Listener Ed wrote in sort of chiming in on our discussion about MagSafe chargers and the three-in-one chargers that we've been finding. I talked about the one that I got from 12 South. I also talked about the one that I got from from Belkin. And Pete mentioned the one that he found sort of the off-brand one that he found on Amazon and the one difference between Pete's $40 one and the $100 and $150 ones that I found is the light on Pete's inexpensive one stays on all night. And that's no bueno, well. To the rescue comes Listener Ed with this fantastic magnetic charger. My guess is they don't have the MagSafe approval from Apple because that would add like $50 to the cost and it's only $40. I bought one of these for Lisa because she saw all the ones that we were using in the house and this guy took one to Italy with her so Lisa couldn't come and hear that one. But she's like, oh wait, I want that. And this one that Ed found is $40. It's a three-way charger, meaning it'll charge your phone with the MagSafe connector. Your Apple Watch sits on the back. It can charge your AirPods. It's got a cheap hat on the bottom of it. If you want to charge your AirPods, you can. But it is tiny. It takes up like less room on your desk than a phone would.  It's not like on dim or anything. No man, it is off and it's $40 on Amazon. So it's linked from the show notes. It is, it's from the Pilita store, P-I-L-I-T-A is the brand name showing up on Amazon. But just go to the thing. I bought this, I did a risky thing, John. Among other things, I bought this as an anniversary present because Lisa and I last Monday celebrated our 24th wedding anniversary. And I think she might like this better than the bracelet that I got her. So, you know, there you go. I had to get the bracelet though because the stones for the 24th were tanzanite and she likes tanzanite and the color is lavender. So I, you know, sort of found that. Technically, the 24th anniversary is the music anniversary or the musical instrument anniversary. Every other anniversary gift I've gotten has to do with music, including for our 20th, which is the platinum, I think, anniversary. I got her a platinum Elvis Presley record because Elvis, as John knows, walked Lisa down the aisle at our wedding or at least someone who approximated Elvis. So, yeah, anyway.


The future is very hopeful to you, because you have seen how it is in various places. So, human nature may be the same, but still how it is going to be in the future, is there any prediction? What's going to happen in the future? Say, if my whole thing was to make a prediction, then why would we do all this work? It doesn't matter how bleak the situation looks right now, but don't ever underestimate what is in a human heart, what people really want, don't underestimate that. In ten years time the whole world may just be changed into a complete different possibility, you know? It is just that people need sufficient poking to get them going, but when they get going, you don't know what they can do. They can do something that's never happened on the planet till now, isn't it? Isn't it so? So, don't try to predict the future. See what kind of future do you want to create. Why are we always trying to predict the future? I want you to set a goal, before I die, I want to leave the world at least this much better. Wouldn't that be better? Instead of predicting future, why don't you set a goal for yourself, before I leave this world, I will make it at least this good. If all of us set a goal like that, definitely there's a wonderful future ahead, isn't it? We are hoping from the stars some guidance will come.  You are supposed to have brains and intelligence, they don't have all that. They're just far away, but they're just dumb, unintelligent rocks, isn't it so? Yes or no? Just because they are far away, we don't have to attach such importance to them. They are not guiding our lives. Human destiny in human hands, how we handle it, that's what it will become. If we handle it sensibly, definitely there's a wonderful tomorrow. If we handle it foolishly, definitely there's going to be a terrible tomorrow, isn't it? Don't predict. Predictions means an insult to humanity.  Isn't it so?  All this nonsense is happening simply because you have not realized the immensity of being human.  The very wonderful stories in India you must have heard. In India there are stories like this. If gods have any problems, they get into trouble. They will come down to meet the sages and saints for advice and consultancy. You know that? This is just to tell you a human being can raise himself to such a stage that even the gods will have to seek advice from him. Just to tell you the immensity of being human what it means.  You will create. You just have to create, not predict.


My name is Dr. Manichism and I'm a senior lecturer in the School of Security Studies here at King's College London. Today we are speaking with one of the leading experts on men and masculinities in the context of conflict and peace building. Dr. Henry Martin in Dr. Martin is currently a co-investigator in the masculinities and sexualities research stream of the gender justice and security hub at the London School of Economics women peace and security center. He has worked extensively on gender conflict and peace building for a number of NGOs. He joins us from Yangon to discuss his research. Welcome Henry. Hi. Great to speak to you. Thanks for having me. Lovely that you can make the time to speak with us today. Henry, we've got a series of questions for you so hope you're ready for them. The first one is I just, you've said in your writing that whilst engaging with men and boys in fragile and conflict affected situations is not new. The vast majority of these interventions don't consider the role of masculinities play in influencing and directing male behavior. What do you mean by masculinities in this context? Yeah, so my masculinity is kind of the most basic way of looking at it is just the ways in which men and boys are expected to act as men. But it can also be people who are not biologically men who act in particular ways which are associated with manhood. Let's say for example women in the military might be expected to perform in masculine ways to fit into that organization. And what I mean with that quote that you mentioned there is that when we look at conflict in war, we talk about political leaders, we talk about soldiers, about peacekeepers, which for the most part are men in all of the armed forces of the world and all of the guerrilla movements in terrorist groups and so on. Most of the people wearing weapons are men, but we seldom or relatively seldomly think about how the way in which they have been taught to be men, the way in which they expect to be men, and the way in which others expect them to be men affect their behavior. And we don't look at the ways for example in which peace negotiators who again are mostly men see the world in a certain way because they've been raised to be certain kinds of men. And I think that's something where there's a lot more to be done to unpack some of these ways in which masculinities and expectations on men shape our world. And I think there's been a lot of work, a lot of really interesting work done on women's perspectives and the impacts of conflict on women and the role of femininities, but the corresponding look at men and masculinities, that's still lagging quite a bit behind in terms of research. We hear the term toxic masculinity being talked about a lot and often described as misogynistic, abusive, sexist behavior, although there's no universal accepted definition to what this term looks like or feels like. Do you think using the label does more harm than good. And if so, how do you think we should refer to masculine behaviors that harm gender equality and cause social discord or even violence in different contexts and cultures. And I think sort of the term toxic masculinity in many ways is a really good term and easy term to use, which is also why it's not a good term to use. So what I mean with that is that when we say toxic masculinity, everyone can immediately imagine something. And it's like, okay, I know what we're talking about. But that's kind of the problem as well. So it's a good shorthand, but then by being a good shorthand it also encompasses a lot of different types of masculinities and also papers over a lot of important differences between these masculinity. And I think there is a need to go a bit deeper than just the label. So it's a good entry point, but we do need to dig deeper. So if we, for example, to use a somebody who's been associated with toxic masculinity quite a bit. Donald Trump, for example, is often spoken of in terms of having toxic masculinity, but he also uses notions of toxic masculinity when talking about others. So when he's talking about the bad embrace coming from Central America to the US. He's also referring to particular men and their masculinities and negative issues associated with that. And that's kind of where the difficulty then comes in. So if we're using the term toxic masculinity to cover the masculinity of a Donald Trump, who is a billionaire, white American billionaire in his 70s, and say that his way of being a man is the same as that of a 16 year old lower class working class man from Honduras or El Salvador who's joined the Maras. I think we're pushing too much into one category. And we do need to see what is or unpack those individual masculinities a lot more and see what the historical and economic context are in which those have been produced. But there are, of course, then also overlaps between the two. So for example, Donald Trump and a member of the Maras, both of them might have this buy-in into ways of being a man, which is misogynistic, which is quite macho and puts a lot of value on being seen to be powerful and not taking any slight. So I think there are sort of some uses to the term because it opens up discussions, but it's important to then go further into those discussions and be a bit more nuanced and understand what it is that we're talking about in a particular context. So you said context, histories, all of that becomes important. So ensuring that we don't universalize any of our concepts we use, right, that we always situate them within the broader histories and economies and contexts of which, you know, they're situated and become meaningful. Good. So, you know, I think anyone who studies men and masculinities and who's a feminist comes up with this kind of tension that, you know, there's a risk that focusing on men and their needs and aspirations that we can really prioritize the unmet needs of women and girls in the quest for gender equality or that we further entrench patriarchy or centering of men by making it more palatable. How do you as a scholar of men and masculinities mitigate against this? Yeah, and I think that is very much real risk. A lot of my work is in the policy sector and in and with NGOs and what you can see often is that there's a bit of a sense of like women and girls and women's rights issues that a bit let's look at the new and shiny thing which is engaging with men and that there is really a real risk there of kind of thinking that we've fulfilled all the needs that women might have now to talk about the men and that's definitely not the case. And men do have a tendency, unfortunately, of kind of sucking up the oxygen quite easily in the rooms and in discussions. So I think that is very much a valid sort of thing to be aware of when working on men and masculinities and a really important thing to be aware of. In working on sort of the NGO side and policy side what we do try to do in the work which means my colleagues is to ensure that we are constantly sort of in touch with women's rights organizations as well and also make sure that we acknowledge the hard work that they've done in bringing us