Roedd ydych chi'n gwych i gynllun y lleol, ac yn mengyni'r lleol ar gyfer gyrraedd oddi, ond mae'n teimlo cael ei weld gyda'r ffordd y dystyried cyffredinol. Mae'r ddybilio'r gennych cyntaf gyda, ac mae faggoldas yn teimlo, ond mae'r amser yn cyfrifolau gweld, yn cael y tim rai, ac mae'n ffordd yn mynd. Mwraeddu ar y dda chi am grandchildrenau. If you turned up to hear me, then my apologies. I'm saying to our colleagues before that the reason I didn't come was I went to Stans dead and forgot my passport.  But could do nothing about it. They did not accept the fact, that a driving licence would get me into the Republic of Ireland.thank you. So my apologies.. I'm glad to see a former colleague from Bosco here James Martin who covered the Soviet Union and Russia for the Irish Times around about the same time as I did. Both of us had the same ethnic experience. We were told to go to cover one country, the US-SR, y Swwiad Y Uniwn i'n gweithio i ddechrau 15. Mae gennydd i fynd i'n gweithio ar hynny, a'i hynny yn amlwg i'n gwneud bod yw rydych chi'n cymryd y Swwiad Y Uniwn o awtion, nawr o gweithio ac yn rhoi, yn cael ei ddweud, yn ddwy o'r peth o'r wneud o'r podion o'r Lennon yn cael ei gwybod o'r ffaith ar y Maidai Pyrreid, a'r dweud i'n wneud i chi gweithio, felly fe yng Ngheilu Ddaeth am y Cyfrifenedd? Og heddiw'n cyfrifenedd yng Ngheilu Ddaeth fydd menlyio pan fydd y cynhyrchu ar gweithio diogeluaeth mewn gwagliannod, ychydig, ac yn y brydol yn gallu lle i fe sydd wedi'u siaradau o fofennol byddwch Mosgo i gyfrifenedd yng nghyrch ag y ladlu a ches eu gilydd eitw pethau o'u newydd hwnnw a'r penderfwylliant o eich gwrthfyn o'r ddydd yn gweithio many, many decades, a world event, but so many world events were packed into these years of 89, 90, 91, 92, and then of course the chaos that succeeded the end of the Soviet Union that you began to get a bit blasé, another world-shaking event, well, I still don't know, should I go or not. And in that period, much of the 90s, from 91 onward in Russia I was there for six years covering the last year and a half of Gorbachev and the first, more or less, five of Boris Yeltsin, it was a country whose leadership, both Mikhail Gorbachev bringing in Glasnost, opening on translation of it, and Perestroika, a reconstruction of the economy, not to make it capitalist but to make it more efficient as socialism, and then succeeded by Boris Yeltsin who dug underneath the foundations that Gorbachev was trying to make both for himself and for the Soviet Union, and finally after a unsuccessful coup against Gorbachev, finally succeeded him and succeeded in breaking up the Soviet Union into its 15 constituent republics in that period, the period when we were there, especially the first four or five, six years, the assumption was, the correct assumption was that the politics which the new leadership were following were broadly speaking towards a liberal democracy, never got there but it was towards a liberal democracy, and it was pro-European. You will remember perhaps some of you that one of Mikhail Gorbachev's slogans which was echoed by Boris Yeltsin was for the creation of a common European home that Yelts, I think Gorbachev was the first to put that phrase into common political parlance, he saw Europe, he saw Russia, the Soviet Union or much of it within in Europe and saw the common European home by which he meant that we, all of us, we Europeans and of course he included the Americans perhaps the whole of the world had to get over this cleavage which the Cold War had imposed upon us and see the common values and the common problems and come to some kind of common action to deal with these problems. But Putin's period from the 2000 onwards, the last decade and the half has been quite different which is what I want to speak about. I take the place now, luckily, in a way that lucky that I didn't come last time in one sense because I was able, my guilt impelled me to come whenever I was asked, and Raghuramur asked me to come to take the place of Dimitri Trinin who was to be here. I know Dimitri well, he's head of the Carnegie office in Moscow, has been for some time, he was a former military intelligence officer and then became an analyst, one of the best I think post-Soviet analysts, but he fears and feared then when he was supposed to come that Carnegie might be in the sites of the Kremlin for closure and decided he should come. In the past three years laws have been passed in Russia which severely limit the activities of the NGOs and other institutions with links abroad. The foreign agents law, the inustraniagent which in Russian sounds more sinister than it does in English because the inustraniagent, the foreign agent was regarded as the viper in the bosom of the Soviet state. NGOs which take money from abroad and which operate in a very, very broadly defined political space are named as foreign agents and their funds are cut off. The NGO which I'm chairman of, I didn't create it, it was created by two Russians and I was in Russia at the time and became friendly with them and supported it, was originally called the Moscow School of Political Studies which somewhat right squarely in the middle of the air of what the Kremlin most hated. We renamed ourselves somewhat clumsily and late into the Moscow School of Civic Enlightenment in order to get a bit of what might call Voltarian gloss onto what we were doing but it didn't fool anybody and a few months ago after a number of appeals the money was frozen which meant essentially since most of our money did come from abroad we could no longer operate and we're now trying to operate excuse me outside of Russia and the donors who include George Soros who has given so much of his money, he's got a lot of money but he's given an awful lot of it away to support institutions like that in the former Soviet Union, in Central and Eastern Europe. He's continuing to support with others and we hope to keep it going in some way. At the same time another law was passed only a couple of months ago which seems to be about to allow the government to close foreign NGOs which were regarded as undesirable, un-desirable. What does undesirable mean? Well, it means what you want it to mean. It means that if you don't like the Carnegie Institute or Human Rights Watch Office which has an office in Moscow then you say it's undesirable and it's closed rather than the way that the Russian NGOs of which the one that I'm associated with was one was also closed, the money will be stopped, the premises taken away and the work no longer allowed. So that's part of the backdrop of what's now happening in Russia. There's much more of course and these laws have to be taken together with, as you will all know, but just to go through it briefly, the seizing of Crimea, the southern part of Ukraine, the sponsorship and provision of troops and weaponry to Noviarsia, that part of eastern Ukraine around the Donbass cool and steel area and we speak on the anniversary of the shooting down of the Malaysian airliner MH17 with the loss of, I think, some 300 lives, nearly half of them Dutch, the rest Malaysian and the anniversary is today. Russia still denies any part in it although it's generally accepted that the rockets, the anti-aircraft rockets which they supplied to the rebels which they sponsored were responsible for the shooting down, the threats to the Baltic States which Russia has made continually and continues to make the large new resources that it's devoting even now as the economy shrinks and in some ways shrinking quite dramatically down to five, six, seven percent negative growth still is devoting large new resources to the military, the army, the air force and the and the navy and the very high volume of propaganda both through Russia today, the English language is also in Arabic and other languages, Spanish I think, but even more virulently, much more virulently within Russia where people like a man called Kisilioff who's one of the main Churchill hosts threatens to annihilate America with nuclear bombs, conduct a war which seems to be one of his particular obsessions against gays which he sees as a sign of western decadence and amplifies the speeches of Vladimir Putin of the president that the west is both decadent and threatening, so we're a decadent threat, the two are encompassed in one. The rationale which the Kremlin puts out for this is that it is many fold and some of it is correct, one, this is not correct I think, is that NATO had promised Gorbachev way back nearly 20 years ago not to expand into any part of the former Soviet space or indeed even into the former Comicon space east central Europe and they renaid on that, that's the charge and that Russia is surrounded by NATO bases north the Baltics so until recently there's been no major NATO base there and in the south Turkey that the west has stimulated and this in a way is the most serious charge I think or seemed to be the most serious by the Kremlin that the west has stimulated anti-Russian movements in Moldova some time ago in Georgia where of course the Russians invaded nearly 10 years ago now after the Georgians tried to get back some of their territory Abkhazia north Asetia and most importantly of all centrally important Ukraine, Ukraine centrally important to Russia by far the biggest of the Soviet republics after Russia, Slav as Russia regarded essentially during the Russian imperial period and during the Soviet period as essentially part of Russia a language which is more or less comprehensible by Russians vice versa a integral part of the Soviet economy and to degree still of the Russian economy because of the the coal, the steel and the weapons and aviation industry that Ukraine had and to a lessening degree