Welcome once again to NPTEL, the National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning, being brought to you by the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institute of Science. We are in the second module of a series of lectures in the course entitled English Language and Literature. This module for those of you who have been following these in a chronological manner, you are aware that this module is exclusively on the history of English language of the English language. We have already discussed the general features or the overview in the first lecture which was a title introduction to the history of the English language and we have been through old English and middle English. Today, the lecture is on early modern English, which is lecture 4 in the second module and before we move on to the topic proper. Let us as usual take a brief look on what we did in the last lecture, what we talked about in the last lecture by way of a recap. Now, I cannot read with this enough that these lectures in our course are may not be English over 101 in the sense that they are topics are quite vast, but these are lectures are I would say elementary in their level and by more like an introduction to each of these lectures is an introduction to the topic declared in each of these and for those of you who are not in engineering colleges or the students of which are the target audience for these lectures may want to view these lectures, learn from these or in simply by way of recapitulating what you had learnt in your say BA English major etcetera. These are by these lectures are by no means high level ones. So, I would like the audience to appreciate the level in which we are talking it may be an elementary level, but these are always at least to my experience as a student and teacher always relevant and things that we need to visit time and again. So, we found in our last lecture on middle English that the middle English period was one of great change and we had taken recourse to books like A. C. Bosch's History of the English language and several other texts which as I said have mentioned also in some other lectures. These lectures are these books are class are regarded classics they are books that one can go back always to know about the established at least the established features of English at any given time in the past. So, in one of these books we find that the middle English period was a period of great change and we know that the Norman conquest you must realize is that the lectures that we many of the lectures that we give here and it ideally it should be so are always related to political may be upheavals or general political changes or changes of power from one hand to the to another social factors, technological factors I said the industrial revolution about which we will be talking a lot in the next lecture on modern English. So, here too we find that the Norman conquest and the conditions that followed were responsible for a period of great change and yet we also find continuations of tendencies that began to manifest themselves in old English. See the division of periods or epochs not exactly epoch eras ages in history and as you will know does not imply you know water tied boundaries does not imply that one age moves into the next and that there are no remnants from the previous age or there or that there are no glimmerings of what is to come. In the same way though we had major changes following the coming of the Norman French the conquest by the Norman French about which we talked at great length in the last lecture there were also in the middle ages sorry in middle English the continuation of certain tendencies following the coming in of Anglo-Saxons and the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon language. Now, next we also found importantly that the last phase that is middle English marked the decay of inflectional endings. The grammar as mentioned here in one of the texts the grammar of the English language was reduced from a highly inflected language to an analytical one. Now, the endings of this nouns adjectives and to some extent verbs were altered in pronunciation in a way that loss almost lost their distinctive form. Now, we also found that borrowing from the vocabulary of the French the sheer importance given to French culture the need of the people to cultivate French culture not just its manners or mannerisms or fashions etcetera is also what was important also was in the middle ages sorry again I am so sorry in middle English was the borrowing of words from French. For instance we found that they were governmental and administrative words by government itself governor administrator then crowned princes things indicating class for instance servant like peasant slave noble etcetera also very important were ecclesiastical words ecclesiastical words like religion theology sermon mystery devotion miracle hermit these are some of the words we find which came in and became part and parcel of the English language following the Norman conquest in the time of what we call now called middle English. Then law and the army and navy these were also there were also the sort of inclusion of words from these domains for instance a decree from law decree proof bail then punishment prison right these are some of the words that have come in justice itself the word justice the word crime itself fine then the army and navy the word army navy peace lieutenant or lieutenant enemy that sergeant chieftain havoc etcetera these were the words that came an enriched the English language for also from fashion fashion and meals and social life cultural life in general these are some of the words which I have taken from various sources these include fashion dress habit gown coat and for food beef mutton sausage gravy biscuit cream sugar etcetera. So, these the words which we think you know which to us are English words it is to be remembered our words that have come from various languages and particularly when we talk about middle English the Norman conquest was as said a landmark right was a landmark event in or series of events in during that time which had enormous repercussions for further growth and change of the English language. Then not the least in art learning and medicine also we find words like chronicles the very word paper pen copy then melody right plague remedy from the from the domain of medicine and you know the medical sciences poison arsenic and these are some of the words that have come in. Then we also found very important point is the rise of standard English and let me quickly again read this is available in the last lecture, but let us just quickly go through it again by the end of the 14th century a language emerged in the written form that varied with the local dialects. This was recognized as the standard language both in English and writing and was called London English is very important the rise for the first time really even though there may have been you know sporadic you know emergence of a dialect that was going to become more or less a standardized or standard dialect it is in this time that we find the rise of standard English. So, by the end of the 14th century which was known as London English or it was the dialect of East Midland that was a clear indication of the emergence of a standard or standardized English which is London or East Midland dialect. And also this region was also a vastly populated one it was also a large one and in terms of trade etcetera or in terms of general prosperity this region was also sort of this was this region was the sort of hub and perhaps for that reason as many scholars would insist this East Midland dialect or the London English became the standardized English or standard English. Now, we also found that the found that you know that much has been said about the importance of London English. And let me then read again from Bob by far the most influential factor in the rise of standard English was the importance of London as the capital of England London English took as well as gave it began as a southern and ended as a Midland dialect and the London standard had been accepted in most parts of the country in writing in the latter part of the 15th century. So, this is finally how it came to be established by the 15th century. Now, we come to early modern English and we do not really speak of just a modern English. We usually divide the history of the English language at this time into two distinct categories these are early modern English and modern English or late modern English. Modern English late modern English is usually referred to as modern English which is the topic of our of discussion in our next lecture. So, again you may look at several texts, but for our purposes boss again a history of the English language and in Rani Ghosh history of the English language a critical companion these are some of the books that I have consulted for this lecture and also in a minor way some other books. So, in general let us say modern English what I said in the last just a couple of minutes seconds ago the in general if you say modern English you will start from say 15th from the 16th century that is 1500 and in particular the Renaissance which is 1500 to 1650 is a time that is enormously important for us as far as this early modern English is concerned. Now, scholars list the changing conditions in the modern period and let us look at this slowly and carefully. Now, again according to Bohr there are particular events in the development of languages which have often been have recognizable effects like the Norman conquest and the black death or the or the bubonic plague. Now, the new factors which are there in the development of modern English were four the general the macro ones were four there were several others, but for our purposes it is enough for us to know that there were four very important socio economic conditions under which modern English developed particularly the early modern English. So, these are the coming of the printing press the bring in of the printing press by William Caxton in England and also second the rapid spread as it were of popular education in England then also the increased means of social communication. Then finally, the growth of social consciousness with a the rapid growth of reading following the printing press and thereafter the rapid growth of social communication.  