So today we will talk about the paper introducing the algorithm Mu0. The title is Mastering Atari, Goat, Chess, and Shogi by Planning with the Lab Model. Yeah, so it's a paper by the series by Google DeepMind. So I'm guessing that most of you know that DeepMind made a lot of splash news because of its successes at these different games. So it started with Atari initially, the Atari games in 2013-2012 maybe, something like this. And so the Atari games are like arcade games and the AI was learning by using the raw inputs from the screen, which was very impressive. And then it learned and eventually reached a superhuman level at some games and not at others. We'll discuss this later on. And then there were these breakthroughs in Go especially, AlphaGo in particular, with this famous game with Lucidol in 2016. And then afterwards there were AlphaGo Zero, which was as opposed to AlphaGo who started with a lot of data from human masters at the game of Go. AlphaGo Zero started from scratch. And then there was AlphaZero who not only started from scratch, but also had a general enough framework so that it could play both Go chess and Shogi, three different games or strategy games, very similar. But now the Museo is like the latest breakthrough of DeepMind, which is an algorithm that's able to play the four games all at once. Yeah, exactly. I thought it was actually not only four games. Yeah, actually it's more than four. And what's a bit surprising is also that somehow Shogi, Go and chess, they are very similar, but they are very different from Atari games. The fact that it's the same algorithms that can play well for Go, Shogi, etc. and for Atari games is quite surprising. Yeah, I read this a few months ago, but I think I was quite surprised by the fact that you could manage this because the models seem quite different. So that's the basic difference between so-called model-based reinforcement learning and model-free reinforcement learning. So in the case of Go, chess and Shogi, the classical models had a lot of structures because the algorithm knew ahead of time the rules of the game. And this is important because it allows to construct the so-called tree of the such tree and then you can explore it using Monte Carlo methods, which is much harder to do if you're in a model-free environment where you don't have a prior model of the game. Yes, so in that case, actually model-free it would be also some models that sometimes don't even try to learn a model of the environment. But in the case of Mu Zero, it's still a model-based approach but trying to learn what is the model of the world. So the way it works is that the neural network that is used to predict the future reward and predict the policies what move to do. It also has an internal state that has the role of representing the environment and also in a way that this internal state will predict for possible actions taken how this internal state will change. And somehow it's not an exact representation of the future of the environment given certain actions but it's what information is most useful to correctly predict the future reward. And as the Mu Zero algorithm is trained, this representation is more and more useful and allows to, so after this they still do Monte Carlo research but applying to this hidden latent state in the neural network. Yeah, so maybe we can go back a little bit and explain the basics of reinforcement learning. Maybe there are some viewers who are discovering these words. Reinforcement learning is very interesting because it's a very general framework so the very general framework of reinforcement learning is that you have this algorithm and the algorithm is interacting with some environment by receiving inputs from the environment which typically when you're playing games would be either the screen of the game or how the plateau of the game is like. And also it's going to be receiving every now and sometimes a reward that can be plus one or zero or minus one or different things and typically in the game of Go or Chess or Shogi this will be a plus one if the algorithm wins the game and minus one if it loses the game but what makes these games hard is that most of the time you don't receive any rewards and the same also for Atari games but more generally you have this framework where you have this interaction the algorithm is making some actions so it's saying things essentially so typically in the game of Go it would be saying I'll put a pebble on this position and it then receives observations from what the plateau is like and potentially rewards at any given time and this is very interesting because it's a very general framework in a sense that you can think that what we humans are doing in a sense is quite similar to this like we have all of these sensory inputs from our eyes, from our nose and so on at every instant we also have some reward like sometimes we feel happy sometimes we feel sad, sometimes we feel angry and so on and then based on this we have some decision-making mechanism mostly in our brain that pushes us to do, to undertake some action and what's interesting is that the way you can think of ourselves doing even though we're not always doing it perfectly is that the way we're going to choose the action is usually so that we can maximise some kind of rewards we're going to get in our brains and that's the same for the algorithms they try to find patterns in the way the rewards are given and typically they observe that whenever they do this they get a reward then they will learn that this kind of action is the kind of action that gives them rewards so they will repeat it more likely Yeah and they will also, in the case of re-enforcement learning also we can expect algorithms will try to reach states in which there is more reward to gain so I don't know, for chess for example there are states of the game that even though they are far from a victory they are much closer to a victory and this is what a re-enforcement learning algorithm will learn and it's the same thing as for us humans even though most of the time we would take decisions that make us happy at the moment like eating right now is important for me because I would feel good, it's time for lunch but a lot of the decisions I take are also pushed forward to the future and I'm doing this right now because I know it will lead rewards for our future and this is the problem of re-enforcement learning Yeah and so in the approach of new zero but very commonly in most of re-enforcement learning you have different key objects like one of them is the value function sometimes called the value function is like if I'm at these given states then what's the expected rewards I will get later on if I keep playing as I'm playing something like this so that's the value function if you know this, this is critical in chess or in board games because you don't get the reward immediately so whenever you play you just try to imagine how the future states of the game will be but it's not going to be in the final state because you cannot compute all the way to the end Yeah so one action would have a high value either if it gives you high reward right now or if it brings you to state of the world where it will lead higher reward later Yeah and then there's another important object which is the policy function so the policy function is telling the agent what it's going to be doing at any given stage of the game and you might think at first that it's a bit stupid because it knows what it's going to be doing you could imagine this but a lot of the problems have to do with approximations because you can only know an approximation of what you're going to do next partly because what you're going to be doing next at the next stage of the game will be depending on new computations you'll be doing at this stage of the game maybe you spend more computational power at this point and explore more branches of the tree typically and so what you plan right now on what you're going to plan later on is only an approximation of what you're actually going to do later on which is I think interesting to think about and also a key aspect of Mu0 in particular because what Mu0 is doing is that it's always trying to predict what it's going to do later on and there's actually a loss function so I think at any given stage like if it predicts badly then it's going to change its parameters so that it gets to better predictions later on and then a third important object of at least Mu0 and most of reinforcement learning is a state usually a vector representation, something like this of the state and this is trying to capture everything that's relevant at least in the case of Mu0 everything that's relevant to do all the other computations so you can think of the state of Mu0 as a compression of all the information that Mu0 has received in the past that's trying to describe how the game is like yeah and I think it's more than just a state of the world a representation of the state of the world but also a model that describes how the world evolves when you take actions because it uses this to predict if I follow this policy what are my expected rewards in the future so it not only needs to know the state of the world right now but what will be the state of the world given sequences of action that it will take yeah so somehow in this state is also sort of encoded also like somehow also it's future actions and how they will impact and the key aspect of the learning part of all of it is how do you compute these different objects so typically like for instance the state is going to be computed based on observations that you make and rewards that you receive and so there's a function that's going to transform observations into a state of Mu0 and this function is going to be a neural network typically and it's going to be parametrized by the weights of the neural network and you want to learn the right parameters so that you get to a good state representation and then there's another function that takes the state and then computes the action to be taken for instance similarly this function has parameters and you want to optimize them and you want to optimize actually all the way everything all the way and so you have all these parameters that you're going to learn based on well typically how well your prediction is close to what you end up playing things like this what your estimations of the future rewards you're going to receive are close to the actual rewards you actually received and so on and so that's a very it may seem a bit complicated there's a lot of objects but it then is just basic tools that are just combined together and I guess what's surprising is that it works that well for a long time there seemed to be a gap and it's often said like clearly the game of Go, the game of chess or the game of Shogi or like very specific settings for reinforcement learning it's like not the general reinforcement learning that you want to be doing for instance for self-driving cars or for recommended systems but like this paper shows that like for environment more complex already like the Atari games or you don't have a clear model of what the game is like then you actually make a lot of progress using this kind of learning and I guess a question is like how far can you go along this way? yeah so definitely the the way this model is able to generalize to more types of game it make us think what else can it generalize to and does it generalize to perfectly recommending the videos on the recommender system for getting you to engage at most possible with the platform yeah speak here yeah maybe before getting into this we can discuss the limits of the game of the museum of the reinforcement learning algorithm because it performs superhuman at many many games but weirdly enough it's a little bit weird but it actually fails to do human level performance at some games I don't remember all the games with one of them is Montezuma yeah I think Montezuma revenge if I understand the game well