the narcissist has to be 10 steps ahead of you. Narcissists can often seem as though they are quick-witted and forward-thinking. They can seem as though they have an ability to think or respond quickly and effectively, as though they are mentally alert, quick in perception and understanding, as though they are always planning for the future, as though they are always anticipating trends, patterns or reactions. And while this may be a good trait to possess, for someone who is trying to make progress, the narcissist always has ulterior motives. They are playing a game with you, they are manipulating the situation in a way that is dishonest and unfair. This is something that they do to distract themselves from their lives. It is a form of escapism that provides them with amusement or fun. By being 10 steps ahead of you, by being more prepared than you are, it has nothing to do with them being more advanced or more skilled. It just means that they have predetermined the outcome or course of events to gain an unfair advantage over you, so that they can make full use of and derive benefit from you or gain narcissistic supply by making themselves appear as though they are more advanced or more skilled than you are, when really they're just more manipulative, they're more concerned with gaining influence or control over you, they're more concerned with their own aims or interests, while you may have been more interested in naturalness, openness and shared objectives. The narcissist is in it for themselves, so they have to plan or coordinate the elements of a situation to produce their desired effect. They have to be 10 steps ahead of you to avoid the situation working out in your favor because that would then be unfavorable for them. Narcissists have a black or white mentality, dualistic thinking, in their minds, something is either good or bad, right or wrong, there can only be winners or losers, and if this situation was to work out in your favor, that would make you the winner and then the loser, even if you had a shared objective and there was the freedom of naturalness and openness and there was an opportunity when you could be winning together, they would still feel like they are losing. In their minds, someone has to be the loser so that they can be the winners and that is why they have to be 10 steps ahead of you, they have to be more prepared than you are, they have to plan or coordinate the elements of the situation in advance to produce their desired effect rather than letting the chips fall where they may, rather than allowing events to happen without trying to change them, rather than allowing events to unfold naturally because they already believe that they are at a disadvantage, they already feel like they are the losers and that you are naturally more capable than they are, they are deeply insecure, they are uncertain and anxious about themselves, they are not confident and that is why they have to have control over the situation, that is why they have to influence and direct your behavior and the course of events, that is why they have to keep watch of you, it is in the interest of their security because they are insecure, a person who is secure, a person who is certain to remain safe and unthreatened is going to feel no need to control you or the situation because they feel protected against any potential threats, they feel free from danger or harm, the narcissist is lacking confidence, they are uncertain of their abilities and they are lacking belief in your trustworthiness or reliability, they are suspicious of you, they are paranoid and hyper-vigilant because they believe that if they can be so manipulative, if they can be so unfair and dishonest then so can you, they don't realize that not everyone is like them, they assume that everyone is fake and dishonest just like they are, they project their traits on other people around them because they don't want to accept what they've become, they don't want to accept that they have to play dirty just to get their needs met just to get things to work out in their favor because they lack the capabilities to be anything great on their own they have to cheat, lie or steal to achieve or obtain anything they cannot let the situation play out on its own because they know that would put them under the disadvantage so to level the playing field they have to be 10 steps ahead of you they have to be more prepared than you are and in their warped minds and in their distorted reality they actually believe that's winning thank you for watching i hope this video resonates with you please like comment share and subscribe click the bell icon to receive notifications for my future videos if you're likely to donate my paypal link is in the video description coaching inquires can email me an article of coaching at dooma.com thank you for watching and i'll talk to you soon


Hi, my name is Kevin Mahal. I'm a technical customer success manager here at TechSoup. In this video demonstration, I'm going to show you how to accept and authorize TechSoup as your Microsoft reseller. As part of your Microsoft request, you should have received at some point during email communications a hyperlink that would redirect you to the login where I'm going to demonstrate. In this particular case, I have actually copied and pasted that link into the field line here. I'm going to go ahead and hit enter. Here at the login page, it's asking me to pick an account or you may see something slightly different in relation to the initial login. Point of note here at the login page. In order to accept a reseller agreement, you must be logging in with the credentials of a global administrator of your account. Point of note, by default, the initial global administrator is the individual associated with the registration at the Microsoft nonprofit portal for approval for charity tagging. Please make sure that you're logging in with global admin credentials. I'm going to go ahead and log in to my demo account here. This is where you ultimately should be redirected. In the off chance that the link doesn't work, that you have any other type of issues, I'm going to provide some contact information at the end of this video. So once here, I highly recommend you take a quick read through the information that's here. This is a link to a PDF copy of the Microsoft customer agreement. I also recommend taking a look at that. It's very short. You're going to, after reading those items, click. Yes. That you acknowledge. You're going to click the I authorized tab. And I'm not going to complete the last part in this demonstration, but you will then click the accept and authorize to finalize both the reseller agreement and the Microsoft customer agreement for any questions or support for completing this process. You can reach our account management team at 1-800-659-3579 Monday through Friday from 7am to 12 noon Pacific time. It can also be reached at customer service at TechSoup.org. My team can directly be reached at customer success at TechSoup.org.


Hello and let's talk about Facebook and its relationship with the BJP. A few days ago, the Wall Street Journal published a report which said that the social media giant had not taken action against BJP legislator Iraja Singh despite his post-falling foul of the company's standards regarding his speech. According to Facebook insiders, Akhidas, the head of policy for the region, had a say in this decision which was taken to make sure that business would not be affected. The report also listed other instances of BJP leaders' content being untouched and other pro-BJP decisions by the company. This raises a lot of questions about Facebook's relationship with the ruling party and its long-term implications for our democracy. We talked to senior journalist Paranjay Gohatapurtha on some of these issues. So Paranjay, the standard argument given by Facebook on when any of these questions is raised in any country of the world is that we agree that there a lot has to be done and we agree that much more, you know, but like you said, these are algorithms. We're trying the extent of the problem is too great. We're trying to, you know, solve it. If things are brought to our notice, we try to take it down. So this is the standard responses which gives the impression of a company which is desperately trying but failing to control the problem of hate. So does the experience in India bear out this argument or justify this argument? Yeah, you see, faced with pressure from different parts of the world, from Australia, from New Zealand, from Germany, from France, from other parts of the world, Facebook had to set up what they called an external oversight committee comprising a big team of eminent public figures who are supposed to have the power to even overrule what Mark Zuckerberg and Sheryl Sandberg, the two, the top two individuals in Facebook, what they, even their decisions. Now so far we haven't seen the committee having, as far as India is concerned, we haven't seen any intervention from that committee. Now this argument, yeah, this is our technology. Let's take an example from India. Some years ago in Rajasthan's Raj Samand district, a person killed another person who was a Muslim neighbor and the so-called love jihad, he was allegedly trying to entice a Hindu woman. But the story is that this killing, this gruesome act was videographed by a relative of this man. But Facebook threw its hands up and said, we can't do anything about it. Our end-to-end encryption technology, we don't know who's put it up. We don't know who it's gone to. Now this is really a deep problem. You are refusing to be accountable. Even the present government, even Mr. Narendra Modi's government, Ravi Shankar Prasad more than once said, look, what if there are heinous crimes, whether there's a murder or a rape and there's evidence on WhatsApp. Now the courts of India are actually using evidence that's come on WhatsApp.  WhatsApp itself is not going to oblige you.  We have machines as machine learning. There's algorithms. I mean, a lot of it is just a lot of war.  So I'm saying to expect those machines, to expect those algorithms to take care of hate speech is, in my opinion, completely unrealistic. Now, what we are seeing is the giant Bahama. This is one of the largest corporate conglomerates on the planet. And it, despite all the criticism, it is desperately struggling to invoke provisions of free speech, privacy to keep going. I mean, recently, you will be aware that a number of giant corporations, including Coca-Cola and Ford, actually withdrew advertising from Facebook. I mean, they tried to hit where it would hurt. But Facebook seems to be trying to brazen it out. What we are clearly seeing is that the views of people like Misaki Das and Shivnath Thakral prevails even when, within the same organization, there is opposition or there are complaints that the kind of content that has been put out is against the company's rules. Yeah, it is not inappropriate. I mean, look in India Prashant, there have been dozens of mob lynchings. There have been Hindu-Muslim riots. There have been public lack of order, public disorder, if you like. And behind all of these incidents and episodes, you have WhatsApp messages. Absolutely. In this context, one aspect, the article points out, of course, but also something you have been working on quite extensively is the fact that Facebook has giant commercial plans in India. Now, there is, of course, the investment in reliance that we've seen. There's a WhatsApp payment option that has been pending for quite some time. So could you take us a bit through what, so far, we've uncovered of what Facebook's grand plans for India also are? As in, why is this an important market? That's correct. For some years now, Facebook had been lobbying to get its payments mechanisms going, because that's the one way WhatsApp can make money. Now, the Reserve Bank of India took its time, but the argument was really about data localization, because after Google Play came into the act, they have the WhatsApp payment mechanism has come through. But the point is, here you have a giant international monopoly, a conglomerate, which is tying up with