Welcome to the Endless Knot. It's the 100th anniversary of the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, and though the 2020 Olympics have been postponed until 2021, a group of us in We Create EDU have made some videos about the Olympics. So, I thought it was a good time to explore the world of amateur sports and its etymologies. The story goes that the Ancient Greek Olympic Games were revived by the vision of Pierre de Coubertin almost single-handedly, except that's not entirely true. However, many other people have covered the complicated stories of the multiple Olympic movements of the 19th century. What we are going to look at is the connections between the ancient and modern games, and in particular the Olympic vocabulary that can be traced back to ancient Greek, and also consider in what ways the ancient and modern games differ and what amateur sport really means. And along the way we'll see that 1920 was a year of many firsts worth marking with a medal or two. But we won't start with the first modern games in 1896, or with the ancient Olympic games, though later we'll touch on the former and go into some detail on the latter. Instead, we'll start with the 1920 Olympics held in Antwerp, Belgium, 100 years before the release of this video. There were a number of interesting firsts at this Olympics, for instance the first use of the Olympic flag. The design of five interlocking rings, each with a different color, meant to symbolize the five continents, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America, with at least one of the colors being found in every national flag in the world, was designed at least in part by Kuberthang. Now, it had been reported at one point that the Olympic rings were derived from the ancient Olympics. In the late 1950s, American authors Lin and Gray Poole saw a stone with five interconnected rings carved into it at Delphi, Greece, home of the famous Delphic Oracle. For another ancient Panhellenic event, the Pythian Games was held, and thus reported in their 1963 book, History of the Ancient Games, that the Olympic rings design had an ancient pedigree. But in fact, years earlier, the president of the 1936 organizing committee, Carl Diem, wanted to hold a torchbearer ceremony at the stadium of Delphi to be followed by the relay carrying the flame from there to Berlin, where the Olympics were being held. This was, by the way, the first Olympic torch relay. So Diem had a milestone created with the Olympic rings carved into it, but it was never removed after this ceremony, and it was this milestone that Lin and Gray Poole saw and took to be of ancient provenance. So it was a modern myth, not an ancient one. In a somewhat more dubious first, the 1920 Olympics were the first in which women's involvement was not enlarged in some way. In the very first Olympics in 1896 in Athens, no women were allowed to compete, and this resistance to women athletes was in no small part due to Cupertan's sexist attitudes. He saw the revival of the Olympics as being for the purpose of the rare and solemn glorification of the male adult, and thought that female athletics was bad and monstrous. Certainly this misogyny can be seen as well in ancient Greece, though female participation in ancient athletics and even the Olympics turns out to be somewhat more complex than that. Initially anyway, women were not allowed to compete in the ancient Olympics, or even be spectators at the event, with the exception of a priestess of Demeter who was allowed to attend. Supposedly the penalty for women who tried to view the games was being thrown from the cliffs of Mount Tupaion, though that never seems to have been carried out, and there is a possibly confused account from the author Pausanias that young women, virgins, were allowed to watch. And there is one story of a boxing champion in 404 BCE named Euclase from a long line of Olympic athletes, whose mother, Caliptera, was his coach, and attended as such disguised as a man, but when he won, she leaped over the barrier of the trainer's station exposing herself as a woman. Fortunately, she was let off without any punishment, in deference to the Olympic pedigree of the family. However, there are a number of women listed in the roles of Olympic champions. You see, for the equestrian and chariot races, the victors weren't the riders and drivers, but the owners of the horses and chariots. They were very expensive after all, and in 396 BCE, the Tethropon, the four horse chariot race, was won by Cunisca of Sparta, daughter of King Arquidamos, and she was duly celebrated for it in statues, and other women owners followed. But even more significant is the Haraiya games held in parallel at Olympia in honor of Zeus's wife, the goddess Hera. These games were for girls and young women in different age categories, at least initially, like the Olympic games, just a foot race. There is some evidence for later athletic games involving girls and young women. In an inscription on the base of a statue erected by Hermes Yannax, honoring his three daughters, he celebrates their athletic achievements, Trophosa winning the foot race at both the Pythian and Isthmian games, and Hedaya, who won the chariot race in armor at the Isthmian games, and the foot race at the Nemean games, and Dionysia, who won the foot race at the Asclepian games. Those first three events, by the way, along with the Olympic games, make up the big four circuit of athletic games in ancient Greece. To get back to the modern Olympics, in the second set of games in 1900, a few women's categories were added, such as golf, tennis, and croquet. And over the years, other events were added, such as archery in 1904, figure skating in 1908, and even swimming and diving in 1912. But by 1920, women were still not allowed to compete in the core track and field athletics. So, in 1921, French rower, Alice Milia, founded the Fédération Sportive Femenine Internationale, and organized women's Olympiads starting in 1921 in Monte Carlo. Women's athletics was finally added to the Olympics in 1928, though to this day, there still isn't parity between men's events and women's events at the Olympics. All of this is somewhat ironic in light of another major event that happened in 1920, the passing of the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting most women the vote. And as we'll see, the year 1920 is significant in a number of other important ways. In Olympic terms, the 1920 Olympics was also the first to feature the Olympic oath. In that first year, there was just the athlete's oath, taken on behalf of all by Belgian fencer, Victor Dwayne. With the words, we swear we will take part in the Olympic Games in a spirit of chillery for the honor of our country and for the glory of sport. Over the years, the oath has been modified, for instance, downplaying the nationalism, adding a clause about doping and using drugs, and separate oaths being added for the coaches and officials, most recently with all three being combined into one unified oath. But this is one element that does have a basis in historical fact from the ancient Olympics. You see, there was an oath taken at the ancient Olympics, as we are told by the ancient Greek writer Pausanias, the athletes, trainers and judges had to swear an oath in the presence of the famous statue of Zeus at Olympia over a sacrificed wild boar that they would commit no offense to the Olympic Games, that they had trained for ten months in preparation and that they will receive no bribes. You see, Zeus was, among other things, the God of oaths. Now, to clarify, Olympia, where this statue of Zeus was located and where the Olympic Games were held, is not the same thing as Mount Olympus. Olympia was a small valley and religious site in the region of Alice, in the south of Greece on the Peloponnes. Mount Olympus is the highest mountain in Greece located in the north on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia. Mount Olympus was thought to be the home of the 12 Olympian gods, ruled by Zeus. There were, in fact, a number of mountains named Olympus and it's generally believed that the name originally meant mountain, probably a lone word from a pre-Greek language, though an origin from a proto- Indo-European root Ulu to turn because of its curved summit has also been proposed. So, originally, everyone probably thought that their local highest mountain housed the gods and called it Olympus. But eventually, the Mount Olympus became the Panhellenic site of the gods and because Olympia in Alice was the site of an important Panhellenic shrine to the chief Olympian Zeus and of the athletic Games in his honor, it also gained the name. Now, the statue in the shrine at Olympia was designed by the famous sculptor Phidias, who is also known for creating the more than 15 meter tall statue of Athena in the Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens. Because of the sheer size of the Zeus statue and the weight that would mean, Phidias didn't build with marble and cast bronze, but instead gold and ivory over a large wooden framework.  The wood was kept from rotting and the ivory was preserved with oil by means of a system of pipes that could be activated when necessary. Though the statue did not survive the ancient world, the depictions of it on coins, its influence on the designs of other statues of Zeus and the simply awestruck literary descriptions show that it was no ordinary statue. In fact, it was considered one of the seven ancient wonders of the world, along with the great pyramid of Giza, the Colossus of Rhodes, the lighthouse of Alexandria, the mausoleum of Halle Carnassus, the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and the hanging gardens of Babylon. The seven wonders was a list or series of lists compiled by Greek tourists at least as far back as the second century BCE, and thus included sites within reach of the Mediterranean world. Tourism became possible for the Hellenistic Greeks with the Greek conquest of the known Western world by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE, allowing access to the regions of the Egyptians, Persians, and Babylonians. These lists were essentially proto-travel guides telling tourists what were the sites not to be missed. In Greek, the wonders were originally called Theamata, sites, spectacles, but were later referred to as Thaumata, wonders, marvels, and such lists are mentioned in the works of Herodotus and other ancient authors. Our best description of the statue of Zeus at Olympia is from that Greek writer Pausanias, I keep mentioning, who wrote a travel guide of Greece called Helados periagesis, or description of Greece in the second century CE. This work was part of the literary genre of periagesis, literally progress around the first real travel guides, and developed from the periplus genre, literally sailing around, which were lists of ports and coastal landmarks with the approximate distances between them, which sailors could use to navigate. We'll come back to the travel guide and other genres of travel writing later. Pausanias also tells us about the origins of the Olympic games. In fact, there are numerous different myths about the foundation of the games. In the one given by Pausanias, when Zeus was born a man named Heracles, not the demigod hero son of Zeus Heracles, and his four brothers raced at Olympia to entertain the baby Zeus. With the victor crowned with an olive wreath, and this accounts for the four-year Olympic cycle, with new games being held every fifth year, counting inclusively, representing the five brothers. There's another myth involving the Heracles we all know and love, as told by the poet Pindar, in which, as one of his labours, Heracles was to clean out the stables of Augeas, which contained a truly epic amount of horse manure, which he accomplished by diverting a river through it. Heracles had worked out a side deal by which Augeas was supposed to pay him for that service, but Augeas afterwards refused because Heracles had kind of cheated by using the river. So, Heracles kills him, pillages his land, and takes the spoils to Pisa, not the one in Italy, but a town near Olympia, and uses it to establish the first Olympiad in which athletes competed for prizes. Pausanias also tells