it's you need to navigate through a kind of maze which also has a lot of devices to treat the player and that are dangerous to avoid in the environment and you need to go in such part of the maze pick up a key go in another part of the maze open the door with the key you have collected and find your way through this complex thing and I think I understood yesterday from our discussion that the reason why this new zero does not correctly learn to solve this game is that there is too much distance between picking up a key at some corner of the maze and going to the other corner to open the door and so it's actually because before solving the game one time and observing the first reward it actually has too many possibilities of moves to make so before it can actually have any training signal from the game environment it can't solve it yeah it's very like I'm guessing that there's a lot of iteration after maybe hundreds of thousands even maybe millions of iterations it still has no positive reward so you can imagine an algorithm that never receives any reward like it just does not know what is good and what is bad well I guess it knows that you shouldn't die but it does not know how to progress in the game and that may be one of the reasons why it performs so well yeah and the reason why humans are so good at this game is because when we see the game for the first time first of all we realize it's a kind of maze and we will need to keep in memory what is the structure of the environment in which we are moving and will we need to come back at some point when we see a door we know and we keep in memory that oh I remember there is a door here I will need to come back there at some point and when we see something that has the shape of a key we also very rapidly learn that oh this is the key to go open the door and we can do it right away so somehow it comes from our common sense that we know how to solve this and it's not something you can learn just by interacting with the game it's something when humans play this game they know it because they have been living in the world for a long time and the game is somehow imitation of the world we live in so yeah we discussed that to solve this and algorithms would maybe need some module that allows to have a longer memory like in LSTM to remember key points of the environments with which we need to interact in the future but also common sense things like if I see something shaped like a door I need to look for something shaped like a key and for example you mentioned that maybe something like what GPT2 is learning could provide this sort of logic to be used yeah so on second thought I'm not sure the memory part is necessarily that big of a problem because the way the user is set up is this state where it can encoder a very long term memory so I feel like the problem is more with not having a lot of rewards if any that can be very much of a problem whereas I think if a human plays the game whenever it gets a key it will update it will receive an inner reward like something like this and it will at least think that this has an important priority to be much more beneficial much more positive than just running and doing nothing on the screen I would guess that if you have this sort of local input and say yeah that's good like you just have this teacher that says there's something good here and give you a bit of reward then maybe Museo would get quickly good at Montezuma's revenge and what's interesting is if you think about why we humans when we're playing these games whenever we get a key we get a bit excited we feel like we've made some progress all games are like this and I guess whenever we our parents or our brothers or whatever are surrounding encouraged us when we did this little thing and also there's a whole code with the way games are set up there's a lot of things that have become learned by video game players for instance if you hit something and then the character is blinking on the screen probably it's not good but how do you know this? in most games that's what happens and maybe if typically the algorithm that Museo had played other games where you had more immediate feedbacks maybe if it started with Mario or something like this where the game is simpler then it can learn the function can learn that well if you get this then the expected of future reward is going to be slightly larger because you got the key or like in Mario maybe you get a star or whatever then maybe you can use this in Montezuma's to say yeah I should search for keys and you feel excited so if collecting a key is encoded in the state of the game in the environment model then isn't it already part of the model that it will realize that having this encoded leads to more higher expected rewards yeah but you will have learned this by playing another video game I'm guessing that's what happens for humans every game we play video game we play makes us better for a lot of different video games but we also discussed the fact that when we see a door and a key we humans tend to think that maybe the key is useful to open the door and this is a common knowledge common sense that we have because we open doors every day at least I use my keys every day and so it's like yeah we have a lot of data about this whereas Museo had no data about this so it was much harder for it to know about this and yeah maybe if you want reinforcement learning algorithm that's good and that quickly learns to play well at a lot of games maybe it will need also to have such common knowledge and it's even more important like YouTube if it wants to recommend what mostly beneficial videos it needs to understand what makes a video or mostly beneficial what are the signals that it's not getting directly but it could infer from the equivalent of getting a key like maybe the user I don't know what a good user does when he watching maybe he comments and maybe he goes on Wikipedia I don't know if there's a way for YouTube to know that the user has gone just afterwards on Wikipedia if you use Google Chrome I guess so so yeah maybe this is a sign that there is something positive about the video but maybe this has to be learned in some way and we talked about transformers because transformers are interesting because they so transformers especially GPT2 or these transformers have been invented I think by Google in 2017 something like this and they are a model to do natural language processing and in particular like if I explain this roughly what they're trying to do when they read a sentence when a transformer reads a sentence it tries to find the words that combine world together to give meaning to the words if you think about it like there are many homonyms in English or in any language and the way we understand the different words is by understanding the context in which they are used and that's sort of what transformers are trying to identify and also what's nice is that you can learn to identify to have better grouping of the different words in a sentence anyway so this is a very successful model for natural language processing probably should do something about transformers at some point in this series but what's nice is that GPT2 in particular which was designed by OpenAI was able to then give speeches like you can start a sentence and there's actually a website called talktotransformer.com where you can write a first sentence and ask GPT2 to complete and what's very fascinating is that it's doing quite a good job not human level but it's quite a nice job at completing things and the way he completes the text reveals the fact that it has some knowledge representation inside it so we actually did the test yesterday we asked GPT2 what our key is good for it was funny because the answer was decrypt keys are very good to decrypt and cryptography which is a bias I guess the data GPT2 was mostly based on Wikipedia and I guess on Wikipedia keys are mostly related to cryptography and very basic things about keys like keys open doors are not that common on Wikipedia it's interesting also because it shows that you also need some prior knowledge probably to really understand Wikipedia at least there's some information that we have that's missing or that's hard to find on Wikipedia because it's so obvious that it's not written on Wikipedia yeah this presents to me research questions which I have thought about lately but it's really not my field so it would be very hard for me to make any contribution and of course I think it's very experimental I'm more of a theorist but it's like trying to understand what is the information encoded in transformers can we use it, is it safe to use it like probably there's going to be a lot of biases like a huge amount of biases in transformers like how do you extract the information that is reliable out of a transformer and can you use it for be plugged in some reinforcement learning algorithm for video recommendation for instance as of today I would say just don't do it don't plug it I didn't hear any gender biases related to GPT2 but like for where to vex we right away heard about doctor minus man plus woman equals nurse and this was quite problematic in terms of gender bias but I didn't hear that for GPT2 I didn't hear it for GPT2 but I didn't mean gender biases in particular just mean biases like if you ask GPT2 what our key is good for it's a bias, it's not the answer you would expect if you were talking to a human at least and maybe there are other problems that are more problematic than this and there are things like for instance if I ask you to sum up in one sentence what do we know in one sentence you have to answer the question like in one short sentence you have to answer the question is nuclear energy good or is nuclear energy safe or should nuclear energy be used like whatever sentence you come up with if it's very short it's going to be a very biased except it depends but it's going to be because it's only one sentence you have to give a very biased or at least very simplified version of all the complexity behind nuclear energy and the way you go it can be easily biased like if I ask you are vaccines 100% safe well I'm not sure I wouldn't want to answer this question and you have one bit of information yeah so that's why like information that's in the form of language I think it's very very hard to make it robustly beneficial robustly reliable I think it's an interesting challenge and eventually if you want algorithms you have a lot of good of common sense priors I'd say and I think at some point it's going to be important if you want to make YouTube robustly beneficial you need to understand a lot of the context that humans live in I think based on natural language processing which is by the way the way we have a world model at least academics like us is mostly by reading stuff and maybe seeing a few graphs but reading is by far I think the most informative medium I think maybe for complex things but for the simple common sense I guess we learn it it's baby experimenting with the world like I'm sure you didn't learn that a key open a door just by reading it or even not really by listening to someone you learn it because you've used it I guess I don't it depends which door like this door back here but cryptography doors this I read I guess it depends on a lot of information but I guess for an algorithm it's not clear what is the best way like I guess another way to learn a lot about the common sense of like humans common sense for algorithms would be to watch videos or have images but you have the same problem then like how do you infer reliable knowledge about the world from such data I feel like it's a bit of an overwhelming question I haven't thought about it I guess but it sounds very very hard yeah so another thing we discussed yesterday is the distinction between reinforcement learning and supervised learning there's a so supervised learning is that this what you have typically you're trying to predict if there's a cat in the image and you have