an Indian conglomerate headed by India's richest man, Mr. Mukesh Ambani, who's also Asia's richest man, and among the world's most wealthy individuals. And you have a domestic big week in the form of Reliance Geo, which was nowhere in the picture four years ago. And today has the highest number of subscribers. It's the biggest telecommunications and mobile internet data services provider. And now, at a time when the economy is in a mess, there's been a complete collapse in economic activity. There's been widespread hunger, deprivation, and all kinds of terrible things that have been happening. Here you see Facebook investing billions of dollars in Reliance Geo. So we have a classic case of an international monopoly and a domestic monopoly coming together. And what its impact would be in India, on Indian politics, on free speech, on the way different kinds of content is distributed and disseminated. What, at the end of the day, you get to read, and you get to hear, and you get to watch. All of this would have, in my opinion, a profound impact, just as the Watsri Journal has flagged the impact on politics when you have the top brass of Facebook in India in very close proximity to the ruling dispensation, what we might end up seeing are bigger challenges and bigger issues. And in this context, finally, so what we do have is, of course, like you exactly pointed out, that the company itself having a decisive impact on Indian politics. And this happens, of course, both the actions of individuals who make these decisions, but also in terms of how the product itself has seeped so much into our lives, whether it be Facebook, whether it be Instagram, whether it be WhatsApp. And so then the question of what is a democracy? What is your politics? All this is inextricably connected with these products. So in this context, based on global examples, what do you see as any kind of way forward, at least in an ideal situation, whether this government is interested in implementing it is a different question, but what are the possibilities that lie ahead? Okay, now, before I answer your question, let me give you one very prominent, egregious example of how WhatsApp has been used in India. And let me give you the example from the 22nd of December, 2018, when Amit Shah, who was then the president of the Bharti Janta Party, who's today India's home minister, he was speaking at a public rally for social media volunteers of the BJP at Kota in Rajasthan. Now, he remarked, we are capable of delivering any message we want to the public, whether sweet or sour, true or fake. Now, he is the second most powerful person in the country at present. He's the home minister of the country. This issue has been raised in Rajasthan by parliament. Now, let's contextualize what he said. Before the Uttar Pradesh elections took place in February, March, 2017, this was India's most popular state, the BJP had set up huge groups of WhatsApp supporters and the total was about 3.2 million, 32 lakhs. And the really ironical part about the whole thing is that it was supposed to tell BJP volunteers about the truth and about false information. Now, one particular person had put out a bit of fake information that the then chief minister Akhilesh Yadav had slapped his father, Mulan Singh Yadav. It was completely fake, but the whole WhatsApp message went viral and this is what Mr. Amit Shah had to say. So, you know, he said an environment of Mohal had been created. As members of the audience smirked and unsure, Mr. Amit Shah's tongue was firmly in his cheek when he almost lovingly chided them and said, this is something worth doing, but don't do it. You understand what I'm saying? So this is the sheer part of how WhatsApp has been used and misused for political purposes. Ravish Kumar, VNDTV India anchor has famously remarked that there's a huge number of people in India who haven't had the privilege of getting quality education in an education institution. They are growing up in WhatsApp University. Let me give you a personal example. A young relative of mine came one day and he said, you know, not all Muslims are terrorists, but all terrorists are Muslim. And I said, who told you this? He said, what's that? So this is the way it spreads. Coming to your point about, can you control? How do you control? In the US they've been struggling. Elizabeth Warren, a legislator of the Democratic Party, she actually argued that you should break Facebook up and Google up, actually fragment these by law, break up these monopolies in the way AT&T, American telephone and telegraph. The company set up by Alexander Graham Bell had been broken up. The way Standard Oil, SO had been broken up. Whether that will happen, I'm not at all sure. It certainly won't happen under a Trump administration, but we'll have to wait and watch. Within India too, the regulatory mechanisms are inadequate. And there is always this counter-argument, free speech, freedom of expression, technical, you know, this whole, that what can be... Fecressive algorithms. Yes, yes, yes. You take shelter behind your ideas of privacy and free speech to just be able to earn more and more money. At the end of the day, a lot of people don't realize, oh, Facebook, we're able to connect with our good friend, we're able to share our pictures, we're able to meet long-lost, whatever, schoolmates. But you don't realize the other side of the coin. That you, your behavior is being closely tracked. You are being followed and your behavior is being sold for Facebook to earn profits. After all, it's a private company. It wants to maximize its profits. But the dangers it poses to society, to political, to what's happening in the country, to politics in this country, are really very, very important. And then this is true for many other countries in the world. And after the World Street Journal article, certainly true for India. Thank you so much, Parazar, for talking to us. My pleasure. In our next segment, we look at a common concern many of us have regarding COVID-19, that of reinfections. There's been a lot of speculation and debate over whether those who have already contracted the disease once may do so again. How likely is this to happen? We bring you a segment of a conversation between news clicks Praveer Purkayashta and immunologist Dr. Satyidrath. Coming to the question of reinfection, there are also some examples you've been talked about where reinfections is said to have occurred. Now, in the very large number of cases which are there in the world today, and we have the total number is really very large, number of reinfections of this kind reported that really you can count on the fingers of our hands. So effectively it seems a rare occurrence, but could you explain that the chances of reinfection or at least within five, six months is why it is so rare and this is likely to be only an outlier? So this is going to be a very unsatisfactory answer because it's essentially going to say that in none of the cases of reinfection that have been anecdotally described, do we actually know that it's reinfection? And here's why we don't know. How do we know that there's infection because you test the fluid and you find virus viral RNA? Let's not even worry about whether that's whole infectious virus or not, you find viral RNA. You test 15 days later, you find, then you test 15 days later, you don't find.  Now, is this reinfection or is it just that one of these tests was just technically not right and missed finding the viral RNA? Most of the reinfection stories we hear fall in this category. And therefore, in most of them, it's at the moment impossible to distinguish between the possibility that it's a reinfection and the possibility that these people are that very small and interesting and important minority who clear virus very, very, very, very, very, very slow. The cases have been up to nine months that the virus stays in the body. That's absolutely right. So therefore, it's more likely to be that kind of an outlier than a reinfection outlier. It's certainly as likely to be that as this. So both hypotheses stay and it's difficult to say which is which. And since we've been saying that this is much about the substance of science as about the politics of science and society, let me take a moment to explain how we would differentiate between the possibility that this is simply a continuing infection versus that it's a reinfection. So if you had the entire viral RNA sequenced, then between two samples, if there was sequence continuity, it's the same virus. But if the second sample is clearly different in sequence from the first sample because you were quieted from somebody else in whom the virus has changed in the meanwhile differently, then you have true reinfection. So the way to ask the question to people who talk about reinfection is, are there viral sequencing data from before the negative test and after the negative test? Much more difficult to. Much more difficult. Coming to the other issue, which of course is hanging in the background of all this is the efficacy of the vaccine. That how long will it be assuming the vaccine is successful and we have enough number of cases for us at least to sound optimistic at this stage. Assuming one or two or more of the vaccines will become effective. The question remains for how long? Now, does it mean that after three months they won't be effective? That after six months they won't be effective? Or what is a likelihood using your crystal ball as a immune system expert? What would be the crystal ball that you would consult and what would it say? So Praveer, I am enjoying myself today because this is my second one of sounding optimistic. And after a very long time of not sounding optimistic. The point of our viewers that this is not an usual occurrence that we get him optimistic twice in a show.  But it's funny for the interruption. So here's the issue. When you have a virus infection, we have an immune response, absolutely. But the virus has gotten selected in a sort of mutual evolution where the virus that is infecting us successfully has figured out at least a little bit of how to deal with immunity. Simply because a virus strain that cannot deal well with immunity will get propagated poorly. So a viral variant that deals somehow with immunity will be preferentially propagated in proper Darwinian evolution. That's the strain that will come to dominate. Now, if that's the case, then the likelihood is that SARS-CoV-2 has ways of fiddling with the immune response. But SARS-CoV-2 is not what we are putting into the vaccine. Remember, we've been discussing a variety of vaccine design technologies in all of which we take one protein of SARS-CoV-2 and simply get the body to see the protein and to make an immune response against it. We don't put a live SARS-CoV-2 virus into the body as a vaccine. So none of the tricks that SARS-CoV-2 is using to fiddle with the immune response are included in the vaccine. So the fact that SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to short-lived immunity is not telling us that the vaccines that we are designing will also necessarily lead to short-lived immunity. Now, the vaccine technologies may have their own limitations because of which some anti-vaccine responses will last less long than other anti-vaccine responses. But the fact that SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses may not be long-lived is no pessimistic guarantee that vaccine responses are going to be short-lived. For all we know, vaccine responses will be respectively lived. That optimistic point made, let me add a pessimistic footnote, which is that my expectation is that the first-generation vaccines which will come up as we've been discussing by the end of this year, my guess is that they will not be great vaccines. They will work, they will be useful, but they will not provide 100% protection, but they'll provide some protection. They'll not be very long-lived, but they'll be reasonably long-lived. But that's not going to be because SARS-CoV-2 is short-lived immunity. That's all we have. Time for today. We'll be back tomorrow with more news developments from the country. Until then, keep watching NewsClick.


