So, I am happy to introduce Francesco Genovese. The title of your talk is derived Gabrielle Popescu-Teoreng for T-Structures via Derived Injectives. Okay, thanks for giving me the opportunity to speak in this conference. Just to say this work is joined with Julia Ramos Gonzalez. We are both in the University of Antwerp. I mean, I'm going to leave soon, but we're still in the University of Antwerp. So, okay, what I want to talk about here to today is not really toposteery, but maybe something which looks more like linear toposteery. So, first, let me just tell you how can we understand the concept of linear topoey? What should they be? Well, first, for ordinary topoey, we have categories and pre-shifts. So, if we look for linear analogs, then what should they be? Well, not really surprisingly, categories should be replaced by linear categories.  And instead of pre-shifts, you'll have modules. Modules on what? Modules over linear categories. So, indeed, if you have a linear category, let's say this small a, what you can define is the abelian category of modules. Right modules, if you want, which are just linear functors from the opposite to the category of abelian groups. Here, I wrote modules over the integers. If you want to replace the integers with any other base ring, it's okay. It's perfectly okay. So, what should a linear topo speed then? Well, this is kind of well understood. And the answer, this should be a grotenic abelian category. So, grotenic abelian category means just that it's an abelian category that it is co-complete, filtered, co-limits are exact, and it has a small set of generators. And the key result on grotenic, a key result on grotenic abelian categories, which, if you want, tells you that they are really something like linear topo is the famous Gabriel Popescu theorem. So, let me just recall it. So, here you are, here you have it. So, you start with a grotenic abelian category. You take the small subcategory spun by the generators, and then you have the restricted unit of functor. Just take an object with the modules over the subcategory of generators obtained just by restriction. And this functor is fully faithful. And moreover, it has an exact left of joint. And also, in particular, let me tell you just a little detail. A way you can prove this theorem is contained in a very short paper by Mitchell from 1981, I think, and one key argument, I mean, this is based on a trick. And one key argument is that exactness of the left of the left of joint is the same as G preserving injectives. Okay. Okay, fine. So, here if you want you have a you have a slogan. Now, then grotenic abelian categories are exact localizations of module categories. So categories of the form module modules over some small linear category if you want. If you want another analogy, then you can view discoverable Pesco theorem if you want is somehow a linear version of the G code theorem. So, then, I mean this was the like the preamble if you want, then what do we want, what do we want to do. The goal is like go derived. So, the goal is to try and understand the notion of linear higher top way. So higher top way we we we now know we know know something about them. Thanks to the course we had this conference but I want to concentrate on how do you how do you make this linear. So, first, then you see that what we want is indeed some higher counterpart of grotenic abelian categories. And in particular, higher counterpart of the category modules. And what what would be the idea to go to go derived I mean that there are actually many approaches, and the one I'm going to follow here is like using this this if you want this this criteria. Every time you you encounter an abelian group, you replace it with a complex of abelian groups. I mean if not a billion group of course it works on modules over any commutative ring of course. Also, we want to work up to weak isomorphism so quasi isomorphism is isomorphism means some maps with some map which induces an isomorphism co homology. And if you then linear categories are replaced by what by small the g categories I mean smaller, or big of course. The g categories doesn't mean if you linear categories is a is a category enriched in like a billion groups, then a dg category is a category enriched in complexes. And nice thing is that if you have a dg category then you get back a linear category by taking the zero to come out. And then maybe more interestingly what is the replacement then of the category of modules. Well, what we actually have is the so called derived category actually work with the g categories, or implicitly. So what, how, how do you define the derived category I'm going to cheat a little bit, but these are essentially the g fun tours. Maybe this should be understood quite, quite better but let's let's say that we cheat a little bit here, the g fun to from the opposite to the category of to the g category of complexes of a billion groups or vector spaces or whatever base you want. So there's there's there's an interesting observation to be made. This drive categories has some nice properties. For example, if you take an object in the derived category, then you can build a shift. In a complex you just shift the complex. And then if you have a map inside this derived category if you if you want this is a chain map of complexes, maybe like a little more complicated but that says a chain map of complexes sense essentially, then you can form a distinguish triangle. And in general you say that any digi category a you say that it's pre triangulated if essentially you you have these shifts, and you have these distinguished triangles inside it's inside it. So, yeah, so far so good. So we have, we have a replacement of like linear categories of the module categories but then how we understand, then the, the replacement of growth in the cabillian categories then something more has to be said. So just let me let me recall that there is a that there is a government for this pre triangulated the g categories if you want, by part in 2010, you need some suitable co completeness, and also suitable generators, but still this is not. This is not the, like, the real the complete story if you want. Namely, the problem is that if you just to just take pre triangulated the g categories by themselves. They don't look really like the higher counterpart of a billion categories, for example, I can ask this question, what is an injective object. We have an ocean of injective object. If we decide on a billion category then we maybe would like an ocean of injective object in this higher framework. We need something more. So, we make another assumption here. We assume, namely that that that that that we take a small digi category, which is now, which is then concentrated in non positive degrees. If you want, this is enriched in complexes which are just concentrated in non positive degrees. Okay, then something we can do is the following so take any object in the divided category. Then you can truncate it's just a complex if you want of a billion groups. Sorry, off of modules over this teaching category you can truncate, and you land in some subcategory of truncated objects. And then it's nice if you have truncation and then you can then you can get back homology. How do you define the homology of a module, you can you can just truncate from one side and then to another. And this thing, maybe have to put some. Okay, and this guy here is actually a module. It's actually a module over the zeroed homology of this digi category. Also, if you want to get the end homology you just shift just take the zeroed homology of a suitable shift. Okay, and then you see that that if you take that if you take the intersection of the dis truncated objects on like on the left if you want. If you take the truncated objects on the right, then it's indeed the category of modules over the H zero over the zeroed homology. So, can we generalize this maybe and the answer is yes. You have the notion of these structures. It's a crucial one here. So, what is a T structure. So you start, you