So, what are the first four points that we have this is the coming in of the printing press number two is the rapid spread of so of popular education then increase communication and increase social communication and the growth of social consciousness. Now, let us take an example a very brief extract from AC Bos book and then we have an idea of where what things were conditions were at that time. Now, from AC Bos history of the English language the majority of these it is true were in Latin whereas, it is in the modern languages that the effect of the printing press was chiefly to be felt. But in England over 20,000 titles in English had appeared by 1640 the result was to bring books which had formally been look at this the expensive luxury of the few things no longer stopped at this books were no longer the things of luxury that were available only to the rich or only to the poor only in you know manuscript form in in abbeys or churches or you know in other libraries. As Bos says the result was to bring books which had formally been the expensive luxury of the few within the reach of all. We were talking about in the in the previous slide which relates to the rapid spread of popular education with the coming in of the printing press. Then it was possible to reproduce a book in a thousand copies or even a hundred thousand everyone exactly like the other and he says he comments here a powerful force does existed for promoting a standard uniform language. You see how when you talking about this we can talk about this over and over again how the impact how technology has an impact ultimately on social consciousness right. We had the coming in of the printing press in England we had the availability as he says here may be thousand or may be even a hundred thousand copies of books which were you know available or accessible to a very you know to a very small part of the population. Once you had a hundred thousand or more copies of one text what happened was many people it is not even now it is at this time it is not that everyone has a copy of the book. But may be through lending growth of lending libraries or even through personal contact you were able by this time to be able to read books which were not accessible to you. So, therefore, we had the growth of popular education also reading possessing books must have also become a matter of a matter of pride to be able to have you know a collection of books. So, as he says a powerful force he called Bob calls it a powerful force the printing press was a powerful force a powerful force does existed and along with this of course also was a standard uniform language. Now, why is it important because you had whatever the printing press was providing to you was English of a certain kind of a certain standard of a certain dialect. Now, when he had more people who are reading these books with the spread of popular education or even of you know the enlarging of the of the growing sorry the growth of the the growth of the reading public. What happened was it led to them also speaking a certain standard or a certain dialect if you will of a variety of English. So, this again led to what we found was a very important point in the first point in our lecture here was that the rise of a standard English that which was of the of the which was the the the middle and dialect east middle and dialect or what we call the the London what we call London English. So, there was then the rapid spread of popular education literacy was becoming common in Shakespeare's London almost more than half of the people could read in the 17th and 18th century there was an increase in the number of schools and the tradesmen class arose who for whom obtaining an education also was immensely important. So, what we have by now we have found that compared definitely compared to the middle ages. Not to talk about middle English not to talk about old English by the compared to old and middle English English is what happened was and during this time there was literacy was something that was common and to and was increasingly being expected of people. And many could many many people could read by the time of Shakespeare's England by the 16th 17th centuries and it says in the in the 17th and 18th centuries there was an increase also in the number of schools and you had the rise of the mercantile class the rise of the tradesmen class for whom being literate was very important for whom even an getting an education was very important. So, there are radical you know the radical forces in matters of vocabulary and in matters of and conservative forces in matters of grammar. So, at during this stage when we talk about when we talk about grammar and vocabulary there are two tendencies that we see with regard to vocabulary it appears now that the forces of change were radical while as far as grammar is concerned was concerned the the forces were conservative ones right. Though in the middle ages middle English period changes in grammar were considered revolutionary whereas changes in vocabulary were not it was seen that seemed as if it was quite the opposite when we come down to this age. Then we also had what we call was the what Bohr calls the problem of the vernaculars the three great problems faced by modern languages in the 16th century were these a recognition in the fields where Latin had for centuries being supreme the establishment of a more uniform orthography and the enrichment of the vocabulary so that it would be adequate to meet the demands that would be made upon it in its wider use. So, this was the time when compared to Latin there were other languages do you understand there the there were languages that generally speaking in Europe their languages that that were coming up for recognition otherwise in which the classical languages had held sway. As Bohr says in you know in in his book beside the classical languages which seemingly had attained perfection the vulgar term seemed immature unpolished and limited in resource right there was still there was this attraction towards towards ancient learning towards Latin and Greek and therefore we also find that vernaculars languages like English were in a struggle so to speak for recognition right you have all heard of the revival of learning which we call the renaissance it was a revival of interest great interest not only in the languages but also in the cultures also in the art also in on the philosophy great interest in the philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome. So, Greek and Latin were languages just just like in you know in in in the middle English period it was sort of it was considered to be to be a matter of pride you know to know French right to know French manners to be well versed in in the French language in French art cuisine etcetera right. So, also we will find by the renaissance a knowledge or at least an interest in things classical was was something that was considered desirable if one were to make one's mark among scholars among poets even among scientists the a knowledge of the classics was considered very very desirable. So, therefore there was the renewed interest in Latin and Greek and as boss says besides these you know so called polished ancient languages languages with great history behind them which languages that seemed to have attained almost you know a stage of perfection other languages the what we call the vulgar terms vulgar sorry vulgar tongues sorry tongues seemed rather immature and unpolished and and limited in their resources. This is what again again boss says how then do we account for English right and I am bringing in this passage here from war and let us see how he explains this. Please look at this slide boss says the real force behind the use of English let us underline this was a popular demand the demand of all. So, look at this is very important all sorts of men in practical life look at this words popular practical all sorts of men. Let us read this again the real force behind the use of English was a popular demand the demand of all sorts of men in practical life to share in the fruits of the renaissance. The revival of learning had revealed how rich was the store of knowledge and experience preserved from the civilizations of Greece and Rome. The ancients had not only lived but had thought about life and drawn practical conclusions from experience much was to be learned from their discussion of conduct and ethics their ideas of government and the state their political precepts their theories of education their knowledge of military science and the like. So, it was considered that if you knew if you knew the English language right you could have access to the great ideas of you know of the of the ancients through of of Latin and Greek especially through translations. So, the revival of learning as boss says had revealed how rich was the store of knowledge and experience preserved from the civilizations of Greek and Rome. So, you see they were Anglo-Saxon English and then you had the French the Norman French conquest right where there there was this historic tussle between the French language and the English language. Here we had a language that had begun to you know that had begun to sort of have its first almost official standardized version in London English. Thanks to the rise again of London as the centre of England and on the other hand you also had a sort of you say you know I would not use the word pressure but also there is also this great temptation to go into things that were classical and to learn classical the classical languages you understand. So, you would find the English language time in again sort of you know the the Anglo-Saxon English English sort of always facing you know these forces of other languages from other places. We then they the question arises of enrichment. Now, when when we allow this may this question may arise with arise anywhere with any language for instance is it a matter of enrichment when we allow I should not use the word allow really when when when we take words or we have foreign loan words we take words from other languages and they become part of us. So, we scholars call this a problem of enrichment and the problem is of one of enlarging the vocabulary. So, what might happen is if you borrow too much from Latin and Greek or from French or you know if you if your neologisms or new words are etymologically heavily leaning on these languages then the Anglo-Saxon or the the English that you are talking about may be viewed by people as by some as inadequate especially as compared to classical languages. You are coining new words based on antiquity you already have words from another another country which had come and and conquered you right and you have not only that you also had borrowing from say Italian and Spanish etcetera. So, is this a matter of enlarging is a simple simply enlarging the vocabulary or is it a problem of enrichment through others. Now, this is something that we leave to the linguists and the people of you know philology and the people in the history of languages to decide and debate just suffice it here to just bring it to your notice that whatever was seen as inclusion and enlargement of