, prize drawings and lots of fun for the kids. The new exhibit offers a wide variety of activities for children to discover life on a lake. Kids are going to be fishing from the fishing dock. We have all kinds of species of fish. They're going to be testing for water quality with secchi discs. We have a bog, a log cabin, a tree fort, a boat. So there'll be all kinds of activities that people do around a lake in the four seasons. While one of the many reasons for the Lake Life exhibit is to educate, the mission goes beyond learning. It's also about discovery. Well, it's to spark a joy of discovery among kids. You know, they asked 50 Nobel Prize winners what was their greatest childhood influence and most said having meaningful experiences at a museum because it led them to ask questions and try and answer them. Now the exhibit didn't happen overnight. Lake Life is the result of months of planning and a collaborative effort among many different people. We established an advisory committee here in town of teachers, retired teachers, and our own education staff. And we worked about nine months to come up with the theme. The primary funders were the Minnesota Humanities Center through the legacy amendment funding, arts and culture funding from the state of Minnesota, the Iron Range Resource and Rehabilitation Board, and then local businesses here in town. Now the Lake Life exhibit will be a permanent fixture at the museum, lasting for at least the next 10 years. Reporting in Grand Rapids for this week's Northwood's adventure, Clayton Castle, Lakeland News. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


All right. Well, I want to welcome everyone to this Kairos Leadership Seminar, a special edition for the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty. This event is part of the second Climate Action Week that Kairos is hosting this year, and we're so glad to have you all here. This is a monthly gathering with a smaller group of people, but we're glad to have additional people with us here. And for this special edition, I'm going to turn it over to my colleague, Beth Lorimer, to do further introductions. Beth. Great. Thank you, Shannon. And welcome everyone. Good to see familiar faces and new faces in this space. Before we begin, I'm just going to start us off with a land acknowledgement. I'd like to acknowledge that we are gathering today on the traditional territories of Indigenous people across Turtle Island and beyond. We pay respect to the traditional guardians of the land upon which we live, work, and play. I acknowledge that I am joining you today from the traditional unceded and unsurrended territory of the Algonquin Anishinaabe people on the banks of the Kichasibi, also known as the Great River or Ottawa River. We acknowledge that Indigenous peoples are the traditional guardians of Turtle Island on the land, also known as Canada. We recognize their long-standing and ongoing relationship with this territory, which includes unceded and traditional land and acknowledge our duty to walk with and alongside reconciliation and decolonization efforts. At this time, I invite you to take a moment to place your feet on the ground as you are able and take a moment to acknowledge the territory where you are joining us from today. Thank you for taking that moment of grounding. Just a few housekeeping notes that you will have seen or heard that the event is being recorded. So we will be sharing that out after today's session. And we just ask that you keep yourself muted during the presentations and then of course when we come into the question and discussion period, please feel free to use the raise hand function or just raise your hand visually. Thank you to everybody, everyone on the screen today. So we'll call on you that way. And yeah, I just, I thank you for joining us today to kind of further the conversation around the fossil fuel nonproliferation treaty in Canada and within the Kairos Network and Canadian churches. We have the treaty in 2020, just recognizing its significant potential in building momentum for fossil fuel phase out. And so we want to kind of build on that momentum as an endorsing organization, but also recognize the growing momentum within faith communities over the kind of history of its life, the treaty initiative's life. And we know that the conversation around just transition and fossil fuels phase out in Canada has its unique challenges. And I see a role for communities of faith to advance that conversation as I think we're best positioned to connect with people and approach the conversation from a place of values. And so I hope that we all can kind of feel at equipped after today a little bit to maybe advance this initiative, this idea of the treaty in our own communities. I think with that, and there's maybe some more context to share later but I think with that I'm just going to introduce our guest speaker. Who is the Reverend Rachel Mash. She's going to open us with a bit of a prayer and a moment before she gets into her conversation but I think I want to hand things over to her now to kind of do that piece. And I'm just grateful that she was she is joining us today. She is based in Cape Town so she's a few hours ahead of, of all of us. And Rachel is the environmental coordinator for the Anglican Church of Southern Africa, which is so South Africa, East with teeny the suit to and Namibia, I believe, and she works with the Green Anglican movement. She's also the secretary of the Anglican Communion Environmental Network and recipient of the Cross of St. Augustine for services to the Anglican Communion for raising awareness of the urgent need to implement the fifth mark of mission in the Anglican Communion. So I'm going to pass things over to Rachel now. Thank you so much again for being with us. Thank you so much, Beth and wonderful to be with you this morning afternoon. And before I start I thought it's important that we look at the context of where we are and I'm sure we've all been very impacted by the terrible flooding that took place in Libya. And I