still has so that the charge is that the west stimulated the orange revolution in Kiev and forced the fleeing really not just the resignation but the fleeing of the former president Yanukovic and installed what is said to be the European Union installed a Nazi or a fascist government led by president Parashenko there's a in today's times the London times there's a an interview with Atsene Yatsenyuk who's the prime minister of Ukraine who said that he is convinced that Russia wishes to to end all pretend all possibility of a of an independent Ukraine and says that everything points to a new confrontation on Europe's eastern border that's Ukraine's eastern border he says from classified and unclassified sources and satellite images you can easily see that the Russia has stationed tens of thousands of troops and Russian led guerrillas in Donetsk and Lukhansk the two major two of the major cities in this area now called Novireya sea a new Russia in the the Donbass they are still supplying tanks howitzers uh even surface-to-air missiles Russia has created a massive military group in the east of Ukraine and he goes on to say that the truce which is essentially being broken all the time but with relatively minor skirmishes will break down in a big way by by the end of autumn and fighting will again resume in in august and the the NGOs in Russia are supported by the west as I said before are spreading are also spreading anti-russian propaganda from right within the country itself this is the charge and western NGOs spread western propaganda throughout both throughout Russia and throughout the former Soviet Union the Moscow school which I was associated with was founded at the end of the the Soviet period but before the Soviet Union collapsed explicitly to as a kind of a civic education organization two people who founded it married couple she was she is an art historian he a philosopher came to the view that Russia had never really had any kind of democracy or real civil society and therefore both a broadening of the Russian mind and an education of Russian civic habits was essential and it got a good deal of money from abroad this was when Russia was receiving a lot of money not just from from George Soros but from many quarters and from governments and built up a big network of seminars conferences publications and um and supporters and brought in people from abroad um to speak to to to debate with Russians and it wasn't a one-way street at first it was a bit because um the west was regarded as by some especially the the young intelligentsia as the source of all wisdom they soon realized it was not and we we had a debate and they were often very fierce especially when there was an invasion the the western the NATO war battle against the serbians the serbians traditional ally of Russia the Soviet Union lots of disagreement about that more recently big disagreements about Syria and the support of the rebels or support of the Assad regime so it isn't a one-way street but it is a dialogue or a multi-log a place in which arguments and debates and new propositions can be heard and we had a large number of distinguished people coming to these debates on both sides both distinguished Russians and other former Soviets Georgians Ukrainians and so on and also people from United States from Europe and from elsewhere I got Boris Johnson to come and this was I think before he suddenly before he was mayor of of of London I think he perhaps was a Tory MP but he already was regarded as being the coming man the the man who sooner or later would transform himself from being a from being a political clown into being the leader of the conservative party and and possibly of the country if not Europe and the world and I got him to come and he spent quite a lot of long time quite a lot of time with others in the bar he came and and gave his talk and he looked at these 150 Russians in this long rather rather inconvenient room which we gave talks in there was of course a simultaneous translation and he looked at them and said I'm going to talk to you today about the British sausage and there were people looking at the gut was the translation right the British sausage he said I'm going to tell you why the British sausage is under threat it's under threat by Brussels it's Brussels wants to make it straight and and after a while of going on like this I was sitting by the translator's booth and the guy who I knew came out and said I can't do this anymore I can't I can't make sense of this I said well don't don't just translate it as it comes because nobody else is making sense of at least of all him but it was it was Boris at full flood and actually after 10 minutes one saw at the the leadership potential of Boris Johnson because people were laughing without hearing the translation because he was so expressive his flayer flopping his arms going and his his face purple with a kind of pseudo indignation and he went down extremely well he could have been president of Russia had he had he stayed that that unique unique place the Moscow school is now kicked out of Russia may I hope survive but but who knows Russia and this I wanted to put this out to see what you made made of this I don't know if it's it's a rather tentative thing but I think that Russia to some extent at least acts in lock step with other authoritarian countries and is seen Vladimir Putin is seen as someone whom other leaders can take a lesson from as he took lessons from Sylvia Belosconi or kinds of lessons but but one of them at least that you have to dominate the media and insofar as you can own it in the sense he does own it because the dominant media in everywhere is television and it's it's all under Kremlin control and so news is all nearly always begins with whatever the president is doing that day it could be opening a sewage plant but as long as the president is doing it it is the top story and Russia I think as I say acts in lock step with others who take the same view I think of president of centralized authoritarian power or authoritarian in different ways China obviously to which Russia is much much closer it had of course been almost an enemy for much of the Soviet period of the large parts of the Soviet period it fears and still does fear the encroachments of Russia into the far east the Russian part is is largely empty the far east if you under one definition is that space bigger considerably bigger than Europe not just one country of Europe but Europe itself with 6000 people in it so it's pretty empty but the Chinese are grasping after more labor and throne and beginning to filter across and have many many now deals and contracts with the the far east and and with the governance of Vladivostok in Russia too since Xi Jinping took over you've had the imprisonment of many many of the human rights lawyers the closing of NGOs Chinese and foreign sponsored and a stamping on journalism which had been actually quite active lots of investigative journalists many of whom have come to thing I started in Russia called the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism many have come there young Russian journalists Chinese journalists who want to do to do real journalism want to analyze investigate and reveal but are now essentially stopped from doing that many of them fired not of them put in prison it's not gone back to the Mao days but it's but they can't do that kind of journalism anymore the same time he's made a he's successfully I think I'm no synologist but he's successfully tackling corruption which was threatening the party itself but he's he's brought the two together he's brought western influence and corruption together and and presents them as in some way the same thing in Turkey president previously prime minister Erdogan has explicitly taken a leaf out of Vladimir Putin's book their friends see each other not all the time of course but fair amount seem to talk a bit and he too has muzzled the press he too has harassed NGOs and although in the recent election it's shown that democracy party democracy is still pretty robust in in in Turkey and deprived him of the 2000s majority he would need to change the constitution to allow him to be of an executive president still he's he's going to still try to dominate and still does dominate the Turkish society and politics and in Hungary prime minister Orban who came in as a liberal is now like Erdogan friendly to Putin like Erdogan and Putin and Xi Jinping has muzzled the press and has signed the opposition so is there a question really and I think it is a question it's not her statement is there a new authoritarian international not any longer a communist international held together largely as it was by the Soviet Union but is there an authoritarian international which has got no one center but has got common approaches to society and to politics India isn't part of it India is the second largest country in the world will soon be the largest prime minister Modi although many think he is has got authoritarian tendencies has not it's probably impossible in India I mean party because the politics are so chaotic but also because the the vision of powers regionally among the states are such that no one person could dominate again no Indian expert but that seems to be seems to be the case Middle East is too royal to by conflict really to the state which has become very authoritarian is Egypt under Field Marshal Assisi who dethroned the president Morsi who's elected as the head of the muslim brotherhood and whose rule was becoming increasingly threatening but who was displaced is now sentenced to death I think but it's under under appeal yes he has been the death penalty has been leveled against him probably not he