Hi, if you're watching this video, you're probably just getting started on upright bass or string bass for the NCSSM orchestra. And I want to just give you some good ideas on what I'm looking for early on. Initially, when you're starting the bass, probably you're somebody that has some music experience, you probably know how to read notes, and I'm not going to worry about that stuff so much. That's going to come. The first thing we want to deal with with bass is proper playing position and technique, which hopefully you've viewed some videos already on that. If you haven't, go to the lessonroom.com and check out the videos by Paul Sharp on upright bass, and you'll be set up perfectly. But really what I want to talk about today is tone production, because ultimately the thing that I find is lacking early on is just producing a good tone on the bass. So let's just review a few things that I bet you know already, and then I want to show you how we're going to do this with the bow. So we've got a good bow hold at this point, so you want to make sure you've got a good solid bow hold. You want to lay that bow down on the strings so that it's perpendicular to the strings. Now, before you ever look at music or try to read notes or anything, I want you to get comfortable just drawing good sound out of the bass. So how do we do that? Well, I would just hold the bass like this. I wouldn't worry about fingering at all. I would get the bow on to the G string and play good solid rhythmic quarter notes. Now, you're going to notice that I apply a fair amount of weight to the string. I keep my bow focused probably in the lower half of the bow. I don't go out to the tip very much. I'm going to stay in this area, and I'm really letting my arm swing almost like a pendulum. So we get that sort of pendulum feel. Don't be afraid of applying too much weight to the string. Then I go to the next string, D string, G string, or I said G, A string, and E string. Do that until you're really finding that you have a good feel for how much bow and how heavy of a bow to use to create a really good tone quality. And I would do this quite a bit. No music in front of you. Just do that. Now, again, you're probably getting started with a left-hand position and worrying about fingers and where your fingers go. Let me show you how we can take that open string exercise and a tone production exercise, and then incorporate our left-hand fingering into it. We're going to play the first three pitches of a major scale, or do, ray, and me. Do, ray, me. And we're going to, again, focus on accurate pitch and good tone production. No music in front of us. Do is the open string. Ray is first finger, and me is fourth finger. The things I want you to listen for are, is the sound beautiful that's coming out of the bass? We want to make a nice sound. And that's the first step, really. And then the second thing is that your fingers are in the right place. So really think of the syllables, do, ray, me, and make sure those fingers are just in the right place. And you can use that technique on all four strings, on the D string, and we'll do that same exercise, A string, do, ray, me. You'll find as you get to the lower strings, you need to apply a little more weight to the string, and we'll do the same thing on the E string. I would recommend doing that exercise every time you pick up the bass for the first several weeks. Once you've mastered that, there's two different directions you can go. You can do the same exercise only now with three strokes on every pitch. Do it on all four strings. Then with two strokes on every pitch, do that on all four strings, and then one stroke on every pitch. And you'll really be confident with your fingering at that point. Remember we're looking for tone quality, a good sound, and accurate pitches, fingers in the right place.


Hello and how are you all today? Let us discuss this question. It says in each of the following exercises 1 to 6, find the coordinates of the foci and the vertices, the eccentricity and the length of the latest rectum of the hyperbola. Now here, the equation of hyperbola is given to us as 9y square minus 4x square is equal to 36. Now before proceeding on we should be well versed with the standard equation of the hyperbola and that is y square by a square minus x square by b square is equal to 1 when the foci lies on the y axis. We have the foci as 0 comma plus minus c vertices as 0 comma plus minus 4 sorry a eccentricity as e is equal to c by a and the length of latest rectum is found by multiplying 2 by b square and dividing their product by a. Now let us proceed on with our solution. We have given the equation of hyperbola 9y square by 4x square is equal to 36. Now we will be dividing the whole equation by 36 as we want 1 over here and so that it will be easier for us to compare the given equation with the standard equation of the hyperbola. We have the answer as y square by 4 minus x square by 9 is equal to 36 right. Now we will be comparing it with standard equation known to us that is y square by a square minus x square by b square is equal to 1. So on comparing these two equations we have a square as 4 that means a is equal to plus minus 2 and b square as 9 that means the value of b is plus minus 3. Also we know the relation that b square is equal to c square minus a square so with the help of this relation we can find out the value of c square. b square is found out to be 9 so 9 is equal to c square minus e square that is 4 that implies we have 13 is equal to c square that further implies that the value of c is plus minus root 13. Now with the help of the known formulae we can find out all the four values. This we have foci as 0 comma plus minus c that is root 13 vertices as 0 comma plus minus a that is 2. The centricity that we refer as e is c by a that is root 13 by 2 and the length of latest victim is equal to 2 into b square that is 9 divided by 2 which gives us the value after simplification as 9. So these are the required answers to this session. Hope you understood the whole concept well and enjoyed learning maths. Bye for now.


Okay, so like everybody else, we have ten minutes for the integrity subsystem. So we're going to dive right in. So the Linux integrity subsystem has a number of pieces involved. And there's not really a lot of time to go through all the pieces. So we're going to stick with what's changed right now. And there was some major work done by Matthew Garrett on EVM. EVM protects the file metadata and IMA protects file data. So in order to protect file data, metadata, you need to include something. You have to bind the file data and the file metadata together. And originally, the way that we did this was we took something from the inode, the inode number, to protect, to be able to bind the two together. If you take something from the inode, that means that it's not going to be portable because it's different on every single system so that it's being installed on. So Matthew actually said, why can't we just use security.IMA as the identifier, the file hash as the identifier. And that's what he did. And so the new EVM portable signature allows it to be portable because it's included, but yet bind it to the file data. And it can only be used if there is a security.IMA on the file. By making it portable, it can now be used in package managers in any way else in order to carry it around. To, you know, to the file metadata can be included with the file data and is portable. Okay. And at the same time that he was working on this, he also, we now have a lot of signatures and he's not limited to just Shao Wan. So we now have support for larger EVM digest, just like we do for IMA and what else. And he'll be giving a talk explaining how to tie it at LSS Europe. In terms of the changes, the new features for IMA, we have, there were two ways of defining policies. One is the built-in policies that, the few built-in policies that can be used to bootstrap your system. And then you had the, and then they needed to be loaded at runtime to be, actually to be provided on the boot command line and they start from the very beginning. And then the idea was that we would transition into a custom policy and that you're starting from a fresh slate. Well, that's not how some of these, some of the things that distros want to be able to do. But I want to know that I can, that I'm verifying signature and that that signature is going to happen, that verification is going to happen even after a custom policy is installed. So we've now added support for a build-time policy that allows you to, that will allow the distros or anyone who's building their own kernel to say, I want to verify the Kexec, for example, the Kexec image and have that verified at runtime and no matter what other policy gets installed later, it will also verify, be included in that policy. The last thing that we've, which did not make it into 419 but is coming is the ability to differentiate based on the architecture what type of verification you want based on the runtime parameters, on the running system. For example, if you're in secure boot, then you might want to, you wouldn't want Kexec load to work, the CIS call, the Kexec CIS call to work. But if you're not in secure boot mode, you would. So the idea is based on the architecture what you want to do at runtime. So on x86, you have multiple methods of verifying the Kexec signature and so we're not limit, we're not saying that this has to happen all the time, but you get to decide what you want based on architecture. So IMA is being used and you've heard it mentioned a number of times today, but it's mostly being based on in closed environments, in embedded environments and to be able to move to a more generic kernel, we still need to close a number of gaps. So the biggest one was with iversion, not all file systems support iversion and we needed to be able to say, okay, what happens on those systems that don't support iversion? And what happens is that we can, we definitely know that if we can't detect when a file changes, then we know that we have to re-measure, re-appraise, re-do, we have to recalculate the hash. So that support is now in and then iversion becomes just a performance improvement. If you want the performance, then either use a different file system that supports iversion, add support for iversion for that file system and then the other example of not knowing where, when a file changes is the fuse file system. And so the question is, is the file, we can determine, we can't determine anything about the file. Even if we re-measure the file, there's no guarantee that the file that the fuse file system gave us is actually what's going to be presented later when we go to use it. So do we trust, and under what circumstances do we trust that the file, that the fuse file has changed or hasn't changed? So we now have unprivileged mounting of fuse file systems. And for those, we basically say we don't trust that the file system is going to give us anything the same a second time. In the case of privileged mounts, these are kind of inverted. The first one is saying we'll re-measure the file every time that it's used because we don't know, we can't detect when it has changed. And the other option, well, re-measure, re-appraise, do everything again. And the other option is to say, okay, we still don't know, even though it was mounted