a lot of images of images some of them have cats and you're told that these are images of cats and there's a lot of images where there's no cats and then you use these labels to eventually learn what are images of cats and by far most of machine learning these days are by far it's like supervised learning especially what's deployed but this has led to a lot of debates because especially in the effective altruism movement like there's a lot of discussion about like very powerful algorithms and it's typically framed in terms of reinforcement learning and there tends to be a lot of division between these two frameworks reinforcement learning and supervised learning and I guess one question is like do they pose the same problems in terms of safety and ethics I guess that would be an important question for us like is it like when we're working for supervised learning are we also working for the safety of supervised learning are we also really making an important contribution to the future algorithms that are going to be using reinforcement learning like I feel that for many problems we got ready to supervised learning the answer is yes there's a lot to be learned from supervised learning and I think this paper was also interesting that it really shows this I think because in the end the components used to do reinforcement learning learning policies, learning the value function and learning the predictions of future rewards all of these functions are learned using supervised learning in the end they are learned using supervised learning but the data generated to train them has been generated using Monte Carlo research algorithms yeah so it's not the entire part of it but these are key components of the algorithm and like if you can make supervised learning more robust, safer and so on you're also making new zero more robust and safer well new zero is not very dangerous because it's only playing games like games not on the internet so it's really safe but if you transpose it to YouTube I think the YouTube algorithm is doing a huge amount of supervised learning yeah but yeah about this we discussed some time ago that actually we were quite worried that the YouTube algorithms would be doing reinforcement learning it's worrying because if it's doing reinforcement learning it means that the difference between reinforcement reinforcement and very simple supervised learning is that the reinforcement learning algorithms will try to reach states in which it gained more reward and for YouTube to become a system reaching a state in which it gets more reward it means changing the user transforming the user into a user that is more addicted to YouTube spends more time on YouTube so this is quite worrisome that there would be this very powerful algorithm in all of its energy into changing the users into YouTube addicts but in the end of this discussion we concluded that mostly the algorithms at the moment use mostly supervised learning but then from yesterday's discussion we also see that there is not such a clear cut distinction between supervised and unsupervised for example supervised learning algorithms that would ensure it's reward based on the next two weeks of collected data and continuously be trained over time then this one would sort of have the very similar behaviour as if it was reinforcement learning algorithms running behind yeah and as an anecdote I guess so for my YouTube channel I have a YouTube advisor from YouTube to grow my channel and something like this and I've been given a lot of advice to make the channel more popular something like this and one thing I was told again and again is that what I should do is like videos not only that people are going to click on and be watching until the end but also that will make people stay on the platform on YouTube longer even come back the next day or the next two days so based on this like what I inferred with some important probability is that the YouTube algorithm is already doing this like trying to predict every point of time how users are going to use YouTube in the next two days something like this and then use this data to improve the predictions of the algorithm and so I guess when it's only two days I think you already observed some additive behaviour, additive enhancement strategies that are deployed by the algorithm but I guess this is only two days but I guess they will try to expand horizon more and more actually that's what Craig Boutilier who is working at Google AI he came to EPFL, he gave a talk where he talked about a more reinforcement learning algorithm for the video recommendation and he was talking about timeframes that were more in terms of months at least weeks but even months and I guess the more planning there is especially the more the planning is a performance the more important it is that the algorithm is going to be powerful in what it's doing and the more urgent it will be to make sure that the algorithm is aligned doing some planning that in occurrence we would want it to be doing and the thing stopping reinforcement learning at the moment for this recommender algorithm is that the state of actions to be taken is extremely large, there is more than millions of videos to recommend for each user and also the data we collect from users is very different than the data you collect from playing an Atari game because the Atari game is extremely easy to predict it's very predictable compared to users that don't pay attention to everything they see on the screen and even though they would see everything they would not click always at the same place Yeah, there's a lot of noise and even some, well you have these curves where you can see how much people click per video or something like this recommended video and these things you can't click straight over time but it can be a trend but you have to remove the noise which is very hard and makes the learning of the algorithm much slower it's much harder to learn when you don't have clear signals you can imagine doing your PhD and your supervisor like one day they say oh it's awesome I actually know it's better to have clear signals for learning and that's not what the YouTube algorithm is receiving Yeah, so how do you see the future of reinforcement learning Yeah, so what I expect is that we had this question yesterday of when will Montezuma Revenge be beaten by algorithms and then as we also discussed the several ways to do it I expect that we will be quite surprised of when it will come, similarly to the way people were surprised that Go was beaten much sooner that expert were expecting Yeah the history of reinforcement learning I think for the history of AI as well like there has been winters and periods of excitement and over the last decade I think there has been it's quite unarguably a lot of spectacular breakthroughs in reinforcement learning especially AlphaGo, nobody was expecting AlphaGo when it came up and people were predicting it would take decades to beat humans at the game of Go so this is the reason to be to expect a lot of new breakthroughs but on the other hand I think there is like we there has not been that many real world applications of reinforcement learning so far so it's still questionable like how fast can we go from these game playing algorithms to things that are actually deployed and like we talked also about self-driving cars in the previous podcast the more I think about self-driving cars the less I'm excited about this and I'm not sure I would be really excited about reinforcement learning being used for the history of reinforcement learning really crucial for our self-driving car because they I think again you can break down the primary because like I see reinforcement learning more as a framework than as an algorithm it's not clear what the reinforcement learning algorithm is but it's pretty clear what the reinforcement learning framework is and arguably the self-driving car is in the reinforcement learning framework as is the YouTube algorithm as is each and every one of us I see some algorithms that will learn and get better over time and I really hope that for self-driving cars they will be deployed only once they are at the best with the best method possible and not really I would not feel confident that you tell me out there there are cars that will get better by the end of the year yeah that's another execution we had between like continuous learning and I guess what most people do these days is like the model they train the model, they run some tests and the algorithm seems good it's deployed but it stops learning once it's deployed well there's one problem with this is the prime of evasion attacks because if the algorithm has a vulnerability then it can be exploited indefinitely when it's online and people will definitely try and for any recommender system there are people that are working the hardest they can to be recommended as much as possible they're called YouTubers there every YouTuber if there is any possibility to somehow beat the algorithms and get to be recommended no matter what then people will do it yeah so this approach of interopted learning I don't know how to call it like algorithm that stops learning when it's deployed it's not perfect far from it but I still feel it's safer given what we know today especially about poisoning attacks than what I would call a continuous learning algorithm even if it's doing supervised learning but it just keeps doing supervised learning with the user's inputs typically I think this is very dangerous actually because of poisoning attacks so yeah maybe it's a way to fight evasion attacks but I'm not very hard on these algorithms being deployed I think it's very important to keep in mind that these algorithms that keep learning they will change over time and they may have passed tests in the past this does not mean that in the future they will pass the test again if they were exposed to a test so yeah I think it's I'm leaning towards a lot more safety and let's not rush the deployment of these algorithms today okay unfortunately it's not our choice to make right now and what I expect for the future so first of all better techniques that will allow to beat more difficult games requiring some common sense like Montezuma but also I would expect that maybe within 5-10 years most recommended system will also get better at doing a reinforcement learning so pushing even further the boundary of how far in the future the algorithm is predicting it will have impact on the user to increase its reward function so yeah I'm quite confident that this will be deployed already I'm guessing algorithms are going to gain more and more these days the limits of the frontier is a better world model and better planning capabilities and yeah I think they're going to gain more and more of this and that's I guess a good aspect but yeah they can be robust as well that'd be good and beneficial cool so I hope you've enjoyed this video and I hope to see you next time next time we're going to discuss a paper I wrote called a roadmap for robust end-to-end alignment which I think is a good paper but I'm a bit biased


