Hello, I'm a bus driver from Arctic now. It's midnight. I just finished my job my shift I am going home to watch trucker Josh videos I quickly tied it down tagged it and flagged it. I'm 12 feet wide.  Well, I think it was a compliment My shipper came out to bring me my paperwork when I was done tying it down, right? And he came up by I wouldn't know anyone out when he was squinting says your chrome is blinding me Well, thank you. Thank you very much. I'm gonna quickly grab fuel And since it's not very busy at the fuel islands here. One guy just showed up as I said that of course There's that I'll quickly show you the load and I'll fuel up That's my load This is the side that traffic's gonna meet at because I will be going on two-lane highways for a lot of my trip when I get to the US Not it's a sticking out a little bit at the end here But it's mostly flat along here, right? So the passing cars don't have to worry about that That's the stuff up there that I had to get readjusted. They had that down here Which makes sense when you're looking at it, right? But when I'm trying to tie it down, I can't get my straps anywhere near it So we had to throw them up there and all good and the other side you'll see Is where it's wide Yeah, I don't think I'm 12 feet wide that doesn't look 12 feet But yeah That's what they told me it would be sticks over is a little bit there and I got flags on Pieces here that are sticking out and this mostly just rides down the shoulder of the highway One more trucks pulling into the fuel islands here that other guy just pulled straight through So I'm gonna start fueling here. So I don't hold things up, right? Let's input all of our info into our app here My odometer reading in there Sure, it's correct fuel I put in It ended up being two hundred ninety one point zero five two liters two hundred ninety one point zero five two liters I paid two dollars and seventeen point nine cents Equal six hundred and thirty four dollars and twenty cents. So I actually did pretty good on this Last fuel up I got thirty six point two nine liters per hundred kilometers Six point four eight. So six point five miles per gallon and that's that number that I've been trying to hit So we did good on this last tank of fuel made it into the US We're gonna cross back over the Red River here, which comes down Well, it goes up into Canada from here. I guess we could say it flows north Cup over the Red River and watch all the water flowing back toward Manitoba or up towards Manitoba Look how much smaller it is here, right Once it gets to Winnipeg the Asiniboian River meets it and then up north of Winnipeg Thanks, Karen. We're in Minnesota everybody Karen wants to tell you it was so important. She had to interrupt me We're in Minnesota now Yeah, the river north of Winnipeg is just massive and it's up to a hundred feet deep Just tons of water heading up north it drains into Lake Winnipeg and Then from there on the other side of the lake the lake drains down a bunch of rivers down in the Hudson's Bay up north I think I've told you this many times but for the new people Our whole civilization around Winnipeg is based around the Red River that's That's the main artery it used to be the main mode of transportation in this area too you take the river Now we got roads and big trucks Much better much better We made it Could barely fit in here. Look at this view that's Leech Lake And uh, they're building something Right here and I'm delivering the trusses for it. No one's here. It's just me So I've got to back my trailer around there and dump them about 10 feet back from this pad On the other side back there All well, hopefully not getting stuck Really hope I'm not gonna get stuck. Huh? Is this pretty packed down here? That's pretty good. I mean I've got full walking diffs So if I have to no, I'm not gonna get stuck here. I'll be fine. I'm good thing they gave me that shorter trailer Because uh sitting down here jaws barely fit down the driveway I'm gonna get back in from there I'm not sure if you realized it or not, but that was a blindside back Good thing I have those sleeper windows. Another reason I wanted to have the sleeper windows It makes blindside backing a little easier and it's a huge open space. I mean I couldn't miss it Come on. It's not that hard So about 10 feet from here. He said I'd say I'm about um over 10 feet I want to give them plenty enough space And when I tip the trailer back, this is all gonna come sliding back, right? So I don't want it to be too close and straighten it out a little bit yet But if I dump it from here, we're right to there. So I think I could go a little bit Further back yet not too much though a little further back and we'll dump it 20 feet further back here before I take any more straps off though Gotta slide these axles forward so the trailer can tip So you can see already the trailer wants to tip backwards And I haven't even started tilting it yet So let's take the rest of these straps off and we'll slowly lift it up and then we'll release the rollers and it'll go So it's a not a not an exact science But these things are designed to come off the trailer like that And there's no damage it's sitting right where it should be Or 10 feet from the concrete there Everything is nice and safely out of the way I put this little piece over here pretty cool, right another day in the life Somebody's building a nice cabin on a nice lakefront property Now we got to get out of here. This is the driveway I came down You gotta build it somehow you gotta get the product here I should have called ahead to the minnesota national guard And told them to call off their air force of mosquitoes Around this area that it's just me.  I'm a friend. Okay friendly friendly The mosquito is here. How could you even enjoy these cottages on the lake? You just get eaten alive All right, come here for the weekend.   Okay, let's slowly get out of here See if we can I'm kind of really glad I got a flat top or a low low rise roof Excuse me and short stacks For uh for this delivery trailer as close as I can to that tree there Without hitting it They made this just big enough for me to get in here with this trailer to go underneath these low hanging trees But wide load behind me. I can go around this Before I had to go right under it Hello, that means a red light's coming. See I know the future Don't mean to brag or anything but I saw that one coming So this is uh, what town is this bagly sign there says bagly dental bagly I don't know what town I'm in But they got traffic lights very nice We're in minnesota still I don't know if you can see on my map there. We're just above uh What is that white earth indian reservation? It's just over there. I can't tell what town this is What does it doesn't matter whatever we're going this way got an empty trailer behind me I'm gonna be home at like two in the morning So excited about that fact and my sleeve on my shifter is doing the little uh Thing again, that's okay. I know what it is now. So I'm not stressing out about it. I don't care I gotta fix it It's like a $10 part and then I just gotta remove the airline slip it over blah blah blah blah What did you do man? Yeah, what did you do? What did you do you owe me? Whoops There was an incident on friday. Don't worry. It's not that kind of incident. It's it's actually a good thing Let me explain to you why uh, I guess I backed up against a little bit of a dirt hill And it my my mudflap It caught under the tire like this except on the other side It caught the tire here and the tire kept rolling backwards and it Sucked it down like that to the point where It broke it right off. I just took the bracket off here now Uh, yeah broke it right off Little spoiler alert for tomorrow May as I'll tell you now and get it out of the way, right It happens. So I have it in here maybe just reusing it but the spring broke and It's bent and I'm not putting a bent mudflap bracket on my truck All blue deserves better than that So we're going to turn this Happen stand this this whoopsie into uh into a good thing. Let me show you how I've got a set of these with clear leds. So they're not actually the red ones. They're clear leds Because i'm changing over all the lights to clear a dual revolution leds. Anyways, they're going to be uh Well, those are going to be red all the red ones are going to glow red and the amber ones will be my signals They'll be amber, but the lens themselves will be clear right when the lights are off And they're going to match these And I can switch those lights out those aren't dual revolutions in there yet, but uh, I will flip them out eventually All these are being replaced along with the uh Side markers With the same kind of lights The cool thing about this is They're gonna, you know function normally on the highway red facing back amber on the sides It's gonna look normal But when I go onto the parking lot in my park or at a truck show and I park I flip a little switch in the cab All the lights turn blue I can't use it on the highway. Don't worry I have a feeling that uh, there might be some other blue flashing lights Following me then wondering what i'm doing confusing people right, uh, blue is the color of Law enforcement in the united states and canada is red and blue. Well, I guess it's sort of red and blue in In the us too, but it's mostly blue So you can't have blue lights on your truck going down the highway It confuses people it makes makes them think you're your cop or something in a truck, which is pretty cool I love cops. So I mean, I don't mind, but i'm pretty sure the cops Would prefer I don't do that. They might think it's cool. They'd probably think it's cool But the going down the highway with blue lights would confuse people So those are just for off-road when I park at a truck show or in the truck parking lot just to you know Puff up my feathers a little bit when I park Flipping all on and though the whole truck will glow blue, but on the highway the function normally don't work I'm excited about that. So that's why I got these now and uh, hmm, I figure We made a Made a whoops a whoopsy. It's minor detail, right minor I figure why not if we're gonna fix it. Let's fix it and make it better So I'm gonna try as I already got these bolts out of there. I got my impact wrench I've got a few tools from dad's shop here This is my impact. This is his socket because I can't find my sockets ever since I got this shop and I moved my stuff in here I can't find my impact sockets These sockets, but I need tools I need tools I want to be able to do as much work as possible myself to this thing everything that I can do myself I want to do myself. It saves a lot of money The shop that I go to with this thing is 130 bucks an hour labor. I can save 130 do myself right here I got my own shop But I'm gonna save this for another vlog on the weekend. Uh, so thanks for watching today. It was a fun day down in Minnesota, uh, eventful At first I was kind of upset that that ripped off. It's it's happened to me before it's not the first time it's I should know better, but uh When you're backing up against dirt and you think your mudflap might catch underneath there It's always a good idea to grab a bungee Go back here Let me show you real quick while I'm ending this Go back here take a bungee and just like lift this up like this and just put the bungee all the way around Just to keep that up and then it won't rip off and once you're done doing whatever you're doing in the soft dirt or snow Can put that back down I didn't do that. Oops But we turned it into something good That'll be for another vlog. Thanks for watching today everybody. I appreciate it Uh, don't forget to subscribe all the things every youtuber always tells you to do the same thing here hit the like button and uh Tell your friends share it.


