St. Lucia's national policy for fisheries has been revised to maximise implementation of its nine priority areas by engaging more stakeholders to the sector. Chief Fisheries Officer Sarita Williams-Peter says the revised document expands beyond the ecosystem focus to other elements of the sector, including post-harvest matters in fisheries and agriculture, CMOS production logistics and a wider scope on the climate change response. This, she says, will address the sector's issues more comprehensively as opposed to the previous limited policy. It did not take into account sort of the triple bottom line of sustainable development, which includes the ecological, the social and the economic considerations in any sector. And so we've tried to move away from only focusing on the resource and the ecosystem, but recognising that the fisheries sector is an entire value chain, and we need to consider everyone in the value chain, not only fishers. So I'm hoping that not only fishers are glued here today, but processors, all individuals who have a stake or have an interest in the fisheries sector or depend on fish as a livelihood would be geared up and listening to about the policy and know how to move forward. The revised policy will foster a more collaborative approach among stakeholders to improve the welfare of all parties in the fisheries value chain. In 2018, when we began the consultation process for this new policy, we tried to broaden our scope of stakeholders involved. The previous one, we focus more on the fisher folk, the fishers, those who go out to see, the boat owners, crew, et cetera, cooperative members, et cetera. But then we realise that, hey, if we want a sector to develop the full value chain and to bring in the social and economic considerations, we needed to bring in more sector players. We needed to recognise that we had to bring in gender. We brought the gender people, we brought in social transformation, we brought in export St Lucia, all those major players, commerce, all of those industry stakeholders to come in and really understand what the fisheries sector needed and to help integrate that into their portfolios as well. William Speter explained that the direction of the policy may not have immediate payoffs for parties in the fisheries chain, but will over time improve efficiency in the industry. The average fisher would say, where's the money in my pocket? Right. That's just going to be the bottom line. The reality is that the work that we do, it takes time. Change, paradigm shifts take time to realise improvements. So for example, when the Department of Fisheries introduced the first fad in St Lucia, fishers went out, grabbed it and brought it right back to shore. They didn't understand what it was. They didn't understand the benefit. They thought, well, what is this thing in the water? Now you have fishers, but we need fads. Fishers are building their own fads. People are advocating for fads because they see the importance. The bottom line is that we're trying to create an environment where fishers can eventually benefit from. So you may not see a direct benefitting moment in your pocket tomorrow, but it is creating an environment where you can now thrive better. You can see other opportunities. You can move. The revised national policy for the fisheries sector takes effect for the period 2020 to 2030.


Hola a todos y a todas. Hi everybody. We are, my name is Jose. My partner today is Emilio. We are here from Uruguay. Uruguay is a country you can search in Google. We are from the University of the Republic, La Universidad de la República of Uruguay. Okay. In the first part of the presentation will be a speak in Spanish and a few English. UDLR is the University of the Republic. It's the main University of Uruguay. The principal University of Uruguay is the main plus, plus, plus institution University of Uruguay. And we have a similar student, those students. 100,000. Sorry, 100,000 students. And we have 12,000 professors. And we have a lot of carers and 20 schools. We have 25 installation of models. 16 central users and 9 decentralized users. And we have a single sign, sorry, which she will add technology. Yes. In the 2020, the use of technology because the pandemic situation was intensive for the use of the system model online of the University. We in the Friday was declared the situation of the pandemic in Uruguay and the Monday, the University are functioning totally online. We have only one weekend for the transformation, for the adaptation, the systems for our model that will be functioning correctly. This also implied we need to make a migration of all installation of models for a new system, virtual system, to be able to function correctly. It is common in our University to have thousands of users giving tests and tests. And therefore it was very important for us to have a system that could support those thousands of users doing tests at the same time. Now Emilio is going to show us the system that we had to install so that we could support those tests that we needed to do. Okay, hi everyone. We are a little country but our University has a lot of users. A large number of users, it was necessary to set up a model system dedicated exclusively to carry out online evaluations. We decided to make the online evaluations in a separate server so it has no interference from the courses and activity. So we know the server and the database is dedicated only to the students attempting the quiz. Okay, we installed an environment, we'll show you later. And the question was how many students that supported at the same time of concurrent. So looking for an answer we decided to run a load test. We used a patch shape meter. The previous presentation was a good combination because this is performance testing and for automated performance testing shape meter is the tool, it's open source and one of the best tools. It's easy to use. With shape meter, like in the picture in the previous presentation where the robot was making the request with shape meter, the shape meter client generator makes the same HTTP requests to the server as a human with a web browser can do. So for the server it's the same. You have to take care of what content may be cached on the browser but you can script all that. Okay, we configured a middle quiz as a test data. We needed a test data, a test scenario with 16 questions in eight pages, two questions in each page, some small animations, multiple choice and other type of questions. This data was generated with 5,000 test users enrolled in the course. But we think what does it mean that the users enter at the same time and the critical moment in the quiz is the quiz start. So if you say the quiz is opens at 8 