start with a pre triangulated digi category a well actually you actually need just it's a multiple category. And then you have some additional data which amounts to like if you want a replacement formal replacements of this subcategory of truncated objects. Subject to some axioms of course and you and you end up with some with the possibility of making of truncating objects. So you can truncate objects and like, as I said in this subcategory of truncated objects and truncate in like on the left or on the right. And then, perhaps more crucially you can take homology of objects. You can define this age zero and also of course the H and by just shifting. And the point is here that this age zero is going to be a functor. And this functor is going to land into a specific subcategory you take the intersection of these truncated objects. So it's the heart of the T structure. And the important fact here is that this this heart is going to be is always going to be an abelian category. As like here modules over this age zero is clearly an abelian category in this case is also a growth in the category so maybe we are in the right direction. What can we do here. Yes, so just let me say going to abuse notation a little bit somehow like I make no difference between a and it's a multiple category so forgive me but just for the sake of simplicity. This this looks like to be the the right setting indeed. And let's make that let me make an example and try to convince you. I don't have much time but at least try to convince you that having a T structure enables you to, for example, speak of injective objects which we will now call derived injective objects. And the guy the injective objects what is going to be is going to be some object E in which is like lights in the like this this subcategory of truncated objects which we want it's concentrated. It's concentrated in in positive degrees if you want. Then we require that the quality of this object with respect to the T structure is injective in the heart. And also we require this compatibility if you want to take the home from any object to the injective object. And you apply the H zero factor, you land into the heart, you get this, and this has to be an isomorphism objects. I mean, and these, these injective objects actually behave quite nicely. For example, you can do some derived injective resolutions and this is exploited by by by in a work with myself with Wendy and Michelle. Or maybe if you recall, I said that we had a proof of the Gabriel Popescu theorem that the classical one for a billion categories. And a trick and involving and improving exactness of the left adjoint involved like preservation of injective objects. And then and then and then we thought well maybe we have now the derived injective objects we have the T structures which look like a nice setting where to do like higher. If you want to generalize a billion categories. And maybe so can we achieve a proof of some Gabriel Popescu theorem in the setting of these structures using these derived injectives and the answer is yes.  So, what, what what is a slogan, if you want now. If you take pre triangulated the DJ categories. And you endow them with some suitable growth in the structures. Finally, you would like to require that the heart is growth index somehow, plus some notion of generators. And these, these things now we are in a setting where we can understand this, this notion of growth index structure, even if I won't tell you because it's a little bit technical but at least if you want to have just an idea, that is going to be growth and they can have to be a notion of generators, and they're going to be some more nice compatibilities but well whatever. These things are going to be our linear higher top way. Once we have a Gabriel Popescu theorem, of course, which I'm not, which I'm now going to, to, to, to explain. So, what would be a Gabriel Popescu theorem for these structures then. So, you start with some pre triangulated DJ category, and you endow them and you endow it with a growth index structure so as I said this is going to be a T structure which is nicely behaved. And then the heart is going to be growth index, you'll have some notion of generators, which, which I'm now going to explain you. You take a set of generators. These generators are going to be objects which are going to lie in the this truncated part. So they're going to be in, if you want negative degrees, non positive degrees, and also, if you take any object, also in the left part. This is going to admit a morphism from some direct sum of objects in the two category of generators. Such that if you take the H zero, so the zeroed comology with respect to the T structure, you'll get an epimorphism in the heart. And I mean for that to be well behaved, you want also that this H zero is going to be is going to commute with arbitrary direct sums. Okay.  The first derived categories have to be our main example of growth in the T structures, but for some reason, I mean, technically, this works. If you, if your DG category, the small a is concentrated in non positive degrees. You, you don't have a natural T structure, taking the usual truncation of complexes and the usual comology of complexes. So you need to truncate, but still, it's fine. You can truncate this DG subcategory of generators. And of course you have a functor from this, this, this thing to your bigger category this structure and then you'll also have the unit that restricted you need a functor. I mean this is not really a DG functor. I'm, as I said, I'm a little bit cheating here. Yeah, but let's say it's a DG fun to even if it's not really, it's not really a DG fun. But in any case, it works like this. And the conclusion is that, that this is fully faithful in a weak sense, of course, this has to be interpreted in a weak sense, but still, and has what the exact left adjoint. The exact means a functor, the G fun to if you want, which preserves the T structures. Here you put the natural T structure I've explained before, and the structure here is given. So if you want here, the slogan. And yeah, sorry, let me just explain just just briefly, the T exactness amounts to G preserving derived injectives. So the slogan if you want that every pre triangulated DG category with this growth and the structure nice to structure is a T exact localization of a derived category of a DG category, negative non positive degrees. Okay, so it seems really that these guys are the, at least a nice way to interpret the concept of linear derived or higher topics. So as some final remarks now times almost up. This is not the only possible approach. Indeed, if you look at the spectrum algebra geometry, and you, and you go to appendix C, then you'll find the theory of pre stable infinity categories and also pre stable grotenic pre stable infinity categories. And he also has a double Pesco theorem which is more or less the same as, as the one I've told you right now. The whole thing, the thing which is, which is kind of new in our approach is that the proof is, is actually new, and is more based on the short proof of the classical Gabriels Popescu by Mitchell. And it uses it crucially uses these derived injectives. And by the way, if you just to say, just another thing to say this right injectives. You can also prove a kind of a bio criterion if you want so then really nice, there is a nice, a nice generalization of injective objects and to do to do to get this, you need these structures, or if you want, if you want to work with pre stable infinity you need something like this. So what the next then you can use of course Gabriels Popescu theorem is quite powerful you can use it to understand tensor product of this kind of categories with these structures. And in general, but this may be more far reaching then this is going to be used to understand what is a linear derived site, and also topologies, but we think that this is going to be perhaps a little more a little more difficult. So yeah, this is it and so thanks. Okay, so thank you very much for your nice token.