to this point where we can have these critical discussions about or about issues like sexual violence against men and boys. We wouldn't be able to talk about that if women hadn't done all of the hard work of opening up discussions on sexual violence against women and girls. So I think kind of like having that was critical allies and being ready to take on that criticism from women's rights organizations or from feminist scholars I think is really important. So some of my work is focused on issues around men and men's identity and how that links with violence and there can often be somewhat difficult to bring in, at least sort of in the local context women's perspectives on issues because these issues might be sort of seen as things as men's issues and women feel that they're not able to talk about these issues and are reluctant to talk about these issues. And I think that that is also something that needs to be respected we don't really shouldn't be pushing anyone to answer questions or take stances on issues that they're uncomfortable with, but there is then also need to even if that happens to make sure that I as a researcher then do engage with women in that space and talk to women's rights organizations, for example, about their views on these issues and not just say oh well the women didn't want to talk about it so I didn't need to talk to them. So that's great I mean it's a gender is always relational right so I'm bringing it bringing in a multitude of stakeholders and people's perspectives is key absolutely. I think you know with the, like you mentioned with a you know the history of women's activism has been at the fore underpins really the women peace and security agenda right and and the broader recognition of women's experiences and and violence against women in conflict is not natural or inevitable and unfortunate right but it's you know a war crime and and we need to think about this and think about women. There's specific needs in war. I guess I'm wondering you know this leads me to think about. And I guess it's well accepted that we need to pay attention to women in war and women's experiences in war but for you what does paying attention to not just men but masculinities in particular when we're seeking to understand war and violence what what does that bring to the table how does that help. How does that help or the broader women peace and security agenda so it's really kind of a lead on from your from your previous statement I just wonder if conceptually if you can if you can walk us through what does this bring to the table. Sure. I think one of the starting points is coming back to sort of the very first question around men and masculinities and conflict is that in spaces of conflict the vast majority of those who are carrying arms are in uniform be on one side or the other, be peacekeepers and the thereby also the majority of perpetrators of violence are men, and there's an expectation on men to be the protectors of community or join armed forces join a guerrilla force and there's there's a lot of men are brought up in societies across the planet to to live up to those warrior protector expectations and that's something that's but just to movies through books the kind of toys boys plays play with and so on. So there is that link ready made between men and armed violence and sort of unpacking that link is something that that is essential to working towards ending that violence, but also to to looking at some of the impacts that that has on society more broadly. So for example if you look at issues like domestic violence, which again is mostly perpetrated by by men. There is a direct link in research that's been done in post conflict societies in the Balkans, for example, or in Ukraine. So if we look at men who have been in combat or experience war either as civilians or as combatants, then also have a high propensity for perpetrating violence in the long run, even decades after the end end of the war. There's a link between masculinity and violence, but also because as men, we're often taught to not engage with our emotions not engage with our trauma. And there isn't that space to work through emotions in any kind of other way than through anger and violence and often sort of catalyzed by substance abuse which again is quite masculine coded. And I think that there's these various kinds of ways in which masculinity is flowed together with violence and perpetration of violence but also victimization by violence if you look at the victims of armed violence in conflict but also in situations like in say Central America, the vast majority of men because there is that expectation of men to be in those spaces or be being seen as potential combatants. And I think men are quite central for better or for worse or mostly for worse to issues of violence. And that is intimately an integral link with notions of masculinity. I think you know why your work is so amazing and brings such rich and important contribution to a broader understanding of gender and war is that it is rooted in empirics it's rooted in sustained field work it's rooted working directly with NGOs and local communities of you know the real challenges around conflict and in post conflict settings of addressing not only structures gender structures of power but performances and ways of being and being a man and feeling valued as a man and whatnot. And I just wonder throughout you know all of this field engagement that you have and the research that you've done, what approaches and interventions have you seen work when it comes to transforming concepts of masculinity and societies that in the way of reducing the damage they can inflict the violence that these sorts of masculinities and ways of being a man have. So I guess yeah thinking about it, you know the transformation of manhood and masculinity is to move away from like you said the the immediate link to violence and abuse in conflict to to being something other what what sort of approaches or interventions have worked. There's there's been a lot of really interesting and really groundbreaking work that's been done by most of my quite small local NGOs in different parts of the world. There's a lot of partners that I've been working with in Lebanon, for example, or in the former Yugoslavia countries, or in Eastern Congo, or in Columbia, they, they, I think one of the keys to their success is being very much rooted in the global context so there isn't one cookie cutter approach that you can take from country X to country Y and it's going to work. And a lot of it is really also builds on long term sustained engagement by very very dedicated people who then put in hours and hours beyond their regular working hours into working with with men of different ages and trying, as you say, sort of break that link between masculinity and violence and the cycles of violence. And so so there isn't really one, one single approach that that will work, but think of some of the commonalities are having that localized approach and speaking kind of the local, which sort of say for example sort of in, in Eastern Congo, when I was sitting in on the work done by some of these groups, a lot of the, the ways in which different ways of being a man of positive masculinity was being explained by using Bible references because these are communities which are deeply Christian. And then looking at some of the work done for example in Lebanon, since in some cases there's a more faith based approach sometimes it's more of a secular approach. So really sort of drawing on what it what is a local cultural way of speaking about these issues and that that's obviously going to be different. I think something else that is really key is making sure that you don't try and skirt away from painful issues or difficult issues so it's one of the groups. And I was also looking at in Serbia, but they also do a similar work going on in Bosnia, Kosovo, Albania, really sort of at the outset really goes into tackling homophobia and misogyny and really sort of takes that head on and doesn't try to sort of airbrush these, these negative aspects of masculinity so ways of being an expectations of being a man, a way to really take that head on. And I think it's also really important to take opposition to change and resistance to change seriously. There are in many different ways invested into these ways of being a man which do have negative impacts, and will resist that change and don't necessarily want to change and change is made difficult by the environments that they're in where they are a softer kind of man so to say they will be ridiculed by their peers they will be shunned by family members and so on. And I think it's really important to engage with that resistance, engage with that opposition, and not run away from it. So I think that those would be some of the key elements. And I think also ensuring that there is, if possible, then also a linking of this norms change with with a possibility of reducing some of the other stress factors in men's lives, like economic stress factors. So, and some of the work we did previously in Tajikistan we combined gender norm change with increasing livelihoods opportunities and involving men and women. And I think that there is often an immense expectation on men from others but also from themselves to be the breadwinners to be the ones who sustain themselves and sustain their families and the often impossibility or huge difficulties meeting that those expectations are a key factor in frustrations as well. Frustrations that then can lead to violence because as mentioned men are often conditioned to not talk about those frustrations openly. Yeah, I think you know what I'm getting from that is it's ridiculously complicated. It requires you know sustained local perspectives there's no one size fits all of course, it involves the community so not just the men, but women as well and it's not just a matter of discourse or how we think and feel about things but there's a material implication for this. All around this. Yeah, I guess you know you did touch on homophobia and you did touch on a little bit of the, the, the LGBTQI plus community I'm just wondering if you could maybe expand a bit more on that and what does bringing that community, you know into the analysis but how we also practice policy and practice kind of a broader piece in these spaces. You know so a queer but also the LGBTQI plus community. What does that do for our analysis but also how we practice peace and in post conflict settings. I mean, I'll try to keep my answer short because it is quite a broad topic. I mean, kind of two, maybe two ways in which I would approach that is one is if we're talking about gender and conflict and trying to look at who is, who's the most vulnerable in conflicts or what does bringing gender perspectives into peace and in conflict work. Then then looking at some of these diverse, so to dive into LGBTI perspectives can really help us see some in a resource of heightened fashion how gender plays a role in underpinning violent ideologies but also violence at the micro level. I mean with that it's like if you look at homophobic and transphobic violence in the context of conflicts and who uses that and who mobilizes around homophobia and misogyny for that matter because these often go hand in hand. We see a huge the wide range of groups, secular groups from the hard left to the hard right. We see religious groups from all major world religions mobilizing around homophobia around misogyny around this being a threat to their culture be it in Southeast Asia be it in Islamic society to be in some more Christian societies. So we have a lot of mobilization around this issue and I think that that was sort of raised the question what's what's happening here. What is it about these gender identities that are pushing beyond the traditional limit, what it means to be a man or a woman.  