thought let's just set the scene by holding in our hearts the people of Libya at this time if Beth can show us the video. Thank you. The rain was very strong and the rain was very strong. And the rainfall was 97% in the city of Darnau, according to the forecast. And then we heard that there was an explosion in the region of Libya. Most of the people were sleeping. No one was ready. But most of the things happened. We were sleeping on the side of the valley on the right side of the main road to the valley in front of the mosque of Sahab. Only three of our families were there because we know each other very well. We only had 30 people. Only three people from one family. There was no one. The number of deaths in this region in the last 1,700 deaths is up to now. How did it happen? There were many deaths in the past. The number of deaths is up to now so that some people don't know each other. We start shooting them, we put them in a group and we shoot them. The other side shoots them and takes a group and shoots them. The other side shoots them and shoots them. The situation is very bad. The hospital is moving. The numbers we are getting from the Libyan Red Crescent about the most people all over the five cities. It reaches up to or very close to 10,000 persons reported missing. So it's very likely that the number declared from DERNA authorities could be close to the red number. This is to be confirmed as I mentioned earlier upon the finalization of the assessment process. However, I would expect that the number will be very close to the correct one. We will defend the Libyan Red Crescent, some of our heroes, and the human resources. They are all trying their best to make an effort. Of course, the survivors are waiting for the same round to be found. But we do not recognize the Libyan Red Crescent. They have no evidence or any relationship with the Red Crescent. What they are trying to do is to help us. Just hold a moment of silence. Remember those who've lost their loved ones. Those who are hunting for loved ones. Lord, in your mercy, hear our prayer. That is the context of climate change. More and more extreme events, more and more devastations, more and more heartbreaking stories from different parts of the world. As we center ourselves, I'd like to start with the season of creation prayer. The root of all, from your communion of love, life sprung forth like a mighty river, and the whole cosmos came into being. On this earth of overflowing love, the word was made flesh, and went forth with the life-giving waters proclaiming peace and justice for all creation. You called human beings to till and keep your garden. You placed us into right relationship with each creature, but we failed to listen to the cries of the earth and the cries of the most vulnerable. We broke with the loving, flowing communion of love, and sinned against you by not safeguarding the earth. We lament the loss of our fellow species and their habitats. We grieve the loss of human cultures, along with the lives and livelihoods that have been displaced and the many that have perished. And we ache at the sight of an economy of death, war and violence that we have inflicted on ourselves and on the earth. Open our ears to your creative, reconciling and sustaining word that calls to us through the Book of Scripture and through the Book of Creation. Bless us once again with your life-giving waters, so that the Creator Spirit may let justice and peace flow in our hearts and overflow into all creation. Open our hearts to receive the loving waters of God's justice and peace, and to share it with our suffering brothers and sisters and all creatures around us and all creation. Bless us to walk together with all people of good will, so that the many streams of the living waters of God's justice and peace may become a mighty river over all the earth, in the name of the One who came to proclaim good news to all creation, Jesus Christ. Amen. So can you see my screen fine? So we're facing a climate emergency. I'm always very struck by these posters that come from the young people, and this was one from one of the marches that said, you will die of old age, but your kids will die from climate change. And we know that the earth is warming because of our use of fossil fuels and oil, coal, and gas. But it's not only our emissions that are heating the planet, there's something else is happening. The rising temperatures are setting in motion earth's own natural warming mechanisms, and we are entering a vicious cycle where warming is leading to more warming. Scientists call these feedback loops, and we are nearing the tipping point when they will become irreversible. Of all the carbon dioxide we produce, plants take up a quarter. The ocean absorbs about a quarter, and the other half goes into the atmosphere warming the planet. But as the forests are destroyed and the oceans warm, the percentage that nature removes is shrinking. With our forests, trees pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, storing carbon in branches, trunks, leaves, roots, and soils. This is called a carbon sink. And when they burn or decay, the carbon they have locked away in their entire lifetime is released back into the air.  