probably won't happen it's being appealed and the thought is it'll be commuted to life imprisonment but certainly he's out of it and in Africa and South America you have diverse diverse movements this way and that with Africa many states in Africa increasingly actually under Chinese influence rather than any other so the key person is in Russia is Vladimir Putin came to power in 2000 was a a colonel in the kgb I was saying earlier that every time you hear about somebody in the kgb they're always a colonel you wonder what where are the lieutenants and the sergeants everybody's a colonel he was a colonel he was in east I think a lieutenant colonel he was in east Germany when the Soviet Union collapsed in Dresden and he saw a mob coming to to attack not his headquarters but the headquarters of the German the east german secret police and did so and got files and so on was horrified horrified not just by what he was seeing but by the collapse of political authority in his own country and as clearly sees as he said famously this was the great geopolitical event of the 20th century and although many can many could quarrel with that for him I think it really was because it was personal he had from a working class leningrad background had become a moderately successful kgb officer and that which he'd been sworn to protect had collapsed so he came to power ushered in by the oligarchs who were very powerful under Boris Yeltsin Boris Yeltsin by that time rather ailing and seen by the oligarchs as their man a man whom they could trust they people like Boris Belizofsky Vladimir Gusinsky Vladimir Putanian and many others controlled not just the natural resources especially the oil but they also controlled the media especially television so they were the real powers in the land so he came in he was lucky because around about the same time the oil price began to climb and kept on climbing through much of his rule although one has to say that although he benefited from that he does no longer he he did not he has not and seems to have no intention to modernize the country's industry an attempt to make a silicon valley near in a place called Skolkovo near Moscow has has literally disappeared into the into the mud he was right I think to assert the state any state which is wants to to be a responsible state to reproduce itself has to in some things be dominant and but on the end of the Yeltsin state the oligarchs who had got hugely wealthy in part by supporting Yeltsin in his second election by putting all of their media at his disposal and then by controlling the natural resources in the media of the country had become more powerful than the president any functioning state could not endure that whether it's democratic or authoritarian so he had to assert central political power he did so he called them in and much to their amazement surprise and chagrin said I'm in charge you can make money you can keep money but get out of politics and if you don't then you will have to pay and of course someone did pay we call hodarkovski the richest biggest oil baron and actually the most liberal somebody who was already beginning to to grasp for a new Russia a new civil and democratic Russia and put his money including towards the school I was part of but to other other institutions he took Putin on in in the semi public event said that that the kremlin was corrupt and then disappeared into into a prison camp for the next 10 years which from which he emerged only last year and he's now flits between London Geneva and elsewhere he's still got a few hundred million nothing like what he had but enough to keep body and so together and and also to fund opposition which he said he wouldn't but he but he is it's also of course galling for any president prime minister to have foreigners in your country saying this isn't the way you should run the country so the NGOs both the russian ones which are sponsored by the west and the western ones themselves were clearly not going to be popular they weren't popular under Yltsin but they were not just tolerated but actually in a sense encouraged people around the president the democrats the reformers got irritated by the people coming over saying you're doing it all wrong but accepted that they were doing it all wrong or they had much to learn or they needed cooperation now it is simply seen as something which can no longer be tolerated and is tantamount to treachery hence the word foreign agent it's treachery it is it's it's something which can no longer be born and thus must go finally question to leave you with is a reset possible you will know that when president obama came in as president of the us now seems a long time ago six six years ago now you tried among other things to get a reset with russia because relations were already worsening they were better than they are now is it possible to have a reset is it possible to have this important country with a with a highly civilised people who have contributed so much to european culture i think literature music art um and who uh even under stalin in a sense saved our bacon the russians the soviets lost millions millions tens of millions of people uh in the nazi invasion and in the war against the against nazi germany and had they not then probably britain would have been overrun god knows what kind of europe we would now have we owe russia historically a good deal would be much better for us in europe to have good relations with a country which defines itself still but certainly by the liberals as a european country but how how can we have one well it's very easy for journalists to say this is what you should do because we don't do it but um one you need a new deal in ukraine which may mean that that part which is now under russian control would would have to have substantial devolution remain part of ukraine but very substantial devolution as long of course as the russians withdrew their their military aid you'd have to have i think a some kind of um some sort of um commitment from nato not to expand into ukraine at least which um i think nato might resist but probably would regard as necessary as i say nato didn't promised gorbethroff they did have discussions about about it but didn't promise it may be necessary that at least for say a decade nato says it won't expand uh you'd have to recognise therefore russia's interests but you also crucially have to have russia recognize that ukraine like all the other 14 states of the former soviet union are now independent sovereign countries they are no longer part of the russian empire however defined and must go their own way as they wish uh going their own way of course should not threaten russia militarily in in sense and if they feel so then there should be debate discussion and so on with western powers but they are sovereign states and mr yatsyniwch the um prime minister of ukraine whose comments i read earlier um um he may be right that that's that they're not doing that now they must be brought to do it and of course they have to regard to see that they need to modernize the economy um because clearly they can't rely upon oil one which the demand is somewhat declining may go up again in the future but it's declining at the moment the price is low and the price like the people who who want to make the country from which i come independent scotland will be this has the same problem it relies very much on oil the s n p's economic program assumed an oil price of 110 dollars which was optimistic even then and is now absurd both russia and scotland have to have to realise that that's no longer possible to rely upon that and come to some kind of modernisation in which the west obviously could help not so much in civil society in democracy but in technology and in running a new running a complex society that's a sketch of what i think must happen but whether or not it can whether or not it will under putin or indeed under a successor who many people think may be more nationalistic than he is i leave you thank you


Thanks for checking this video out. Your mountaintop news video is coming up in just a minute.  Why is it your ad here? Call me. Saturday, March 26th, Johnson County Library will be hosting their first family fun day of the year with a theme, Gardening Fun. The event will feature guest speakers and activities for kids of all ages. Our special guest speaker will be Brian Jeffers from the Kentucky Extension Office. He's an agent for the Agriculture and Natural Resources. He's just going to go over some gardening techniques that the kids can take home and practice. We have Griffith Family Farms providing us tomato plants for the kids to plant. And then we also have some garden gnomes that the kids can paint and take home with them. He will have a special guest, Pete the Cat, and he will be doing a story hour with the kids. Johnson County Library typically hosts eight family fun days a year to give families an opportunity to connect with other families and make learning fun for the kids. So we've seen a decline in programs since COVID, which is very understandable. And we are trying to focus on getting families back out and participating in events and getting back into routine of feeling comfortable on being with other groups of people. We've seen an increase in depression among kids and due to the seclusion of being home and not being out and about and being able to do these things. So we're hoping to get families back into the routine of just enjoying things. The event will be held at Mountain Homeplace Pavilion at Paintsville Lake from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. For more information, call the Johnson County Library at<PHONE_NUMBER>. For Mountain Top News, I'm Brandon Robertson.