Welcome back, and it's time for our very first hot topic. President Bola Tinobu is set to meet U.S. President Joe Biden on an exclusive invitation. The DOS meeting may be on the sidelines of the United Nations Assembly in New York, scheduled to run from September 18th to 26th, 2023. It's starting today, actually, so he's in the U.S. for this meeting. We've been joined by Abraham Great, Public Affairs Analyst. Good morning to you, Mr. Great. You're nice to be with you once again. Glad to have you join us, and he's joining us from Canada this morning. Now, Mr. Great, U.S. Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Molly Fee did reveal that President Timut was the only leader in Africa so invited for the special interface with the U.S. leader. Clearly, it will be discussed in Niger. The U.S. and France were seeing putting pressure on ECOWAS to use military force to reinstate the oyster president, Mohammed Bazoum. How do you see this meeting going? Do you see Niger being the main reason for this special exclusive invitation to President Tunibu? I wouldn't think that is the main reason for the invitation. Nigeria in itself has a lot more reason to be in America. America being one of the major bilateral partners of Nigeria. It will be the first since its inauguration as president. President Tunibu meeting with the President of America. That in itself President Tunibu needed in a way for its own authentication with several things that has been going on around its presidency and stuff like that. Being in America in itself for every Nigerian president is the statement of its own. Now, at the back end of that, you have to understand that being the populace, the most popular black nation on the earth, it makes a lot of sense for America being the number one world power to meet with the most important president in Africa regarding their fears of the EU as well as in terms of the region of West Africa where there has been a lot of coup. It might not be the primary reason why they will be meeting Nigeria in itself. Nigeria itself will have an agenda for seeing the President of America, but this will be one of the main agenda. As you cannot have America sit back and just watch what is going on around the world and military intervention in West Africa may not be the only option but if it should be, Nigeria and Ecuador will definitely need the backing of the number one force on the earth, which is America. So what are the ways you think such a meeting can be a social economic opportunity for Nigeria? Well, America being a large economic country in itself needs Nigeria, needs Nigerian oil, needs Nigerian gas, needs so many things from Nigeria. America already enjoys a lot of human capital from Nigeria. We know that a bulk of Nigerian diaspora are in America. So a bilateral relationship between the two countries, it will be for me what will be on the forefront of the agenda. Like you can see what the President did in India taking with him as many economic power in the house. Most of the billionaires in the country already see it will be meeting with Apple, it will be meeting with Microsoft, it will be meeting with General Electric. So there are so many things that the President is in America for to be able to attract foreign investment back into Nigeria. But is that in your own, if you were to set the agenda for this meeting, for the President, what will be top on your agenda? It shouldn't be like what we heard from the UAE that he has gone, he has done the visa, he has solved the visa problem, and the next day we saw that nothing like that was even discussed at all and all that. So if you were to set the agenda for this meeting between Joe Biden of America and our President, what would that agenda be? What would be top most for you? First of all, I would like to correct the notion that nothing like that was said of the visa ban between UAE and Nigeria. There is nothing like that, that is completely far from the reality. A presidential statement would not come out when a president makes a detour through that country and then there will be completely no truth to the fact that that was said. In fact, that is the major reason why the president was in the UAE. What you must understand about the UAE is that, and you can prove me wrong, their primary source of dissemination of news is not internet. So you might not see the UAE categorically right anyway that they have lifted the visa ban or so like that. However, saying that, whatever report you have seen from CNN or what have you, it is not from the government. Both the one that said it has been lifted and both the one that said it has not been lifted. Both information are coming from individual perspective, but the president himself is spokesman himself, the minister of aviation have said everybody who went with him have said this was why they are in the country. We have no reason under heaven to just begin to disbelieve such source of information. Now, when they have discussed this kind of information, it might take days to ratify. So they are trying to work out the process and then you see one of the things that I have noticed about the president is that when you criticize him, when you criticize his government, just few days after, whatever you say, I mean, I'm sure by the time Emirate land in Lagos or Abuja or Etihad and then people can travel in the next few days, I'm sure people will be able to pull that bet. Now, number one, I would not be in the position to set the agenda, but I would expect that whoever is setting the agenda to make the foreign policy the number one thing on the agenda. Nigeria has to reclaim its place. There has been a bit of clandestine move between Nigeria and South Africa and in terms of economic power and in terms of military strength and everything, Nigeria should be the number one nation in Africa. Economically, we have it intelligence wise, I'm sure you know this, that in terms of intelligence of the Air Force and the Navy, yes, you talk about, Algeria, you talk about Tunisia and stuff like that, but Nigeria has a bigger force. So strengthening our foreign policy and strengthening our military apparatus should be the number one there. We need America to manufacture to purchase equipment, aircraft, fighter jets and stuff like that. And number two for me is in terms of bilateral arrangement that will bring in prosperity from America to Nigeria and from Nigeria to America, they need to be a bigger fluidity. We lost a lot of bilateral relationship during the Obama administration and that was on the premise, you know, from American perspective, it's on the premise of corruption. Remember, during President Jonathan America has a lot of issues with Nigeria in terms of our oil dealings and stuff like that. Corruption, they want us to put a house in order and when they realize things were not going on, they begin to play setting, sanction in a way. That's when we drew the DV lottery visa and stuff like that. Now under this presidency, we should be having a review of our bilateral arrangement, even the treaty, the freedom of travel treaty, the EB-1 visa, E-1 visa between America and Nigeria needs to be on the front burner. Well, you said that the president is expected to push for global tax resolution. Yeah, let me just correct. Let me just say one thing before you say that, sorry. I just let you talk earlier on, but when the meeting in the UAE was held, the presidential spokesman, Julian Glari, came out to say that the visa ban has been lifted, but the UAE government vehemently refuted that claim and said nothing like that has been done. The ban has not been lifted. We are hoping it will be lifted one day, but not at that meeting. Now this was not said just to say that it was a laughable thing or something, but the thing is that if we are going to be real about discussions that we want to put on the table, we need to know them and whether we discuss them and arrive at a solution or not is another thing, but we shouldn't say one thing was tabled when another thing was tabled. And definitely what are the things that Nigerians are expecting the president to table before a powerful president like the president of America? That's why I asked the question. But in the real fact of it, they claim by Nigerian government that that ban has been lifted, has been refuted by the UAE. I just wanted to chip that in for you to know. I would like to reiterate that the information you got, you see, I'm an immigration lawyer as well. The information you got is not coming from the UAE government. It's coming from a representative who spoke to CNN that I can again categorically say to you the number one reason why the president was in the UAE is to resolve the issue of Etihad and Emirate not being able to fly into Nigeria because they were not able to repatriate their money. Nigeria did not solve that problem under the previous administration and the UAE visa ban as well as rectifying the Nigerians who are living in the UAE because the minister, the diaspora, what's the name again? The woman in charge of diaspora. She has been back and forth on this issue also to try and help to rectify a lot of Nigerians are living in the UAE without papers. So I can categorically say to you that is the major reason why the president was there. The misinformation and the back and forth or maybe they've lifted, they've not lifted. The Arab world, particularly the UAE and Saudi Arabia, they have a different means of the dissemination of their own information. In fact, I always say this and you're right on this, until the issue is completely resolved I don't always trust Arab news or Arab information because they don't roll the way we roll. They don't play with social media the way we do. But CNN, which is said is where their representative went to give that information is not social media and if their representative... It's not a government official from them. I forgot the name of the person who went on CNN to make that clarity. And one of the things we must put here is this. There is a banter, maybe it's opposition or what have you. We have someone that I admired a lot, Daniel Bala, who first of all came and said immediately the said he's been lifted will refuse. That's not opposition. And if more forces are reinforcing the opposition's view, it does not mean. So for example, I have a lot more inside information with people who were on that trip. And I can categorically tell you what I'm saying to you. Either he's been lifted or he's not been lifted. What I'm iterating is that the major reason why the president was in Saudi Arabia was to ensure that that issue is resolved. The president left the president of EAU with an impression with the affirmity that this issue has been resolved. That is why it's representative. But that is not the only reason why they are there. They also... See, I'll tell you this. The president, our current president, Bala Ahmed Tinibu, admires what has been done in the UAE. The visionary leadership that has brought that nation that... I mean, UAE is one of the countries I've been to a lot. And when you travel between the 90s and now into the UAE, the level of development that has happened into that country can be replicated elsewhere. This president is very admirers of what they have done in the UAE and is partnering with the leaders there for his own leadership enhancement and for dreams for vision. But I can tell you categorically, one of the major reason why he was there and he left with an impression with a consensus with those governments that this issue will be ratified. Yeah. Well, in the coming days we'll find out. And well, that's not the issue on the table right now. But we do hope that it will be resolved. We like the body language. We like how the passion is for our government, our president. What we're asking today is it's only natural that the people you're leading know what actually is taking you to where. And that's why I was asking the question, if you were to decide, what would you tell the president? I know you said that you were not the one to decide, but somehow you are in Nigeria with insight and we needed to know to pick your mind a little bit and see what you feel is priority for Nigeria. That's why the question came up. Oh, well, I'm glad that that was well trashed out. It's important that, you know, it's trashed up. But let's talk about this global tax resolution that President Tinnubu is expected to push for. At Ongar. Mr. Great, at Ongar. Now, you have to understand that one of the greatest passions of President Tinnubu is finance, account, taxation. Now, the world rules most countries have natural resources like the United Kingdom and they thrive on taxation. And the president, President Obama believes that there is a lot of issue that can be resolved economically between two countries and between the globe when the issue of tax is fixed. Going back