by root, we still don't know if the file has changed, and it could give us anything that we want. And these really should be inverted as to which is the default and which is optional. The problem is, is that if we do that, then we're breaking all of user space. So for now, if you don't trust fuse, then provide a policy that says fails safely on the boot command line. So there were a couple of problems that have been around. And the biggest one was that we reuse the IMUtex, the global IMUtex, and at the same time XFS also decided all of a sudden to drop their own local one and to use the kernel one. So we basically, there was a locking error. That has been, Dimitri Kazakin reintroduced our own IMUtex, our own locking. And so that problem is now resolved. The TPM performance has improved tremendously. The first thing that we did a couple of years ago now is that we went from M-sleep to the HR timer, and then improved the TPM performance. But this year, further work has been done by Naina, and she's getting about a 83% performance improvement. And my colleague, Stefan, has with the audit people here, with Paul's help and others' help, has disambiguated some of the audit records. And so now, as soon as the auditing IDs are up there, we'll start to be able to do the namespacing. And the first, the IMA namespacing, and the first one will be based on audit. So there's IMA audit, and that will be probably the first namespace, IMA namespacing. So thank you, Peter. I think that's how you pronounce his name. He did a lot of work on the IMA measurement testing tool, test that's in LTP, and it's now, it hasn't, hadn't been refreshed in quite a while. And so that work has been upstreamed. David Jacobson worked with our team in writing, starting to write a regression testing framework for IMA, like EVM, it's in the IMA, it will be in the IMA EVM utils. It needs some review, but that is going, that's going to happen. And the purpose of it is so that we can have a standalone test suite, just like Casey was saying, having test suites and regression testing. And this is really important, so that other parts of the kernel aren't breaking it, and everybody can do their own regression testing. And it's meant to be used directly on the running kernel. And patch is once it is upstreamed, it will be included in IMA EVM utils, and then the exifest introduction and usage of that will be upstreamed as well. And I assume that an equivalent one for LTP will be upstreamed. These are all the things that are in progress, that are being, that were mentioned today. Some of them, some of the talks will be given at LSS Europe, that were, that are not being given here. The one that will be at, that's being given at LSS Europe is about the measurement list and how to protect the measurement list that addresses the IMA measurement list. But, and lastly, how to help. We need more people to be reviewing patches. We have people that are, are posting patches, that don't review other people's patches. And we could definitely use some help with getting some more reviews. And those that are posting patches should be reviewing patches too, to help the community. The other aspect of this is that we need more people to be saying, what is appropriate for IMA? IMA is being taken in multiple different directions. Everybody wants to do something with it. And the question is, is this appropriate? And there needs to be more of a discussion rather than just me saying, answering that question. And yeah, for those that want to help with policies, we're looking for sample policies that can be used and to include them. And lastly, new functions, new features are being upstreamed. And please think about signature that everything that gets upstreamed should require, there should be ways of not breaking IMA. And don't introduce new measurement, new measurement appraisal, other types of gaps. Thank you. There's been a lot of, for the work, the automated testing work. For the minor bug fixes, they're not minor, but not included in the whole list of what was upstreamed. And the help for the SSL help and other packaging issues that we had with IMA EVM utils. I just had one comment. I was thinking if you're looking for input on where to take the integrity subsystem apart, as well as here maybe submit a proposal for a microconf to the plumbers. Plumbers conference might be, Linux plumbers might be useful to get people, because we've had successful things with TPM in the past. Right. They're getting user land and to scroll for involved. Any questions? Thanks. Thank you.


A lot of students messaged me asking the difference between GRF and NET and the difference in the cut-off of these two. So friends, first of all I want to clear your confusion that GRF and NET are not two separate exams. It's a part of the same exam which is NTA UGC NET. The only difference in NET and GRF is the qualifying marks. Top scorers in UGC NET exam get GRF or Junior Research Fellowship whereas other passing candidates get NET certificate. So suppose for a subject, UGC NET cut-off is 60%. Then GRF cut-off will be 65-70% each. The difference between GRF and NET cut-off is on an average 7-10%. Different subjects have different cut-offs for both NET and GRF. 6% candidates are able to clear UGC NET every year. And out of this 6%, another list is prepared of 6% who clear GRF. So now I hope you are able to understand what is the difference between NET and GRF.


Hello! My name is Pat Lohr and I'm a member of the Edmonton Regional Learning Consortium's math team. Thank you for joining me today. I've created some files with strings of problems based on the ideas of Kathy Fosno. They're designed to help your students develop strategies for multiplication facts, and I'd like to share some ideas for using them with your students. This professional learning opportunity is made possible by a grant from Alberta Education to support the implementation of the revised mathematics curriculum. In each file you'll find a page of teaching notes with information about the math behind the strings, and suggestions for presenting the problems in the classroom. I'll be talking about some of these ideas during the webcast. In this particular file I want my students to be thinking about how the five times facts can help them with the seven times facts, and I'm hoping they'll suggest the strategy during the lesson. They don't, it's up to me whether or not I want to bring it up at this time. So let's have a look at the problems. First of all you'll notice that I'm supporting each problem with an array. The array is a really powerful model for multiplication, and I want my students to become as familiar with it as they are with the number line. I hope you'll understand why I think so as we move through the string. I've chosen five times four as my first problem because I think it's one that all my students will be able to answer. As well, adding two more groups of four to twenty is pretty straightforward, and it's within the reach of my struggling kids. It's really important that you begin in a place that's within reach of your lowest kids, and try to go to a place that's challenging for your strongest kids. Now ask, how much is five times four? How do you know what was your strategy? Write the answer when it's given, and model the strategy by circling sections of the array. If your kids suggest counting by fives, you can show it this way, and I like to label the sections of the array. Now you may have another student that sees this one as two groups of ten. So in this case I would circle it just like this, and again label that, and in this case you might also want to point out that now we have a five times two and another five times two array. You might have another child that suggests that they could count by fours and get the same answer of twenty. Now this isn't a strategy that kids are likely to use to answer this multiplication fact, but having a student suggest it is great because it shows that they're making connections to the way you can break those numbers apart. The next problem is seven times four, and you'll notice a couple of things. First of all, I always leave the previous questions up there with their answers, because I actually want the kids to use what they know to help them with what they don't know. Secondly, this array still shows five times four. I'd ask, what would a seven times four array look like? Can I use this five times array to help me think about that? Now watch this. I can actually pull down two rows from that array and turn my five times four array into a seven times four. So who knows how much seven times four is? How do you know? Adding two rows is designed to push them towards the strategy that I'm thinking about and in a not so subtle way, but as always, I'm going to accept as many strategies as they can come up with. I may have a student suggest that they see this as a seven times two and another seven times two. They know seven times two is fourteen, so seven times four is going to be twenty-eight, and actually that's a terrific strategy for that problem. Of course, the strategy that I've been sort of looking for here is that they can see the five times four is twenty, and then they have a two times four is eight, and that'll give them the answer, twenty-eight. I've added this page especially for the webinar because I want you to consider why this is so much better than memorizing basic facts in isolation. If your students understand why seven times four can be thought of as five times four and two times four, then they'll be ready to think of six times twenty-three as six times twenty and six times three, and that's a really big math idea. The next facts I chose were five times six and seven times six. The arrays work the same way. Most of my kids know two times six, so that's another easier one. Adding twelve to thirty is again pretty straightforward for most students, but now I have a chance to talk about strategies for adding those two numbers for the kids that need it. Remember how we want to include our struggling students in this conversation. I then chose five times eight and seven times eight. If my kids are still wanting to count by fives for this fact, I'm going to push them a little bit towards seeing it instead as four groups of ten. Now this is a great strategy for this tough fact, but remember doubling eight might be hard for those struggling students, so it's also going to give me a chance to talk about strategies for adding eight to another number. It isn't about getting everyone to the same place at the end of the lesson. It's about helping everyone move forward one step. Finally I like to end with the challenge fact. This time seven times seven with no helper fact. The bottom rows are already on this array, but you can pull them down during the discussion if you want to. And that's it. Again, I owe a great debt to the ideas of Kathy Fosno, and I highly recommend you check out her work if you found this interesting. Remember, keep it quick. Don't expect everyone to master the strategy this time, and please promise me you will not resort to mad minutes with your kids. We want our kids to see the math behind the facts and work flexibly with numbers, not to believe that rote memorization is the key to math power. Thank you for spending the past few minutes with me, and I hope you and your students can make use of these files.