What's up guys? Today we have a mystery box from Gamer's Dreamland. Gamer's Dreamland is a site that sent me this box. By the way, they gave me a discount code 10% off if you use the code Ruxen34. I want to get that out there before we even get started. But the giveaway for this video is a trap jammer from IOC. The first sarcophagus for Mansion Sanctuary and DD Designator. Those are the three cards for the giveaway. All you have to do is like this video, be subscribed and let me know your favorite item from the mystery box. Their link will be in the description. I'm sure there's going to be some sort of note in here. Maybe not, but we'll preface it with that. Let's go ahead and open this thing. This thing is huge. It takes up the entire space, so this is going to be interesting. Okay, we're going to do it like this over here. Oh my goodness, what is this? All right, this is like super cool whatever this is. This looks like a mat. Okay, first we have this. We're obviously going to open it up. So there's their logo. It's got that little Game Boy color. Game Boy color. That's for all you guys. We're trash talking me saying Game Boy Advance. This is going to be super loud. Sorry. Oh my goodness. This is like super nice. So this is a play mat, obviously. Look how thick it is. Oh my goodness, this is sick. All right, so what Gamer's Dreamland has, I checked out their website. They have a lot of merch and stuff like this. So I didn't see any cards for sale, but they have a lot of Yu-Gi-Oh merch and Yu-Gi-Oh play mats and stuff like that. And they had other stuff that was not Yu-Gi-Oh as well. So make sure, if you do, go check out their website down in the description. Make sure you use Ruxen 34 for 10% off everything on the store, not just Yu-Gi-Oh. So let me set this over here. Okay, so that was super cool. Oh my goodness, guys. We have some really cool stuff. I'm probably going to cut when I open this part because it's extremely loud. Here is play mat number two. This one has a big millennium eye on it. Man, these are like extremely nice. Wow, these are like awesome. They're like rubber mats, but they're like three times as thick. So nice and heavy duty. I really like these. These are cool. Oh my goodness, guys. All right, they sent us a Esperoba Jinzo mat that is crazy. So it looks like that is like a Duolinks kind of thing because that looks like the Duolinks text and you got the Jinzo over there. This is incredible. Oh my goodness. This is super nice. Oh my goodness. So if you guys want, obviously, if you guys are interested in this kind of stuff, check out the link. You guys are going to love this. So it looks like they didn't send a note, but I think we covered everything. The link in the description, the discount code and everything they have on their site. You guys are going to love this. This is straight up Ruxin 34 custom mat right here. Okay. First of all, check that out. Ruxin. The Madolche Chickalates Mat. Oh my goodness. The Chickalates. The Chickalates. Chickalates. Chickalates. Chickalates. Oh my goodness. And check that out. Got Ruxin back right there. With that. Look at that Chickalates. Look how cute he is. Oh my goodness. This is awesome. Gamer's Dreamland. You guys are incredible. The Madolche Chickalates Mat is absolutely incredible. I love this so much. I might have to put this in for the video at some point or something. The Chickalates. This is amazing. This is so cool. Okay. First of all, Chickalot. I would try and put it in right now, but yeah, my set up is tiny, so I can't really fit it. Let's see. Wait. Let's try like this. Let's just set. I mean, we don't have to see the whole thing. We can just set it like this. Yeah, that'll work, right? Yeah, that works. It's hanging off the edge a little bit, but you guys can't tell that, so. And finally, the last thing they sent, they sent us four. Was that four mats? One of them being a Chickalates Mat. This is awesome. This is so cool. With Ruxin on the mat. This is so cool. I'm literally freaking out because this is so cool. Finally, they sent us some packs to open, and they didn't just send us any packs. They sent us invasion of chaos. Yeah, so we're going to open these suckers up. I don't even like, they like shrink wrap this somehow. That's pretty cool. All right. I don't know how many packs it is, but this should be fun. On the Chickalates Mat, can the Chickalates bring us some luck? And not only that, these are not 2017 reprints. These are probably 2010 reprints, but even then, I mean 2010 reprints are awesome. Chickalates, bring us the luck. Gamer's Dreamland in the description. Make sure you guys check it out. Use code Ruxin34. They gave me Chickalates. I wonder if they have more Chickalates. I'm wondering if they have another one so you guys could buy. If they don't, we definitely need to make some Chickalates in them. Like, whenever I make merch, Chickalates is going to be on it, right? I mean, let me know in the comments if we should do Chickalates. Okay, let's start the opening. Wow. I'm super hyped about this. I've had this sitting in here for a minute and I haven't been able to open it yet. Oh, wow. This is awesome. Now let's just pull something absolutely insane. Oh, we've got some upside down cards. These feel original. Guys, these are not reprints. These are original Invasion of Chaos packs. Yellow Luster Soldier and a chain disappearance. Yeah, and the upside down thing, that's pretty, these are definitely, these are absolutely original Invasion of Chaos. At least that one was. Okay, that one looks a little different. Maybe it's not. Maybe they're a mix, but that was an original pack. So if we pull something crazy, it'd be even crazier. We've got Chickalates in the background just staring at us. Look at Chickalates. Oh my gosh. Oh my goodness. Original. These are original as well. You can just tell by the feel of them. I don't know how to really show you guys, but like, you see how it looks like, I don't know, just like kind of gritty. Oh, orca mega fortress of darkness. We seem to pull this way a lot. That is really cool. The Chickalates. Bring in the luck. Put it right on the Chickalates. I freaking love this. This is amazing. Okay, look at the difference here. This one's a lot darker. Oh my, yeah, that's way different. See that text versus that? Yeah, these are definitely different prints in some way. You can see this one's a little bit lower than that English. This one might be a legendary collection. We'll see. I'm not totally sure. I haven't really, you know, studied Invasion of Chaos packs too much. Hmm. These, yeah, these could be legendary collection. Maybe not though. I'm not sure. Inferno. I don't know. These feel pretty original as well. Mataza the zapper. Terri King salmon, Skullmark, Ladybug, Recycle and a Hero Emerges. I can't believe that there's a Chickalates man on the screen. That's, I'm literally, I'm nerding out of it. This is cool. This is really cool. And not only that, we're opening original Invasion of Chaos packs. Yes, sign me up. This is awesome. Make sure you guys check out the link. Okay, this one seems a lot. Yeah, this is legendary collection. That's for sure. Ojami Yellow, Balloon Lizard, DD Borderline, Ultra Evolution Pill. If we'd pulled a foil, we could have known for sure. Yeah, we knew that was original because we pulled that, uh, that Megaforchus of Darkness and there was no, there was no rare. All right, this one seems like, what did the last one look like? Yeah, this looks the same as that one, I think. Maybe. No, it looks a little bit, I don't know. Tough to tell, guys. It's tough to tell. All right, let's just open the packs. Yeah, this is definitely legendary collection. Anti-Aircraft Flower, Giga Giga Giga and Stray Lambs. Yeah, these feel a lot more, um, what's the word? They're not gritty. The older ones are more gritty. These are kind of smooth, but also not too smooth. Okay, here's another legendary collection, 2010, those are my guess. Chaos Sorcerer, cool. Gigantus, we would love to pull Maju, that'd be cool. Chain Disappearance, again. Recycle, Fenrir, Salvage, and Curse Silder, Forbidden Spell. All right, Invasion of Chaos, so far we've pulled one Super Rare. Chickalates, bring us the luck. Gamer's Dreamland, send us the luck. Here we go. All right, wait. Oh, this one might be original. It's dinged up there, that's unfortunate.  