Ah yes, drunken sweet success, I return to Hamlet, to my personal Hamlet. My personal, the darkest book in the estate. Why do I return to this heavenly place, this place of serenity, of pure, unadulterated joy? Well, for adventure of course, and that's why we are here, correct? I have assembled once again a team of winners, a team of great man who can do great things, and I'm looking forward to seeing these great things all happen, one after the other. But let's just get straight on with it, shall we? We shall buy a variety of things, torches, bandages, skeleton keys, plenty of food, and yes, even medicinal herbs, why? Because medicine is the devil's gift, huh? What? Anyway, let's get straight on with it. I don't know how many things that I need I did not buy, I don't know how many things that I will end up not needing I bought, but we will find out, and we will find out in the warrens. It's an exciting time to be alive, and I'm looking forward. To prosecute our war against the swine, we must first scout their squalid homes. Oh yes, the swine, that's who we are after. It's not a pleasant, um, sure darling, take the hundred gold, I was going to do that. As I was saying, swine people are not the most pleasant of afternoon or dinner guests, they're in fact unpleasant and unseemly. And I'm not in the best place. Anyway, let's transform. Oh no, oh no, he's a beast, whatever shall we do?  Well this is exciting, isn't it? Ah, I do love the abomination, I have played with the abomination only once or twice before, and I suffer as a result of that. But now I will suffer no longer, I will in fact grip, um, actually I shall just pull a hex on the gigantic drum pick. Have you seen the little pig, nuh-uh, I have not. But I know that I have stabbed it at one time or another, oh no, I really did not need that. Anyway, rage, whoa. That was so much fun. That's exactly what I was planning on doing, dear ancestor. Um, damn, I forgot to take the holy water. Hey, it still gave me lots of great things. Wow, that's actually really nice. Right, so we have nothing all that bad. Ah, but here we are going to get some food. Oh, another buff. Damn, Pops is getting to be quite the monster. On account of him being an abomination, this should not impress or scare anyone. And the best part is I'm not camping, so this is all game long. Come on, I need battle. I need to test my skill. Oh no. No. Oh, well, this was better than I expected.  But no. Oh well, as long as spirits are lifted, let's see. 500 gold. So far, a worthy investition. It seems. At least it seems. Let's see, what can we do? Do I need to absolve myself? Not really. I need to transform into the biggest scary beast. And then I need to raid these folks and cut them to bits and pieces. Let's see. Oh, well.  But how do I do that with a simple little grave robber? I don't. In fact, I think it would be much better.  What are you anyway, a slavering goo? I am going to contact your superior, you know. That really did nothing for me, did it? Huh. Let's take a short recess and cut people, or rather, gools and pigs to bits and pieces. Ah, Ratman, good job. Ratman is just the best. He knows what he's doing and he is always on point. Always. He never lets me down. I'm sure I will regret this moment in five episodes or so when Ratman will invariably die in the most horrific, horrible and terrible way. Can I cut you to bits and pieces? Yes. A very fine job indeed. Or is it merely a trick of the light? Well, it's always optics and illusions, dear ancestor, so... Oh, God! What are you?  Oh, I can get both of them. Surely a sad moment for all. Sure, let's go with the corpse-eater. He is an unknown and that worries me. Sonia, praises be with you. Time to transform back into a gigantic, horrible, terrible monster.  He's a friend. He's an ally. Masterfully executed. And he hits like a truck. What do we need now? Vulnerability hacks. We might. We will. We... We're going to take use of this. Most certainly. Ha ha. You dodge.   Still, a good job. Can we get a... Ah, he resisted that. A most unpleasant business. And the swine tour also resisted. I did not expect that of all things. Hmm. Let's try and end you. And so we do. Cheers. And in case you're wondering, yes, that was me drinking whiskey in the middle of the night.  The enemy is marked. I should probably return to my human form. But I think not. A fine job. And an even better one. I'm filled with... excitement over how well I'm doing right now. Please don't force me to... bite my tongue on this one. Please, game.  Apparently not. But hey, stress helps. Now play, now play. You want to play? Why won't you play? What do we get from this? Stress minus one. Really doesn't do much, Dere. Perhaps the turning point. Yes. The turning point is... This expedition at least promises success. Ah, very good. Very fine. Did I find a key in the hidden locked compartment? Which I unlocked with a key? Really? Is that how desperate we are now? Such blockages are unsurprising. These tunnels predate even the earliest settlers. Well, I know that. Don't think I don't. No enemies. So all this was... absolutely wasteful. Truly a sad day to play a game like this. When nothing exciting comes out of it. A fine job, Sonia, as always. She never disappoints, not with the traps. Let's see. How many dangers, alright. Oh, more of your large corpse eaters. Now maybe I will understand what you actually do here. Let's get some... Ah, blight isn't working for you, is it? Yeah, that only makes too much sense, actually. Fine, blight doesn't work, then bestiality share does. Whoops, did I mean to say that? Find out in our special promo, next week from 9. I'm kidding, of course. There is no special promo done to await anything of the like. Oh, poor Ratman. You're getting closer and closer to the Ratmen of Hell, I guess. More and more excitement awaits. What a grit! This was truly a wonderful, wonderful strike. I'm feeling almost emotional right now. I love to find that these plague doctors are, in fact, or I think that they are women. I find that to be most interesting. And now I can hit two for the price of one. And ouch, that actually hurts.  This monster's size has no intrinsic merit, unless inordinate sanguination be considered a virtue. It is not considered a virtue, I'm afraid, but thank you for that... A trifling victory. But a victory nonetheless. As I was saying, thank you for that insightful commentary in human nature. I and all my viewers appreciate it very deeply. Uh-oh. Is it a disease or blood thirsty? Oh, well. She's not getting the noble reward... Sorry, reward for human... Bluh-bluh. Humanitarian of the year. Is she? Certainly not. Okay, my tongue seemed to get... Ugh, seriously. Watch where you're going, Stanley. This is not the Stanley Parable. Uh-oh. Hey, it's loot.  That is actually refreshing, I know. Let's eat all the food anyway. Nah, that's enough. That's okay. Good job. Nothing to return. Nothing to explore more, rather. So we shall return. Impossible. And we've even got a nice bit of bounty. Uh... A fine turn of events. Ugh, seriously, I need to remove that. It's just such a nasty thing. Oh, that's fantastic. Lethargy, Bad and Horuslayer. Actually, very, very good. And Sonia became a master, which makes her all the more awesome at the end of the day. In time, you will know the tragic extent of my failings. Good job. Sadly, there are no town events for the second week in a row. And I was also looking forward to that. Oh well. God, I have so many things to kill. Anyway, thank you guys for watching. This has been fun, right? I mean, sure it has been. I... Intense craving for alcohol. Flagilation. Right, so he both has an intense craving for alcohol. And he is flagalant. Not the best combination, if you ask me.  I hope he doesn't lose any more of my gold. I never appreciated when people do that, you know. Huh, tip player. Well, you'll have to wait, Pops. But thank you. Really surprisingly well. Can we get some new people? No. None that I'm interested in. Anyway. My roaster is not good enough. I need more people. I need more abominations. I need... Yeah, that's about it. I like my abominations like I like my women. Abominable. Thank you guys for watching. I hope I will see you next time. Bye.


Virus mutations happen when the virus is making copies of itself inside of our cells. When the virus infects us, it attaches to the outside of our cell and then works its way to the inside. Once inside, its job is to make multiple copies of itself to then be released to go infect more cells. It makes those copies by copying its genetic material, called RNA, so that that can become the new viruses. When it's doing that copying, it can make errors and when it makes those mistakes, the genetic material is changed. That results in a change in the new viruses, either in its structure or function and how it behaves. And this can lead to changes in how easily it's transmitted or spread, how easily and how much disease it causes, and how well it responds to vaccines and to different treatments.