the story of how, years later, after the games had been abandoned, Iphitos, king of Alice, was instructed by the oracle at Delphi to restore the Olympic games in order to end a plague that was ravaging the area, and also bring peace to the constant warfare between Alice, Pisa, and Sparta. It is perhaps some small irony that the COVID-19 pandemic has caused the postponement of the 2020 Olympic Games, an event that may have had its origin in the ending of a plague. In 1920, when we started our story, the world was suffering from another similar pandemic, the Spanish Flu, but fortunately by then it was beginning to wane after two very hard years, so the 1920 Olympics went ahead. As for war, the only time the modern Olympics have been cancelled were due to the two world wars, in 1916, 1940, and 1944. Not only did Iphitos' revival supposedly bring about peace for ancient Alice, but the ancient Olympics also involved a pan-Hellenic agreement that during and around the time of the games, no city would attack Alice, and safe passage would be granted to athletes and spectators alike to travel there from all over the Greek world, in what is likely the earliest example of sports tourism. Just as modern sports fans travel to watch everything from pro sports to the modern Olympics, this practice was called echeheria, literally holding hands, from Greek echein to have, hold, and here, hand, something you should not do in these current social distancing times. Unfortunately, it's not working out as well for us as it did for Iphitos, and Heracles' Aegean stable money made for a much better shit show than the one we're currently living through. As we mentioned earlier, originally the Olympics had only one competition, a foot race, called the stadion after the track, also called the stadion. This is of course where we get the English word stadium. Runners would run the length of the stadion, which was about equivalent to the modern 200 meter dash. Now the etymology of stadion is uncertain, but there are two possibilities, and perhaps in reality it's a combination of the two. One is that it comes from stadios, firm, fixed, in reference to the fixed length of the course, from the Proto-Indo-European root sta, meaning to stand. Also the source of words such as stand, stay, stable, static, statue, steed, stud, and distance. The other is that it comes from the word stadion, meaning racetrack, from span to draw, from the Proto-Indo-European root spay, to pull, drag, also source of the word spasm, which may have been altered to stadion by influence of the word stadios. The stadion was not only an individual event, but also later one of the events in the all-around competition called the pentathlon. The modern pentathlon by the way, which is based on military skills featuring fencing, swimming, equestrian show jumping, pistol shooting, and cross-country running, is not the same as the ancient pentathlon, which was an athletics event, including the stadion, javelin throw, discus throw, long jump, and wrestling. Really the modern decathlon is more the equivalent of the ancient pentathlon, made up of specifically athletic events. Pentathlon, decathlon, and triathlon, also a modern invention made up of swimming, cycling, and running, are formed from the Greek numbers pente, five, deca, ten, and trace, three, and the wordathlon, meaning prize, contest. The word javelin is not of Greek origin, coming into English from French javelin, probably of Gaulish, or else another Celtic language, from the proto-Celtic root gablaco, fork, forked branch, traceable back to the Proto-Indo- European root gabalo, fork, branch of a tree. The Greek word for this event was akonta, from akon, javelin, or dart, from the Proto-Indo-European root ak, sharp. Discus comes from Greek discos, related to decain to throw, the origin of which is uncertain, but might come from proto-Indo-European daik, to show pronounced solemnly, which is also found in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects, and is the source of words such as dictate, dedicate, teach, and preach. As we saw before, the ancient Olympics also included equestrian events, including various chariot races, and various other lengths of foot races. Another event was the pancration, meaning literally all power, a no-holds-bar fight in which the only things you weren't allowed to do were eye gouging and biting. Perhaps even more surprising is the haplitodromos, or hoplite race, in which contestants ran a double length of the stadion in hoplite armor, including helmet and shield. This was probably the only event in which athletes wore anything, since in the classical period, the Greek custom was to do athletics naked, hence the words gymnastics and gymnasium, which means literally the place where you do things naked, from gimnos naked.  Now the most famous race of the modern Olympics is probably the marathon, but this was not an event in the ancient Olympics. In fact, it was invented specifically for the very first modern Olympics in 1896. A friend of Coubertin, French philologist Michel Bréal, who is perhaps better known for his work on semantics, came up with the idea based on the ancient Battle of Marathon. This story changed over the years in various ancient accounts, sometimes with a runner sent from Athens to Sparta to ask for assistance against the Persians, or from Marathon to Athens to announce victory in the battle and then immediately falling dead, but in any case, it was a very long distance race based on the length of that legendary run about 40 kilometers from Marathon to Athens. However, the marathon as it's run now is about 42 kilometers, because in the 1908 Olympics in London, the start was fixed at Windsor Castle so the royal children could watch it, and the finish line was in front of the royal box at the stadium, and that made the distance 42.195 kilometers. The place name marathon, by the way, according to the ancient Greek geographer Strabo, comes from the Greek word Marathon, meaning fennel, because of the prevalence of the plant in that area. The etymology of this word is uncertain, perhaps from a pre-Greek language, though one theory connects it to a Scandinavian word, Old Norse mirth, Norwegian mered, and Swedish miarde, meaning fish trap, because of the funnel-like shape of both the trap and the flower of the fennel plant. Now another thing that Kuberte and his followers got wrong was the amateur nature of the Olympics. They held that the modern Olympics had to be a competition among gentlemen amateurs who received no pay or reward, but this was never true of the ancient Olympics. In fact, it's right there in the word athlete, which comes from that same root we saw in Pentathlon, Greek, Athlon prize. Athletes competed for prizes, and often, ancient Olympic victors could be rewarded quite handsomely by their home city. And what's more, the very first Olympic champion, as found in records, supposedly going right back to the ones established by Iphitos Avelis, was Coribas Avelis, whose occupation was listed as Cook, hardly a gentleman amateur. So let's proceed with the term amateur sport, the supposed fundamental principle of the modern Olympic games, and see what this reveals. And let's start with the word sport. The word sport is actually a clipping of the word disport and had the original sense of a pleasant pastime or to take pleasure, amuse oneself and didn't develop the specific sense of an athletic contest until the mid-19th century. It came into English from French desperté to divert, amuse, please, play, literally carrying away from Latin dis away and portare to carry, from the notion of carrying the mind away from serious matters. So sport is actually not a good word to refer to the ancient Greek events, which are actually referred to as agones, as in olympiacoy agones, Olympic games, which really means struggles or contests from the Proto-Indo-European route ag to drive, draw out or forth, move. Greek agones were serious business, not diversions as the word sport implies. And the contest part was really important. Remember the etymology of athlete. And though athletes in athletic contests occupy a very important place in both ancient Greek society and in our modern societies, they are regarded very differently. Greek athletics come more from the role of citizens as fighters or warriors with activities which highlighted physical prowess in things like running, throwing, and hand-to-hand fighting. But modern sports like baseball and football come from the playground. Kids' games made serious for adults. Furthermore, in ancient Greece, athletic pursuits were participatory, whereas in the modern world and in ancient Rome as it turns out, sports are spectator affairs. Greek athletes were citizens, Roman athletes were from the lower classes or slaves, and that sometimes even holds somewhat true today in the notion of athletes who are just dumb jocks who can't do anything else. And the serious sports in our modern world didn't really exist beyond the playground or as simple diversions 150 years ago, and even the athletics we have now are conscious imitations of the Greeks dating back only to the 19th century. In Latin, by the way, sports were referred to as ludi, games, diversions, from which we get the word ludicrous, from the root laid or loyed to play, perhaps literally, let go frequently, or as monaries, gifts or service from the root may to change go move because the games were generally put on by a rich benefactor, often nominally to honor a dead relative, but really to increase the status and prestige of the benefactor. Now, the Latin verb portare to carry from the proto-Indo-European root pair to lead Passover is related to the Latin nouns porta gate and portus port harbour from the notion of passage and from them we of course get the English word port both in the sense of portal door gate and harbour and from port combined with French passe to pass from Latin passus step pace from the root peta to spread comes the word passport from French passport but this raises the question does the port in passport refer to a gate or a harbour? According to Martin Lloyd in his book the passport the history of man's most traveled document the word passport is first found in English acts of law in 1548 and in this context referred to a document which concerned the regulation of soldiers and wars it was about giving garrison soldiers leave to depart from a fortress or walled city so more of an army leave pass and clearly here referring to a town gate but the Oxford English dictionary lists the first usage in English in 1498 giving safe conduct to an Englishman for his agents and servants in French the word was used in 1420 denoting a certificate from the authorities for the free circulation of merchandise and in 1464 denoting a safe conduct issued by an authority guaranteeing the liberty and free movement of a person the important point here is that passports not only serve the purpose of allowing movement in or out of a harbour or a country but also the free movement within a country from town to town as we'll see in some places and at some times passports were also used to control the internal movement of citizens within a country now the concept of documentation permitting a traveller to enter a country is an old idea much predating the word passport itself arguably the earliest surviving example of a passport is in ancient Egypt according to the Victorian Egyptologist Sir J Gardner Wilkinson around the year 1500 BCE Egyptians needed to be registered with the magistrates and were given a document of the type required for every ship leaving a port and there are images in a tomb at Thebes from around 1600 BCE that seemed to depict this coincidentally in 1976 the mummified remains of Pharaoh Ramses II born just a little later in 1302 BCE was apparently issued a passport by the Egyptian government in order for him to leave the country for study in France apparently the rules required this even of the deceased but it may also have been an added protection to make sure France returned the mummy afterwards in the biblical book of Nehemiah the Persian king Artaxerxes I gave a letter to his official Nehemiah to travel to Judea around the year 450 BCE granting permission for him to leave and