And you have individuals and communities transgressing that that leads to this massive violence and massive counter reaction to that. So I think that is a really interesting opening there to think about, what is it about that transgression that makes that it involves these violences. Why is it that this is seen as something that needs to be countered with sometimes extreme violence. And I think that's something that we can look at at the macro level at the ideological level, like why is it that the Maoist shining path in Peru mobilizes around the same issue as far right neo-Nazi groups in Hungary in a very different context, as does Islamic State in Syria, as does these of the born-again Christian groups in Uganda. So what's what's happening here around these peers around gender and transgressions of gender roles and the readiness to use violence. I think that that does open up perspective to look into that deeper. But it's also something that I think allows us to think about what's happening at the personal level, at the micro level. So why is it that on a pre-COVID lockdown, Sunday, Saturday night in a pub in Newcastle, a group of men feel so threatened in their masculinities by another man who might have an earring or might have longer hair that they beat him to a pulp for being quote unquote gay. So there's something happening there that around these transgressions around these feelings of unsettling gender norms that provokes violence but both at the ideological level and at the individual micro level. That's really interesting to look deeper into. But then there is beyond that kind of more academic side there is also then the ethical side of if we really do want to get some of the most vulnerable groups in society impacted by conflict, impacted by violence, then people like trans transgender population are among some of the most vulnerable in all societies.  And so what does this tell us about the broader In terms of power structures of power, ways of being that makes these people vulnerable right. So that gives us knowledge into power and the operations of power through gender and sexuality logics and then, importantly, you also highlight a very vulnerable people that yet often ignored community right within the broader WPS agenda I mean they're they're emerging now we're starting to recognize but very vulnerable in peace and conflict times right this is the, you know, the stats on on life expectancy and trans communities globally is significantly lower than, you know, other communities, for example to so so it raises a renders visible a very important group of people, and then also tells us something really interesting about power gender power and sexuality and how that's operating on global and local scales. So if I could maybe jump in that something that I forgot to mention, I think sort of what I've really found in looking at the impacts of conflict and displacement on LGBTI individuals and communities is just how pertinent some of the older feminist critiques of how we consider conflict and violence are. So these concepts of how there isn't really for many people a clear dividing line between armed conflict and peace the way we think about that in times of peace. A lot of women but also majority of the LGBTI population is under constant threat of violence and insecurity. And that the kind of the maximum of the personal is political is extremely pertinent in the context of LGBTI persons and communities in peacetime and in wartime and you have this continuum of violence that they face, which which many women face as well and other marginalized parts of society ethnically marginalized communities, for example, and persons of color. Excellent important point to make absolutely the, yeah, the idea of, and that challenges more of the, you know, liberal or realist kind of notions of what peace is right and the dichotomy between war and peace for definitely a critical feminist perspective, queer perspective and post colonial perspective would argue exactly what you're saying there's a continuum right there's, and we need to contextualize how we understand peace right and and and conflict. You know, what I love about a recent paper, you wrote is that you discussed the concept of new forms of masculinity, and whether these actually, you know, stabilize rather than challenge patriarchy right. You know, you include the label of gender champion and gender men, attributing to some of the high profile leaders such as Justin Trudeau who promoted gender equality and feminism, or his version of feminism. But do so from very much a place of power and privilege. And I'm wondering if you can share some of your thinking on this and also at the same time you're so own a self reflections of course we've had multiple conversations about this previously Henry but your own reflections of being a privileged white man working in gender equality spaces. So if you can just offer some of your reflections on that. Yeah, I mean far beat for me to compare myself to Justin Trudeau, but I think there are some, definitely some clear similarities and privileges that both of us must share as white privilege middle aged men. And I think what really struck struck me is that. So it's a lot of these things that I've been for example, in my, my work in my, in my research and highlighting a lot of it builds on generations of work that's come before for me. And that's been done by feminist activist feminist researchers, and it doesn't necessarily for the most part doesn't really say anything new. These are critiques that women have been raising for a long time, but there is the difference that now is someone like me a privileged white man, a class white man who's saying these things and and that gives me. Entrance to places and give us some kind of currency and and capital that a lot of women who have been saying the same thing. Never had they didn't get the same kind of attention that I get because of who I am and what I'm kind of embodying with through my presence. I think that that is problematic in the kind of critiques that that I put forward are taking more seriously because I'm saying them compared to for example a what my my African female colleagues would then be just labeled as and read black women, whereas when I say it, it's, you know, okay, this is rational because it's a white man saying it. And I think that that kind of power disbalance and what power imbalance is something that we need to be aware of I need to be aware of and understand how just how much I am building on the work of others but also just how much I'm being boosted by the by by patriarchal structures and and also the way in which these petrol structures are not necessarily challenged by what I'm doing what I'm saying but might be stabilized by bringing by co-opting the critique that I'm bringing to the table. Okay, I mean that's such an important critique and it's a critique I think myself as a white middle class educated woman also experiences a great amount of privilege and social capital and the things I say and just having a conversation with Julia well and yesterday about that and you know she made a really important comment saying, if you think what you're saying is new, likely a woman of color has said it before. So it's just you know it's I think you know it's it's it's also us as academic citation practices who we bring into the conversation who do we, you know attribute knowledge to it is so key as well. I guess you know it's really great that you know yourself, you know the perpetual self reflection as part of the feminist ethic as well too. When we think about our own relation to power and privilege but just going back to Trudeau like I wonder, you know, is it bad that he's touting feminism right like what's bad about that I guess if you can maybe reflect upon that. Yeah, I think I think it's a bit of sort of a yes but situation. I would sort of say that that applies to me as well I think it's. I don't think it's a bad thing that I'm raising these kinds of issues or that produce raising these kinds of issues, but we need to be held accountable by others and we need to hold ourselves accountable. And I mean, I don't know enough about Canadian politics to give sort of a detailed truth of Trudeau's politics but I mean one thing that does kind of strike me for example so he sees very good at talking the top but does he actually think it's true on issues like disappearances and feminicides of indigenous women. And is there something that goes beyond just having these kind of quite photogenic and a nice sound bites around feminism, or is there actually an attempt to really do undo some of the the historical structural harms that have been committed to women of color. Indigenous First Nations populations. Or is it just for show and is it just kind of a slogan, hashtag that that he mobilizes. And I fear that with him it probably tends to be more of a ladder it's that the actual structural change that he would be to decree in a position to act upon. I guess bringing it back to you from again from the state leader back to us as as privileged academics late. What you know what would be kind of key advice you would give to, you know younger scholars or just scholars you know our colleagues alike who are white, who are white men white cis men doing this sort of research. How to be a good ally like what kind of key advice would you would you give to them so they don't, you know, kind of reinforce these power dynamics or at least trying to disrupt these power dynamics. I think what one would be to listen more. You mentioned some of the consultation practice and broadening the the range of literature that we engage with. And I think that that's really important and kind of going out of your own comfort zone a bit and not deciding the, the sort of the male stream, so to say, literature about going on beyond that. But I think a lot of it, for me at least comes down to really trying to listen and try to understand what it is what you're being told by your interlocutors, be it in a research or by colleagues, or especially some more junior colleagues or in other ways of less privileged colleagues or staff members and taking that seriously and taking critiques on board and not dismissing them. And if it's, it's taking, and I think it's also the learning to take on that criticism and the critique of privilege, which can be quite painful because none of us likes to be seen as as the bad person or as the oppressor and or most of us don't want to be seen as that. And most of us do like to keep up self image of us doing good. And when that comes under fire, especially when you are already trying to go out of your way to do something good can be difficult but it's something that that's coming out of position of privilege we really need to be open to doing and questioning ourselves. And I think also then, especially for men. It's also being to step back and give that space to others and not always push ourselves to the front and always be the ones who have to be during the talk and have to be the first author and whatever. Yeah. Those are some great advice and I think any any sort of confrontation with your own privilege is uncomfortable but productive and necessary right in order for us to move forward and to be better allies. So we do end our discussion with a final question or rather I guess to interrelated questions. And that is, excuse me, what made you fear first curious about masculinity is more. And where did you think he, we need to go as a community of scholars in studying gender and post conflict so you know the first is more of a historical recount of a view and what made you interested in the sort of research in the more of a future of where do we need to go from here. Yeah, I mean, so it doesn't happen very often in my life but in terms of starting to get curious about masculinity and in conflict or post conflict. I can actually pin it down