When campaigning against marijuana in the 1930s, Harry Anslinger loved telling the story of the original assassins. As the story goes, the Persian group under the control of the old man of the mountain named Hassan ibn al-Saba, ibn stands for the son of. I learned that from the Muslim failure, Rania here. I had to ask her out or pronounce the name and she told me that, oh, ibn means for that. Hassan, the son of Saba, he had their fear of death removed by drinking hashish, which is of course a cannabis extract, and this is what removed their inhibitions for slaughtering people. And as a result, they carried out orders for Hassan without question, in a way so absolute that it would make modern military leaders jealous. Hassan used his assassins to plunder and terrorize Persia. Marco Pola told this original story and Hassan would initiate new recruits by feeding them hashish until they passed out and then he would have them transported into a beautiful palace garden he had designed and in the garden, there were gorgeous women and delicacies just tantalizing these young men, representing the eternal rewards that would come from obeying Hassan.  So the actors posing as severed heads would tell the recruits about the afterlife and how to get there. So the garden essentially represented heaven and blindly following Hassan was the way to gain access. And finally, they would be fed hashish again until they passed out and they were removed from the garden, newly loyal to their master, Hassan. The story of course is apocryphal. It was a legend retold by Marco Polo and the story evolved so that hashish eventually was supposedly directly responsible for the violence caused by the assassins. They take the hashish before going into battle and it would make them crazy and violent murderers, right? So according to some versions of the story, the word assassin is derived from the word hashish as in hash hashins. Though this is not accepted by everybody, other people claim that assassin is simply derived from the name Hassan. Whatever version of the story is true, if any, doesn't really matter. In the history of marijuana in the United States, this story was a favorite of Harry Anzlinger to show people how dangerous marijuana was. And in a testimony against marijuana, Anzlinger said, quote, in Persia, a thousand years before Christ, there was a religious and military order founded which was called the assassins and they derived their name from the drug called hashish, which is now known in this country as marijuana. They were noted for their acts of cruelty and the word assassin very aptly describes the drugs. I'm Chris Calton and this is the Mises Institute podcast historical controversies. Today I'm going to be talking about one of libertarianism's favorite controversies, marijuana, and specifically the origins of marijuana criminalization, which is just a fascinating history and one of the starkest examples of the dangers and immorality of government. So the first law regulating marijuana as well as cocaine and opium was the pure food and drug act of 1906. And this required products to list marijuana as an intoxicating ingredient. So it was just a mild regulation at the time. And but this legislation paved way for the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 that made it illegal for non medical consumers to possess cocaine or opiates. Now marijuana was not criminalized as a part of the Harrison Narcotics Act, but it was included in the early drafts of the law, but it was removed because it had so many important medical uses. So marijuana remained legal at the federal level for another 23 years. The majority of marijuana users in the country at this time were either black or Mexican. And the earliest laws passed against marijuana were designed as a pretext for harassing Mexicans, blacks and Indians being immigrants from India, not Native Americans. So Henry J. Finger, who was a member of the California Board of Pharmacy, wrote a letter in 1911 saying that within the last year, we in California have been getting a large influx of Hindus and they have in turn started quite a demand for cannabis indica. They are a very undesirable lot and the habit is growing in California very fast. The fear is now that it is not being confined to the Hindus alone, but that they are initiating our whites into this habit. So this was essentially the beginning of the political fears, the political demagoguery of racial stigmatization of marijuana that that was being driven to pass legislation against the corruption of whites by these minorities. Mexicans and blacks would be the big specters. But of course, in California, where you had Indian immigrants and they had cannabis indica, cannabis indica grew primarily in the Middle East. This is a bit of an aside, but it's interesting history. Whereas cannabis sativa, which would grow more and warmer climates. That's what we actually had coming up from Mexico, which was the bulk of marijuana up until the 70s. And when Nixon started pushing the Mexican government to spray periquette on the Mexican marijuana plants in the 1970s, a bunch of hippies went out on the old hashish trail in the Middle East and they brought back cannabis indica, which would grow better in colder climates. So that's actually what you see predominantly in the black market today is cannabis indica because it grows in more areas of the United States. But at this time, cannabis indica was not very common. It was only used by predominantly used, I should say by Indian immigrants. Whereas Mexicans and African Americans predominantly used cannabis sativa that came up from Mexico, Caribbean and South America. So California established itself as the pioneering state for bad ideas early on by criminalizing marijuana in 1913. So California was the first state to criminalize marijuana. And this was a year before the Harrison Narcotics Act was passed. Now, in 1907, they had also criminalized opium and cocaine. So they preceded all the federal laws on drugs. So marijuana did not precede cocaine and opium and criminalization in California, but California preceded the national government in all three drugs. Texas was the next to follow El Paso. The city of El Paso passed a bylaw in 1914 that outlawed marijuana because it incited violence. This was their claim. The city had a large population of blacks and Mexicans. And it was no secret that anti cannabis laws were racially motivated. So in 1919, when the state senate in Texas was debating a statewide anti marijuana law, there was one Texas state senator who said, and I'm quoting here, all Mexicans are crazy and this stuff, marijuana, is what makes them crazy. So in 1919, Texas criminalized marijuana as well. So with this precedent set, southern and western states in particular started lobbying for federal legislation as a means of targeting racial minorities. There was a politician in Montana arguing for a law similar to that in Texas who claimed that, and again, I'm quoting, give one of these Mexican beat filled workers a couple of puffs on a marijuana cigarette. And he thinks he is in the bull ring at Barcelona. Barcelona is in Spain. So it's kind of a silly, silly comparison in the first place. So this kind of racism and demagoguery was not isolated to political speeches. I want to read an excerpt from the New York Times article from July 6th, the 1927, that helped establish some of these early misconceptions about marijuana that were used to justify its criminalization. The headline read, Mexican family goes insane. So a very good gripping headline. And it was a story about a family living in Mexico City. And it read, here's the passage. It said, a widow and her four children have been driven insane by eating the marijuana plant, according to doctors, who say that there is no hope of saving the children's lives and that the mother will be insane for the rest of her life. The tragedy occurred while the body of the father who had been killed was still in a hospital. The mother was without money to buy other food for her children, whose ages range from three to 15. So they gathered some herbs and vegetables growing in the yard for their dinner. Two hours after the mother and children had eaten the plants, they were stricken. Neighbors hearing outbursts of crazed laughter rush to the house to find the entire family insane. Examination revealed that the narcotic marijuana was growing among the garden vegetables. Now, we know, of course, today that cannabis does not make people insane. But if you remember from the previous episode, this fear had already been raised in an investigation in the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission in Britain that refuted the notion that cannabis caused insanity in 1893, and this was information that the United States had access to, obviously, as there were already international drug conferences taking place in the first decade of the 20th century. The international drug conferences are mostly revolved around opium. Nonetheless, I mean, the idea that they didn't have this information is unlikely. In 1931, another anti-marijuana warrior came into the scene and his name was a doctor named