Hi, she was seven. I'm back.  Why? Because there are so many women out there and they ask me. Oh, how do you do your makeup? How do you hair? What are you putting your hair? What do you do? With this and that and I just decided to do a beauty channel. I know there's so many out there on YouTube Already, but some people just want to see from you. So I started it I will link it below so y'all can all run over there and subscribe and support it and see My first Makeup video. Okay, y'all. I am not an expert at makeup nor making Videos, but I think I did a pretty good job. Y'all go look at it and tell me what y'all think, okay? um And also, you know me and our visual creatures they like to see a nice You know presentable You know face so go learn how to do some makeup by me I make it look easy because um, I'm not really a pro and I just use what I have what I can get at the store I use expensive products inexpensive product drugstore products and I'll also You know, if I if I am using an expensive product or a drugstore product I will list it all in the description box so y'all can go down there and see exactly what I'm using Um, and also I would like y'all's input on it, you know, what do y'all want to see hair makeup Different looks different styles all that y'all can put all that information And let me know what y'all want to see and I can you know try to do it um, also I would see a lot of guys commenting, you know Um, well if they don't if women don't look like this and I'm not gonna waste my time with them There's like this, um You know There's a fine line between you know too much makeup Just enough makeup And no makeup at all, you know some guys like no makeup at all Really natural looks so I'll try to incorporate Something supernatural that you know anybody can do in like five minutes Then I'll do something like this. I actually did this look today. So y'all go check that video out Uh, I'll do something more dramatic for evenings um special occasions stuff like that because you know guys like guys like to see A woman look nice. They like to be proud of their woman. They like to you know, they like other You know Men to you know see him and say oh, he has a nice looking woman So ladies we can do our parts by looking the best we can Learning how to do a little makeup and hair and all that kind of stuff I'm learning still I'm not a pro like I said, but I will show you what I know and um, I subscribe to other beauty um YouTubers and I kind of learned from them and um You know here I am getting ready to start my own channel so um Also I am Doing another video. I think I did it last night. Actually. I haven't uploaded it yet um, so look for that Coming up. There is the topic video And I just wanted to say hi to y'all and thank y'all for subscribing to my channel on this channel um I think I'm up to about 4k 4,000 on this channel. So thank y'all so much. I'm probably going to do a giveaway very soon just because I You know, I love y'all so much. I want to do something special So I want to do a giveaway. I'm not sure what I'm going to give away yet I might like make a little surprise box and just send it out um Or I don't know if I'm going to show y'all what it's going to be Let me know if y'all want it To be a surprise or do y'all want me to show you Or any suggestions on what the giveaway could be Let me know put it down in the description box and I'll try to have that giveaway done At least by february or in february right in time for valentine's day also I will be um Asking you guys as well On my other channels Do y'all want me to go live more and do some youtube live streaming So y'all can ask me questions like a certain night a week or maybe once a month y'all put that in there And let me know what y'all want because like it's 2016 and I have a totally blank slate and I'm ready to fill it. So y'all tell me what y'all want to see I will Look at the comments and see what sounds good. See what You know will work and I'll take it from there So thank y'all so much for watching and don't forget to go to my other channel my beauty channel only have one video up because I only Just started it today. So If you go to that channel watch that video like it Then tell me what y'all want to see on that channel in the comments. I would really appreciate it Okay, and I'll see y'all later. Bye


quite well. Obviously, probably the time limit was a little different this time. But probably looking at the scores, they gave you guys too much time, but it's no big deal. We can adjust that again. Anyways, let's go ahead and talk about more types of chemical reactions. So this time, if you guys don't mind, we'll talk about the type of reaction that's exclusively a redox reaction. So we call these single replacement reactions. They always occur when an element reacts with a compound. So you're always going to find an atom in its elemental state or a molecule in its elemental state by reacting with a compound. So you can see copper here is in its elemental state reacting with the compound silver nitrate there. And what you'll always find is in these redox single replacement reactions, the associated with the ionic compound gains electrons and stops being an ion, goes back to its elemental state and the element goes and replaces it and the ionic compound there. So you can see that hopefully. And hopefully you can tell that this is a redox reaction. Let's go over that and hopefully it's not too painful to figure out what's going on here. Hopefully, again, you guys are studying all the time. So we've got copper oxidation state of copper here. You guys remember? Zero. What about silver here? What is the oxidation state? Zero. How did you guys figure that out? They're in their elemental state. So those are zero and zero. So what you want to do, remember, is go from reactants to copper to something and from something to zero. Okay, so we know that already. Oxidation state of silver in this compound here. Does anybody know? What's oxidation state of silver, AG, in this compound here? Plus one. How did you figure that out? The nitrate is minus one, right? So silver here is going to be plus one. And copper here, what's its oxidation state? Plus two, right? Okay. Why does it have to be plus? Because it's a metal, right? You know that already. Not to mention that nitrate is the anion. Okay, so what got reduced and what got oxidized? You guys figure that out? So reduced means what? Gained electrons, right? Which one of these gained electrons? Silver. So this got reduced. Is the oxidizing agent or the reducing agent? Oxidizing agent. Oxidizing agent, yeah, very good guys. And you could probably do the rest, right? Oxidized. You should be able to do this with every reaction, of course. What I'd like you to look back again and look for all of those little cues as to tell you that this is a single replacement reaction. So just remember the things I told you. You got all this going to have an atom in its elemental state reacting with the compound. And I'm going to another atom in its elemental state and replacing with the first one where in the ionic compound, the cation, the region. So here's an example of, like a picture example, of course, of a single replacement reaction. This one's a little weirder. Just a hydrogen is being replaced, or the copper is being replaced by one of the, or both of the hydrogen. So a double replacement reaction is always going to be a non-redox reaction. You really find these between two ionic compounds that kind of do the dosy-doe and switch partners. So two compounds undergo an exchange of partners to produce two new compounds.  And you see that B and C are now partners and A and D are now partners. So B or A and C kind of switch partners. You can see these are all going to be examples of ionic compounds, and they've all switched partners, lead, nitrate, sodium chloride. If you go over these reactions, what you'll find is if you try to do the oxidation numbers of all of these different atoms in these compounds, you'll find that the oxidation numbers don't change. Therefore, it's an example of a non-redox reaction. It's always going to be the case. And here, hopefully, you can see the switching of the partners, Na for H. So Na goes to F, H goes to OH. This is also known as an acid-base reaction. Some of these double-displacement reactions are also known as acid-base reactions. So this top one up here is also an acid-base reaction. We'll talk more about those later. You can always figure out what if you've got an acid-base reaction because you're always going to get a salt and water reaction. So what I'd like you to do on your own, and maybe you've already looked at these on your own, is to classify each of these as a redox or non-redox, and buy its reaction type. Of course, if you're a redox, you can have three different types of reactions. If you're a non-redox, you can have three different types. I've written down what they are and the type of reaction. So I'd like you to go through those on your own, maybe looking at the different oxidation states, and trying to figure out that you can get those same answers. And then there's a variety of these that you can do on your own without answers. I would suggest you do them because I'm sure there'll be test questions on this type of stuff. And if you've got any questions, you can ask me during office hours. Okay, so let's focus more in on these double-replacement reactions or the double-displacement non-redox reactions. Okay, so these types of reactions are really kind of special types of reactions. Like I said, there's the acid-base type of double-displacement reactions. There's also this kind of precipitation reaction. And for those of you who are in my lab on Monday, we're going to go over that stuff that I was telling you about that we hadn't gone over, that we were going to go over at this point. Okay, essentially what we were going to go over is the precipitation reaction. So what is a precipitation reaction? It's a reaction in which two soluble compounds, so soluble, means able to be fully dissolved into the water. So you can see here, lead nitrate is aqueous, right? So that means it's fully dissolved into water. Sodium iodide is also aqueous. It's fully dissolved into