With the Australian Open a week away, we have some big names that are not actually playing this Australian Open and also some big names that are in trouble going into this Australian Open because of some injury concerns. Let's go have a look at who actually pulled out officially from the 2024 Australian Open first. Starting on the men's side, only a couple of names have withdrawn so far. Stricker, he's pulled out. Of course Rafa Nadal, the biggest name so far to pull out. Unfortunately, injuring his hip again and needs to go and rest and recover. Alia Polka has also pulled out of this year's Australian Open and the last one being Nick Kirios pulling out. He actually didn't even enter the draw or go into the entry list so that's why he's not even on the list but he also will be missing this year's Australian Open because of injury. On the lady's side, the big one, Mukava pulling out of the Australian Open, unfortunately still injured from the end of last season so she won't be playing. Madison Key's also pulling out of the Australian Open which is a shame. Caviteva, she's also pulled out because she's having a baby so she won't be at the event. And Belinda Benchich also pulling out of the event because she is also having a baby so some big names there that are not going to be playing at this year's Australian Open on the women's side. Having all the players that are coming in with some injury concerns, starting with the big one, Novak Djokovic coming in with a wrist problem that he got in practice for the United Cup will monitor his actions over the next couple of days but he's coming in with that wrist injury. It seems like every year he comes in with some sort of injury at the Australian Open. Potipova also coming in with an injury concern. She had to pull out of her match against Rybakina in Brisbane so keeping on her moves over the next couple of days. Alina Svetolina now she did play the final against Goff in Auckland but she did have some medical timeouts in the semi-final and the final so it might be coming in with some foot problems at this year's Australian Open. And Azlan Karatsev, he had a knee problem in his first match in Brisbane which forced him to retire so another player there that's done well in Australia before. So there you have it, big names that are not playing, big names that have some injury concerns. I guess you could also throw in players like Ozealia Seem and Siddi Pass because both of them haven't really played that much especially FAA. He hasn't played at all at the United Cup and Siddi Pass picked and choose who he was going to play or where he was going to play so maybe those guys could also be on that injury list but massive names who's going to play who's not going to play is more important. Let me know down in the comments below do you think we're going to get those big names I mentioned playing or not especially Djokovic. We're definitely monitoring him over the next couple of days because in Rafa's case we thought he might be okay for playing the Australian Open and then all of a sudden he pulls out and he's not playing so some big names there to watch out for at the Australian Open on the injury list, some big names that aren't going to play.


I refuse to introduce you, you need no introduction, please take this show away. Thanks guys! Seriously, huge thanks to Zero and the Wireless Village for having us again. I think this is our sixth year presenting. And this year, we actually have some wireless tools as well that are new. So that's exciting as well as some that are not wireless. Yeah, I'm gonna do that. Hang on a second. Hunter 2. Oh my god. No, it's not that, hang on, it's probably Hunter 3. I need a mouse. Sure, me? Yep. Okay, so you are here at the Hack 5 Talk at the Wireless Village. If you're not familiar with a Hack 5, raise your hand. Every year, if somebody comes to the booth and they're like, I'll get a duck, a pineapple, a squirrel, and one of those Hack 5s. But if you're not familiar with Hack 5, we have now been inspiring, we've been inspired to elevate the InfoSec community by educating and equipping and really encouraging an all-inclusive community, the kind of community that welcomed me when I was just a phone freak kid on IRC. And we're trying to continue that kind of idea in the hacking community. So that's our mission. But internally, and really you're here with the development team of Hack 5, we're gonna talk a lot about the internal stuff. We have a motto within which is make it do the thing. If it can do the thing, then we're all doing really well. So honestly, a lot of our stuff years and years ago was pretty complex. More and more is what we try to do is make it what we lovingly call agent-proof. Bash Bunny, perfect example of that. So easy, even an FBI agent can use it. You know, drag and drop a text file. And I can't believe it, but only just a few days ago, August 5th became Hack 5's 14th birthday. I'm just so blessed and I just want to say thank you to everybody here and at home wherever you're watching this that's made this dream possible. I never would have imagined it would come this far. Or that we'd be able to have this much fun building ridiculous toys and just having fun hacking what it's all about, right? So without further ado, I'd like to introduce the team. You guys know me, but there's also a Just Fox Trot, Mark, a Knot Corbin who's not Dallas, and Tim Zor, who's also a Tim. I think it was last year or the year before we gave a talk here and one of the first slides was being cute talking about a pineapple, a turtle, a bunny and a squirrel walking into a bar. This year we're talking about a pineapple, a ducky, a turtle. Did it already. A pineapple, a ducky, a turtle, a bunny, a squirrel, a bug, an owl, a crab, and a shark walking into a bar. So we're going to need a bigger bar. It's clearly been a big year and it's actually not a bar. It's a cloud. Who's at our talk last year? So last year we introduced our cloud platform which is called Hack5 Cloud C2 and it allows you to remotely manage all of your Hack5 devices so you can plant them at client sites and have remote access and do all the shenanigans that you normally do when your butt's there except remotely which is really nice. And it's got a beautiful web interface and it makes it really easy to do the kinds of things that you do with your devices but even easier. So I'm going to show you a little demo of that now as it relates to some of the new features. Who here has used Hack5 Cloud C2? It's a free download. You should grab it, c2.hack5.org. So this is the dashboard of Cloud C2. You can see we've got a royal flush of all of our devices here, our screen crab, our packet squirrel, Wi-Fi pineapple, land turtle, shark jack and signal owl and we can manage all of these as they are deployed at this site and one of the new exciting features in version 2.0 that just released we can see here in the land turtle if I just over the web drop into this loot section, there's no loot yet but if I get into a turtle shell, no pun intended I've got an Nmap log file here and I'm like alright let's SCP that let's c2x fill that because it goes over the c2 protocol specify that it's a string if you want to be able to read it as a text file in the UI and give it a name of a payload now when we come over to loot we can see that we've got that exfiltrated loot in this area and we can go ahead and see the contents of that loot right then and there. So this new section within Cloud C2 is in all of the devices including the screen crab so we can come into loot under the screen crab and similarly you can click view on this jpeg and see desktop right we can actually come over and configure the screen crab and see it streaming we can turn the devices LED off if we want to be even more stealthy and you know configure all the options the capture interval whether we're taking video or still images you know what we're doing with the SD card or we can just scroll down and just watch live as what's going on on this person's computer screen looks like they're watching an episode of hack 5 highly recommend it and that is the new loot interface and the new C2 exfiltration system built into Cloud C2 and as it relates to the newest member of the hack 5 family the screen crab the screen crab was a excuse to make a really good pun about screen grabs gone amok and here to tell us more about the device is not Corbin not the developer of the not screen crab I joined hack 5 almost a year and a half ago and one of the first things I get on my desk is a device and said at the time said you might just put an update feature in this and a year passed and now I built the thing so the first thing we did after Black Mesa was we increased the anti mass spectrometer by 105% it was really risky but we needed the extra resolution sorry about about half my joke but basically the magic in this is it is the screen so you plug in a HDMI cable into it it's mirrored on the nonexistent screen on this little arm box that's doing all the processing we then using the config that you can change on the SD card we can either save it directly to the SD or we can stream it effectively live to the C2 this is both fascinating and terrifying because after I built it I plugged it in and was watching Darren's screen in Oakland from my house I was like why are you watching that I've never forgotten to disconnect in development ever he filled the server several times you ever see 40 gigs of screens Chromecast but yeah so the screen time is really cool because it's one thing to get a report after a pen test and be like we own you so hard like yeah those are packets but if I show you your meeting yesterday you're gonna panic probably the cool thing about this device is it's out of the box which is now metal our first metal case we did that to make it way cooler sorry so that's a thermal joke thank you super configurable really easy if you don't want to ever configure this device you can pull it out of the box use it as default there's a button you can even change the modes without ever touching the SD card or you can configure it there the coolest thing is this is actually one of the most powerful devices on the cloud C2 this was built and designed around this so that you can deploy this it will be stealthy and persistent and reliable and you can change the configuration if you are watching screenshots and they start that financial slide up and you're like I really need to see every second of this you switch it to video and you're recording a video of their screen so there's a lot of potential with this it's now my favorite because it's terrifying and I hope you guys get to play around with this and enjoy it so here is the config file it's a wall of text because that's also the help page for you there's actually only a handful of the big options you just set the interval pick image or video and plug it in and let it go all the feedback for the device even though this is a small black box we have RGB LED and no the LED codes are not Morris code you can actually remember them and identify them so that's good making this kind of one of the most robust out of box devices we've made so and then here we have the loop folder and way too many images of probably there in the screen oh god okay yep that's just crumb cast super risky random click there but it captures in 1080 the cool thing and as you can see as a crumb cast so for everyone wondering and who's already asked me about HDCP we're not doing any wizardry it's just working which is sweet so yeah crumb cast is cool seeing the time change is awesome look all those amazing HD wall papers but obviously the use case here goes far beyond just watching people's TV clock HDMI in HDMI out pretty much you know we're in the land of the dongle we showed up here there's an HDMI cable who's to say there's not a crab somewhere in this line okay but that's basically the crab Dallas really killed it on this crab you should ask him after the talk how many times he's reflashed a real tech boot motor and anyway real tech boot motor so it's a fun to be had there you know it's also a hoot I know I promise that wasn't going to but you have to understand there's a rule for all of the hack 5 devices it has to either be well it has