What did you say, Mal? Nothing. Please. Sham. I said, just because something looks ugly doesn't mean that it's morally wrong.  No. I'm just saying that if you took up close pictures of my vagina while I was on my period, it would be disturbing, but it doesn't make it wrong. Excuse me? Do what you want, do what you want, do what you want, do what you want. That is probably... You used it all the time. I know. I think it's the top song that randomly pops into my head. That's the top song on my brain playlist. Okay. Welcome back to Life Lessons in Film. Hello. Hi. Today we're going to be making sense of life through Lady Bird. You forget. I did for a second. I also forgot. Brief, you know, summary. Summary. Summary, sorry. I've always mispronounced it. Brief summary. You know that summary. I'm just kidding. I know. I know. People have nothing more serious. Yeah. Brief summary. It follows a girl named Christine, but she goes by Lady Bird. Her and her family live in Sacramento. It really just follows her through her last year, senior year in high school as she's getting ready to hopefully go to college. You know, it goes through her struggles as a teenager dealing with crushes and romance and friends. Popularity. Popularity and trying to discover yourself, your identity, things you like, things that you're good at. Wanting things or thinking that other people's lives are better than yours. Yeah. Imagining that there's a better life out there and you're not living it. The movie focuses a lot on the relationship between her and her mom. Yeah. I think that's the main. Yeah. The thing about Lady Bird, I feel like a lot of teenagers will be able to relate to her.  You didn't have like these delusions of grandeur about yourself. Because I think you don't have enough different experiences and learned enough about different kinds of people that you do feel like, am I the only one that wants more out of life or, you know, not realizing that a lot of people are actually like their parents say, she probably sees them and it's like, oh, they seem so boring now or something. Not realizing that they got to that point. They were like her too at one point, you know, but you just kind of have these gaps in your understanding of things. It makes you feel, I don't know, so exasperated all the time. When you're a teenager, right, you don't have a lot of world experience, right? You are still forming the world view. It's hard for you to even actually understand what is going on with you internally. It is just this complete mess, sometimes it just feels like a complete mess. Lady Bird, right?  She's just, you know, she's dating Danny, who she thinks is cute and really into theater and she likes that, but then finds out he's gay, so she's hurt. And so, okay, well, the theater people kind of hurt me. So now I want to be with like the cool aloof kids because that's kind of you, like, well, maybe that's where I fit. And then she finds, oh, this is really hard because to stay cool all the time and the part where, you know, she's kind of faking it okay. Like the one girl's kind of like, okay, I guess you're all right. You know, you're kind of helping me out with something. And then the guy, Kyle's also kind of like, I guess you're cool, you know, but then when they're waiting for her to pick her up to drive to the prom and they end up, you know, to something not to, they're talking before she gets in the car like, she's kind of weird, right? Yeah, she's kind of weird. So, you know, she's not even really able to fake it with them. I think she's weird. She is weird. That's just not who she is. And then she realizes like, I'm just not one of these people. Yeah. But you kind of have to try that a little bit to kind of really see, okay, Julie, the person that we can just snack on stuff and just say the silliest things with each other and be really, you know, close in that way. I appreciate that.  She's always hopeful, maybe this is going to work out. The way I decided to take notes for this movie is very, very minimalistic. I just wrote lines, I love you, or I love you, but do you like me? And then her mom is like, I love you. Yeah, but you like me. And I like that because normally you hear the distinction, the one to make a distinction the other way around where people would be like, yeah, of course I like you. And they would be like, do you love me? Like say that someone's interested in wanting to be romantic. And then they emphasize, no, but do you love me? It's different. In this case, it's kind of the other way around.  But it's like, it's different because you can love your kids. It doesn't mean you can get along with them. Exactly. Not the same person. And then I like that. That was something that a lot of people, families deal with, especially because there is that unconditional love thing that's just attached to it. But that doesn't mean that you even really have much in common when you all develop into your own person. Exactly. Lady Bird's with her mom and she's shopping for a prom dress. And you know, like they're going through things and then at one point she puts on one Lady Bird and she likes it. And then her mom was like, I think it's a bit pink. Yeah. Right? And then, and you know, and you can get a sense from their relationship that this happens a lot.  Why they always are getting into fights. And but it's so, they're so used to this dynamic that they can be in thrift stores looking for stuff and they'll start yelling at each other and then it'll be like, oh, but this is cute. Like it's kind of like right outside. You guys okay? But for them, it's normal, which in a way is good. I think that they kind of clearly know that they're personally upset, but at the same time, they kind of keep repeating it too.  Yeah. She's like, but it would be just nice to hear you kind of like say something nice without that need to also undermine the thing you said, the compliment, the back kind of compliment or something, you know?  You know, she wants to move to New York and the mom's like, why don't you just stick around here? It's always cutting her down. It seems like she's always, it always, it seems like she's always cutting her down in so many ways.  Exactly. It's just a viable I think for her to ask, do you like me, parent? Because the way you seem to have been treating me my whole life doesn't seem to reinforce that. Exactly. Clearly they care about each other. And then when Lady Bird is having a bad day, the mom is like, do you want to do that thing that we do on the weekends right now?  Which is interesting that they both kind of have this thing. So it's one of those where Lady Bird probably feels like, I don't even, I'm so different from my mom, but they both have that kind of feeling of wishing maybe that their situation be a little different. Like her mom was saying at one point, she's like, you know, we were hoping to move at some point. This wasn't going to be the place we'd stay at for 25 years. So it's not like we're totally okay with their situation. No, it's like we had other aspirations as well, you know. Exactly. We didn't think we'd be in this house for 25 years. We thought we would have moved some place better. Whatever we give you, it's never enough. It's never enough. It is enough. Do you have any idea what it costs to raise you and how much you're just throwing away every day? The relationship is really complicated. They care about each other, but they fight all the time. And they hurt each other a lot.  When people who love each other are so good at hurting each other, they know exactly which buttons to push. Like when Marion finds out that Lady Bird has applied to New York, gives her the silent treatment. And Lady Bird is desperate. Marion knows that this is how I just like twist the knife. You know what I mean? And she's just like, please begging her. You know what I mean? Please, mom, please. I'm so sorry. I didn't mean to hurt you. I appreciate everything you've done for me. I'm ungrateful and I'm so sorry. I'm so sorry I wanted more. Please, talk to me. I know I'm so bad. I know I am. But please just talk to me, mom. Mom, please talk to me. Is Marion a good mom, right? You know, you question those kinds of things versus the other times when you can see that this person is working like crazy. Her husband isn't out of work. She's trying to give Lady Bird all she can. All that she needs to be able to be OK, right? And so in those ways, you can see the sacrifices that Marion makes and those things attest to love. And you know what I mean? That's the stuff that makes this relationship so complicated and I think so true to what happens in life. Lady Bird, on the other hand, is completely disgruntled by her humble household that she comes from versus the rich kids that she goes to school with. A lot of the times as parents, it's so hard to say, Annie, I'm broke. Yeah, I mean, money just always complicates relationships because, you know, at one point, her mother says something where she's like, well, do you know how much it costs to raise a kid, which obviously can kind of then feel like, well, you know, there's other things involved than just paying for stuff. You also need to be a supportive parent and emotionally there for your kid, like, you know, just having a roof over your head is not doing everything you can that you need to as a parent. But when you are the one now keeping the family afloat and you're working double shifts and all this stuff, then, understandably, that is still an important component to her feeling like maybe resentful, like Lady Bird feeling kind of spoiled or out of touch when it's like, do you know what I'm going through, you know? That's one of the things that happens with Lady Bird as she starts to see other people's lives and experiences outside of her own is, you know, we see that she didn't know that her dad was living with depression, you know? Is dad depressed? Why do you ask that? The pills, they have dad's name on them. Dad's been struggling with depression for years. I didn't know that. All of these people have their own separate lives and their major things happening in their lives, right?  