water. So when you put these things into water, they break apart into their ions. When you mix these two solutions together, like you see up here, this is a clear solution prior to the solutions being poured together. And this is a clear solution up here, right? So both of these are clear solutions, but when you mix them together, what happens? We get this yellow stuff forming. That yellow stuff is the lead iodide solid here. And you also get the two other ions, the nitrate and the sodium, kind of coming together in a solution. But what's really interesting and important is the lead iodide. Notice that it's a solid, right? So we see it as it kind of doesn't really look like a solid there because it's just cloud of puff right now. But when it settles down, you definitely notice that it's a solid. So whenever you've got two solutions that are fully dissolved, that have fully dissolved ions in them and you mix them together and they form a solid, this is called a precipitation reaction. So when two soluble compounds react to form an insoluble compound, that insoluble compound we call a precipitate. So what's happening is the solvated ions are actually being removed from solutions. This will always be, or usually I guess it is, a double displacement reaction. I know it will always be a double displacement reaction. So what's happening here is that the tendency of the ions that become the solid have stronger electrostatic interactions for each other than they do for the water actually pulling them apart. So you know the reason why this thing is fully soluble in water is because water can easily pull it apart. So the attraction for lead to nitrate isn't very strong. But what you find is that the attraction for lead and iodine is much, much stronger. Just due to the relative chemical properties of these two ions, they're really attracted to each other. In fact, they're so attracted to each other that they overcome the ability of the water, the polar water molecules to rip them apart. And that's why they're forming this precipitate. So you'll usually see these double displacement reactions as either acid-base reactions or precipitation reactions. So unfortunately, for those of you who guys don't like to memorize things, this is something you're going to have to memorize because you've got to know when two ions come together which ones are going to form a precipitate. So this box of rules are something you're going to have to memorize. And it's really not all that bad. What you find is that most of the group 1 and group 2 ions are soluble. All the nitrates, acetates are soluble. A lot of halogens aren't soluble when they interact with lead, silver, copper, and mercury. And I think that's really all of them. So if you figure out which ones are insoluble, you're going to be able to figure out precipitation reactions. Because what I'm going to ask you to do is give me the state of matter. Maybe I'll give you a reaction equation without states of matter and you'll have to put in the states of matter. Or I could give you just the reactants and you'd have to give me the products. If you know this, you should be able to do that type of stuff. So let's go over a problem that predicts whether a precipitate will form or not. Let's just go over the problem that's on the slide. So we've got AGNO3, that's solid. That just means that then it's still in its reagent box. And KBR. So is KBR soluble or insoluble? Well we have to go look back at this chart. Well it says all common compounds of group 1A ions, lithium, sodium, potassium, and the ammonium ion are soluble. So is that a compound containing one of those things? Yes. So what you'll find is that it will always break up into its ions. Silver nitrate. So when we put silver nitrate into water, let's go over here and look at our rules. Nitrates are soluble. So does that pertain to this molecule here? Yes. Because it's got nitrate in it. So we know. But it's all different. You guys don't know the charges on your polyatomic ions yet. There's going to be a lot of that stuff on the next test. So you're going to have to go back and memorize your polyatomic ions and charges. So that's how we get the charge on silver is because we know the charge on nitrate. Okay so we know when we put these two guys into water, they're soluble.  Then what we're going to do is mix these two together and ask ourselves does a precipitated curve. So what we need to do now, do we need to combine potassium and silver together? No. Because they don't combine together. They're two cations. So all we really need to worry about is the crossover combination. That and that. So let's ask ourselves, because when we mix these two, all those ions are coming into contact with each other. So we've got to ask ourselves, potassium nitrate, is this soluble or insoluble? How do you know that? I mean it says it up there. But potassium and nitrate are both soluble. So we know that this is soluble. Now let's look at the other one, silver bromide. If this is soluble or insoluble, because I was looking at the page, it's insoluble because it would have to be or the problem would be bunk. But if we look here, it says all common chloride, bromides, and iodides are soluble, uh-oh, except those of silver, lead, copper, and mercury. Is this one one of those? Yes, it's silver bromide, so it's insoluble. So if we look at all of these compounds, silver nitrate, potassium bromide, potassium nitrate, and silver bromide, the only one that would be insoluble would be silver bromide, so this would be our precipitate. And that's just a abbreviation for precipitate. Okay, so this is this. I would like you to go back and do this one on your own, the same kind of thing that we've done here. And then here's some more. Of course, these ones are a little harder because they say the names in the molecular form of the formulae. Okay, acid-base reactions. This is another form of a double-displacement reaction going on redox reactions. Combustion reactions and rusting reactions. These are both reactions with oxygen. You'll find that they're both redox reactions. Okay? I'd like you to go through those on your own trying redox numbers, okay, and proving to yourself that they're redox reactions. Okay, what I would like to do now is go over ionic equations. And we'll use this example that we've got on the board to talk about the various forms of reaction equations that you can write between a mixture of aqueous solutions. Okay, so for right now I'm going to erase most of this stuff. I'm going to go over the molecular equation, the total ionic equation, and the net ionic equation. Okay, so those are all things that we wanted to do for the... It should be able to do this. Okay, so what did we say? Was silver nitrate plus potassium bromide? That's the date. So remember, you've got to put that S there. To indicate that it's a solid. Plus, so this equation here that we've written down that shows all of the formula units, both reactants and products, this equation here is known as the molecular equation. So let's write the total ionic equation now. It's just all of the things that are soluble in water you break apart into their constituent ions. Okay? So out of those four compounds that are soluble in water that are on the molecular equation, how many are soluble in water? Three. Okay, so you're only going to break three of those up into their constituent ions. It doesn't break up into its ions, so we just say A, G, first wheel. So does everybody understand how we got the total ionic equation from the molecular equation? We don't. All we do is look on both sides and if something is the exact same on both sides then we cancel it out and don't write it in the ionic equation. So let's just go over here. So silver plus aqueous. Is that on both sides of this reaction equation? No. What about nitrate minus aqueous? Yes, so we just go. What about potassium plus aqueous? That's on both sides. What about bromine minus aqueous? No. Okay, so we're cool. Everything. All right, and then silver bromide solid obviously isn't going to be over here. Okay, so all we do is bring down the stuff that we didn't cross out. A, G plus aqueous plus Br minus ionic equation. The n-ionic equation always tells us the important stuff that's going on in the reaction, the actual reaction. The other things, these things that we crossed out, so what are they there? The potassium ionic and the nitrate crossed out. These are called spectator ions. They don't participate in the reaction. So does everybody understand what we've done here? Hopefully you guys can do it. I'm sure there'll be a test question on this stuff. Okay, so let's talk about this stuff now that we know how to do it. So does many reactions take place between compounds or elements that are dissolved in water? Just like how we have here. We've got two compounds dissolved in water. Ionic compounds, ladies, thank you. Ionic compounds in some polar covalent compounds break apart or dissociate into their ions just like what's happening here. Silver nitrate broke apart into its constituent ions or dissociated, the same thing, when they dissolve into water. So the equations for reactions that occur between these dissolved materials can be written in three ways. First, the molecular equation, which is the original equation up there. The total ionic equation, which shows the breakup of the original material into its constituent ions. And then the net ionic equation, which cancels out the spectator ions. Okay, so does that make sense? Hopefully it does.  