to a specific moment, which was some when I was so I don't come from a social sciences background. I was did my master's in engineering and then I was working for a, an organization that was working on former military sites and sort of gender learning group informal group, and we're reading through some texts about some gender and displacement and remember this one piece that was about IDPs in Georgia, about people who'd fled from the Abbas, George and war. Suddenly, I noticed that this was the first one and the only time that men and masculinities were being mentioned in any of the literature that we were reading. And it was just a sentence about how all of the men in that IDP camp or IDP settlement spent their time drinking gambling and committing acts of violence against other other men or against family members. And I was like, that's just sparked my curiosity. It's like, what, why, why is this the only time that men have been mentioned and sort of coming from a engineering background. I assumed that there was already going to be this whole massive body of literature on men and conflict and masculinities and conflict. And for me as an outsider, I was like, well, that's obvious because 90% of soldiers are men, 90% of people with weapons are men, obviously someone's looked at it. But at least at the time, and this was quite a while back, there was a very little, there was that invisibility of masculinities in conflict situations. And yeah, then I was kind of pushed, shoved a bit into or dropped into the deep end by a colleague was like, well, here's your chance to do something about it. And she volunteered me to write an article about men and and weapons and arms and yeah, I foolishly agreed and just sent me down that rabbit hole. So in terms of where, where to go next. I think that there's a lot that's been already said, and again, ready been said by by feminist scholars of color, especially around, but I think it's been said but hasn't really been acted upon and there's a lot that needs to be done around that, and there's a lot of issues of intersectionality, for example, as it's a, it's a massive buzzword at the moment, but there is actually relatively little research that really does take that intersectional lens. So starting point and looking at gender masculinities at femininity's or other gender identities in a more complex and nuanced way. I think that that's really something that is starting to happen, but I really would like to see a whole lot more of that happening. And also the something that also speaks to the changing nature of conflicts is the the breaking down of that. This is peace, this is war dichotomy and it's something that as I mentioned feminist scholars have been talking about that for decades, but now it's something that's really also entering the conflict studies war studies fear of like what's a hybrid warfare, for example. And I think there's a lot there that can be aware of the feminist perspectives are already a bit ahead of the game and trying to understand how war and peace are not mutually exclusive spaces but it's sort of this gray zone in between for many people. And I think that lastly. And this is something that that kind of came up in some research I was doing in Ukraine last year was the, the way in which gender itself the discourse around gender has become a literal battlefield. So, for, for example, in the case of Ukraine, how other states, Russia, for example, are mobilizing around questions of gender and using that kind of as a key battleground in this hybrid warfare against what Russia sees as its rival, training government. And something that that's I think we need to be also very aware of how we as researchers are working on a topic that itself has literally become weaponized it's something where different actors and in different countries are pouring money into its intelligence agencies are militaries are mobilizing around discourse gender are mobilizing around what people think about Judith Butler mobilizing around what Cynthia and others are doing and trying to turn that as a way to undermine societies and create wreak havoc or great disturbances and shake trust and institutions. So I think that that's something where I think there's unfortunately probably going to be a lot more happening over the next years and decades. So, lots more work to be done in lots of very interesting and often worrying trends trends to be researching and and and looking through and I guess you know even just the Trump era the Brexit era all of this is this remind us of these hard fought one rights and and logics that we would just assume is common sense. Now are you know can easily be rolled back and eroded to write so all of this is still quite reminds us how fragile it is fragile these these winds are and can be and alerts us to the ways in which gender like you said can be weaponized and is being weaponized as as we speak in in different in different parts of the world by different world leaders. Henry I want to thank you so much for taking the time out of your busy day hectic days to share your research your insights and your experiences with us on men and masculinities violence conflict post conflict kind of continuum. Thank you very much. My pleasure.


Hi everybody, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com with 2021 Panini Playbook football seven box picker team number one couple giveaways here And they'll be that this randomizers will be at the end of the video one dice roll two lists first lists will be the wax party and then the Wax party spot giveaway and then a free box of playbook as well Which will ship to you sealed if you follow the instructions right there Very big thanks. It's a fresh case as well. Very big. Thanks, too this group a Lot of dusty here, but Jesse's in the mix Steve is in the mix Aaron's in the mix. So is Brian so Thanks, everybody for making it happen Now let's pop open. This is the correct case, right? Yeah, we got 2021 playbook football This case open And the second half of the break is already in the store if you want to run that back most likely tomorrow All right now we got a select are we're gonna select our sealed box from here Remember there's eight boxes on each side, but we're only doing a seven box break One of the free box will come from this stack first one. We're gonna pick the stack so Let's select a die One two three for that stack four five six for the right stack five one two three four five six, so this will save for next time I'm just gonna run some X's across that playbook badge. So, you know, it's all from The same case. All right now We'll go one two three four five six seven eight And I'm gonna use we're gonna go to ram.org and we're gonna use a random number generator that they have on their site There we go. So we'll generate a number between one and eight and that'll be the free box It's gonna be box three So from the top down one you can see on the top camera two and three Right here. All right, so that's gonna go to someone at the end of the break. We'll set that right here So I don't forget So also a wax party break, so I don't forget right and let's go. Let's see what we got 2021 Playbook football four autographs or memorabilia cards per box on Average this blank card here. Let's hide some of the hits a little bit We've got some points down here as well. So these points we're going to We're gonna randomize to one person in the break Winner take all on that Actually, what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna do the wax party spot first and the second name down will get any in all points We'll group them together as a lot. All right. We got T. Higgins hot routes. It's a catch right there 253 out of 299 Behind the book. It's Devonta Smith autograph. Nice Not numbered But it's great receiver playmaker here going to Aaron. There you go, Aaron Trendsetter fly Eagles fly Jason might be interested in this if you're not gonna keep it all right, and the book is Another eagle it's Devonta Smith again 93 out of 99 dual relic You got the dual relic book and some ink nice. All right, that's box one of seven Next box. All right, we got a Miko Hardman, Jr. To 149 49 out of 149 That's Brian Frank with the Chiefs We got osa or Digi Zua That's 48 out of 49 for the boys. That's gonna be for Dusty and the Dallas Cowboys Yeah 48 out of 49 is the number Got Joe Namath. Wow Jersey and autograph That's for Dusty and the Jets J ETS Jets Jets Jets And that is two out of ten two plus ten Jersey number eBay one of ones got it Two color patch and autograph That's pretty cool nice hit and The book. Oh, is this the oh, I see it's one of these Nexis I think a triple player book 14 out of 25 all bangles. Yes Jamar Chase Joe burrow and T Higgins. That could be a good trio for a long time to come That's the 25 and That'll be for Probably dusty. Yeah, Dusty has the bangles. There you go. Next box the redemption I think it's a redemption down there off the top is a Joe mixing relic.  That's awesome 71 out of 299 It was a little too wrinkly. Well, obviously game warm and you know Dusty and the bangles back here. We have Greg Rousseau 14 out of 25 auto that's gonna be Dusty in the builds Buffalo The redemption let's do the book first and then the redemption We got 30 out of 49 game of inches DeMarcus Robinson D Rob That's that's some cool photography here Chiefs that's gonna be for Brian Frank. I'm sure he's a raider now Says game warn looks like it's the real deal. All right. Hail Mary signatures Could be anybody J. Oh Joe Josh Joseph Josh Allen That's got to be quarterback Josh Allen right with the Hail Mary signatures I'm sure it is but I'll just double check just to be completely completely sure Because we're all about accuracy here We're all about accuracy Yeah, Hail Mary signatures. They're all quarterbacks So Josh Allen card 11 is to is to 49 Buffalo Goes to Dusty. I think this is a No, just one book just one book. All right up here is Rondale Moore 14 out of 35 Rookie Otto for Dusty and the Cardinals We got Levisca Chanel Junior to 49 two-color patch down in dirty patch For the Jags Dusty again a little cat team mojo Then we got more cat team a Monroe St. Brown 62 out of 99 That's Steve Herrick and the Lions Steve on the board. Hola, Jason. Come on star and we've got another eagle This time the book Jersey and auto Devonta Smith Aaron trendsetter 34 out of 99 possible Jason Jaspie interest in this Yeah, little little little eagles mojo than that Jason Jaspie in the chat bird team mojo There's a one-of-one on the bottom. All right, there's Mike Williams down in dirty relic to 299 We got some jets Elijah Moore two out of ten signature routes patch and auto Dusty with the Jets Some more hot routes. There's Darnell Mooney to 299 Bears Dusty and a one-of-one book. What what what could it be? Well, who could it be? Wow, it's Najee Harris for the Steelers So what's gonna like what kind of relics are gonna be in here? Piece of the football Nike swoosh peaches piece of the Steelers patch laundry tag autograph in the middle NFL Shields more Nike swooshes helmet sticker perhaps on the bottom right One of one and that's Dusty with the Pittsburgh Steelers Dusty All aboard the Big Hit Express It's a good-looking one very nice All right, two boxes to go. Ah the gambler Calvin Ridley To 49 that is for Jesse and the Falcons Rondale Moore mammoth materials 210 out of 299 also for Dusty Cardinals Bertino Joe We got a Killin Hill rookie auto two out of ten For the Packers, sorry hit the mic there Jesse with the Green Bay Packers and the book is Caderis Tony Relic and on-book autograph nice 103 out of 299. All right. Good luck final box We got Joe Mixon Down and dirty to 75 Dusty and the bangles We got more bangles for Dusty T. Higgins down and dirty, and we've got Pete Warner 49 out of 40 out of 99 rookie auto for the Saints all dusty so far and the book The book is a patriot Mack Jones Jersey and autograph