Because obviously, like, as a kid, there is that kind of like necessary narcissism, you know, where it's all me, me, me, right? But like, obviously, as you grow up, that's when you then start to care for the people just as they care for you, be understanding.  And part of that is realizing that now you have to start to see your parents differently, like as actual human beings. When the mom talks about, we also had dreams, we also wanted to have a bigger place, you know what I mean? It's just those little things, I think, help her be... Take yourself out of her own ego. Exactly, when she goes into Lady Bird's room and then she's complaining about how messy it is. Why don't you just put things away?  Didn't you also struggle?  Did you like that? Did you remember how horrible it was? And then the mom is like, well, my mom was an alcoholic and she just leaves, right?  She is Marion, her name is Marion. She used to be a kid like me.  Another line I really liked was when after she hooked up with Kyle, she's struggling with stuff and sharing it with them. And he's kind of like, well, I mean, put things in perspective. Kind of saying like, first world problems now. You know, there's like a war going on right now. So like, your problems aren't exactly the same thing. And she's like, yeah, but not everything is war. And you can still be sad about other things. I like that because it's kind of like where you kind of go in a, what an 80, 360 with stuff where at first when you discover the idea of like, hey, remember, keep things perspective. Other people have it harder. You're like, okay, cause that is an important thing to remember is like, there's always someone that is struggling with something more than you. So don't treat it like the end of the world what you're going through. However, that doesn't mean that you shouldn't have to deal with stuff or be allowed to deal with the stuff that you're going through. Cause it's still real and important as well. And it hurts when he says that, where he's like, well, you know, there are people going through or whatever you find out that, oh, his dad has cancer. And so to him, you know, in that space, which I really liked in this movie as much as there's a lot that we see when it comes to other characters in terms of backstory, there are little things that give you an idea of why it is that they would be saying that kind of stuff. The dad is on the brink of passing because of cancer. You know what I mean? So this guy is dealing with huge things, you know, as a teenager, your priorities shift. You know what I mean? Things I used to matter, like which girl am I going to take to prom? Don't really matter when your dad has cancer. It's a huge deal for someone who isn't dealing with death, you know what I mean? And so that's also fair. But these two people, there's, again, they're still teenagers and they don't understand that they can give each other their issues, their experiences the same respect, you know what I mean? And that's okay. And it's learning that people are in different situations and not everyone's gonna be caring about one thing or another, realizing as you try and engage with people more and have those experiences, you realize, oh, the thing that I am the most focused on right now is not everyone's main priority. And there are a lot of reasons for that. It might be something else on their mind or something else that they're just more interested in. I like her relationship with Danny too. It was one of the things where, you know, before that we were seeing Lady Bird just being like, me, me, me, me, me, me, me, right? And then Danny is discovered to be gay, right? And in Danny's mind, he's the profligate child. He starts crying because he comes from a Catholic home and the family finds out he's gonna be disowned, right? And so that's pretty much, yeah, like that's a huge deal, right? And so understandably, he's crying and he's just kind of like, please don't, I know I hurt you, but please don't tell anyone.  So that's, that was the beginning, right?  Another line that I liked is when she's with a nun principal. She's like principal of the school, but she's also a nun. She's talking about like the stuff that you wrote wasn't like essays or something. Yeah, it was, I think it was her college essay. College essay. They were reviewing and she was learning about Sacramento, yeah. I didn't realize you clearly love your town. She's like, no, I don't like Sacramento, what do you mean?  I don't know, is that kind of the same thing? Love and attention, like to pay attention to something that much, you know, you must have some kind of connection and like that because it is a great way to frame that. And there's some wisdom there from the nun because she also talks about where she's like, I wasn't offended by the prank that you pulled like, for us a nun. Actually, that was funny. She's got a sense of humor. It wasn't me. I'm not going to punish you. Oh, why not? It was funny. Sister Gita and I drove all the way home before we noticed people were honking. Really? To be fair, I wasn't just married to Jesus. It's been 40 years. Well, he's a lucky guy. She's a goof drop. Yeah, yeah, exactly. Yeah, she's a goof drop.  You want to feel understood by them. When you're sad, you want them to see you're sad. And when you have needs and dreams, you want them to understand your needs and your dreams and not fight you on them without even explaining, you know? You want them to not make you feel like you're making poor choices or you're not good enough. Yeah, I'm sorry that I wanted more. Oh yeah, I love that. You know, it's that like feeling bad for wanting a better situation or wanting to follow your dreams. But it's just like guilt, but also this kind of feeling like you're disappointing other people because you want change or improvement or to get out of the situation. Yeah, that was a really hard thing. I'm getting emotional. I think it's so hard for Marion. She wanted to give Lady Bird more. And she also wanted more for her life as we find out. And every time when Lady Bird says, I want to go live in the woods, I want better, I want to go to New York, this place sucks, you know what I mean? It's just kind of like shots, shots, shots, shots, shots. Everybody! All the time, like you're a bad parent and you didn't do good enough.  Yeah, she's always just saying they live on the wrong side of the tracks. And that's the thing I think Lady Bird doesn't realize is, yeah, her mom does take digs at her a lot, but a lot of times Lady Bird's doing the same thing to her mom and isn't realizing it. Exactly. So that's what kind of triggers her mom and then maybe that's what makes her mom want to make those snide comments back. Yeah, I feel so heartbroken for Marion. I'm also heartbroken for Lady Bird because your dreams are your dreams and you should never apologize. I'm sympathetic to both of them and to their pain because of course the shots coming from Lady Bird, they hurt Marion's to the extent that she's then passive aggressive towards Lady Bird. Lady Bird has no idea why. When Lady Bird is interpreting that, she's interpreting that as, you don't like me and you think I'm just like this, you know. Spoil the disappointment. Spoil brat, exactly. You know what I mean? During the argument about money, Lady Bird is like, yeah, just tell me, give me a number. How much did it cost? I'll pay you back. The hurt that Marion inflicts on Lady Bird is where then Lady Bird is like, you know, I'm sorry I wanted more.  I'm sorry I wanted more, but that's what I want. You'll never be able to predict what your, what dreams your kids will have. Your kids will have, exactly. So you kind of have to be able to go with it. Often where you can and ask where you can help. Exactly, instead of fighting and feeling like a failure all the time. You know, she has this idea that the place she's at and all the people there are not good enough for what she wants her life to be. Finally gets to New York and then, not that I don't think it's necessarily like she wants to move back, like she regrets it, but she's also learning experiences there and that it's not all necessarily as much of a utopian dream that she thought it would be. And she was also getting annoyed at all the people that seemed lacking like spirituality. Hey. Hey. Do you believe in God? No. Why not? They're like, it's ridiculous. People call each other by names that their parents made up for them but they won't believe in God. This is where people are complicated. It's like she doesn't like the all girls Catholic school which she felt is probably oppressive and had issues but she also still had her faith in her own way, right? So at one point she visits a church in New York just to kind of get that sense back. That she felt like she was struggling to meet people that had that or that it's still a part of her and a part of home that is still important to her. I felt like that ending consolidated everything, beautifully, her finally getting to New York and realizing that this guy, she needs a guy at a party and it's kind of like the Kyle of Sacramento. The whole time she felt like, New York, New York, that's where everybody culture is. And it's like, no, culture is not in a place. Culture is where people with culture are. You know what I mean? That could be in Sacramento too. People that you connect with, they're everywhere. They're not in a specific place. You know what I mean? So that's about it. Some things that we pondered from Lady Bird. If you watched it, please let us know. You thought of it, share your thoughts on our thoughts. Yeah, we'd love to hear your take on it. Yeah. Absolutely. Till next time though, okay? Bye. Thanks for watching. Thanks for watching.