You can read about it. It just talks about, essentially, what we just did in kind of a more detailed format. And then there's an example given up here of the molecular total ionic and net ionic. Notice here, in this case, we've got my barium chloride, which of course has, which of course the formula unit is BACL2. So when we break that up into its ions, we're going to have to put 2 as the coefficient in front of chlorine, because there's 2 of them in the solution. So make sure you go over this and check that out. So amounts and chemical equations. The part everybody was waiting for, I'm sure. With chemical equations, the cool thing is, is that because the law of conservation of matter is obeyed, because we balance the equation, we show the relative numbers of each of the particular components of the equation. So, for example, when I write a hydrogen molecule, we need 2 oxygen molecules to make 2 water molecules. That's what we're actually seeing. That may seem obvious. Until you put it into terms of moles, and then everybody throws obvious out the window. So moles and particular molecules, you can think of kind of the exact same way. Mole is just a number, just like a dozen is a number, or a pair is a number. So if I have one mole of hydrogen gas, it's going to react with 2 moles of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of water. Just like if I have one hydrogen atom molecule, it will react with 2 oxygen molecules to produce 2 water molecules. Just like if I have half a mole of hydrogen, it will react with 1 mole of oxygen to produce 1 mole of water. So, that's what the chemical equation tells us. Actually, it's the relative number of moles that's going to be reacting with each other and forming the particular product. So if I were to give you the mass of hydrogen, you should be able to give me the number of moles of water that was produced. So let's figure this out. So if I have, I don't know, what's somebody's favorite number? 121.7 grams of hydrogen. Mass of hydrogen is 121.7 grams. Or what's the mass of water that all makes? How do I figure this out? So let's figure out what's the mass of water. How would I do this? Do I just, well, so since this is a 1 to 2 ratio, do I just multiply this number by 2 up here? Can I do that? You've got to convert it to moles, right? Because they're not the same weight, right? H2 and H2O don't weigh the same amount, okay? But if I say a dozen of these and a dozen of these, that is the same amount. They're both 12 units, right? So that's what we're going to have to do is convert it to moles, which of course is in a dozen, but 6.022 times 10 to the 23rd, right? So the first thing we need to do is convert this number to a number of moles of hydrogen. How will we do that? How will we take the mass and convert it to a number of moles of hydrogen? So let's start there and then do what? Put grams on the bottom. Put grams on the bottom. And what else? One mole on the top. The molar mass of what? H2, which is what? Well, 2.016, right? So that would give me the number of moles of hydrogen, right? But remember, I don't care about the number of moles of hydrogen. I want to know the mass of water, okay? So let's figure out, well, how will we figure out the mass of water from that? Can we get the mass of water directly? No, but we do know this convergent factor here. Remember, one mole of H2 equals 2 moles H2O. Okay, that's given from the reaction equation here. The factor that we got. H2, 2 moles of water, moles of water, got it? But we don't want moles of water. We want a mass of water. So how will we get from moles of water to mass of water? Somebody else. How do I get from moles of water to mass of water? Yeah, so this is the same thing we did backwards before, right? So how will we do that? What will we be looking for on top here? Grams of what? Grams of water, of course, right? And what about the bottom? Moles of water, right? Specifically one mole of water, right? You guys don't know this. You're right behind, okay?  What will we put up here? 18. And what is that? The molar mass of water, right? Yeah, 18.02. Water cancels out. And what does that give us for our units at the end? Grams of water, right? And is that a mass unit for water? Yeah, so that gives us the right amount that we want. So that's all we've got to do. Let's take 121.7, multiply it by 2.016, multiply that by 2, multiply that by 18.02, and that gives us... So remember, the chemical equation gives you this conversion factor that you need to use. For every one mole of hydrogen you have, you're going to make two moles of water, okay? So you could have done this same equation or the same problem and asked, well, what's the mass of oxygen? It's going to be a very similar process to doing what we've done up here. You're just going to take this, convert it to moles of hydrogen, but instead of converting that to moles of water, you're going to convert that to moles of oxygen, and from there convert that to grams of oxygen, okay? So it's just the same things you've been doing before that we did in Chapter 3 with all of this stuff. It's just we're using the chemical equation to get this conversion factor here, okay? So don't think of it as anything that's like totally foreign or totally new like we're learning a new concept. It's just the same concept just sticking this one step. So what I'd like you to do, here's that same kind of problem. There you go. You can do some more on your own. If you look here, I've got a series of calculations for the exact same problem. So what I've done here is I said, okay, we have 15 moles of carbon dioxide. How many moles of each of the other products and reactions do we have? And how do we go about getting that number, okay? And then if we look over here, well, if we have that many moles of each of these reactants then, what's the mass of it, okay? I think all of these should have a decimal point after there. So watch your sequence. I didn't put that decimal point there. And here's some more that you can try on your own. This reaction up here is a combustion reaction. So that's what this is talking about. Remember combustion is just taking anything that's an organic material so remember anything that has carbon in it is organic and setting it on fire, okay? In excess oxygen.  In this case, this is your combustion of propane. So this is like a propane grill or something. And then here's another sample calculation except this time it's kind of like the two equations that I gave you on the last quiz yesterday. It's two elements forming an ionic compound, a metal and an ionic. Notice this equation is in balance either. So you're going to have to balance it, put the states of matter. So if ever I give you an equation, these are the things you've got to do is make sure it's balanced, make sure you put the states of matter in it and be able to go from grams and back and forth, okay? And of course be able to do a molecular net and total ionic equations. That's stuff. Oh no, no bad. Before we leave today, let's talk of, let's introduce the limiting reactant and we'll probably get through this. I know there's only like three slides left but we'll probably get through this next time. I just really want to introduce this. So the limiting reactant is the reactant and a reaction mixture that will run out first, okay? So what does that mean? That doesn't mean, okay, so let's look at this equation here again. Let's ask you what's the limiting reactant here? You couldn't tell me because you wouldn't know which reactant would run out first. Even though you might say hydrogen must be because it's only got a coefficient of one whereas oxygen has a coefficient of two. Well, that's not the way you look at this, okay? So limiting reactant is like, okay, let's pretend one of these things was more expensive, okay? So I want to use all of that up. I would want to just use a little bit of that and use it all up. So the other thing is less expensive so I can put a lot of it into my reaction, my reaction flask, to make sure all of the expensive stuff reacts, okay? So maybe if I have, let's say, let's pretend, I don't know, hydrogen is more expensive than oxygen, okay? So let's say I had one mole of hydrogen or I said four moles of hydrogen. How many moles of oxygen would I need to react with the four moles of hydrogen to make all of that one? Eight moles, okay? But remember, hydrogen is expensive so I want more than eight moles of oxygen. So let's add, but, ten moles of oxygen into my thing, okay? Would all ten of those moles react to form water? Not much, right? Because you only need two to one, right? So we would still have how many moles of oxygen left over? Two, okay? Two moles of oxygen left over. So you do this a lot of times when you're working with two things that one of them is more expensive than the other, okay? So what we say is that this would all react with this amount of oxygen, right? That makes sense, this would all react but we would still have this left over. So if we got this, we would form eight moles of this, right? But we would still have two moles of oxygen left over, right? Does that make sense to everybody? That makes sense, right? Okay, so what we would say is that the thing that's going to run out first in this case is what? Which thing is going to run out first? The hydrogen or the oxygen? Clearly, because there's still some left over oxygen over here, right? So we call the thing that's going to run out first, reactant. I usually call it the reagent, the limiting reagent. Reagent, reactant are almost the same thing but I will almost invariably call it the reagent. So let's just learn that so I don't have to keep thinking, oh, I mean reactant, okay? So we'll stop there. We'll finish up the last piece of this next time. I pushed that out back but that doesn't mean the test is going to be pushed back, okay? So the test is still next Friday so just start getting prepared for that especially with this reaction equation stuff. I'll leave a lot of test stuff on this, okay? So good luck guys.


