Hello everybody, let us look at how we estimate the drag polar of a military aircraft. And to illustrate this procedure, we have chosen F16C fighting Falcon as the base aircraft on which we will do these calculations. So the color scheme in this presentation is that the general instructions like these will be given in brown color. If there are any values which are specified in any reference source, they will be shown in black color. Any values that we assume will be in brown blue color. The places where you should do calculations will be highlighted in red color with question marks and there will be this symbol, the pause button. So wherever you see this button, you have to remember that that is the place where you should stop the video and do some calculations and then match with the values obtained by us. The calculated values will be shown in this dark blue color and wherever we compare our numbers with existing aircraft, we are going to generally use the green color. Let us look at the source of the data and comparison for this particular tutorial. As I said we are going to use F16C and the textbook by Brandt, Stiles, Burton and Wittford contains a detailed description of the procedure for estimation of the drag polar and that procedure has been borrowed by us and used in this tutorial. Many aircraft have a nonparabolic drag polar. Here is an example. So the CD for such aircraft can be expressed in terms of CD0 plus K1Cl square plus K2Cl. There may also be actually some higher order terms but those are normally neglected. So this becomes a nonparabolic drag polar because there is a linear term K2 into Cl there, the first order term K2 into Cl. So we know that here CD stands for the drag coefficient, CD0 stands for the parasite drag coefficient also called CDO and Cl is the lift coefficient, K1 is the coefficient which is obtained in terms of the aspect ratio AR and the Oswald efficiency factor E0 which can be determined using this formula in terms of the wing aspect ratio and the leading at sweep. Let us look at the second parameter K2. Now K2 is used to model the effect of camber on drag polar among other things. There are many aircraft which may generate a minimum drag not at an angle at which Cl is equal to 0 but at a slightly different angle. There are many reasons for this because an aircraft is actually not just a wing, aircraft is basically wing plus fuselage plus tail. So there are certain situations in which the angle at which the aircraft flies and has a minimum drag does not correspond to the condition where the Cl is 0. So here is an example of an airfoil which has a nonparabolic drag polar. So that is the top blue line that is a nonparabolic drag polar which has got two components that is a parabolic component which is modeled by the coefficient K1 and then there is a nonparabolic component that is modeled by this equation. So in such a craft the profile drag is minimum at some small positive value of Cl generally. So this additional K2 Cl term in this equation models this particular effect.  So we will see today how we can get the equivalent parabolic drag polar also for an aircraft. Now if you look at this expression CD in terms of K1 Cl square and K2 Cl and let us say if you want to find the value at which the drag is minimum. So if you differentiate this expression with respect to Cl take dou CD by dou Cl put it equal to 0 then take the second derivative and confirm that that number is negative. Then you can easily derive the condition that K2 will be equal to minus 2 times K1 into Cl and that Cl will be called as the Cl minimum drag. So that is how the coefficient K2 can be calculated. But to do that we need to get the value of Cl minimum drag that means we need to know K1 we already know from the previous slide but to know K2 we need to know the Cl at which the drag is minimum. So for that we have to make some assumptions. So we assume that this minimum drag occurs the aerofoil has a minimum drag at alpha equal to 0 and we look at the equivalent skin friction coefficient that will be CFE is equal to CD0 into S by SWET and the parasite drag coefficient will be then obtained as CDO equal to CFE into SWET by S just by reverting the formula where S is the wing reference area and SWET is the aircraft wetted area. So now let us see how we get the equivalent parabolic drag polar. So this is what we would like to have we would like to have CDO equal to CD min plus K1 Cl min drag square this is the equivalent drag polar. So how do we obtain the value of Cl minimum drag that is the question. So what we do is since the aerofoil is assumed to generate minimum drag at alpha equal to 0 therefore what we assume is that the induced drag actually does nothing but moves this Cl which gives minimum drag to a mean value and this value is assumed to be halfway between 0 and the value of Cl when alpha equal to 0. So Cl alpha equal to 0 and 0 half of it if you take that would be the assumption of moving of Cl minimum drag. In other words we know that the Cl at alpha equal to 0 will be absolute angle of attack into the lift curve