One, two, three, four. Right. Welcome to part two of this series on classic rock piano riffs. I've already talked to you the bass riff in the right hand with pulse and some very Beatles day tripper like chords in the right hand. But you had to do that as a pulse and then we talked about a few mental and technical aspects of developing your independence. So for this, we'll just continue from where we left off. We'll take the same two chords, this one B D E and B C sharp E. So now we could play them as the pulse or we could play them as arpeggio. So what is an arpeggio where you take the chord and you just break the notes up instead of going you go in some pattern one by one of a pattern. So the pattern I am suggesting now you could have easily done that but this is what we call as an even arpeggio pattern where there are no accents as such or the accents are only at the downbeat or at the strong beat beat one in this case. One, two, three, you know, two and three and four. So this is not what we are going to try to do for a rock idea. You're trying to group this in threes. So you count one and two and three and four and one but you group your phrase which is B D E you group that in threes. It's a three note phrase. So what you could do one and two and three and four and one and two and now if you had not said one and two and etc and just played it in threes you may have even considered it as triplets.  Here I'm dividing by two because the pulse is one and two and three four one. So the pulse is two three four. The division of the pulses one and two and which is dividing by two not three one and that's why we say one and two and three and four and so the division is by two but the groupings of the phrase we are creating or the accented phrase because it's why we say accent would be because it's on the off beats. It's going to land on the ands more often than or as often as the ons or you'll have more landings on the accented notes or the off beats than the on you know so it's a combo on and off so that's why we call it accents you go one and two and so still dividing by two but grouped in threes so it goes one and two and three and four and one and two and three and four and two and three and four and one and two and three one there we go so you kind of get confused so it's important to know when the cycle of the left hand is ending right so it goes so if one let's revise the left hand so the left hand is ending its cycle over two bars it's a two bar bass riff so how long will it take for groups of three quavers or eighth notes to kind of end over two bars it's not going to end exactly so you may want to end it earlier and change it to the next chord by the very end of the second bar so something like change you need to have that variation as well otherwise it'll start sounding monotonous so B D E then B C sharp E and the arpeggio will be low note middle note high note okay so change change okay so you can just look at it as a kind of a rule or a goal where you play each grouping of three five times it'll not resolve exactly over two bars but that's not what we are going for we are going for like an unresolved accented phrase which is going to sound very interesting for the year okay so you could play this either around middle C or you could play it a bit higher let me demonstrate both this is lower now the challenge here is again independent so independence earlier was to give us the pulse now we are playing quavers eighth notes which is actually easier but we are accenting those eighth notes you may find that doing this is a lot easier one and two and because it's a cyclic repetitive pattern while over that is not so easy so give it maybe count five five of each of these arpeggios one there we go played a bit higher if you're not so confident to go from D to C sharp just play just B D I just thought it'll be a nice contrast to add those two chords so these sort of changing elements you know not just run-of-the-mill patterns or run-of-the-mill chord progressions inspires eventually will inspire the singer or the melody player to to do something over this so you might not even consider this as the melody this is just the backbone or the foundation of the song the melody will now follow right so that's about the arpeggio guys and let's also look at a turnaround which you can pretty much use for this whole thing very inspired from the song my Sharona by the neck where you go my Sharona right okay listen to that song so now what I've tried to do at the end is so you could do fifth chords or power chords that's your base and then G A G A G A A A A A A A G A G A G A G that's the pattern on the left and the right you could play triads A major A major G A G A G A G A G see the notation we've mapped it out one and two and three and four and one and two and three and slowly so you could do for however long even this one turn that's the turnaround so in this part of the four part series we've covered an arpeggio pattern in groups of three also called as accented groupings those those two phrases and the challenge is you're you're having a pulse which is important for the audience even always then you're dividing the pulse by two units or quavers or eighth notes but then you're not playing da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da or you're not playing da-ba-da-ba-da-ba-da-ba-da-ba you're not playing those even on beat hitting phrases you know you're doing da-ba-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da look at how my head is moving and when I say da-ba-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da every the the loud da the the accented thing which I'm doing with my voice is not coinciding with my head all the time it starts with da-ba-da-da-da-da-da see it doesn't really go with the head all the time some of the times yes but that's the beauty of accented phrasings guys lot of these things are there on our channel you just have to type accents or accented I guess those keywords would help on our youtube also you could visit our website nathanielschool.com under that there's free lessons and there you can just key in you know type in what you're looking for and most of our videos are hosted there we just re rehosted there if you if that's the right word and if you want to learn this stuff in a more organized way with our courses you can also do consider signing up for our online learning programs at the school not only for piano for all the other instruments as well vocals guitars drums bass and so on cheers and don't forget to join the next part as well find the next part and come there there's more there are two more variations part three part four are waiting for you keep your pianos books everything and head over hit that bell icon for regular notifications subscribe if you haven't already and you will know when the next parts are coming you'll also know when any other video we are going to ever do is coming patreon notes are there as a pdf with all the notes of all the parts in one booklet do consider getting yourselves a copy cheers see you in the next one


A very good evening aspirants. I welcome you all to the daily Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankar IS Academy for the date of 23rd of May 2023. Displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. Now without wasting any time, let us get into our discussion. This text and context article is about the ongoing tussle between the Delhi government and the Latin and governor of Delhi. Few days back, that is on 18th May to be exact, Kirtana ma'am discussed about a Hindu article titled Two judgments and the principle of accountability. In that, she discussed about the male 11th judgment of the Supreme Court regarding the control of civil services in New Delhi. Through this judgment, the Supreme Court introduced a concept of triple accountability and reduced the powers of the Latin and governor in regards to his control over civil servants in national capital territory. There is an update in this matter. On 19th May, the president passed an ordinance to negate the 11th May judgment of the Supreme Court. This ordinance brought the Latin and governor to the forefront in regards to the control of civil servants in national capital territory. It is in this context that this text and context article is written. This article focuses on the rational behind the Supreme Court's male 11th judgment, the 19th of May ordinance passed by the president and the conflict between the ordinance and the Supreme Court judgment. And finally, the failure of the judgment. In our discussion today, we will see about all these points in detail. But before getting into the discussion, I have highlighted the syllabus regarding this discussion here. You can go through it. First, let us start with the male 11th judgment of Supreme Court. Due to the unique nature of New Delhi, there has been a constant tussle between the Latin and governor and the Delhi government. The Latin and governor acts in the interest of union government. This tussle exaggerates when the political party in power in New Delhi is different from the political party in power in the union government. The recent tussle is in regards to the accountability of civil services in NCT. The Delhi government is saying that the civil services is accountable to the Delhi cabinet and the Latin and governor is saying that the civil services is accountable to him and in turn to the union government. This matter was taken to the Supreme Court. To strike a balance between the national interest and the authority of an elected Delhi government, the Supreme Court said that the Delhi government has controlled our bureaucrats in civil service in all spheres except the bureaucrats in three specific areas. That is public