a.m. So at 8 a.m. all the students' thousands enter to the quiz. This is the critical moment for the server. But it's not the same if the thousand users enter in 10 seconds or if they enter in two minutes. It's different for the server. So we looked at the real data of some schools with large evaluations. For example, in this table, we looked at for evaluation with 2,500 users. And we saw, for example, that they looked at the pattern logs looking for the start attempt.php request. That is when the user clicks on the start attempt button. And 13% of the users enter in the first 10 seconds. The others enter a bit later. So this was an important input to simulate with Sheymeter with a timing similar to what we will see in production. This is the Sheymeter script. First, the users do the login to the system. In the real situation, the login is not in the last minute. They login with some minutes before the quiz starts. So we configured in Sheymeter a 10-minute ramp up time. I don't know if you know Sheymeter, but we configured, for example, 1,000 threads or virtual users. So you can configure. They can be entering. The threads can be launching in a time period. Then we used a synchronized timer that waits until all virtual users are logged in. And when all are logged in, they go to the next timer. And the good finding was that Sheymeter comes with a Gaussian random timer. And we found that with that timer, with a 50 seconds deviation, we can obtain a similar distribution as we see in real loads with real evaluations. That was important. Our infrastructure is very simple. It's not a cluster. We wanted to know how far we can go with only one application server. Maybe one application server doesn't support the load and we have to install a cluster. But how much one installation supports? This is our infrastructure, our reverse proxy. We use Debian, VMware, one application server with PHP, FPM, and database server. The only more costly component is we have a storage, an enterprise storage with fiber channel with SSD disk or fast disk. Okay, we started around the test. The test failed at first. In the first running, 200 users and it gives failures. And that were the bottlenecks that we detected, reached max DB connections, reached max Apache workers, and two high CPU load in app server. The first was increased the DB connection supported in my SQL. We augmented it to 700. And the server, if I correct me, changed it to Apache. MPM is multi-processing module. It's a multi-threader module opposed to pre-fork, which is the default MPM in Debian. We used Apache event and give a better, much better performance. So that was a good choice. And PHP FPM consumed much less RAM. OP cache, cache of PHP by code, and rise the processors for the application server, A212 CPU, because we saw that it was CPU intensive. It was the main hardware factor that influenced the performance. We run tests with 2,500 virtual users with no errors. That surprised us. We don't think that one single application server can support this number of users. And we read the documentation of Moodle, but perform a test with quizzes. The information is updated. You can find updated information in the Moodle documentation, so we think it's interesting. With 3,000, the performance was improved. We start the times. The max CPU sash, low liberation to the 100% was okay. Max quantity of Apache processes helps with the configuration of the event MPM and max processes of PHP FPM. Memory, it has 12 gigabytes. And it still has free memory. Don't need more RAM. Monitoring, other simulations. If you once can talk about these others. In conclusion, it's quite good. Got good results for only one application server. Simple deployment. It's not a cluster. It's only one application server, only one storage. No problem with the 5C systems or something like that. CPU intensive. So if you have money, buy more CPU, no more RAM, as in some patients it said. This system was used in production in more than 200 online evaluations with up to 1,200 students without problems that went okay. And the scripts were useful for testing our Moodle system in other universes. We shared the scripts and were used to test and see how much that supports. Our idea is to share this script and the results, the documentations, the configurations, the quiz, the MVC file with the users file so you can run this test in your environments. The script and load test were made by Valentina Barula which worked in our university. She's not here, but she did a great work. This is the link to the page. Awesome. Thank you. Our email address so Porte Eva Arroa, if you want to have some questions.


I am going to continue talking about the give you an equation I think for quite some time and I am going to talk about we have two equations I had µ1- µ1 pure so binary systems actually the equation itself I do not know if I wrote it in the final form yeah I wrote this we wrote this to get solutions of this form where ?g is any function of composition such that of course f of 0 is equal to f of 1 equal to 0 because when x1 is 0 or x1 is 1 you have got the pure state you do not have a mixing process at all so this is automatically a condition. Now we were discussing the Van Laar equations the Van Laar theory what Van Laar said we started with this this is what I want but this is what I can do luckily thermodynamics tells me if I go around this way I get the same answer if I do it as I if I do it from a to b so this is pressure p this is equal to 0 p equal to constant then this is pure liquids x1 x2 this is mixture liquid mixture of composition x1 this is gas mixture of composition x1 this is pure gases we made some assumptions we talked about excess properties so you have ?g- ?g ideal is equal to is defined as g excess instead we said u excess is equal to or the other way around of this this is set to 0 this is an assumption I told you it is not a bad assumption in the case of molecules of similar size this is also set to 0 this is generally a good assumption when I say sound assumption I mean you can verify using experimental data that volume changes on mixing are generally very small there is no ideal change in volume there is no actual change in volume either so ?v- ?v ideal is actually 0 both are 0 so this is generally a very good assumption except in rare cases in fact you will be hard put to find counter examples where it is significant there are some case this set to 0 I will say this is not in the same class as the thing not bad for mixtures of similar molecular sizes when I say similar you can go up to 5 times roughly it does not matter one molecule can be 5 times as big as the other and still you would not have significant as ?s other than the ideal