vocabulary and the growth of vocabulary may also be seen as a problem of sort of downplaying downplaying your the the sort of vernacular it may use a word here when you allow a lot of what is quote unquote foreign influence to come in to the existing language. Let us quickly look at this slide on this foreign against the borrowing of words like Bo again here he makes this observation. He says the wholesale borrowing of words look at these because language the wholesale borrowing of words from other languages did not did not meet with universal favor. So, it is not that everyone was happy that you know words have been brought or imported so to speak from other languages this you know the strangeness of the new words was an objection to some people. Now, it is not that the word is new if it comes from another language the intonation is new the pronunciation is new the cultural resonances that words carry these are felt to be alien by many people you know this is idea that this word is not exactly homegrown. So, it has several various even political resonances as it comes into one vernacular language. So, see this again the wholesale borrowing of words from other languages did not meet with universal favor the strangest of the new words was an objection to some people. Now, however they were more you know scholarly people who looked at this phenomenon of borrowing words from other languages in a more balanced manner and John Dryden for instance many of you may have heard of you know the great poet John Dryden. Dryden was of the opinion that as long as you know the importations was as boss is judicious as long as these were judicious importations one should not really have much to complain as far as borrowing words was concerned. So, it was a matter of balancing you know the coming in of a new words as against the existing tendency or existing pool of words that were there since the Anglo-Saxon times or even before these times. So, some you know there are few borrowed words here for instance that we may refer to and from Greek for instance the words that were borrowed were Encyclopedia, Acme, Anonymous, Criterion, ephemeral, lexicon, polemic, tantalize, tonic, thermometer. Then the let us look at again what boss has about the method of introducing these new words. Now, the Latin words usually were from the medium of writing the words borrowed from the romance languages of an enter through books and Bo here mentions look quickly read this quotation what writers like say Thomas Moore and Thomas Elliot were doing was being done by numerous others and it is necessary to recognize the importance of individuals as makers of English in the 16th and early 17th century. These are what we get through their works or through as it says the medium of writing. By 1721 we find this is 150 years later after Mulkaster had urged for the compilation of a dictionary in 1582 the first dictionary was published by Nathaniel Barley called universal etymological English dictionary. The earliest dictionaries explain the meanings of the words in Latin or other foreign languages and hard words in English. So, we had these early dictionaries would go to great lengths to explain the meanings of the words which came from Latin or other languages or even words that were in English, but were considered difficult. Now, let us look at some of the important dictionaries that are listed here in the 17th century mostly. These are Robert Cordray's the table alphabetical of hard words John Bullocker's English Expositor 1616 the first is 1604 Henry Cochrane's English Dictionary 1616 Edward Phillips's New World of Words 1658 Glossographia by Blount 1656 and Dr. Samuel Johnson's famous a dictionary of the English language in 1755. We also find the influence the great influence of a writer like Shakespeare as far as the vocabulary is concerned. Say Shakespeare sorry invented over 1700 words some of these are mentioned here for instance cold blooded, beast merge, bandit, luggage, majestic, moon beam, negotiate. So, many words and that you know we do not realize have come to us from Shakespeare. For instance the word like hobnub marketable the word marketable you may think is more of you know modern more you know or later word you know then then we would not expect that to come from Shakespeare's time probably, but these are some of the words that Shakespeare had given a zany worthless secure skim milk etcetera or they were further also many expressions that we get from Shakespeare very innovative ones that have become part of early modern English cold comfort cold comfort is such a phrase then clear out bag and baggage without rhyme or reason then goodness sake or by jove that truth will out vanished into thin air these are some of the expressions that phrases that we owe to Shakespeare. As far as grammatical features were concerned this is what Bo has to say I am quoting from Bo English grammar in the 16th and 17th century is marked more by the survival of certain forms and usages that have since disappeared than by any fundamental developments. The great changes which reduced the inflections of old English to their modern proportions had already taken place and we remember we in our last lecture on middle English this was these inflection the changes regarding inflections were highlighted there and Bo says that as far as grammar is concerned in the early modern beginning with the early modern phase of English what we find that it says here is marked more by survival of certain forms and usages that have disappeared then than any really great fundamental change that came in and already said the you could say the pruning of the language or the pruning of the inflections or inflectional endings had already happened before this. So, if we have to end with the general characteristics of this period there would be 4 points from Bo again that you know we need to learn right. We find that A there was a conscious interest of the people in the English language this is important a conscious interest of the people in the English language that is there was a new attitude towards the language and an attention to its problems with that could be seen during this time. So, we have a conscious interest of the people in the English language and new attitude towards the language and an attention to its problems all you would say in a bid to this new the emerging London English dialect as a standard the standard dialect or standard language during that time. Then importantly the second point in this period something in the nature of a standard and not just standard a recognizably modern form of the language was attained scholars say at this time. So, there was not only just a standard language you can have a standard language in any time any any dialect can be a standard dialect in any time in the history of any language the important thing was the fact that the language had a modern form to it thanks mostly to the final ending of a final ending of the inflectional endings which had begun in the middle English period English in the Renaissance was much more plastic plastic by here plastic we mean far more amenable to change far more for instance we use the word plasticity when we talk about neural plasticity. So, the I will say the quality of its quality of adaptability to adapt itself to change because of its flexibility. So, English in the Renaissance as bosses was much more plastic than today as men felt freer to mold it according to their wills it is interesting it is not that you may think instinctively or it may you know you may think it is sort of in a quote unquote commonsensical way that things become more plastic or more flexible with time it is not. So, in the next lecture when you look at American English you will find that there is some very interestingly some tendencies to freeze the language that they brought from England to the new world whereas, in England those were already changing. So, it does not mean that just because one has gone to into a new land or just with the passage of time that language freezing will go up it is not so simple a phenomenon. So, language English language of some more plastic form of flexible adaptable it was taking in had always and was still taking in new words from other languages to an extent of course, where it became problematic. It became a question of you know nationalistic interest where the one should allow so many languages to be added so many words sorry from so many languages to be added to the mother tongue. So, they many features were still unsettled though with regard to spelling and pronunciation as because of this sort of tendency where things were not things were already all things were quite fluid that there was the standard there was a standard at the same time there was a standard dialogue at the same time there are other probably other standards probably that were clamoring you know for inclusion into the rising London English and these features like pronunciation for instance were not what we find today in you know the official sort of queens English as we say. So, spelling and pronunciation was still fluid and people were still experimenting different you could say different parts of England were probably people in different parts of England were probably also showcasing their pronunciations and their spelling. So, the time by it was only by the modern age that you find that the establishment of a greater stability even though of course, in modern English we also have the important variations that we find in beginning with the new world with America and with places like India places like Australia etcetera. So, we have come to the end of this introductory glimpse into early modern English and instead of doing a recap of what we have learnt let me pose questions to you and give you an example of how you may want to attempt those questions. For instance one the first question may be something like what were the four most important changing conditions in modern English particularly early modern English which differentiate it in a radical way from the previous periods in the history of the English language. So, these are you would say that there are four factors which led to the growth of early modern and eventually modern English and we also say that we do not take modern English from as one homogenous age we break it from the Renaissance onwards and we break it into early modern English and late modern or modern English. So, the four factors were A very importantly the bringing in of the printing press by Caxton to England and following that what happened was the where the others the next tree that is A the rapid spread of popular education with the availability of books then there is increased communication and increased social communication play houses played very important you did not