order, police and land. The bureaucrats in areas like public order, police and land are accountable to the Latin and governor and not the Delhi government. Through this, the Supreme Court tried to strike a balance. But what is the rational behind the Supreme Court arriving at this decision? Firstly, the Supreme Court said that the executive power of the Delhi government was co-extensive with its legislative power. Delhi is not a full-fledged state. The demarcation of power between the elected government of Delhi and the central government is mentioned in the article 239AA of the Indian Constitution. According to the article 239AA, the legislative assembly of the New Delhi is constitutionally interested with the power to make laws upon the subjects in the state list and concurrent list except those relating to public order, police and land. Based on this only, Supreme Court said that since the legislative assembly of the New Delhi has such powers, then the Delhi government which represents the executive arm of Delhi will also have control over all the bureaucrats in civil service except the bureaucrats in three specific areas as we saw earlier. That is public order, police and land. Secondly, Supreme Court while pronouncing this judgment mentioned about the concept of triple chain of command. In the triple chain of command, civil service officers are accountable to ministers and the ministers are accountable to the legislature and the legislature is ultimately accountable to the electorate that is the voters. So, in this case of Delhi, it is only natural that the bureaucrats are accountable to the Delhi government who are accountable to the Delhi legislature and who in turn are accountable to the people of Delhi. Thirdly, Supreme Court through this judgment reiterated the judgment of the constitutional bench in the 2018, government of NCT of Delhi versus union of India case. In 2018, the constitutional bench of Supreme Court held that although New Delhi is accorded the status of a state, the concept of federalism would still be applicable to it. The court went on to say that the letting and governor of Delhi had no independent decision making powers was bound to follow the aid and advice of the Delhi chief minister headed council of ministers. On all matters except those pertaining to police, public order and land. The 11th May judgment of the Supreme Court reflected this opinion of the constitutional bench. These are the three rational behind the recent Supreme Court judgment. And through the 11th May judgment, the Supreme Court tried to create a neutral civil service in Delhi. As I mentioned on 19th May, the president passed an ordinance to sideline the Supreme Court judgment. Before we see about the issue with the ordinance, let us first see the provisions of the ordinance. The ordinance seeks to create a permanent national capital civil service authority that is NCCSA. This is a three-member body. The chief minister is the chairperson of the body and the body also has chief secretary and principal home secretary as member and member secretary. Now, we will look at the responsibilities of NCCSA. The NCCSA decides on matters relating to transfers, postings, prosecution sanctions, disciplinary proceedings, vigilance issues, etc. of civil service officers, deputed to the Delhi government department except those in public order, police and land. How does the NCCSA arrive at a decision? The decisions in the NCCSA would be taken with the majority of votes of the members present and voting. But when there is a clash of opinion between the NCCSA and the lieutenant governor of Delhi, then the decision of the lieutenant governor takes precedence and will prevail. So, basically through the ordinance and through the creation of NCCSA, the union government is trying to bring power back to the lieutenant governor of Delhi. Now, what are the issues with the ordinance? Firstly, through the NCCSA, the union government can easily veto the decision of CM of Delhi. Consider this scenario. Since all decisions are taken by a majority vote in the NCCSA, if the chief secretary and principal home secretary takes a stand opposite to that of the Delhi government, then their opinion will prevail over that of the CM of Delhi. This is against the triple chain of command stated by the Supreme Court. Permanent executives like the chief secretary and principal home secretary are not accountable to the people. So, the ordinance and the NCCSA breaks the triple chain of command. Secondly, the ordinance goes against the article 239A of the constitution which provides the government model in Delhi and also against the constitution bench judgment in the government of NCCSA of Delhi versus union of India 2018. Thirdly, the union government while presenting the ordinance mentioned that it is in accordance with the K Balakrishnan committee recommendation. But the fact is that K Balakrishnan committee gave its recommendation in 1987 which was before the 69th constitutional amendment of 1991 that inserted the article 239A and framed the government's model for Delhi. So, relying on the K Balakrishnan committee is not logical. These are some of the criticisms regarding the ordinance. So, what is the future of the ordinance? See, as you all know, ordinance can also be challenged before the Supreme Court. If at all this ordinance is challenged, then the government must prove that an extraordinary or emergency situation existed that necessitated this ordinance. If the Supreme Court is satisfied that the ordinance was enacted to serve the political ends, that ordinance can be nullified. This is in accordance with the Supreme Court judgment of DC Vadua versus state of Bihar case. In that judgment, Supreme Court mentioned that power of the executive to promulgate an ordinance should not be perverted to serve political ends. So, let us wait and see if someone challenges the ordinance in the apex court. That is all regarding this discussion. In our discussion, we saw about the recent judgment of Supreme Court regarding the accountability of officers of civil service in Delhi, the rationale behind the Supreme Court judgment, the ordinance passed by the president, the NCCSA, the criticism against the ordinance and finally the future of the ordinance. Now, let us take up the next article for our discussion. Look at this article. It says that INS Sindhuratna has returned back after it underwent an update in Russia. See, the INS Sindhuratna had gone for an upgrade in Severod Vinsk after a major accident in February 2014 that killed two officers. In this context, we will learn about INS Sindhuratna. See, INS Sindhuratna is a Russian type 877 EKM diesel electric submarine. It is also popularly called a NATO-defined kilo-class submarine. Basically, it is a submarine that belongs to the Sindhu Ghosh class of diesel-electric submarines. It was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 24th February 1988. The submarine has a displacement of around 3000 tons and is powered by diesel-electric propulsion. It is equipped with various systems and weapons for surveillance, warfare and self-defense. These include torpedoes, anti-ship missiles and mines. Also, INS Sindhuratna has been actively involved in several naval exercises, operations and deployments throughout its service in the Indian Navy. It has contributed to maintaining maritime security, conducting patrols and enhancing the country's naval capabilities. But in 2014, INS Sindhuratna was involved in an unfortunate accident because a fire broke out on board during training exercise and this resulted in the loss of lives and injuries to the crew. So, after this only, the ship went for an upgrade. This news article says that the ship has now returned back after the refit. We will also use this opportunity to quickly revise about Project 75I. See, in June 1999, the Cabinet Committee on Security approved a 30-year plan to indigenously build and index 24 submarines by 2030. So, in the first phase, two lines of protection were to be established. The first is P-75 and the second is P-75I. Now, this Project 75 India-class submarines or P-75I for short are a planned class of diesel-electric submarines which are to be built for the Indian Navy. Under this, Indian Navy intends to acquire six conventional diesel-electric attack submarines. The name of these six submarines are INS Kalwari, INS Kanderi, INS Karanj, INS Vela, INS Vagir and INS Vagshir. These submarines will also feature advanced capabilities including air-independent propulsion, special operation forces, anti-ship warfare, anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, land attack capabilities and other features. Know that all these six submarines are expected to be constructed in India under the Make in India initiative. With this, let us move on to our next article for the discussion. Look at this article here. It says that 122 delegates have arrived to India for the 3rd G20 Tourism Oaking Group Committee. Also, it says that this meeting had the highest participation compared to previous gatherings. Besides this, there was a side meeting on film tourism in which actor Ramcharan performed. The main meeting focused on promoting ecotourism and sustainable tourism. This is the crux of this news article. In this context, we will use this opportunity to learn about G20. Then we will see the significance of India's G20 presidency. And finally, we will see what are the challenges for India ahead of the G20 summit. Before that, the syllabus relevant to this discussion is highlighted here. Go through it. Now, let us see about G20. The G20 was created in 1999. It was created after a financial crisis that hit East Asia and South East Asia. So, basically, it aims to ensure global financial stability