Welcome to the 15th Tijsig Talks. These are the last Tijsig Talks of this academic year. Do not last Tijsig Talks overall, because we will continue with this next year. In this 15th Tijsig Talk we will have a program where two people, Morad Kortay and Jaekoma Spickler, who are both interested in robotics, but from a different perspective. My name is Peter Sponk, my co-host is Marie Postma, and Marie will now introduce the first of our two speakers. Thank you Peter, good afternoon. Our first speaker is Morad Kortay. Morad is a system professor in the Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence at Tilburg University where he is focusing on autonomous agents, gaming and robotics. He has a background in computer science and before joining the department quite recently he was a postdoctoral researcher at the Humboldt University in Berlin. During his PhD at Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in Italy, Morad was a part of the Human Brain Project where he contributed to the development of the Neural Robotics platform. His research concerns modeling human condition and intelligent social interaction in humanoid robots. What's interesting about the interaction is that it can be human robot interaction, but also robot interaction. For example, in a situation where two robots are interacting, one of them being a caregiver and the other one being an infant robot. In his work, Morad is creating properties for robots that we tend to think of being typically human-like properties. So among other things, he proposed to model emotions and artificial agents by means of computational cost of perceptual processing and a decision-making agent or decision-making system. And the same mechanism can be used to simulate trust of a robot towards its interaction partner. We're looking forward to your talk Morad. So today I will talk about humanoid robots for symbiotic societies. Basically, I'm using this umbrella term to introduce my postdoctoral research. And in particular, I will defend or advocate the interdisciplinary research in this direction. So to contact research in this direction, first I need to set my goals. And here are three steps of my goals. First, I am collaborating with psychologists and neuroscientists to extract core components of intelligent social interactions inspired from cognitive developmental systems and validate and validate these models by using either physically or virtually embodied agents. Oftentimes, they are humanoid robots. By achieving first two goals, my last goal is the contribute to feature of symbiotic societies by making these robots more trustworthy for their interactions in society. So now we set our goals, but we need a research framework to achieve these goals. And this research framework comes from a cluster of excellence in Berlin. Here we had a framework to collaborate with people from different disciplines. And this framework called analytic and synthetic loops. To achieve this framework, first you have to define your goal as a team, as an interdisciplinary research team. And the goal is intelligent social behavior on humanoid robots. And this framework will enable to integrate knowledge between two different disciplines. The analytic side, we have psychology, neuroscience, philosophy and that kind of disciplines. From the synthetic side, we have more technical fields like robotics, engineering and other kind of engineering disciplines. And not that this is not a theoretical or a conceptual framework. You are literally as a roboticist sitting next to a neuroscientist or a psychologist to achieve this goal. And let's see what we achieve so far within this framework. And today I will bombard you with a lot of different types of research. So if you have questions, at the end of the session we can go in detail. And the introduction of this research project will be quite superficial due to the time limit. So the first project is assessing that whether humans are co-representing robots as a human or in a different way. Okay. From psychology literature, we know that if you are naming an entity or object within the same category for each object, you become slower. Okay. Like let's say I am defining my favorites game developers, starting from John Karma, then John Tom Blow. And with each name, I become slower. And if I partner up with someone as a human, if he or she named her favorite game developers, I will show the same fact. I'll become slower. So this show that we are somehow co-representing our partner's speech. Then we integrate a human robot in the setting to assess that, okay, for the humans, yeah, this effect exists, but what about the robots? And surprisingly, we found that this effect does not imply for the robots.  And in another research, we go one step further and assess that what is the neural representation of the different interaction partners as a human, as a humanoid robot, and as a computer tower. So we create a simpler game experiment. The participants in the scanner interact with these three partners. And we record fMRI data from the participants. And we assess that theory of mind network is activated for all of the agents, all of the other partners, but there's a ranking between them. For the humans, it's more activated. Robots ranked as a second and computer tower ranked as a last. So these are the most interesting research that we conduct. Of course, we are also doing some pure robotic research. And you see on the bottom left, in this setting, we are enabling or creating a framework for our robots to achieve a heterogeneous interaction. By heterogeneous interaction, I mean the interaction partners has a different physicality and different cognitive levels. One of the arm of the robot can be short or a robot can generate different sounds. That's the physicality. And these robots also can have a different type of expert tests. Like one can be capable of using correct names for a specific category. The other cannot. And of course, we have a framework. We cannot blindly implement this framework onto robots and enable it to enjoy the freedom to live in our society. We need some guidelines. And we are in the process of creating a trust framework based on European and Japanese ethics standards to make robots more trustworthy. And later I will go in more detail. We also have another ongoing project starting from robot-robot scaffolding and designing a teacher robot by using the human teacher's gestures and realizing them on robots and employing them on classroom. And on the bottom left, you are seeing one of the latest works. We are using a gated multimodal reinforcement learning in here. Here, the now robot interacts with three different partners. Each person has a different skills. And now robot is differentiating skills of its partner. And tonight is a submission date of this paper. So wish me luck. I think cross our fingers. The last project in here is on the discussion level. We are planning to provide a robot as robot self based on infant literature. So in the infant literature, it is quite a developmental stage of the infant for acquiring a self. It's a stage. Back in the first stage, it has an ecological self. It cannot differentiate the action of others and action of itself. Everything confined in a single entity. In the interpersonal self, it can differentiate its own action and other actions. At the last level, cognitive self can individuate the partners. And this is still in the discussion level. And we are planning to provide a computational model of robot self in this sense. So up to now, I just abstractly mentioned about what we are doing. And I select a few examples to be more concrete for your questions. Here, what we are trying to do, enable our robots to interact heterogeneous partner as a human and as a robot. And heterogeneity is everywhere in the world. In this picture, this caricature you see in here, no two agents are seen as a robot or as a