Blasting the Runes. Neobug, okay, it's the rare, they are all dinged, that's scary. The thing in the crater, okay. Fortunately, those were original too. Fortunately, that was not something crazy. I mean, it still would have been awesome, but it was in like, no. All right, here we go.  I kind of like this. Yeah, definitely original. I'm starting to be able to feel it. Tower of Babel, Fenrir, Crimson Ninja, Getsu Fuma, okay, and Death's Kangaroo. All right, so far, we've only gotten one foil, but we do have a Chickalates, so who's the real winner here? That's the question. All right, Yellow Luster Soldier, Burning Algae. Ojama Black, guys creepy. Blasting the Runes. Curse of Darkness, just a rare. Curse of the Red and Spell, and Gigantus. No Monju's yet, and it's still a lot of packs. I feel like we've opened a lot already. I think it's 24, I think that's what it was. All right, Blazing Impachi, Zero Gravity, come on, let's pull something good here. Chop Man, the Desperate Outlaw, Yellow Luster Shield, and Enraged Battle Ox, this is a dinged corner as well. What's up these corners? Terakim Salmon. Guess they're older, so more chances for that to happen. Invasion of Chaos. I say that, we've only opened Invasion of Chaos. Come on, Great Chickalates, give us the power. Zero Gravity. Which Doctor of Chaos? Chop Man, the Desperate Outlaw, Yellow Luster Shield, Fummin Shuriken? Fummin? Fummin? I don't know, I've pulled Curse Seal and Gigantus like every pack. It feels like, that's weird. Invasion of Chaos. I said it again, we're only open Invasion of Chaos, come on. O'Jama Black, Blasting the Ruins, Chaos Necromancer, Neobug, Dark Dry Saratops, okay, we are on a cold streak Ryukoki, yeah, but that's okay, there's a lot of time, there's a lot of time here. A lot of time to pull something good, we've pulled a whale, that's it. Two guys on a TP7 whale, but it is a whale. Okay, this is, yeah, this is 2010. Stumbling, Stealth Bird, Ryukoki, and Destruction Ring, okay, it's all right, it's all right. All right, we need some luck here, we need the Chickalates. The Chickalata. Chickalala, the Chickalot. We just need one big pull to make this epony, this epony, this opening insane, Sylphied, come on.  Original Ultra Rare, Manticore of Darkness with the Danged Corner, oh, man that looks really nice though, that Manticore.  Oh Chaos Sorcerer, for how nice of a card it is, how nice of a, how nice looking of a card, there we go, there we go. Invasion of Chaos, okay, here we go. All right, let's get this open. Finally got it open. Chop Man, the Desperate Outlaw, we're not dinged this time, Yellow Luster Shield, Burning Algae, O'Jama Black, come on O'Jama Black. DD Designator, cool, Super Rare. We got another foil, that's three foils, these are all out of the original, so we pulled the foils, that's pretty cool. Oh, Energy Drain, another Chaos Sorcerer, Anjade Insect Whistle. We still got a few packs left though, so here we go, we started off cold, we are getting a little bit heated up here, it's back-to-back foils I think. Grand Maju De Iza, Tower of Babel, Fin Rear, Crimson Ninja, Mad Dog of Darkness, Coach Goblin and Lord Poison. All right, the Chickalates has given us a little bit of luck recently, can we continue the luck, whoops, wrong way. Fiend's Hand Mirror, Molten Zombie, Soul Tiger, Maju, there we go, 10,000 hands, and another Mad Dog of Darkness, we got a Nave and Raikouki. Let's sleeve up that original Maju, that's pretty awesome. We're putting the foils in the background this time because of the epic mystery box we got from Gamer's Dreamland. Here we go, Big Koala, okay that was a little bit, the other one looks okay, a little bit of a corner ding, Impachi, Zero Gravity, and Jorilago, I mean these corner dings are rough, Ojami Yellow and Chaos Greed, so that's what happens with loose packs sometimes, especially when they're this old, 2004, so these are like 2004 packs I guess which is 16 years, Dimension Distortion, we got a Silphied, Fiend's Hand Mirror, Molten Zombie, and another Dark Dry Seratops, that's like the third one. All right, we are down to the last five packs it looks like, five packs left, we've pulled pretty good so far though, these packs are going everywhere. All right, Thunder Crash, Fiend's Hand Mirror, the Sacred Crane, Molten Zombie, and a Robin Zombie with Chaos Sorcerer, Gigantus, a lot of Gigantus pull today, that is for sure. Okay, four foils, that's pretty good, we've gotten, no three foils, sorry, Maju's not a foil, so we would like, you know, ratio would be about six, but if we don't hit it that's all right, Energy Drain, Dawn Turtle, Grand Dura, Dura, Soul Absorption, whoa, oh Wild Nature's Release, okay so this is definitely a reprint pack because there was a Super Rare and a Rare, Wild Nature's Release never fails to appear in an Invasion of Chaos opening, that's what it seems like at least, Heart of the Underdog, all right, oh this is a straight up 2017 pack, this is the first one, first 2017 pack we've had, Oganian, Primal Seed, Grand Maju Day Iza, oh Heart of the Underdog, Robin Zombie, Ojama Black, Fiend's Hand Mirror and Sacred Crane, so you guys can tell, let me show you guys how to tell, this Konami logo, oh I guess we've had two of them then, this Konami logo is 2017, 2013 I think, Legendary Collection Game Board, then this logo can be on either 2004 or 2010 packs, I should probably have figured out the difference by now but I didn't, but these are definitely 2013 to 2017 Game Board Edition, it changed up the logo since then, all right two more packs, uh-oh, yeah the uh the Game Board Editions are the one you're still gonna see today in stores, Grand Maju Day, okay this was a, this looks like an original, so I'll try and show you guys after this, Grand Maju Day Iza, Tower of Babel, Giga, Giga, we haven't pulled in much, Fenrir, Curse of Darkness, just rare, Chaos Sword, we got a lot of Chaos Swords for that, that's nice, okay so you guys see this versus this, you see the Red Banner logo versus the Outlined in White logo, so this is an original pack, you can also see, let's see, okay there's no trading card game here, I think they moved, okay they moved it up to be in the Yu-Gi-Oh trading card game, before it was just Yu-Gi-Oh and then trading card game, so Shonen Jump in White, Shonen Jump in Black right there, so that's the difference between an original 2004 Unlimited and this is a 2013 or 2017 reprint, probably 2017 reprint, final pack, so what we can tell from this one is, this is probably an original because you guys can see the trading card game is separated from Yu-Gi-Oh, it has the Red Banner and the White Outline, so and then the the dark Shonen Jump right there, so this should be an original 2004 print, that's what I've learned so far in this video, from myself, alright Sophie, Fiend's Hand Mirror, Molten Zombie, can we pull some crazy at the end, Soul Tiger and Astray Lambs, alright okay, so we didn't have the best luck with the packs but we did get to open original Invasion of Chaos, we pulled three foils from the original Invasion of Chaos which is cool and we pulled Wild Nature's Release, let's just kind of show what we got, yeah we got the uh, this was a reprint pack 2017 probably, we got the Monju from original and these three from original DD Designator, Megafortress and Manticore, all really cool, so Gamer's Dreamland thank you again for sending me this box, also you guys need to check out that link in the description to their website, buy something epic, I don't know if they have Chickalates available but I would obviously be buying those if I did, Chickalates, thank you for the epic mats, there's also a Jinzo mat, it's crazy, check out there, just check it out, use code ruxen34 for 10% off, anything on the site and that's it for today guys, I hope you guys enjoyed the video, I certainly did, see you guys later, peace.