slope and this absolute angle of attack is actually going to be minus of the lift equal to 0. So that means the angle at which lift is equal to 0. So therefore Cl minimum drag will be this value plus 0 upon 2 or it will be Cl alpha into minus alpha L0 by 2. So knowing the aerofoil you can get this value and you know also the value of Cl alpha in fact we have a separate tutorial on calculating Cl alpha of an aircraft. So therefore now we can get CD min which is the requirement here as CFE into S fed by S. Let us look at the typical values of the equivalent skin friction coefficient that is CFE for a jet bomber and civil transport it is 0.0030 for military jet transport it is 0.0035 for air force jet fighter 0.0035 again for a carrier based navy jet fighter it is slightly higher for a supersonic cruise aircraft it is lower and for a single seat propeller aircraft it is very much higher for a light twin propeller aircraft it is a little bit lower and for propeller C plane it is the highest value. So in our case and of course there is also a jet C plane. So we do have in our case the problem that we are looking at is the air force jet fighter. So the typical value of skin friction coefficient equivalent skin friction coefficient would be 0.0035. So let us start the calculation for an aircraft in level flight where all the four forces are in balance but while operating at a cruise Mach number. So we are going to go to calculations at cruise Mach number under the ISA sea level conditions. Here is the aircraft geometry and this geometry is then we just note on the value of various parameters. So for this particular aircraft we know that the wingspan is 30 feet as specified and the conversion is 9.144 meters. The wing reference area is specified as 300 square feet which converts to 27.87 square meters. Similarly the tail span is specified as 18 feet which converts to 5.49 meters. The tail reference area 108 square feet which converts to 10.033 square meters. Streg surface area 20 square foot streaks 1.85 square meters. Root chord at the wing at the center of the fuselage 16.5 feet which is 5.03 meters. Tip chord is 3.5 feet or 1.07 meters. So what we do is we look at some more parameters. For example the sweep of the hinge line of the flaps is 10 degrees. The leading at sweep is 40 degrees. The sweep of the quarter chord line is 30 degrees and the sweep angle of the maximum thickness line is 24 degrees. So the aerofoil maximum thickness line is a 24 degrees sweep. We also need some data from the side view. For example we need the distance from the quarter chord of the wing to the quarter out of the tail the so called tail arm and we also need the value of the lateral or vertical displacement of the horizontal tail from the plane of the wing which is 1 foot or 0.3048 meters in this case. So with armed with this information we can now do the estimation of the wetted area of this aircraft. You can estimate this by either making a CAD model and then the CAD software gives you the wetted area and that is what can be done by using a software such as OpenVSP. We have already covered a detailed description of the software OpenVSP and we hope that by now you have already tried our hands on OpenVSP. The other option that we have is that you convert the whole geometry into some standard and simple shapes like cylinders, cones, rectangles, half cylinders etc. And then calculate the wetted area of each component. So we have done the same thing. So first we looked at CAD model by using OpenVSP and we took a model available from the VSP hanger. This is that model but if you notice this model has these two bombs already loaded and also these two additional missiles loaded. So we do not need this. So this is how you render the shape of the model and then you can see there are so many components which are there including the missile, missile stabilizer and pods etc. But in our case we have to modify the model by removing the pods or the external tanks and the missiles. So we get a simple clean model and for this simple clean model we just have these various components which are going to be considered. So using this particular CAD model it is possible to actually get the wetted area and also the parasite drag coefficients directly in the software. So this is the wetted area of each component as calculated by OpenVSP and the total wetted area if you add these numbers comes out to be 180.2 square meters. Now let us look at the second method where we look at the aircraft geometry and convert that into standard simple shapes. So here is a 3D diagram of the aircraft and what we do is we look at the geometrical data as specified in the book by Brent, Stiles, Burl, Tin and Whitford and then what we do is we approximate the geometry in simple shapes. So for instance you have these views of the aircraft so you can see that in the top view you just create some simple surfaces and also in the side view you also try to create some simple surfaces try your best possible to match the geometry with that given. And then you can do rendering of those surfaces to remove