nice Piece of his Jersey Good use of the canvas there Mack Jones Patriots Dusty with the Pats. There you go, man 66 out of 149 and that's the way it ends ladies and gentlemen Thanks everybody for making that happen now. We got to give some stuff away Give it away. Give it away. Give it away now so Let's grab all the names here So I guess we'll do that that we'll do this dice roll last Let's give away the box first or it's one dice roll for both lists anyway so Put that there and If you bought at least two teams one entry four teams two entry so on and so forth So Aaron bought four teams. That's two entries for the for that extra box Brian got two teams That's an entry Dusty Got 23 teams for the purpose of the promo 22 Teams that's 11 entries Jesse with two teams an entry Steve Herrick with just one team So let's gather all these names into this clean list right over here All right, so one dice roll both lists. Good luck everybody four and a six ten times for the names for both lists Name on top gets the the the sealed box one two three four five six seven eight Nine and fingers crossed 10th and final time Dusty had the odds Dusty gets the box Congrats Dusty. Thank you. And we'll ship that to you sealed. You can do whatever you want with it. You can Bust it open yourself if you want to have a little fun with it Sell it if you want to it's yours Congrats Now let's flip back over here Four and a six ten times This is for the wax party spot and then spot two will get those points Four and a six ten times is the full list one two three four five six seven eight nine and 10th and final time after 10 second name just the consolation prize third name Dusty on the outside looking in but you do have the odds So let's see what happens with the top two spots. Good luck man. Good luck everybody spot two points Dusty Spot one wax party Dusty There you go man. Congrats to you Thanks everybody for watching for breaking with us all that jazz. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next break Bye-bye


Last year the Bemidji State women's soccer team didn't lose a game in the regular season and this year the expectations are just as high. The pre-season coaches poll was released today and the Beavers earned the number two spot and two first place votes. Minnesota State Mankato earned the top spot with 12 first place votes. Senior Rachel Norton of the Beavers was named NSIC pre-season offensive player of the year after leading the conference in goals, assists and points last season. The team begins their season with three exhibition games before kicking off their regular season on August 19th. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


How are you today? I am just going through my stencils here. These are all of my stencils from my design line and I was just checking on some of these new ones which are backed with black paper. We are here this month to talk about the design team for my product line of stamps and stencils and everything else from my Etsy shop. I gave them a challenge this month for December of what was it? I don't remember. Let's see. Hot, cozy and snug and the black and white or the graphic I gave them the digital download was a cup of hot coffee. So I am curious to know what they're gonna do with that or maybe they're not inspired by any of those words or the graphic and they do something completely different which is totally okay with me. Their links for their videos are in the description below. I would love for you to go check them out and show them some love and see what they've come up with because I think they're a really great team this year. We've come out with a bunch of new stencil designs this year. I've been very productive and so has the team in inspiring me and producing really great work with my product line. I can't thank them enough this year and I hope some of them choose to stay on for next year. We'll see what happens but if you would like to purchase any of the products you've seen in any of their videos you can do so by going to my Etsy shop. The link will be in the description of their videos and they each have a discount code so the discount code works on anything that you buy in the shop so that's the one I was looking for. So go check it out and look around and watch the videos first and see what they've done and I hope that you're inspired to create something and that you'd like to do that and if you would like to you can do that in my Facebook group a life of art and self-expression. The link is in my link tree which is in the description below. You can find me everywhere on the internet including Instagram and all my Facebook groups, my website, the Etsy shop, everything so check it out. This is one of my new multiple image stencils and I love it and I need to use this one for something. So I'm going to do that and I'm going to watch some of their videos while I'm doing it. I hope you do the same. That's it for today. Go out and check their videos out and have a great day. Do something nice for yourself because you deserve it and I'll see you later. Bye guys!


In the previous lecture, we looked at some of the definitions of magnetism and how we measure magnetic response of a material and some of the parameters that we usually link to a magnetic property in a material. And we also looked at some of the basic definitions that categorizes magnetic materials into different categories and how we can ascertain those magnetic properties. In continuation to the previous lecture, I would like to dwell little bit more on the classification of the magnetic property in a material. And also I will try to attempt showing some of the group of compounds which really stand out in today's functional applications. The cartoon that I have put in this introductory slide shows that today the magnetic materials can be used in every other applications including toys to very sophisticated applications in avionic tubes and in recording media. So in today's lecture, I will try to take you through different classification of this magnetic materials and show some example of how these materials can be used in applications. Just to recall, the two group of compounds that we can easily categorize is based on the weak magnetic response and strong magnetic response that materials display. So weak magnetic response, diamagnetism and paramagnetism usually talks about influence of external field on the material. Whereas in strong magnetism, it is an intrinsic response of a material in itself. When we say diamagnetism, although there is a very poor response from the material point of view to a net magnetic moment, but the diamagnetism per se can be used for sophisticated applications. For example, in levitating a train, magnetically levitating a train, magnetic materials are used and those materials has to be diamagnetic for magnetic levitation. Therefore, diamagnetism in essence is not a bad response. It is as much used and exploited like a strong ferromagnetic material. So this is one group called weak magnetic response and strong magnetic response comes from ferromagnetism, anti ferromagnetism or ferrimagnetism. We have already seen ferrimagnetism is nothing but ferromagnetism, but then there are some anti ferromagnetically aligned moments which although is present, it is compensated by a strong ferromagnetic response. Therefore, ferrimagnetism is a special case of ferromagnetism and ferromagnetism in essence is mainly seen evidently in metals and there are very few other compounds which can be called as ferromagnetic material. Whereas in ferrimagnetism you can actually look at examples other than metals which show ferrimagnetic response and we will look at some of the categories in the next few slides. Also to just group this weak and strong magnetic materials, those which are weak the diamagnetic materials or paramagnetic materials can be categorized from the others on two counts. One you talk about the susceptibility value and you talk about the permeability value. Both are a good measure of whether the material is good or not in terms of its magnetic response. Usually if you look at the permeability for a diamagnetic material it is going to be less than 1 and susceptibility is definitely less than 0 whereas paramagnetic and anti ferromagnetic ones have permeability greater than 1 and susceptibility greater than 0. But for neutral materials in ideal case permeability has to be 1 and chi m has to be 0. In case of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials your permeability is far for greater than 1 and definitely the susceptibility has to be greater than 0 and what is the response between these two or what really makes them candidly different is the hysteresis that emerges out in the case of ferro or ferrimagnetic materials which is absent in the case of paramagnetic materials. Therefore, there is a clear divide between these two compounds and therefore it is very easy to understand how a ferromagnetic material would respond against a anti ferromagnetic material. Now the main thing that governs all this three group of compounds ferro, ferri and anti ferromagnetic material is the presence of a magnetic domain which is not a crystallite or it is not a structural domain that we are talking about it is the magnetic correlation that is present within the material that makes this materials very rich in its chemistry. At temperatures above a material dependent limit thermal vibrations lead to disalignment of the magnetic moments the material becomes paramagnetic. Therefore, in ferro, ferri or anti ferromagnetic material we usually talk about a anti ferromagnetic to paramagnetic situation or anti ferromagnetic sorry ferromagnetic to paramagnetic situation. So, the transitions are always to a totally disordered alignment of spins to a ordered or to a anti ferromagnetically ordered spin state. So, this is exactly what we see in ferro and ferri magnetism usually for temperature greater than temperature less than T c you see a very strong magnetic response and this is usually present in the case of metals. Whereas, in the case of anti ferromagnetism for temperature less than T n that is the nil temperature ferro and ferri magnetism can occur in insulators and this is more prevalent in some of the selected metals and also in metal oxides. So, what really is a common understanding about metal oxides transitional metal oxides is that they are mostly anti ferromagnetic but what you would see in today's application or in the new generation compounds what is understood to be a anti ferromagnetic compound transcends to become a very strong ferromagnet and metal. And that is the beauty of chemistry because the substitutional chemistry or materials chemistry totally puts the landscape of transition metal oxides into a different perspective altogether because of the ease with which we can engineer the materials. So, if you know for sure for example, lanthanum cuprate L A 2 C O 4 which is a anti ferromagnetic oxide you can actually make it metallic and you can make it semi conducting by just substituting with strontium at the lanthanum site. Similarly, another very important compound which I will be discussing in module 4 and 5 is lanthanum magnet which is a perovskite and this lanthanum magnet actually is a anti ferromagnetic insulator because the in the A B plane the manganese oxygen sheets are anti ferromagnetically aligned along the C axis whereas they are ferromagnetically confined in the A B plane but when you try to disturb this manganese oxygen manganese alignment by substituting with the strontium for lanthanum you can actually bring about a collinear ferromagnetism where you try to introduce a ferromagnetic exchange between neighboring manganese via oxygen 2 P and therefore, a radically anti ferromagnetic insulator is transformed into a ferromagnetic metal which is a very very astonishing phenomena in the case of oxides. So, when you look at metal oxides