But another effect of all these wildfires is the incredible amounts of carbon dioxide that are being released into the atmosphere. And rainforests as well, like the Congo and the Amazon, are vitally important to the health of the planet. The Amazon itself is two million square miles, and it covers nine countries. And in the last 50 years, almost 20 per cent has been lost, mostly to slash and burn for farming, triggering fires, insect pests and tree diebacks. So then we get the feedback loop. The weather becomes hotter and drier. We get more drought, more trees die, more CO2 is released. And so the temperature rises, it becomes hotter and drier, drought increases, more trees die. And it becomes this vicious cycle of feedback loop. Now, another very scary feedback loop is what we call albedo, which just means mirror. So at the North and South Pole, snow and ice are like a mirror, reflecting the sun's rays back into space called the albedo effect. And rising temperatures are melting the snow and ice, triggering another dangerous feedback loop. At the North Pole, the winter is shrinking and the ice cover getting less and less every year. The temperature is increasing three times faster than the rest of the planet. As the ice melts, it exposes the dark water underneath. We are replacing ice, which reflects 85 per cent of the heat with dark water, which absorbs 90 per cent of the heat. And the volume of ice in the Arctic has already decreased by 75 per cent in only 40 years. Another dangerous feedback loop, the snow and ice melt, so there's less heat being reflected off and the temperature rises. The water gets hotter, so more and more snow and ice melt and there's less reflection and the water heats up more. We have a choice. We must take our foot off the accelerator now. We must reduce fossil fuels. We must stop deforestation and we must re-green the earth. We can reverse the feedback loops before they become unstoppable, but the window for opportunity is very short. Climate change is not something that is simply won or lost. It is a curve that we can keep bending towards a better world. So one of those actions that we can take is the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty, one of the ways to take our foot off the accelerator. And here's a picture of the General Secretary of the Anglican Communion and signing the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty. In February, we had a meeting in Ghana where the representatives from around the whole Anglican Communion in the world met and it was agreed to sign off on the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty. For me, the most important thing on the Fossil Fuel Proliferation Treaty is that the COP process is flawed. The Paris Agreement does not mention fossil fuels. The COP 27 outcome did not mention oil and gas. It only mentioned coal. So we have to find a different way of moving. It's time for a Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty that focuses on fossil fuels and not just on reducing our carbon emissions. We recently had an Africa Climate Week next week and, again, it was very dominated by Western voices, dominated by the businesses and civil society has criticised the week for promoting false solutions like carbon trading rather than a fossil fuel phase-out. So how are we going to phase out fossil fuels? The Fossil Fuel Proliferation Treaty has got three pillars and the first pillar is to stop expanding coal, oil and gas production. You need to say no to new fossil fuel projects. In 21, the Anglican bishops of Southern Africa called for an immediate ad-haut to gas and oil exploration in Africa. Now, Africa is very energy poor. In South Africa now, we are really battling because we're short of fuel for our electricity. We're having blackouts of up to seven hours a day. And many people across Africa do not even have access to electricity. So how can we call for a halt to gas and oil exploration? Well, often in Africa, oil itself is a curse. This book was written from 50 years of oil in the Niger Delta in Nigeria. And if you look at the countries that have got a lot of oil, your Nigeria, your Angola, your Mali, your West Africa countries, it really has become a curse. First of all, the profits go overseas. Oil and gas projects lead to corruption where the international companies buy off and bribe the politicians. It increases inequality between the super rich elite and the rest of the country, leads to political instability, vast amounts of environmental pollution in the local communities. And currently we are facing a rush for Africa's gas as European mostly and other countries are trying to shift away from Russian gas and they're seeing Africa as the new place to go for gas. And this is another wave of colonialism where the European countries are wanting to come and extract from Africa, leaving all the problems behind. Example is a small country of Gabon. You might have heard that there was a coup after the same president was the president for 56 years. It is a tiny country and they only have 2.4 million people. But they have a lot of oil and manganese and the gross domestic product per capita is $8,600. So people should be living a reasonable quality of life but over a third of the population is currently living under the poverty threshold of $5 a day. So where does the rest of the money go from all this wonderful oil money that they've got coming in? The ousted president and the ruling elite have assets worth hundreds of millions of euros and dollars in France and other countries while 900,000 people live in poverty. In such a tiny country with such a small number of people and a vast amounts of oil, it's not making any difference to poverty. In fact, it is increasing inequality. Canada, I'm sorry, is known around the world as a planet wrecker. Canada was the fourth largest oil and gas producer in the world in 2022 and also ranked among the top five worst countries in terms of new oil and gas extraction approved for development. Many of the new oil and gas projects around the world are actually Canadian companies and Canada's on track to be the world's second largest developer of new oil and gas extraction from 2023 to 2050, which would make Canada alone responsible for 10% of new planned expansion. So what happens here is of vital importance to the whole planet. The second pillar of the nonproliferation treaty is a fair phase out, a fair plan for the wind down of existing fossil fuel production where nations with the capacity and historical responsibility for emissions transition the fastest, providing support to others around the world. So which countries are historically responsible for climate change? So typically we tend to compare current emissions between countries and then people look at China and India and they're like, oh, but they have produced so much. But you actually have to look at the history of who has used