requesting safe conduct in the foreign lands which he presented to the local governors upon arrival this example demonstrates one of the prerequisites for a passport to function a veiled threat from one large power to another that there will be reprisals if anything were to happen to the bearer of the passport the Sanskrit treatise on statecraft called the Arthashastra which was composed and revised between the second century BCE and the third century CE described a system in India in which a superintendent of passports issued sealed passes for people to enter or leave the countryside and in Chinese bureaucracy as far back as the third century BCE passports called Zhu'an including identifying details such as age, height and bodily features were required to move throughout imperial counties and through points of control the Romans who also loved a good bureaucracy had a document called a tractorium issued by the emperor permitting government officials to move throughout the empire in the middle ages the average person didn't move around so much though ports were considered open trading centres but it was still sometimes necessary for individuals to travel to the interior of a country for things such as negotiations so there was the safe conduct practice somewhat reminiscent of that old Olympic agreement to allow Greeks to pass through each other's lands there was also the practice of the king's license granting the permission of the king for an individual to enter or leave the kingdom generally in the form of a document written in Latin after the middle ages the issuing of passports was gradually downloaded to government offices it was no longer feasible for the king himself to issue all such documents in England to the privy council in the 16th century and to the secretaries of state in the 18th century but it still required some connection with the great and the good to obtain the necessary documents and passport control was not only a matter of keeping foreigners out but also keeping citizens who might have important skills in by the 19th century the passport had reached something like our modern passports in function with a few important differences but the format was quite different instead of the booklet form of today the 19th century passport was generally a single large sheet of paper headed by a coat of arms with the text in an ornamental and florid style and of course no photograph to obtain one you would simply have to provide an acceptable reference and pay a fee one of the notable differences is that governments could provide passports to foreign nationals in Britain the passport system was generally disliked what more credentials did one need than simply being an English gentleman who was of course beyond reproach but other countries were very strict about their passports while Britain didn't require passports of visitors to the country in France one not only needed a passport to enter but also to move around within the country including French citizens after the French revolution passports were briefly abandoned but due to a rise in crime the passport system was quickly brought back the passport was an important instrument of government control with the industrial revolution and the advent of railway networks the number of tourists shot up middle-class tourists and the passport system of old was rather clunky in these new contexts so many countries became rather lax in enforcing the need for passports it looked as though the whole passport system might have been abolished and then came the first world war the war obviously created security concerns which the passport which had also become a means of establishing citizenship was well suited to deal with though there was the ostensible promise to relax the strict measures after the war it was too late and the genie was out of the bottle so blame world war one if you're bothered by having to go through long line-ups at immigration control by this point the main problem was the inconsistency of passports from country to country so in 1920 yes we're back to that olympic year 1920 again the newly formed league of nations decided to hold the meeting to sort out this problem the paris conference on passports and custom formalities and through tickets the newly proposed design characteristics included a booklet format with 32 numbered pages two languages one in the national language and the other french the standard language of diplomacy at the time and a size of 15.5 centimeters by 10.5 centimeters which would be bound in cardboard with the name of the country on the top and its coat of arms in the middle and the word passport at the bottom many of these characteristics remain to this day with later changes such as machine readable text for optical character recognition in 1980 and biometric passports with an RFID or radio frequency identification computer chip in more recent years this level of standardization is remarkable when you consider the different language conventions around the world for example the booklet format implies a booklet running from the front with writing going left to right which is certainly not a universal standard for written text around the world today passports are generally written in one or more national languages and either french or english passports also often contain a request page near the beginning in very formulaic language requesting that the bearer be allowed to pass freely without let or hindrance and further requesting every assistance and protection should the bearer require it or words to that effect so i suppose broadly speaking we could talk about the passport as part of a broad category of travel literature along with the travel guides including those early greek examples of the periplus and periagesis as well as all manner of other genres like itineraries travel logs and today the travel vlog the advent of mass tourism not only had an impact on the genre of the passport but also on the travel guide the word travel by the way a test to the difficulties of traveling before all the developments that made mass tourism possible it's related to travail having the original sense of tutorial or labor coming from latin tripalium which believe it or not is a torture device made with three sharp stakes from trays three obviously related to greek trace that we saw in the word triathlon and palace stake from the root peg also the source of words such as palisade peace packed pole and impale if you're not a good traveler this etymology probably makes a lot of sense to you as for tourism the word tour is related to turn coming through old french from latin tornus and greek tornos both meaning lathe from the proto-indoeuropean root terra to rub turn the original senses in english were more or less the same as the word turn a turn or shift on duty and a little later a circular movement it wasn't until the 17th century that it gained the sense of a traveling or journey from place to place and it's right around this time that we first see the term grand tour referring to a trip a young gentleman would be expected to take as a capstone of his education the term and the concept come from the expat roman catholic priest richard lassells who tutored a number of british nobility traveling through italy five times in his 1670 book the voyage of italy or a complete journey through italy lassells recommends that all young nobles make the grand tour of france and italy so that through exposure to both the treasures and landscapes of ancient rome as well as the italian renaissance and to the ennobling society of the continent these young men would be fully prepared to assume the leadership position they were expected to take it was thought to give them the intellectual social ethical and political perspectives they would need it was all part of the liberal and classical education that was held in such high esteem after all the english saw themselves as the true inheritors of classical roman greatness the grand tour itinerary was soon expanded to include switzerland austria and germany as well lassell's book became the first indispensable guidebook of this grand tour and a little later joseph adison's 1705 remarks on several parts of italy joined it but over time especially after the polionic wars were over with the advent of mass tourism a new type of guidebook appeared with much of the pioneering work done by mariana stark starting with her 1800 publication of letters from italy between the years 1792 and 1798 containing a view of the revolutions in that country which were subsequently reworked reframed streamlined and expanded over the course of the rest of her life with such titles as travels on the continent written for the use and particular information of travelers and travels in europe for the use of travelers on the continent and likewise in the island of sicily to which is added an account of the remains of ancient italy what sets stark's travel guides apart from those that went before is that unlike the well to do young gentlemen on the grand tour stark's target audience were the middle class travelers often traveling on a budget and in need of practical advice like recommended routes inns and attractions luggage passports and the cost of food and accommodations to this end she can be credited with one significant and long lasting innovation the star rating system actually she used exclamation points instead of stars but the number of exclamation points on a one to three scale indicated how highly recommended something was in short her target audience was in significant part women who might be caring for their families on such a trip so the fact that she was a woman was both a selling point in that respect but also opened her up to generally very gendered criticism especially since she wouldn't have had that upper class education that men of the day would have had and this probably also accounts for the scholarly disregard of stark's work ever since many later editions of her writings were done in concert with the publisher John Murray II she and Murray collaborated on perfecting her guide but Murray's son John Murray III who later created the Murray's Handbooks for Travellers series of travel guides always denied stark's important contributions and innovations to the guidebook genre claiming he himself invented it though as you can see the question of who can claim this particular first is much more complicated what Murray did accomplish was the industrialization of the guidebook with multiple authors contributing to the series and often not consulted about revisions and he along with the contemporary German guidebook publisher Karl Beidecker cornered the travel guide market but to bring this back to our earlier topic this new form of middle-class tourism stands in contrast to the upper-class travel of the gentry and this class divide brings us to the topic of the gentleman athlete that Kubotane championed because modern amateur athletics has its origin in that same upper-class educational system and that's part of the reason the connection to the classical world is so important it was in the private schools and universities that sports and exercise as part of the 19th century revival of the old Latin phrase from Juvenal men's sana incorpore sano a healthy mind in a healthy body became a part of a well-rounded education but the leisure to play sports and engage in athletic pursuits was only available to the upper and middle classes the working classes wouldn't be able to have the time off work to engage in such activities what's more class consciousness and class hierarchy was at its height in the Victorian era with the upper classes looking down on anything involving physical labor or working for a living and so they invented this concept of amateurism lionizing the gentleman amateurs so originally athletic competitions were barred to anyone from the working class in other words anyone who had to work for a living including mechanics artisans and laborers if the working class was not allowed to compete a gentleman didn't have to suffer the indignity of losing to someone he considered beneath him this was the original class-based and economic meaning of amateur in 19th century English athletics and this continued to be a much debated