to both be an emoji and there has to be a dad joke in there somewhere okay just practicing one of these days is going to happen are they still doing defcon kids you can't buy the kids no mark you can't buy the kids you go to Disneyland and they're just like in these stroller things with wheels just sorry that's a different ex filtration is a lot of fun so signals analysis so we developed a new tool called the signal owl it's a signals analysis and mesh sensor platform that's developed with the same kind of basic hack 5 idea which is let's make it you know simple enough an FBI agent can use it by copying a file to USB drive so run simple payloads and you can just you know imagine planting this innocuous little device anywhere at a client site and being able to capture you know Bluetooth or Zigbee or sub gigahertz or IR or you know whatever have you and to talk to us about that I'd like to introduce the lead developer of that tool Tim so yes as Darren was just saying this is sort of a lightweight inexpensive signals analysis tool and it acts as a mesh sensor and the idea is Dallas said this is kind of the land of the dongle we've all got a thousand adapters and our favorite dongles and use them all the time and the idea is that this is sort of a dongle platform it's got built-in Wi-Fi and it can mesh with other signal owls and actually Wi-Fi pineapples and it works with a number of common transceivers and tools that we we know and love air crack ng, kismet, mdk4 and a whole host of other tools that that we're making and yeah you can you can sort of imagine like Darren said deploying a bunch of owls with a bunch of different dongles and getting a good look at much more than just Wi-Fi and to sort of tie all of that together it also integrates with our Cloud C2 and the Xfill tool that Darren just showed so you can bring all those signals home yeah the idea was you know how do we really make a very versatile and cost-effective platform to do signals analysis and that was the idea behind this hardware and it shares a lot of similarities with say the Wi-Fi pineapple nano under the hood as far as the atheros radio and you know with the support for all of those additional USB hosts and also we figured hey let's make something that can plant and really be unobtrusive which is why the second USB port the actually the USB port that's closest to the pigtail power port is actually completely passed through so if you were to plug this device into the back of a computer nothing would enumerate it would just be getting power and then you plug in a keyboard, a mouse, a webcam whatever to this port it's going to pass through to the computer without any without any obstruction whatsoever so no it does not log anything in the middle it's literally electrical which means that when you run up on those situations where you're like you know look at the back of the television and you're like oh man I want to plant this back here but there's already a chrome cast and a crab taking the power that's okay put it in line so what's called a signal scrap I know I can't keep any of them straight anymore it's like children you know just call them whatever I'm going to be a great dad anyway that brings us to the pineapple and I know that a lot of people here have been using the wi-fi pineapple for quite a while who here had a mark one a mark two mark three mark four mark five nano and tetra and we kind of deviated from the naming scheme there but we really kept it alive in the namesake mark our developer will now explain wi-fi pineapple thank you very much my speaker notes are quite literally the change like that I'm going to try and make it a little bit more interesting read the full request yeah I don't know if there's a couple of module developers in the audience all but I've been being asked for a while to update the kernel update open to be a T and we did that it's now running 1907 instead of what was it 1505 because I am going to say it so there's a lot more stability updates in the latest firmware the support for WP3 and OWE which is what's Rick is Rick around so on I know he's looking forward to doing some OWE kind of fun stuff this changes to pine AP that I'm sure a lot of people know about it uses about 50% less memory I know at least there's one of you in the audience who came up to me complaining about it being a little bit unstable that's gone and the improved result I don't know if you should go over beacon responses I'm assuming there's a lot of people it's kind of interesting with it yeah I'm so different mobile devices especially kind of start to tune out pine AP especially when you're repeating the SSIDs in your beacon pool so now if you have a large beacon pool say a thousand SSIDs is like a lot of people have it will chunk through which one yeah it's off what do you do right in my mind I've completely lost what I was saying yeah if you have a thousand plus SSIDs around that time it will start beaconing about 200 to 250 at a time and it really improves how mobile devices respond so ultimately thank you I really appreciate it you could have done that sooner we cannot turn it up anymore I wasn't that quiet Shirley anyway everyone's just on a mission to interrupt me this am I really that bad at it anyway so yeah basically the end point is to kind of slam all clients and that's what the pineapple is for yeah that's all I have it's here for Mark too because he's been tirelessly engineering and engineering and engineering pine AP and literally making it do the thing so really appreciate all of that now we got a few other animals in the same ecosystem that also got similar updates on the 19.07 open WT version with that latest kernel and happy to report that the Squirtle also has that the land turtle in the packet Squirtle also land turtle 3G got a little bit some improvements on 3G connectivity there so that's a really fun one for bring your own network attacks where you can basically evade the firewall because you brought your own network that's always fun so updates to all of those are available at downloads.hackfive.org all of that just dropped on Monday August 5th the hack five birthday and in conjunction with the C2 the cloud C2 version 2.0 which you should totally grab so that is the land turtle in the packet Squirtle and we're not going to forget about our little bunny friend because the bash bunny got another firmware update just a few weeks ago as well firmware version 1.6 most notably includes now first-party support for the metasploit framework who here likes the metasploit right metasploit plus bash bunny as it turns out lethal combo when you bring your own network you plug bash bunny into a box it's like oh cool USB ethernet adapter let's be friends it's like here's an IP address here's like I love IP addresses and then catatonic prime decided to write a payload that goes like hey let me log in via SMB with these credits and it's like now there's a three credits it's like okay cool let me log in via SMB with these credits it's like nope and then next thing you know 5,000 tries a minute later it's proof forcing with metasploit on a bash bunny and it's just kind of insane what the possibilities are there but anyway that's a fun one so update your bash bunny just get better and better and we're really proud of that little guy on the the duck in the bug front the duck is ducking the bug is bugging but really perfect examples of tools that just do the thing and that leads us to really the second chapter of this talk and I understand we're in the wireless village okay but I want to know who here likes ethernet I know it's a hard wired connection but listen you know there's some Wi-Fi hacking going on I like the ethernet so this this really comes down to a story about how the well three of us were in Hawaii for a little much needed retreat after last DEF CON and on our way back we were sitting in a in a bar having some tacos and margaritas waiting for a flight and we're looking next to the register and there's this exposed ethernet jack we're looking at each other we're like I how much would have bet that's live yeah we're like well we worked assisted men's before I mean when I worked as a system and I just literally plugged every patch panel thing into the switch because the last thing I want to do is get a call the projector is not working we plugged it into the wall jack and it's like all right you know whatever who who have you have seen these all around places this photo was taken somewhere very nearby I'm here well that was the inspiration behind creating a new tool that we lovingly are calling the shark jack and I happen to have it right here take the cap off and that right there is the shark jack you flip the switch you jack into the network and you execute payloads in seconds it's like a bash bunny for networks and I'm really excited because as soon as I reach into my pocket and click a few more times it will be available now at sharkjack.com and shipping in a couple of weeks this right here is actually a 3d printed and painted one we literally just got the DHL shipment in like 30 minutes ago of these guys and I am so stoked because you think about like the possibilities that were opened up when we came up with keystroke injection with the USB rubber duckie or when we evolved that with the bash bunny the kind of hot plug attacks you can do there for all those unsuspecting USB ports and it's like well why leave ethernet out ethernet can have so much fun so the device is very similar to the language of all of the other hack 5 devices this one actually is our first with a battery you know most ethernet doesn't give you power and so you charge it by USB-C and you get feedback on what it's doing from an RGB LED very similar to the bash bunny it's literally the same LED command on the bash bunny in your payload that you run on this and very quickly you know it's got a switch where you can toggle it between an arming mode where you can load up your payload of choice or an attack mode where it executes that and I guess in this case there's also an off switch so you can just charge it and I'm just really excited about what's possible now with the shark jack that's the shark jack so lastly we're going to wrap up by telling you a little bit about what's on the horizon some future plans and then we'll open it up for some Q&A what are you guys doing after this there is a hack 5 meet up tonight the details are on the hack 5 twitter account I'm going to just go wherever Shannon points me in the direction up so that's in the future as well you want to talk about those C2 updates so even though we just dropped 2.0 we have we have a lot of features planned so you'll notice in the C2 2.0 that if you have an old device firmware connected to your now upgraded C2 which you upgraded by clicking the upgrade button when you logged in it will now say your old device is out of date because we have enhanced the protocol so we can pump out features like it's our job because it is so device upgrades you're used to you know running your devices or pop an upgrade up in on a SD or USB or what have you getting on the device and upgrading your devices but now you'll be able to in the future along with upgrading the C2 through the UI you'll be able to upgrade your devices which means for the first time persisting some data across firmware for the whole lineup which is pretty sweet that also means real persistence like real remote persistence a lot of people have to pull their devices to actually so that's pretty sweet and the other thing is we just out of all the things we are displaying in the C2 we have more data than we had time to show you so we have a lot of really cool features to build upon the loot tool as well as all the stuff for the pineapple recon and pretty much all the devices are getting tons of new cool C2 support there's also another device that's going to get some love and it's a firmware upgrade it's currently on firmware version 1.0.0 and it's nine years old and that's the case because it literally does the thing anybody here use the USB rubber ducky yeah exactly so USB rubber ducky is getting new firmware that's going to add a whole lot of new first party tools do you want to talk about any of those fun things planned yeah can't talk