up the biggest amount of our budget of carbon emissions. So here we can see that if we are to remain under 1.5 degrees, we only have a carbon budget of 14% that's left. That 86% of our carbon budget has been chowed by these countries that you see here, United States, China, Russia and Canada down there at the bottom. That is an incredible injustice. That means that 86% has already been used and all the other countries, including these have only got 14% left to use. So it means that there is a need for reparations. People need to pay back and assist other countries to transition. So the first concept is loss and damage. Now loss and damage is not charity. Loss and damage is not a loan. Loss and damage is a reparation for the damage already done. It's like when the church in England says we recognize that a lot of the wealth of the church of England comes from slavery. We did the damage, we became rich because of it, so we will pay reparations for the damage already done. And some of those losses like we have seen in the video can never be paid back. Some of the losses are losses of homelands and cultures where small island states are now sinking and people are having to move to other countries like some of the small island states having to move to New Zealand. Some of it is loss of cultures. You lose the place where your ancestors were buried. Who pays for the incredible damage to infrastructure? This is the city of Beirut in Mozambique who was destroyed, it was the first city that they went down in history as the first city to be completely destroyed by climate change when Cyclone I'dai came in. They began to rebuild in Mozambique, rebuilding some of the roads, some of the schools and then two years later Hurricane Freddie came in and again, some of those places were destroyed and all that those Mozambicans were left with is the debt because they took out loans to rebuild. What happens when entire crops and farmers crops are wiped out and the land can no longer be farmable because it's now salty? Who can pay for those reparations for the damage already done? Surely it should be the countries that have caused it by their carbon emissions. And then the second type of finances is fair climate financing. First of all for adaptation. To prepare countries for the changes that will happen due to climate change. This is the island of Tuvalu. You can see how low lying it is, how close to the ocean it is. The only way they would be able to survive by putting in massive seawalls, where would the money come from that? How do countries become prepared for disasters? Like the people in Libya, many of them didn't know that the dams had burst. 60% of the population of Africa has no disaster preparedness. They wouldn't know if a cyclone was coming. How do we adapt for the agricultural changes in massive drought? Where's the water harvesting? Who's going to pay for that? And then of course mitigation, which is a benefit to the entire planet. If Africa moves to renewables, the entire planet benefits. How do we shift to renewables? How do we improve public transport? But the climate financing must be fair. Currently the developing nations can pay five to eight times more in interest than Northern countries for the loans that they take. And that is an injustice. So not only have they caused the damage, now they are saying that countries have to pay massive interest rates to begin to the shift. So the third pillar is the US transition. It's a fast track of the adoption of clean energy and economic diversification away from fossil fuels so that no worker, no community and no country is left behind. We have to think about the coal communities. One of the reasons why Trump was able to defeat Hillary Clinton in the early days is that he went and he visited the coal communities, he heard the coal communities and he said Trump digs coal. So if we don't listen to the coal communities then they will be pushed to support politicians that we may not particularly like. So we have to listen to the coal communities. South Africa is very heavily dependent on coal. The trade unions were the backbone of the support for the ANC. So how do we hear? How do we bring a message of hope to the coal communities? And what is happening about green minerals? Now everybody's talking about the move towards renewable and these minerals. Now it's a positive for Africa because many of those minerals are in Africa but they are not green minerals. They have environmental impacts, they have human rights impacts. Here's a picture of children in the DRC, in the Congo who are digging for coltan, which is the mineral that is in most of our cell phones. What kind of working conditions will people who are getting these green minerals be working in? And who pays for this transition? Are we going to leave massive debts for the generations to come? That is an issue of intergenerational justice. And most importantly, where does the manufacture take place? Is the transition to green energy going to take place by importing solar panels from China? Or will we make our own solar panels in the areas where the coal jobs are being lost? We have to have stories of hope for those communities with the coal areas. In South Africa now, I was just telling Beth, they've just started a little factory, women run only factory making solar panels. Well, those are little pockets of hope that can bring hope to coal communities. Petronomy 30 verse 19 says, choose life. This day I call the heavens and the earth as witnesses against you. I have set before you life and death, blessings and curses. Now choose life. I want to end with a quote by Dr. Catherine Hayhoe. Here is where the turning point must occur. Will we allow fear to paralyze us or use it to galvanize us into action? Only one path leads to hope, the other leads to despair. It is only our actions that offer the chance of a better future. The giant boulder of climate action isn't sitting at the bottom of an impossibly steep hill with only a few hands trying to push it up. But rather it's already at the top and rolling