have the modern pubs that you did. The play houses were the most important probably avenues and arenas of social communication the people then finally, the growth of social consciousness the growth of social consciousness with the play houses and next the availability of texts the availability of what we today call heart takes because of the coming in of the printing press that was question number one. Now, if you can get a question like this according to the scholar A. C. Bohr a powerful force existed for promoting a standard uniform language explain I have to explain what this powerful force was. So, you would then say again that this powerful force was that of the printing press and you can also say that in the it resulted in this important cultural phenomenon that was the availability of text which were hitherto what hitherto items of luxury or items of access and privileges. Privilege with the availability of hundreds of thousands of copies of a single text they were bound to be enormous social changes which also led to the change or you know or to the growth and development of the language more people were using it. The second important point regarding this powerful force was that it had to lead to a standardised English why because people hitherto were different were very different may find people just within a few kilometers being different as far as the usage as far as the pronunciation was concerned as far as the spelling was concerned particularly with spelling with particularly with things like terms of phrase when they available to you in the forms of text and that is a text that is being read by everyone it eventually obviously would lead to a certain standardised form of the language. So, a sort of you know this marks the end of a sort of a certain if I may use the word a certain chaotic element as far as the English language was concerned. So, we have the rise of standardised English which was talk about it next the next that would be the next question another question would be what would the other changes in society for instance and you would say one very important change was the availability of the you know the establishment increase in the establishment of a number of schools a now again with schools what happens is you get standardised versions of a language everyone in that in a school and nearby schools were learning the same kind probably from the same text. So, there has to be a standardisation and also there was the rise again second point the rise of a certain class which was the tradesmen class or the mercantile class for whom education was very important next what was the you know what is the two phase or two sided aspect to the question of the vernaculars vis a vis the so called prestige languages like the languages of antiquity like Latin and Greek and language of prestige which was there in the last period middle ages I am sorry middle English which was French. So, they are two we may we may talk about two things one is of course that there is the there is a need with the revival of learning with the Renaissance to also know Latin and Greek just as in the previous age French was so important for many people to know and learn French more. So, because by you know as boss says when you placed the so called vernacular alongside the Greek and the Latin then the vernacular tongues would then seem what we call vulgar tongue of the you know the common man's language seem immature as boss says unlimited sorry limited and unpolished. So, this was one part of the problem then the other aspect to it was again all sorts of people all sorts of says all sorts of men which mean probably means people from all classes you get to put it in another way of all classes wanted access to the ideas of the ancients as far as practical life was concerned as far as philosophy was concerned right, but again the other side of the other side of the picture is this that people wanted the other side of the story was that people were worried with what they found as many are worried as you know with what they read as a random inclusion of words from other languages. There is a question also the rise of the nationalistic fervor which we see since the time of Jeffrey Chaucer. There was the rise of the nationalistic spirit and too much deviation from Anglo-Saxon right or too many borrowings that this is more correct too many borrowing from other languages were even to be seen as anti-nationalistic on the we also had scholars as I said like John Dryden who said that judicious importations as reported by AC Bob judicious importations from other languages was fine and one had to know when a word was to be considered how of course, one word was to be considered judicious. Then therefore, the next question would be what is the what do you refer what is referred to as a problem of enrichment this is the it is similar you know answer really is it was it considered a matter of enrichment or was it considered a matter of dependence so was it enriching the vocabulary were they enriching the vocabulary by allowing other words to come in or were they being dependent too much on other tongues. Then you could also get a question on the importance of dictionaries for instance why were dictionaries so important at this time. Dictionaries were important at this time for two reasons say that one reason one was of course, because of the you know the sheer growth of the lexicon they because of the printing press and the growth of publishing because of that there was a need to have dictionaries. So, that you know in words that were being now available see the kind the number and the kind of words that were now being available to people that this was a force that was not there before. How much can you how many new words can you know only through social conversation or only through hearsay here you had books which had so many words that many people could not understand. So, the rise or this is the time of the dictionary right the first dictionaries and second was important also to unpack the meaning of words that were even in English if I considered hard for instance as we saw here the earliest dictionaries explain the meanings of the words in Latin or other foreign languages and so called hard words in English. So, the growth of the dictionary was it was inevitable that during this time there would be numerous dictionaries that were coming out and finally, culminating in the one great dictionary of those times of the 18th century which was the dictionary of the English language by Dr. Samuel Johnson in 1755. So, we shall stop here now and the last question of course was could be you could get a question or describe or you know enumerate some of the words and phrases which are current even today which are attributed to the great writer and dramatist and poet William Shakespeare. So, you have a number of words here in these slides for instance Salute Days the word then it is Greek to me these are some of the phrases that we find in Shakespeare's works and also we have words like like dawn dwindle eyeball fixture moon beam luggage gossip Olympian pedant radiance these are words that come from Shakespeare. So, this again is just a glimpse into the kind of issues that we had in during the early modern period and we found the importance of Shakespeare and most in more you know most importantly really the printing press the coming in of the printing press and the question of the vernaculars versus borrowing because the problematic question of foreign loan words. These are some these are only some of the aspects and really if you have in one lecture you cannot begin to even touch upon there are so many other areas, but for a course like this is it is enough that you know some of the aspects and most importantly learn how to connect this is this has been my effort here learn how to connect the social political and the economic to changes in language this is very important. Learn also that languages are highly politically charged every change are also for instance there may be certain times where issues regarding even changes in language even vocabulary pronunciation spelling may also be largely political questions questions of nationalism questions of allowing not allowing questions of the rise of a standard form of English which today of course is the biggest you know contentious issues the queens English is only has today become perhaps it is quite safe to say only one variant of English because we have the saw in module one. So, many Englishes we no longer talk about world English we talk about world English itself is an oxymoron world English is as we saw in our lecture one of the lectures in the first module world English is the current term that we use, but you see what you know in this different glimpses into the four different periods that we have used for the English language how the languages change owing to socioeconomic factors owing to conquests you understand and finally, as you see in the next lecture on modern English owing to the growth of different industries particularly the information industry. Thank you so much.


Hey, when you're brand new, you need help more than anyone else. Okay, if you think about it, 92, most people don't know this, 92% of new insurance agents fell within the first three years. I'm going to give you the specifics of what I believe and what I know and what you need to know so that you can instantly make sure that you are not another statistic. Okay, so stay with me. Also, I'm going to offer a special bonus at the end. When you stay with me for the whole video, I'm going to reward you later. Okay, the first one. The first tip, as I go over five tips for new insurance agents. The first one is most insurance agents don't realize that you need to always be learning. And when I say learn, most people think, okay, I can go learn, I can go study, I can go read a book. Oh, and then, okay, now I can just move on. Right, when we put out content like our new CA sales system, it's got well over 250 videos in that thing. And when an agent plugs in, they need to watch about 12 minutes per day twice a day. Okay, so I recommend 24 minutes per day of learning. 