point in the discussions around reviving the Olympics it was falsely claimed that ancient Olympics were amateur in this sense as well though there is not a scrap of evidence that this was true remember the first Olympic champion was a cook and this was something else that Coubertin and company got wrong now this is not to say that there weren't class prejudices in the ancient world and certainly being of higher status made it more likely one could participate and succeed in ancient Olympics but there was never any such rule eventually the English gentlemen were forced to back down somewhat and the rules only stipulated that an Olympic competitor couldn't receive payment for their athletics with no reference to how they made their living otherwise but this was only a small improvement and it made it difficult for the would-be athletes to train to the level of being able to compete in the Olympics so this new sense of amateur was still exclusionary the continued prejudices against working classes led to a series of workers Olympiads held in the 1920s and 30s and the Socialist Workers Sports International or SASE from German Sozialistischer Arbeitersport international which organizes them was formed in you guessed it 1920 while Coubertin and his followers let sexist, classist and racist prejudices direct the organization and principles of the Olympic games the Workers Olympiads opposed all kinds of chauvinism sexism, racism and social exclusiveness and downplayed the nationalistic elements of the Olympics much has been claimed about sport as a substitute for warfare a kind of relief valve for belligerent tendencies but the Workers Olympiads seem to have intended a different approach now more recent installments of the Olympic Games have done away with this old amateur versus professional rule allowing professional athletes from professional leagues to take part and other athletes to take endorsement deals from advertisers to fund their training so younger generations may not even be aware of this old Olympic rule it is noteworthy then that the word professional comes from Latin professio public acknowledgement avowal promise from the verb profiteri to declare openly profess from pro before in front of and therefore by extension in public and fateri to acknowledge confess from the Proto-Indo-European root ba to speak the source of many English words but most significantly to our story the word anthem through Greek Antiphona literally a voice in return referring to a kind of call and response singing or hymn and this reminds us of one of the most nationalistic elements of the Olympics the playing of the national anthems of the victors a tradition started in 1924 incidentally there is also an Olympic anthem or hymn first composed for the 1896 Games as for the word amateur literally someone who loves something from Latin amare to love its deeper etymology is somewhat obscure perhaps coming from the Proto-Indo-European root amma a nursery word with derivatives meaning mother or aunt or from am meaning to grab which interestingly is the root behind Greek omnimi to swear and catomnimi to confirm by oath which is the word that Pausanias uses to describe the oath taken at the ancient Olympics the only separate English word that comes from this root through Latin amplis is ample and its derivatives amplitude and amplify literally to make ample leading us to the last leg of our Olympic tour looking at amateur sport though the words amplify and amplifier go back to the 15th and 16th centuries respectively their more technical senses come from the early days of radio technology referring to a device called the Audeon invented by a man named Lee de Forest you see the Audeon was the first triode vacuum tube which became the key technology of everything from radio to computers until the transistor was invented but in particular it was the first device capable of amplification necessary for instance for amplifying a weak radio signal into a sound loud and clear enough to be heard or to amplify the signal from a microphone into a public address system at say a sporting event like the Olympics except the question is did he invent the triode de Forest was part inventor and part con man convinced of his own genius and yet willing to steal other people's ideas in his college yearbook he answered the question why did you come to college with the statement to direct and temper my genius in later years he referred to himself as the father of radio that was even the title of his autobiography he idolized Nikola Tesla that was his answer to the yearbook question next to yourself whom would you prefer to be and set about trying to make his mark on the world of radio transmission that had been kicked off by Marconi when he managed to send a Morse code S across the Atlantic in 1901 though there is some skepticism as to whether what was received was the intended signal or just static if he did though that was the first transatlantic radio transmission in putting together his own radio transmission system de Forest needed a radio signal detector for his receiver that was better than the coherer that Marconi was using and in a visit to the lab of the Canadian-born inventor Reginald Fessenden he saw that his detector was just what he needed and so basically stole the idea inventing what he called the responder Fessenden of course sued de Forest's attitude to patents was rather changeable his own patents were fiercely defended but the patents of others he simply ignored or got around by making some minor change that probably didn't really affect anything and claimed them as his own now de Forest wasn't really interested in the business side of things so he partnered with the less than scrupulous promoter Abraham White with whom he founded the American de Forest Wireless Telegraph Company whose business model was basically to make money by duping the public into buying stock with no clear plan to sell any product at least it supported de Forest experiments to this end de Forest and White arranged for a highly visible publicity stunt by erecting a 30-foot tower with the name de Forest emblazoned in lights at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair in strange coincidence the 1904 Olympics was held as part of this World's Fair the second and final time this bizarre pairing happened after the 1900 Olympics was held as part of the World's Fair in Paris both of these Olympics were a flop with many of the contestants not even realizing they were competing in an Olympic Games and they almost killed the Olympic movement after it had barely been started it had worked out better for de Forest though as his company won the gold medal and the grand prize for the best wireless system at the St. Louis World's Fair as for the Audion de Forest's claim was that he got the idea from earlier experiments that he'd been doing on radio waves affecting burning gases which led him to working with filaments in partially evacuated tubes as a better detector essentially it's a light bulb Thomas Edison years earlier had noticed a blackening on the side of some of his light bulb experiments when the filament broke not really knowing what to do with this effect he simply patented it because of course and forgot about it but it later came to be known as the Edison effect this had interested another electrical engineer named John Ambrose Fleming who eventually developed the Fleming valve from this effect which could function as a much improved receiver de Forest always denied any influence from Fleming's design which was essentially a diode vacuum tube with two electrodes but regardless of where the idea originally came from when de Forest added a third electrode to make the triode Audion the device was now capable of amplification not just detecting and that was the device which was so crucial to radio broadcast and receiving not just of Morse code but a sound like voice and music de Forest along with others such as Fessenden and many amateur radio enthusiasts who were called ham radio operators initially pejoratively as in ham fisted went on to experiment with public radio broadcasting there is some disagreement as to who made the first broadcast for entertainment purposes the credit usually goes to de Forest who on January 13, 1910 made a public broadcast featuring the voices of Enrico Caruso and other metropolitan opera stars and he had as early as 1907 made unpublicized broadcasts of music though these were all made before the Audion amplifier and so required headphones to be heard much later in the 1930s a story surface that claimed Fessenden made a Christmas Eve and then New Year's Eve broadcast in 1906 featuring speech and music which were announced to amateur and shipboard operators though there was no earlier account of this so it's uncertain whether or not this actually happened and if it did it may have been more of a demonstration of technology than a broadcast for the sake of entertainment itself the first regularly scheduled entertainment broadcasts were made by Charles Harald starting in July 1912 with regular weekly broadcasts of phonograph records in San Jose as it turns out 1920 was an important year for a number of radio firsts to go along with those Olympic firsts I've already mentioned there was a Christmas broadcast on December 2nd at Königs Wüstehausen of Speech and Music which was the beginning of public broadcasting in Germany at the New Street Works in Chelmsford, England which had been built by Marconi in 1912 and was the first purpose-built radio factory British public broadcasting was kicked off with the live broadcast performance on June 15th 1920 of Dame Nellie Melba for whom Melba Toast was named when famed French chef Auguste Escoffier created it for her when she was ill the first commercial radio station WWJ in Detroit began operations on August 20th 1920 the title of oldest radio station is also claimed by KDKA which actually began as an amateur experimental station licensed to Frank Conrad in 1916 but made its first official broadcast on November 2nd 1920 which relayed the results of the 1920 US presidential election the first election after the passing of the 19th amendment granting women the right to vote as you'll remember now you're probably expecting me to tell you that the first Olympic radio broadcast was also made in 1920 however though the necessary technology existed in 1920 the first Olympic radio broadcasts weren't made until the 1924 games in Paris while the first TV coverage of the Olympics was in 1936 though they weren't truly broadcast internationally until the 1960s the first voice broadcast of a sporting event by the way was on April 11th 1921 a boxing match in Pittsburgh however there's another radio first in 1920 that will make it possible for you to travel to the 2020 Olympic games in Tokyo whenever they end up taking place even if that's 2021 the world's first air traffic control with a tower and radio system to relay basic traffic, weather and location information to pilots was born February 25th 1920 thus making it safe to travel along with your RFID passport to the premier sports tourism event and long may that millennia old tradition of safe conduct to the Olympic games continue whether you're traveling first class or watching a broadcast thanks for watching check out the WCE playlist about the Olympics link below and in particular my friend Cheryl talking about an upcoming Olympic first introduction of rock climbing to the Olympic games if you enjoyed these etymological explorations and cultural connections please subscribe and click the little bell to be notified of every new episode and check out our Patreon where you can make a contribution to help me make more videos I'm at alliterative on Twitter and you can visit our website alliterative.net for more language and connections in our podcast blog and more


The study concluded that teenagers are aware of the negative impact of junk food on their health, however, they are not willing to make any changes to their diets. Additionally, the study also showed that there is a strong correlation between high consumption of fast food and soft drinks and being overweight or obese among teens. This article was authored by Sabatariq, Sundistariq, Safitariq and others.