by involving middle-income countries. The G20 countries together represent a big chunk of the world. They make up 60% of the global population, 80% of the global GDP and 75% of the global trade. Talking of its membership, the G20 has 19 member countries and the European Union. The 19 member countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Know that the G20 presidency rotates every year among its members. Then you should also know about something called Trioca. The country holding the current presidency plus the previous presidency plus the next presidency holders forms the Trioca. This is to ensure continuity in the G20's agenda. So, right now, the Trioca consists of Indonesia, the previous, Brazil, the next and India, the current presidency holder. In essence, we can say that the primary mandate of G20 is international economic cooperation and it focuses on preventing future financial crisis worldwide. Now, let us see why G20 presidency is significant for India. See, India is currently holding the G20 presidency, which means India is in charge of organizing and leading the G20 meetings and discussions. So, India will be hosting about 200 meetings in 32 different sectors all across the country. It will give India an exposure on the world stage. Then the main event of the G20 presidency is leaders summit. Here, the heads of the state and the government from the member countries gather to discuss important global issues. For India, this summit will take place on September 9th and 10th in New Delhi. It is a crucial moment as the world leaders will come together and find solutions to pressing challenges. Also, India's presidency is an opportunity to share countries expertise in many areas like women empowerment, democracy and digital technologies. India can also demonstrate that conflicts can be resolved when democracy becomes ingrained in a society's culture. Then we know that India's foreign policy focuses on the global common good. So, through its leadership in the G20, India aims to address key global challenges arising from our interconnected world. These challenges include issues like climate change, new and emerging technologies, food and energy security and so on. India can find sustainable solutions that benefit all nations. Additionally, as we discussed earlier, during India's presidency, they will be joined by Indonesia and Brazil to form G20 Trivaka. This is significant because it will be the first time that Trivaka consists of three developing countries and emerging economies. It is hoped that this change will lead to a shift in the balance of power within the G20 and it would give emerging economies a greater say in decision making. We can also say that India can use the G20 presidency as an excellent opportunity to address the long-standing issues that negatively affect developing countries. This is especially in areas like agriculture and food subsidies. Also, by actively advocating for changes, India can correct the imbalances and promote a fairer global system. Overall, India's G20 presidency is a chance for us to contribute knowledge and experience to global discussions and shape the agenda around important issues. But India also faces several challenges that need to be addressed. We will see what are they one by one. One of the important key challenges is the disagreement over Russia-Ukraine conflict. India must find innovative solutions and build bridges to mend these differences. Secondly, to ensure unity and inclusiveness, India needs to develop an agenda that is agreeable to all member countries. So, internal governance reform is essential to promote cooperation and harmony among the G20 nations. This is not a very easy task. Thirdly, India also needs to collaborate with developed countries regarding climate financing. It is crucial to encourage these countries to transfer clean technologies and renewable energies to medium and low income nations. How we are going to do this is a big question. Then, the ongoing pandemic had led to increasing global public debt and inflation. Public debt has reached an unprecedented high of 256% of the GDP. Besides this, the Ukraine war has disrupted the supply chain and further contributed to inflation. Therefore, addressing the public debt and inflation are among India's priorities. Adding to this, India must also continue the Indonesian agenda related to the health, digital transformation, green transition and microeconomic coordination. So, to tackle these challenges, India will collaborate with international organizations such as IMF, OECD, WTO and the Financial Stability Board. Finally, India needs to advocate for a code of conduct for all G20 members and also ensure its enforcement to maintain integrity of the forum. In summary, as the G20 president, India faces the task of addressing several internal conflicts, fostering unity, managing public debt and inflation and so on. So, we can say that the collaboration with international organizations will be crucial in finding effective solutions to these challenges. That's all regarding this topic. Now, let us move on to our next article. Look at this article here. It is about the third summit of FIPIC. It happened yesterday in Papua, New Guinea. In the summit, Modi said that small island nations of the Pacific Ocean are in fact the large ocean states. This is about the news article given here. Using this as an opportunity, we will learn about FIPIC and the outcomes of first two FIPIC summits. Now, we will see FIPIC in detail. FIPIC is expanded as Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation. It was launched by our Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi during his visit to Fiji in November 2014. Know that it is a multinational grouping developed for cooperation between India and 14 Pacific Island nations. Those 14 islands include Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Nube, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanu Tau. See, if these islands are in Pacific Ocean, then it means they are far away from India. Then why India is having cooperation with these countries? This is because India's focus in the past has largely been on the Indian Ocean. In Indian Ocean only, India plays a major role and protects its strategic and commercial interests. Now, this FIPIC initiative helps India to expand its engagement in the Pacific region as well. Along with this, the members of FIPIC have large exclusive economic zones. So, they offer promising possibilities for fruitful cooperation in all aspects. These are two reasons why India is having a cooperation with these nations. The first meeting in 2014 is the first summit of FIPIC. After 2014, India had offered some major assistance projects. Some of the projects includes setting up of a special $1 million fund for adapting to climate change and clean energy. Then establishing PAN Pacific Island's E-network to improve digital connectivity. Then extending visa and arrival at Indian airports for all the 14 Pacific Island countries. Finally, training to diplomats from Pacific Island countries. These are the outcomes of the first summit. The second summit happened in Jaipur in August 2015. This summit has made significant progress in strengthening India's engagement with 14 Pacific Island countries. During the second summit of FIPIC, our Prime Minister announced FIPIC trade office at the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry. That is FIPIC. This is to promote the trade and investment opportunities between India and Pacific Island countries. To further strengthen this initiative, FIPIC launched Business Accelerator for Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation. That is FIPIC on 7th of September 2015. This is the outcome of second FIPIC summit. That's all. With this, let us move on to our next article. Take a look at this news article. As per the news article, a startup named Tutor Hyperloop, incubated in IIT Madras, have agreed to help the institute to develop an intellectual property in Hyperloop technology. So, in this context, let us understand what is Hyperloop and how it works. Before that, the syllabus relevant to this news article is highlighted for your reference. You can pause the video and go through it. So, what is an Hyperloop? See, Hyperloop is an ultra high-speed ground transportation system for passenger and cargo. This technology was proposed as a concept by Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX in a white paper back in 2013. Now, let us see how this technology works. See, Hyperloop technology consists of a long vacuum tube and it has a compartment like capsule. Those compartments are called POTS. These POTS run at a high speed inside the vacuum tube. These tubes are called loops. It mainly uses two types of technology. That is air pressure and magnetic levitation. The air pressure technology depressurized the tunnels and created near vacuum environment where almost all of the air has been sucked out. This creates an environment where extremely high speeds are possible because there is minimal aerodynamic drag or wind resistance. The magnetic levitation causes each part to hover. Here, magnetic levitation, mag low or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than the magnetic fields. Magnetic force is used to counteract the effects of gravitational acceleration and any other accelerations. How this magnetic levitation is attained is something interesting to know. See, the front corners of the train have magnets with north poles phasing out and the back corners have magnets with south poles outwards. Electrifying the propulsion loops generates magnetic fields that both pull trains forward from the front and push it from behind. This floating magnet design creates a smooth trip. So, magnetic