A. E. Fossier, whose motivations to get marijuana criminalized were also openly racist. He wrote an article entitled The Marijuana Menace, which was published in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal. I'll read another passage from this. He said, the debasing and baneful influence of hashish and opium is not restricted to individuals, but has manifested itself in the nations and races as well, the dominant race and most enlightened countries are alcoholic, whilst the races and nations addicted to hemp and opium, some of which once attained to heights of culture and civilization, have deteriorated both mentally and physically. Excuse me, I had trouble not laughing while I was reading some of that. Remember that? Remember that this was back when prohibition was still in effect. So Fossier was saying that the great race being whites drank alcohol while the inferior races, everybody else, used either opium or cannabis. It was no coincidence that this was the case. And as the absurdity of this conclusion wasn't apparent enough, he was observing New Orleans in the late 1920s while writing this article. And there, the vast majority of the people arrested for narcotics were US-born whites. They didn't have a very large Mexican population there. So most of the arrestees were whites. So he literally just fabricating his observations. And so the fear of white women being seduced by cannabis users was drummed up by a Canadian feminist named Emily Murphy, writing under the suit. I love her pseudonym, Janie Knuck. And so MacLean's magazine asked her to write some pieces on the Canadian drug problem, and much of what she wrote was simply taken from American publications.  She told the story, quoting another passage, of an addict who died this year in British Columbia, who told how he was frequently jeered at as a white man accounted for. This man belonged to a prominent family. The common go-to is these are upper class, well-to-do white people. So this man belonged to a prominent family and used to relate how the Chinese peddlers taunted him with their superiority at being able to sell the dope without using it and by telling him how the yellow race would rule the world. They would strike at the white race through dope. And when the time was ripe, would command the world. Some of the Negroes coming into Canada, and they are no fiddle-faddle fellows either, have similar ideas. And one of the greatest writers has boasted how ultimately they will control the white men. And in another article, she perpetuated the insanity myth as well. She wrote, persons using marijuana smoke, the dried leaves of the plant, which has the effect of driving them completely insane. The addict loses all sense of moral responsibility. Addicts to this drug while under its influence are immune to pain, become raving maniacs and are liable to kill or indulge in any form of violence to other person. Now, this is the same kind of stuff we hear about. Methodics today. And it's also the stuff we'll find out in the cocaine episode was used to argue that cocaine addicts were not stoppable by typical police bullets, so we had to get higher caliber bullets in our police guns because of the cocaine-addled drug addict. So, of course, these are the same lies that have been told for decades, decades now. And it's also worth mentioning that at the time of her writing these articles, cannabis was really non-existent in Canada. So she was pulling most of this from American publications, but her writing still strongly contributed to the changing of the opinion of drug users as victims, the sympathetic view, to the hostile opinion of drug users being a danger to civilized society. And Canada ended up criminalizing marijuana in 1923, which was a decade before marijuana would even be imported into Canada. So another scene, the jazz scene was the primary source of negatively associating cannabis with blacks in the 1920s. Louis Armstrong famously loved marijuana, but the most interesting story is that of Armstrong's marijuana dealer named Milton Mesrow, who went by the nickname Mez. So this is a bit of an aside, but I think the story is just too good not to tell. So Mez was not black. He was a Jewish kid from Chicago. But when he was a teenager, he got busted trying to steal a car. And he got sent to a reform school where he made friends with some black musicians. And while he was there, he basically decided that he was going to become a negro. These are his words. He learned how to play the saxophone to become a jazz musician, but he wasn't very good, but he made a name for himself as a supplier of marijuana for the jazz music scene.  Sorry, Rachel. Mezzi Mesrow has you beat by decades. In 1940, he was actually listed by the Army Draft Board as a negro. And this just delighted him to no end. So marijuana was a part of the jazz culture at the time, and they genuinely thought this made them better musicians. Now, whether or not this is true, I'll leave up to people who listened to jazz, which I don't, but the fact that they believed that cannabis had this effect was important in this history. So jazz clubs were also significant because they were a place in which the races intermingled quite a bit.  So now you had cannabis associated with racial mixing, which was just horrifying to many people at the time. You might also argue that marijuana was the way that blacks coped with racism at the time. Keep in mind, this is a time when southern cities would still advertise in newspapers, the public lynching of black people, and then the people attending would sell postcards of the events to their friends. So Louis Armstrong, when talking about marijuana, he once said, it makes you feel good, man. It relaxes you, makes you forget all the bad things to happen to a negro. So there were racial motivations behind every aspect of marijuana use. And this all meant the buildup of ammunition against legal marijuana use that would be used by the godfather of the war on drugs, a man named Harry Anselinger. So Harry Anselinger is often credited as the man who created the move to get marijuana criminalized, but he was really building largely on anti-marijuana ideas that were already in place. What he really did was bring these ideas all together into a widespread national narrative that would finally culminate in a country wide ban on marijuana. So there's a lot of elements to this story. And I'm going to try to touch on all of them because I think they're important. So on August 12th, 1930, the government created the Federal Bureau of Narcotics within the US Treasury Department. The original Harrison Narcotics Act did not create a prohibition of narcotics. It just required doctors and pharmacists to keep records of their drugs and to pay a stamp tax on them. So the Treasury Department was given enforcement powers to collect these taxes, which is why the FBN was part of the Treasury Department. Harry Anselinger was appointed as the first head of the FBN and would stay there until 1962. Anselinger was every bit the rival of J. Edgar Hoover and his newly created FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation. And I consider it a pretty big oversight in the typical historical narrative that Anselinger isn't viewed as being of similar importance today, especially given the remarkable consequences of the war on drugs that Anselinger gave birth to. J. Edgar Hoover wanted to bolster the reputation of his agency by targeting enemies of the state, and Anselinger responded by targeting drug addicts and organized crime. Now, obviously, J. Edgar Hoover won that battle for notoriety, but again, Anselinger's legacy is ongoing.  Part of Anselinger's strategy for building up the importance of his department was to tackle cannabis once and for all. And if you look up quotes from Anselinger on his killer weed, as he called it, they're absolutely laughable today, but people actually took him quite seriously at the time.  