Good afternoon everyone and welcome. This is Melissa with the Stock Swoosh and Reviewing AKRX. This was a loss today. Didn't work. Just didn't work at all. I gave it two shots. Just couldn't pull it together here falling now but no reason to short this in the afternoon. I knew it would find its footing somewhere and drop but it looks like this probably will close green today. This is a decent watch for tomorrow to short. Although again I like to do new gaps. Was the gap today on news? It was fine. It was good. It just couldn't get going. Here's the drop and actually it did have a it did have actually a drop I shouldn't say didn't have any drop at all. I mean if you look at the high here from where it opened and then the low down in here dropped to 1240. So 1240 was the low. So it did have about a 60 cent move for this area here. And you know so I would never have gone long this in a million years. It was a horrible thing to go long but it didn't work today right as a short and again I wouldn't even be in this this afternoon although it could drop down at least to 13. It's a watch for tomorrow to short. So this was a loser today. Sometimes you have losses. That's why we use stops. You put the stop in.  When you do have to take a loss then it's condensed. Then you can have one great trade or even two losses and one great trade and still make money. So it is about the focus. It's what I do. I usually look at one or two ticker symbols each day. This was a loser today but the luckily the AA was a huge trade and so it all worked out in the end. Have a great day everyone. Email me if you're interested to learn more information on my Gap Strategy at Melissa at thestopswish.com.


Hi, my name is George Maguire working with Brenno on the LMIS and very honored to present right after Marta. So I'm just going to show one slide and then give a very short live demo. So we're very happy to introduce a real-time stock management module that was specifically designed for logistics management, which allows real-time stock management and health care facility levels. So we are talking about community health workers, dispensaries or pharmacies, and it is not intended for medical stores and warehouses. So it's not replacing LMIS software. It provides barcodes scanner support that I will present. We have currently three workflows, distribution, discard correction, and very exciting. Now we have a real-time time stamp. So you can actually have an exact record of when the distribution was made on a mobile device, even if the mobile device is offline. So native offline capability is really important. So you don't have to have an internet connection at the time of caring of using the app. Of course, you eventually have to synchronize the mobile device, but you can do that. We recommend that you do it at least once a day, but you are not blocked from using the app if the Wi-Fi of the internet connection is poor and you can just continue with your work and then complete it once the network is restored. And our recommended way of using this app is you can use it standalone, but we recommend to integrate it with an upstream national ELMS, and especially for having the automatic stock received in case you were wondering. So when you ship stocks from the warehouse to the facility that you can actually update your stock on hand automatically from the upstream LMS. So and this slide very briefly just to stress again that this is the overall concept to use this app really at the last mile as we call it the hospital, the community health worker or at the dispensary and not at upstream stores. So with that I'm going to change my screen to the actual mobile app. So as Marta just explained you can see here the real-time stock management on top. It looks like any other program, DHS2 program, but because of the use case app that Marta just explained when you tap on it actually uses a dedicated user interface. I'm just going to show the most common features. So there are three, you basically have three options. You can discard stock. That means that if the stock is expired or let's say you have a vaccine that was damaged from the failure of your cold chain, then you might have to remove it from the stock and you have to update your stock and you can do that by entering the stock discard and you have then a record. The other option is to have a stock correction. So sooner or later you might have a discrepancy between the stock on your shelf and the stock as recorded in the app because some kind of mistake was made and you can correct that with this stock correction menu and you can see it beautifully changes the background color so that the user is all sure what transaction they are working on and don't confuse it. So the most common transaction hopefully is the distribution. That means that a nurse or another healthcare worker let's say from the pediatrics ward will present to the central pharmacy once a day or once a week with a list of items and I'm the storekeeper and need to prepare the stocks and issue it to the pediatrics ward so I will select distribution. Mahasat is going to appear by default because I have access only to this health to this organization unit if of course you can also configure having the whole organization unit tree and selecting an OU if you are assigned to seven of them and then there basically as a user you only have one selection to make and that is this drop down menu of deliver two. So this is a list of the words and facilities that you're distributing to and that will appear in your reports and your digital stock card. So this is a list that is customized with an option set so this is a recommendation or it's an available list but you can change it simply in the option set so that makes the application very flexible because you can just attach it to your needs. So we said I have a request from the pediatrics ward which I'm going to select here and it will now display the list of items that I have in stock. I can collapse the header I don't no longer need to edit it it will steal everything will appear on the top you see distribution very small Mahasat Pediatric department so the user always knows exactly what transaction they are working on. So now I have a list of my entire stock that you can configure as needed so you can use the item description used in the country you can use any kind of coding system that is being used you can scroll up up and down the list and let's say I'm going to tap on the full simit and you see that the stock is 1290 and I'm going to select now 90 and tap in the next field or on the confirm button and you can see that the stock on hand has changed from 1290 to 1200 so that's why we call it the real-time stock system application because the system will recalculate the current stock in real-time and anybody who has access to the to the data provided the mobile device is synchronized can view this updated data so you have three ways of search of looking for the items selecting that means you can make a search which I will not show now you can just scroll up and down the list and enter values I'm going to enter another value let's say for albin that's all I'm going to enter 50 tap on the next screen it will again change the stock on hand to 850 I just want to show that of course if you make a mistake you can always go back and you can correct the number or if you found that it's a wrong item you can always delete it completely but the preferred way of actually selecting the item is that you label all your items in the pharmacy with a barcode so this has been done actually in the field in several places and works very well so I'm going to so I'm going to go back and show you I'm going to open the little icon which is opens the barcode scanner and I have prepared here three barcodes so the first one is paracetamol it will beep probably you didn't hear it and it will bring up only the paracetamol so you can see it here the description and that's very convenient because it prevents the storekeeper from entering numbers in the wrong field and you see as you type you have a separate user interface opening here with the full length of the of the description and the interface for entering the the quantity if you enter a quantity that is larger than is in stock you will get the warning so I'll I'll confirm this 200 now again you see that stock on hand is updated to 8500 I'm going to open the barcode scanner for the for the second item which is for the asset so the barcode scanner has recognized the item I'm going to take 400 of those and I'm going to select the last item with my barcode scanner you see that we have tried to make it really as simple as possible the fewer clicks the fewer options the easier and more convenient for the storekeeper to use I'm going to select 100 that was my last item now let's say I have selected the three items that have been requested from the pediatric ward I want to double check my list so I'm going to go on the review screen so you see there's actually only two interfaces one for selecting the item and then for the review so these are the four items that I have selected I can still edit them I can delete the quantity entirely or change the quantity and can check it against the items that I have picked and against the list that I received from the pediatric ward and once I'm happy with the result you can see that it says under review so that I know that this is like the final state I click on confirm and that will complete the transactions so my mobile phone is a bit slow it tells me here that the transaction was successfully completed now it's important to synchronize the the transaction so I'm going back to the main screen you can see this gray double arrow that means that their status is synchronized I'm going to tap on it and you have just seen it in the demo format so this is a new synchronization interface and you can see that the synchronization error has disappeared that means that the synchronization was successful and now the data is synchronized with the server so there are there are many visualizations that are available I'm just going to show one of them which is the the line listing in the okay I'm sorry apologies I just have to run this the analytics table for updating the line listing so I can show you the actual transactions in the meantime so this is basically the digital stock card that is intended to replace the paper stock card that is used in the pharmacy so you can see the organization unit which was Mahasot these are entries from from the morning you can see where the goods have been delivered to the item the previous stock balance the stock that was distributed and the final stock it doesn't look very spectacular but keep in mind that now you can basically all you need to do is to take the goods off the shelf scan the barcode enter the quantity and you will have your monthly you will have your stock card reporting directly in THS2 and you will also there's an also aggregated report like a monthly report that will show you the total distribution by department and so on so I'm going to check if this just wanted to show you the actual transactions that we just conducted with the update and find it yeah so so I am going to filter by the yeah so you can can see these are the these are actually the items that I created earlier so you can see that these are the transactions from sorry yeah I leave it like that I didn't manage to show the actual transactions sorry for that and thank you very much George that was that was a great presentation of the LMS module in the Android Capture Up really excited to see use case specific flows coming to to DHS2 in particular in the Android Capture Up but we'll see more and more and situations where the interface and the the user flows can be tailored to different use cases so really excited to see that moving forward