the internal details and hence you can get some idea about the various components. Now what we do is we look at this geometry and calculate the value of a sweat for each component using some equations. Now these equations and procedures are already explained in the textbook by Brent et al. The total area comes out to be 1418 square feet but we are going to now explain to you one by one how this is done. So what we did is that we first tried to compare the values between the numbers that we got using open VSP with the standard model available and the values which are quoted in square feet and then in converted in square meters. So we noticed that there is a large amount of error okay. Around 25 percent 26 percent for wings and 19.25 percent for vertical tail around the same value almost for that but huge variation in wing streaks horizontal tail and canopy. As a result there is a 37 percent increase in the value of a sweat as against quoted values. So now the problem is that if you continue with this a sweat in your calculations then you are going to introduce this much error automatically in all the calculations. So what we did is we calculated this wetted area using the geometry. So for any surface like wing or any stabilizing surface okay. So the formula is given here for S exposed and then using that to get the value of S wet. So for the wing which is surface 1 and surface 2 we know the wingspan from the geometry we know the root chord we know the tip chord and we know the t by c max. So we can calculate the value of S wet ref for each of the trapezium and then multiply it by 2. Similarly for the horizontal tail we have two small trapezia which are identical in geometry because the same aspect ratio same sweeps and then we look at the streaks. So these are also simple triangular devices. So maybe you can do half of base into height once the geometry is known to you.  The dorsal fin happens to be the fin which is mounted on the below the vertical tail that is also a standard geometrical construct and then there are two hidden surfaces 9 and 10 which also contributes slightly to the geometry. So similarly if we now look at the fuselage and the canopy or the mid part we can replace it with these we can calculate the wetted area using these standard formulae depending on whether the cross section is elliptical or rectangular. So for a fuselage for example it is a rectangular cross section so you can get the cylinder height, cylinder width. So it is a mix between it is actually more towards elliptical and then we have fuselage sides these are two semicircular cylinders. Then we have a mid part of the canopy which is a pure cylinder and then we have a fuselage bottom. So all these are the formulae which can be used by you to calculate the actual wetted area of the aircraft. So these numbers have been given here only for comparison purposes for you actually you should be doing these calculations yourself. Moving ahead if you look at the nose the canopy front and the rear part because the mid part is a cylinder and the nozzle we get cones or frustums of the cones and for that we can use standard formulae available. So nose can be considered to be conical and with a nose cone of length, height and width. The and no end the rear portion can be a frustum of a cone so there are two cones here with l1, h1 and w1 and l2, h2, h2, w2 then for the canopy front it is half cone or a small cone and for the rear canopy also it is considered to be conical. So using these numbers you can calculate the areas of various components and after that here is the full table and as per this full table if you add these numbers the number comes out to be 139.31 square meters. The value of S-Wet given is 1418 square feet and S-Wet calculated is 131.73 by converting this number. So what has happened is throughout in these calculations we have done rounding off because each quantity given in feet has been converted into meters rounded off and used in the calculation that is why there was an error of approximately you know 8 and a half in 130. So we will go ahead assuming this to be the value because we do not want to introduce errors unnecessarily in our calculation. So coming back to the nonparabolic drag polar estimation we know now the wetted area of the aircraft is 131.73 and the wing reference area is 27.87 square meter. The CFE for this aircraft is 0.0035 and the hinge line sweep is 40 degrees wing span is 9.144 meter. With this information you can now calculate the value of CD min which is CFE by S-Wet and there is a formula for CFE but since we know the value of S-Wet and SRF and also the value of CL alpha we can always get the value of CD min which will be 0.0035 that is CD alpha CFE into sorry CFE into 131.73 which is the aircraft wetted area and 27.87 which is the wing wetted area. So in terms of the wing you can get the value of CL minimum for the profile drag coefficient of this aircraft to be 0.1654. Similarly, the aspect ratio is known as B square by S so it is 3 and E0 is the efficiency factor E which already was described and explained