And this was published in the Washington Herald in 1937, the same year that marijuana was made illegal. But when he first became head of the FBN in 1930, Anselinger was not voicing this rhetoric. In fact, he really didn't see cannabis as a threat at all and was quite dismissive of it. So the question is, why did he change his tune and start attacking marijuana? And for that, there are two general theories, one of which sounds a bit more of a conspiracy theory, but it does have enough circumstantial evidence and is still sufficiently well circulated that it's still worth covering. So the first theory is the least conspiratorial and it offers a very Rothbardian explanation behind Anselinger's action because it assumes political motivation. When the FBN was first formed, it only had 300 agents working under Anselinger. So even if he wanted to tackle marijuana, he simply didn't have the resources. Instead, he told the states to handle the marijuana problem themselves, but this wasn't satisfactory to a lot of people, especially during the Great Depression, when Mexican immigrants were seen to be taking the jobs of white people and state level marijuana laws were used as the justification for the deportation of Mexicans without many of them didn't even have actual evidence that they had used marijuana, but it was just a justification for their deportation because of the job stealing, you know, beliefs of the Great Depression. So we had a combination of interests. The people in the states with large Mexican populations were driven by anti-Mexican and anti-immigrant sentiments, and they saw marijuana laws as the solution to what was really an economic problem. In California, where marijuana was already illegal, this was a particularly apparent phenomenon, one leading Californian member of the American Coalition of Patriotic Societies. His name was C.M. Goeth. He wrote an article in The New York Times in 1935 where he said, reading a passage here, marijuana, perhaps now the most insidious of our narcotics, is a direct byproduct of unrestricted Mexican immigration. Easily grown, it has been asserted that it has recently been planted between rows in a Californian penitentiary garden. Mexican peddlers have been caught distributing sample marijuana cigarettes to school children, and there was, of course, no substantiating evidence for any of this, but that mattered little to the other interested parties. And the state legislators were motivated by these interests in order to appease their constituents. But one of the biggest culprits in the anti-marijuana campaign was the media. And in particular, I'm talking about William Randolph Hearst, who is credited with being the newspaper publisher who drove us into the Spanish-American war for his misleading reporting, dubbed Yellow Journalism, which he applied heavily in his anti-marijuana campaign. He was the person who actually popularized the term marijuana, which was spelled with an H instead of a J. If you ever look in any old publications, you're going to see the old marijuana spelled with an H much more commonly. Before this, Americans typically referred to marijuana as hemp, which we now pretty much reserve for low THC cannabis used for industrial purposes. So we think of hemp as the industrial product marijuana as the recreational product. And cannabis would be the technical term. But Hearst and Anslinger as well focused on the word marijuana, because I guess they saw cannabis and hemp as being too innocuous. Americans were familiar with the terms cannabis and hemp, and they associated them with medicine predominantly. So the term marijuana, which was supposedly the Mexican term for it, it was again just part of this anti-Mexican sentiment. But Anslinger was particularly motivated to jump on the anti-marijuana bandwagon when the FBN's budget was just cut tremendously in 1934 due to a drop in tax revenues from the Great Depression. So as this interpretation of his motivation goes, and I believe that it's plausible one, this one I think is probably predominantly true, he started to lobby for Congress to pass a law against the marijuana menace, which would, of course, be enforced by a well funded Federal Bureau of Narcotics. The other theory is a bit more conspiratorial, but it's not entirely implausible and it offers a corporatist explanation of Anslinger's motivations. In fact, if you've seen the Family Guy episode, it's not a very good episode, but it's the one in which Brian is trying to get marijuana legalized. The explanation he gives for its original criminalization is this conspiratorial explanation. So this actually originated in 1972 when Jack Herr was first to show the rolling papers that were made out of hemp, and he was just shocked to discover that there were uses for marijuana plant other than getting high. Like, you can use this for other things. I mean, it's good enough as it is. He thought he was a big, big drug user. A lot of his revelations in this theory were actually inspired by LSD hallucinations, supposedly. So again, there's a lot of reasons to question this theory just from the source of the source of the the revelations and the ideas behind it. But he decided that he did want to learn as much as he could about the industrial qualities of hemp. And during his investigations, he found two interesting articles. One was a study published by the US Department of Agriculture in 1916 that talked about the future of hemp harvesting due to a new machinery that would make hemp products more efficient to produce. And the study projected that hemp was on track to become the nation's largest cash crop supplanting cotton. So the other article he found was a 1938 popular mechanics piece that pretty much just corroborated the 1916 study two decades later. And this article was titled New Billion Dollar Crop. Now, of course, this had all been cut short by the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, which was sold to Congress with the promise that it would never criminalize industrial hemp, but that promise was, of course, quickly broken. So Herr decided he wanted answers as to why this economic innovation was put to death. And he blamed one of America's wealthiest families, the DuPonts. The DuPonts, whether Herr's theory is true or not, certainly benefited from the criminalization of industrial hemp because they had patented a synthetic nylon fiber that could have been replaced by cheap industrial hemp. So Herr claimed that, and I'm quoting here, if hemp had not been made illegal, 80 percent of DuPonts business would never have materialized. Now, I mentioned that that's a direct quote, mostly just because I have no idea where he pulled the 80 percent number from. It might have been just completely arbitrary, but it is very true that hemp would have edged in to their market share. It is a very useful industrial product. And it's interesting to note, too, many people listening to this probably already know this, but it's worth mentioning that hemp products, of course, are not illegal in the country. Only hemp itself is illegal. So countries where it's still legal to grow hemp, even countries that have like recreational cannabis being illegal, some of them are still allowed to grow industrial hemp. And so then they make the products and export them to our country where we can buy the products, but we can't manufacture them. So just something to think about in terms of the impact on the economy because a lot of our southern states are really well suited for hemp growing. So where the conspiratorial connection to Ann Slinger comes in, DuPont's primary financial backer was Andrew Mellon. And he's another one of America's wealthiest people at the time who served as Treasury Secretary during the time when marijuana was under talks to be made illegal. He was Coolidge's and Hoover's Treasury Secretary, so in the early 30s. And remember, the Treasury Department was in charge of enforcing narcotics laws because they were based on taxes rather than explicit prohibitions. But Mellon was more than just Ann Slinger's boss. Ann Slinger actually married Andrew Mellon's favorite niece. So they were related to each other through marriage loosely, as well as Ann Slinger, of course, reporting directly to Andrew Mellon. And so Harris theory also involves William Randolph Hearst. So the smear campaign against marijuana that Hearst was waging in the media. Hearst believed was motivated by Hearst's property holdings in timber, which also would have lost value if him became Cheber to Harvest and because Hearst was able to supply his own newspapers with the paper they needed to print on, this would upset his entire field of business. Now, the problem with Harris theory is that he never actually proves any of these motivations directly that they drove any of the key players in their anti-marijuana campaigns. This is all pretty much the Ann Slinger's connection to Mellon, Mellon's interest in DuPont and Hearst's investment in timber. They're all very interesting pieces of circumstantial evidence. All that stuff is absolutely true. That's not contested, but it's just circumstantial. It wouldn't hold up in court, right? So the real importance of this theory is that it was and still is taken seriously by very many people. So regardless of whether Ann Slinger's motivations were political, corporate, both or neither, suddenly he saw marijuana as the gravest threat to America. And Hearst was his biggest ally in the media. And among the arguments that Ann Slinger made to sell the criminalization of marijuana were that, and I'm quoting directly here, marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes. And Ann Slinger depicted jazz clubs that had blacks and whites intermingling and Hearst backed him up by describing the quote, voodoo satanic music that was played at the clubs by musicians while they were high on marijuana. The depiction of white women being endangered by marijuana smokers was one of the most popular narratives in segregated America. In a 1937 article written by Ann Slinger entitled Assassin of Youth, he gave this depiction of a marijuana addiction. So I'm quoting a passage from his article here. The sprawled body of a young girl lay crushed on the sidewalk the other day after a plunge from the fifth story of a Chicago apartment house. Everyone calls it suicide, but actually it was murder. The killer was a narcotic known to America as marijuana