Won't be surprised if it's a dream Everything I want the world to be Is not coming true, especially for me And the reason it's here is because you are here You're the nearest thing to heaven that I see Nation and the only exclamation I can find Is the love that I've found ever since you've been around Your love's with me at the top of the world Sing me a song, Carrie What would you do if I sang out of tune Would you stand up and walk out on me Give me your ear and I'll sing you a song And I'll try not to sing out of key I get by with a little help from my friends Ooh, I get high with a little help from my friends Ooh, I get high with a little help from my friends My friends Isn't that beautiful? Yes Now, are you guys coming in for lunch Or would you like me to serve you? Oh my God I would serve you I would enjoy serving you No, we're all coming It's just hard to stop doing this Then you don't need to That's the beautiful thing You don't need to How does a teacher of God spend his day With other teachers of God Enjoying the day Doing nothing This gives I need to do nothing A whole new meaning Yes It's lovely Whoever's watching this I love you We're one We're in our father's hands Thank you God Time is over And this is a dream And it was It's a pretty good one At the moment It's a pretty good one The crow What is that word On your website Indigo crow Say it again Indigo crow That's my spirit Indigo, that's like a purpleish color Yes Yes, I got it on a veggie course Which means nothing now that I Yeah That changes everything Well, I change it even more The whole easy life in this car Oh Yeah, because Especially when it's warm Well, yeah, because Here comes the light ray of heaven There's a shining light of God Yeah, hi David Good video Yep You're just doing it A day in the life of a messenger Yeah There it is The first Here we are in the yurt Yes The first day in the yurt The first day in the yurt Beautiful We're almost finished We got the door The glue was drying on the door And we're almost We've had big bugs The spiders, grasshoppers And a big bumblebee that's already Visited us in here We all made it out He's inside the yurt Oh, look at this There's Jason Ah, I love it


Through a volunteer effort, people needing a warm meal can get one for free at the Red Lake soup line. The free weekly service started at the beginning of the year and has served thousands since. Mel Meyer reports. You like chili or a well-raised? Chili. Chili. Daryl and Perkins saw how many of her daughter's friends were looking for a good meal and thought others might be as well. And like every day they would come over and I'd tell them what I was cooking in there and be all excited. Her mother, Cheryl Boestring, had been thinking about putting together a soup line for years. I've seen them but I've never done anything like this. They met with Mary Omen to bring the idea to the community center. After receiving donations from grocery stores, community members, the tribal council and other reservation groups, they were ready to hold their first soup line of about 50 people. As time went on now we are getting anywhere from 50 to 160 people. Mary Omen helps promote the event each week through Facebook. But once the word gets out they're here every Monday. Helen Anderson says she's been experiencing homelessness and was thankful for the meal. Nice. Good. Yeah, we're around here and glad to see everybody. Rhonda May was happy to see them serve different areas of the reservation. She says it's her family's weekly night out. The little one always goes over and says good. It was good. Cheryl Boestring says there are other projects she'd like to put in motion. Open a dropping center or something where people can just hang out, visit, just stay warm. The soup line will hold a celebratory year anniversary meal on January 2nd. In Red Lake, I'm Mal Meyer, Lakeland News. Anyone looking to make a tax deductible donation can do so by calling the Red Lake Community Center. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


You're all very welcome for a start. Maybe you would like to do what I do, and that is switch your mobile phone off, so as to avoid any possible embarrassment later. We are very lucky today to have one of the most competent speakers on any subject in relation to Russia to talk about Russia and Europe, redefining the relationship. Russia and Europe is a very interesting subject historically. You could say that Russia sometimes is considered as of Europe, but not in Europe, and sometimes also considered in Europe, but not of Europe. And you could say that the history goes back maybe to the 17th century with Peter the Great opening a window onto Europe, and Peter the Great himself, of course, became a factor in European history and was active in changing the political formation of part of Europe, and you could go on to Alexander the Emperor, who outdid Stalin when he was congratulated in 1945 on reaching Berlin, pointed out that a solid example reached Paris. We all know the history of the period after 1945 when Russia of the Soviet Union was involved right up to the central line, dividing Europe into two. Since then, there have been various efforts to define Russia's relations with Europe. I think President Yeltsin at the beginning wanted Russia to be part of Europe, and indeed President Putin at the beginning, very beginning of his period of office, expressed a wish for Russia to be a full part of Europe. We go from that to today, where I read in the newspaper today that the Secretary General of the Council of Europe has warned everybody of the dangers of a rucksit along with a Brexit. That's to say that Russia might be suspended from the Council of Europe, where it hasn't had a vote since 2014, and as far as I know, hasn't paid its dues to the Council of Europe since 2014. So the question of Russia and Europe is a perpetually exercising one. We could have no better speaker to talk to us today than Dr. Mitzit Sreenin, who's the director of the Carnegie Moscow Center. As I was saying earlier, the Carnegie Moscow Center is an absolutely indispensable resource for anybody who wants to read reasonable views, objective views about the problems faced by Russia and faced by the rest of us because of Russia. So we are very glad to have you, Dr. Sreenin, and we look forward to your presentation. Well, if I may. Well, thank you very much, Ambassador Murphy, for these warm words of welcome. It gives me a special pleasure to address you this afternoon. It's been a long coming to Ireland. For me and my wife, we attempted several times, but for various reasons under different circumstances, we could not make it. We're so happy that this time we actually made it. I will talk for maybe 25, 20 minutes. I really look forward, maybe less than that, I hope less, so that we can have more of a discussion. And I really look forward to discussing those things with you. I think that I would start with... There are several things I will offer to you as just broad thoughts that we can elaborate on later. I will start with what happened in 2014. Of course, that was the year of the Crimea crisis, the Ukraine crisis, and that was the year when Russia's unique quest for Western integration, becoming part of Europe, however defined, that came to an abrupt halt. At the same time, another major pillar of Russia's foreign... Or the other major pillar of Russia's foreign policy was equally destroyed, and that was Russia's attempt to reintegrate the former republics of the Soviet Union into a new construct with Russia as a center. So come 2014, the two main pillars of Russian foreign policy, its attempt at integration into the West slash Europe, and its attempt to reintegrate the former republics of the Soviet Union, they both became history. At least for... I think that as far as the former republics are concerned, that's history full stop with regard to Europe and the West. This is certainly something that is at least suspended, but also maybe likely over for the foreseeable future. When Russia or Russians look at Europe, they see triple. They see, of course, the European Union, but the European Union to them is largely a powerful economic block without a strategic dimension, a geopolitical dimension. This dimension is represented by what they see in NATO. This is the other thing that they see when they look at Europe. But NATO is perceived to be, as it was perceived during the Cold War, as essentially a platform for US foreign policy, US forces in Europe. And then, and that's the most important bit, they see the various European countries, some of which have been Russia's neighbors for hundreds of years and others have just emerged on the map of Europe and some of them are actually former provinces of Russia itself. These are either as an empire or as the Soviet Union. And I would say that Russia basically lays emphasis on the states of Europe for most things and only in the second instance on the European Union as an economic powerhouse, as the economic regulator. And as far as the third thing, the NATO thing is concerned, this is not about Europe at all. My next point is that relations with the European Union, which Ambassador Murphy mentioned that, looked so promising to many Russians in the early 2000s and in the 1990s, so that Mr. Putin in his famous address to the German parliament, the Bundestag, back in October 2001, talked about Russia's European choice. The European Union is not seen right now as a strategic partner that it was, at least it was called for many years prior to the Ukraine crisis. And due to the sanctions imposed by the Union, the relationship is essentially frozen. NATO is seen as essentially an anti-Russian organization led by the United States, not as threatening as NATO was during the Cold War. And yet something that is seen as enemic to Russia's core security interests. And it's only the bilateral relations, it's the economic ties to individual countries, it's about trade and investment and technology, those things are considered to be of real value. So Europe, my conclusion here would be that Europe to Russians is mostly about the economy, it's mostly about investment, it's mostly about many social things, people come here for medical treatment, people come here for recreation, some people keep their money, other people keep their families and still others send their children to Europe, but it's not about the grand strategic issues. Does Russia want to split the European Union? This is something I hear very often from my European friends. To which I would answer that Russia does not see the European Union as a big problem for itself, it sees NATO as a big problem. But splitting NATO is something that is considered to be, I think, pretty difficult or frankly impossible. Russia is not so much engaged in splitting the European Union in the divide and rule formula as trying to calibrate its approach to the various European countries to ease, either ease economic pressure on Russia, sanctions pressure, or to go around the sanctions. And engage in economic projects that would make sense for Russia. And again, you see so many examples of that with the North Stream with Germany and various other economic engagements with countries such as Italy and Austria and France and even Hungary. There are different countries in Europe, they have different interests in Russia with Russia and they have very different historical experience with Russia, which helps Russia and which makes it more difficult for the European Union to establish a common denominator for its policy toward Russia. Which I think is more of an objective fact than a result of Russian scheming. Not that Russia is not scheming, I think it is clearly trying to make the most of, in many ways, unfavorable situation. But it's essentially about those larger reasons that make some countries more open to engagement with Russia than others. Does Russia threaten Europe? I think this is something that I often hear again from my European friends. Whether what happened in Crimea in 2014, Donbass, does that presage reconquist an attempt by Russia to reconquer the territories lost as a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union and the loss of the Warsaw Pact. I think that for some people, this is such a view is essentially born out of their own country's experience or their interpretation of their own country's experience with Russia, you hear it from the Baltic states, you hear it in Poland, you hear it in Romania and in a number of other countries. And I don't think that there is a chance of Russia persuading those countries or convincing those countries that it does not covet their territories now. I think the chance of Russia invading any of the Baltic states is just not just slim, it's zero, zero full stop. And yet, you will never be able to convince the people who will continue to look at Russia through the Prism of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Act and the deportations of the 1940s and other things. The Russia threat, however, is the glue that essentially keeps NATO focused on Russia. If you have a military alliance, it is not enough to have common values. A military alliance is not about common values. Common values may be very important or an important factor, but NATO was born when it included a number of dictatorships within its midst, and it was not about democracy.  