Ranger Bill, warrior of the woodland, struggling against extreme odds, traveling dangerous trails, fighting the many enemies of nature. This is the job of the guardian of the forest, Ranger Bill, pouring rain, freezing cold, blistering heat, snow, floods, bears, rattlesnakes, mountain lions. Yes, all this in exchange for the satisfaction and pride of a job well done. Hi, boys and girls. Hi everybody, in fact. I'm Henry. Well, I guess you know who I am, but well maybe in case you never tuned in before, I'd better tell you at least a little something about myself. I'm Ranger Bill's ward. That's just another way of saying that he's my guardian. We've had lots of adventures together. Some of them real exciting and dangerous. We just never know what's gonna turn up next. Today I'd like to tell you about an adventure that Grey Wolf and I had just about finished both of us off. It all began one day in the summer when I'm getting ahead of myself. I'll start over again. Grey Wolf and I called this the adventure of the tarnished gold. Ah, this looks about right. That map is right, that is. Hand me that compass. East-South-East. Looks as though we're running into a blank wall of rock. Wait a minute. The sun on that cliff makes it hard to see. We'll make a turnaround, I reckon. Not much of a path here. Sure. We go around this corner of rock and yeah, there it is. What? What? Jabez, since you've asked me, I'll tell you. What you're looking at now, what's over there staring at us in the desert sun, what we've come this far to find is $100,000. Dear Grey Wolf and Henry, we're having a fine time and wish you were here. We've seen the President of the U.S. yesterday, but I don't reckon he's seen us. He was going by in his automobile. Bill is busy with them fellas down to the penny-gone building. For what? In between times we have been seeing the sights of Washington, D.C. We will be back in two weeks. Bill says I got to practice more on my harmonic key. The folks in the next room at our hotel put in a complaint. Best regards, Stumpy. Good old Stumpy.  Maybe back soon. You bring newspaper too, Henry? Yeah, not much in it. You want it? Ah, take a look. Now, big men come to Naughty Pine. Ben Barclay, known around the world as mine engineer, come to Naughty Pine. Says millions of dollars can be had in old gold workings. Mr. Barclay in an exclusive interview, I said that millions of dollars. Come in. Mr. Bragg? Yes, that's me. Mr. Bragg, here's my card. Sit down, Mr. Barclay. Your card reads Benjamin Barclay, mining engineer. Peru? Indian. New York City. That's a pretty big territory. Now, I get around, Mr. Bragg. Mr. Bragg, I'm a man that gets right down to business.  Never waste words. Now, you're the big banker in this here town. Only banker in town. Naughty Pine isn't a big city. Big enough. Mr.  I can make you the richest man in this part of that country. But I'm not interested in speculation. This isn't speculation. This is a sure thing. I'm listening. Mr. Bragg, I could show you a trunk full of credentials, papers, letters of recommendation. All stuff that would show you prove to you that I have been and am one of the most successful mining engineers in the world. But I'm not going to do that. I don't feel I have to. I'd rather have you prove for yourself what I have to say. Go ahead. Here it is. I must ask you to keep this confidential. Of course, Mr. Barclay. It's been my theory for a good many years that those old-time prospectors, those desert rats who went around digging all those little mines... Yes? Well, it's been my theory that nine times out of ten they quit. Left their workings. Not even knowing they had struck a gold vein. I can't believe that. Listen then. You know what the assay office is, don't you? Naturally. We have one right here in this town and it's run by the United States government. Yeah, I know that. Well, even without being an engineer, you must realize how much mining techniques and assaying techniques must have improved in the last 50 years. Wow. Now, new methods of testing the rock, new methods of grinding and analyzing the ore will, I feel certain, show traces of plenty of gold. Where the same ore analyzed 50 years ago by the old methods wouldn't have shown a thing. Makes sense, but how does all this add up as far as we are concerned that is? Well, that's what I'm here to tell you. And Mr. Bragg, I can make you a millionaire. Hi, Henry. You got homework done? Hey, did you get that long-distance call that they were trying to get you on? They even asked me at school where you were. Well, I said... Well, I take a walk. No telephone. They want the call again. You do homework. Well, all I know is that you had this long-distance phone call and... I'll bet that's it right now. I'll get it. Hello? Yeah? Yeah, sure. He's right here. Just a second. It's for you. Oh, thank you, Henry. Hello? Yes, Great Wolf. Oh, Bill. Is it Bill? Yes, I seen paper last week. Yes, big story, front page, big picture.  Sure, last week. I thought he'd like to see it. What do you want me to do, Bill? You tell I do. Uh-huh. Yes? Well... Hey, what's up? Some new adventure? I do that, Bill. Fine. Right. What's Bill want? Sure, Bill, I'll do. You know, worry. Goodbye. How was Bill? I know. I know. What I don't know is what he wanted. Sure sounded important. Well, maybe yes, maybe no. You remember a picture in paper of a man named Barkley? Sure. Well, he must be about the richest man in the world. I saw him on the street downtown. He's got a real gold nugget on his watch chain. Supposed to be worth $7,000. Maybe. Anyway, Bill think he know him from long ago. See his picture in paper. Bill say that I watch Ben Barkley. What for? I don't know. Bill say watch, so I watch. Watch and see. But right now, I watch Henry do homework. Did you get that package in the mail from the dental supply office? Yeah. Okay, hand it over. Heavy. Of course it's heavy. It's bound to be heavy, considering what's in it. I'll just put this away in a safe place. I thought we'd better have plenty of... Well, let's say plenty of bait. Bait? Sure, bait. Bait to land a poor fish named Bragg. Bragg the banker. Like everybody else, he's looking for something for nothing. And that's why we're going to be able to land him hook, line and sinker. Yeah, but... Here he comes. He let me do the talking. That's a laugh. You never say anything anyway. How do you do, Mr. Bragg? Already for our little fishing trip? Yes. But why on earth you want to haul this fishing tackle along, when all we're going to do is ride out and look... Mr. Bragg, you wouldn't want the whole town in on this deal, would you? No, I guess not. Of course not. Now, folks think we're just going on a little fishing trip. That's different. I see, I see. Bring the horses around, Jabez, and we'll get started. Mr. Bragg is a busy man. We'll get there in an hour, easy. And here we are, Mr. Bragg. Just as I said we'd be. And hardly an hour's ride from town. And this is the face. This is where whoever dug this place in the first place quit. But he must have quit because he found out this was worthless. Worthless, maybe, by old-fashioned methods. Here, Mr. Bragg, take this pick. Go ahead. Shine the light right here on the face, Jabez. Right. Now you go ahead, Mr. Bragg. Go ahead and chip off some of the samples yourself. I told you I'd prove to you that I was an honest man. You get your own samples. Go ahead. Well, that's it. Now, you pick up those chips yourself, Mr. Bragg, and put them in that can of a sack. You hold on to that sack and don't let go of it for a minute. Don't let go of it until you hand it in at the assay office yourself. I can't believe it. Would you mind flashing that light around a bit? There. I see. I see. I can't believe it. Barkley, let's get back to the assay office as quick as we can. Mr. Stone, get off your feet off that desk and look at what I have here in this sack. Okay, okay, Mr. Bragg. What's your hurry? We'll see. Where'd you get that? Never mind. Your job isn't to know where I got it. It's to tell me how much it's worth. It'll take a while, you know. Sure, I know, but get going. Get started right away. All right, all right. Yeah, I can't be sure. Just by looking at this stuff with my naked eye, I can tell you I've never seen anything like it in my whole life. Never in my whole life. Why, you can even see the gold in it. Cleanest day. Well, there he comes out of the assay office, looking up and down the street. He's hooked all right, he's hooked. Yeah, now all we've got to do is... Mr. Barkley! Mr. Barkley, weren't there? Yes, Mr. Bragg. Wait, all right. Mr. Barkley, I'm glad I happened to see you. I think it's safe to say you were right. Right from the start. The man in the assay office seems enthusiastic, and, in fact, he seems almost beside himself. We'll know tomorrow, but... Yeah? Yeah, what? What about titles? Suppose we... Nah, you don't go supposing a thing, Mr. Bragg. You don't think an old hand like myself would go into a thing like this without making sure every single solitary title was safe? Well, I have a lien on everyone. A place we looked at and lots more besides. Oh, oh, my. For a moment there, I... You said other places? Why, certainly. Oh, my. Well, then we... Does anybody else know this? Not only us. Good. Oh, I've got to be going. I remember you said that we shouldn't be talking together too much. I'll see you tomorrow. So he wants titles, huh? After he gets that assay, as we report tomorrow, he'll forget everything except the fact that he wants what we got. Boss. What? Look. Where? There. Oh, him. Engine. Sure is an engine. Didn't you ever see an engine before? He's harmless. He's the same one we saw yesterday, and the day before, and the day after that. He lives here, I guess. He's harmless.  