about that yet but there's a bunch of new additions to the ducky script language that's just going to make the tool even greater and the hardware itself has always had the potential but it's just always been doing what it meant to do so well that there was never really a need and now that we have the resources to actually expand and kind of move back around on some of these projects that's one that's really been on the back burner for a while and it's one that we're going to be giving a lot of love so if you've been using one and you are noodling on you know like oh it would be really cool if it did this you know much the same with all of the devices you know you hear us talk about the signal owl or any of these and you're like hey it would be really cool if it did that or whatever have you then come to us and tell us because that's why we're up here the reason why all of the devices are the way they are outside of the dad jokes that's me yeah oh okay it's Hunter too you want to tell them about payloads now that we dropped the owl payloads galore yeah so if you've used hackpad devices before you know we love payloads we love making platforms open-ended devices we have really evil ideas but you guys are scarier than us and so it's hard so you guys get to contribute and share them the terror payloads will in the future be even easier to share and fork and build off of each other and all live in one happy place instead of fragmented github so you've been using hackpad devices for a while and you've been through the evolution from switchblade to the ducky to the funny turtle and squirtle and everything else and you've been there tracking down that that one good nugget on that one guys blog that you saw on a tweet or buried within the hack5 forums and you have similarly ideas of what you would like to see payload wise let us know as well because we're working on making that experience a lot better and that's probably something that we'll be demoing at next fcon but that is one of the next big focuses for us so that's kind of like where we're headed I figure you guys might have some questions so let's just open it up for some Q&A so the question is for the screencrab streaming is it going over RTMP or what I know it's going over the cloud c2 protocol which is that modular protocol which currently is hdbs it's always encrypted so the question was resolution support for the screencrab so what's happening internally is there's a splitter and that splitter is a 1080p splitter now unofficially I have gotten it to do resolutions higher than 1080p but not 4k that requires paying real tech a lot more money as it turns out but putting it on a computer and doing some 1600x1200 sure I've had experience with that but the supported resolution is 1080p and below and for anything that's higher I've put it on a 4k Chromecast on a 4k TV and it just downscales it to 1080p so if you think that's going to be an issue on your engagement be wary of that but if you think it's not and in many cases it might not then you're probably good to go and that's resolution and all the rest I've been looking at in future iterations that's the other really important distinction here is the design of the crab is such that it's a seamless pass-through so by using a splitter it means that we're introducing absolutely no latency whatsoever on the monitor when you plug it into the computer or the game console or whatever it's not going to freak out like suddenly you're going to start seeing a Debian boot environment or something like that you're not which is pretty cool you do it the other way you introduce lag and it's something you've got to work on so then you take this route and bring the product to market while you continue to work on the other route okay so the question is whether or not we're going to add USB-C support in a firmware update and the answer is yes our software is going to change your USB type A port to type C I'm kidding I'm just having too much fun yes in fact the first question is whether or not we're going to do a USB rubber ducky type C and the answer is yes we're going to do it in cable form as far as the firmware update for the rubber ducky I don't have a firm timeline on that it will be most likely Q4 Q4 sounds good I'll stand up here and start saying Q numbers but yeah that will probably also coincide with a ducky that has USB-C in cable form or other connectors yes the question is will shark jack support metasploit as well we're going to need a moment yeah so it comes down to space more than anything else under the hood it's a 580 megahertz device kind of similar in horsepower to the wifi pineapple tetra but it's really a space and battery issue so if you can fit it on it let's just go with it's an open platform and we're not going to stop you and also if you contribute that way we love that that's fantastic out of the box now the question is whether the signal owl can do inline signal demodulation what kind of signal give me an example ok so the question is as far as demodulation of sub gigahertz signals so the answer to that is our focus is to build a platform a platform that can build simple payloads that we can develop a community around that can contribute to that so that it's a very easy platform to deploy somewhere and have it run those and we want to just support everything that we all know and love so things like ubertooth and yardsticks and RTL-SDRs and bluetooth adapters and things of that nature so I know that in many of those cases RTL streamer does some demodulation and really it's one of those like we're going to stand on the shoulders of giants we're going to develop some custom tools and the custom tools that we're currently focusing on right now are bluetooth if there's a specific use case for something that sub gigahertz then we'll probably work on that as well was there actually a question about the mesh? closer right I'll remember this time in case anyone was wondering about the mesh capabilities of it the idea is to as demoed in the c2 video with the c2x build stuff to be able to kind of litter them around maybe a building on an engagement and have them all forward to a central place maybe a more powerful system like a tentrum and then you can do all the processing kind of off out of the way and yeah yes so right now we're only doing video on the hdmi audio passes through but we're not capturing the audio does pass through the splitter but we're not actually capturing the audio currently sharkjackpoe sounds cool yeah I mean it would save from having to put um3841 on the side of the box and have a hazmat logo on it I mean somebody did poe mod to practice it no reason not to I'm honestly always curious how much demand there really is for poe squirrels or now sharks as well who here deals with regularly poe environments where that's of use to them okay that's a good indication alright well we're good on time if you guys don't have any other questions we're just really stoked to be here and really grateful that you all came out to kind of celebrate what we've been working on lately and again like I said you know if you have questions about the devices or you have ideas of things that you would like them to do or future devices or specific payloads please come and talk to all of us we're going to be at the hack 5 booth for the rest of the remainder of the conference and we'd love to hear your feedback because it does shape what we're doing here the question is how do you arm the sharkjack and the answer is with the handy dandy so there's an off position there's the middle position which is for arming mode and then the far forward position is for attack mode so when you put it into arming mode then you can connect it to your computer static yourself an IP address there we go it's booting and then you can SSH in and it simply runs the payload in slash root slash payload we're going to write some helper scripts it's easier to kind of manage loot that it's expiltrated or load collections of payloads from our library okay well there's yes good yes you absolutely could so the payload would look so simple it would basically be like well right now it's blinking green because it's in arming mode but if I had booted this thing into attack mode it would be running payload which is on it which is a simple nmap scan of the network like you get into client site and you just like plug this thing into a jack and then you wait a few minutes and then the light turns off when it's done you unplug you walk away the way that I would do it in this case in the attack payload the first thing it's going to do is try to get an IP address from DHCP and it indicates to you that it's doing that by making a magenta LED so you're like okay cool so I got purple light and then when it's scanning the network it blinks rapidly and then the light goes green the trap is clean so similarly I would just write a payload that tries to get an IP address and if it does go green and if it doesn't go red and then just by plugging it in you can tell that's easy enough and I'm sure an agent can use it and you can also do really scary logical ones too like logical connections you could totally do logical connections especially like with two of these you could have one as a listener and one as a sender to see if they can those two segments are can speak to each other or you can have them try to excel out of every port in the firewall and see which ones are available there's so many possibilities we're only just starting to scratch the surface as it's literally zero days old they're still in transit I'm like waiting for someone to frantically the package center said it was on its way anyway yes yeah yeah absolutely the question was whether or not it's compatible with Mac changer and yeah absolutely storage wise no it does not take an SD card however it has orders of magnitude more memory than were on the Apollo missions and their code is very tight I mean I was in a conference call where Mark asked for what was it 10 kilobytes for this application on this on the signal L and then how how much did it come out to seven right really trying that's 3k of savings to you guys yes okay so I'll get to just like also to answer your question about the storage also it speaks cloud c2 and you saw how easy it was to put in your payload c2x fill a file and then it goes up to your cloud server where I'm hoping you have gigs and gigs and gigs trust me I've filled gigs and gigs and gigs of my Chromecast and then the next question was regarding the signal owl and whether the pass through port would enable you to do key logging and if you plug the key log into this port then yes but otherwise no it's literally electrical is this pass through so the computer is not going to notice anything and also doing some crazy impedance checking which I highly doubt so it's not like man in the middle in the device in any logical sense it's literally electrical so that we can just siphon off some power for ourselves and the power that it takes is like 100 to 200 milliamps so it's nothing so the question was on the power on the screen crab and yes it is usbc and that is just for power so we're just across the board moving to usbc for all of our devices and in this case this runs off of 5 volts 1 amp it's just 5 watts it's really not much oh sorry I can't keep any of these straight you asked about a shark I answered about a crab I barely remember my own name oh yeah it powers over usbc charges the battery in about 10 minutes there is no data connection now I understood the context of the question in order to get into the device you put it in arming mode and you connect over ethernet so you just need a usb ethernet adapter and if you need one of those you can grab one it's called a lantern turtle I'm kidding but also I can imagine some payloads doing some fun fuckery there okay so to summarize the question it's in regards to the screen crab and it's abilities to capture over hdmi and it's refresh rate whereas there's other connectors out there like display port and also in regards to VR the application that we had in mind when we developed this was not to man in the middle of VR it was to man in the middle of the conference room projector or television and we've even had people come up to me like I'm going to use this to watch whatever my kids are watching and keep tabs on them you're one of those parents I'm not a dad yet I just got dad jokes um it's hdmi the protocol is hdmi 1.4 so whatever 1.4 is I just got this question earlier I need to dig into the data sheet of the splitter on here to give you an exact answer on the refresh rate it's 60 hertz okay so it just negotiates 1080 60 and also hdmi because it's like the most universal and adaptable thing under the sun if I come over here I'm going to see a set of dongles for vga and display port and micro display port and everything else and so for everybody that's like oh that would be great if it was vga I'm going to get a dongle um do you want to hold this here? shaking with excitement Darren the man who ran up just gave Darren the shock that was just delivered so he's extremely excited this is how he looks in meetings I have $6 we'll stop the bidding at 60 feel the clicking action he's going to be like this for the rest of the weekend the switch on the side is red it's so good um they in fact are they're available now at sharkjack.com and if you use the coupon code DEF CON 27 you'll save 10% they're shipping in just a few weeks these are the first of the first of the first off the line I can't sell you any here at the con you would have to get me so wasted and that is not an invitation let's go oh my god it looks so good it looks so good there's a little hacker glider on the stickers sorry there's a special moment Seb sitting here on the front and he knows the special moments when you unboxed for the very first time and you realized that you just gave birth to a pineapple ah okay um also it comes in an Altoids 10 how cool is that we should wrap soon unless there are other questions thank you