And that's why when the Soviet Union disappeared, NATO entered immediately into a crisis before it found new threats to focus on new areas of engagement where it might be useful out of area or out of business. That kind of thing. But with the Ukraine crisis, NATO has rediscovered its original mission, and I think it will stick to that mission because it's so useful. And the Russia threat, to me, nonexistent as it is. And you look at the balance of power, the balance of forces, the balance of financial resources, any kind of balance, which is clearly eschewed in the West's favor. The Russia threat is not there, and it's not, frankly, in my own experience, it's not really believed anywhere east of Berlin, but, excuse me, west of Berlin. But east of Berlin, this is a different story. Russia is often accused of interfering in European domestic politics. And I think there is some validity to those claims. In today's world, borderless, essentially borderless world, you are essentially free to operate. And I can imagine Mr. Putin somewhere around 2012 after the Moscow protests that were very much supported, if not politically, if not financially, as Putin accused the organizers of those protests, but at least there was emotional sympathy for those protests in the Western media. Putin may have resolved that Russia would strike back and would do to others that the others were doing to him. Of course, the others were trying to promote democracy, promote human rights to Putin that was trying to sap at the foundation of the regime, of the system, of Russian statehood. And he is pushing back. Essentially, what happened to Russia after 20, Russian policy after 2012, was Putin lifting the restrictions on dealing with other political forces than governments or established political, let's say, governing parties in various countries. It's for two decades after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia stayed back from, even within the post-Soviet Commonwealth, the CIS stood back from actively engaging with opposition forces. You only deal with the government of the day. After 2012, that was lifted. Not only for the CIS, it was lifted for the entire world. So when Russia reaches out to the Alternativa für Deutschland, well, they are a party that exists. And if there is something that Russians can learn from them or to whatever, they go for it. And I think this is unlikely to stop. I find much of that to be, frankly, devoid of a strategic of a strategy. It's one thing to invite Marine Le Pen to the Kremlin a couple of days before the French presidential election. But what's the strategy behind it? What is the message that you are trying to send? Have you thought it through? And I'm not sure that it was. Otherwise, I wouldn't find it strange or objectionable when Macron, who was, of course, Le Pen's opponent in the 2017 elections traveled to Berlin. That was nice. That was fine. That was within Europe, within the European Union. It's almost domestic, domestic affair. When Le Pen, at the same time traveled to Moscow, that was different. Now, it's difficult to argue that you can only go to certain countries, not to other countries, or meet certain people, not other people. I think what Russia is trying to do now, not just in Europe but more globally, is trying to establish contacts with all relevant parties, whoever they may be. If you are relevant, then you are on Russia's contact list. Look at the Middle East. Look at Syria. Russia can be, well, on very good terms with Israel and Iran at the same time, with Iran and the Saudis, with the Turks and the Kurds. So if you are relevant, then you can be contacted by Russia. And I think in the Middle East, they've been doing it rather effectively.  But even the Syrian opposition, Russia was bombing them. Bombing them, essentially, to nudge them to the negotiating table with Damascus. You soften them up from the air, and you bring them to them. It's, you may say, cynical, and it is. But this is the policy. So to the extent that Russia is interfering in Europe, I think there's a lot of, much of that, in my view, lacks strategic thinking. I don't believe that there's a strategy in Russia, a good strategy for dealing with Europe and this new environment. But certainly restrictions on all sorts of contacts have been lifted. There is, I think, a degree of interference. But to Putin, this is nothing more, actually, much less than what he sees as Western interference in Russia through various NGOs, through various meetings between Western officials and Russian opposition people, not to speak of Western interference in countries such as Ukraine or other countries, including some of Russia's own allies and partners in the, such as Belarus and others. I can, we can talk about the Skripal case, if you want, later on. I noted it here, but I really want to keep my remarks to the barest minimum. So we have, and I'm coming to some sort of a conclusion, we find ourselves in a difficult situation vis-à-vis Europe. As Ambassador Murphy said, Russia has had a very complex relationship with Europe through the ages. Peter the Great was the one who started Russia's modernization, taking Europe as a model. Boris Yeltsin looked or accepted Europe as a mentor. Now by now, both the model and the mentor no longer apply. Europe is neither for Russia, neither a mentor nor model. I think that what happened in 2014 reverses not only the trend toward a common European home that Gorbachev initiated 30 years ago in his speech to the Council of Europe, and Russia's membership in the Council is in danger right now, but also the 300-plus year-old trend started by Peter the Great, with Europe being the place where Russia would want to be. I think the new mentality that is spreading within the political class in Russia is that Russia stands apart from Europe. In fact, it stands apart everyone in this world. You live in a grand Eurasian neighborhood with Europe to the west, with China and Japan to the east and the southeast, India and the Muslim world to the south, and you are in the north of this grand Eurasian landmass. You are, as Russia, a global country, a global player, but you are not part of anything. You're not part of Europe, you're not part of Asia, you're not part of the American Empire. You don't want to be part of the Chinese Empire if it takes shape.  It does not want to be a superpower. It's not in the running with China for the primacy in Eurasia. It's not running against the United States for any superpower rivalry in the world. It sees itself as a great power, but the meaning of a great power is different from what it used to be. It's no longer a power that dictates to others. It's a power that does not allow anyone to dictate to itself. And that's the subtle change. And Europe is a close neighbor, it's a near neighbor, just like China, it's another neighbor. Of course, there's so much more affinity toward Europe and Russians are and have been and will be primarily Europeans of European stock. Originally with essentially European background and of course culturally part of a large European civilization that includes also the Americas. But politically and strategically, they will be apart from Europe. And at the same time, the empire is also being written off, more or less, it's being rather converted in the Russian mind into new neighborhoods. There's a new Central Asian neighborhood, there's a Caucasus neighborhood, but it's not that you somehow regard those countries as not exactly foreign. I think we are growing away of that togetherness with the former borderlands. The central issue between Russia and Europe today, of course, is Ukraine. I don't think that the election that's taking place right now, the second round will be in three weeks, less than two weeks time. Or the elections that will follow in October, I don't think it will change the situation very much. I think we will more or less be where we are today going forward. I don't think it would be productive to think of a solution to the Ukraine crisis in terms of essentially Russia surrendering itself to the demands of Ukraine and its Western backers. I don't think either that Ukraine or the countries in the West are open to some kind of a compromise on Ukraine, which would meet Western and Russian and Ukrainian interests. I think we're very far away from that. So the best we can hope for is that the situation does not, continues to be under control more or less, does not explode into our faces, that we do not see a degeneration of the conflict into an open war. And I think that there's a good chance that we can achieve that. Beyond that, after the United States and Russia somehow reach a new equilibrium in their relations, there may be a new equilibrium also regarding Ukraine. But with regard to Europe, I think we need to start thinking seriously about a new compact between Russia and Europe. No longer placed or founded on the idea of Russia europeanizing itself, becoming more like Europe. Because I think we've traveled a little bit along that road and I don't think we will hit that road again, not in the foreseeable future. Not that Russia will not modernize, not that Russia will be inimical to things European. But Russia becoming just another European country within the framework of norms and rules established by the European Union to me looks very, very unlikely. So we need to find a new equilibrium on a new idea. And this new idea could be, well, neighborhood, good neighborhood, mutual recognition of diversity. Russians will be unlike Europeans. Europeans will be very different from Russians and there's a lot of Russian narrative about how Europeans have lost their way and all that, to me, nonsense. Europe is entitled to its own devices and Europe is entitled to go in the way that Europe chooses to go and it's not for Russia to decide what is truly European, what is not truly European, who has lost their way, who has not lost their way. So there must be, in my view, a mutual recognition of that diversity between Russia and Europe. And then a lot will depend on what kind of Russia and what kind of Europe will emerge in, let's say, the next 15 to 20 years. Russia faces enormous challenges, enormous economic, social, political. There's a very difficult transition ahead, political transition away from Putin. It will take much time and it may come, it may result in many surprises, some pleasant, some unpleasant. There needs to be a new system of governance, there needs to be a new economic model for Russia that would allow it, finally, to start developing, start growing. And of course, the future of Europe is also, when you look ahead now, is not very certain what happens to the European Union. But after a period of time, I think we will have a better understanding of which way we're heading and that would allow us to come to, as I said, a new compact, which will be based not so much on expectations as the 1990s compact was, or ideology, but on the realities that make Europe and Russia, perhaps, the closest neighbors to each other. Of all the neighbors, all the physical neighbors of Europe, Russia could be the closest one. Of all the physical neighbors of Russia, Europe could be the closest. And that's a good basis, as good a basis as any, to build a solid relationship on. Thank you very much.