Bane is known as the Iberian Peninsula. The capital's Madrid. The chief exports are... grapes, cork, and... Bah. Bah. Yeah. But you're a funny teacher, but I get the point, though. Wool. The chief exports are grapes and cork and wool. So haven't I studied enough now? Nope. Tell me more about Spain. Well, Spain's a dry, arid country. The short, swift rivers are noted for trout fishing. Hey. Hey, what? Hey, what about those men? That Barclay, that banker Bragg. You know that guy that never says much. Have they been catching any fish? Oh, no. No? I thought you said that they were... Well, a man carrying fishing rod, not always catch fish. Oh, yes, but I thought... I follow. Walk soft. Barclay make two or three trips. Sometimes take banker Bragg. Sometimes all three go. All time, all take fishing rod, but never fish. But where do they go? Oh, badlands away. I follow on horse, yeah. There's no lakes or streams or ponds out there. No good place to fish. I should say not. But where do they go, Gray-Walk? Same place every time. But where? Same place every time. Every time. Hole in mountain. Yeah, I see you're here bright and early, Mr. Bragg. When I say I'll be at a certain place at a certain time I'm there. You've got that report finished yet? Yeah, when I say I'll have a thing done at a certain time, I got it done. Yeah. Well, hand it over. Well, I can't believe it. I can't believe it. This is incredible, incredible. I told you yesterday I thought it was an unusual sample. You didn't just get it from one place, did you? You know, sometimes... Oh, of course not. I know better than that. I took samples from here and there across the whole face. That vein must be ten feet wide and over six feet high. Well then, Mr. Bragg, all I can say is this. If you own a part of this outfit, even a tiny part of it, you stand to be one of the richest men this country has ever seen. This assay is more dollars per ton than anything that has ever been recorded anywhere. And so when I saw the report, saw it with my own eyes, I knew that this was the biggest thing in the world. Mr. Barkley, you're right. I said so all along. Of course you did. Now, perhaps we could talk business. Perhaps we could. Are you prepared to sell? Well, yes. Matter of fact, that's exactly what I was... Mr. Bragg, you seem like a good businessman. I've decided to do you a favor. Yes? Now you take me. I like to be on the go. China, Afghanistan. I don't like to stay too long in one place. You know, I get kind of restless. What I like is a quick profit, and then off I go on the move again. Yes? So here's what I'll do. You've convinced yourself now that this is really a wonderful proposition you found out for yourself. That's right. So I don't have to do any more talking. Mr. Bragg, I'll turn over that whole thing to you. Turn it over to your locked stock and barrel. For one lump sum that is. How much? Well, considering everything, considering the facts and figures you got for yourself, and considering what you found out, I don't think I'm asking too much. How much? Of course, being on the move as I am, I'd want it all at once in cash. How much? $100,000. I'll take it. Is it far from here? Oh, five, ten minutes. Get down and crawl up to top of Ridge. What? Maybe Barclay and Jabez come. But they're back at the hotel. The clerk said they'd go on the bed. We make sure anyway. Ah, nobody around. It's a good thing that there's a bright moon. We use flashlight later. We'll get inside and mount them. Come along. Wow! So this is it? This is it all right. It's nothing but an old abandoned mineshaft. There's hundreds of them around here. Like this one, if it's like the others, just goes straight into the mountain for a few hundred yards, and that's all. Why do Barclay and Bragg come here all the time? We try to find out. Come along. Nothing in here? Nothing. We see. It's a good thing we brought these powerful flashlights. Yeah. He knew we were going into an old mine. Looks like we get to end of mine. Yeah. Can't go any farther. That's for sure. Yeah, that's the face of mine. Yeah. Yeah, sure. Hey, hold the light still. Why are you waving around like that? It's just gray wall. What? Look. Look. I shone the light back and forth. See? See, you can see the glimpse of the wall. See, it shines here and there. It shines all right. It shines yellow. Yellow. It shines like gold. Yes. Gold. Why, you said this was an old abandoned worthless mine that never had any gold in it to begin with. Look, Gray Wolf. See? See?  See how it shines in the light? Why, this wall is covered with gold. Right. Why? Why, that means that this mine must be worth a million, a million dollars. Gray Wolf. Yes. What? You don't even seem to be excited. I've got to think of what to do next. I no wonder, Mr. Barkley. Say, do you think he owns this mine and that he's going to sell it to Mr. Bragg? That's what I want to stop. I think that Mr. Barkley is going to... Mr. Barkley, what? It's... Yes, me, Barkley.  You're supposed to be in bed. Listen, boy, I wasn't born yesterday. I've seen this engine here poking around and snooping around and it didn't take much to put two and two together, especially as soon as I found out he was one of the Rangers. Jabez and me, we took off out of that back door of the hotel and followed you all the way. That's a good thing we did. Jabez? Right. You got that rope? Sure. Well, take those short pieces and tie their hands behind them. Yeah. Don't try any monkey business. I got you covered with the wrong end of a 44. Roger, get in here. We can see in the dark. You got them tied up yet? Yeah. Good. Get them lights and let's go. You. You too. Get moving. Keep ahead of me. We've got a place to go right now. How far are we going? You'll find out. Keep moving. What are you going to do to us? You'll find out. Boss. What? Mine, Chef. Sure enough. Hold on up there. This is as far as we go. As far as you go, anyway. You see what this is? Looks like a hole in the ground. It's going straight down. That's right. You fellas seem so much interested in old mines. Here's one just for you. Only this one goes straight down. Straight down about 90 feet. Used to have a rope to haul the miner up and down. But now there's nothing. You wouldn't. Wouldn't I? You and your engine pal come butting around into my affairs. And I can't have that. So I'm going to put you where you'll be safe. Right down in the bottom of that hole. Get that long rope, Jabez. Gray Wolf. Yes, Henry. I think I'm going to untie these ropes. Oh, good, Henry. Go ahead. I'm going to untie your wrist. You've got to untie mine. There. There. Here, now we can get this rope off of Rondard. Yes. Easy. There, got it. That was simple. Hey, I say that was simple. Gray Wolf? Gray Wolf, you all right? I ashamed. I get Henry caught. Now here we're in the bottom of old mineshaft. But, Mr. Barclay will come and get us, won't he? Well, well, we've got to get out. We've got to get out, Gray Wolf. Just in the bottom of a deep hole. There's no way out, but straight up. The walls are too smooth to climb. Gray Wolf? What are we going to do? Now what? Hello? Hello, Barclay? Yes. This is Bragg. I hope I didn't get you out of bed. No. That's good. Listen, Barclay... You're not backing out of the deal, are you? No, no. It's just that it's taken me a little longer than I expected to get that amount of cash together. $100,000, a lot of money. Not for that mine it isn't. It'll just take me a little while longer. How long? Another two hours. Okay. Meet you over at the bank? No. When to visit all. Say... What? Let's meet right out at the mine. To the whole $100,000 right out there in the mine. Right there at the face where all that gold is. Well, I don't know... It's the safest place I know. All right, Mr. Bragg, have it your way. We'll meet you in the mine at, say, 11 o'clock. Good. And I'll have the money with me. $100,000. In cash? In cash. It's been up a... It's been up a long time. Pretty soon, now, Brock, we sell that worthless mine to Bank of Bragg and beat it all the country. What do you mean worthless mine? We saw the gold, didn't we? Yes. It was gold, wasn't it? Yes. Well, why do you say that? Well, maybe $100, $200 worth of gold on that rock face. No more. But... That mine big fake. But what? Henry. What? I have two idea. One, got to get you out of here. That main idea. Two, got to sell broccoli, selling fake mine. Sure, but getting out of here. Well, I don't see how we can... I have idea. How wide this shaft is? Well, it's a little pocket sort of at the bottom. Let's see. It's about eight feet across. And then the shaft itself is about four feet. Give or take an inch. It's cut smooth, straight all the way. No place for a handhold or a foothold. Four feet, huh? Six feet, two inches tall. That ought to be just right. Henry, you listen. Listen carefully. Oh, yeah. Here's what I want. You help me get stretched out flat on my back. Right up where shaft gets narrow. And only at your shoulder height. I'll race my shoulders against one side of shaft. My feet against the other. Oh, it's a long way up there. I'll make it. I have to make it. Tie end of rope around my waist. And I pull you up after I get on top. But... Tie rope. There. Now give me a shot. I don't think... Can you stay like that? Racing across the shaft like that? I think so. Henry. What? You get over by sign. Crot's down under edge of rock there. Why?   All right. You're right. Go. And I've talked now. Save breath. Time? 12 noon. On the dock. Bragg. What? There. Sure enough. It's him all right. And about time. Hey, over here. Coming. Coming. There's the gold. Shining. Shining in the light. Pure gold. And it's all yours. The whole mountain of it. Just as soon as you hand over the 100,000 iron men. I have it right here. Do you have a receipt? Got it right ready, Mr. Bragg. It's just about to become the richest man in the world. You hand me that money and the deal is finished. Very well. Oh, stop. Ah, the Indian. Get away. You're dead.  Am I not dead?  And I'm here too, Mr. Blacklight. Get out. Both of you. You can't be real. Get away. No use to yell. No use. Yell not help you now. Where the man at? What's going on here? Plenty. You put that money back in pocket. What? I... I... Buckley, play old trick on you. He enjoyed his low shotgun shots with gold dust. Shoot shotguns at rock wall. Gold dust hit wall and looked like big vein of gold. What? What? You take rock samples to SA office. SA office not an old. Rock samples you take make fake mine look like richest mine in the world. Mine worth nothing. All fake. Just dirt and rock. No good. And I was... And I was most going to pay $100,000 for that pile of dirt and rocks. Gray Wolf. Can never thank you enough. Never. Greed did this to me. Lust for gold. It's taught me a lesson I won't forget. How can I repay you? I don't need to pay. You use money for good purposes, not selfish ones. I will. I will. I promise. Hey, where's Mr. Parkley? Ran. He not go far. Sheriff waiting outside mine. Bill remember Buckley in trouble like this before? He fake engineer. Bill call Sheriff and Sheriff will meet us outside mine. Buckley have a long time to think this over. What about you J-Biss? Me? I seen the light. Almost out there and introduce myself to the Sheriff. Go with him peaceable. I'm through. I'm reformed. When I get out, if I ever do get out, I'm going to go straight. Yes sir, I'll learn my lesson. Silent J-Biss really talked after that. A greedy man's money was saved to be well spent. And Bill said he wouldn't think twice about spending more time away after the way Grey Wolf had I handled this one. Well, see you again next week for more adventure with...