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to a new Zor education. Today we will continue talking about how molecules are formed from different atoms. Primarily it will be a few examples and a couple of principles on which this bonding is based. So today's lecture is called balance electrons. So this lecture is part of the course. The course is called Physics for Teens. It's presented on Unizor.com. I do suggest you to watch this lecture from the website because the lecture has textual description next to it on the website. So if you go to menu, you choose the Physics for Teens course, then the part which this lecture belongs to is atoms. And within it you will have basically a few different topics including the one which basically explains how the combination of atoms makes a molecule. And the lecture is part of this topic. So we did talk about different shells of electrons around the nucleus. And we did talk that chemical reactions involve only electrons and primarily the outer shells. Because the further electron from the nucleus, well, the easier it is to kind of combine with some other atoms, it's easier to move around, so to speak. Obviously this is a model. This is our model of how atom is basically constructed. But again, we do have experiments which kind of confirm this model to a very high degree of precision. So we accept this model and based on this model, again as you know from the previous lectures, electrons are positioned around the nucleus in shells and shells are subdivided into sub shells. Now, if you don't really know what I'm talking about, I suggest you to go back into the lecture on the same course, obviously, where I explain how the electrons are structured around the nucleus, including energy levels. Because I definitely will be using in this lecture all this material. So I accept that we know about shells and subshells. We know about number of electrons per subshell. And we know that there are certain names of these subshells. So I will use it. I assume that you know about it. Now, the next thing is that for some reason, and it's all based on quantum theory, etc., atoms would behave more, I would say, stable if their shells and subshells are complete. So as we know, every shell has a certain number of subshells. The first shell has one subshell. The second shell has two subshells. The third has three, etc. And every subshell has a certain number of electrons. Two, six, ten, fourteen, etc., with a step of four. So these are maximum number of electrons. Now, the subshells are filled up in the level of increasing energy. Potential energy is negative. So increasing means less, by absolute value, being negative, closer to zero. Zero is infinity. So the further we are, the greater the possibility of these electrons to fly away. But at the same time, atoms are more stable when their shells and subshells are completed, are filled to their maximum. So, for example, hydrogen has only one electron in the first subshell of the first shell, whereas the maximum is supposed to be two. Now, the helium has two electrons, which means completely filled up the first shell and first subshell. So the helium is, basically, inert gas. It doesn't react chemically, not easily react chemically with other elements, while hydrogen very easily combines with oxygen and gives H2O, which is water. So, again, atoms are trying to complete their shells to be more chemically stable. So if the shell is complete, they are not easily react with some other elements. And the example is all the inert gases, like helium, neon, xenon, etc. Okay, so based on this, we can state the following. So why different atoms can chemically react with each other, making a molecule? Well, that happens when, in some way, let's talk about two elements. These two elements complement each other as far as their number of electrons in shells and subshells. For example, if one particular element has only one electron on the outer subshell, and another element has one electron less than the maximum, they complement each other. So the electron can move to that element, and now this becomes positive, this becomes negative, and they stick to each other. That's just an example, or another example. For instance, again, something like two electrons are like extra on the top level shell, and two electrons are missing. Well, maybe these electrons can, outer shell electrons can combine together, and being basically a common property of both elements, and they fill basically this and that subshell, because they are shared, so to speak. Again, I'm not talking about how physically this mechanism of sharing is actually going on, but it's just a model, if you wish, and the model works. Now, this lecture will be probably about certain examples, rather than theory. Theory is, again, it's kind of deep, it goes to quantum theory, etc., which is completely beyond the level of this course. So, certain things you just have to take as axiom, like, for instance, shells and subshells, the number of subshells per shell, the number of electrons per subshell, etc. If I will talk about this, I just assume it as a given, without any kind of going into a theory why the first subshell of the first shell has two electrons. I'm not going into this. So, I'm taking it as granted, and I will talk about few examples to basically explain on example what exactly is happening. Okay, so my first example, which, by the way, we did talk about this before, I have sodium, and I have chlorine. Okay, now, the sodium has, this is electron configuration of sodium. I will write it first, and then I will explain what exactly I mean. Now, what is this? This is the first shell. It has only one subshell, the first one, which is abbreviated as S, for historical reason. Now, the second shell, two and two, has two subshells, because the shell number N should have N subshells, okay? So, the second shell has two subshells, the first and the second. The first again is called S, the second is called P, for historical reason. Now, the number of electrons, first subshell two, and then four more, and four more, four more, etc. Now, the third subshell, the third subshell has only one first subshell, the first third shell has only one first subshell, and there is only one electron left, because the atomic number is 11. Two and two and six is 10, 10, 11. So, 11 electrons are distributed among three shells, two, eight and one. Now, what's complete, what's not complete? Well, the first shell is complete, it has only one subshell, and it's filled up to capacity. The second shell is complete, because it has two shells, and both are filled to capacity. This is maximum two, this is maximum six. Now, the third shell is incomplete. Well, first of all, in theory it can have up to three different subshells, but that's half of the problem. The most important problem, the top shell, which is shell S of the third shell, has only one electron, while its capacity is two. You see, two, two, and this is one. So, the capacity of this subshell is two, but it contains only one. Let's talk about chlorine. Chlorine has one S2, the same thing, two S2 and two P6. Next is three S2 and three P5. Here is, we have, in the beginning, we have similar situation. The first shell, the second shell, completely filled up, completely filled up. Now, the third shell, well, in theory the third shell should have three subshells, but we don't even have the third one, we have only first two. Which is okay. It's not a problem. Now, let's talk about subshells. The first subshell, again, is filled to capacity. The second subshell, P, you see, P is supposed to have six maximum, right? Now, we have only five. Now, the atomic number is 17. So, we're supposed to have 17 electrons. So, it's two and two, six and ten and five. Okay, 17, 17 electrons. So, what happens in this particular case? Well, this electron is kind of extraneous, if you wish. And this has one less than the maximum. You see, that's the pair. That's the match. It's a happy marriage, basically, between these two elements. Because this thing can give, this thing could take, and then both will be complete. This will not have the third shell at all, and the previous one are filled up. And this one will have the last, the topmost subshell filled up to six electrons. So, if one electron from here will migrate to here, there will be a nice bonding. Now, under what circumstances electrons can migrate? Well, usually, and again, I'm not talking about every individual case and every individual condition, but usually metals have electrons freer than, let's say, nonmetals. So, sodium is a metal, and the electrons on the outer shell are generally, well, kind of moving. They're not completely free, but to free them from the nucleus is easier in metals than, let's say, in nonmetals. So, this electron can migrate, and it does, because, again, atoms are striving to complete their subshells. And that's why this electron, which is kind of migrating, and this atom wants to complete its own, its topmost subshell, this electron goes here. As a result, what happens? Well, as a result, sodium becomes positively charged, right? One electron goes here, so it becomes positively charged, the atom of sodium, the atom of chlorine becomes negatively charged, because it has one electron more. You see, before, we had the same number of electrons as protons in the nucleus, and atom was neutral. If one electron is migrated, then this becomes positive, this becomes negative, because there is a number of protons, one more, and number of protons here, one less, the number of electrons. And there is a connection, electrostatic connection between them, because positive and negative are combined together, and that's how we have the sodium chloride, which is salt, basically, which we use as whole. So, that's an example of the kind of bonding between atoms, which is called electrovalent or ionic bonding. Why is it called ionic? Because positively or negatively charged atom, when it's losing or gaining an electron, is called ion. So, this bonding is called ionic, or sometimes electrovalent bonding. So, that's it with this example. This is an example of ionic bonding, and I will do something more in the same, couple of more examples of ionic bonding. Okay, next one is barium. This is 56, and I will have a lot of problems here. Anyway, I'm not going to put all these electrons, I will put only the top one. The top one is 6S2, which means the shell number 6, the first sub-shell, S is the