Welcome back. So, so far we have discussed the what are the rockets, historic perspective of the rocket, the development of rocket science. Now, let us back to the actual course, start discussing rocket propulsion. First of all, the previous class we have talked about what are rockets, the basic definition of rockets. Rockets are the devices which generate thrust by imparting momentum and energy and onboard propellant. This is the catch word onboard propellant. So, the propellant is onboard, rocket is carrying that propellant and it essentially energizes that propellant or adds momentum to it. So, therefore, unlike air breathing engine which draws most of its propellant from air or surrounding environment, a rocket essentially energizes onboard propellant. Now, there are two broad classification of rockets. Rockets can be classified under two broad categories. First is chemical rockets and the second is non-chemical rockets. So, in this course, we will primarily deal with chemical rockets, but towards the end we will have some lectures on non-chemical rockets like the electric propulsion systems. So, first let us look at the chemical rockets. As the name suggests, the chemical rockets generate thrust through the release of internal chemical energy of the propellant. So, thrust is produced by release of internal chemical energy of the propellant and that energy can be released only through chemical reaction. So, the primary source of production of thrust is the chemical reaction in chemical rockets. Now, this is the broader classification of rockets. The chemical rockets also have two primary subcategory. Actually, sometime we can also call it three, but primary two subcategories. First is liquid fuel and second is solid fuel. So, we also have sometime hybrid also, but primary it is liquid fuel or solid fuel where it depicts the phase of the propellant. Either the propellant is in the liquid phase, both oxidizer or and the fuel in the liquid phase or sometime we have a mono propellant where is a single propellant, it can be in the liquid phase or it can be in the solid phase. Again solid phase also we can have separately oxidizer and fuel blended together as a one rod or we can have them separately also. And one subclass of liquid fuel as I have said before also is cryogenic, which essentially means that the propellants which are in their natural state gases, but if they are stored under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature then they are in the liquid form. So, they are stored in the liquid form, but the combustion occurs in the gaseous state by the time they are sent to the combustor actually in cryogenic by the time they reach the combustor one of them have already gasified, other comes the liquid stage, but one is already gasified. So, therefore, but liquid fuel primarily both the fuel and oxidizer are in the liquid state. So, the basic principle of operation as far as the chemistry is concerned is same in both only the rocket design is going to be little different. The sub systems are going to be different for liquid fuel you need to have liquid storage, pumps, gas generator etcetera. So, solid propellant you do not need that this entire pellet is put inside the rocket chamber and it is burned inside that you do not have to have separate systems. However, so coming to the liquid propellant rockets looks at look at the merits and demerits of these two systems. The primary use of liquid propellant rockets are in large boosters. Now, liquid fuels generally have higher enthalpy per unit mass relative to solids. So, if I look at the specific enthalpy or enthalpy per unit mass then typically liquid fuel will have a larger enthalpy compared to solid propellant and there is a reason for it. What is the reason? How do we emit the heat of reaction by bond energy? So, typically the molecules are much closely packed in solids than liquids. So, they can be very easily broken. So, therefore, the energy content will be more in liquid because the very less goes in breaking the bonds. So, energy release will be more whereas, in the solid lot of energy has to go to break the bonds. So, that energy is available. So, therefore, the overall delivery of enthalpy or energy will be less. So, typically the specific enthalpy or the enthalpy per unit mass for liquid fuel is more than that of the solids. Now, this is because of the fact that the intermolecular bonds are weaker in liquids. Therefore, they are easy to break the bonds, easy to vaporize. Now, one thing you have taken course in combustion. I have said that the combustion typically actually occurs only in the gaseous phase. Finally, the combustion to occur it has to be in the gaseous phase. So, therefore, whatever propellant we take first it has to vaporize and only then reaction will occur. Liquid is easy to vaporize, solid is little more difficult to vaporize. Therefore, the combustion process is easier in liquid compared to solid as far as the physics is concerned. Of course, it is easy to light the solid propellant and it will keep on burning, but as far as the energy release is concerned liquid fuel will be much more efficient than solid fuel. Now, one of the prime advantage of using liquid fuel is providing variable thrust. Now, this is very important which is also called throttling. Liquid fuel can provide variable thrust or throttling because we can very easily control the flow rate and flow rate is what essentially dictates how much total energy is produced. So, by controlling the flow rate you can very easily control the total thrust produced by these engines. This is a very important feature as far as the engines are concerned. Because of the fact if you look at mission requirement typically all the missions they have a well defined period for every application. Something has to burn for 5 second at particular thrust, 2 second for particular thrust like that which is very difficult to achieve the solid propellant, but liquid propellant can very easily attain that.  Liquid propellant can be very easily shut off. So, from safety point of view also it is much safer compared to solid propellant. As I have just said challenger disaster was started with solid propellant booster. Even if you see that something is going wrong cannot do anything about it because once the solid propellants are lighted is impossible to stop it from burning up whereas liquid propellant can be very easily put off.   Essentially allow use to go for multimode missions where at different stage of the mission you will have different requirement, but with solid propellant you just light it once it is gone. So, if it is a very specific well defined motion solid propellant will be better, but if it is a flexible mission we are talking about liquid propellant has to be there because you have that control of controlling the total thrust or the duration of thrust the amount of thrust both are important particularly for very many applications like satellite mission keeping and all. Many times you may not know a priori how much thrust you will be required at what condition for how much time. So, having a liquid propellants is a liquid rocket system can you can provide that amount of thrust required thrust. So, that is the biggest advantage that is why liquid propellants are primarily used in boostation and higher stages also higher stages typically we use liquid propellant rockets. However, they have some disadvantages also one biggest disadvantage is it required the fuel feed system. So, the disadvantage is first fuel feed system feed and storage in order to store this liquid fuel liquid typically we will have much less specific volume than solid gas as even less, but liquid much less specific volume as solid. So, therefore, the weight per unit volume is relatively low as compared to solids. So, in order to store enough mass you need to have larger volume. So, you need storage tanks now this storage tanks do nothing, but the store fuel if you look at the space shuttle it has separate storage tank for storing fuel, but that adds on during lift up light because that has to be carried on board. So, this storage tank they do not take part in production of thrust or any mission requirement, but they have to be there to carry the fuel that adds to the weight. So, this adding storage tank adds to the weight. Now, for multi stage missions they can be discarded, but if you are talking about mission where you do not have to discarded then you are carrying that weight is a dead weight and other is the fuel feed system that is pumps very important. Now, these pumps are special turbo pumps they are again these are also technological marvels. If you look at the total operational time of a liquid fuel rocket let us say you have a liquid rocket in the second stage like PSLV second stage is a liquid fuel right. Now, the first stage is solid propellant it has burned out within fraction of a second you have a second stage right and on a light it you have to light at its full capacity full capacity means almost about 50 60 kg per second of fuel right. So, 50 60 kg of fuel you have to put in per second with one or two second. So, the pump has to pump in that much amount huge amount of flow within such a short duration. So, development of this pump the pump material the pump bearing pump blades everything is very very critical for the operation of a proper operation of a liquid fuel system and that again is dead weight right because it is not participating apart from supplying the fuel. So, once again is a very expensive component is a very difficult component to design and manufacture, but does not directly take part in the first generation. So, it can tell a mission make a mission crippled, but it does not add advantage to the mission. So, therefore, that is one of the biggest problems in liquid fuel systems. So, liquid propellant rockets one of the bottlenecks is the fuel feed system and then you have to maintain the distribution typically there are many many injectors you have to maintain the distribution equal distribution everywhere. So, there are various issues that come into picture then second now because of this they are heavier than solid propellant heavier than solid fuel rockets because these are the weight that you have to carry. So, for the same amount of thrust they will be heavier than solid propellant rockets and then lots of dead weight which you need to carry in a liquid feed system and one of the major problem in liquid propellant rockets is persistence of combustion instabilities. Combustion instabilities a major problem in liquid propellant rockets and what happens