Live from San Francisco, extracting the signal from the noise, it's theCUBE, covering Oracle Open World 2015 from Studio C, brought to you by Cisco. Now your host, Brian Grace Lee. Welcome back to Oracle Open World 2015. We're here in San Francisco, 60,000 people. We're down here in the solution area. A lot of energy here on day four, day three, depending on how you're counting. Really excited to have John McCable, Michael Blackburn from Cisco, the solutions and solutions architecture team. Guys, welcome to theCUBE. Thanks. So, you know, we've been talking all week about converged infrastructure, architectures, you know, all the different things that not only the UCS team is doing, but what you're doing with your ecosystems, you guys are really the secret sauce behind that. Talk about, you know, just talk about the program overall in terms of how Cisco thinks about solutions and what the outcome of those solutions look like. Well, so from a perspective of an architecture perspective, what we'd like to do is we'd like to give the customer one of the really, really best experience that they can have when dealing with a vendor that is going to eventually, hopefully, be in their data center. We pay a lot of attention to the details of what the customer brings to us, exactly what it is that they're trying to run on the hardware, whether it's an Oracle application or it's a database or whatever it may be. And then we also want to pay an awful lot of attention to how much money they're going to spend on a licensing perspective as well. How much they're going to have to pay Oracle is usually that particular piece of the puzzle is a whole lot more expensive than any piece of hardware that I can put into the solution. So we have something that's called a right sizing. We'll gather the data from the customers, we'll bring it in, we'll analyze that particular amount of data, and then we'll come up with a solution that is not only going to meet their performance needs, but it's also going to meet the licensing needs that they have from Oracle. In a lot of cases, especially when we're doing risk migrations, we can actually remove some of the licensing costs within the solution for the customer. So this week, obviously, tons of talk about the Oracle applications, application stack, but the reality is, customers have much more than that, whether it's around virtualization and other types of applications.  What are you trying to engineer into those solutions? Well, so it's kind of two-fold, right? So our hardware pieces of it, we partner with a lot of different companies to create these stacks. So there's VCE, there's EMC, there's Hitachi, there's NetApp with the Flex Pods, there's Nimble with the smart stacks. That's all the hardware pieces of it. On the application side of it, what we're able to do with those pieces of hardware and those converged infrastructures is we're able to run more than just an Oracle database or an Oracle application. We can do both. We can do an Oracle database and an application within the same infrastructure, within the same stack. We can also run your SQL server database. We can run your exchange. We can run any other type of application that the customer might have in their closet or on their floor or in their shop that they need to run within the same infrastructure. So they don't need a separate appliance for each one of these things. They can do it all within the same infrastructure. Right, now, John, you're on the product management side. In the day, it used to be the IBM Red Book was kind of the Bible for a lot of things going on. The Cisco CBD is really right up there in terms of kind of authenticity for people. They know if they're following those CBDs. How do you think about that as a product manager? A lot of times people think about Cisco as hardware and software company, but CBDs are just as much about really being products these days. They're guiding customers to great outcomes. Yeah, CBDs really are. I mean, we spend over 2,000 man hours typically per CBD. We bring the system into the lab. We test it out. We document a level of performance. And then some customers have that document and they try to duplicate that in their own data center. If they can't get the same level of performance, we work with them to ensure they get that same level of performance. So one of the things that we look at at Cisco is when we invest in a CBD, we look at trying to solve specific customer challenges, specific use cases. We first came to market with UCS five and a half years ago. We were always testing these very large configurations. And customers were telling us that's great, but we need to have solutions documented that are more for small, medium business type customers. And that's actually been very advantageous for us. In fact, recently JD Edwards came to us and said, hey, can you document a integrated infrastructure that really fits our target market, which is between 1,000 and 3,000 concurrent users? And so the nimble smart stack solution that we debuted the JD Edwards Summit in February this year really fits that particular use case. And so as we've brought that into the marketplace, customers have really adopted it and we've seen some pretty good results. And customers really appreciate the fact we're looking at different size of opportunities, not just the largest ones that we possibly can put together in the lab. Now dive into that a little bit. You said, yeah, we bring some stuff into the lab, we test it.  How extensive are the tests?  These are very extensive. So that's a work. It really is. It's like 2,000 man hours in total. So when we bring in the system, obviously we rack the whole system up. We're documenting everything that's part of that system. All the firmware levels, the OS levels, any patches we put on, the Oracle code, if there's any patches, the Oracle code, exactly where we got those patches from. Then we put through a series of tests. And some of the initial tests are just making sure that the system obviously is functioning correctly. It's getting low performance. Then we ramp up workload. And so we may ramp up one to four blades, say in an Oracle rack environment. We may load on typical workloads like Oracle Swingbench and ramp up the transactions. We're trying to see if there's any break points. We'll then inject faults into the system and make sure the system reacts the way we expect it to. We'll inject Oracle patches when those faults happen. Again, to document what happens in the system environment so that when the customer has the system, they can see that we've been there, done that, we can address their concerns. So they know when they install it, it's going to warn right the first time, give them the performance and be a very solid solution that they can start running transactions on almost immediately.  Talk about a lot of times when you're building a standalone product, you're thinking optimized for that problem. You guys have to think about how to work across many projects. Talk about how you take that customer feedback, get it back into the product teams and how they're having to think about it, working together better. Well, I mean, one of the things that we do is, on the architecture team, so the data center architecture team that I'm part of, is twice a year, we all come out, so we're scattered all over the United States and beyond. And twice a year, we have a team meeting just out here in San Jose at our main campus, where we meet one-on-one with the engineers and the business units for all the different products. And during that process, what we're able to do is we're able to be very, very candid with the business unit about what we're seeing. So every six months, we're, at least, every six month basis, we're giving direct feedback from the field, which is coming from our customers, going, look, this is what our customers are wanting, this is what they're looking for inside these particular products, or even if we don't have a product yet out, this is what they're looking for, how can we build this? And what that does is that allows the business unit to give us their ideas.  Do we need to continue doing things that we're doing as we're doing today, or do we need to focus on some other things? And so we have that particular component that is across the board. Now then on the Oracle-specific side, every year we have our Oracle customer forum where we actually bring the customers in to meet the same people that we're doing this on a every six month basis with our team. So that gives our Oracle customers the chance to do this exact same procedure directly with our business unit. And it seems to be very successful and customers are really liking this particular format because they can give their exact opinion directly to the people who matter. Right, and I know we've talked to a number of the partners, the storage partners, they love the program. They get not only the community reach with Cisco, obviously with sales, but they love the engineering process. I mean, they really sort of come in and go, you guys give them a standard model to test with, you give them a standard model to document what comes out of it. They love the program, they're seeing tangible results. Talk about, you guys obviously, you get feedback from the business unit, so you know what they're thinking about. You see what customers, what sort of future looking things are you starting to hear percolate that you're beginning to sort of work on or go explore? Well I think, what customers are thinking about right now is they're hearing a lot about clouds and it's always in pain in terms of public clouds. Most customers aren't ready to jump right to a public cloud for their whole workload. They've got data and they're in the industry, they can't move their data off site. So what they're looking at is private cloud type of environments. How can I deliver my Oracle solutions to my internal customers more rapidly? How can I charge back to those individual business units within the company for the time they use within the data center to help cautiousify it? So they're asking us for tools, services to help them set up a private cloud environment. And then as you look to down the road, perhaps another year, how do you start looking at how can I leverage some of the public cloud environments to do certain things, such as setting up 20, 40 different test databases so they can test new versions, new patches and so forth in a public cloud environment, burst out, use those system resources and when the testing's done, blow away those databases and implement the right solution internally in their place of business. So those are some of the challenges that they're bringing to us today. I'd like to interject a little bit on that too. What we're seeing, especially with our larger customers, is they're taking their, you know, their mode one out, you know, the Oracle databases and applications, their SQL servers and all that stuff. And instead of developing on that and looking to the future with those, they're kind of putting those into a maintenance mode. So you know, they're doing what they need to in order to keep the core businesses running and make sure that the core business is happy. But now they're taking their tests and their dev teams and they're turning them around and they're making them look forward now. So they're looking at that next step. They're looking at that next move into the cloud or wherever it is that they may think that their future may be. And maybe they're developing a whole new, brand new set of apps to use in ways that the business has never thought about using before. Gotcha, gotcha. So you've obviously got a very deep technical team, lots of skill set, but customers essentially expect you guys to be leading edge, right? How do your team keep up with new things? I mean, automations out there, you talked about cloud, we've got software defined architectures. How does your team try and keep up with, you know, having to be kind of on that cutting edge all the time? Well, I mean, we're here, right? Yeah, yeah. You know, that's one of the ways that we do it, you know?  