12 minutes at the beginning of the day and either 12 minutes at lunch or at the end of the day. Okay, so that's how you break it up. Because you think about that for a second. If you do the math and you think about that, that is about, that is, at five days, that's about 120 minutes per week. Okay, which ends up being right at two hours per week. You need to always be learning. Well, most people, you're either moving forward or be moving backwards. You never stay in the same place. When you think, oh, I'm going to watch these 32 videos. I'm going to know everything. I don't need to re-watch them. You're wrong. You need to watch the content. You need to re-watch the content. You need to re-watch the content. You need to re-watch the content until it becomes part of you. You need to continually re-watch it. You need to role-play. You need to re-enact it. You need to have quizzes and workbooks like we do with our CACell system. Everything you need to know, it needs to become part of you so that you're not just simply learning and then forgetting it later. You're continually always learning. The most successful people in the world are always learning every single day. They do not go backwards. They realize that they're coachable and they realize they need to learn constantly. So the first tip is you need to always be learning. You're not even forward to going backwards. And that's what I recommend every single day. Plug it in daily, daily, daily. That's consistency. The next piece is you need to get frequent. And if you think about that, you could say, well, you need to get active. Most insurance agents think, well, I need to know everything before I do anything. That is incorrect. That is not correct. Okay. Yes, you want to know a lot, but you can do stuff along the way while you're learning. The best way to learn is on the fly. And you've got to think about this. You've got to get frequent before you can ever get great. Everyone wants to be great, but you can't be great if you're not frequent. If you're not put in the work every single day, you're never going to get great. How could you? Most people think, I'm going to walk in. I'm going to sell this person on my first appointment ever. And I'm going to be amazing. It's going to be an easy career. I'm going to high five each other in line at the bank. And I'm going to make a million bucks. And all of a sudden, it's going to be the easiest career in the world. No, it's very difficult. Now, can you succeed? Absolutely. Do I want you to succeed? Absolutely. But you cannot get great until you get frequent. Okay. You need to be active constantly, every day. You need to be putting up numbers. You need to be, if you've got to make a hundred calls a day, make the hundred calls. You're never going to be great on the phone until you pick up the phone time and time again. Pick it up. Okay. The third tip is you need to do the math. What does that mean? Well, first you need to have a goal, right? What does that look like for you? What is the goal? And then you need to break down the numbers. Okay. I'm a big believer in goals. When I was a brand new agent, I set a goal. I want to make a hundred grand, right? Because when I walked into my first recruiting meeting ever, quick story. Okay. I walked into my first recruiting meeting ever as a brand new agent. I was an intern calling. I have a phone book for a veteran agent. Then I decided I want to become a full-time agent. Okay. I was 20 years old. I was in college taking 21 credit hours a semester, playing basketball, games, tournaments, weekends, all that, right? Most people would have made excuses. Would you make excuses? Well, hope not, because I did not.  All right.  You know, I'll start looking around, start sizing people up. Okay.  So nine of us sit down. He says, maybe one of you will make it. Dude, that's a real positive way to start this whole deal. Okay. But I also thought if there's going to be a one, I'm going to be the one. If there's going to be a one, I want you to be a one. Okay. I want you to be a one. I don't want you to be a statistic. I want you to succeed, which is why I'm going over these specific tips. In that moment, I set a goal. I did the math. I said, I will earn. I wrote it down and I want you to do this right now. I will earn $100,000 my first year. I dated it. I signed it and I put up in the wall of my cubicle. And every day I went out to make that a reality every single day. And not only what I did was I wrote it down because you need to need to write it down. You need to let everyone know that that is your goal and they need to keep writing it down daily so that your mind is always on that goal. The best way to achieve a goal is to set it big target and then repeat it and then consistently remind yourself that that is the target. So that's tip number three. Do the math. In your case, what is the math? Well, maybe it's like everybody else. Maybe it's $100,000. Well, $100,000 is $2,000 a week. $2,000 a week is $400 per business day. So how do you make $400? Maybe it's one sale. Maybe you only need five sales per week to actually end up hitting the $100K later on. It's that weekly consistency that actually makes up all of those results where you end up really happy at the end of the year. Oh my gosh, I can't believe I've achieved this, but big goals can scare people. Chop away, right? Chop some wood on a little goal every week. If you get one goal this week, you can hit one goal next week. If you hit next week, you get the following week. Okay, so do the math, all right? Fourth tip, fourth tip is you need to see the people. See the people. I teach this weekly system called triple S, right? It's set, sit, and sell. For me, I always wanted to set 15 appointments, set with 10 to sell five. What does that look like for you? Most people fail because they don't set enough appointments. They don't set up appointments because they don't make enough calls, right? They don't make enough calls, they don't have enough stuff to call. And later when they don't set up appointments, they either blame their skill, they blame the leads, or maybe because they don't have enough appointments, they don't sit with enough people. We don't sit with enough people, we don't make enough sales, we don't make enough sales, we don't make enough money, we don't make enough money, you quit, right? We had a virtual conference recently on the topic, if you don't quit, you can't fail. Most of you quit way too soon. So my challenge to you is do not quit. Take a sink seriously. I believe in you. You were meant to do something big and see the people. How do we see the people, right? Set, sit, sell, every single week. I don't know what that's saying is, right? Chocolate and carry water, right? Every week, what do you need to do? What does that math break down to? And what do you do on a weekly basis, every single week, so that you end up seeing enough people to succeed? I promise you, if you asked me, Cody, would you rather the worst salesperson in the world that sat with 10 every week, or the best salesman in the world that sat with two, I'll take the worst every day of the week. You don't want to be the worst, but I would take the worst because of the frequency, right? You get the concept, you get the idea. Fifth tip, fifth tip is to rinse and repeat, right? Always be learning. This isn't a sometimes thing. Get frequent. You got to be frequent to get great, right? That creates consistency. This is one of the biggest things that agents in our industry don't realize is that this is the most important piece to you succeeding as a new insurance agent. You can't get great until you get frequent. I want you to be frequent, right? I don't want you to be lazy. I want you to put in the work, put in the time, and show up and do the math. What's it look like for you? What's your goal? And then write it down every single day. Write your goal.  I do five things every single day, right? I wake up about 5.45 to 6 o'clock. I write down my goals. I work out. Got to get my energy up. Energy is everything. Enthusiasm is everything. Energy is everything. I learn video, book, audio book, and then I finish with a cold shower. That's my routine. You got to have a routine, right? You want to create, you want to be consistent? You want to be frequent, right? You want to hit your goals? You got to create those success habits, and those come from having a daily routine. Now I'll do that on, that's for another video, okay? So do the math. Have you done the math yet? If you haven't, my challenge to you right now is, as soon as this is over, sit down by yourself before you keep watching videos and do the math. I challenge you to sit and do the math, okay? I really do. Take a couple minutes. I promise you'd be worth it. If you make 100 grand in 12 months, or you made a million bucks in 10 years, all because you took 60 seconds to actually sit down and do the math, would it be worth it? Yes, it would, okay? Then you got to see the people every day, right? And then rinse and repeat. I'm telling you, these are the five tips for new insurance agents. You can succeed. You can make the kind of money you want, and you don't want to be as statistic like everyone else, okay? And I promise you a special bonus. The special bonus is, if you want me to train you or your team to help you be better, or even if you want a free strategy call, email me, kodi at kodiaskins.com, and I'll do my best to hear you out and help you succeed. Hey, there's one thing, a new insurance agent, just like you should do right now. And I'm not saying later. I'm not saying tomorrow. I'm not saying next week. Because when you're procrastinating, you don't do stuff. I'm talking about stop right now. As soon as this video is over, you do it with me. And I'm going to show you how, okay? So the first thing every new insurance agent should do, because I did it, you should do it. And there's a book called Prospecting Made Easy that says if you can't write down 500 people that you know, then you aren't serious about prospecting. The best way, and everybody says it, and you're going to shy away from it because I'm going to talk about your war market for a second, and I see you rolling your eyes. Stay with me, because it'll make you six figures in the next couple of years. I guarantee it, okay? If you do it effectively, what you should do is you should say, okay, here is my top 200. And I'm not saying go back and think about numbers and emails and all that right now, because it'll bog you down, it'll be too much information, it'll overload you, and you won't do anything, okay?  