earlier. So you put the values in this put AR S3 and lambda LE S40 degrees please calculate these values do not just look at the screen do these calculations yourself and only then you will be able to learn and experience design. So the value comes out to be 0.9086. Let us continue with the nonparabolic drag power estimation k1 is 1 upon pi E0 AR now we know the value of E0 and also the AR so we know the value of k1 please calculate this value. The value is 0.1167 that is the value of k1 and average chord will be spanned by aspect ratio or 9.144 by 3 that value comes out to be 3.048 meters. So this is for a standard now let us look at standard sea level conditions for m equal to 0.2 for these conditions the Reynolds number is equal to rho into V into C bar upon mu. So rho is the density V is taken as 0.2 times this particular number because 0.2 is the mark number this is the speed of sound and C bar is the chord upon this is the mu value this number comes out to be 14203467 or 14.2 million. So the Reynolds number at which the aircraft is operating at mark number 0.2 at sea level is coming to be 14.2 million. So if you look at the wing alone drag coefficient variation of airfoil NACA 64A204 this is the table which shows up and this is the graph that shows up it shows very clearly that the minima is not at 0 the minima of the drag is at some point this is the equivalent parabolic polar and this is the k2 terms the k2 cl term. So by this by inspection we find that the for the airfoil the minimum drag occurs at cl I mean minimum drag equal to 0.04 approximately. Here is a closer look at the same graph which I just showed you. So here we see that the aircraft has a nonparabolic drag polar which is not centered at 00 but actually it is centered at some point here because it consists of two summations it consists of k1 cl which is this particular term sorry which is this particular term and k2 cl square which is this particular term.  Moving ahead let us look at some data. So k1 is now known as 0.1167 cl for minimum drag is known as 0.04 CD for minimum drag is 0.01654. So CD naught is equal to CD min plus k1 cl min square. So it is just a simple substitution of the equation there and CDO will be called will be known as 0.0167 if CDO is equal to a function of cl. So k2 will become minus 2 k1 times cl minimum drag. At this point we have calculated cl minimum drag and we already know the value of k2 we should keep in mind that there is a minus sign here by definition of k2. So k2 comes minus 0.00, 0.009 or nearly 0.01 nearly 0.01 and this is the formula for CD as a function of CD naught and k1 and k2. So if you put the numbers you can just replace CDO by 0.01667 you can replace k1 here by 0.1167 into 0.04 that is 0.1167 and you can put the constant term here. So you can notice that the value here is coming more accurate than the value written here that is because we are stopping here at the fourth decimal place. So when you plot this polar this is how you get. So not very apparent but it is clear that this polar is not having the minimum at cl equal to 0. There is a shift in the cl and this is the formula. Now let us move on to the last aspect which is the supersonic drag or the wave drag. So for this the maximum T by C is 0.04, hinge sweep line is 40 degrees, the quarter quad sweep is at 30 degrees. Now we can estimate the critical mark number for insert wings using this standard formula and that number comes out to be. So can you please confirm the value what number do you get by taking the claim? It is 1 minus 0.6, 0.65 into 100 into 0.004, power 0.6 it is 0.85 and the critical mark number is 0.85. So maximum mark number for cruise is occur at some point but that point may not really be of much use to you for your day-to-day calculation. So the formula is M critical is equal to the same number and just insert the values of the parameters except that here we have got the 1 minus M critical which is 0.85. So therefore MCDO max is 1 upon cost to the power 0.2 leading it. So it will become 1 upon cost to the power of 0.240. So if you calculate this value you should get the value of approximately 1.05. So the maximum mark number will occur, the maximum drag will occur at mark 1.05 then it will fall down again. So for wave drag again we look at these standard numbers which are available. Here we have a one more new parameter called as a wave drag efficiency parameter and now we already know the maximum mark number at max CD naught. So in this expression you have to calculate M minus MCD maximum taken then subtract it with the cruise mark number and multiply and then do this long expression you will get the value of EWD. So for our case mark number 1.05 we get the value of CD wave as 0.0261 and then there are some numbers at which you have calculated. Now let us look at the supersonic drag due to lift. Our assumption there will be that K2 equal to 0 and K1 is given by AR into M square minus 1 upon 4 AR root of M square minus 1 minus 2 into cost CD. So with that calculation we are getting the values as follows and we need to now know how does our