human. So we shouldn't expect a robot to interact with the same partner or similar partner during their lifetime. So to do this, we design a four-layered cognitive framework, a four-layer trust framework guided by ethics principle from European and Japanese one. But today, I will not discuss about ethical principles, just give you a computational idea behind this framework. So for the cognitive level, we currently implement three different components and I will introduce them in the next sense. So for the, we first create an interaction framework and this framework requires three different parts. In the first part, you have an agent. Agent should interact with the environment and the interaction partners by using their, it's a cognitive modules. And we have an environment. Environment is providing a task to the, or agent. And task in here is to find the room or patterns, which is less noisy for our robot to process. And during the interaction, interactive experiment robot interact with three different partners with different physicality as a simulated agent, as a robotic agent, as a human agent, and with different guiding strategies like reliable partner, unreliable partner and random partner. Reliable one, whenever robot has help, it will show a pattern or, yeah, it will show a pattern that is associated with less cognitive load, less cost or less energy. And at the end, robot will learn through interaction. It is simple, a model free learning method. And it will distinguish both interaction partners guiding strategy and find the patterns that associated with less amount of cost. Of course, you can say that, okay, this is quite boring grid words, but in robotic case, it's not that simple. Still, for a single partner, you need to interact with it for more than 20 hours. So it's quite expensive in the sense of time. You can use a, you can adopt this framework in a game setting, like a Donkey Kong in here. Instead of finding a pattern in the maze, you can, your agent can locate the letters that are useful to reach and save the sprites or increase the scores. You can also use a tabletop games with the actual human partner and robot partner in this setting. But again, it will require a lot of time to play with this game and human will get bored. So from the technical side, we have three different components, as I said, but you can add additional components like explainability as a component in the framework. And the first component is a multimodal auto-associative memory. Here we have an energy-based model. It's called Hopfield neural network, but you can use another one like a deep leaf network. And with that energy-based model, you will have an input image and network will converge into some state. And the operations that reach that steady state will count as an energy or cost. Then we use this cost to fit in our reward function. Basically, if you are moving from high-level, high-cost state to low-cost state, you make a right choice and we are rewarding you with a plasma. You don't need to use minus one or plus one. You can directly put the energy to the system also. It will work. And lastly, we have a partner-preference formation module, which is a module that provides your agents like turbine-like functionality. With this module, the robot can infer what kind of strategy that your interaction partner is following and try to avoid that interaction partner during the experiments. And with this setting, basically what you can achieve, you can achieve integrate multimodal information. You can achieve heterogeneous introduction, interaction. And you can basically solve this kind of simple maze or game-like problems with your robots. Of course, I introduced a lot of project in here and none of them is a solo project. I am working with amazing colleagues, collaborating with amazing colleagues. And I hope in my next talk, I can add people from the table call zone. And lastly, I would like to advertise a workshop that we are organizing in incoming IROs. If you think your research is overlapping with one of the topics in here, please let me know and I will encourage you to do a short paper submission to our workshop. Yeah, that's it from my talk and I'm ready for your questions. What I didn't get is what is a high cognitive load for a robot? Okay. High cognitive load, a sample that it didn't see during its training and it's contaminated with environment noise or you are merging with the patterns. Basically, if robots see unfamiliar pattern, it will retrieve a high cognitive load for its perception process. Okay. Can I have a follow-up question? Sure. So I think this definition of trust is very powerful. So it's basically it means that you can trust someone's perceptual analysis of the environment and you don't have to spend your own resources on analyzing it. Where there are cases or situations where you thought that you ran against limitations for this type of definition for robots? Yes, the limitation is, one of the limitations is the adding additional sensory modality. Like we used audio visual information, but practically you can also add the motor command of the robot. But that will bring additional computation for our experiment and we didn't do it. Do it. Another problem is noise, both from the robot and from the environment. That's another problem. And lastly, sometimes interacting with human partner forget its script and it didn't interact with the robot properly. And that can be some sort of problems with or or framework. But you did not run into cases where you thought that you would actually need an additional definition or that this one was maybe too weak. It was more about fine-tuning certain scenarios, if I understand correctly. Yeah, exactly. Yeah, that's one of the things that we should unify within this workshop. Okay. What we mean by the robot trust. We are just using inputs from psychology to define our trust. But later, I hope, in this workshop will come more unified definition of the trust. I have seen some of this research of other people that where the one thing that I found really interesting is that you say, well, people can play games with robots and you can then robots can learn from that, et cetera, et cetera. Where actually the challenge for them was to make the interaction feel natural to the people that they find it an entertaining game player. So to an extent fits that in your research. Can you say something about this? Yeah, that's a quite interesting question, because we have some meta-net studies in the literature, how to make the task more playful, like some more features of your partner or partner that understand that your cognitive load and act accordingly, like the partner that puts you in the flow. Okay, tasks will not be, your assigned tasks will not be too hard for your skills. But you will understand that you cannot go beyond this and you will disengage with the task. And trust should be so simple for you that you can achieve. So your partner should make you in the flow, actually. That's what I mean. Yeah, well, these are two aspects, of course. One is the technical aspect of how do you, are you an interesting game opponent or game player? And the other one is within the confines of the game itself, the game rules and the game logic. But the other is, are you and are you an interesting social game partner in the sense that is it just the mechanics of the game playing or is that also that social component? And I think that is more core to your research and probably the most interesting part of it. Sure, social component is important because, let's say, joint attention. If you are playing game and you're not paying attention together with your peers, it means that you are not engaged with the task and that will signal your part that, okay, this game is not important for me. I don't want to play in that sense. I'm just playing for the sake of killing my time. So there's no game full component in that.