most of them are anti ferromagnetic oxides but you can easily translate them into ferromagnetic oxides and thereby affect the conductivity by mere chemistry and that is the specialty of materials chemistry in this oxides. When you look at anti ferromagnetic oxides typically the domains are like this each one of this is a domain in a anti ferromagnetic oxide which is anti ferromagnetically coupled as a result your chi m in that case is going to be nearly 0 whereas your permeability is going to be approximately 1 and there is full compensation of the magnetization by the anti ferromagnetic alignment and in such a situation in compounds like manganese oxide iron oxide cobalt oxide or nickel oxide if you allow the external field to go through this oxides you would see a situation like this where there is no influence of the flux on the system. So, this is typical of anti ferromagnetic oxide because the anti ferromagnetic coupling is so strong that it cannot be removed by an external magnetic field. So, if you have a domain structure like this the anti ferromagnetic strength is of much higher order that it cannot easily be removed by an external force and that is exactly what you see here. But, if there is a anti ferromagnetic interactions coming due to some impurity effect or defect effect which is not intrinsic, but it is a extrinsic factor then even with a little of external field strength it is possible to remove those anti ferromagnetic coupling if possible we will deal with this in the next lecture. One of the most important or well studied anti ferromagnetic oxide is manganese oxide and if you closely look at the manganese atom these are the oxygen atoms and these are your manganese atoms. Now, if you look at every alternate manganese atom you would see that they are anti parallely aligned in any direction they are anti parallely aligned whereas if you actually look at the 1 1 1 plane then all the manganese are ferromagnetically aligned. But in essence this is an anti ferromagnetic coupling mainly because the electron here which is actually exchanging through the 2 p orbital of oxygen to the neighboring oxygen to the neighboring manganese site is anti ferromagnetically coupled and this cannot be removed because this is a super exchange coupling which is dynamic via the 2 p orbitals of oxygen and this cannot be removed at all. Therefore, this is a very classic example of anti ferromagnet in this case the spin orientation is due to the 3 d electrons of manganese 2 plus and 2 p electrons of oxygen 2 which is anti ferromagnetically aligned to the t 2 g orbitals of manganese 2 plus of the neighboring atom. Partial overlapping of 3 d and 2 p orbitals result in anti parallel alignment and this is actually dictated by the Hoon's coupling or Hoon's rule. Now, in that situation if it is a anti ferromagnetic oxide you would see a chi versus t plot to show something similar to this where you have a almost a linear dependency in this higher temperature scale but at nil temperature the chi starts falling down. So, your susceptibility drastically falls down at the nil temperature typically this should have actually increased in this fashion but for a anti ferromagnet you would see this sort of a crossover and this is a very important signal for a anti ferromagnetic oxide and this is exactly what you see in this curve here that all these manganese are aligned anti ferromagnetically and they are mediated via this oxygen sites and in such case the magnetic susceptibility is not governed by Curie law rather it is governed by Curie-Weis law which is dictated by this expression chi m. Therefore, for anti ferromagnetic oxides your chi m will actually be related via Curie-Weis law. Now, when you come to ferri magnetism as we have already seen the partial compensation of the moments actually results in a net magnetization in this form and as a result each domain actually contributes to a net magnetization and this is possible only in metal oxides or any metals which are partially filled and it also depends on the crystal structure which we will see in some of the examples. What is the behavior of this ferrimagnetic one the permeability will be much stronger and your molar susceptibility will be greater than 0 and if you look at the impact of the external flux line to this ferrimagnetic compounds you would see that there is a strong correlation or there is a interaction with the external field strength and as a result the domain will start getting influenced by the external magnetic field. A classic example of a ferrimagnet is AB204 type of metal oxides which is called as spinal metal oxides. Spinal compounds usually ferrites show a very good response for ferrimagnetism and this is the unit cell for AB204 type of an oxide where you have the A cations sitting in the tetrahedral sites and you have the B cations sitting in octahedral sites. In such case you can actually generate a variety of spinal compounds this is a classic spinal which is a naturally occurring mineral and we can actually try to make ferrites of this formula where you can have A site occupied by divalent metal oxide and metal ions and B site by trivalent metal ions for ferrites B is always ion and you can generate magnesium ferrite, manganese ferrite, cobalt, nickel or zinc ferrite. The well known spinal is inverse spinal that is ion oxide or magnetite where if you look at the occupation of these sites you would see that these two ions are actually in B site and your Fe3 plus is actually in A site. So because you have a mixed valency of both Fe2 plus and Fe3 plus in B site this is actually called as a inverse spinal otherwise in a normal spinal phase of ferrite you will actually have always Fe3 plus in B site and M2 plus in A site. So you would see this discrepancy in most of the ferrites the occupation of the ion atoms sometimes will be between A and B site. So this categorizes a group of compounds like ferrites where ferrimagnetism is very much operative and in such cases you can actually try to substitute with chromium if it is chromium then we can still get a cubic ferrite which is magnetic. Suppose we substitute aluminum in the place of ion then it becomes a non-magnetic ferrite similarly a non-magnetic ferrite you will get if it is if the A site is substituted with zinc magnesium or barium whereas you get a magnetic ferrite if it is manganese 2 plus nickel 2 plus cobalt 2 plus and Fe2 plus. Some of the diamagnetic materials and paramagnetic materials are listed here and this also tells why we use those materials for applications. For example copper, gold, silicon, silver and zinc these are very candid diamagnetic materials and when we look at the AC susceptibility or susceptibility chi value you will always understand that the susceptibility will be of the order of 10 power minus 5 whereas in the case of ferromagnetic materials this will be of the order of minus 1 or it would be positive. So the chi value should exactly tell you what set of a material you are talking about and most of this diamagnetic materials are in this range and also paramagnetic materials like chromium, zirconium, titanium, aluminum all this have a very low susceptibility value and those which are ferromagnetic the magnet spin moments are actually governed by the Hund's rule and therefore it is possible for us to calculate how much of magnetic movement each of this transition metal ions can contribute and this is measured in terms of Bohr magnet arm. When we come to the range of compounds we usually have an idea that magnetic materials are meant only for some sort of a magnetic force applications like stickers or magnets for isolating some magnetic materials and in today's application most of the time we encounter only permanent magnets used in household applications but what we forget or what might slip out of our attention is that the magnetic materials form a very solid application core and they are used in coils, in transformers, in transducers and not only that in power electronics but also it finds a very important application in magnetic storage applications. So a range of applications are there for magnetic materials I will basically make a division between two types of materials before I show some of the applications. One soft magnetic materials and the other one permanent magnetic materials or hard magnetic materials, soft those which show magnetic materials on application of an external magnetic field, permanent or hard magnetic materials are those inherently have a magnetic movement you can kill the magnetic response only by applying a magnetic field. So with this minimum distinction let me just take you through some of the functional applications that the magnetic materials hold magnets function as transducers transforming energy from one form to the other without any permanent loss of their own energy and for example permanent magnets are used in a variety of applications like they convert mechanical to mechanical energy in other words just use for either repulsion or for attraction. So this is one application but you can also use the mechanical to electrical conversion of energy as you see in generators and microphones electrical to mechanical in motors loudspeakers and in charged particle deflection we can also translate this mechanical energy into heat for example in torque devices and in applications involving eddy currents and more so in the recent past special applications have emerged out of this materials such as magneto resistance hall effect and magnetic resonance. I will not deal with this applications precisely because I will be talking about this when we discuss about electrical properties of materials. So I will try to show some example on the other aspects this is one of the cartoon that gives us some idea about what sort of materials we characterize as soft magnetic materials these are actually a range of compounds which stands out compared to all the other known soft magnetic materials. So I thought this would be a good way to project some of the representative soft magnetic materials what has emerged recent past is nano crystals which show soft magnetic response amorphous alloys are traditionally soft magnetic and ferrites are mostly soft magnetic. Magnetic materials but we also have bubble memory materials which are hard ferrites there is another group of compound called send dust then permaloid which is used almost in every other applications and then some of the alloys also show soft magnetic material compared to other alloys which are usually hard in its response. When we talk about soft magnetic materials we need to understand they have high permeability and very low coercivity. If coercive force is very less and permeability is very high then you can categorize that to be a soft magnetic material which is given by mu is equal to b by h. So b is your magnetic induction and for obtaining soft magnetic materials there are some clues one material with low magnetic anisotropy low magnetic restriction and high saturation magnetization has to be there. In the previous lecture I told you that when ferromagnetic or magnetic moments they oscillate sometimes they can dilate and bring about magnetostriction response and those materials cannot be a good soft magnetic material therefore it has to have a low magnetostriction and how do we get this soft magnetic materials we can engineer it by carefully annealing with a furnace or other annealing protocols where we try to minimize on the defect which can help the domain wall to move easily so that we can get this response. Another way to get a soft magnetic response is to make a ring shape so that you can minimize on the shape anisotropy because shape anisotropy can influence your magnet of crystalline anisotropy as a result if you make a ring shaped one you can candidly minimize on the magnetic shape anisotropy. So let me just take you through some view graphs of each of this