and history as hashish. It is a narcotic used in the form of cigarettes comparatively new to the United States and as dangerous as a coiled rattlesnake. So of course, this is just demagoguery in a nutshell. And Hearst contributed to this narrative by celebrating the success of more enlightened countries such as fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. So one of his headlines in a Hearst paper read Mussolini leads way and crushing dope devil. And he also published articles from Nazi leaders explaining how the Third Reich's combating of drugs contributed to the cause of racial purity. This is, of course, at a time when there was still a following of fascists and Nazis in the country, which was not entirely uncommon until the American entry into World War Two. Anslinger also claimed that 50 percent of all the crimes associated with ethnic minorities could be traced to marijuana use. And the original depiction of marijuana's effect was that it made people incredibly violent. In 1936, a story by the Universal News Service reported that and I'll read a passage here again, murders due to killer drug marijuana sweeping the United States, shocking crimes of violence are increasing, murder, slaughtering, cruel mutilations, maiming, done in cold blood as if some hideous monster was a muck in the land. Much of this violence is attributed to what experts call marijuana. It is another name for hashish, a roadside weed in almost every state in the union. Those addicted lose all restraints, all inhibitions.  Harry Anslinger's favorite story was that of a young man named Victor Lakatos. This is another story about the violence of marijuana. And Victor Lakatos lived in Tampa, Florida. And at the age of 21, he murdered his parents, his two brothers and his sister with an axe. And he supposedly claimed to the police that he did all this while in a marijuana dream. This is as Anslinger tells the story. The story of Lakatos murders were true, but Anslinger completely fabricated the use of marijuana, which is not mentioned even one time in his records.  Now, despite these gross misrepresentations of the facts, Anslinger told the story over and over again. And it's also worth mentioning. I didn't put this in my notes, either, but I should have. During the Cold War, when that started being drummed up, this is years after marijuana was criminalized, which is why it's not in this portion that I want to take place before 1937. But Anslinger sold marijuana as something that just made people crazed and violent. But when the Cold War was ramping up, he actually changed his tune entirely to say that marijuana makes people passive and it would make it easy for the communists to come and invade and take over the country because all the marijuana addicts would basically be defenseless because they're so lazy and passive. So marijuana, Harry Anslinger, excuse me, he just completely did a 180 on his narrative about the effects of marijuana entirely for the purpose of appealing to the political winds at the time. So some of the other horrors that Anslinger and the media reported about marijuana use were sexual licentiousness, an article published in the International Digest in 1937 entitled The Menace of Marijuana told a horrifying account of a boy and girl who had lost their senses so completely after smoking marijuana that they actually eloped and were married. That's a direct quote from the article, which is a horrifying thing that these people eloped. And another piece in the same year described the scene of a high school orgy instigated by marijuana use. So Anslinger's propaganda campaign included the commissioning of several films against marijuana as well. The titles of these films include the first one released in 1935 was just entitled Marijuana, but I had this wonderful tagline said, weird orgies, wild parties, unleashed passions. And another was the movie version of Anslinger's story, Assassin of Use. This actually came out a year after, if I remember correctly, it came out a year after the Marijuana Tax Act was passed. So I believe it was a 1938 release, but he was still pushing the propaganda pretty much through his entire career. But the most famous of all these movies was called Tell Your Children. And it was also released under the title The Burning Question, the dope addict, dope youth, love madness and the the infamous name by which most people know it today, Reefer Madness. Now, Reefer Madness was a film that followed the lives of several students who succumbed to the evils of marijuana and each had different fates from suicide to sexual depravity to insanity. So it was really just kind of like combining all these narratives that Anslinger's been had been crafting. And the story was just a bomb at the box office. Nobody really was that interested in it from a private consumer level. But it was played to high schoolers for decades. My dad actually told me he was he was shown this. I think when he was in high school in the 70s, he was shown this. So it was it was it was still circulating for quite some time. And eventually it died off into obscurity until it was uncovered by the pro-legalization group Normal, which stands for National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, and they colorized it and circulated it ironically as a pro-legalization piece of propaganda by showing how absurd the basis of marijuana laws were in the first place. So if you actually see that the the version that you'll usually see is the normal version, it's colorized and they actually blow like like purple and green smoke when they're smoking the marijuana. So so some of the absurdity of the film is added by normal.  If you ever watch it, it's it's almost funny, but also a little hard to sit through because it's, you know, made in 1936. When the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 actually was presented to Congress, it took only two one hour meetings to decide it. And it was unceremoniously signed into law by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Just one more reason not to like the guy. And when it was being sold to Congress, it was promised that both the medical use of marijuana and the industrial use of hemp would be unimpaired. In fact, the one dissenter when when testifying in front of Congress for this law was a doctor who claimed that and he was right about this. But he was told he was wrong. He claimed that it would completely end the medical use of marijuana. And that's exactly what happened. So even though Congress was told that it wouldn't affect the medical use or the the industrial use, they didn't read the law when it was passed. So and of course, that's no surprise. So the actual text in the law would allow Ann Slinger's FBN to use the force of the law against both the industrial and medicinal uses of marijuana. So most of this was because of the way the Tax Act worked. And it was that to legally hold marijuana, you had to obtain a stamp from the government. But the way that you got this stamp was that you had to take your marijuana to an appointed official and show them that you already had the marijuana. You couldn't get the stamp if you didn't already have marijuana. But if you had the marijuana before you had the stamp, you were a criminal and could be arrested. So if you read the book Catch 22, this is genuinely what the government was doing after 1937. In 1969, the Marijuana Tax Act would finally be struck down as unconstitutional when Timothy Leary, the high priest of LSD, was busted for marijuana in 1966. And his case went all the way to the Supreme Court, where his lawyers argued that requiring a person to show the marijuana in order to obtain a stamp. By doing this, the law violated the Fifth Amendment because it required people to self incriminate and the justices agreed. So the Tax Act was thrown out on May 19th, 1969. But the federal government, of course, ever unwilling to give up power, simply responded by passing the Controlled Substances Act, which was part of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act on October 27th, 1970. And this law established drug scheduling and it immediately listed marijuana as a Schedule 1 drug, meaning that it was dangerous and had absolutely zero medical benefits. And this, of course, is the law that still regulates marijuana today. So I feel like I could do an entire series of episodes on marijuana alone. I cut out a lot of the social and cultural stuff. And it's very interesting history. There's some wonderful books on the history of marijuana for people that are interested, but I focus mostly on the political stuff because I think that's what appeals mostly to the group of people that will be listening to Amisa's Institute podcast and also the stuff that I think is is the most important and the next episode. Do subscribe to this podcast because you're not going to want to miss it. I'm going to talk about a similar history with heroin. And then after that, the similar history of cocaine. So each one of these drugs has its own individual and very, very fascinating history and its relationship to the government. So make sure you subscribe to the podcast and thanks for listening.