to what you said, usually when a country invites another country within the context, the content of the letter of invitation, you will see the premise of the agenda in there. And I've looked at the letter of invitation or the statement inviting President Tinnubu into America. But I believe taxation and the issue of global affairs is one of the major reasons why the invitation has been sent to President Obama Tinnubu. So on the issue of the global taxation, it will be good to see American perspective on how the issue of taxation, interest rates, inflation can be resolved on a global level. And this is very, very important, particularly with the nomination of a supposed nomination of the new CBN governor. Now, remembering that this particular nomination, Mr. Yemi Kadoso is someone who had been part of the leadership of the Swift banks, the global Swift bank, that is the city bank. So he understand the workings of global transaction, global taxation, global exchange. So it is a very crucial time. And I wouldn't want to pre-empt what their conclusions will be, but I'm sure they'll be coming out with things like the reduction of interest rates to reworking of the interest on loans. And in some cases, this might be similar to what President Obasanjo did during his time when he went around the G7, the G8, the G20, even though Nigeria was not a member at the time to renegotiate Nigerian debt. Remember, not only that for Nigerian debt, even for many other African countries, these are part of the moves that you'll be seeing right now. Okay. All right, well, okay. Let me talk about something that is a bit related to this, but that's the new scramble for Africa's natural resources. When you look at how it's going, especially with France and the way you've been going about it, how would you say that African leaders, you regain their sovereignty from all this, I don't know what to call them, hawks? I think it's in order because there's carvenging for Africa. They are scrambling for Africa. They're dividing Africa. And no matter what the agenda might have been for the meeting, shouldn't we use this opportunity to stamp our foot and say we too are a sovereign nation and negotiate from a point of strength rather than of weakness, like we're going carp in hand begging for these people? Yeah. Eberheim, you want to talk about this? Yeah, you see, first of all, I'm going to use an analogy for this. When we were younger, if you are eating on the table with your siblings and you are much older than your siblings, sometimes you can be wiser than them to take the meat and blind their eyes, tell them to close their eyes. You see, African eyes are closed for too long while the big brothers are taking the meat off the table. But Africa is no longer a child, particularly Nigeria. The biggest thing that has happened to the world is not education but enlightenment. And the internet has contributed a lot to enlightenment. So a lot of resources for research, for development has come around the world. And the number one beneficiary of this information are Nigerians. In America today, you realize the Nigerians are the most educated. So what we don't know, when you hear this saying in the past, if you want to hide anything from a black man, put it in a book. Even though that statement is not completely true, I mean, right now with the advent of the internet, since the mid-90s, information has become a lot more prevalent and Nigerians have taken advantage of that. Now, I can say to you Nigerians are of full knowledge of how the world runs right now. And this is why you see that America and any other country cannot do what they're doing in the African countries with Nigeria because what those African countries are experiencing now, Nigeria experienced it immediately after independence. So you will see, for example, if you read maybe this book by Arrosmi and Fred Serratem and give so many people, you will understand that by the time Nigeria was negotiating and Africa was negotiating for independence, the administrators of those independence clandestinely put together a document that puts these countries in chains. For example, giving power to one zone, making the other zone look supreme to the other. The issue of even the Armagamation in 1914, a lot of these things were intentionally done to be sure that this country would take too long for their eyes to open and to see. Now, when you see war happening in countries, when you see coup, we also understood from administrators like this and from someone like Max, let me, what's his name again? You know, Maxillian, what Britain did to America? You will understand a lot of things that have been done clandestinely to make the world inequitable. Now, when you see people like this president go from the 1990, fought for his country to go back into democracy. I'm talking about President Bala Mertinubu without riot, without fighting, without anchor, is someone that is astute in all the world wrongs and this is the time that we have to rethink the world to be equitable because we know what the West is doing. But it's not going to happen because Africa do not have the might to go against the West in terms of military force. It will have to be done by dialogue. It will have to be done by rearrangement. It will have to be done by sitting on the table and renegotiating our natural resources. I am of the opinion that there are still so many secret and clandestine pipes that run between Nigeria and many West African countries and many African countries taking away the resources of those countries into many countries around Europe. We can't see America because the distance is too far. But the world is so inequitable that the leaders now have to start sitting on the table because there seems to be rebellion from Africa. Now, what's this? West African francophone countries are sorting out today. Nigeria has sorted them out in the 90s. That's my point. It's not completely sorted out. This is one of the reasons why we should be on the table and ratify the issue of bilateral relationship to be sure that the world is more equitable. It's not only presentable. It's not only there for Nigeria. It's also there to speak on behalf of Congo, on behalf of Nijie, on behalf of Kodewa and to ensure that the world is equitable. Yeah, but in your own opinion, like you said, negotiating table is what should be the answer to everything. But do you think we are going to negotiate from a point of strength? And if it is a point of strength, what do you think is that strength that we are going to do? Because a lot of things over the years that have come from the West seem to be things that they can use now to forgive the word, blackmail us or just hold us to ransom. We have taken so much loans. We have taken so much support from here and there. Every time we are going cap in hand and all that, and they have that against us. So what point of strength are we going to be negotiating with the Western countries with? First, I'm going to say to you after this question, I'm going to take about maybe 20 seconds to adjust my battery, which that's the point of strength cannot be established until you have financial strengths. Nigeria will be negotiating from the point of knowledge, from the point of enlightenment, from the point of intellectual powers. But it is the scriptures that says that the borrower is subject to the lender. You don't have strength when you don't have money. If you don't have the economic power, you are not strong. The reason why Saudi Arabia is as small as those countries are, the reason why they can bully and talk back at America is because of their financial strength. Nigeria is not yet at that point because we are holding World Bank, we are holding IMF and so many, we are holding China and stuff. We are just beginning to reposition ourselves financially and I think we can get there. This is not going to be the only meeting that will happen between America and Nigeria. This is the first of many between these two presidents and many other presidents. I will say that we are going first of all in the position of knowledge, in the position of willingness, in the position of exposition. This team that we have in this government right now, they are financially exposed. We also have a Nigerian, you know, at the hands of global financial affairs. So we are now negotiating in the position of strength and we will wait to see how far we go with it. Yeah, in the position of strength also, although we may not have the kind of money as you said, but we do have resources that they need and they will continue to need, perhaps that is the part of the strength that we should be negotiating from. And look at what BRICS have achieved. Transactions in national currencies. So I think we do have some kind of strength that we can also negotiate with. When we sit at those international tables and discuss as equals, not as, you know, a lesser power or a lesser people. If we keep waiting for that time, we will have money. We will never have the strength because they will keep doing some things that will keep us impoverished. That is how it is. So we have our own kind of power. What has UAE got on us? Because we have oil as well. We have gold, we have so many things. We have uranium, we have everything. And then we are still a country without money. Abraham, great. Always great having you. Yes. You have my crystal on? Just a quick one so that we wrap up. Okay, so let's wrap up on a final note. Okay. Now, you see, there is a scripture that I love again today. I'm just using scripture. It says that man does not roast, is killed. You see, what we have is fantastic, what we have is tangible, what we have is... But our return on investment, our return on resources has been eaten by greed, by misnegotiation and stuff. So we are not converting resources into prosperity. So we are at the position right now. You say we have gold, we have this. We have gas, but we have not even extracted them. We are now building the infrastructure. And when I mean that we do not have money, what I'm saying that we first of all need to go back, minimum, the minimum requirement for me for this country is to go back into what President Obasan just did by renegotiating Nigerian debt. In fact, in some cases, it was nearly wiped out. And I trust this presidency that we can get to a point, first of all, right now, within three months of his presidency, Nigerian credit rating has gone from negative to positive. That's a good sign. Our debt has also gone up within the last three months by 75 percent. Now, debt going up was as a result of we are now borrowing, not just for frivolity. We are now borrowing from capital infrastructure. We are now building infrastructure. We are building pipes, we are building gas. We are taking our natural gas right now through Niger to Algeria into Europe. We are saying we want to compete with Russia. We want to be able, right now, we're dealing with our raw material to be able to sell. So when you are borrowing in this case, and I have not seen under this government any form of borrowing, in fact, one of the things that they have reiterated is that they are not going to borrow for capital expenditure any longer. So you are seeing all kinds of ideas. I would say that it's too early to ever judge this government by anything at all. These are the phases of renegotiation. Interest rates and so many other things that will make it easy on Nigerian finance. Thank you, Abraham. Great. As I was saying, it's always great to have you on the show. And I do like the confidence that you have on President Ahmed Chernobyl. We are all rooting for him and hoping that we'll see a better country. That is really the goal. That is a dream and vision for all Nigerians. A better country that we can all be proud of. Thank you for your time, Abraham. Great. Thank you so much for having me. It's always a pleasure. Thank you. I'm expecting you. Yeah. So we'll take a break now and come back with our second hot topic. Stay with us.