So, I'm very happy to dine. We have two speakers here, Zeb and Dagi, and they are somehow, I think they'll explain it later, connected to KADUS, and they are building medical apparatus. Let's say it like that. And the name of the talk is Raymobo, Robust and Reparable Vital Sign Monitoring for Mobile Hospital Boxes. Medical devices for all, and please give them a big applause. Thanks. Yes, good evening. I'm really happy, sorry that I'm in German, but you already know, it's the third day and a lot of red nests in my head. I'm very happy to be able to do the talk today, because we already talked about the project last year in the talk Hacking Humanitarian Disasters. And then it's a bit like a kind of beginning success story, that we can say, what happened after a year from a project, from a specific project actually became. Full of Kachiname Remobo, you can notice it, that's why it's actually a research project, you really need such a project name for the contracts. And I'm trying a little bit, first of all, the setting around why we took this topic at all. A trivial fact is that the humanitarian situation is getting worse and worse worldwide. Of course, one thing is the climate change, which some people don't believe, which leads to much more flow movement and migration worldwide, and that won't get better. That's one thing. But the other thing is that armed conflicts have become less and less. There are no more wars in the mass that create a global catastrophe, like the first and second world wars, but there are almost a lot of armed conflicts on the world that are mainly led by very asynchronous. Asynchronous means that there are often conflicts between war parties, where on the one side, for example, there is a state power, on the other side, but a group that doesn't understand the state power, which then, for example, doesn't accept human rights and gender convention at all. All of this leads to the fact that we have more conflicts all over the world and more needy people who need help. Traditionally, this is how the humanitarian aid was carried out after the Second World War by state structures or by the big international NGOs. You all know the International Committee of the Red Cross, the MSF, and probably all of us are in touch. They also have the problem that in a few years, in fact, things are happening that shouldn't actually happen. In the war, medical facilities are also the target of military acts. A very well-known example that all of you know from the media from the last years is Syria. You can also talk about Afghanistan, you can talk about Mali, you name it. There are a lot of different examples where different sides, as you said, are protected by health care from humanitarian reasons. That leads to the fact that in the countries that already have difficulties in getting medical supplies, the equipment is destroyed. We are not a big international humanitarian organization and only exist since 2014. We have been founded in the same way as many small aid organizations. The reason is that we said that we need organizations that can act faster, less bureaucratically, than the big organizations that may also sound a bit more critical, more flexible to react to situations. And above all, we look at the fact that this was our approach, that we want to take the local needs with a focus. We didn't want the classic thing, we come from a rich country, to a particularly affected country, provide a short aid with the equipment that we bring with us, go away from the situation as it was before. The idea was that we wanted to have more connection and more empowerment for local structures. That's how we actually implemented it. For example, last year in Iraq, in Mosul, we did a direct frontline response. Where other NGOs don't go or don't go anymore. We have been in Syria since 2014 again and again. We also try to stay there and continue to work. If the media interest doesn't look at this conflict anymore. Syria, for example, now the media and consumers have looked at it. There you really don't get a large number of articles in the newspaper. This thing has also been bombarded again. This is the first time a highlight in the newspapers. But that goes from the report of the city council stone down. Of course, that brings some problems with itself. On the one hand, as small organizations we don't have access to a huge logistical structure like the large organization has. On the other hand, if we don't get the media interest, we have less financial capacity. That means that we have to come out with extremely little means and try to provide help. This Remobo project actually took place as a result of one of our biggest projects so far, the Mobile Hospital for North Syrians. We were in North Syria and trained paramedics for a local health organization. And then we saw what was actually needed. It is not enough to improve this pre-clinical care through education. What we actually need is a mobile unit with which we can bring the medical care much closer to where things are currently happening. I think that in Syria a very extreme mobile or dynamic frontline, the so-called IAS, has constantly shifted. Our idea was to be able to follow the mobile clinic on the LKW basis in order to be able to help the injured civilians and civilians on the spot. The hospital is now available. It has also been handed over to my local health organization, after which we were first in Mosul and then in Syria. But what we saw was exactly this question after the outbreak of the hospital. And that is a bit what I always find in such projects. You can now take different approaches. We could say that we want to be cheap. Then we, as a small organization, will only have the opportunity to spend the necessary devices here, for example, from the hospital. The devices might have been written off in the hospital. And the maintenance and the security and technical control and all the things the German law prescribes will be uninteresting for the hospital. So they move the devices away. Maybe they still have something against donation. And that's how the industrial actions will be a bit to export from medical devices. We didn't want to go for different reasons. First of all, it's an ethical question. Why do we go into a place where the situation is much worse than with us and actually offer a worse medicine because we take devices that are no longer up-to-date? That was one story. The second story was also old devices. Here they actually have a very, very big need for trust. When problems arise, software problems, hardware problems, you really need a technician or a technician from the company, from the manufacturer's company. Otherwise, the device is used for 2-3 months and then that's it. The other option is to buy new devices. The problem is, on the one hand, they're expensive. That's an example device for virtual parameters, parameter monitoring. It doesn't do much. It can measure blood pressure. It can write an EKG. It can control blood pressure. It can measure oxygen saturation in blood. You need that in a medical institution to be able to monitor and see the critical patient. What will change? Is it getting worse? Is it getting better? Do I have to intervene again? The problem, as I said, is the price. Even such a device costs over 1,000 euros. Although it doesn't do anything yet. There is no defibrillator, for example. For our relationship here, it is so cheap with a price range between 1,000 and 2,000 euros that if something goes wrong, it will just be thrown away and replaced. If I want to set up a hospital with 20 places and have to pay 2,000 euros for each, I'm already at 40,000 euros. That's a lot of wood from a small health organization. The second thing is that almost everyone, I learned the term proprietary connectors. Every manufacturer has its own cable connections. That means I can't give it to any hospital. They still have some cables from before and it automatically fits together. That means that if the oxygen sensor breaks the cable, the device can actually be thrown away. That was the case with this mobile hospital. We made a mix concept back then because we couldn't do anything about it. We bought a few devices, a few devices that were still in a very good condition and were a bit unhappy with it. And then we went to the fantastic professor Dr. Dagmar Kräftig and said, what can you do with it? And at this point, do you accept it? Yes, that was loud. Actually, there is one more thing for you. There are robust devices that could also be used in Syria. These are devices that are used by large state health organizations or military organizations. They are robust, but they are also not repairable. And they are of course extremely expensive. So the device costs 40,000. So you can see that it is quite difficult for a small NGO.  