this instabilities actually coupled with the feeding system. So, if the instability occur instability is pressure variation in the combustion chamber. Now, the combustion chamber pressure variations are of large amplitude and the fuel feed system the delivery mass flow rate depends on the pressure differential between the feeding system and the combustor. So, if the combustor instabilities of large amplitude there are lot of oscillations in the pressure then the differential also oscillates. So, that feeds back to the fuel feed system and change oscillates the mass flow rate. If you oscillate your thrust will start to oscillate and that actually augments the combustion instability also. So, can lead to disastrous mission failure. So, this is a major problem with the fuel feed system and combustion instability coupling. So, essentially what is done is that in the design stage we design in such a way that this instabilities do not occur because these are system level problems and operating condition level problems. Then the designer specifies that keep away from this operational ranges. So, if you specify the operational range that is the flow rate, temperature, pressure etcetera and you have to operate within that parameter otherwise we may get into combustion instability. So, this is something in the design or development stage has to be addressed and that essentially adds to development cost or time. But without that it becomes a dangerous proposition to operate a liquid fuel engine. On the other hand the solid propellant rockets are simple and reliable as we can see as we have talked about the history. As we have seen in the history the original rockets were developed in 8th or 9th century were all solid propellant without detailed critical predictions or anything they are very simple and reliable. Solid propellant rocket once you light it it is going to fly. It may not fly in the intended manner, but it is going to fly somewhere. So, solid propellants are simple and reliable biggest advantage. This simplicity and reliability gives us robustness or repeatability in operation because of that these are very attractive as weapons. Most of the missiles particularly short range missiles are solid propellant rockets like even the stringer missiles are solid propellant. So, they are essentially preferred for weapons. Advantage is you do not need this storage and everything and huge portability because they are very compact closely packed. So, can be taken very easily carried very easily. So, gives the portability that is why they are preferred as weapons as well as and strap on boosters. Now strap on boosters are the attachment fitted to the rocket vehicle to provide the initial thrust. They have to run for few second provides the huge initial thrust. So, you can have huge solid boosters like in the special program and then let them burn off. Once they burn off you can discard them. So, the cases can come off and then the main rocket can take over, but to provide the initial thrust you need reliability and you need lot of it lot of thrust which can be provided very easily by the solid rocket boosters. So, therefore, these are usually used as strap on boosters. Also they are used as retro rockets and rural rockets for stress separation because those are well defined mission requirement. You fire it for very short duration because when the two stages separate they need to be moved apart. So, one of them will be in the forward motion, other will be in the backward motion. So, that you can move them apart and those are usually achieved by very small solid propellant boosters. Smalls they call it rocket pellets. Small rockets are fired to provides little amount of thrust whether the stages separate. Again the reliability is very critical in that and that is why solid propellants are preferred. Then the propellant density as I have talked about before density is greater than liquid rockets that I have already talked about because they have very high specific volume compared to the liquid propellant. Therefore, the propellant density is greater and the biggest advantage no dead weight apart from the casing. Apart from the casing nothing comes in no rotating part no supply system nothing is required. Apart from the casing it is just a solid rocket which is lighted and it burns. So, you do not need any separate storage you do not need any feed system. Only thing required is the ignition system that is it apart from that nothing is required. So, that is a major advantage no carrying no dead weight. So, which any weight you save adds to your payload what to your range both of them are beneficial. Therefore, this is a major advantage of solid propellant rockets and these are especially attractive for small change in velocity. You do not need very large changes, but for small changes these are very attractive. It provides the initial small changes of again why do you use for the initial booster. We do not require very high velocity there small change in velocity, but you have to lift lot of weight because you are lifting the entire system with all the propellant and everything. So, lot of weight with small velocity change solid propellant is preferred. Once you start to become lighter switch over to liquid propellant and tack it forward because you have already got the initial push as the initials velocity. So, after that the liquid propellant can take over. So, this is very attractive for small change in velocities and as we have just mentioned that the liquid rockets require heavy tanks and pump which they do not and they are usually more stable combustion instabilities are although are there because combustion is a phenomena of the rocket chamber acoustics. So, they are there, but less than this secondly it does not feedback combustion instability if it is there does not feedback to the fuel feed system. So, the combustion system and instability either the combustion or the evaporation and burning process and the instability are kind of decoupled because there is no feedback back to the evaporation rate or burning rate. So, less unstable this is another advantage of this. Disadvantages is liquid propellant had the major advantage of throttling whereas, solid propellant one of the major disadvantage is throttling not possible. So, difficult to throttle major disadvantage difficult to control combustion once the combustion process starts it just have to let it burn because you cannot control it. Nowadays of course, for the various machine requirement the pre programmed and tar pellet with different burning characteristics, but that has to be done a priori it cannot be done on flight in a active manner it has to be passively programmed. So, these are the major disadvantages of solid propellant rocket and there are some instabilities which do exist, but primarily these two difficult to throttle and difficult to shut off. So, once these are fired either they complete their mission or they can have disaster consequences because they work like a missile for space exploration. So, solid propellant if they are fired and that is one of the reasons that most of the launching sites are very close to the areas where there are not much of inhibited not much of people because if once you ride the light the solid booster and mission is a failure you have to abort the mission and then it may take it to a populated area and have disaster consequences. Therefore, all the mission areas are essentially or the launch pads are essentially away from the inhibited areas. So, now in the latest development, but solid propellant because of this energy density and these advantages are still very attractive. Therefore, technology are being developed to somehow provide some control and throttling to the solid propellant rockets and one of the Indian success stories is solid propellant. Indian SLV program is completely solid propellant is a very successful program all the solid propellant rockets are very efficiently used. So, India is one of the world leaders in solid propellant rocket technology. So, far we have been talking about chemical rockets we have discussed the liquid propellant rockets and solid propellant rockets. Now, let us look at the other variant of rockets which are non chemical rockets. So, next we talk about little bit about non chemical rockets. Now, as the name suggests the primary source of energy is not chemical energy in non chemical rockets. So, instead of releasing the chemical energy of the propellant itself the energy is imparted to the propellant from some alternative source. So, energy from some alternative source not directly the chemical energy. Now, this type of scheme of imparting non chemical energy become attractive when large changes in velocity are required without carrying a large amount of propellant. So, we need to change the velocity, but not with large amount of propellant or if we need very small propellant it is to be even if the delta V or the velocity change is not very high. If we can afford to use only small amount of propellant in that case we have no other option, but to use some alternative means of energy production to get that acceleration or velocity increase. So, this extra energy to give the velocity increment delta V is provided by non chemical sources that is why they are called non chemical rockets. There are various examples of non chemical rockets the energy transfer to the propellant can be of different forms. First is thermal energy. So, primary source of energy can be thermal energy. Under this category one of the thing that can be talked about is a nuclear reactor. Nuclear reactor is a very good source a very compact source of energy it can provide very large amount of energy with very little amount of propellant. So, therefore, ideally it will be a very attractive very attractive for rocket proportion and as we have discussed in the previous lecture actually it something like that was proposed by Peltier long time back nuclear proportion. But nuclear reactor although are attractive are I would say not politically correct, because whenever you have a when you have a rocket you have to propel through atmosphere and you do not want to have open nuclear reactor moving through the atmosphere. So, nobody will allow it that is why even though it is a very attractive concept it never became reality. And the issue with nuclear reactors are not purchased energy generation, but the safety issues to contain the radiation or insulation etcetera or the auxiliary systems for power production that becomes heavier. Therefore, although nuclear reactor can be a good source it is not never