value compare with the actual values. So let us check. So first thing is that here is a table that plots the estimated drag polar for various mark numbers right from 0.3 to 2 with the knowledge that it is maximum at 1.05 and then it comes down and compare this with the data given for the actual aircraft. You can see that the numbers are broadly agreeing at least for the values of the initial CDO at those conditions. So here is a graph taken from a source which talks about the wind tunnel testing and flight test data of YF16 which was basically the predecessor of F16. And on this particular graph if we superimpose our values we see that the graphs are for mark number 0.9, 1.2 and 1.6 and when we calculate our values for mark number 0.85 we get a curve which is fairly parallel to this aircraft okay. So this is how we can show that the numbers we have got are also quite reasonable and near to reality. You can notice that the divergence happens more at higher values of CD or even here we can say also higher values of CD. So here is the quoted value of the variation of CD0 with mark number. These are the points at which we have calculated the values. The graph could actually not be linear like this straight lines but it could be curved. But I have just plotted the points which I have calculated. So this is the quoted value and this is the estimated CD0 variation with mark number. And if you superimpose both of them you see that the values calculated shown in the dark blue line are quite matching with the values which have been available in the open literature. Similarly if you look at the quoted values of K1 and K2 their variation of mark number we notice that K1 remains constant up to some mark number I think at the critical mark number 0.85 and then it starts rising whereas the change in the slope of K2 is far minimum as compared to K1. So what we did is we also estimated the values of K1 and K2 using our methods and plotted them against the same graph and then we superimpose the values. So we realize that we are under predicting, we are under predicting obviously our values have to be properly determined. So before I close I would like to acknowledge a few people Brandt, Stiles, Bertin and Wittford for their lovely textbook on Introduction to Aeronautics Design Perspective from which I have used lot of formulae and lot of data for the existing F-16 aircraft. Daniel Ramer needs to be thanked for his seminal textbook on aircraft design which we use a lot and last but not the least I would like to sincerely thank my teaching assistant Namanuddin for putting in sleepless nights and creating this tutorial. Thank you.


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Welcome to the journey. Today we're going to talk about how to get started with Google Data Studio for your business. So technology, it's moving too fast, even for us millennials, but also for your business. There's too much data and when there's too much data, what happens? I don't know what happens. Analysis, paralysis, same thing happens when I go out to eat to a restaurant. That's actually a vegan restaurant because you know how it is, especially for your vegans and vegetarians. You go to a restaurant and you're just ordering off that side menu because there's not many options. Then you go to a vegan restaurant. Oh my gosh, you can order from the whole menu and I just sit there and the waiter comes back like five times. The point of this story, analysis paralysis. So all this analysis paralysis and all this data and all this information overload can get overwhelming, right? So Google's Data Studio is what we're going to be talking about and I'm going to be showing you doing a live little demo here and how to really kind of disseminate some of that information into a nice and easy to use dashboard. And the cool thing is it's customizable. It is a lot to take in so if you're not like super data driven, you probably should hire someone on your team to do this or hire someone to take care of this for you. We'll give you some of the basics of using Google Analytics and Google Search Console. Alright, so I've never used Google Data Studio. I'm super stoked to learn more about it. I'm a little nervous because you said there's a lot to it. So it could be overwhelming. So you just go over to datastudio.google.com. Luckily, I've been here before so it types for me because I can't type. And then it's going to have you sign in if you haven't done so already. You click a button right there and then you'd launch right into essentially the dashboard. Now, what's cool about this is Google gives you a bunch of templates to kind of look at and better understand it because if you don't know what you're doing, you want something already done for you, you can just kind of pick and play with your own data. That works for me. Absolutely perfect. So let me show you like a Search Console report and what this kind of looks like. You can see, so for those of you that don't know, Google's Search Console, it essentially tells you your search rankings and information analytics. So how often