entropy change in mixing so I am having said that he simply wanted to find you we started with this equation do you where do you is equal to Cv dt plus you is calculating change in you at constant temperature in all the processes so to calculate ?u from one point to the other he said ?u was simply integral of T ?p by ?t-Tdv from p is equal to p to p is equal to 0 this is ?u for a b now this is where the boss stepped in van der Waals he said all fluids obey the van der Waals equation van der Waals equation is p plus a by b squared to b-b is equal to RT because the physical arguments for van der Waals very simple simply said there is a volume occupied by molecules b pb is equal to RT was already known he said the actual volume is the volume minus the volume occupied by the molecules which is b and that van der Waals already predicted that b would be of the order of the specific volume of the liquid because after condensation it says that is the space occupied by the molecules in the balance space is available as for a ideal gas the ideal gas consists of point particles plus free space this is not point particles so he said this is he expected this to be of the order of b liquid and generally densities of liquids are constant so when he said b liquid he took it at the triple point but he could have taken it almost at any condition the argument here was that pressure is change of moment exchange of momentum with the walls it is a rate of change of momentum so when a molecule collides and comes back you take the change in momentum divided by the time between collisions and then you will get an estimate of the momentum exchange you can get the pressure this is in an ideal gas in actual gas he said that the forces are primarily attractive the number of molecules striking the wall is proportional to the density which is proportional to the 1 by the specific volume the number of molecules pulling these molecules away from the wall and therefore reducing the momentum is also proportional to the number density which is also proportional to 1 by v so effectively he said the effect of attractive forces between molecules is proportional to 1 by v squared depending on the molecule you have different a values different strengths so he argued that a by v squared is the reduction in pressure caused by attractive forces so if we had treated the system as an ideal gas the ideal gas would have actually exerted a pressure equal to p plus a by v squared that is this would have been absent in the ideal gas so this is effectively the ideal pressure this is effectively the ideal volume in p v is equal to RT so Van der Waal said you have to use this equation and this equation because it has attractive forces will predict for you condensation will actually do that it can predict you go on compressing the gas below its critical temperature it will condense at some point at some point thermodynamics will tell you what the chemical potential vapor is chemical potential liquid is and you can calculate this in fact one assignment I will give you is to prepare the Van der Waals chart the HP chart for Van der Waals fluid if you do that once then you know practically how the others are but let us look at this because if I do not have these attractive forces you can produce condensation so you would not get and I do the chart here you will get only this region for an ideal gas there will be no condensation at all if you want condensation you have to introduce attractive forces this v-b will still won't give you condensation in fact p into v-b equal to RT is sometimes called a hard sphere model but let me get back here I have got the Van der Waals equation has to be used so if I calculate p so you get p is equal to RT by v-a by v squared so T doh p by doh team is simply RT by v which assumes that a is an absolute constant it is not a function of temperature improvements on the Van der Waals fluid actually show that a is dependent on temperature and therefore you have to use it is rewritten in terms of another constant times a function of temperature it is the redlich kister equation there is some slight changes but there is a very successful equation of state called the redlich kong equation of state not redlich kister when I went as graduate student to US at that time Berkeley had redlich teaching the course teaching thermodynamics apparently it started with the redlich kong equation of state and ended with the redlich kong equation of state he said there is no other fluid so everything was done for the redlich kong equation of state so you get this so this difference is actually a by v squared T doh p by doh t-p is actually plus a by v squared so you get this implies that delta u for a Van der Waals fluid is actually a by v squared dv so it will give you minus a by v if I switch the thing you get a by v at p is equal to 0 v is infinity so you will simply get a by v this I am writing this from p is equal to 0 to p p with a minus sign and p is equal to p the volume is v that is given by this equation you have to solve the cubic and find the correct root but a by v so a has the interpretation of essentially the latent heat of operation delta u is actually the internal energy change when this pure substance goes from liquid to vapor right so this is actually the it is the enthalpy of vaporization is the latent heat but enthalpy internal energy change are approximately equal because p delta v is negligibly small so this has an estimate of the latent heat so a can be calculated as density times the latent heat this v is v liquid because you are talking of at pressure p we started with the liquid and v liquid according to Van der Waals is b is the parameter b in his equations so that approximately equal to a by b so he is got delta u a b is equal to u xs a b because delta u if this was an ideal gas delta u change is 0 because u is a function only of t you are doing the whole process at constant temperature so delta u a b is the same as u xs because delta u a b minus delta u ideal would have been this delta u ideal is 0 in fact the for the whole process delta u ideal is 0 so this is equal to this and it is equal to a by b it is actually it is not a by b exactly it is x1 moles of 1 which you are evaporate which you are evaporating separately per mole it is a11 by b that equation is written per mole so this is delta u is the specific internal energy change per mole for the pure substance I have to write x1 and x1 moles of 1 b1 is the parameter for pure 1 a11 is the parameter because it represents interaction between two molecules you have to write two subscription plus of course x2 moles times a22 by b and then delta u bc is equal to u xs bc this is mixing of ideal gases there is no change