It has to be possible to have medical devices to build the design criteria that you have in such a mobile hospital. Because the one thing is, they have to be robust. The standard medical devices here are of course built for the hospital here, nice and stationary, well-tempered. Of course, that is not the case in Syria. Or you have temperatures over 50 degrees, a lot of dust. If I drive this with a mobile hospital through the area, there are quite a lot of dusts on the street. So these are just criteria or claims to robustness that the devices here do not have. And above all, we specifically said, if the thing drives around in Syria and it breaks, then I can't call the service technician. He probably won't buy a spare device for me. That means it has to be possible to repair, especially for people who don't have a training as a medical technician and also with tools that I have and tools. And of course, it should be also financially available. Our claim is that we have a device that everyone can rebuild, a small NGO. That doesn't have to be Syria. Another example is Kyrgyzstan. It's a relatively raw infrastructure. They also get a lot of medical devices and they stand there unrepairable, broken and in the best case, they don't do any harm. In the worst case, it's a device that can cause damage to wrong operations. That means here we have the claim to build devices that can be repaired and where people really know what they're doing with it. We have the Vital Parameter Monitoring as a starting point for the following reason. Sebastian has done that especially for the first supply. It's ideal for a mobile hospital. In the meantime, we are in our hospitals with an incredible flow of technology, design, everything confronted with everything possible. But the Vital Parameter Monitoring is a very basic medical device. And above all, it's also something that is really not a rocket technology. These are very old methods to measure these biosignals. The EKG, I brought here the Wikidpedia Bild of a commercial system from 1911. The EKG is older than 100 years old. That has the advantage. These are of course established technologies. They also don't have such a beautiful age. There are no patents on it. That means it's possible and it's also done. Above all, this is also a good template for other medical products, because the structure is always the same. I have some sensors. It can be imaging. In our case, these are the classic biosignals, EKG, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and temperature. And then I have an analog digital converter. Then it lands in my IT system and there are the signals and also a little bit of evaluation. If some limit values are exceeded, there may be a signal. That's always the same thing. That means it's a good template to see how well it works with our approach. We then wrote a project contract with a team from Beutoch School, where I am a medical technician. I myself am at the HTW Berlin in Informatik. The card is an NGO and also an engineer. In the meantime, there are other people who have helped. Of course, it's nothing that we do alone. These are the various expertise that we have brought together. Of course, the first thing was to examine how it looks from these standard devices. Our SEP has done various stress tests. We have such a climate chamber at the HTW, where you can adjust the temperature up to, I think, 70 degrees. They did that. We then put in boiling water to bring up the humidity. But they actually put it quite well. We let it run all the time and it worked quite well. At least we did not test it for three weeks now. We did not get that much time. We only got a week of measuring time in the climate chamber. What the devices can do less well is actually the dust. We built it ourselves. There is dust proof, which I did not know before. It has a certain size of corn. We then took it with an old vacuum cleaner and glued it to it. And then our device was really clean with the dust. They cannot do that well because they have all ventilation slots on the back. That is what we have to consider with the design. The next question was of course about the hardware. I do not have the claim but as an example this is the layout of the vacuum cleaner so the pulse oximeter and here we have the claim that everything is open source. Everyone can rebuild and also that it is sustainable. With EKG and pulse oximeter there are the medical physicists who know the methods. There was no big difficulties. There are also some things that are in the textbook but are not usually implemented. Temperature is very simple. There is a standard sensor. We have always looked where there are components that are so far spread that they are either cheap that you can send them as a spare part or you can get them everywhere to build components that are also standard components. That is what you unfortunately missed. We actually had at our booth such small soldering kits. I hope that we can repeat that in Berlin in the next one. Let's do a soldering session. On the left you can see the result. That is the EKG unit. There are parts on it and next to it is the soldering plan. The whole thing is a bit more difficult with blood pressure. I have a mechanical pump I take it everyone has already measured blood pressure. You know, you have the manschette here. That is of course inconvenient. When I have a pump inside I have a mechanical part inside. It is always sensitive and I have to pull the air. There is also something where we try to reduce that. There are new ways how to measure the blood pressure over the pulse transit duration. I don't have to pump that. That is only qualitatively possible. What is possible to check for the use. Will the blood pressure change in an inexpensive way? Maybe that is enough. That is our prototype that you see here. You see the different colors. We have built it modular because it is nice if one part is broken then it would be nice if you could use the other one. It is not robust it is repairable but robust is not in that form. That was just the prototype to show that it works that I can assemble it on the other side we deal with the IT system we don't use the original WestBerry Pi but it is not our original but our original is to take standard components and that is the WestBerry Pi that is really suitable for prototypes you can send a second one with less current and then we thought about the display and we tried to build the system so that each mobile device can use as a display for the system. If it is broken then you can do nothing and Paul sitting there actually thought out solutions on the WestBerry Pi you can download it there is an image you can use that via Bluetooth you connect via Bluetooth and you can connect with the web browser and then our application is only small only Java script so I don't have to communicate with the server and the Java script application the web app communicates directly with the service that delivers the data and shows it the difficult part was to prepare the many different signals on one side and the other to make it dynamic mobile devices and to remove it from the Bluetooth that means the system has to be able to deliver the data regardless of how many devices I connected for all devices that is a really nice solution here the front end is still in development that doesn't look like the vital parameter that you just saw but you can already see the direction is correct we are still developing it overall we also had the request that everyone should be able to rebuild and should be able to finance the hardware for the signals under 100 euros with material 12 euros the EKG module as an example the others we don't have yet in this small form and the WESP costs about 35 euros if I take a typical WESP or WESP display costs 70 euros I am also at about 100 euros and of course I need the mobile end devices overall I think does anyone know the healthy pie there it costs 300 euros 300 that is in the right size