I want you to look at your Facebook account. I want you to ask family. I want you to think about friends. And I want you to think about 200 names. And I want you to just for right now, right, you can figure out how to get in touch with them later. Write down 200 names of people that you know, or that know you, that you could eventually talk to. Because what I'm sold on is when I made 117,361 dollars and 13 cents my first eight months, a good portion of it, at least a third was my war market. Start thinking about how important this is. Start realizing that you need to do it. I don't care if you're scared, right? My sales manager, I'm a brand new agent. Two things happened that I think helped me succeed. So pay attention. Two things real quick. The first thing was, I was sitting with four new agents and the manager looked across the table and said, all right, there's a good chance that at least three of you won't make it. I like to be challenged. I'm going to make it, right? So I'm motivated me. Most people like that would depress them. That motivated me. Okay? That was the first thing. The second thing was, when I said, I'm scared of picking up the phone to call my war market and I'm ashamed to say those words came out of my mouth. I know you would think, Cody Askins would never say that. That's a chump move, but I did it and I know you're thinking it right now. Other thing is, my manager said, out of your top 200, who's one person that you do not want to talk to? If we could take somebody all off the list from you, who would it be? And I said, that lady right there. And he said, perfect. He dialed the phone number and handed me the phone. Ring, ring, ring. It's calling her and I'm like, dude, I don't know what to say. I don't want to do. He's like, just be yourself. Surprisingly, she was receptive. The call went really well. I said an appointment. It was one of my first sales ever because a coach, a mentor, a manager made me do something that I did not want to do. The same can be applied to you. Focus on, that's the number one thing an insurance agent should do. Write down 200 names right now and do it today. And I promise you, you'll make 30, 40, 50K over the next year and 180, 100K over the next two years, just from doing this. All right. Hey, every now and then we choose a popular question and we do a video on it. One of the most popular things that we get asked is which insurance license should I get to start my insurance career? All right. So you're wanting to have a career in the insurance business where you are making some money. All right. I want to throw a few stats at you. Number one, 92% of insurance agents fell in the first three years. There are more millionaires than any other in this industry, in their industry in the world. It also can be extremely lucrative financially. So what are some of the benefits before I tell you which license to get? What are some of the benefits of actually joining the insurance business? Okay. I would say the most common answer would be flexibility. You know, I think that's good. Right. Even though the successful insurance agents actually work more than the 92% that fell. Okay. So it's a benefit but is it really true? Right. You can be your own boss. I think that's great. Right. I don't I personally don't want to work for corporate America. I don't know if you do or not but I personally don't want to. Okay. So flexibility, be your own boss. I would say that there's an unlimited income potential. Right. Most people don't know that I made 117,361 dollars and 13 cents. Don't forget about the pennies. In my first eight months as a brand new insurance agent at 20 years old in college playing basketball. Okay. So I understood all this. Also, you can create a residual renewal income stream that can stay with you for long times to come forever. Right. And I know I know a lot of agents that are making 10 grand a month, 50 grand a month. I know insurance agents make it 100 grand a month. Right. It's possible in this career. So which insurance license because you could say, well, I want to go the you could say I want to go the life insurance route or I want to go the health insurance route or I want to go the P and C insurance route property and casualty selling home and auto selling commercial. I think it really varies by the individual. Personally, I got started out selling life insurance as a 20 year old agent and I didn't try to sell anything else. And when I did that, I forced myself because I do believe that life insurance is the toughest. Even though I prefer it, it's the toughest way to succeed in the insurance business. It's not easy. It is the toughest way to succeed. It's the toughest product to sell. Think about life insurance. Life insurance is the only product in the world that you can that a prospect can own but never actually use. Think about that for a second. I don't know another product in the world where some of the owner owns it but they never actually get a chance to use it. Their family gets a chance to reap the rewards and use it. But you're selling something that they're never going to get a chance to use. I understand you can add living benefits and all that. I get it. But however, the essence of life insurance, the death benefit, they don't get to use it. Okay? So that's life insurance. Life insurance is, it's difficult. It's tough to get in front of people and when you're trying to establish yourself as an insurance insurance career, getting in front of people week after week after week, whether it's face-to-face or over the phone, is extremely important and valuable because activity is what holds most insurance agents back from being successful. So let's talk health insurance for a second. Right? You could say, well, I want to do regular health or I want to do Medicare. Right? So I'm building a residual income business. So life insurance, you can make money fast. Okay? You can get, like I made 100 grand at 20 years old in eight months. You can too. Medicare, can you make 100 grand in your first eight months ever? I'm not saying you can't, but it's much harder, right? Because you get paid a lower amount of money, but you get paid that over the course of several years and sometimes for as long as the client will stay with you. Okay?  Well, you're gonna need to, you're gonna need to sell life insurance. Right? But if you're like, well, I have three years to get to a six-figure renewal income, then maybe a combination of life and Medicare makes sense. Right? I know a ton of individuals that have built six-figure renewal incomes by selling Medicare. You know? I'm personally, I've always been a life guy. I just, I like, you know, I like life and living and some, some people prefer Medicare. Okay? So P and C, property and casual, that's where you're selling home, auto, commercial and all the other stuff that comes with all these things. Okay? Now, is this the easiest thing to sell? Yes. Is there, is it a slower road in that you can make a ton of money years from now? Yes. Do you normally have to start off in an office where you're actually working for the man or the woman and you gotta prove yourself before you can have your own branch or your own office or whatever? Typically yes. Okay? Now, can you make a lot of money long-term? Yes. Personally, right? I know a lot of really successful people in this space. I'm buddies with some successful people in this space. I'm buddies with the biggest influencers in the P and C space, right? My suit, guys. However, it's personally not my cup of tea. So if you were to ask me, okay, Cody, which insurance license should I get to start my insurance career? That's a title of video. That's why I clicked on the video. Give me a direct answer. Well, I would say you need to start with your life and health license and I would get both at the exact same time. I got mine, both at the exact same time, even though I didn't sell a health insurance product or a Medicare product for about a year when I got my license. Like it wasn't, I wasn't intending on selling Medicare at all, but if you're like, hey, I realize I want to get into the business and have a career and make some money, then I always turn out with life and health license because you can make, you can have tons of flexibility. You can be your own boss and incredible income potential. Truly, truly unlimited, right? You can create a residual income stream. And if you're ever looking for companies for me to point you to, hey, I'm getting my license. I want help. Dude, feel free to email me. I have relationships with a lot of the top places around the country and I'm cool.  Kodi at Kodiaskins.com will take a long time to write that out. Kodi at Kodiaskins.com and I will be happy to answer questions in relation to pointing you in the right direction if I can. You know, like Mike, the reason we do all these videos is my goal is to help insurance agents succeed and it's not, it's 92% actually do fail. Like we started a conference called 8% Nation because only 8% succeed. I've spent about, I would say about $1.2 million on that event so far. I would say collectively between the amount of agents that are going to attend Vegas and the previous event in Dallas and the previous event in Nashville over the first three years probably had about 2,000 to 3,000 agents actually attend this event. And those are conservative numbers. But what we do with that is we're bringing people in and this ties back into this topic because you need to get around people that can level you up. And events, I mean the best way, like once you actually get your insurance license, you're like dude, I want to start like I want to start making some money. I want to be successful. I don't want to struggle. And I want some immediate tips. Well, you need to find a good place. You need to plug in to good content. You need to attend events so that you can learn personal development, self improvement. You have to spend some money in yourself. Like no successful person ever got great without investing in themselves. And then you've got to realize that this is an activity game. The more people you talk to the more people you've got a chance to close and sell. And in this business, the way out, the reason I had so much success early on is I focused on literally seeing the people. My secret to success at an early age, 117 grand, was simply this. I committed to seeing 10 people per week. So every single week, this was my system. I'm going to set 15 appointments. I'm going to sit with 10. And I'm going to sell five. And the weeks that I did that, I made a couple grand and had a lot of success. If you want to have a successful insurance career, personally, I would recommend a life and health license. And I would also recommend that you have some type of weekly system that you can duplicate over and over again so that you too can be successful. You can be a part of the 8%, not part of the 92%. You can have flexibility, be your own boss, tons of income potential, residual income stream, unlimited income. And if you ever need help, obviously, you can email me, kody at kodyaskins.com. Which insurance license should you start your career with? Personally, I would recommend a life and health. Yes, other people, they may give you a different opinion. However, this is my YouTube channel and this is my opinion. We get a question a lot. Cody, if you had to start over as a brand new insurance agent today, what would you do and I think my answer is going to surprise you because I'm not going to talk about captive or independent. I'm not going to talk about carriers. I'm not going to talk about commissions. I'm not going to even talk about product types because every new insurance agent is in a different place right now. You watch this right now and you're thinking, Cody, what would you do? I get this question a lot. If you had to start over, what would you do? If it was day one for you, were you a brand new agent, you were 30 days in, you were a month later, you were, you know what I mean? What would you do? And I think I would really, if I had to break it down into three steps, okay, of exactly what I would do as a brand new insurance agent as we release this live on Monday, happy Labor Day, okay, thanks for being with us. What I want to talk about really quick is the three quick steps, which is step number one, I'm not saying you got to buy them, but dang, you need leads. Leads are incredibly important because leads generate, if you're not lazy, they're supposed to generate activity. And I truly believe that activity is imperative to your success as a brand new agent if I had to go back. I don't know if there was much, I don't know if there was a lot that would change, but these are a couple things that would maybe change because of what I realize now, especially the last one that I'm going to talk about, okay, that's the first thing, leads, activity, super important, okay, that's the first step. Step two, if I had to go back and be a brand new interest agent right now and today, step two would be, you ready? Step two, I want you to realize that sits are king. Most people are focused on setting appointments and setting appointments is great, but sits are king.   