down the hill with millions of hands pushing it in the right direction. That gives us hope. It isn't going fast enough yet, but for every new hand that joins it will go a little faster. Every action matters, every choice matters. Let us choose life. And one of those actions that we can take is to sign the fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty. On the website they say six nation states have already signed up, I think it's more now. But there's over 2,000 civil society organizations, 89 cities and over 600,000 individuals who have endorsed and signed. So we can get our municipalities to sign, our churches to sign, our denominations to sign, our different organizations to sign. It is an action that we can take, an action that will bring hope and begin to make a difference. Thank you. Thank you so much, Rachel. And I just put the link in the chat to sign the treaty as an individual, but we will get into a few more resources shortly. But thank you so much for that overview and for making that kind of really salient connections to what's happening on the earth. We're gonna open it up with a few questions. And while folks are maybe just framing their questions, you can again, you can ask your question in the chat or use the raise hand function and we'll call on you. But maybe I will just start with one, which is wondering if you could just share a little bit about your experience bringing a motion to a big faith institution, like to the Anglican Consultative Council and whether you faced challenges in bringing that about or whether there was already kind of momentum and traction to accept that motion and accept that resolution. And if there's any strategies, you can share with folks here that may be able to kind of do a similar, bring a similar motion to their own church body here in Canada. Thank you. And yeah, so it was the Anglican Consultative Council in Ghana. And I think one of the most important things is who do you get to speak and to sign up? So you can do your preparation. So I obviously prepared a PowerPoint and I had some of the facts and the figures and explain what it was. But then I was quite careful in choosing the people because I was just a visitor, I wasn't a rep from the province. So the person who was going to propose and second the motion, it's quite important that you choose people, I think choose people. I mean, it was quite good because it was like five days in from the conference. So I was able to kind of suss out who are the people who were a good speakers and who've also got credibility. We had, they had visited some of the places where the slaves had been in Ghana and there was a very powerful priest who was from Barbados and who'd spoken really passionately. And I was like, wow, this guy it's very passionate. He's making the links between environmental justice and racism and environmental racism. So I think, yeah, if you're going to bring a resolution to your diocese or your church or something, yeah, to think about who will speak with this issue with passion. You can prepare the science and you can prepare the slides that say what the treaty is and whatever, but you need to have a couple of people who are going to speak to it that are coming with the right voices and coming that are sort of difficult people to vote against really.  So to link up, you quote the archbishop always does well, quote your bishop or whatever if you're speaking and try and link in with stuff that has already been discussed. So it's not like you're coming, you're coming with something new, like I was able to also say, well, the Anglic, the African bishops where we really need gas and oil as saying no to new oil and gas. So try and build on things that have already been maybe passed at previous resolutions. And also if you can find other dioceses or other denominations, it's very powerful if you can come and say, because I was able to say, well, the World Council of Churches has already signed up on this and mentioned other people that had already. So do a little bit of homework in terms of which other churches or denominations have already signed up. And then you can mention those names and that always really helps as well. That's great, thanks. And you touched on just at the end there, a point that I was going to make earlier just about just the endorsements that I do know from faith groups in Canada that are kind of connected within the Kairos network and within the kind of ecumenical network. And so you can see those on the fossil fuel nonproliferation treaty website, but I'd be happy to kind of put that list together for folks. But I do know the World Council of Churches, as Rachel just mentioned, obviously the Anglican Communion as she's just called, but I know a climate action working group from the Mennonite Church, Canada has endorsed and there's religious orders, Saint-Croblat and the Sisters of St. Joseph and others, the L'Adautosie movement, student-Christian movement, there are kind of many within our orbit that we can kind of build momentum with already and then reach out to others. There's a few questions coming in. One from Karla, what is the best way we can help stop the demand for fossil fuels? I think the best way to stop the demand for fossil fuels is to make them more expensive. So we've got to stop the subsidizing of fossil fuels.  So if we can stop the subsidies, then we need to get to the point where it is a no-brainer, when nobody's going to want to touch fossil fuels because they're too expensive. I think we have to face the fact that there's a small percentage of the planet that are willing to make sacrifices and we'll say, I will reduce my carbon footprint and I won't do this and I won't do that. That's a small, they're too small. What we need to do is we need to make fossil fuels so expensive that everybody will say, I don't want to touch them. And we're getting there, we are almost there, but we need to speed it up. And I think the most important thing will be to do everything we can. I don't know if you saw what happened in Holland over the last few days, so exciting. 