that it's probably best articulated by Glaber Torres who said today in Tampa if they cheated in 2017 and 2018 then they were never caught those two years why wouldn't they have been cheating in 2019 why would and I'm paraphrasing what he said why would you all of a sudden change so no matter what Manfred has said and in all the things that he spoke about first the interview with Carl Ravich and then the the the press conference he added the the Braves new complex in in Florida he pretty much said well if they told the truth with immunity of 17 and 18 why would they lie about 19 but he did admit to Carl you can't be a hundred percent sure about anything so here is Manfred on ESPN talking about was there any consideration on stripping the astro title well in the context of my original decision it was something that we talked about and analyzed extensively it was a big topic of conversation between me and my senior staff and how did you land on the decision you landed on well I landed on it really several thoughts number one it has never happened in baseball you know and I am a believer in the idea that precedent matters and that when you deviate from it you have to have a really good reason to do that number one number two I thought that the report gave people a really transparent account of what went on that we put people in a position to make their own judgments about the behavior that went on that certainly has happened over the last month and the idea of you know an asterisk or asking for a piece of metal back seems you know sort of a feudal act people are always know that there was something about the 2017 World Series that was different and they're gonna know that because whether we made every decision right or wrong we undertook a really thorough investigation and we had the intestinal fortitude to put out there the facts we found even though they weren't very pretty you know Robert Robert's talking about like the shame that the players have to live with their punishment so let me let me take you huge leap here I'd say the vast majority of the world believe that OJ Simpson committed a double murder all those years ago he did not get found guilty by a jury of his peers so he certainly has the shame if he if he actually knows exactly what he did of knowing that he killed two people but he didn't go to jail what would you think he would prefer you won't even the Goldman family would prefer that he actually go to jail now I did go to jail later for the memorabilia stuff or the fact that he's walking around with the shame of knowing what he did without being punished you had an opportunity to do something that was very very strong take away the quote-unquote metal I don't know why you couldn't do that you're not punishing the players because you gave them immunity so once that you took that bullet out of your chamber the last thing that you have is you could actually take away their championship that under no stretch of the imagination could they ever sign an autograph Jose Altuve World Series 2017 he couldn't do it the more I hear this sound that just more it just infuriates me okay first of all the precedent thing well if that was gonna be your case then nothing would ever happen there has to be a first time for everything if our entire world was based on well it's never happened before then literally nothing would ever get done so and he said you really have to make sure it's worth it you don't think this is worth it they cheated to a world series your entire fan base is disgusted outside of Houston every player is disgusted outside of an astro if not now then when so that precedent thing just drives me up a wall lazy lame excuse the second thing that infuriates me is this arrogance that there's no life beyond our own well everybody's gonna know the scandal bull will move on to the next thing eventually but a hundred years from now 200 years from now you take that championship away then they'll have to look up why but eventually it will get forgotten like every other scandal and that that 2017 Astros will always be there at least with an asterisk I'd have to go look up and find out what the heck is that it's there for but if we're at the stand alone do you really think that 200 years from now it's gonna resonate as much as it does right now week I really I'm starting to lean towards the fact that the end game of this is that Manfred's out of a job I think he really has to contemplate resigning he is actually coming off as a buffoon to where the owners will not be able to support him and don't he doesn't he realize that he keeps dropping the ball to the point that the owners will just lose you because if baseball continues to look like a jerk he's gonna be the face of that and the owners will lose him he's lost the players already and if he's lost the players not based on some controversial call Michael or a fine or a suspension he lost them because a championship was ill-gotten gain the players are disgusted with him do you think the owners feel the same way outside of crane and cranes probably still ticked off he got fine the 5 million once he loses the owners he loses his job he can't survive this there's my okay show spring training report brought to you by to buy London the engagement shop at London Jewelers rather than play all of his cuts because he doesn't come off sounding great ramblings of a madman but the there's a couple of things that really really do bother me in this where he said that he has warned the other managers don't throw the Astros or there's gonna be punishment so somebody who throws at them because they thought that they cheated or actually did something against them they're gonna be punished more than the Astros because the Astros players have not been punished at all other than the shame that he speaks about now also take this a step further if you really know baseball you're taking the inside pitch away from pitchers when they face the Astros so you're giving the Astros an advantage as they come up to the plate they don't have to be worried about being moved off but forget about being thrown at they don't have to be worried about being moved off the plate because the umpires are gonna be on high alert because the commissioner has told them to be on high alert he's already warned the managers I don't understand that everything is being set up to give the Astros a short easy landing and that's not right now let's listen to Mike Trout Mike Trout who as I said earlier doesn't say spit if he has a mouthful he never I mean he's known as Mr. Bland my favorite line is he wouldn't tell you the price of a hot dog if you stand the next to the sign right so here he is not happy with the some of the guys you know it seems like every day something new comes out so well I mean it's LA Angels um also he gave his thoughts on the 2017 World Series you know it's tough because you don't know you know what helped him but you know what's coming it's gonna definitely help you I think I think that's you know it's tough you're taking a trophy away taking taking a raise away I think they should definitely do something I don't know what but just the cheat like that and not get anything it's uh it's that so your biggest player used the word cheat a lot of players have used the word treat cheat I don't know if you saw Trevor Bowers extensive interview in the athletic he just eviscerated Major League Baseball and eviscerated the Astros so it seems like Manfred is dead set on protecting the Astros rather than the victims the Astros are the criminals in this case they're not the victims and forget about what talk show hosts say our newspaper columnists say the players in the game every single one of them it seems believe the Astros cheated to win a championship that's already been proven in 2017 and most of them believe that they were wearing buzzers now the new thing that came out over the weekend is that out to they did not take his shirt off because his wife didn't want him to I heard this but he had an ugly tattoo that really looked bad and he really you just sent your team this is more unbelievable than the wife story you just sent your team to the World Series let's say you have the ugliest tattoo of all time on your chest let's say that for some some reason you fell asleep in the tattoo parlor and they put a tattoo of mr. McGoo on your chest and it was just it's laughable that's what you would be thinking about rounding third and heading home as your team is going to play in the World Series come on man you're straining you're straining every realm of of credulity here I don't get how we're supposed to believe this stuff now I don't know if you followed John Boy over the weekend but he said somebody had sent him a series of pictures and he retweeted I don't know if you saw this that apparently there were some pictures of Altuve during the game game six yep where he had a blue t-shirt under his jersey but then in the at bat when he hit the home run he had no t-shirt under his jersey now the significance of this is if he had the t-shirt on the buzzer probably would have been underneath the t-shirt and maybe that's why he needed to remind his team not to rip off the jersey because it wouldn't be the t-shirt that they would see it would be his bare chest now why he removed the t-shirt I have no idea but this is the type of stuff that's gonna be happening all year long and this is something that the commissioner didn't bank on he's talking about investigation fans people around the game the media they're doing their own investigations they're finding out their own stuff and that's what they're that's what there's so much evidence out there that's being diagnosed and distributed and taken care of and looked at that the arrogance of Major League Baseball to think that their investigation stands alone that they didn't find anything and that's all you need to know well there's a lot of people that have access to that could see we didn't need an investigation of Major League Baseball to tell us about the trash cans we found it out by people like John Boye now I do a better job than Major League Baseball here's a shortstop Carlos Correa a great player and he responded to Bellinger's comments the ones that we told you about on Friday where he said you know they stole an MVP away from judge and stole a world series away from us here's Correa but the problem I had is what I have was when players go out there and they they don't know the facts they're not informed on the situation and he's got them from cameras and just talk and with me doesn't that doesn't seem right doesn't sit right at all so when he talks about that we cheated for three years I mean he is that he doesn't know how to read is really bad a reading comprehension or is just not informed at all but the commission's report clearly says that all those activities were conducting 2017 2018 nothing happened 2019 nothing right there so that's that's wrong he's uninformed 2018 is into the report they cheated in 2017 and 2018 2019 they supposedly found nothing so he's wrong right there now he also says tell Cody Bellinger he tells Cody Bellinger that we earn that World Series so when I analyze all the games we earned that championship can we didn't steal it instead of talking about it he should have done something about it when you look at the World Series they left so many guys on base on game seven throughout the whole World Series Cody didn't have a good World Series so for him to be talking about us stealing that championship don't talk about it you should not be talking about it you would have done something about it because when you analyze the games we won fair and square Ken and we earned again I like Carlos Correa but if you got to the World Series because of cheating even if cheating didn't win you the World Series you want a World Series because of cheating you cheated against the Yankees in the best of seven ALCS maybe they you don't even make the World Series so let's say for some strange reason I don't believe it that they didn't cheat in the World Series you still cheated to win the World Series and yes the Dodgers didn't hit Cody Bellinger had a terrible post season but please don't say we didn't cheat it we earned it fair and square when you cheated against the Yankees in the ALCS so yeah well one thing leads to another you cheated to get the record that you had so that you would play four games in Houston against the Yankees rather than four games at Yankee Stadium so please don't tell me that cheating didn't help you you sound like Jim Crane but this is what baseball created because he's not completely wrong as far as like what you saying earlier he was wrong about 2018 because they did find something in 2018 but they investigated 2019 you know they didn't find anything these are the things to get built up because they have the backing of the of Major League Baseball and the protection to like you said before I throw at him I'm gonna get a bigger suspension than anybody that cheated it it just looks really bad that they could now Major League Baseball is the protector of the Astros and also Correa really defended Altuve Cody like you know the facts we're all in there and nobody wants to talk about this but I'm gonna talk about this I'll say I thought it was the one guy that didn't use the trash can a few times that the trash and was bang was without his consent and he'll go inside the clubhouse inside