The only reason I was successful, I made $117,361 in 13 cents, my first eight months, and how I did it was, I sat with 10 per week. I wasn't special. I wasn't extremely intelligent. I wasn't the best at building relationships. My product knowledge was probably subpoena, my sales experience was extremely subpar, but what I focused on was sits are king. And when I talk about sits are king, I was super consistent, which is also extremely, extremely important. Most agents are not consistent enough. When you have leads in activity and you sit with prospects every week, 10 minimum, 12, 15, 16, 20, whatever the case is, we're thinking too small. The average insurance agent, if we had to do a poll across the entire country of that hundreds of thousands, maybe millions of insurance agents, what we would find out, what we would learn is that the average insurance agent sits, actually sits with one to two people a week. Only sits with one to two people a week, which is a freaking embarrassment for our industry. It's sad. It's ridiculous. And frankly, it's a joke. Okay, so that's step number two. Sits are king. Step number three. Step number three. I would want to find ways to, as I spell it wrong, think bigger. Okay? I'm not even going to erase it, right? We're live. So it's up there. Hopefully you can read it, at least you know what I said, right? Think bigger. You need to be thinking bigger. Most people think too small and it's really easy to think too small. When I say think bigger, there's some keys to that, right? I always write down my goals every day. It's imperative.  They will never reach their true potential. Not even close, okay? First step goals. Under think bigger. The next thing is you need some type of mentor in your life that you can learn from every single week. Someone to hold you accountable. Someone to help you get to the next level. Someone to challenge you. Someone to stretch you. Someone to push you to do more tomorrow than you're doing today, okay? Or today than you did yesterday, okay? But also, you need to focus on learning. The couple things, there's a few things I did really well. I thought bigger than most new agents as a brand new insurance agent and I didn't realize it was that important at the time. I didn't, it wasn't like I knew. I did a lot of really good things back then without really knowing why. And I look back now and I'm like, that paid off, okay? One was goals. Other was mentors, right? Learned to come from my father. I had a goal, 100K my first year, boom. Wrote it down, signed it, put it up in my cubicle every day. I looked at it, I thought about it, that's all I thought about. But then also I was learning. The art of closing the cell by Brian Tracy. I was going, I was paying to go to conferences and events and training and cells training and learning. I was doing everything I could, Wyoming, et cetera. Everything I could to learn and consume knowledge and to really think about how do I get to another level? So when we talk about insurance agent training, when we talk about throwback, when we talk about being live on a holiday, I want to think what would I do if I had to start over as a new agent right now? And all I can say is these are the three steps that kind of got me through that I didn't really realize it then, like I realize it now, okay? I'm not saying I would change the thing that I did because I wouldn't. But activity breeds sits, sits, breeds sells. And when you think bigger, you'll challenge yourself to not just be the typical insurance agent that thinks 50k is okay, right? Average interest agent makes about $47,000, $48,000 a year. That's something I'd read over the last few years. I don't know if it's statistically perfect, right? 72% of statistics are made up, right, Dylan? Most people are not challenging themselves enough. So when we sit here live on a Monday, talking about insurance agent training and how you can do it and what I would do, and if I had to talk to my brand new self at 19 back then, these are the things I want to think about. But I want to challenge you to be super consistent as you grow, okay? So I'm going to let you get back to your holiday. I want to challenge you to think about this stuff, what I would do if I was a brand new insurance agent today. Thanks for watching insurance agent training. Have a great week. So we'll talk to you for phone feed on tomorrow. Thank you guys so much. Appreciate you.  How should I invest? What should I do? What should I have as an insurance agent to really get to the next level, even to get started as a new insurance agent. So I'm going to go through some things that you should consider investing in as an insurance agent. And I think a couple of these things I'm going to share with you will actually surprise you, right? So stay with me. We're going to talk about how to invest. And so I'm going to go through some basic things. The first thing is you need to think about would be a CRM, okay? Something to track your clients. It don't have to be expensive. I think we have a, if you go to like training.coteaskins.com, we have an agent resource library. And I think we've got a link for Radius Bob, a CRM for like $19 a month, okay? Should we go to training.coteaskins.com to check that out. And so that's one thing that I know that I didn't always have originally as an agent, but I wish I would have. It's helpful. Keeps everybody organized. You can export. You can mail. You can have it track birthdays. Like there's a lot of little things that you can do. So a CRM is a smart investment as an insurance agent if you don't already have one or if your company doesn't have one. The second thing is business cards. You know, even though people may say, well, business cards are outdated and I personally don't use business cards nowadays, that doesn't mean that my client doesn't want me to leave one when I go sell them and take their money, right? So think about business cards as like a, you can have digital business cards. You can have real business cards, but if you're still seeing seniors and you're out with families every day, you need something to leave with them. It shows who you are. They can look you up. They can remember you. And it's still very, very important, right? The third thing that I like even better than business cards is business card magnets. I used to use this at homes constantly. I would leave it on, I would literally go place it on their fridge for them. If you leave it up to them, they probably won't go put it on the fridge. People are lazy. I would take it and I would put it on their fridge and I guarantee you, I've got clients from 10 years ago, eight years ago, six years ago, that still have my magnet on their fridge because I still get calls today, which is powerful. It's crazy. How easy is it for someone to lose a business card or a pin? They get thrown away. They get in the drawer. They get put here or there. They end up in the junk. Everybody's got a junk drawer, right? Business card magnets are visible.  They're on their fridge and they're powerful, right? The fourth thing you need to really strongly consider is you need to consider investing in some marketing, all right? Whether that's you doing it yourself, whether that's you buying leads from Secure Agent Leads, whether that's you buying marketing services from Secure Agent Marketing and Secure Agent Marketing is managing those marketing services for you, whatever.  Marketing and leads can do that for you. I encourage you that no matter what you're selling, you have to be sitting with 10 people every single week. Those are prospects. I don't care if it's one market, marketing leads, whatever you got to do, door knocking, cold calling, whatever. Businesses, chambers, networking, you have to be getting in front of 10 people every single week. We've got a course called Prospecting 101 in our course library at kodiaskins.com. It's Prospecting 101. It's like a couple hundred bucks and it teaches people how to invest, how to get in front of people consistently, how to prospect as an insurance agent because prospecting is one of the main things that insurance agents struggle with. Marketing is key because it can help you be consistent week in and week out. The next thing is a website. Most people don't have a website. They don't have a digital presence. They're not investing in SEO for long-term growth. I would say that the clients that are making the most amount of money with us, I'm talking 50 grand a month, 100 grand a month, 200 grand a month, or companies that are making a million bucks a month that we're managing stuff for them, they're investing in long-term growth through websites, blogging, YouTube videos. They're investing in the future. They're investing in tomorrow's dollar instead of today's dollar. They're thinking more long-term than short-term and that's why a website and SEO is extremely important. Here at SecureAgent Marketing, one of the companies that I own, we do websites and SEO for insurance agents. It's extremely affordable. It's something that you need to have, something that you can add to your business card, your business card magnet, something you can add to your Facebook page, something you can add to any of your marketing that you're doing. You need to have somewhere that someone can go online. If they search, I challenge you to try this right now.  