25,000 people took to the streets to say, let us stop subsidizing fossil fuels. Absolutely brilliant. And the police were so, the police were busy arresting, they arrested a thousand people, they used water cannons. And then the police said, politicians, you've got to sort this out because this isn't a, it's not like a law thing. It is a political thing and you have got to sort it out. Otherwise people are going to keep protesting. So I think number one, we've got to get rid of that. We've got to make fossil fuels expensive. And the only way we can do that is taking the subsidies off because they are, it's pushing them to make them too cheap. And then I think the other thing, personally we can do as individuals, we can make absolutely darn sure that none of our money is going to fossil fuels, whether it is our pension schemes, whether it is the church's money, let us stop giving the moral support to fossil fuels. The Church of England after a lot of battling by church members has divested from fossil fuels. And it was very fascinating for me to see where that was reported. It was reported in the financial times. It was, I mean, although the Church of England money is not huge, it's got a lot of moral weight. So I think if each one of us can go and have the conversation with your financial advisor, I don't want my pensions in fossil fuels. If you can push your church to take their money, maybe you need to change banks. We need to put pressure on banks. Also a lot of insurance companies now are saying that they're particularly coal. People do not want to put money into coal. So we can speak to our financial advisors. And also, yeah, so look at your bank. Is your bank financing fossil fuel projects and threaten them and be willing to move? What is your pension scheme doing? And put as much pressure on the reduction of the fossil fuel subsidies. I think those would be the main ones. All right, thank you. I have two folks wondering if you're willing to, one, share your slides, but if folks could kind of use them in their own presentations with context or yeah. Yeah, the thing is it's quite big. So I can very happily send it to Beth as a we transfer. And I'm not sure how you would get it to other people, but I'll send it to Beth and she can see what she can do, but it's rather large. So maybe people should ask you and then you can send it to them. Otherwise, you send it as a PDF, but then it's difficult for you to reuse, but I'm happy to send it to Beth and she can do the techie stuff. Sure, sure, that's great. And we have a question from Martin. Over to you, Martin. Thank you. I have to put my question in the chat. Oh, sorry, just thought, okay. Thank you, yeah. How can we decolonize the mineral fossil fuels extraction and development for green energy? Sure, that's a very big one. You know, I mean, I was saying today to somebody, it's like we want to just transition. The transition is happening. I mean, we're moving from fossil fuels to renewable energy, but the big danger is it becomes another colonial issue where the big North American, the big European companies make all the profit. I mean, for instance, if you look at Africa, Africa's got everything. We have got so, we've got the sun. We've got the wind. We've got the green minerals. Now, we should be able to look back in 20 years' time and say renewable energies took Africa out of poverty. Or will we look back and say renewable, the renewable transition made Europeans more rich and Africa more poor? And I think the key thing is how do we decentralize renewable energy? So for instance, what's happening now in South Africa, which has been exciting as they've just brought in the feed-in tariff. So now with the feed-in tariff, you can have lots and lots of small solar projects or farms, a community, a school, a church can actually be generating energy for profit. And you don't need a big company coming in. You can do it yourself. A small company will put the solar and then the profit comes to the community or the church or the school. What we don't want is Shell finally deciding that they can make more money out of renewables than they're making out of oil. And then saying, oh, we're going to come in and build the massive solar farms and we will make the profit from that. So you're right, Martin, we are at a crossroads and it's a very dangerous crossroads because we could go the wrong way. Where this becomes another colonialist extraction and the minerals from Africa get taken, the profit from the solar energy gets taken and shareholders in Switzerland and New York and Toronto get richer and richer. So I think it's, yeah, that's a very huge question. How do you limit capitalism? Big question. But I think we have to look at how we can decentralize and particularly solar energy can be decentralized. Yeah, big question, that one. Thanks, Rachel, and thank you, Martin, for that question. Thank you very much. Thank you. This is only one little piece of that very, very large undertaking, but there are many groups in Canada calling for corporate accountability of Canadian mining companies working abroad. And that is just one kind of piece that we can push here is to ensure that those, as Rachel mentioned, the reputation of Canadian companies is not great overseas. And what we can be doing here is ensuring that corporate accountability is taken into place since we'd be happy to share some links about that particular piece. But I know that's just one part of a very large conversation around decolonization. Are there other questions? Oh, yes. Okay, I see a few more. Okay. A question from Jim. Alluding to helping coal mining communities building solar panels in the presentation, a proverbial elephant in the room is how do environmentalists cooperate with organized labor and indigenous leadership to address the day-to-day economic issues of working class people to build a much larger ally ship and coalitions for action for systemic change or for system change? That's a big question. Yeah. That's a very, very good question. I think that, I