T groups on SIH kufiri anguja pihingsi kutupiku kusimiki ummahupapadi kufiri anguja k先uja In 7 districti UNAID, UNAID, UNICEF ISI, Davidj o UNFPA Fokus on optimising the resources that already exist to deliver an integrated package to beneficiaries. It was evident that it is high time we move into having a client come to health facility and they receive the same opportunity to receive as much services as possible. When you come, they will test you for HIV, they will give you family planning and the service that you came for, you will also be given that service. Unids are working with HISP and the Minus of Health was to ensure that the 8 districts have the capacity, have the quality data and the data is utilized. Data management has been quite a challenge in the past, moving from the paper-based systems to the electronic systems. It has taken us a while, the HISP program has helped us drive that further and as we speak now, most of our facilities are able to know and analyze their data, they are able to make use of it. The issue of gender-based violence, we were not refining our clients, but now we know where to refer such cases. We integrate well with the police, feeder, we have action aid and other partners. The clinicians were in documenting issues to do with GBV in the relevant registers and even some of the facilities didn't have registers. Personal, I didn't know what accessing DHSI do was. People used to talk about data elements, I didn't know what this way. In terms of the integrated programming, we didn't have a full picture of what the integrated indicators look like, but after the project's interventions, we clearly see the aspects of integration within the data, right from our antenatal service provision, through family planning, basically also through the continuum of care. The first ANC attendance was very poor. By then, the statistics that was there in 2019, when we could download our data as a facility, we could only perform 30%. But as I talk now, when I tell you that, at least we had 65%, that is a very great improvement. Every midwife here is now interested in data. Everyone is accountable for what they are doing. They all write and the whole department, they participate in reporting. They participate in compiling of their reports. They don't leave their reports to one person. Now these midwives, when they are doing the work, they look at the target, that this is the number of pregnant mothers that we are supposed to have. They normally go to these hizinda there and even the radio talk shows. They talk to these mothers to come and get services. We use it to deliver mothers. They never use it to come back. We gave it a priority. And now, at least when we deliver 800 mothers, at least 700, they have to come back. In data use, what we have done so far is to come up with the performance review meetings with the team. We identify key indicators. Every year, I make sure I generate targets for each facility and we agree using our catchment population. So as we sit for our review meetings, we are now trying to assess whether we are performing towards achieving the targets. As a program, we generated the SRH HIV GBV scorecard, which we apply at facilities on a quarterly basis. Our leaders at district level are able to appreciate when we tell them about the red being poor, the yellow being fair, and then the green being good. They are also interested in seeing that the reds improve to either yellow and to green. When you actually analyze this data using the scorecard, you get to see actual where you've been and where you are and where you want to head to. I used to handle six or seven facilities. I would reject reports for over 60 facilities in one month. Right now, in a month, when monthly reports are delivered, I reject less than 10 reports. Before, we data people are not very much important but now, after the project, we were recognized by the community members. The time when we had the training on DHHIS-2, I was only unable to enter the information in the word on the DHHIS-2. But now, as we speak, I've gone beyond. I can be built to download data, make graphs out of it. When I formulate my graph, a petition will just come and say, oh, this month we got 70 mothers but out of these 70 mothers, only 50 were tested using dual kits. I have grown through this project because it has opened my mind as personally. Right now, I have enrolled to do some basic or fundamental online DHHIS-2 trainings. The program has been supporting these main areas in order to improve the capacity of the health workers. The program supported us with the data. Of course, the DHHIS-2 requires internet data for us to access and manipulate it. Received the demyfi.  Received the projector. Moving forward, there are aspects that the projector has been supporting, like airtime, like data and so on. Those ones, we have to integrate them into the district plans. The recommendation one to the district is that we have to take this on since we factored in sasenabit in the first instance. We should also broaden the scope. There are some facilities that are doing well that we would wish to be accommodated if the subsequent phases could allow. Impression scope has been tight so you find that sometimes you go to the facilities and you have to rush to some of this concept. So if we are given more time to implement because six months is really short, that's why I like it initially when you said you're using the methods because the matchers were supervising them, they were doing more of the hand zone. I would expect the implementing partners to continue supporting financially, materially. Devop an android system where a doctor can clack patients using his phone and enters the system using his phone. As hisp, this journey of four years has been a very fruitful one. I'm very happy to see that the lives of the biostatisticians, the messos, the DSPs that we are working with, their knowledge has grown. I'm not at where I was regarding data management. I'm fully mentored. I can stand and be a biostat for the division. To sit in office and monitor data, being entered, being managed from the different facility, it makes me feel proud. Being at the forefront of gathering data, we feel very good and we feel that our effort is recognized. In the national joint review mission, we actually got an award from the Honorable Minister, Dr. Jen, for example, a VHD Kotal report. The focus of this intervention was to see that those kuritku indicators that sent around sexual productive hairs are integrated in the district healthy management information system. I would say with confidence that right now all the 27 facilities can report at the facility. I feel very satisfied and fulfilled that I've been able to make a positive impact on some of the individuals who have been packing this project.


This video is part of a series be sure to check out the link in the description to the full playlist and today We're gonna be playing around with the cat and echo command a little bit as echo is a command to echo text and cat short for concatenate Many times it's used to display the contents of file for an example. I have a file called file dot txt I can say cat dot txt a cat sorry cat file dot txt hit enter and we display the contents of that file on there I also have a file called File to dot txt, which just says this is a file to I can also put this together and say file dot txt And then file to dot txt and you can see that it displays the file Dot txt and then the file to dot txt but let's say I want to echo out some Information and put that before the command before the output of that file so like echo. This is a New line I can say that and then obviously I can go cat and put a new command file dot txt and It looks like I did it, but we did it in two separate commands And if we want to output both all of this to one file We would have to append multiple times. Let's just shorten it up a little bit and we can do that by piping information into cat So as I said before I can file or you can cat two files But what I can also do is cat concatenate the information from the output of another file So I'm going to say echo this is a new line And I'm gonna pipe that into cat and then I'm going to put this dash right here Now usually a dash like that by itself without any other arguments or anything Tends the count stand for taking the standard input. I'm sorry It's taking the standard output of a file and using as input right there So if I hit enter now, you can see that it has now taken my echo command and put it right there at the beginning of that Now I can also put it after and I can put it between files I can see file dot file two dot txt so you can see that even though I'm echoing first We're not displaying that information yet We're putting in to cat and we're putting the output of echo here in the place of this little dash here So we now have the output of file one The output of our echo command and the output of file two all concatenated together And of course this can go in another order. We can say file two first then dash and We can also put the dash at the end In whatever order we want and at that point we can pipe all this into a new Fire not pipe but redirect it all into a new txt file I can cat new dot txt and there you go We have the output from all three of these different locations. I thank you for watching I hope you found this useful if you did be sure to like and subscribe and share and comment on this video And if you enjoy my videos overall think about becoming a supporter over at patreon.com Ford slash Melix 1000 there should be a link in the description even a dollar a month would be much appreciated Thank you for watching, and I hope that you have a great day