And then study what they're doing because even though they may be number one on Google, they may show up as the number one Google My Business Area and everything else, or they may show up on Google Maps, you can be where they are. And it doesn't take as long as you think. So if you're starting to think about long-term and having a digital presence and having a website, it's your digital handshake. You need to be thinking about those things as well. So we've talked about CRM Business Card, Business Card Magnets, Marketing Leads, Website SEO. Another thing that most people don't think about when it comes to investing is they don't think about investing their time. They don't think about reading books, audio books, learning. I am constantly trying to invest in YouTube videos, etc. I try to invest my time in learning. What there's, the reason people don't succeed is there's things that other people know that you need to know to win and succeed but your ego's getting in the way of you spending money or reading a book to know what other people know. I spend not only time, not only energy, but I also spend money.  When I think about all the events that I go to, when I think about the cruises, when I think about the big conferences, when I think about the books, when I think about the audio books, when I think about the coaches, when I think about the YouTube coach and the business coach and all these other people, and the universities, everything else, I guarantee you, I spend about $100,000 per year just on investing in myself. And I feel like I'm slowly trying to get to where I want to go because I'm not afraid to take some freaking risk. Most people are afraid of this, but I'm telling you, anybody that's been uber successful in the world had to take some risk along the way. We've got 8% nation now, we've also over a half a million bucks investing into this because it's going to change the future of our industry. And I'm thinking long term, instead of short term. So you can invest time, you can invest your energy. Most people need to be working out, they need to be working on themselves, and you can invest your money in you. And that's an investment that you should be making consistently. They say the top CEO reads a book every single week. I'm starting a book of the month and I'm trying to get to where I eventually start reading a book a week. It sounds like a lot. But if the top wealthiest people in the world are doing it, then why wouldn't I do it? Those are success habits that you need to be thinking about. All right? So one thing I want to leave you with is my power five. My power five of five things that I do every single day that are investments back into my business and myself. All right? I call it my power five. And there are five things that I really focus on doing to start my day. I want to wake up between five and five fifty-nine a.m. That's called the five a.m. club. All right? That's number one. Number two, I want to get a good workout in because when my energy is right, when I'm upbeat, when I'm enthusiastic, when I'm excited, when I'm moving fast paced, I have better days than when I don't. It's important whether you think it's important or not. All right? It's super important. Your health and your energy is everything in my opinion. All right? The third thing is I write down my goals, having goals and having something to shoot for. When I made 117k in my first eight months, I wrote down that I wanted to make 100k in my first year and I wrote it down every flipping day. And then it became a reality. Weird that when you write something down, you get serious about something that it ends up becoming a reality. All right? If you want something to become a reality, you need to be thinking about it every day.  All right? The next thing is I try to learn something every single day from a book or an audio book or a YouTube video podcast. I was listening to Brad Lee's podcast, Dropping Bombs, which I was on last year and I was listening to him interview Jordan Belfort. And I loved it. I eat that stuff up, man. I want to pick up nuggets. What are they doing? And when I learned, I think about it different than most people. Most people, when they're learning and they're investing time and money and energy and they're watching stuff and when I watch a podcast, I'm thinking, what does this dude know that I don't know and how can I give him money to know what he knows? Most people will have their egos in the way, their prides in the way, they will not spend money. I will spend money to know what that person knows. Right? I watched Evan Carmichael and then went and gave him several thousand dollars because I want to know what that dude knows. Right? The next thing is, and most of you will never do it, is a cold shower. It's invaluable how it wakes me up. I did it this morning again. It wakes me up and it forces me to do something to start my day that I do not like doing.  Hogwash. You need to do stuff that you don't like to do. And that's how I want to start my day every single day. So those are my power five that I encourage you. I teach this and we practice this and we're posting in my success society group talking about this every single day. So if you're not a part of success society, add me on Instagram at Cody.askins. Reach out. We'll get you added to my success society Facebook group, secret Facebook group. It's of agents. I've got a weekly accountability call and helping agents every week. It's about investing. It's about investing in your business. It's about investing time, energy and money so that you can take you, your business and yourself and your income and your life All right. Let's play a little game.  The video is right there. I'm going to show you what to say and how to say it. Click on it. I'll see you there. Who loves when people say I want to think about it?  I'm not ready to make a decision.


Okay, so this is going to be the anphromosacinamide bromination of the benzylic position here. And this is going to be a radical reaction. You can see it's initiated through heat or light. So what we'll do is, you guys remember, single electron transfers for radical reaction, right? So bond homolysis, things like that. The first thing you need to know is the structure of MBS. So I'm going to erase because now that we know what we're getting to, right? So MBS has a particularly labial bond. And it's this M-V-R bond. Remember what we talked about earlier about orbital overlap between big atoms and small atoms, right? And so they're going to have a bad orbital overlap there. And remember, bromine is so big that it doesn't mind really being by itself. Not to mention that you've got these electron withdrawing groups, alpha to the nitrogen there. So what will happen is when you take this compound MBS and you subject it to heat or light, a small, very, very small percentage of it will bond homolyse, OK? So for those of you who don't remember what bond homolysis is, it means that one electron goes one way and the other electron goes the other way. And again, this doesn't happen to any appreciable extent. But because radicals are so reactive, once this occurs, the reaction will progress. So remember, that's your initiation step there. So what we're going to recall, if you recall from our discussion last time, is that benzylic hydrogens or benzylic protons are particularly labial due to the fact that there's a lot of resonance structures that you can make if you make a radical at that position. So there's a variety of mechanisms that you can imagine. The most common one is to think of actually two BRs coming back together in BR2 like this. So that's the first step, OK? And then this BR has come from another one of these. And then what will happen here is you'll have the next step, reacting this again with light or heat to bond homolysis again. So you can think of it stopping here and using that BR. Or you can do this, because this is going to produce the same thing, two BR radical. So either way you want to look at it, I would suggest just stopping here. The only reason I mentioned this is because if you look at the literature, they're going to talk about this. And you might be as confused as to why they're doing it. For me, I don't really mind too much if you just stick with this guy here and start the reaction. So can I raise this part here? So this is the guy we're going to be reacting with, this bromine atom, which is a radical. And we've got that benzylic hydrogen that's easy to abstract. So we've got that radical there. This is going to be a propagation step. We're propagating from a radical to another radical. And remember bond homolysis, this is only one electron. Got to show the other electron like that. Now I'll leave it to you guys to draw the resonance structures of this benzylic radical. In fact, we'll do some of those later, what I'm saying. But I would like you to justify why this thing in your own head is fairly stable relative to a primary radical or a secondary. Well, anyways, remember from that other step, we made another Br radical. So we had two Br radicals. So here, with that, we're also making HBr. Remember, we talked about two NBSs breaking apart, then the two bromines coming together, then those two bromines splitting back apart, right? So if you think about all of that, we still really have this radical species. What this is going to do is going to do your termination step there. So there's your organic product. Benzylic position has been brominated. We still have this GHBr, which, again, has a very small atom attached to a big atom, right? So those bonds are very labile. We know that. Bond dissociation at energy is very low, if you will. So the other NBS molecule, just where your hand was, it felt like they were at the wrist at all. OK, so we're just going to do that reaction again, right? When we do that, we get that. And then this does this reaction like this. And then you've got your two Br radicals again that are going to do that coupling and then breaking apart, OK? So again, this part of the mechanism really isn't as crucial to getting your product. Because of course, what are we going to get here? We're just going to get this succinimide, like we said, the two Br radicals that will couple together. And then produce this thing after light shines on them and break apart, OK? So is everybody cool with this mechanism? Is there any questions about it? We really just did the edge there. Again, I'm not really so concerned with you guys thinking about breaking apart and then coming back together. I want you to understand that it's this thing that's doing the initial hydrogen abstraction and then the other one that's coming and being the termination step, OK? Any questions on this guy?