your page comes up with certain keywords, how many people click through it, all sorts of great information on the search engines. And that's what this is doing here. So you can see how many impressions versus the last 30 days, URL clicks, which landing pages they've jumped on, the queries they use, like Google, Google Shop, clothing store, and then what part of the world they're in. So you get all this information. That's super helpful. And it's already created for you. You can click Use as Template if you'd like to. But again, if you have no idea where to get started, those are your best bet and then kind of pick and play from there. But we're actually going to make one from scratch. Oh boy. Are you ready? I don't know. I'm not ready, but let's go. So we're going to go ahead and click Blank Report right here. And then it's going to ask you to add a data source. Now, it has some sample data if you'd like here. But I've already added a couple of data sources from a very old website I had. Way, way back. It was called Plans Yet. The site's still live because it's like all things. You just want to keep it going. Yeah. So you click Add Your Data Source to add to that report. And it's going to throw in some content here. So right off the bat, it's going to throw in a table. We can manipulate this however we want. But it's going to show you the organic views. None, because it doesn't know what those sources are coming from. And then referrals, things like social media or other websites. But we're going to get rid of this because I want to essentially make this pretty, right? Dashboards are supposed to be pretty and easily digestible. Yeah. Let's give it a makeover. Let's give it a makeover. So we're going to have a cool little title. Let's have a shape up here like so. What color? I would love to go for kind of like an ocean, sea blue. I was thinking like sea foam green. Oh, that's it. That's it.  I mean, just throw some palm trees up there. And then we're going to have some text. My awesome, I told you I cannot type. My awesome report. And then on the right, you have all your style properties. So you can manipulate almost every part of the elements and graphs and data that we put in. You can modify and make it all pretty. Cool. Your font is not that pretty though. I'm working on it. She's so demanding. Bold it. Make it a little larger. White. It'll stand out. It's crisp. That's aggressive. You're aggressive if we're being honest. Oh gosh. Cool. My awesome report. Perfect, right? Yes. Now let's actually add some charts and functions. All sorts of cool stuff. So you have your overall theme before we jump into the chart. So you can style it quickly if you'd like. However, whatever works best for your brand, your business. I know people that do this for a service. They usually make this into a nice report and I print it off to their clients or send them to them. That way it looks all pretty. But we're going to choose that dark background there. I'm going to add a chart. So a couple cool things that you probably want to know about with your site is how many people are visiting your site. So if you click add chart, you can go to sessions right here and it's going to pop up sessions. Now I can't see it. It changed. Look at that. The themes and the styles, it all works together. So it has my page views.  It's magic. Something like that. Google smart, I guess. Very smart. But I want to still manipulate some things. I want to add a border. Okay. So when we're looking at page views, 1.5,000. Total ever in the life of this. So glad you asked. So on the right-hand side here, you have data and you have style. So style makes it all pretty. Data is the actual information it's pulling from. And you can see down here, it shows the last 20 days. Oh, okay. And if you want to do comparison date, you can choose none. That little drop down there. Choose that. We'll just do previous period. And that's going to do the previous 30 days. Got it. Let that update. So you can see there's a 24% increase in my page views. Now I have that all nice and pretty. And what's cool about this is if you want to copy and paste it, you can right click, copy, paste. Paste the same information in. But I don't want page views and page views and page views. I mean, as a business owner, I want page views. But as far as data goes, it doesn't make sense. No. So what else do you want to look at? So on the left-hand side or right-hand side, right-hand side and left-hand side, it's confusing. I haven't had enough coffee. But you can change the metric. So if I don't want page views, I can choose something else down the page. You can kind of go through and see what makes the most sense for your business. But what if you don't know what makes sense for your business? Use a template. And then learn from there.  