in energy when you mix ideal gases to form a mixture is no interaction energy to begin with so there is no change in interaction and then delta u cd is equal to u xs cd instead of this you are now doing condensation so you will get a minus sign right the integral will go from p is equal to 0 to p is equal to p so you will get a minus sign get minus a mix by b mix so I have g xs for the process is equal to u xs for the process this is a d this is equal to u xs for a b plus u xs for bc plus u xs for cb so you get g xs is equal to x1 a11 by b1 plus x2 a22 by b2 minus a mix by b mix the concepts in this equation are basically valid but this particular final result is restricted to the van der Waals fluid so if you have a more complicated equation of state you can use that and do the same calculations not many people have done that and you can do that and get other expressions for g xs yeah because it represents attractive forces in van der Waals recognize that if you mix there will be an a12 a11 is between 1 and 1 a22 is characteristic of the pure fluid 2 it represents interaction between two molecules a12 is if you had one molecule and one two molecule the interaction between of course all these will be multiplied by Avogadro number because you are talking of per mole whereas your interactions are actually between molecules no you can put RT by V minus B if I made that mistake even if you put V minus B as long as B is constant and you differentiate with respect to T it will disappear if I wrote V it is a mistake it is V minus B in fact incidentally when I am on this topic let me say this so you get this this is P is equal to RT by V minus B minus a by V square so this is what he called P hard sphere and then this is P or ? P due to attraction due to attractive forces that is what van der Waals argued much later now we have an exact molecular theory of hard sphere fluids you have a different expression for P hard sphere it is different from the van der Waals expression and you can actually derive an exact theory for hard sphere fluids and you can verify this because now you can do computer experiments you can do Monte Carlo calculations and just describe that briefly because a very interesting set of calculations P hard sphere now we have an exact expression so you can rewrite this equation as P hard sphere exact plus the same thing minus a by V square this equation has been this is also it is called long a Higgins we dome equation of state after three people who wrote it down they borrowed the P hard sphere exact from molecular theory it is been fairly successful theory there is van der Waals as many limitations qualitatively it is always right but in terms of agreement with experiment as a large number of limitations in the long a Higgins we dome equation of state is much better that means van der Waals was able to essentially quantify the effect of attractive forces quite well mistake he made was in the hard sphere estimate you cannot call it a mistake in 1870 that was well ahead of his times so let me get back here so what it what this tells you is that if you have an equation of state you will anyway have to have parameters that are functions of composition because when you write van der Waals equation write P is equal to RT by V minus B minus a by V square it is written for a homogeneous fluid so A and B have to be functions of composition so what the van der Waals suggested and when van der Waals law at least at that time it was law hard spheres HSS hard spheres if you take a mix the probability of in a mixture the probability of finding a 1 1 pair is proportional to x 1 squared so you get x 1 squared a 1 1 probability of finding a 1 2 pair and a 2 1 pair which are both characterized by an interaction 1 2 is 2 x 1 x 2 plus x 2 squared a 2 2 so here he says assume that the mixture was a random mixture even to date molecular models only ask what is the departure from randomness so you can get mixing rules that are slightly different from this you must remember although I called this a theory basically you have 1 degree of freedom there is going to be always guessing at one point what he does is uses a equation of state and finally gets it in terms of these and you have to put in expressions for these these are called mixing rules and till date they are all empirical in classical thermodynamics you simply put in a mixing rule derive results compare with experiment if it agrees then you accept the mixing rule there are hundreds of mixing rules as a whole paper on mixing rules in 1960s I do not think a review has been written after that because there are many new mixing rules I mean you should realize that these coefficients of these coefficients are such that x 1 squared plus 2 x 1 x 2 plus x 2 squared is 1 it is always true all these equations will be of that form then there is one more a 1 2 see I can get a 1 1 and a 2 2 b 1 and b 2 by fitting data for pure substances that is I take this equation of state for pure one I write p is equal to RT by v minus b 1 minus a 1 1 by v squared then I collect a lot of experimental data on PVT and fit the data to the curve so I will get the best values of b 1 and a 1 1 one simple way of getting b 1 is simply to take the density at the triple point triple point is invariant so you can go to that triple point measure the density of the liquid and you will get the value of b it is one way of doing then you can fit a by v squared by taking the data it is one parameter fit is trivial so you get these so I can get a 1 1 and a 2 2 from experiment a 1 2 is the hypothetical fluid in which all the interactions of the R of the form 1 2 that you can get because in any mixture you will have 1 1 interactions 2 2 interactions and 1 2 interactions I cannot isolate 1 2 alone so this is invariably produced from experimental data on mixtures knowing the pure parameters pure substance parameters the other way is to suggest what a 1 2 would be it has to be a mean between 1 1 and 2 2 and we are not very imaginative we only know the arithmetic mean and the geometric mean so you use one of them actually Van der Waals suggested the geometric mean if you like I will write this as K times in view of what has happened afterwards this K 1 2 is approximately 1 but if it if you put 0.98 and if you put 1 you will get a huge difference in calculated the modern properties so subsequently prowess nets and co-workers have actually determined K 1 2 for a very large number of mixtures in the in some limiting cases where the forces the dispersion forces are the dominant the many intermolecular forces and even now our knowledge of intermolecular forces is not complete but for pure dispersion forces you can show that this kind of result is exact