we are really satisfied with repair I think we are also on a good path that you have these different modules and you can solder everything here is always the question I just send WESP it doesn't make sense to build a WESPerry Pie I just send a second WESP that is a bit of a distraction how modular do I do what I send with as a second spare but at least with the sensors we already have the claim that it is basically unsoldable the WESP image is a SD card you can also send a second one if you don't have internet and can't download it and the Javascript front end we didn't have any problems with it we got it on every mobile end device to run and with that in the end how does it go on with the project what I didn't say how does it look like with the robustness I told you before it is actually that we didn't test so much we are of course happy about people who rebuild our system and maybe even throw it down the project is still running until April next year that means we will do it on a free-willed basis and of course we are happy if we can win more free-willed who support us until they all go you can't do it yourself because you can't really test if you find your system great and miss free the talks at the stand where we built it we got a lot of feedback and of course we are happy that you have a solution we hope that we can go into the discussion there is another solution I already mentioned different things that you might like what you can do and of course we are happy about further development and great ideas and with that we will have an interesting discussion with you what you might like what you have for questions thank you I just noticed that from our point of view from the cardus side that such a component that also has a high political component because if you really think that this technology is so old and so easy for us as cardus we don't really need this device to be used the drive is almost over we could buy this device but why does it have to be that these devices are so expensive and there are a lot of these devices that were used for the first time professors for medical physics said that people come to the university and learn how to build the devices the technology is like no rocket technology then they go to the companies and learn how to make the devices so that they are not repairable and that is a point that we can talk about the ethical component why can this actually be so artificial that it is difficult to bring this device to the field and no matter where the project leads I think it is very wonderful for us to be able to show that it is possible to have such an argument to prove it politically that it doesn't have to be that devices that can do such things have to cost 40,000, 50,000, 60,000 that would be my question you have all smartphones for whom was the repairability of the device one, two, three I would say 10-20% of course you are right but it shows everywhere that what used to be very understandable that you can build your computer when something is broken that is a luxury and we live here in the world where it is not so bad I can buy a new smartphone if I want but in other regions that is not possible and I think that because of medical care I think that is true it is also an ethical question whether you really want to leave this market absolutely applause one of the most interesting projects that I have seen here in the context you probably have a donation address do you want to blend it here if we are here kardus.org come by we are still here we are in hall 2 I told you the whole thing is built up we are also at the start we are looking forward really it is so typical totally new and still totally new and the crazy thing is if you had the devices from the 50s 60s they would probably even be enough in quality that is also something if you look at the medical technology the requirements the limits for the accuracy they are always higher they have nothing really to do with it what you need in such a use to determine the health condition of a person but they really have more to do with it which manufacturers achieve these limits these criteria and which ones fly out of the market ok we already have a few questions you will get to it first the number 1 please your question thank you for the question I had a question do you have the demand for medical products to be fulfilled the question is if you let the repair of non-experts is this demand do you automatically fly out or can you make it theoretically so that the criteria is fulfilled although it was not repaired by experts it is a very good question we actually talked about it and thought about how we would do it because there is not only the medical products there is also the medical products and that means that medical devices can only be repaired by certified professionals where you just have to say that is of course for the use of this device here on site we have decided at least in the first step we want to check that because we find it interesting to see how far I can implement it but it is a very, very important very, very expensive process with a lot of stocks that you have to do there and we will not do that until April and it is not our actually not our demand because the idea is really that NGOs in the whole world can rebuild that cannot fall under the German medical product law we already have a demand that this device is very expensive but we will not do a certification you are on the one hand right when I say before that we want to export the medical product and now we are holding on to the German law it is a bit contradictory but I think it is possible to show what is actually possible and then I would be able to show it or to build more pressure if it is actually possible to allow equipment in crisis areas on the other hand as Carlos said this certification here in Germany if we really want to bring a product here on the market that is not the point then of course you have to see which structures and countries are responsible because the German MPG is not one-on-one applicable to all other countries and there you can of course develop exciting things if you have the opportunity that in other countries we will have to take steps MPG, QM and so on and so on everything is a bit of a sense but there is always a component in this artificial market and that is what I think we want to work on with this project ok, thank you microphone 2 and then with the signal ring hi, I was a bit surprised with the cost setting the display was integrated because it was a great idea with the smartphone they are usually available and that increases the cost to double the display is as I said a component that can break and then a second question was the Pi Zero of the hardware requirements simply not sufficient because that would have given a factor of 10 then I can create the whole thing for 20 dollars exactly, actually the first implementation was done with the Pi Zero right Paul? that's enough we have built the big one for the big prototypes we are not sure that's enough, we have to see with the display we have thought for a long time there is a problem we have built a system where everyone can connect with the device without identification but I have to be able to operate the device and we are not sure if we can have a special bluetooth connection for someone who just authorizes and maybe a bit more authenticated can operate the device because we don't want to connect 20 people with the device via bluetooth and everyone has to press a button and talk to the device that's why we first said the the display on the smartphone that's really only read only and we have on the device we still have a display that you can control the device but that's not the end I think in the direction of whether you have a device that I have what then we have to think about what the right one has to control the system that's the reason why we have a display or no more okay, let's not do it let's start with the colleague on the 1 2, thank you my question is in the direction of repairability how realistic is it that you get repaired in developing countries because there are many things but it's not that you just got a chip that's broken the one question the other question is also from the training is it realistic or is it not better to build as cheap as possible and then build in mass so should I do you want to start? yes exactly, I can start