mean, one of the key things that we've seen is, I mean, talking from a South African context, is you had the environmental movement, which tended to be sort of middle class, mostly white people. And then you had the social justice movements. And it's not until social justice and environmental movements come together and where they come together is around environmental racism. Then the two streams come together, like the theme for season of creation, the rivers of justice have to flow together. And I think the coming together is around environmental racism and environmental injustice. And then the issues of working class people, which is predominantly your coal mining areas. I think it's about building relationships and not speaking about them, but speaking with them. I mean, I've been to meetings sort of discussing coal, and there's not a single miner in the room. And you're like, how do you discuss this concept where you've got nobody from the affected community?  I want my job. So I feel like nothing, that principle of nothing about us without us. And I think sometimes in NGOs and environmental movements, we're a bit guilty of that, that we talk about people rather than having them in the room and discussing and actually really learning. And as I mentioned, I think when Trump and Hillary Clinton were standing against each other and they said that she never went to those areas because she presumed they would vote for her and she didn't listen to their fears of the loss of coal was one of the issues that made her lose. Yeah. So what is the working class people, organized labor and indigenous leadership? How do we bring those three together is a very, very big question. But I think you just have to try and listen, listen more and talk less somehow, try and really understand the issues and why people. And one of the things I remember speaking to somebody from the Sierra Club once and it was about closing down a coal power station. And they said, we never talk about climate change. We talk about children because we all care about our children. We all care about our children's health. We all care about the future. And I think if one can come together around the intergenerational injustice thing and what kind of world do we want our kids to have? Do we want our kids to grow up close to coal mining where they're getting chest problems and health issues? Do we want our children to grow up where the forest burn every year? What future do we want for our kids? So somehow finding something that we can come together with. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you, Rachel, for that. We have maybe just time to read out one more kind of question. It's a bit of a question maybe to the room, but from Laura and then we'll just all kind of wrap things up with some resourcing and closing. But Laura writes, I live in Saskatchewan and our government along with Alberta is perceived both nationally and internally as immovable, internationally as immovable in its support for ongoing fossil fuel use and expansion. However, I just saw a story this morning saying there is public support in Alberta for an emissions cap, a current policy controversy. I'm wondering if we can promote the fossil fuel nonproliferation treaty with emphasis on making the phase global. So that's maybe a strategy to us in Canada. A common refrain here is the what about ism that says why should we do it when others are not. I think it is a tricky argument to make, especially when we want to look at historical emissions and capacity to share, but we have to try. Laura, did you want to add to that? I just corrected. I did mean internally that people here think that we can't move. And this story just this morning echoes things that I've seen other places that people underestimate how much support there is for among their own neighbors for action. So that any final thoughts from you, Rachel, before I. On the question of the emissions cap. I'm not quite sure exactly what that would mean with that mean that Alberta was allowed to emit up to a certain amount, but other states were not. I mean, I don't I'm not really. Yeah, it's a policy. Alberta has a cap on its books that's never been implemented that would basically in effect halt the oil sands eventually because they would run out of room in this budget. And I believe the current controversy is to implement a non-fossil fuel non-proliferation. And I don't think it's going to be a non-fossil fuel. Emissions cap. So they're they're related to the fossil fuel non-proliferation. But what I was getting at is that we seem to have this. It's a. It's a federal. Challenge is that Alberta and Saskatchewan oppose what. A lot of the rest of the country wants to do. We could make significant inroads by putting it in terms of fossil fuel non-proliferation globally and saying, it's not that we want to handicap ourselves. It's that we want to be part of a global effort. And that would be fair. It wouldn't be us halting while China keeps building on building coal plants, which is what you commonly hear from people here is why should we do it when others are not? I mean, China's transition is absolutely incredible, actually. I mean, they probably can end up saving the planet. I mean, they are transitioning very, very fast.  