practically used. Now, one of the ideas of using nuclear reactor or actually nuclear explosion was to have something like a ballistic launch where you can have a nuclear explosion underneath a rocket or a ballistic missile or something and then because of that explosion it will move. But once again it is too risky a business to be practically implemented that is why even though nuclear reactors can be a good source never used so far for space exploration. Now, the other alternative can be laser proportion. Now, lasers are can be used in two ways in proportion. First laser can be used and ignited in a chemical rocket which is essentially a low power laser can be very easily used or laser can actually be used as the source of energy, because laser lights are very intense source of energy and therefore, they can be used to propel up to large distances. So, therefore, laser proportion is one alternative where essentially it is thermal energy where laser light can be used to heat up and that can be used then to propel. Then other alternative is solar collectors. Once again it is a thermal route where solar rays can be collected and they can be used the electricity generated or the power generated by the solar rays can be used to propel. So, that is one of the ways of propelling through thermal route. Solar can also be used in some other way which are called solar cells. This is not C E L L cell, but S A I L cell. In solar cells actually we have large solar arrays which are mounted over the satellite typically used in satellite and they work like the cells that are used in boats. The solar waves have is electromagnetic nature can produce small amount of thrust to this cells. So, these are pretty large devices which can be used to use solar radiation to propel by using this type of cells. Again these are some concept which are also in some time has been used, but they require very large structures. Now, the another route of non chemical rockets can be electrical energy. Electrical energy unlike the thermal energy actually is very widely used in various satellite operations and first of all let us give some examples of electric propulsion systems. One is say arc jet thrusters, then ion thrusters, then plasma dynamics thrusters, etcetera. These devices primarily use electrical energy to produce thrust. So, therefore they are called electrical thrusters or electrical propulsion devices. So, if I look at for I will just take one example later on when we go to electric propulsion systems we will discuss them in detail. Let us just look at an arc jet thruster. Typical schematic of an arc jet thruster is we have a solid cathode and anode. Some propellant is passed between these two in the gap between these two and very high voltage is applied between the two high voltage. Very high voltage is applied across the two because of this high voltage just like a welding machine electric arc is produced in this gap and the propellant which is typically xenon is fed into this gap. This comes in a liquid form. When it crosses this arc across this electric arc is a very high temperature. So, in this arc it evaporates into gas. So, it comes as liquid evaporates into gas and not only gas is actually ionizes. Now, because of that there is a massive decrease in density because liquid has much higher density than the gas. Now, if the density decreases so much in order to maintain the overall mass flow rate it has to accelerate. So, this accelerates gets a very high velocity and this produces the thrust. So, thrust is produced by the high velocity that is produced by this device. So, this is our electric arc and that is responsible for production of the high velocity jet. This is very hot. Temperature can be as high as 20 to 30 thousand Kelvin and this is how an arc jet thruster works. There are other thrusters like ion thrusters very similar principle where we ionize the gas and let the ions pass flow through. Then we have plasma dynamic thruster where we create plasma and the plasma is then allowed to pass through this thing come out of the nozzle and that produces the thrust. So, essentially the basic principle in all these electric propulsion systems is that the electrical energy is responsible for the production of very high velocity exhaust. Now, here we are still using some amount of propellant. Propellant is required we are energizing the propellant only the energization process of propellant is not through a chemical source, but through an electrical source. That is why it is a non considered a non chemical rocket. So, here also the propellant will be used because that is what needs to be accelerated to produce thrust. We need to have an action and that action comes from the propellant momentum. Therefore, this is how the electric propulsion systems work. So, the basic characteristics of electric propulsion devices are first of all they do not produce very large amount of thrust pretty low thrust will be produced by them. They are usually used for low duration missions. Now, since they are producing very low thrust they cannot be typically used within the earth's atmosphere where the forces acting are very large, but if you are in the outer space where there are no frictional forces nothing to slow down the vehicle and the vehicle is moving at a high speed. A small amount of thrust will provide required acceleration to carry out certain maneuver and that is good enough. So, therefore they are very very efficient in outer space. Now, the advantage is since you are not carrying any whether you do not have any chemical propellant you are not you do not need to carry lot of propellant. Therefore, the specific impulse which we will come to later is much higher compared to the chemical rockets. So, this is one of the basic features low thrust and secondly also they have to work for low duration mission they cannot be operate for a long period. Now, one of the examples of application of electric propulsion devices are satellite station keeping where as I have said in the previous lecture that the satellite may deviate from its path. So, that needs to be brought back to the intended orbit that is done by these devices and they can operate over a very long period of time. This is the total lifespan of these devices are much larger compared to chemical rockets. So, that is one of the major applications other is of course, course correction most of the deep space probes like Sassini or Galileo they have some kind of electric propulsion system. Because to them for this type of missions you require to have very long operational life and chemical rockets cannot have that large long operational life. Therefore, most of those missions actually have some electric propulsion system on board. Now, these are the advantages of electric propulsion system. The disadvantages are first of all because we are using electrical power electrical power always produce heating. Now, radiating this excessive heat is a very difficult proposition something that we have to somehow in built in the system. So, radiating this excessive heat then another disadvantages you require some additional power source. Now, for example, here in the arc jet thruster in order to produce the electric arc you need fairly high voltage in the range of kilo volts. Where is the source of energy what you can have is some battery some capacitors if there are batteries they need to be charged. The only source of charging is the solar cells they will take a long time to charge. So, and of course, then that needs to be transformed because solar cells will not produce the kilo kilo volt range of voltage. So, need to be you need to have a transformer to step up. So, all those things essentially act to the weight. So, therefore, this additional power source and the auxiliary components actually act to the weight of the system that is why it is it becomes as a whole bulky. Then because of this additional weight that it needs for the additional power source sometimes the power to weight ratio can be very high that is power produced per unit weight of the entire system is can be as a unmanageable not very high let us say can be unmanageable it may require lot of weight to produce unit power. So, therefore, that makes it not very much economical in the long run. So, these are the disadvantages. Now, so far then what we have done today we have looked at chemical rockets we have looked at solid propellant we have looked at liquid propellant we have looked at non chemical rockets. What we have observed by discussing all those type of various rocket vehicles is that each of them have their own advantage own disadvantage. So, they can be used for specific missions. For example, for the initial boosting solid propellants are the best. So, that is why we use solid boosters, but for the acceleration up to the escape velocity best option is liquid propellant. So, that is why in the later stages we use liquid propellant once we are in the outer space non chemical will be better. So, but if you are talking about small scale applications like satellites keep station keeping etcetera non chemical electrical is the best source, but if you have to produce more powers thermal is the better source. So, if you have to someday think about going far deep into space this may be the options, but solar collector of course will be limited by the range up to be solar laser available, but nuclear and laser can be operated beyond that also. So, essentially the bottom line is we choose the horses for the courses. There are various type of rockets available we choose specific rocket for a particular application. So, the choice of rocket is dictated by the mission requirement. Rockets most suitable for long journey essentially let us say Saturn 5 is not usually very much suitable for launching at earth orbit. So, therefore, you need to have modification and many times even different stages of same vehicle use different type of engine again the biggest example is PSLV where you have a solid liquid solid liquid right GSLV solid liquid liquid cryogenic. So, they have different engine at different stages again that choice depends on the mission requirement. How long a particular stage will be firing what will be the payload fraction for that particular stage based on that we decide what type of rocket to be used, but once we go outside after that depending on the mission typically electric propulsion systems are used. So, with this we complete our discussion on the introductory part of the rocket propulsion. Now, let us go into the more details of rocket propulsion.


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