that's what I meant how modular do I do that my platform is pretty well solved you don't have to solder there is a good guide on the internet if the speaker is broken that you use a new module that's why we have built this modular one it's not like that it's not like there is nothing in these countries smartphones are widely spread and if it's a special chip I said you would pack a spare part with maybe even a whole module if you say it's hard to build together that's why it says help needed that's something that you have to try out in the community what's going to be repaired what's not going to be repaired what's not understandable the Slava who sits there makes videos explains videos with which it should go but it has to be tested if it doesn't work you would say we will send a second device if there is space or we will see how the supply chain will work I would say we are a member of global innovation gathering it's a network of over 50 maker spaces that are almost all in the global south I can say we often have a very wrong picture that means that there are not many resources that are available if people are repair artists then it's not like in the rich industrial nation but the people the resources are really scarce and that's a point when it comes to soldering do things together there is the I'm not at all worried that it's actually doable if you deploy in this construction site yes, from the shit I heard the internet the question is there we will try again the internet is the question if you have already heard of the GLIA project that has already developed open autoscopes, tourniquets and stethoscopes please name the project GLIA G-L-I-A they have endoscopes and spectroscopes did I get it right? stethoscopes otoscopes and tourniquets I don't know it personally but you have to say there is also a parameter monitor in the area we wrote the project three years ago two years ago it really did a great job that's why it says compare there is also a lot and we have a claim that it really is ours we have developed it it has to be no, that's not at all if other people have thought about something great and have built something solid which fully supports our claims or you can expand it much easier then we are totally grateful for such insights and tips but it's good to know because the endoscope was the next project we planned which is great to know that there are already people on it very good, again the address remover.f4.htb-berlin.de because everything just goes away we have a question the first one first of all, thank you for the exciting presentation I have two questions about what you planned for the next project what systems are there or medical devices that you might still want to build cost-effective and repairable and the second question about the device you have developed how did you create it with the housing to create the robustness as I said the prototype was just a plexiglass so you can see what's inside do you still need help or what is your idea for it exactly the SEPT is working very intensively with the audience and I think they already have ideas but we are really happy with the help we already had different ideas about how to do it maybe you can tell us about the project because it was an important requirement that the device is robust but as I said, we are always happy about the device we don't have it yet it's because we are currently with the prototype which is still relatively large and uncomfortable I don't know Slava, do you still have information about it you already had thoughts about yes, we are happy with the help about the project that is the professional component that develops between KARDOS and HTW is connected to the research project KARDOS has a crisis response maker space in Berlin but we are doing the big things we are building new patient treatment places we have developed a civil material air drop project in order to quickly deploy it with small machines where the big ones don't start working so quickly actually I don't understand anything I have no idea I would say it would be a dream to build a diagnostic at ULTRA but if you try to bring a diagnostic into the field then you start at 70.000 that would be a dream but we have to look again to find a university or a high school that works with us that is a friendship component but the professional component is connected to the research project the plan was to do several projects as an organization that we work in the field that we have to play both roles we have to look what we can contribute to make the project successful and for a field-based end and at the same time we are working in Syria to go into it and that is very difficult if we had known each other I don't think the research project would have been so easy in the evening hours we had to say that Ingebeckers von der Beut were actively involved because they said they have a cooperation with Kegisien we have the same problem with the equipment around them they are not repairable ULTRA would be a bit of a dream as the next challenge because it already exists in the field Dröntgen is difficult with ULTRA but you have to be really careful and that is what Ingebeckers just said Kegisien is standing there old CTS, old Röntgengräte people don't know how to deal with it and you also have a huge responsibility I think that is a bit of a challenge but ULTRA maybe there are also optical processes optical coherence tomography they are all non-invasive but I think that is you have to see what is there there was the idea to build an operational lamp that is as much energy saving even solar power is a ventilation for to have an OP table there was also a work group that dealt with it I think there are many different things but if you look at it you can find ways to finance it as a purely community project it is very difficult to implement sounds like someone who needs the whole thing ok, we still have a question I think we will finish after that so the last question, thank you it is a pretty cool topic very briefly the question about the complexity of the software when I have my modules etc. what does it look like with the diagnosis? does the user recognize that the blue module is broken I can switch it off so you have thought about something like that yes, we have we haven't developed it yet but we have to find a way to find out if it is broken and even if you build a new sensor you have to calibrate it but we have already thought about it but we haven't implemented it yet so there is still potential how do you do that you look at it is the impedance right and then the diagnosis of the broken device to find out if it is broken it is not broken or at least I get a signal and the doctor has to know or the user, wait a minute that can't be absolutely where we assume that the device is used by medical professionals or at least learned professionals they can already distinguish that can't be a pulse curve that looks like a oxygen set or at a temperature but that is clear especially if it is a bit out of date it fits that is an important point yes, okay thank you very much call again support, support applaud, donate kardus.org thank you both Dagi, Sepp and here is about 22 hours 10 of the next talk review for all functional applications Thank you