so it is exact in a certain limit but as far as Van der Waals is concerned this combining rule was completely empirical this is called come combining rule so one way of getting excess free energies is through the equation of state approach this whole thing is called the equation of state approach because you have a fluid described by an equation of state the equation of state should describe both the gaseous state and the liquid state ideally that is true we still do not have a single equation of state that correctly describes both the liquid in the way but qualitatively the Van der Waals fluid does many many equations of state will predict the correct qualitative shape but it is still difficult to get the exact but every equation of state has parameters that are empirical which are composition dependent according to what are called the mixing rules these can be derived from theory to some extent in special cases in other cases you have to approximate them there is right now we do not have a way of deriving this from theory I mean we have a limiting case limiting cases where we can derive this from theory but no other cases we do not know the rules so what we do is to use usually the geometric approximation is used with a constant in front empirical constant you fit that date fit that to the data but if I write this as a 1 1 a 2 2 then a mix is clearly equal to x 1 if I put that in there it is clearly x 1 square root of a 1 1 plus x 2 square root of a 2 2 so I can now write what g x s is x 1 a 1 1 by b 1 minus a mix I will just expand this as well get 1 by b 1 x 1 plus b 2 x 2 into b 1 b 2 this one will become this b 1 you should write b 2 you see if I can get the algebraic correct okay this is b 2 into b 1 x 1 plus b 2 x 2 into a 1 1 into x 1 that is one term plus b 1 into b 1 x 1 plus b 2 x 2 into a 2 2 into x 2 minus b 1 b 2 into x 1 squared a 1 1 so you can see the cancellations now this b 1 b 2 x 1 squared a 1 1 this term will cancel with this term and similarly this term b 1 b 2 x 2 the second term will cancel with this term what I have left is g x s is equal to there is an x 1 x 2 here x 1 x 2 here x 1 x 2 everywhere so I will pull out x 1 x 2 a 1 1 b 2 squared plus a 2 2 b 1 squared minus 2 b 1 b 2 square root of a 1 1 a 2 2 this is what x 1 x 2 into square root of a 1 1 b 2 minus square root of a 2 2 b 1 the whole square what I am going to do is multiply this by b 1 b 2 and divide by b 1 b 2 so I already have a b 1 b 2 here so it will become b 1 squared b 2 squared if I take it in here it will become b 1 b 2 inside the square sign so this will become a 1 1 by b 1 minus a 2 2 by b 2 the whole square then of course I have the b 1 x 1 plus b 2 x 2 this is the expression that Van Laar finally got see square root of a 1 1 by b 1 minus square root of a 2 2 by b 2 is a constant so what he is saying is g x s is equal to x 1 x 2 by b 1 x 1 plus b 2 x 2 or if you take g x s by x 1 x 2 and take it is reciprocal this is linear in x 1 so if you plot if you actually measure ?g and get g x s you have to subtract of ?g ideal in plot it against x 1 if you get a straight line then you know and the Van Laar equation will fit this data very well it was very important when I was a student this straight line business now it is not you guys use the computer just hit the damn thing on the head it will tell you whether it is a good fit or not it will tell you what the standard deviation is earlier we used to do this visually you have to go on plotting this data and show that is a straight line it is still graphically is a good this thing but there are some significant things that Van der Waals said which is why Van Laar also point of Van Laar pointed out and became therefore he was accepted very widely I do not know have you done principle of corresponding states have you shown these constructs you have done that a bit so you can show that the constant a is proportional to PC VC squared in B is proportional to VC so this quantity a by B square root of a by B is proportional to PC for a Van der Waals fluid is proportional to PC so Van Laar said if the critical pressures are the same the fluids will mix ideally because excess free energy will be 0 see if a by B for 1 is equal to square root of a by B for 1 is equal to square root of a by B for 2 this will be true if critical pressures are equal so he said all fluids is approximately same critical pressure will mix ideally in the limited data they had at that time showed that that was in fact true so it was held at that time as a very successful theory of liquids so this is the final result in Van Laar's theory but nowadays we handle this much more easily we do not do we do not go through equations of state we do not go through mixing rules and combining rules the equation of state approach still remains the same this is the method everywhere you can change things you can change the equation of state from Van der Waals to any other complicated equation of state you like you can take a more modern equation of state substituted there you can change your mixing rules mixing rules simply have to show that in the limits they have to go to the pure component properties but B can be written as any combination that goes to B 1 in the limit as X 1 goes to 1 and B 2 as X 1 goes to 0 similarly for A and then you have to assume a combining rule for A 1 2 if you do all that you will get a theory of mixtures and people have done this repeatedly through simply the ones that survive are the ones that are that agree with experimental data for a large number of systems for each system you cannot have a model the easier way of doing the same thing is you recognize again mu 1 minus mu 1 pure is simply delta G plus X 2 partial of delta G with respect to X 1 so all I need is an expression for delta G what the whole said was what can delta G be in a binary system it has to be X 1 X 2 times some function of X 1 and any function of X 1 according to wirestress can be approximated by a polynomial so he said just use a polynomial for example you write this as X 1 X 2 into A plus B X 1 plus C X 1 squared plus etc you want very accurate data you have up to C X 1 to the power n and so on you go on increasing n you want an accuracy you have to arrive at the in the scene at the right time when people already know the result but haven't stated it then quickly stated then your name is in the books everywhere old didn't do anything new people had already been using the polynomial approximate simply wrote a paper I do not know 30s or 40s I do not remember when it is not an important paper but somehow he managed to get credit for it so everybody uses walls expansions and when too many terms are required some wise fellow had the idea that instead of