compound just to show what why it is useful and how it is useful. Permaloid as you would see since we handle the floppy disk it is important for us to understand that permaloid is a material that we use almost in everyday's practical application as you see here this is a three and a half inch floppy which we no more use we only use 10 drives now with much better storage density but permaloids are actually used in magnetic applications mostly as shield and permaloid is nothing but a nickel iron alloy where 20 percent of iron and 70 to 80 percent of nickel is used. Permaloid is not the other way usually we think that iron has to be more but it is the other way about 20 percent iron and up to 80 percent of nickel is there and what is important about this it has largest permeability as you can see here and it is soft magnetic metal as you can see from this loop it is a soft magnet and largest permeability and what is the advantage you can generate strong magnetic fields with very weak electric currents by using a electromagnetic core made of permaloid. So you can see here this is your permaloid ring and using this with very small electric current it is possible to generate or amplify the magnetic field and not only that we can try to block the magnetic flux from entering as a shield it can be used therefore it can block the magnetic field that is coming from outside or it can be used as a gate where you can confine the magnetic flux to be confine to a particular place and that is why it is used in floppy's in disk. So permaloid is actually a very very important alloy soft magnetic alloy used in magnetic storage but conscious I am going to avoid this because I will be discussing this example later in module five where I where permaloid is not only used as a magnetic shield but it is also being used for magnetic read write applications and these are some of the cartoons that you see here permaloid is actually used as a magnetic shield in wide range of applications including as a sensor in fast trains. Permaloid processing is also very unique because it is alloy it is malleable therefore you can make it as a roll or as a sheet in any form you can see this sort of big rolls of permaloids can be made for functional applications and as you can see here these are all the permaloid applications that you see in making a magnetic recording disk and these are the magnetic recording heads that you would see in tape recorders. Today we do not see tape recorders or cassette players but these are their head that will actually read and help you play the songs or lyrics that you want to hear and permaloid is essentially the head that reads the magnetic information. So this is one application of permaloid and then ferrites are also used systematically in variety of applications as I have already touched upon spinal ferrites are known ferromagnets some are ferrimagnets and mainly because of their occupancy in the B site and the way they exchange between A and B site will tell whether it is going to be a normal spinal or inverse spinal. You can make any sort of ferrite if you know how to play around with your A site combination for example, you take manganese zinc ferrite and nickel zinc ferrite. You can candidly see how you can affect the other properties for example, manganese ferrite have soft magnetic property but they have very low resistivity of the order of ohm centimeter. Whereas if you gamble with the nickel zinc ferrite then you get resistivity of the order of 10 power 3 and these two ferrites are incidentally used very much in storage density applications manganese zinc ferrite and nickel zinc ferrite both are by choice used for different applications because one gives you almost a metallic behavior and the other one behaves more like a insulator. And amorphous alloys are other group of compounds which show soft magnetic response and usually amorphous alloys are fabricated by melt quenching or by vapor deposition because you can deposit using a physical vapor deposition method at room temperature then whatever is crystalline will actually grow as a amorphous compound and then it is possible to characterize the magnetic behavior of amorphous alloy. And since our courses design more to materials chemistry in the first module I have increasingly stressed on the use of chemical approaches to make amorphous alloys. I have discussed with you based on sonochemistry how we can make such amorphous alloys in nano scale and how the properties changes in one such example I have mentioned that what is usually conceived to be a magnetic compound can become a non-magnetic compound what is considered to be a non-magnetic can transform into a magnetic compound when you reduce the size to nano scale and that is possible using simple chemical routes for preparing amorphous alloys. This is the materials which can be engineered as amorphous alloys or for example a transition metal with a metalloid. So, you can actually make borites, phosphites, carbides, silicides and we can also make alloys of cobalt zirconium or neobium cobalt or we can make rare earth manganades like gadolinium cobalt or iron terbium compounds as alloys these are usually used in thin film forms and when we try to do a casting or melt quenching usually these are rendered in thin film form. What is important about this amorphous alloys is that they have a very local atomic arrangement and this is what we call it as short range order because they are not totally disintegrated they do have short range order but they do not have a long range order usually this sort of amorphous material will have a x-ray pattern like this where you have a hump at low angles whereas at higher angles you do not see any reflection. So, this low angle hump is a very clear indication that it is not completely glassy but it has short range orders. So, if you actually look at the pair correlation functions for such amorphous alloys you would find out that there is a reflection or a response for the transition metalloids or for alloys. Which gives an indication that the pair correlation functions indicate small polyhedra like this of the order of say 4 to 12 they constitute a short range order as a result you can get a very different magnetic phenomena compared to crystalline materials nano crystalline alloys they are comprised primarily of crystalline grains having at least one dimension. One interesting thing about this nano crystalline alloys is that they are usually considered to be a single domain size. In other words they are lesser than a single domain magnitude and most of this single domain particles are exchange coupled materials which can provide soft magnetism and the way we process soft magnetic materials especially the nano crystalline alloys is by sudden quenching. So, quenching or by a preferred heat treatment of a amorphous alloy precursor it is possible to get nano crystalline alloys. For example let us take the case of one composition before we look at the other examples iron copper niobium silicon boride actually has a nano crystalline alloy of the composition alpha Fe 3 Si where additives like copper is added mainly to initiate nucleation because iron and copper are immiscible therefore it will not form alloy therefore you will get a massive nucleation which is promoted when you put some copper into it and you can put some niobium in order to restrict the grain growth. So, to get a amorphous phase you put this as additive but actually your compound is iron silicon. So, when you have such a composition it is possible to realize nano crystalline alloys. One of the reasons why we look for nano crystals when we look for soft magnetic properties is that the spins in a cluster are exchange coupled ferromagnetically and the spins between the clusters are also exchange coupled in the range of coupling length called L and that is what we see here in this cartoon. So, these two are clusters but the clusters have a correlation within itself and between the crystals and both of these nano crystals will have some amount of a grain boundary influence and if this exchange can overcome the grain boundary influence and the exchange length then they can be strongly coupled to the extent that they show a net magnetization and this is a view graph which tells how the exchange correlation or exchange length can influence the net magnetization. The effective magnetic anisotropy which is actually contributed mostly by the magneto crystalline anisotropy is given by this expression where your magneto crystalline anisotropy is actually governed by the correlation length. If it is short then the crystalline anisotropy is going to be stronger whereas, if the correlation length is going to be larger then your magneto crystalline anisotropy is going to be weak. Therefore, the reason for shaft magnetism is coming from the grain size which is very small which does not influence the domain wall movement and the cluster is made of a soft magnetic material with very small magneto restriction or almost 0 magneto restriction and the reason for soft magnetism also is due to the exchange coupling between clusters which is larger than the magneto magnetic anisotropy because you are minimizing on the magneto crystalline anisotropy if your correlation length is going to be lesser. This is another compound which is used widely it is called send dust this is basically discovered by those researchers in Sendai and this is actually a material which is peculiar because it is very very brittle therefore, it cannot be used in any other form other than as a dust or as a powder. So, it is called as send dust the reason send dust is interesting is that you have a very very less magneto restriction. By the way the composition for the send dust varies in terms of its aluminum content and it can vary from 5 to 15 or so, but usually silicon 10 percent will affect the magnetic property of your BCC ion. So, doping ion and aluminum can give you a special composition and you can see here the magneto restriction for a send dust is somewhere here and it has a very high permeability for this particular composition which is almost amounted to 20,000. Therefore, this is one compound which is actually used for reducing core loss and what you do here is that we this can be actually coated as a lamination in transformers therefore, it can bring down the joule heating in copper coils. This material is for power and distribution transformers and the heating effect can be minimized when you try to spray or laminate it with this send dust and this particular cartoon gives you an idea how little amount of silicon can rapidly alter some of the properties. For example, saturation magneto restriction or resistivity you can see how the resistivity varies just with very little amount of silicon then the curie temperature also varies down with the doping of silicon up to 5 to 10 percent. Now, we will take a quick look at some of the materials which stands out as permanent magnets just want to highlight that the main divide between a hard magnet and a soft magnet comes basically by looking at the hysteresis loop. As you know the hysteresis loop tells us about un magnetized state or a virgin state of a magnetic material on application of a magnetic field it gets saturated and then when you remove or reverse the field it loses its saturation and this is the remanence that you get out of it and then you can completely remove the magnetization or demagnetize when you reverse it. Therefore, your response in the second quadrant becomes very very important for your permanent magnetic material and as you would see here a permanent magnetic material when you try to reverse the field in the second quadrant here whatever is happening here will tell you the nature of your magnetic material or the strength of your magnetic material. So, compared to a soft ferrite which is here a hard ferrite or a hard magnet will actually have a very high