Hey, hello, buddies. Thanks for watching. Okay, so I'm not wearing hat. I'm just gonna sport the crazy hair. We're gonna talk about my big bulk buy. I bought it on eBay to sell on eBay. All of that jewelry I bought, the 344 pounds. I'm gonna tell you what sold in May. Now, there's not a ton because I really haven't listed that much yet, but there are some major, well, I think they're major. I think they're pretty fantastic. Bolos. So, let's get started. For those of you that are new to the channel, I'm gonna show you here what I'm talking about. So if you go and watch this video right here, I bought a junk drawer a lot on eBay to sell on eBay. You can see where I'd go and meet the gal that I bought it from in the parking lot of a Gabriel Brothers and I unloaded it from her car and you guys can see how big of a haul it was and then I also weigh it. I had no clue how much it was all gonna weigh. So it ended up being 344 pounds, almost 350 pounds. Absolutely crazy. So I'm doing unboxings and I'm doing some gemstone testing. I have moonstone mamas that comes on and helps me identify stones. So lots of videos in this series and this is under the playlist. I'm trying to remember what I called it. Jewelry unboxing video series. So if you go and check that out, you can see some of the other videos. So very, very fun. Very, very cool. Super excited about it. Now, wait until you see the first one. It's definitely a bolo. Okay, so these were not in good condition. My husband had to clean them up for me, but they ended up selling for a best offer. I did take a best offer of $85 plus shipping and these did go internationally. But this is, let me see, right here is the symbol that you're looking for. It says YSL and then it says made in, oh, I can't remember. Let me see. I think I've got it down here. Did I not? Oh, Made in France. Yeah, and it says that on them also. So very, very cool. If you would have seen them before, I don't know if I saved the picture to my phone. Let me see if I did because they were in horrible condition. I might be able to show you guys. I just deleted some pictures because I've been listing a lot of stuff, so I may have deleted it. I think I did. Oh, nope. I got it. Okay. So those don't look too bad, but let me get back here and I'll see if I can show you guys. So there's actually two pair. And if you look, the hearts don't look too bad, but the other ones, I don't know if you can tell, but it's like got this green gunk in it.  So I'm gonna show you guys that next, that's my next polo. All right. So yeah, so he, I don't know, he put him in an ultrasonic cleaner and then he probably scrubbed them. I have no idea, but they were really bad. So that pair went for $85 buyer paid shipping and it went internationally. And then I sold this pair for $55. This is the other pair in the picture. And again, they've got the same markings and you know, you would think that I was shocked at how well they cleaned up because they look fantastic. So yeah, must be a really high-end expensive brand. So I sold those for 55 plus shipping.  So this one sold for $35 plus shipping and I've been using this little tool so that I can measure it. So people know how big the item is and it's working out really good for photos. So and it was pretty cheap. The next item is this Lane Bryant watch. It was also in this lot. I sold it for $25 plus shipping. And then these cute little earrings, this is just a great bread and butter item. I took a best offer of $12 and I had them like sitting on here. But I don't think you could really see like the color as well as you could with me holding them. So that is why I use this as my main photo. I know it's kind of weird to have my hands in the picture, but I mean, there's so much more detail that you can see with that background. So if anybody has any tips for how to get like a better picture with a white background, please let me know. These weren't marked. They were just simple earrings that just happened to sell on eBay. I'm really actually surprised. Because there wasn't any key word that you would think that people would really be drawn to, you know what I'm saying? So I don't know how they found them, but they sold so I'm pretty happy about that. This one just sold. It's super super cute. It's an elephant bangle bracelet and it's got the gold and silver tones and you can see here. I put the measurements and it's really really cute and then I also show it on my wrist and I sold this for $30 and the buyer paid shipping. The next item is this Roman vintage crystal necklace and earrings and it says 18 inch right here at first I thought it said $18.99 for some reason. That's what my mind thought. But yeah, it's a cute set and it sold super fast and I sold it for $40 with free shipping. So really cute set. And it was new in the package. All right, these are Stella and Dot earrings and sold super fast. I think within 24 hours and they, I thought they had backs, but come to find out these are not the backs that came with it. So the person messaged me and they're like, do you have the backs? And I'm like, I thought those were the backs. So again, I'm still learning about jewelry. They were super nice. They left me positive feedback, but I guess these are just like to put behind the backs to keep the backs on. I don't know, but anyway, she was really really kind and left me awesome feedback and I'm very thankful that she did that and she was forgiving of it, but I did have it in the photo. I don't know. My mistake. I will know for next time. Lesson learned. They sold for $20 free shipping. The next item, these are missing backs. They do have the new tag, but they're missing the backs and a lot of the earrings are missing backs or have mismatch backs or maybe the wrong backs. I don't know, but they still sold super fast for $16 with free shipping. And I put still has tag, but backs are missing. The next item is this crafter's lot. This is all crafter's items. Nothing is wearable. They're just items that can be used for crafts. It's 12 pounds. There may have been some that was just really tangled that I gave up on. I can't remember if these bags had that or not, but it's basically two bags full 12 pounds, which 12 pounds is a lot of jewelry. Some of it could have been repaired. So it's basically repair, repurpose, damage, broken, tangled items. I took a best offer of $80 on this and they left me great feedback and I paid the shipping. So not a huge profit by the time Mercari takes their 10% and I pay the shipping, but it's a great deal for the buyer. I think that they'll do really well with this and I made money. So I'm excited also. All right. The next item is this Betsy Johnson ring. It's a bulldog ring, kind of fun. And it is pre-owned and I do think it's more, I don't want to say it's like vintage, but it is an older item and it's sold for $18 with free shipping. So those are my solds for May. Again, not a crazy amount of sales, but I made really good money on quite a few things, so I'm super excited about that. And if you guys want to know what I paid for the entire lot, you can go check out the video where I weigh it and I give you all the information of how I got 344 pounds off of eBay. It wasn't listed on eBay as 344 pounds. So if you guys want to know the mystery behind how I got all of that jewelry, definitely go check that out. So thanks for watching. Thanks for being here. Be sure to like, comment, subscribe, and share. And I'll see you in the next video. Thanks for watching.


Today, we're going to talk about confidence intervals, how to find critical values. For a confidence level of 95%, find the critical value around the two decimal places. A critical value is of the form z sub alpha over 2. It means let's find the z score or data value whose area to the right is alpha over 2. So if I have my bell curve, you can see that I have the bell shape and I have this region to the right with area alpha over 2. I want to find the data value whose area to the right is alpha over 2. So let's start off by finding out what is alpha. Alpha is 1 minus the confidence level. In this case, the confidence level is 95% or better put as 0.95. That is 0.05. Next, we need to find alpha over 2. So take this previous result, we obtained 0.05 and divide by 2. We get 0.025. So that means in my bell curve, I want to find the data value whose area to the right is 0.025. So I'm going to draw a line here. The area of my region is 0.025. And yeah, my region probably should be a little bit smaller than that. But as long as you know the area to the right is 0.025, you're good. All right, well, whenever I try to find out what this critical value or this data value is, I need to know the area to the left. Well, if area to the right is 0.025, area to the left is 1 minus 0.025. So 0.975. So I'll now go to my Google Sheets document. And since I'm dealing with Z scores, data values that are standardized, I know that my mean is 0 and my standard deviation is 1. And I also know that my area to the left is 0.975. So let's go to Google Sheets. You're going to go to the Compute tab. Then you are going to go to the Normal region. The mean is 0. Standard deviation is 1. And the only other information you need to put is the left tail area, 0.975. And this actually gives me an answer of about 1.96. 1.96. So my critical value in this case, Z sub alpha over 2, is 1.96. And this is actually a common critical value that's used in statistics. 95% confidence levels are actually very popular. So 1.96 is our answer. Thanks for watching.