doing this you make X 1 X 2 by see this is delta G by X 1 X 2 is equal to f of X 1 so if you write this as some other polynomial of X 1 this is equal to A plus B A prime if you like plus B prime X 1 in case this requires too many terms the reciprocal hopefully will require fewer terms now this equation here having a not equal all the other 0 a not equal to 0 and take this one then names because of people who derived various expressions earlier a not equal to 0 that means all others are 0 it is called Forte's equations you get the same equation when a prime is not equal to 0 except a prime will be 1 by a then if a and b are not equal to 0 you get what is called Margules it is called the two suffix equation it is called two suffix because Margules wrote it as a 1 2 you wrote these with subscripts a 1 a 2 and so on so it is called two suffix equation all of these are two suffixes to them it does not matter it is when two are this thing then you can similarly have a b c a b c d etc so you get various all these are called Margules equations because he wrote them down when a prime and b prime are not equal to 0 you get Van Laar's equations the structure is the same because if you look at Van Laar's equations X 1 X 2 by this is B 1 X 1 plus B 2 X 2 so in this case they called Van Laar's equations this would be now compare with Van Laar X 1 X 2 by G is we will call this parameter a just call it a you like a 1 2 so you will get a prime plus b prime X 1 is equal to B 1 X 1 plus B 2 X 2 by B 1 B 2 a 1 2 so what is this is B 1 minus B 2 into X 1 plus B 2 so your a prime is simply B 2 by B 1 or 1 by B 1 a 1 2 and B prime is the coefficient of X 1 except according to Van Laar B 1 B 2 are actually volumes according to Van Laar's right so they are known from pure component properties so this B 1 B 2 all these are known only constant that is unknown is a 1 2 whereas in practice people treat a prime B prime as independent parameters and only if you treat it as independent parameters you get a good fit to the data if you try to use the original Van Laar equation with values for B 1 B 2 from experimental data you do not get a good fit this equation fitted all mixed data even now for alcohol water mixtures probably one of the best correlating equations this works very well porters equations very well for likes of you have a is equal to 0 this one works very well for simple mixtures where molecules are very similar and then the second this thing works a little better if the molecular separation is larger a large number of studies earlier were funded by the petroleum industry is there the ones who had these various hydrocarbons coming out of the distillation column they were similar but they varied in molecular weight from very low to very high you could go all the way from methane molecular weight of what about 15 16 all the way down to tar which could be C 56 if you like you could talk in a very huge molecular weight ranges and if you have these mixtures you could describe them by various Margules equations to ABC not equal to 0 have been used quite widely so this really is the summary the way you do this is simply show that you can get dealt from Delta G an arbitrary model for Delta G you can get all the new ones once you show that all you have to do is guess Delta G there is no restriction on Delta G in thermodynamics except that reasonable restrictions like it has to go to 0 when you go to the pure state it has to be a smooth function you do not go on putting step functions and say Delta G jumps here jumps there it does not do that experiment so you have to have a smooth function that is all in the easiest way to get a smooth function is get a polynomial or it is reciprocal so you do that


Two weeks back I messaged you about asking for some advice regarding university and chasing my true passion. And what were you studying? It was urban design and town planning and a lovely degree, just wasn't for me. I ended up pulling out of that two weeks ago and life's been giving me opportunities of windows to just succeed. So what are you doing now? I'm doing full time music and learning how to produce on the side and yeah it's been the best decision ever since then. Life feels more aligned. What makes you say to the next person they're not sure about quitting uni or not but they have something else they were interested in. If you can take the risk of be willing to go balls to the wall there's no plan B and that's your calling? Do it. Just do it.  No, this ain't for me and then you have to restart. Man, no pain.


Hei allan ar多, wrth gwrs. Ac ydych yn gweithio'r gweithio'r fawr mwy o'r gweithio'r fawr enghreifft o'r sgol oon o'r ddaach i ddall. So rwy'n i ddweud o'r gweithio'r gweithio'r st fel rhai, sydd y rhai os gwybod yn gweithio'r gweithio'r sefferot grofiol llyfodiol i'r cwmartagol ar gyfer ythod ochr hyn, ac maen nhw. Ac ychydig yn ymwys i chi'n mynd i ddweud ychydig o'r gweithio. mae gwahanol i dd люди o glawsunio.  Yna gw exercise iddyn nhw, rhan feddwl gryffierythu gynhy elderly ac gelty był опять o gwasanaeth, roeddech chi'n dechrau'r patch. amddwn dweud. Felly mae'n cwrs yn ni gael. Rydyn ni'n gynhyrch yn gwybod hi'n gwybod. Rydyn ni'n gwybod i'r bwysig. Rydyn ni'n gwybod i'r gwybod i'r cwrs. Mae'n bwysig a'r aptychau ar yr hyn o'r hyn o'r fathau. Rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r ddweud. Rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r fathau. A byddwn i'n meddwl i'r rhan o'r pethau, i'n meddwl i'r bwysig. Rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r rhan o ddechrau'r hyn o'r pethau. o gofod y bydd angen diwylliant dwi'n ddigon i chi, mae'r byd rwy'n gwybod i'w wneud. Rwy'n gweithio'n trwys i. Ond gallwch chi'n gweld cysylltu. Felly, stym yn ddweud weithio. roi yn ymloes gyda â hon, roi'n ei wneud. Ac ran ymlaen iawn i fydd hyn yn eu tawr hwn o'r hyn. Felly, yma yr un hwn yw wedi holl i'r gwneud o'r ymloes yn ymlaen. Ond roeddwn ni ar y bobl ymlaen, ymlaen i'r gotle, yna y leiaf yn groes o'r croç o'rwyr, a syddwn ni'n roi'n creu'r bobl,INAUDIBLE ISN'T OFFICIALLY A VINTAGE, y mae'n style dechrau'n hunain. Undi gan rhoi gyda mynd iddo, mae hwnna'n iawn i'r cysymys. Ac yna'n golygu'n gwneud. Rydym yn fawr am gyntaf am y holl ddod, ond ydych yn fawr gyda'n gwneud o'r bobl o hynny. Byddai'n ceisio am ddod o'r bydau ac mae'n ddigwydd ar y cwestiynau. Mae'n 36 o'r ffordd o'r holl ddod ac mae'r ffordd o ddod yn fawr maen nhw. So, rydyn ni'n weithio allwyr o'r ffordd a'n dweud o'r holl ddod yn gallu ddod i'r ffordd. Rydyn ni'n golygu yma. ddim yn ychydig i ddiweddol, mae'n fwy o gyd, mae'n ddechrau i'w ddweud hynny, mae ddweud ein bod yn ni fyddai'n gwybod yn dweud. Felly, yr hyn yn ymddi'n gwybod yn ei ddalol, a wedyn yn ddweud ychydig yn ymdoedd rydyn ni, maen nhw'n gofyn yn ei ddalol, yn ymddi'n gwybod, mae'n ddweud yr hyn yn ddweud, ond mae'n ddweud yn ymddi'n gwybod, mae'n ddweud yr hyn yn ei ddalol, mae'n ddweud ar y chyfl. ac rydyn ni'n gobeithio'r ffordd hynny. Rydyn ni'n rydyn ni, os yw'r gwneud'r ffordd erbyn. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'r ffordd yma ymlaen. Ond rydyn ni wedi gwneud ymddangos am ychydig o'r ddefnyddio y ffordd. Ar hyn o'r frech. Ok, rydyn ni'n gweithio'r ffordd yma yma. Yn nhw, yn cynllun, ac rydyn ni'n gweithio'r ffordd. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'r ffordd i'r ffordd. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'r ffordd ychydig. mylion iddyn ni'n dweud ac ellas, a bydda chi'n dyn nhw'n diolch. Felly ydych yn mylion dweud. Felly gynnydd symmetricalau. A wrth gwrs, gynnydd yr ystafell, Rwy'n iawn sy'n mylion o'r mewn hwn fel hwn fel hyffordd. Roedd yn oed yn ysgynnu. Ac nid newid hynny'n ddych chi'n mylion y ddau. Rwy'n teimlo fel hyn yn ddau'r gael. Rwy'n ddweud am ysgrifoedd little bit o'r rhan o'r amlywedd. I'm not going to put acetate over this if you wanted to then you can you could do a casing with it and do a kind of a trim to hold it all together but I'm going to keep this open I'm still going to have the lights in it and everything but I'm going to get all these stuck down now with the calow glue because it's going to you know just once it dries it will be very very strong okay so there is my box now ready for me to decorate now quickly just show you because I'm going to put the rest of the video on high speed when I do all the decoration but this is the tonics tea cake box so I've eaten all of the treats and what I want to do is just take out the acetate now if you want to leave it in there and decorate everything inside then by all means but I I'm going to take it away because again I want this to be an open box so I'm going to cover this here but everything else I'm going to keep as it is and then I'm just going to glue that down I'm going to put a tinsel all around this again I'm not too worried and I'll make my holes at the top you can do that once it's all done but I'm just going to seal that shut and you'll start to see me decorate that one as well and I'm going to be using my hot glue gun I'm going to put something in the back there again don't glue that shut if you would find it easier to put things in but I'm quite happy being able to just post things post things but pop things through there it will be fine so I will show you quickly the kind of things I'm going to be using okay so I have a very big bag full of things and I put it all away in a plastic tub at the end of Christmas so I just bring it out each year so I've got some polystyrene like snow balls there I've got the faux snow as well which I'll be using things like this are really good I pick them up in like pound shops and you can see the thin skinny tinsel and I'll be I've got some more of that I've got these little balls here gingerbread men Christmas lights lots of bells so I always keep them because they're good for decorations things like this these little bags of um coming where I've got them from but they're just nice little fillers and put some funny little action I'm going to put them with my card making stuff because they're really cute I've got lights here but I've also got those new ones that I shared these are just the rice lights so I'll be using those but for the tannic's tea cake I'm going to be using these lights this is actually a necklace and I picked this up I shared it not too long in and what did I get it's going to be really really easy to connect in there and then you just pop it on you can see you can get different effects so I'm going to just go for that one but it just keeps them on all the time so only every two that light up but I might mix in some of the other rice lights as well I've got a plastic candy cane there which I use I've got these doilies which are old Christmas scene and they're nice to maybe put on the back of things I might line the back of the tannic's tea cake with that possibly or sheet music old Christmas sheet music's really nice this one here's Christmas magic I might have that right in the back and then build up everything around it I've got pink bits of Christmas tree here from an old Christmas tree I've got some polystyrene deastery stars there I've got those mini crackers you basically fill it with anything the things I like are these here I've got little wreaths these are the old we used to have these little presents on our Christmas tree were really younger like they're very 80s to me that's what I remember there but all those Christmas trees I put these up off of Amazon I'll be using a lot of them because I really like them and then then how much you can see but in here are all my vintage Christmas balls for decorations so these are the ones that I love I love these ones here you see the plastic on them they're more like 70s 80s but I've got some metal glass ones in there as well so that's what I'm going to be now using to decorate these boxes and yeah I'll show you them when they're all finished so I finished both of them and they are totally over the top somewhat vulgar very kitsch tacky colourful but they make me smile and bring me joy so I'm very happy and they're they're going to look great so I'll pop the lights on here so I've got two lots in there so I could just have the that's the white cold white and then if I turn that one off that's just the colour you know the multicoloured ones so I'll have them both on together I think it looks brilliant what I tried to do is have the coconut word show and then the snowball one on the bottom but it's all on the sides here and you see all of this so I really wasn't too worried but it is there's kind of a nod to it inside but if I just bring it up there I mean there's so much going on but it looks really cool I love it it's just like you know just your knickknacks I mean my my original one's got knickknacks now it's just more kind of bits I've just collected to you know use in these boxes and I've got these bells that hang down really nicely as well so that's that one and then this one I was my original kind of idea with it was to obviously have everything in there which it still is but you would have seen me cut into the frame because the frame was just too thick so I cut into it made it thin I kept the milk chocolate along the tux I like that and then I've gone over that raw edge with this little skinny tinsel then I was just kind of playing around with what was going to work in there and then I ended up going for the colours that kind of went with the box and then just added in green and you know