No, because there is a ton of information that it gives you. You can kind of go around and play with this and add different charts. Like, I can add a geographic map so I can see where everyone's coming from. That's probably a good idea, because if my target audience is the U.S., but I see most people coming from maybe the U.K. or Australia. What about your local business? And you just want to know what cities are, you know, within the neighborhood. Like, who's coming to my bar in North Park in San Diego? Like, are they coming over from, you know, La Jolla or University Heights or to help you know where to market? Oh, you can get, okay. You get super granular. Great, that was my question. Yeah, so under dimension right here, you can change. So city, there's continent, there's country. There's all different modifications that you can add here. As you can see that granular data. Like, I'm getting a ton of people from Washington, which is crazy, because we're in Washington right now. I'm from Texas and things like that on a site that I haven't updated in a while, but people are still going to. And then there's lots of other cool charts you can add here as well. So if I want to see a time series chart, I can pop that right there. But back to like analysis paralysis here. I kind of, I'm already freezing up just with all the options. Right. It is a ton, which is why I would kind of recommend going in and add a chart and then seeing what it pops up by default. So you can see kind of the information that it brings. Like this will show a pie chart of the organic versus referral and then traffic that it can't understand. But on the left-hand side of this column here, you can basically kind of go through and add all this stuff. Like this Google data studio is, is complicated, but if, if you kind of take the time to better understand it or at least some of the data points or watch tutorials like this one or even use one of the templates to kind of start from all the information is there. And then once you have it set, it constantly updates and updates and updates. So you don't have to modify it again. That dashboard will always be there for you to manipulate. I like that.  Like, hey, you know, what are my page views now? Or how much of this traffic was organic versus referral? Exactly. Which how do they know what would be organic versus referral? Just curious. So organic traffic is traffic that came from search engines. Okay. So they're searching whatever keywords that would pop up my website. Yeah. And then they click on it. Referral are links from other websites, which is commonly like social media or someone other, some blog that has linked to your page. Got it. Things like that. Okay. Great. Okay. So what I've gathered so far, yes, this is overwhelming, but we're seeing a lot of data. This is Google analytics. Can you pull any other data into this report? For example, we talk a lot about YouTube analytics. So yeah, if you want to, if you're modifying a page and you want to add more data sources, you can do that inside of this dashboard under resource and then manage added data sources. It does it all. It does it all. So I have all website data here for Google analytics. I want to click add data source. Holy smoke. You can see all of the data source you can add. Obviously, Google is going to let you pull in all of their data into your dashboard, which is super cool. YouTube is owned by Google. So you can add that there. But there's also partner connectors as well. So it goes beyond just Google's data, which is super cool. So there's 162 current partners available. It's like Amazon ads, ad role, app nexus, asana connector, all sorts of things that you can pull into a dashboard. So think of all the different sites you go into now to find different analytics, whether it's your sales data, your website traffic, things like that. You can essentially build your dashboard right here and have your team modify it and things like that. What's cool is that this is all done in the cloud, if you will. So people can modify it at the same time and be here at the same time. Real time. Okay, this is great. Your report is in fact awesome. There's a lot of information here, but how do I use it for my business? So for coffee and cake flips. Yeah, I think the most important reason to use Google Data Studio is because it's essentially a one-stop shop once you have it all set up. I mean, think about how much time it's going to take you to log into Google Analytics, then start to look through all the information it gives you from page views to bounce rates to all these different things, and then search console, then YouTube, and then everywhere else. Instead, you can have one dashboard with the metrics that makes the most sense to you. So if you're really focused on increasing your website sales conversions, you can have that up here, their sales conversions, and then traffic, and then whatever makes sense for you in one place. You can only check that once.   Do whatever you need to do. All right, nearly that report was in fact awesome. Are you feeling overwhelmed? I'm feeling overwhelmed. But hey, if you've used Google Data Studio before and you have some tips, comment below. Also, be sure to like this video and subscribe to the channel and ring that bell. See you at these episodes first. This is The Journey. We'll see you next time.