Because your customers are going to bring to you the things that the industry is talking about, whether they're ready for it or not, they're bringing it to you, right? And as those customers continue to bring the same story, the same story, especially in a short amount of time, you know that you've either missed the boat or you better get moving or you should have already been moving, one of the three, right? So, you know, what we like to do is, you know, I think everything that I've talked about so far with talking to the customers from the field perspective, allowing the customer's access to our engineering teams and stuff like that, that's given them that direct feedback of what they expect the future to look like. And so that helps us direct what our future is going to look like here at Cisco. Yeah, and I've always found your teams are very type A personalities, they want to go learn things, I mean, they're out front, and they're a little bit like the Navy SEALs, there is sort of a, there is no failure, it's we're going to take on big problems, we're going to go do those things. You've got a new CEO, right? John Chambers there for a long time was very supportive of the solution space. Chuck Robbins, one of the first things he said was, we've got to go even faster, right? He's really pushing you, give us a sense of how that trickles down to your organization, what sense of how you go faster is are you trying to take, you know, incorporate in your work? Yeah, you're right. Chuck has taken over as our CEO. John Chambers in fact was key noted at this conference back in 2011. You know, with Chuck and what he's set down is we've got to be moving faster, it really transpires into making good priority choices and making sure we'll work on the right solutions that can deliver the most bang for the buck. It's looking at the new technologies and how we can integrate them. So we come up with our proof points, we're not looking at just from a data center group perspective, we're pulling in products and services such as ACI, the Cisco public cloud environment into our solutions. And so we started looking at, okay, we're going to set up a database. Now, how can you utilize inter-cloud fabric from Cisco to be able to move workloads to and from public clouds in a secure manner? And so it's about pulling in more of those solutions that we can then bring out to the customers and solve more customer challenges. That's really how we're going to try to increase the velocity of getting solutions into customers' hands as quickly as possible. Right, and it looks like there's no slowing down to the acquisitions. I think he's been part of six or seven acquisitions here in the last even six months. That was always part of the Cisco DNA. You guys have been doing essentially integrated solutions, engineered solutions for a long time. I mean, that's been the core of it. How rewarding is it to start to see some of the other vendors go, well, that's the way to do it. And you guys kind of go, we've been doing it that way. We've got customers that are successful doing it that way. There's got to be a certain amount of, you know, kind of pride in seeing that happen, that trend happen. It really is, you're right. Because we've been doing integrated solutions really since we launched UCS back in 2009 with FlexPod and VBlock initially. And it is gratifying, because we thought that this would be the way to solve a total solution for the customer. Because too often vendors thought, oh, I'll just deliver the server and let the customer figure out the storage elements. And we said, no, you need to figure out all the elements to a total solution. And now it's really a way that everyone is kind of adopting our mindset in this regard. Really, I think validates the leading edge thinking that we've brought to the table and brought to the data center environment in Oracle, Microsoft, and other types of solutions as well. Yeah, so this week is obviously, there's lots of talk about the RedStack end-to-end Oracle. What do you guys talk to your customers about that, you know, whether it's on a FlexPod, a VBlock, any of the stacks with Oracle, what are the advantages of having maybe a little more flexibility in their solutions? But there's a lot of advantages for the flexibility. And what's really funny is the RedStack's changed. Because the RedStack used to be just all software. You know, before Larry bought Sun, and now it's a combination of server and, or excuse me, it's software, servers, and networking and storage. It's all combined, right, for them. So now that has kind of migrated to what a RedStack is. The thing that I'm seeing today is that, you know, the customers who are long-term Oracle customers, the last time they did their updates with Oracle, because Oracle updates happen very slowly, the RedStack was a different thing than it is now, right? It was all software, but now it's software and hardware. And so what happens when they call Oracle, Oracle comes in and they say, look, we're going to talk to you about not only your software, but also your hardware. And so what that, it's kind of changed the way customers are looking at things from a perspective of that stack. And so they come to us and they go, look, this is what Oracle says that we need. How can we do this with you guys, as an example? And so, you know, we'd like to focus on what the customer's looking for, and not necessarily what we have on the truck, okay? Because we are very flexible. I do have the ability to put about 21 different Intel part numbers in my B200 M4 series server, some of which are frequency or core optimized that are designed with Oracle licensing aspects in mind. And I can do a whole lot more work for core than let's say, you know, the standard E52699 that we have in our stack, but also is the only processor that Oracle offers and a lot of their Exadata, Exologic stacks and things like that. So, you know, we like to give them that flexibility of choosing different processors so that they maybe can do a full feature at Hypervisor instead of just using Hypervisor as a licensing mechanism. You know, we talk to them about, you know, running multiple workloads on the solution instead of just Oracle workloads. We talk to them about, okay, you can run OVM, you can run VMware, you can have a choice there as well. And then, you know, who is your storage vendor of choice? You know, we really, you know, we partner with a lot. So, you know, we typically are able to cover the whole blanket here, you know, with the customer as far as a solution and make it very flexible for them through that process. Yeah, yeah. So, we've talked about CVDs. They're a fantastic set of work. But at the end of the day, it's a set of documents. Give me a sense of what are your partners then doing to implement them? How are they, what have you seen evolve in terms of how they implement a CVD, how they keep it, you know, the customer systems in sync with what you guys are doing? Because, you know, the implementation pieces is huge and there's lots of different ways to do that. Yeah. Oftentimes, our customers will take the initial CVD, they'll prove it in their own lab themselves, and then as systems evolve over time, we'll actually find our partners, we'll actually take out, you know, the older model blades that we usually did the CVD on, they'll put in like the new B200M4 blade into the system, run the same test and be able to document that as part of their value add that they provide to customers. So, they can go to a customer and say, look, we can provide you the Cisco hardware, the storage, we've actually refreshed the work that was done on the previous testing and now we can provide a full implementation services to our customers, we can do a full set of training, so that's part of the value add that our business partners bring to the customers. It's the type of value add that our customers are really looking for.  Exactly, exactly. And that CVD is taking the customer's IT department and it's changing the way they do things. Because it's introducing that service profile to the mix where before they used to be very reactive. So when there was a problem, then they had to get the storage team and the networking team and the server team and the DBAs all together and they had to coordinate all that in order for that change to happen. In the case of a failure, we're now with the CVD teaches them how to do the service profiles where that team gets together ahead of time and they create the templates and things so that when that failure happens, just one of those guys needs to go push a button, move the profile and they're off and running. So it changes the way that they do business. Now, I think that's a great thing to sort of wrap up on.  You're helping your customers. This journey, this transformation is hard. You're making it simpler. John, Michael, thank you so much for being on theCUBE. We're going to wrap up with that. We're going to be here all day at Oracle Open World 2015. You can watch all the videos on SiliconANGLE.tv. You can get all the Wikibon research at wikibon.com. Thanks for watching. Stick around for the next video. Thank you.


Memorial Day is a time for all Americans to honor those generations of patriots who died in service to our nation. On May 5th, 1868, the Grand Army of the Republic established Decoration Day, a day for the nation to decorate the graves of the Civil War dead. That same year, the first large observance of Decoration Day was held at Arlington National Cemetery. In 1971, Congress declared Memorial Day a national holiday held on the last Monday of May to honor those who died in all American wars. This year, take a moment to reflect on those who have gone before you. A national moment of remembrance takes place at 3 p.m. local time. For more information on Memorial Day, visit the Department of Veterans Affairs website. From the Defense Media Activity, I'm petty officer Ian Cotter.