the dog out to whoever was banging the trash can and he'll get pissed he'll get mad he'll say I don't want this I can hit like this don't you do that to me he played a game clean the data of the banks that's on the on Twitter or whatever it shows it I'll do a play clean the whole year when you look at to his numbers on the road he hit 400 on the road he didn't see nobody at the MVP he earned that MVP the out to vision talking well here's out to V what's about defending on Correa defending his MVP I really think the same I thought before Carlos a great thing made what he did God that and defend their teammates it's amazing does that's the only thing I have to say now he also avoids questions about using trash cans yeah like I always said and I'm not gonna say this right now I always said that I like to talk about team I like to talk about team results no I'm here taking full responsibility for for the team I appreciate what Carlos did you know believe me you know that's that tells you about what kind of person what kind of teammate he is and I tell him a hundred times what I feel about what he did it still doesn't explain the shirt in 2019 trout came off today and said you could take my shirt off you had a homerun to send your team to the World Series at home you could do whatever you want to me that's what everybody feels Gary Sanchez said you could take my pants off and I think that what surprised everybody is what Carl Ravick said on Golick and Wingo today he said the anger Taurus Houston has not or was not anticipated by baseball this blew up around them in such a way that they hadn't anticipated and it's rare that you ever have player you know on player anger venom it's never really vocalized that way it's certainly not to this extent that the question is going to be if somebody passed me in the hallway yesterday and said my gosh this has become mean girls what what then happens after that you know what happens when you're looking at a guy 60 feet away and is he going to throw a fastball and hit me here and baseball is going to try to curtail that all right so the interview of Correa was done by Ken Rosenthal for MLB and also for the athletic now Andy McCullough who covers baseball for the athletic talked to Justin Turner about Rob Manfred's description of the commissioner's trophy is a piece of metal and he said Turner did of the Dodgers the only thing devaluing it right now is the fact that it says commissioner on it it's just unbelievable is he that out of touch with our game that those are his comments again not a winning day for Rob Manfred not a winning day at all and I don't necessarily agree with Don that he's going to lose his job over this the players could be as angry as possible with him it's if the other owners are angry as well I don't know if they I mean okay let's say let's say Hal Steinbrenner and the group that owns the Dodgers are angry at him I mean are the other owners that angry at him I don't I don't know I mean you have to it would take a they just signed into a long-term contract would take a huge uprising amongst the owners here's we're gonna make a lot of money with Rob Manfred out to get rid of him but players hating him I mean that has nothing to do with his job security just look at Roger I every NFL player despises Goodell yeah but you know what Goodell has power in negotiations that Manfred does not the players have always had the hammer in negotiations not not the last couple of ones but in history if they the players never have at the NFL ever so Roger Goodell could tick off the players all he wants owners don't care because he makes them a mint and they win in the CBA negotiations will that be the case here and the owners will blow with the wind Michael like they may love them but you know what if you get enough owners that don't like them then they can win a bunch of other guys over and this might be my talking point if I'm in the room there with them is this the guy that you want negotiating our next CBA when the players hate him as much as they do remember they're so worried about that this is going to be the guy representing the owners in the negotiations and unlike Roger Goodell he does not have the hammer Goodell does Goodell doesn't care because he knows the players will cave at least the baseball players have shown an ability a stick to it of this but to get World Series canceled to sit to live through strikes and lockouts the players in football have not don't you think though that the players complain is with the other players Manfred didn't discipline them because of the fact he knew he wasn't going to be able to win talk to Tony Clark and say those players should be disciplined but is that even there's that a conversation that's even happening right now I don't know I mean those that's up to the players it's not up to Rob but they do not like Manfred right now he has become the face of this controversy now the owners I'm sure they love Manfred but I'm sure there's a few that don't out of the Steinbrenners feel about him right now how did the Dodgers feel about him right now you know so there could be enough owners who would be like what what that did you do what why are we protecting the Astros why is Crane you know the guy that you're so protective of and Karen so much he's now become your Robert Kraft for God's sakes so what why do I want to have to deal with this now we got it now we've got a CBA to deal with and the guy that's gonna be sitting at the table with the players the players can't stand being in the same room with the guy destroying the guy we got to bring somebody else in the Red Sox JD Martinez defended Manfred's decision to grant the players immunity saying the facts of the situation would not have emerged 100% they wouldn't have Martinez said that's the way it is there was never any hardcore facts that were jumping out at you if you weren't for players talking and getting that immunity I don't think no one would have said ever said anything but but what did we get out of that a five million dollar fine and two people losing their jobs that nobody in the world cares about walk down the street and ask how many people who know who Luna is or AJ hinges but the players they know the players got away with it the championship still stands so they gave him immunity to get information to get what exactly what was the trade for it makes no sense this handled so bad and also it would never have been investigated if not for Mike fires and the athletic it because teams 10 to 12 of them had complained about the Astros cheating it was an open secret in the game the Astros were serial cheaters and nobody ever ever ever investigated them the investigation was spurred on by the quote by Mike fires and the story by Ken Rosenthal and Evan Drylick in the athletic Mike fires must be your hero because he's an Archimane


Hello, I'm Didier Stevens, a senior handler with the Internet Storm Center. In this video we are going to analyze these encrypted sextortion PDFs submitted by Reader. So we can run PDFID on the encrypted PDF and then you get this output and you can see here the encrypt name appears once and all the rest is zero. So this is an encrypted PDF and it doesn't contain Javascript or anything else because special thing about encrypted PDFs is that the structure of an encrypted PDF is still like the structure of an unencrypted PDF so you still have the names in clear text. It's the strings and the streams that are encrypted. So I can run this again with option N and write everything that is zero and then you just get this output so it has one page and encrypt. Now you have two ways to encrypt PDFs. You can encrypt PDFs for confidentiality and then you need a password to open it and you can also encrypt PDFs for digital write management DRMs and then you don't need a password to open it. And PDFID will not tell you which type it is. You only know that it is encrypted. To determine if it is DRM or confidentiality I use a tool QPDF and what you do you use option show encryption and you provided the PDF and if you get an error in valid password then you know that it is encrypted for confidentiality and you can provide it the password. You can say password equals 4534 that's the password for this PDF and then you get the information and you see that the user password is 4534 so the user has to provide the password to open the PDF. We can look at the text of the PDF because this PDF doesn't contain any JavaScript or anything so we need to look at the text to know what's it about and a popular PDF library as a tool PDF2Text that you can use to display the text inside a PDF document and you have to provide it the user password here 4534 and here the PDF and now it will write this to a text file so I can do more file here, a text file and this text file has the content of the PDF and as you can see it's a sextortion PDF with the Bitcoin address here If you want output to standard out just provide minus and dash and then you get output to standard out instead of writing it to a text file and you can also provide any file name and then it will create that file name and not the file password 4534.txt like this Now if we open this one here you see in Adobe Reader I have to provide the password and then the content of the PDF is displayed here with the QR code I told you there are two types of encryption for confidentiality and for DRM so let's run PDFID and the one for DRM and let me also use option N and you see this one is encrypted and it contains JavaScript and an open action so you see this is not encrypted the keywords, the names I can use PDF parser and search for JavaScript in the DRM here and then you see JavaScript action but what you get here is encrypted string this is extra decimal representation of an encrypted string so it's the strings and the strings that are encrypted same for the confidentiality PDF this one too is encrypted let me use option N minus N like this this one too is encrypted contains JavaScript and an open action I can run PDF parser search for JavaScript in confidentiality this one here and then here you also get an encrypted string but the names themselves are not encrypted now PDFID and PDF parser is not able to do the decryption I use QPDF for that so I run QPDF and let me do a show encryption again under DRM as you can see if you do a show encryption on one that is protected for DRM you don't need to provide a password and user password is empty while if I do this under confidentiality one then I get an error and I need to provide a password password is secret user password is secret also if I open it with Adobe Reader here I have to provide a password secret and then the content is displayed and the JavaScript executes and if I open the one for DRM it immediately executes I don't have to provide a password to do the decryption we can use QPDF say decrypt I'm going to decrypt the PDF for DRM first and I'm going to say DRM decrypted like this and now when I run PDF parser search for JavaScript DRM decrypted you can see here the JavaScript in clear text so I didn't have to provide a password and that's because it is protected for DRM while if I do that with one for confidentiality this one here sorry it's not PDF parser it's QPDF that I want to use first so decrypt confidentiality to confidentiality decrypted.pdf I get an error I need to provide a password so here the password is secret so if it that's the user password and now it is decrypted and I can use PDF parser to search for JavaScript and this one here and then again we have the clear text JavaScript so the takeaway here for PDFs you have two types of encryption reasons to encrypt you have encryption for DRM you have encryption for confidentiality one is with an owner password for DRM it's the owner password and for the confidentiality is the user password a document to open it you need the user password as a user if it is for confidentiality while you don't need a password to open it if it is just encrypted for DRM PDFID cannot tell you the difference can just tell you that it is encrypted you need to use QPDF to determine it and also PDFID and PDF parser cannot do the encryption you also have to do that with QPDF or you can use a popular PDF to text because that also accepts passwords to do the decryption


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us understand the following problem today. Let a is equal to matrix 2, 4, 3, 2, b is equal to matrix 1, 3, minus 2, 5, c is equal to matrix minus 2, 5, 3, 4, 5, a, b. Now let us write the solution. Given to us, a is equal to matrix 2, 4, 3, 2, and b is equal to matrix 1, 3, minus 2, 5. Now since number of column of a is equal to number of rows of b which is equal to 2, so we can multiply a and b. Therefore, a, b is equal to matrix 2, 4, 3, 2, multiplied by matrix 1, 3, minus 2, 5. Now, which is equal to matrix, multiplying first row with first column, so we get 2 into 1 plus 4 into minus 2. Then first row with second column, so we get 2 into 3 plus 4 into 5. Now second row with first column, so we get 3 into 1 plus 2 into minus 2. Then second row with second column, so we get 3 into 3 plus 2 into 5. Which is equal to 2, minus 8, 6 plus 20, 3 minus 4, 9 plus 10, which is equal to 2, minus 8, minus 6, 20 plus 6, 26, 3 minus 4, minus 1, 9 plus 10, 19. Hence, a, b is equal to minus 6, 26, minus 1, 19. Which is our required answer. I hope you understood the problem by and have a nice day.