hysteresis and large coercivity and therefore, this can be used as a permanent magnet. So, how does this affect or what is the parameter that we use to ascertain for a permanent magnet we can just look at it briefly a permanent or a hard magnetic material is one which is having a remanence even at 0 magnetic field or in the absence of magnetic field and you need a very large field to demagnetize the material soft magnetic material on the other hand requires application. So, then demagnetization curve or the second quadrant of the magnetization or magnetic induction is the most preferred property that dictates a permanent magnet suitability as a magnetic device. So, when you try to magnetize a compound and try to reverse the magnetization the second quadrant behavior is very important to measure the strength of a permanent magnet. The notable parameters that we use for judging is coercivity or you talk about magnetic saturation magnetization saturation or magnetic induction saturation B saturation and popularly this B H max is what is used to ascertain the strength of a permanent magnet which is called energy product. If the energy product is very high which is a factor of B cross H then more the energy factor more stronger the field strength as a result it can be used as a magnetic material. This is the plot for a neodymium ion boride which is a permanent magnet and as you can see here the width of the coercive field is very high and this is typical of a hard magnet and the behavior of your B versus H and M versus H usually is different and how they respond in this second quadrant is what is important for the permanent magnet. And this is how we see a response for samarium cobalt compound this is your M versus H and this is your B versus H plot for a samarium cobalt and you can see that the second quadrant is very clearly altered when you try to increase the temperature. And for example the B R B R is nothing but your remanence induction in this case or M R that is your remanence magnetization both changes distinctly as you increase the temperature and you can see for B remanence it drops down by at least 2000 Orsted and B H max is your energy product strength and significantly changes with temperature that means it loses its magnetization with increase in temperature therefore you can decide which sort of permanent magnet you can use for what application. So at high temperatures if they are going to drastically drop the energy product then it puts limit on its application. So you can use this permanent magnets in a variety of environment and this is another view graph just to tell you where all these permanent magnets are used this is the neodymium ion boride and this is aluminum cobalt nickel called alnico this is another permanent magnet and these are ceramic magnets usually made of ferrites and this is your samarium cobalt magnet and this one is new generation magnets which is nothing but a composite which are called flexible magnets usually flexible magnets contain a polymer support where this permanent magnets can be interspersed and rendered into tapes or any other flexible ships. So by and large when we think of the permanent magnets you have borides or alnico which is alloy or a rareth alloy or ceramics usually these are oxides and classified as ferrites which are used for applications. Alnico is one of the magnet which is used as a permanent magnetic material and in these materials elongated magnetic particles are precipitated throughout the matrix during the manufacturing process and therefore in the case of alnico it is what is important is the shape anisotropy and this is usually spin cast into a particular form therefore the shape anisotropy is more important as far as alnico is concerned. The samarium cobaltite are preferred over borides because of the process ability but both are essentially very good materials for alloys. For applications where temperature is stable and it is just above room temperatures samarium alloys are used whereas borides are usually used for high temperature applications and we have a range of applications coming from ceramic ferrites. The only permanent magnets which are used from the oxides are mostly ferrites and specifically one particular compound is a hard ferrite which is barium hexa ferrite. How to choose permanent magnet materials we have a range of numbers that will help you understand what sort of material that you can use. We look at the maximum energy product value, we look at the coercivity and we also look at the machinability and the working temperature. All these four parameters decide what sort of compound that you want to choose. For example flexible materials the limitation is you cannot go more than 100 but you can actually render it into any form. Hard ferrites you can play around up to 300 but process ability machinability is very poor that way but if you look at the alloys and the borides alloys you can use it in high temperature applications whereas machinability is fairly decent and not very easy whereas for borides it is possible for you to machine it because it is a rugged material. So these are some of the parameters that will tell you which one to use and Alnico is one of the most popular material I cannot run through all the data's but a preferred one is a composition which will have a maximum energy product up to 7.5 and your coerci force is up to nearly 1000 Orsted. So there are various compositions of Alnico which will determine what sort of energy product that we are looking for. The compositions are aluminum, nickel, cobalt with additions of copper and titanium. As far as the ceramic magnetic materials are concerned we have barium hexafariate or strontium hexafariate which does the job and as you would see here maximum that you can achieve in the energy project product is of the order of 3.5 mega gas Orsted and coerci forces up to 3000 can be achieved in this barium hexafariate. Apart from barium hexafariate you also have strontium hexafariate which can do the job as a permanent magnet. These magnets offer the best value when comparing the cost because alloys are pretty much costlier therefore ferrits are usually preferred. And one important thing about this ceramic oxides is that you can actually make very dense compact to the extent that the porosity can be minimized less than 5 percent that is the essential beauty of this barium hexafariate and they are also highly resistive. So, this can be used for specific applications because you can sinter it to near to theoretical density. And rare earth magnets there are 3 particular compositions which I want to touch upon number 1 is the cobaltite usually it is samarium cobalt which is a very useful material. As you would see here in this particular view graph the energy product keeps on increasing from 16 to 50 and you can tailor based on the composition that you are using and the coercive forces can touch up to 10,000 orsted if you can choose the right rare earth material. So, the first one is usually samarium cobalt based compounds and the maximum that you can achieve is 9,000 orsted and your energy product is up to 22 mega gauss orsted. Whereas when you go to the next batch of compounds these are usually a transition metal and a samarium based ones instead of cobalt samarium if you go for samarium iron copper cobalt then you can increase on the energy product or we can go for another batch of compounds which are usually borates. These are neodymium iron borate based compounds and these are samarium iron based compounds as you would see here as you go down this list the energy product can improve and mostly it is the borates which take edge over samarium cobalt and these are range of iron chromium cobalt magnets that are available and the next important application of this magnetic materials is in the area of magnetic storage which I will continue in the next lecture and also I will try to discuss what are all the magnetic phenomena's that are involved when we try to look at this magnetic materials. So in the next lecture I will give some examples of materials that are used for magnetic storage and I will also discuss with you about some of the magnetic phenomena that happens which we can suitably minimize or enhance if we get to know what is the application that we are looking for.


People with long-term conditions often have complex health and social care needs. If they are to be helped to stay in their own homes and avoid unnecessary hospital admissions, they often need several different kinds of support. In the past this sometimes led to them being offered a bewildering range of treatment and care. But now proactive care is improving lives by bringing professionals together in one team and delivering the right help to the right place at the right time. It's where a multidisciplinary team which is made up of GPs, community matrons, district nurses, social workers, physiotherapists, occupational therapists all kind of come together to look at patient care and what we can do for our patients. The type of help required very much depends on individual needs and this is where proactive care is improving lives. It's about putting the patient at the centre and the heart of it. We then discuss their cases as a team and find a way forward really to sort of prevent hospital admissions. We do have a fast-aging population in West Sussex and we want to be able to provide for everybody in their later life. Proactive care is really aimed at those with the greatest risk of hospital admissions. We must keep the whole system flowing and work together as a whole health and social care system and as well as it being far better for patients to be able to be cared for and treated in the community we can help to keep the hospitals coping with the grave numbers of older people in that way too. Alan Saunders is a World War II veteran. After the raid on Dieppe he spent over three hours swimming for his life in the English Channel under enemy fire. Now over 90 he faces a battle of a different kind and is full of praise for the help he has received from his proactive care team. It's great for old folk. The object meant to keep you out of hospital. You tend to service at home, get you working, keep you in your home. That's one of the main things isn't it when you get old, when you get to stay in your own home. That is so important. I think the patients find it a really beneficial service because they know that we are working as part of a team to try and work with them in the best way possible. The team are aware of the patient and the same questions aren't asked over and over again. There is planning as well, contingency planning so the patient feels supported in their home. It also helps to support the informal carers that are working with our patients in as much as they feel like they have the support from the right people within the team. Paul Eisinger was a company director and he has also reaped enormous benefits from proactive care. Let's say six months ago when Sheila started coming in to treat me, call it what you like, without proactive care for want of a better word which I didn't have a clue what it was right. I think I'd have still been another year finding my feet. It was lovely to hear those comments from both Alan and Paul. Alan commented just how glad he was to be in his own home and that kind of comment is very typical of the feedback that we get from customers. I thought what was very interesting and very enlightening about Paul's comments was that he really didn't mind too much what the job title of the professional was or what we call the team that provides his care. All he knew was that he thought his rehabilitation was about a year ahead of where it would have been without that multidisciplinary input. Proactive care is being rolled out across West Sussex. It has already changed many people's lives for the better and is all set to change many more in the future.