What's up everybody Jason here for jazby's case brace calm happy new release they guys is 2022 tops pristine baseball eight box case break Picketing's number one, which I believe pristine. It's been a while since they released this Of course a little little tweaks here and there of course There's two on-card autographs and one autograph rally card per box and each box contains 10 base card refractors five insert cards And it's kind of funny. I think if you haven't witnessed a break of this yet you're gonna notice that it's like a pack within a pack within a pack and Of course everybody else that bought in here. Thank you guys and for the winners You have a little character sign at the end from a little pack filler Where we sold the last 15 teams in the break But yeah, I remember this product I remember the last time they did it, but I do remember this Should be fun See what we got here So I don't even know how long this is really going to take me to be honest and this is a huge case So bear with me guys. It's a pretty big box actually Three of them I think it needs to be bigger than it needs to be to be honest. So here's one pack There's the encased car Which will put a blank Under that could be autographed and then here's another pack Which contains Another pack All right devbers and Paul de Jong for the cardinals little Jersey auto I have seen though guys that there's been boxes that That uh have had missing hits that's to 99 But it looks like the cards have been actually added to like the next box So that's the good thing for at least a group break is that uh You know, obviously if there is missing autographs potentially missing hits They'll probably most likely be added to another box in this case, so Good thing of that. All right, we go first one It is Jack Flaherty. That's an orange orange to 25 another very nice cardinal there Dylan Teddy actually just hit a one-on-one Ichiro on the personal side earlier. I seen Manners edition Now of course, there should be more manners than that But you know, like I said, there are Mariners hits out there He's got to find them Connor Wong. It looks like a gold Number to 50 and we got Francisco Lindor pristine boarders and Peter Lonzo for the Mets I think it's gonna be in the home run derby New York Mets that's going to case on See I try to pull one. I know I didn't I don't know Joe has from yesterday and Fernando Tatis, Jr. That's an orange to 25 non-autograph Tatis, Jr. That's Padre's going to Jack Did you really nice? That's $2,000 right there for you and a replacement congrats. Well, of course I mean that they need to know that you actually pulled it, you know, obviously not just emailing that you did right Which makes sense It is it is a car chase now Wasn't contrast because at least you know now that card is guaranteed $2,000 and a replacement, you know So it's like everybody wants it and it's not just the ones out of 35 You know, obviously the one-on-one out there the whatever other parallel they have Like I said, it was only just that card. I guess it's someone messed up Hopefully they get to the bottom of it But someone messed up and did it for them or a family member or a friend did it for both of them But I think the base car the base autographs that are separated for each other are fine It was just the dual autographs and Willie Stargill That's number to 75 Our last pack and then we'll go on to the next box. I think we've only hit two autos so far And they've been from the same pack DJ the Mayu for the Yankees Number to 99 Yeah, and you Darvish to 50 So Oh, we did hit three other guys already. Sorry That's a nice gold dot up for the Padres CC sabbatheon that looks gold for the Yankees 42 of 50 very nice Yankees is going to add a cup and we got that from a team random feeling I should say pack your power mic trap and a Jose Altuve popular demand number to 50 for the Houston Astros and That is John John G and a yachty Alice Kearlaw For the Minnesota twins short fracture auto Minnesota twins that is going to John as well who got that from the team random So it looks like the three autos have been Like the first two packs in the first two boxes Austin Meadows for the race John on every boxes like that, but at least the first two have been like that Jose brain Brandon Crawford What is the case of right? I didn't really see too much of this I try not to until I break it Gavin sheets Like I said, I seen the only box of the icing was here with Teddy early on He had some boxes that had no autos and he had some boxes that had double the autographs so I Don't know if that's common though Adam Frazier So the dual autos potentially your cases gotcha Nice wander Franco rookie Connor Wong in case refractor So this first pack is always has a desire gray Andre Dawson and Kyle Muller Lana Braves Randy Rosarino and Dylan Carlson nice one there for the car goes Yeah, I know sad it's a pack within a pack within a pack. It's like three three layers Devers just a little refractor Tony Santan Allen ever is popular demand patch auto. This box was actually a little different Gold Justin Turner Dodgers and Gabriel Martin are sorry German Martina or Marquez That's the 50 pure power rice harbour KC my is orange for Detroit 19 at 25 That's a Detroit straight-up Steve air box three. This is box for now another wholesale to obey for Houston Houston does not have a problem. They've been getting hits nice Babe Ruth pure power crannick For the pirates and JT real Muto for the Phillies 25 Yeah, it's a little extra Sean. It's gonna take these breaks a little extra time, but It's the way it is right George spring up for the Blue Jays Steve Birch At a 99 three more packs, and then we'll be officially half way these boxes is about more That at least what six one touches in every box even in business mucho. I know Glaber tours to 75 Trevor Rodgers gold to 50 Marlins Cabell down one breggy for Houston. All right, we need a Need to heat up and get something bigger here guys. It's a bit okay, but I thought we're missing some of the bigger hits Walker Bueller gold for the Dodgers David with that one man, man Mickey and Rhys Hoskins To 50 for the Phillies It's going to Sean. We got Ted Williams and Wander Frank. Oh, look at that gold three of 50 Not much Wander Frank. Oh so far, but there you go, man. Ed you like that? I wish I had some ink right here, but we'll take that a start off Just gonna to sign that in person Max Muncie refractor Jake Burger 10 of 50 there's each year old Tom's evening for the Mets Refractor Last one before the box is done with Verdugo for Boston 75 Boston Red Sox John the Canada one All right, three more boxes to go guys the rest of us Paul DeJean another card Carl's been having a good break Chris parent and look at that move on Pure power. It's the first pure power autograph you've seen Nice one there for Jonathan the Red Sox Andy Pettit Houston Astros edition Purple to 99 I need junior and Freddie Peralta for Milwaukee It's going to Ryan H Derek Jeter very nice of gold right there 40 of 50 nice on there for the Yankees. That's going to Adam Cuffman Yeah, these cards are great guys. Honestly Showtime Ricky Anderson for Oakland to 25 with Maryfield Wait box Tama Bay Ray's edition wait box Jose of Bray you Last pack here guys. Julio Urius for the Dodgers blue color match All right, two more boxes guys So again, the next pristine is still on straight up On the website guys. Oh, actually the next pristine is already in a team particular. I Know that there's been a lot of teams that haven't really got too much love at least with the autos and number charts But you still have two boxes left tons of hits to remaining Hopefully this is the box man A lot of teams haven't been getting too much love Mike you're strong ski we got Mariano Rivera Marcus Simeon gold and we have a red hungen Ryu One of five for the blue jays, which I believe is going to Steve Burch, right? Yeah, they go Steve Very nice. It's definitely our shortest print card so far See this Griffey in here. There's names in here guys, but Haven't popped out yet Alex Rodriguez a rock for Texas Ryan Sambur refractor. All right, this box is starting to get me nervous every single box has had the hits in the top so If it's not in here, then it's my buck might not have anything Aaron Judge. That's pink number to 15 9 to 15 very nice There you go, Adam Still having seen an auto yet This box there's Brandon Crawford Jared Kellanick there you go Dylan hand of 25 for the mariners Yeah And sunny gray to 99 for the Cincinnati Reds Justin Verlander and Juan Soto Jesse with the mashles Cal Rayleigh another Seattle Mariner. There you go. The Mariners are coming out towards the end One soda And redemurs pink to 15 And I Here to the fleet landslint like shameless power Three more packs to go guys I like Pedro Walker Bueller blue color match to 75 James Each year Carson Kelly for the Arizona Diamondbacks If we get diamondbacks, we're just gonna randomize them right because they weren't sold, right? Yeah, I don't think you had a nice Okay, so that'll be randomized guys. I didn't I didn't see a order for them All right, last time is Joe Carter for the blue jays Euro Right over in that area Frank Thomas Our last hit of the break guys. Good luck. Here we go. Oh, oh, it's a teaser V doh Bruhan as an autograph there for the race Raise that is Ed. So you did get that gold wander, but Bruhan was your auto man So there you go guys, so I think we didn't sell the Arizona Diamondbacks It looks like on their check is the only had one auto. So maybe that's why so if this card including any other diamondback If anything, uh, well Just randomize it one lot. So let's switch scenes here. But again guys some really nice stuff He's from here. You got three hits in every box some nice colors. There's that gold wander But I appreciate it guys a lot of nice stuff so let's switch scenes and Do that giveaway and we'll just randomize the names Name and number one gets any Arizona four into six ten times one two three four five six seven eight nine ten ten times Jean-G so You'll get the Arizona data plus anything else that may potentially be there So I appreciate you guys to ask me this case freeze.com


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Most entrepreneurs self-sabotage their whole lives and never get what they want. And that's because they're afraid of the shadow. The shadow is the dark side of everything good in life. Every upside has a downside and without one you can't have the other. So think about this. Can you be loved without being hated? Think about your favorite actress or actor. Do you think there's people that hate that person and that post about them on the internet? Yeah, so for every upside there's a downside and if you're not willing to accept the downside you will in the same action avoid the upside because the only way to avoid the downside is to avoid the upside as well. So if you don't make money in your business but you're scared of spending it on investments, on mentoring, on coaching, on advertisements, do you think you'll ever have the upside? No, because you won't do the things, you won't take the actions that are required to get the result. So if you can accept that downside, your shadow, the flip side, then you can have the upside as well. Practice making that your target and you'll find you get different results.


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