The drone operators of the Special Operations Center of the Ukrainian Security Service discovered the military equipment and armoured combat vehicles belonging to the invading Russian army and attacked them.A total of 296 prisoners of the occupying army have been killed since the beginning of the year as a result of kamikaze drone strikes. Also, 19 tanks, 33 armoured fighting vehicles, 22 artillery systems, 3 rocket launchers, 5 air defense systems, 6 radio-electronic warfare complexes, 127 unmanned aerial vehicles, 85 vehicles, 96 firing points and fortifications, 3 ammunition depots and 1 fuel lubricant materials were destroyed by exploding the warehouse. At the same time, fighters of the Special Operations Center of the Security Service managed to prevent several attacks launched by the invading Russian army in the direction of Adyivka city in eastern Donetsk region. Artillery and drone strikes stopped the advancing convoy of tanks and armoured personnel carriers as a result of which a large number of combat equipment and infantry soldiers were killed.


What does your favorite position reveal about you? No, we're not talking about yoga or Pilates, although that sounds fun We're talking about your favorite sex position according to psychologist Barbara Centini Your preferred sex positions are a subconscious window into your desires and inner thoughts Including what you may be looking for in a relationship If you have a ravenous desire for a specific position in the bedroom, it might be an indication of something deeper So let's explore what these different sex positions mean and what they can tell about ourselves Missionary the missionary position is considered the most classic and common of all sex positions and some may even say It's the most vanilla of the bunch in simple terms The missionary position is when one person is lying on their back and the other is on top during sex However, there are many good reasons why this position may be your favorite and can say a lot about you for starters Those who prefer missionary may be the type to crave the romance and intimacy that comes along with prolonged eye contact And being face-to-face with someone else during sex which can foster a deeper connection and bond with your sexual partner Psychologist Dr. Santini notes that a preference for missionary can be an indication of a more reserved conservative and timid individual who may even struggle with voicing their thoughts and opinions Especially when it comes to matters in the bedroom according to dr. Santini the need to be protective of one's partner is also consistent with those who prefer missionary Which is more prevalent with those who prefer to be in the top position during sex whether your top or bottom This position signifies a need for a deeper and more personal connection between the sheets Cowgirl or cowboy. Okay, so I guess psych to go will be going to the rodeo to explain this one Just kidding a preference for this position is all about adventure risk-taking and some domination That is if you're on top this position is referred to as cowgirl or cowboy But it's not exclusive to any gender identity or preference if you find yourself preferring this position and you often like being the one on top then it can mean you have a Stronger personality such as being assertive and taking the lead in all matters and not just in bed Being on top in this position may also reveal a desire for attention from others and they need to be seen on the other hand If you enjoy being on the bottom during this position Then it may mean you like the feeling of being dominated and submissive to your partner This also demonstrates a caring and considerate nature where you may put your partner's sexual needs before your own to see them happy remember healthy relationships require taking turns and that Includes when it comes to who's on top or the bottom sex should be about the needs of both partners make sure not to lose sight of that Doggy style this one's for all the dogs. Do we have any Drake fans in the house? Anyways, the doggy style position during sex is when one person is on all fours facing away from their sexual partner Doggy style is considered one of the more kinkier and adventurous positions But for all its kinky glory this position is viewed as less romantic and intimate compared to the ones mentioned above So what does this all say about those who prefer it for starters? it probably means you enjoy taking risks and being bold but according to sex experts Dr. Avocadal and Dr. Santini this could also signal a fear of intimacy in the bedroom and other areas of a person's life as well as being more aloof and reserved the good news Dr. Santini mentions that a person who prefers doggy style can be the type to avoid petty conflict and drama and is usually practical and Reasonable so basically if your favorite position is doggy style, then you're probably kinky and reasonable who knew these two traits would be in the same sentence stranger things Spooning last but not least the spooning position in this position Both people lie on their sides while wrapping their arms around each other and one person is in front This is considered a position of romance and deep affection and according to dr. Santini Preferring this position can mean that you're a caring and considerate individual as well as attentive to the people you love and Care about not only that according to sexologist Lucy Rowett Favoring this position can also mean you have a strong desire and deep Appreciation for comfort and love you're probably the type to value romance rather than just lust in the bedroom and you prioritize the needs of Your partner and let's be honest. There's nothing more sexy than a considerate and caring partner So what's your favorite position? Which one resonates the most with your personality? Let us know in the comments and as always like share and subscribe have a great day