I've got gold and stuff in there but I just I put blues I mean I've got a tiny bit there but I just didn't want that to overtake the red and the the yellow really and again I think it's turned out really nice I love the Christmas magic I wanted to get rid of the for organs I think it said in there music for organs so I'm you know I wasn't bothered about that but also I've got this tiny little bit of bead trim just in there and that hangs down as well so that looks really nice but the little handle there and then you see everything on the side again just very cute so this one's probably going to hang in the hallway and this one will go probably in my dining room area I'll have a little look but I love them I just enjoyed it watched a movie and yeah lots of fun so I hope it's giving you some inspiration I can't wait to see any of the ones that you make over on the mixed up crafters facebook group I'll link that below it's a really nice group full of so many lovely people so come along and join in the fun if you would like to and I'll be back again very soon with another tutorial thanks for watching bye


Every 30 seconds, a new victim is added into the horrific world of human trafficking, bringing the total to 27 million victims in our world today.  As young as 6 years old, the average age of a victim is 12 years old. Each victim will be forced to sleep with up to 40 men a night. The average cost of a sex life is $90, but they are estimated to bring in a profit of a quarter of a million a year. And for those that believe that this is a third world problem but doesn't touch home, there's an estimated of 17,500 victims reported in the United States annually. California harbors the top three cities in the United States for human sex trafficking. Utah is a tier three state for human trafficking. In Seattle, in our own backyard, is in the top 20 cities in the United States for human sex trafficking. It touches us. It touches home. Of the 27 million victims, 30,000 will die each year. And of the 27 million, only 1 to 2% will ever be rescued.  This isn't about guilting you into giving, sponsoring or attending. This is about reminding you of your obligation. Not your obligation as a Christian or as a good person, but your obligation as a human living in our world today. Your obligation to stand and to fight, to raise your voice for those that have been silenced and those that have been captive and broken. To fight for those being abused and of being violated. This isn't about race or gender. This is about your obligation to humanity. Your obligation to fight for freedom. Because like Dr. King said, injustice anywhere threatens justice everywhere. Join the stolen crown September 17th for our annual 5K run to raise awareness and funds against human sex trafficking. All proceeds will go to the Genesis Project in Seattle, Washington who are working hands-on with victims that have been rescued. And thus far they have rescued 203 victims.


The US Army is on the hunt for new material science breakthroughs by working together with a researcher from Brazil. The US Army Research Laboratory has a cooperative research and development agreement with a university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Isabela Costa is pursuing a master of science degree. Since September, she's been working alongside an army researcher on basic research into thermal expansion. I've been exploring in Brazil a new system and we found the best composition, the optimal composition, by solid estate reaction and this composition is the one that we are working here. We can change a material that now we are using because we can use another one that we are developing to the same application which has better preparatory and our lower cost. The goal is to generally have a pellet this big. Discovery of new properties pushes the envelope of material science. We are focusing on how to synthesize these materials and how to change the chemistry of the materials in order to decrease the thermal expansion. If we decrease the thermal expansion we can improve the thermal shock resistance of these materials which can make them more effective in applications that require high temperature fluctuations and gradients. The laboratory has what's known as the open campus business model for fueling innovation through R&D collaboration. Officials said efforts like this helped to create a 21st century research culture that is agile and effective. And that's what we are trying to do here. It's really about putting us, all of us, this community at the center of a network and forming an ecosystem that allows us to partner in a brand new way. Open campus means sharing world class ARL facilities and research opportunities for all partners including international researchers. Collaboration is really important in science because it gives us an opportunity to stretch our minds and figure out exactly what is going on in a material system and to work on things that you're not familiar with, to work with people that have a different perspective on the work you're trying to accomplish. Costa said the experience has also motivated her career goals. After completing her master's degree she hopes to begin work on her doctorate. I really enjoyed this experience because I think that's something that nobody had. I'm sure that all the culture and all the knowledge that we shared can help me in the future and I also made a lot of friends. The month-long visit by the Brazilian postgraduate researcher will culminate with a joint paper and attendance at a materials science conference in Ohio. However, the partnership will continue. It's been a lot of fun working with Isabella. I certainly hope we'll be close partners for a long time and we're already drafting our first paper together. We've got a couple of presentations planned for the next six months and we've got research topics on the line that we want to conduct more experiments in the future. So it definitely looks like it's a relationship that's going to continue to grow.


What's going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards ripping one box of sports card Almanac multi-sport personal box edition volume 5 Box number 72 for po us. It's good luck here po. You see what we got buddy. Oh Nice that is gonna be 2007 Domres classics Monday night heroes Tony Romo On the game use Jersey Auto 6 of 9. Hell yeah, man That is nasty Romo, yeah Lane showed me this one as he was putting it in this one sweet dude This one is so sick is Roman inside a whole lot early on Like a very hard to track down an early Romo auto. So that is awesome. There's great announcer right now. Yeah 72 congrats on that one po us. Thanks again for this for buddy get him right out to my friend