first sub-shell, and it has two electrons. Now, and we use the same chlorine, which at the end has 3P5. The third sub-shell has 5 electrons. Now, this is a complete sub-shell, because the sub-shell, S, has supposed to be maximum two electrons, and they are. However, the sixth shell itself has only one sub-shell. And again, for certain reasons, if it's just one particular sub-shell in a shell, it's still vulnerable. And since it's vulnerable, it can actually give up these, because the attraction to this particular atom is really great, because this atom really wants to capture extra electrons. And considering the electrons on the sixth shell are really far away from the nucleus, there is a possibility that these two will combine. However, you see, there are two electrons here on this top level sub-shell. This one needs only one electron. So what happens? Well, what happens is the following. Barium is losing two electrons, but one is going to one atom of chlorine, and another goes to another atom of chlorine. So these two electrons are captured by two different atoms of chlorine, and that would be the chemical formula is barium or two. That means two atoms of chlorine to one atom of barium. So that's another example when this top level sub-shell is filled, but considering it's an S on the first sub-shell in the sixth shell, and it's relatively far from nucleus, it's still vulnerable to be captured by some active atom of chlorine in this case. Now, just as a definition, the electrons which are involved in this moving around are called valence electrons, and every element has certain characteristic which is called valency, which is number of valence electrons. So number of valence electrons is two, number of valence electrons is one. So that's why we have two links from ion of barium, and one link goes to each atom of chlorine, because chlorine has valency of one, and barium has valency of two. Now, let me make your life slightly more complicated. Now, again, this is ionic bonding, because electrons are really moving from one atom to another. Now, let me give another example. So things are getting a little bit more complex with every new example. Aluminum, 13 atomic, and oxygen, which is 8. So aluminum is 1S2, 2S2, that's not interesting, 2P6, that's the beginning, everything is fine. Now, the third one, S2, as it's supposed to be, 3P1. So, the third shell has two out of three sub-shells, but two is already fine. Now, this one is completely filled up, this one has one extra electron. I mean, it has one out of six, which means it's vulnerable considering aluminum is a metal. So the top level sub-shell has one electron, which can be captured. Now, the oxygen has 1S2, 2S2, and 2P4. So what do we have here? Now, this thing can hold up to six, right? The maximum is for P for the second sub-shell, it's six, it has only four. So it needs two more. Well, this one has one more, which implies that maybe we can have something like aluminum or aluminum. So one electron from here goes to atom of oxygen and one electron from another aluminum atom goes here. And that would make the level two complete with the P6, so the formula is aluminum 2O. Well, the problem is that it leaves, if I will take this electron, it leaves only one sub-shell in the top shell. And as before with barium, for example, you remember that if it's only one sub-shell, it's still vulnerable. So what I want to say is that these electrons are also vulnerable. It means it can be captured by some other atoms. Now, what if all three electrons are out? Well, three electrons, this needs only two. So the good combination would be O, aluminum, OO. So three electrons are lost from aluminum and two electrons go to this one. You see, two electrons from this and from this go to this and two electrons go to this. So each atom of oxygen receives two electrons and each atom of aluminum loses three electrons. So the formula would be aluminum 2O3. Now, apparently this which leaves the top sub-shell basically naked, even a complete but naked, not protected by other sub-shells, is much less stable chemical combination. Actually, there are some special conditions when it can happen. So in practical life, this thing practically never happens. This thing does happen. This is a normal kind of combination. That's actually how aluminum is mined, I mean mined, whatever. This is the combination which occurs in nature and from this we extract aluminum using some process, whatever the process is. So aluminum can actually be either single valence electrons or three valence. Three is more, not significantly more, often occurs in nature. As one valence electrons, it practically never happens except on special conditions. So this is a little bit more nuance in the theory of valency of different atoms. The oxygen, I have to tell you, is always, it always has valency of 2 because it needs exactly 2 to complete the shell and all its sub-shells. There is nothing left vulnerable or missing or something like this. It would be complete. With 2 electrons, the oxygen atom is complete. These are all examples of ionic bonding when electrons are actually moving from atom to atom. And the last one I would like to basically use as an example a different kind of bonding when, you see, ionic bonding is more often occurs when one of the elements is metal because metal has freer electrons on the outer shell. Now, let's talk about different things. We will talk about carbon monoxide. This is carbon monoxide formula. So it's one atom of carbon, one atom of oxygen. Well, we usually deal with carbon dioxide, which is CO2. That's what occurs in air basically, and it's involved in some chemical processes, etc. But sometimes if there is an insufficient amount of oxygen, this molecule is formed, which is actually very harmful for breathing. However, I'm not talking about harm. I'm talking about how this molecule is created because it's simpler than CO2. And on a simple example, it will manifest whatever I want to say. Now, the carbon has formula, the electrons 1S2, 2S2, 2P2. And its atomic number is 6. Oxygen atomic number is 8. We already covered that. So now the problem is this is not a metal. So it does not really leave from the second shell these two electrons to complete oxygen. It doesn't happen so easily. So how this molecule actually is arranged? Well, this is a different kind of bonding. So ionic bonding, which we were talking about before, is when electrons are actually moving. In this case, electrons do not move because carbon doesn't really let it go so easily. However, again under special conditions, whatever, the bonding is created by doing the following. And I think I better do it with a drawing. So this is nucleus of carbon. This is nucleus of oxygen. So the first shell has two electrons. No problem with that. The second shell has only the first sub-shell two electrons. And this one has two electrons. Now, the second sub-shell of the second shell, which is this one, it has two. And this one has four. So what happens, these six electrons, two from now, one, two, and one, two, three, four, these two and these four, they are somehow become a common property of both atoms, atom of carbon and atom of oxygen. How is arranged geometrically, I cannot say. But in any case, they are considered by both atoms as theirs. So carbon consider these six as its, which completes its second shell. And oxygen considers these six as its own, four of its own really, and two, which I kind of borrowed. So they are sharing the responsibility. It's a joint custody, if you wish, of these six electrons on the outer sub-shells. And that becomes, and that makes complete both atoms, and that's why they are bonded together. So the sharing mechanism of sharing these electrons, which are under joint custody, becomes the glue, which glues two atoms together. I'm using this kind of comparison with divorced parents, but there are still common children, which they have joint custody. And they're still kind of meeting. Parents are meeting. Given they're divorced, they're still meeting for, like, bringing up their children to pay for the school and whatever else. So this is another kind of bonding. It's called covalent bonding. So the first one is ionic, when electrons are physically moving from one atom to another. And the second one is covalent, and this is an example of covalent bonding. And I think that's all I wanted to talk about today. So it's all about how the molecules are combined from atoms. There are ionic or electrovalent bonding, and there is a covalent bonding. First one, we're transferring electrons from one atom to another. The second one is sharing, shared custody. Okay, that's it. I suggest you to read the notes for this lecture on Unisor.com. There are a couple of much better pictures than this one. Other than that, that's it. Thanks a lot and good luck.


I'm gonna tell you how to get your first fans as fast as I can, so you could build your fan base in a way that fans and the algorithm loves. First, we need to make a list of 20 to 100 artists whose fans would also like your music that have around 10,000 to 100,000 monthly listeners on Spotify. Then it's time to grab a spreadsheet, like the free one I give away on my Ko-Fi page. The way we're gonna find all those artists is by searching on everynoise.com, which harvests Spotify data. On this site, when you type the artist's name, genres come up that they fall under that Spotify's given them. Write these genre names down as these are often great hashtags to use on TikTok and Instagram for your videos.  Then hit the fans also like section on their page. Now we wanna explore that and see if we find more similar artists that meet these qualifications and add them to your spreadsheet. As well, look at the playlist these artists are on and make sure to notate any that have an email for submissions and any that sound like you belong on them that are curated by Spotify so you can name drop them in your Spotify editorial pitch. The rest, you should try to find the curator using sites like Playlist Supply and submit to them. If you only want to find commonalities between these artists and make playlists you could put yourself on. Let's say a bunch of them come up in the Spotify genre, NPC music. Wait, this is Taylor. What, you don't know that one? Anyway, make a playlist of the artists and put three of your songs in the first 20 or so songs of the playlist. Add a description and title it something like Best NPC Music or Intro to NPC Music. New Fines NPC Music, This is NPC Music or New England NPC Music. You get the point. Add or swap out two to four songs every week or two and tag the artists on Instagram, Twitter, and Threads and TikTok that you add to it. Making posts about the playlist as you add them. This will get the algorithm of all the platforms to start to see you as connected to small and upcoming artists and get suggested to the fans into those artists. And when they listen to this playlist it will train Spotify to see you as similar to them for Discover Weekly Radio and other algorithmic playlists. Make sure to also follow all these artists on Instagram, TikTok, Twitter, and Threads. And when you see the directors, photographers, playlisters, mixers, and mastering engineers they work with, follow them too. Make sure to comment, even video reply, duet and stitch and repost from your artist account regularly so the algorithm starts to connect you to them too. Become a hub of your genre and strike up conversations with them. Do remixes, features, and collaborations with them to strengthen your algorithmic bond as it teaches these platforms to suggest you to their fans and vice versa. When you make your own videos, experiment with all those genre names that we wrote down before as hashtags. As the more niche the hashtag, the more you will often grow. Concentrate on small hashtags with small followings, not big ones like hashtag musician. Whenever the musicians you're friendly with release new music or do something big, support them and hopefully they'll do the same for you. In time, you'll all grow together as a scene. And if you wanna know more about this technique, head to the longer video I made that has all the details that's linked to this one. And on the screen now.