It's dangerous to invest in Tesla because if Elon Musk is gone, Tesla will be gone. We heard it over and over again, Tesla has key person risk. But is it really that risky? To be frank, I was once so stubborn and I thought it was so risky to invest in Tesla because Tesla has key person risk. But after exposing myself to days and days of research listening to what other findings that Tesla researchers like Chicken Genius, Steven from Solving the Money Problem, I realized that I was so wrong. Hello everyone, I'm Chloe and welcome back, a channel dedicated to inspire and help women to start investing and gaining financial independence.  Before I share with you why I think it's ridiculous to consider not investing in Tesla because it has key man risk, let me share with you a little bit more about the history how these key person risks even come about. Many value investors believe that if a business relies heavily on a key person or a group of few key people, then it has key person risk. The most famous investor on earth, Warren Buffett once said, You should invest in a business any fool can run, because someday a fool will. There's nothing wrong with this statement because not all CEOs are capable. And that's why it's so important to invest in business that have solid business model, very good system that can run smoothly without having a very very talented CEO. Just think about McDonald or KFC, do you even know who the CEOs are? You don't really care because they are super super solid and stable business. But the question that you need to ask yourself is, do you just want to invest in very stable and mature businesses? Because these businesses generally have a much slower growth rate. But if you are a growth driven investor like me, then you should definitely look into more disruptive companies like Tesla. But the thing is, a full CEO will never be able to make Tesla the Tesla we know today. After reading the book written by Ashley Vance, I go to realize that why people are so supportive of Tesla and why people are so supportive of Elon Musk? Because Elon is indeed a very great leader with unwavering determination, great vision, as well as extraordinary talent. He doesn't just say things, whatever things that he said, he made it happen. He had that entrepreneurial spirit ever since he was 12 years old. And he started multiple business such as very well known business like PayPal. But I think the most extraordinary business that demonstrated his unwavering spirit as well as his leadership quality, his character is SpaceX. Traditionally, space exploration is a super expensive project that it's government funded and most of the time it's so tough because it requires so much talent. But Elon wanted to revolutionize the aerospace industry and making affordable spaceflight a reality, so that humanity can be multi-pandentary and have a brighter future. Because we all know that the resources on the earth is finite. When he first started SpaceX, he knew nothing about rocket. But within a short period of time, he learned so much by himself that he knew every single component that a rocket truly made. He funded SpaceX using his own wealth from the money that he actually made by selling his ex-company. But the SpaceX rockets fell three times, burning hundreds and millions of dollars. And as a result, the company almost went to bankruptcy. Despite all the difficulties that he faced, he pushed on and really motivated his team to continue to stay on the vision. And eight years after he started SpaceX, his rocket finally launched successfully after the fourth attempt. His relentless pursuit to drive innovation, to bring down cost, and most importantly, his vision and mission to make the world a better place completely revolutionize how an aerospace industry will look like. And the same principle, the same quality, the same attribute that he applied to Tesla made Tesla the most valuable automakers in the world today. On top of that, Tesla is also going strong in the energy sector, having the potential to revolutionize both the energy as well as the automaker industry. If there's no Elon Musk, Tesla and SpaceX won't even come to existence. And do you think Elon will quit? No, in my opinion. Not until he really fulfills his mission. In fact, Elon doesn't even take a salary from Tesla. All his wealth is directly tied to the long-term success of Tesla because he is the largest shareholder. So he definitely has a skin in the game together with all the other shareholders. So do I want to have a key man like Elon to run Tesla? The answer is definitely yes. But some of you may be wondering, hey, but what if Elon passed away one day? What will happen to Tesla? For sure, anything comes with risk. But it will be ignorant to say that hey, I don't want to invest in Tesla because Tesla has key man risk. Because at the end of the day, we can never predict the matter of life and death. This is something that we can't control. But what we can see for sure is, Elon will work super hard to make his vision come true, which is to really make the world a much better place and a much greener place to live in. And of course, at the end of the day, what makes a person a successful investor is the person does portfolio sizing. If you do have a diversified portfolio, and with Tesla being one of the disruptive companies that you are investing in in the long run, that's how your wealth will also grow. I hope you find today's video helpful. Do remember to click the like button as well as subscribe to my channel so that you can be up to date whenever I release new content on my investment insights. Oh, by the way, I also have a telegram channel where I constantly update my daily investment insights. So if you do want to have more up-to-date insights every single day, click on the link below to subscribe to my telegram channel. And I will see you in the next video. Bye.


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. It says in figure 1 angle ACB is 90 degrees, CD is perpendicular to AB. Prove that CD square is equal to BD into AD. Let's now move on to the solution. And let's first write what is given to us. We are given that in triangle ABC angle ACB is 90 degrees and CD is perpendicular to AB. Let's now write what we have to prove. We have to prove that CD square is equal to BD into AD. And to prove this, we will prove that triangle BCA is similar to triangle DBC so that the ratio of their corresponding sides will be equal and we will get the required result. So let's now start the proof. Now angle is equal to angle CDB. CDA is equal to angle CDB because each is 90 degrees. And also angle that is this angle is equal to angle CBD. This is because triangle is similar to triangle ACB that is this triangle is similar to this whole triangle. And this is because angle DC is equal to angle ACB because each is 90 degrees. This angle is 90 degrees and this angle is 90 degrees. Also angle is equal to angle CAB because this is a common angle is equal to angle CAB. Angle ACD is similar to triangle ACB by AA similarity. Angles of the two triangles are equal and third angle will also be equal to one another. So angle ACD is equal to angle CBD. So this implies triangle DA is similar to triangle. Since the triangles are similar, the ratio of their corresponding sides will be same. So DC upon DA is equal to DB upon DC that is CD upon AD is equal to VD upon CD cross multiplying we have CD square is equal to VD into AD. Hence the result is proved. Please the question and the session by for now take care have a good day.