Just like, oh, there's fires. It's tricky. Again, with this poll, it suggests that it's more nuanced than the social media, for example, would suggest. There are a lot of people, and I've run into them personally, who are saying, well, the wildfires are being set deliberately by environmentalists. And so people are in these information bubbles that are fed really awful things, and they're buying it. So, yeah, it's really challenging and disturbing, but I think there is a big middle of people who really don't know what to believe, and they're here both, and they're just not sure. With that, yeah, that is our uphill boulder to push. I think, yeah, I was talking to Rachel a little bit earlier about that movable middle, which I think, yeah, our energies can be put there. But, yeah, I just noticed that we only have a few more minutes together, and I just wanted to share some resources and kind of put a question to the room here. So, one, I've shared the link to endorse as an individual, but then, as Rachel mentioned, there are kind of those next steps to then seek endorsement from a bigger body within your community, your church, your national church, your city council. And so I'd like to know, within this room, within this group here, maybe what you feel that you would like to explore as an action to kind of go beyond that individual endorsement, and how might we, at the National Chirus Office, help to support that. So I've heard one thing where let's share Rachel's slides, and that can be used as a tool in your communication, so I'd be happy to put that slide together and wonder if it would be helpful for there to be kind of some additional Canadian-specific things within that presentation. What examples of motions be helpful or a letter kind of within a Canadian context to decision makers. If there's something that you're really looking for, maybe just put it right in in the chat, and if you can't think on the spot right now, just send me an email later. But we are, Shannon and I have been in conversation to build out a webpage on the Cairo site about the treaty and linking to some of these resources, so we will do that. But in the meantime, I'm just going to share a link to the campaign materials page from the treaty network, and some of the resources that you'll find there. So I'm just putting that in the chat now. Yeah, so there's campaign materials, and within that there's an amplification pack. There's a guide to meet with political representatives. That's a very kind of global resource, but we'll probably have some relevant things for Canadians. You can ask your MP to sign the parliamentarian's call, and you can see which MPs have already signed on to that with the link. And then there's just some 10 more fun ways, maybe to create momentum and using some creativity to support the treaty. Yeah, so yeah, if you do have ideas, if you want to save the chat with all these links right now, at the bottom of your screen, there's a three underneath the chat window. There's three little dots. And if you just click on that, or right click on that, you should say save chat. But don't you worry, I'm going to follow up with all of them in an email. And some folks have asked for the, yes, there will be a recording that we will circulate around, so you can certainly use the recording of the, yeah, you can use the recording within your activities. And I'm just seeing, yes, the presentation, including who has signed on. Yes, that's good. Print out of the slides. Yes, we can make that happen. And yes, and then focus on some regional, yeah, conversation around Roblox. So again, this is a beginning of a conversation. We had an event earlier this week where some, some interesting points were raised about the Canadian context and kind of continuing that here. So we are happy to facilitate more space for conversations around the treaty and a letter to churches. So that's great. We'll start pulling all of those resources together and communicate that with you. And just wanted to finally close one with a big thank you to Reverend Rachel Mash for joining us today. Our afternoon and her evening. Really grateful for your presence. And just to note that we are in the middle of climate action week and it continues tomorrow and through the weekend on today's blog on the Cairo's website, we're exploring connections between climate justice and migrant justice with an invitation to the regularization for all day of action on Sunday, September 17th. So check that out. And there's a link to the day of action page with a map of, or I think it's a list of where actions are taking place across the country. On the blog tomorrow, we're going to have a reflection from Yusra Shafi who had a recent experience at the parliament of the world's religions, leading some climate discussion there. And it's been noted in the chat, but yes, this year's global climate strike actions will take place from Friday tomorrow, September 15th through Sunday, September 17th, with actions across the country. And I'm just going to share the link to the Fridays for future map. And if you don't already have plans to attend an action in your community, you should be able to find more details on those actions here. And I think that brings us to the end, that's everything. So thank you so much for your contributions today for the questions and for being with us. Thank you, Beth and Rachel so much. Thank you so much. Thank you. Have a good day everyone. Thanks everyone. Bye.


My friend Frank Diana put together this slide which you can when you download it look at more detail But basically what it means is that we have exponential changes, but they're also combinatorial That means on top of each other This is the scary part if it was just one thing like 3d printing or artificial intelligence We could follow that but now we have 28 or something all happening at the same time The internet are things cognitive systems now the technology robotics the blockchain digital money They're all happening on top of each other So not only do we have to think exponential we have to think combinatorial, right? We have to look lateral I have to see what else is happening around us And we also have to think of it as a Combined effort where we go from one to the other fairly quickly the company really knows how to do this was mentioned earlier as Tesla I mean Tesla is the the combinatorial company by definition. They're not a car company. They are a mobility company They are an energy company. They're in the solar business. They want to redo our grid They're actually in all of those businesses Of course, that's a lot easier if you have Elon Musk as a CEO And if you can go like you just go for it right without Considering shareholders or ROI or you know as a big company like a big bank. This is a lot harder, obviously Because they have history and legacy