What's up everybody, Jason here for Jazzy's Case Race.com, we just sold out another one of these 23-24 Panini NBA Hoots basketball hobby 5 box breaks. This time it's number 3, 3-round teams each, and actually a customer, Brian, just bought it all out guys, about all 9 spots, so technically it's kind of a little personal. So we'll go left or right, put a little quick dice roll, 1-2-3 for the left, 4-5-6 for the right, and it's a 6, 1-2-3, 4-5-6, so we'll have at least one more break of this later tonight if he doesn't want to run it back, there you go man, awesome, there you go man. Dunder in 76 of the plane today. Victor Wembenjama, always paired up together. Insert, roll to the finals, Chris Hall, now playing. Wendell Moore Jr. And David Thompson for the Denver Nuggets, hot signatures. Denver Nuggets, well actually that's all going to Brian. Doesn't matter, all the hits are yours. Jeff Howard, ooh, at a 25, a little artist-proof, anti-gravity. That's pretty nice. There should be a redback this summer. There's seven vessels, a redback, that should be at least one. Oh no, we'll check this one too. Down to the bottom, high volts just fell out of there. Sword Thompson, a little Luca. Highlights, Victor Wembenjama, extreme team, that's nice. Noice, Ja Marant, attack the rack. And we have a championship moments to 99, Bruce Brown for the Denver Nuggets. That's something new, I haven't seen that one. Ben Simmons, a redemption. Nick Smith Jr., nice green for the Hornets. That's a redback, that's a rookie redback too actually. Hot signature rookies, car number two, Jordan Miller. There's Jordan Miller. Who is Jordan Miller, guys? That's the one name I don't recognize. Jordan Miller basketball player, he was a second round pick for the Clippers, it looks like. Third box, James Harden. Scoot, Darren Fox. And a Victor Wembenjama city edition, that's nice. Carrier wing, Ignition, Tatum. Victor Wembenjama and Victor Wembenjama. Trey Young, another redemption. Cam Whitmore to 75 for the Rockets. Wembenjama city edition, not like a foil, we're just the base. Takis, Kay Fennigan to the redback. Alright, let's see who the next redemption is. Rookieing, Tracy Jackson Davis. So, Tracy Jackson. Golden State Warriors, it looks like. Yeah, was a second round pick. Actually selected by the Washington Wizards, but looks like it might have gotten traded. But I guess I should go by the checklist though, just to be safe. But either way, I guess it still goes to Brian anyway, so this is a real matter. Yeah, this is a real matter actually. This was a group I have to definitely look up. Alright, two more boxes buddy. Julie is serving. You're not supposed to touch the freaking center, bro. Chris Murray, nice one there to 99 for Borland. Anthony Davis, Julian Stralford. There Wembenjama, and a sword Thompson. SGA hypnotized, Andre Jackson Jr. Whoa, look at this.  This is a Chronicles Bobby Miller rookie card in this. That's so funny. Champions. Denver Nuggets. Jamal Murray. RJ Barrett to 99. Donovan Mitchell to the city. Sword Thompson now playing. Colby Brown is the last autograph. The red back is this rookie here. They're a baseball card in there too. Alright buddy, well like I said, here's one auto, two, three, four, and then five and a couple little like refractor, foil Wembenjama inserts. And then of course you have the rest of these Wembenjamas as well, which I think they're saying we're going for like $20, $30 a piece. So I mean, four, five, six. Hey, not too shabby there, man. Thank you so much. I'll top all those right now. I'll post another one guys. We have five more boxes left. Thank you.


Hello, my name is Richard Walters. In this demonstration we are going to look at manual scheduling tasks, as well as autograddling tasks and the difference between the two types of scheduling. In this demonstration we are going to look at manual and autograddling tasks. Now the default of mycosof project is what is called manual scheduling. This little light blue pin symbol that indicates manual scheduling tasks this is the default of Microsoft Project. Now this can be used for controlling tasks one at a time, but shouldn't really be used to managing an entire project or process. So really the default of Microsoft Project has sometimes caused some organisations some difficulties because they didn't understand manual scheduling. So the idea behind manual scheduling is you schedule things yourself. So say now I wanted to change the start date of task one to a different date. I'll choose a different date, 27th and then you'll change task two to a different date and this kind of idea. So I'll just change four dates and this is the idea of manual scheduling. So you actually make changes yourself. But say now you wanted to update the entire project and a new start date is set and you want all the tasks to update accordingly. Manual scheduling will not work with this so I'll just demonstrate. So if I'm going to change the project start date so project tab and I can then use the project information and I'll just set the start date to let me go into December, click OK, and nothing changes. So the start date in effect is still on the 27th of November and the next date is the 29th of November and nothing's changed in line with the date that I've selected which is what I'd want them all to change to. Now this is because we use manual scheduling and we've actually done things ourselves. This can be quite a limitation within project, can be used at times but like we see now it doesn't link to some of the nice automated features in project like project start date. Something else it doesn't link to is a strong feature in project called setting constraints. Now if I were to double click task one or any of the tasks I'll just do task one which is ID one and go to the advanced section. The constraint type is grayed out so they will not allow you to use constraints with manual scheduling which is a way of delaying a task if there's a problem with a task and rescheduling it so it's a lovely feature to have but this is only available in auto scheduling. So I'm going to now update these four tasks to auto scheduling now I've made changes in manual scheduling. Go to the top left and hide all the tasks and go to the task tab and I'll go to the tasks section of the ribbon and change to auto scheduling. Now this now takes me to a different symbol it's a blue rectangle with a little arrow underneath it. I've got the slightly different looking blue bars in the chart area of a gun chart and if I were to now for example change the start date and I wanted to say okay I want the start date to be back in November they all go back and they follow the start date which is what we want so then we have to delay task two for example which is the ID two and I'll still click it so there's a problem with this task I set a constraint and I'll say start now earlier than look at the date I'll say okay there's a problem with this can't start a new earlier than some date in December so I'll just pick a date December click okay and straight away the automated task moves on to show me there's a delay and the constraint then shows me there's a constraint being applied and I could add a note to this if I wanted to I could say delay of material in a supply chain situation so I'll just put a cut note and there's the note that goes with it if I want to remove the constraint with the auto-scheduling I can just double click the task and I will give it a note by deleting it to delete the constraint it's as soon as possible and now it's back to the way it was so automated gives you a lot of options that manual scheduling doesn't so it's not to say that manual scheduling can't be useful it can be at certain points if you want to control a task that's separate to a group of tasks that are linked together if you want to update project to auto-scheduling by default we could go to the file tab options go to the schedule section and where we've got new tasks created is manual scheduling you could change it to auto-scheduling now this will change it for this project only but if you wanted to make it a default you could choose all new projects if you do that just make sure because sometimes it changes back to manual scheduling just make sure they both look exactly the same so all new projects and auto-scheduling is now matched up and that's now correct and this would then update all future projects to be auto-scheduled and being able to have all the nice automated features this completes the demonstration on manual scheduling and auto scheduling tasks see you in the next video


Stained with election martyrs, the President has directed all security agencies to ensure a safe electoral exercise for Nigerians and officials of the Independence National Electoral Commission. Now, the Inspector General of Police, Usman Baba, stated this while briefing journalists after the National Security Council's maiden meeting for 2023, chaired by the President Adiasso Villa Abuja. The Tony General of the Federation, Abu Bakr Malami, also said that the Council was satisfied with the level of security nationwide, therefore elections would hold in a safe atmosphere. We were able to inform Mr. President that security-wise, we've been able to crime off this country in terms of threat analysis, in terms of what we expect, what we need to do during, before and after the elections, and the military have also pledged their commitment to support the process by providing the needed support at their own level, which requires a different kind of assistance. The system is wholeheartedly ready for the conduct of the election, and arriving there from the position of the government, the position of the President is to the effect that the election is holding on the 25th day of February 2023, and Mr. President and the Council, the National Security Council are happy with the preparations on the ground, and whole-hearted arrangements are put in place in that direction. Asked about the Supreme Court hearing, which has been adjourned to match the third, Malami said the decision of the Court would be studied.