And if you're an unfortunate fan of Kid, well then it's bad news for you, but he'll get his moment in the anime soon, so I guess tune in for that and cherish it, because you've got a rough time coming. The recent chapter of One Piece just dropped, and although the events of Egghead Island has been exciting enough with the traitor being finally revealed and that development progressing to its final chaotic stage, I'm sure what most people are going to talk about for a while is the other thing that's currently happening in this arc, and that's the circumstances involving the Red Hair Pirates. After we were teased with Shanks and his crew's appearance at the end of Wano, driving off Admiral Ryukyogu, seemingly only to promote Film Red, the last we saw of them was when they were preparing to defend Elbaaf against the incoming Kid Pirates. And the face-off between these two one-armed, red-headed men seemed to promise one legendary clash.  And well, this event did prove to be legendary, but it was only legendary for just one man, because Shanks served a brutally one-sided beatdown to decisively eradicate the Kid Pirates. And I just have to say, I will never, ever, ever again question what Shanks and his crew are capable of. Being the first Pirates to officially appear in the manga, the Red Hair Pirates had only made a handful of appearances throughout the series, but nevertheless, these limited appearances had all been memorable to us viewers. And although we hadn't seen them involved in extended action scenes, they were still considered one of the most powerful crews in the series. A Yonkou crew led by a man who was considered one of the strongest characters, an emperor with the impressive history of having been the apprentice in the late Pirate King ship. Every mention and appearance of Shanks and the Red Hair Pirates has been filled with hype, from the history of successfully raiding and defeating powerful CP9 members to acquire a legendary devil fruit, to stopping a war with just me words. Not to mention their second in command, being enough to stop an admiral in his trap.  But the truth is though, the Red Hair Pirates had been hyped up really despite not doing all that much. That is, until now. The way they handled the Kid Pirates in the recent chapter is perhaps the most impressive feat with Witness when it comes to top combatants facing off. And while there is an argument to be had about just how strong Kid actually is, we can't deny that he was monumental in taking down the Kaido and Big Mom Alliance. He put in some work alongside his worst-generation contemporaries. However, it is clear that he is still not ready to face an actual Yonko head-on without such alliance. Shanks absolutely destroyed Kid, with Killer also taking a blow merely because he was in the way. This destruction was so fissure that Kid's crew immediately gave up the fight, begging Shanks not to kill their captain and offering him all their copies of their old Ponoglyph rubbings. It honestly feels like whatever build-up Kid received back in Wano was just to use him to show us how bad our Shanks really is in this following arc. Sort of like how Sanji was being used in the early days of the post-timeskip era, although Sanji's never taken an L this bad. But I guess Oda didn't completely downplay Kid. I don't know, I'm trying to find something positive here because Kid did pull out his biggest attack and based on what we saw, he could have caused some real damage if it wasn't for just how insane Shanks is. But unlucky for him because Shanks is indeed capable of some crazy future side to have been able to see what would have been the result of Kid successfully making his attack and seeing as this is what caused Shanks to dial up the action, amounting to him recognizing Kid's threat, I guess that's got to count for something. After all, Kid is the first person we've witnessed Shanks use a named attack against. And not just any attack either, Kamusari, the same attack that Roger used against Oda. And this brings up an interesting question. Was Shanks' attack just that much stronger than his former captains? The late pirate king? Because although Roger did impressively send Oden flying, it wasn't the same sort of achievement that Shanks just displayed against Kid with a single shot. Although I have to say, it's probably more of a statement of the comparative strength between Oden and Kid more so than about Roger and Shanks. I mean, I was happily in the minority defending Kid all throughout Wano, but this is gonna be hard to bounce back from. I'm still interested in what's next for him and his crew because hopefully this isn't the last we'll see of him in the story. No, he's not dead, this is one piece after all. And although the narrator did claim that they were eradicated, this is the same sort of line that was used for Luffy and the Straw Hats at the end of Saobori. And like I said, I think there has to be some acknowledgement about how much concern he caused Shanks causing the Yonko to come at him so strongly. Kid's crew on the other hand, just very underwhelming. Seeing how useless they've really been, I actually have newfound respect for Kid. For someone who was portrayed to be a ruthless killer with the mentality that only the strong survive, he and Killer must have really carried the rest of the crew. And given the very little bit of sweet history that we know between these two, I think Kid's a lot more sentimental and loyal than meets the eye. So despite his pretty embarrassing loss here, I'm really not ready to let go, he also has one of the coolest devil fruits and if he could just work on advancing all of his haki, the guy has so much potential. Maybe the red-haired pirates can absorb his crew and make Kid an officer. I mean, aesthetically speaking, he fits right in. Although I highly doubt this will happen considering what we know of Kid's character, but then again, Zoro did beg the man that he must one day defeat in order for himself to get stronger so that, well, to defeat his trainer? So maybe Kid can do the same. Remember in the early chapters when Beckman told Higuma that if the mountain bandits want to beat the red-haired pirates, they're gonna need to bring a warship. Well, we already knew what that meant back then, but now we know why. We've also been told that they're the most balanced and impregnable crew in one piece and they have the highest average bounties out of all the other crews, meaning that the top officers are probably not that far off from each other and possibly from the chief himself. And the level of this crew gets even more impressive when we consider that unlike all the other Yonka crews, none of these members have devil fruits, whereas all the other Yonka crews are hungry and searching for devil fruits, building armies out of them. Shanks and his crew are literally just roaming the seas, drinking their alcohol and partying with pals. And so I think the lesson here is that alcohol is more nutritious than fruit. Okay, no, I don't mean that.   Seriously though, with the way it's going, it seems that Oda's plan is to show us the undeniable force of the pre-existing Yonko. I mean, yeah, yeah, Kaido and Big Mom were taken down in the last arc, but the new generation can't get too cocky just yet. Hence why we see a ship flying Blackbeard's Jolly Roger ominously approach Egghead. My guesses are, law also lost to Blackbeard, and so the Commodore is now on his way to show the last remaining supernova captain that the Yonko don't gain their titles for no reason, or more likely to get new devil fruit powers even if it is by way of green blood and not the fruit itself. Either way, my heart pangs because this would mean that law got offscreen, but pushing that thought to the side, I can't believe how incredibly deliciously messy things are getting. Even we know that Kizaru and Saturn are also on the way. Shanks keeping a tab on Blackbeard has me thinking we're getting closer and closer for their fateful face-off too. Will we see new alliances or just a good old-fashioned shitstorm? Not to mention whatever in the hell that York is brewing.   And who could blame her? She has spent a third of her life in the toilet. That's gotta affect your psyche. Speaking of which, I know I haven't made videos in a while. I've just been overwhelmingly busy with stuff, and that happens. But things are starting to ease up now, so hopefully I can find some sort of consistency again. I do have some stuff I still gotta take care of, but this chapter just got me so hyped that I knew I just had to talk about it. Overall, I've been really enjoying the egghead arc, but this one took things to another level. It's one of those moments we've been waiting to see for a long time, and it finally happens, and it did not disappoint at the same time, leaving us wanting more. And given Shanks seems to have seriously entered the game in this final stretch now, perhaps we will be seeing more of Shanks and in an extended combat too, maybe even sooner than we think. Anyways, thanks for listening to me rant as usual. Let me know what you guys think about the chapter, and maybe drop some video ideas and topics you want to hear me rant about. Otherwise, thanks for listening.