levitation technology removes the ground friction of the wheels or tires that occurs in other modes of ground transportation. This technology is already being used in high speed bullet trains. In the image above, the magnets in the red are for levitation and propulsion. The magnets in the blue are for horizontal stabilization. So, to sum up, in hyperloop technology, there is very less friction between the parts and the tube and its speed is so fast that it leaves the mag low train too far behind. And since the transportation in the technology takes place in the loop itself, which means when passengers want to travel, they will travel through this loop. Hence, it is named as hyperloop technology. So far, we saw how an hyperloop works. Now, we shall see some of its advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, with fully electric and efficient operations, the system aims at being climate neutral over the course of its life cycle. Secondly, by connecting mobility hubs in large metropolitan areas, the door-to-door travel time is considerably reduced. Thirdly, contactless levitation and propulsion system as well as the low pressure environment allow the pod to travel efficiently at ultra high speeds. And finally, the running costs are lower than that of high speed train. It is feasible due to lower energy input. But maintenance issues have not been assessed. Now, some of its disadvantages includes collisions within the vacuum tubes, even though it offers high speed, we still don't know the effect that extreme acceleration within an enclosed chamber will have on the human body. Apart from this, hyperloop pod damage, tunnel decompression, or some of its disadvantages or other concerns. That's all. With this, let us move on to our next article. This news article is about a statement made by the CM of ASAM. He said that the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, that is, AFSPA is likely to be lifted from the ASAM at the end of this year. He also mentioned that the military personnel would be roped to train the ASAM police. This, according to the CM, will aid in the smoother transition from central police to ASAM police battalions. This is about the news article. In this context, let us see some points about AFSPA. Armed Forces Special Power Act 1958 was a special legislation created to maintain peace in the disturbed areas. The objective of this act was to allow armed forces to aid the civilian administration in peace disturbed areas. Since its enactment, the act was made applicable not only to northeastern states and Jammu and Kashmir, but also to Punjab and Chandigarh as well. Here note that Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Chandigarh had separate armed forces special powers act. Now, let us see which are all the areas where AFSPA is currently applicable. The areas include 30 plus districts in four different states of India. The states that are currently under AFSPA are ASAM, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagalan and Manipur. Also see the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir has a separate armed forces Jammu and Kashmir special powers enacted in the year 1990. It was enacted in the wake of growing insurgency in the valley. Now, let us look about the historical evolution of the current act. AFSPA was first enacted in line with the ordinance of pre-independence era called armed forces special powers ordinance of 1942. By now, after looking at the year, you would have guessed why the ordinance was enacted, right? It was the ordinance which was used by the British to suppress the quick India movement. This is all with respect to background of the act. Now, moving on to the important provisions of the act. According to the act, armed forces means the forces of the union government. It does not include the state police forces. The act under section 2B provides an area to be declared as disturbed area. According to the act, the whole or part of a state can be declared as disturbed area. Now, you may have a question. Who can declare certain areas as disturbed areas? The answer to this question lies in section 3 of the act. It says that the governor of a state or administrator in case of union territory or the union government can declare an area as disturbed areas. Now, coming to the most important provision. Section 4 of the AFSPA deals with special powers conferred to the armed forces. It allows even for a non-commissioned officer to fire or use force even causing death against person who are act against the law or orders in place at that time. It also confers special powers to the armed forces to search and even arrest person based on mere suspicion. The act also prohibits the assembly of five or more persons in the disturbed areas. Now, coming to section 6 of the article. It protects officers from civilian litigation against any act of them in the pursuance of this act. This is all with respect to provision of the act. Moving on, let us see about the significance of this act. The act was enacted at an important time when the Naga insurgency was at its peak in 1950s. The act has aided the cause of armed forces in proactively maintaining an offensive stance against a hostile insurgency in the areas that has difficult terrain. In times of growing calls to repeal the law, we also have to remember that individual freedom has to be balanced with the freedom of other individuals and with reasonable demands of the community and the general public. These are some of the significance of AFSPA. Now, coming to the arguments against the law. People of northeast view AFSPA as draconian. In the famous case of Extra Judicial Execution Victims Family Association of Manipur versus Union of India, it was contended that there were 1500 plus fake encounters in Manipur taken place between 1980 to 2010 because of AFSPA. Apart from fake encounters, there have been reported instances of sexual violations against women with armed forces. People of northeastern states want the AFSPA to be repealed to bring down the instances of these violations. These are some of the points you need to know about AFSPA. With this, let us move on to our next article. Now, look at the small article here. It says that Aringaranna Zoological Park in Chennai will have two young sloth bears from Karnataka. Already, there is one 13-year-old lone sloth bear in the park. The sloth bears were brought to zoo under an animal exchange program. So, in return, Aringaranna Zoological Park has given two male and four female ostriches to Karnataka. This is about the news article given here. Using this opportunity, now we will learn about the sloth bear in Prilim's perspective. First of all, tell me. Who all remember the movie Zootopia when I said sloth bear? I think some of you might have related the word with this character in the movie, right? If you relate sloth bear with this character, then you are wrong. This is sloth. Sloth bear looks like this. The confusion is because of the name, right? The creature has its name because an European zoologist, George Shaw, came across this animal and misunderstood this animal for its unique characteristics. See, this animal has long, thick claws and unusual teeth. He thought that the bear was related to the tree sloth due to these features. So, he placed this animal in the brady podi day, which is the sloth family. Later on only, the nomenclature was changed and the animal is now placed in the ursi day, the bear family. That's how the animal got its name, sloth bear. See, sloth bears are one of the eight bear species found across the world. They mainly inhabit the region of India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan. This is about the habitat and the basic details of sloth bear. Now, coming to its unique characteristics. Firstly, sloth bears have long, shaggy, dark brown or black fur. This is how it is differentiated from the normal black bears. See, the black bears have smoother and shorter fur. One more difference is that black bears also have more rounded ears, which is similar to that of a Mickey Mouse. Sloth bears have long, unruly hair on their ears. Secondly, sloth bears have curved claws. They have the longest claws when compared to any other bear species. This is exactly why zoologists assume these bears as sloths. But the usage is different. Sloths use claws to hang on to trees. But sloth bears use their claws for digging. Thirdly, about the diet of the sloth bears. Sloth bears have more in common with an ant eater than that of other bears. Of course, it eats fruits and it is omnivorous. But it also enjoys to eat termites and insects etc. As an adaptation to creepy diet, the bear has few hairs on its nose and it can open and close its nostrils as needed. This prevents the bugs from crawling up the bear's nose while it eats. These are some of the unique characteristics of sloth bear. Still, there are many, but we will see them in some other discussion. With this, let us move on to our next article for the discussion. Now this article here is about the manual scavenging in Tamil Nadu. The article says that during a review meeting, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Mr. Stalin, expressed concerns about the manual scavenging deaths. He also said that most of the deaths took place in urban areas. So, he warned the officials to take measures to prevent such deaths. This is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, now let us learn some basics about manual scavenging. First of all, let us see the definition of manual scavenger. The prohibition of employment as manual scavengers and their rehabilitation act 2013 gives a detailed definition of manual scavenger. I have given the definition here. It says that manual scavenger is a person engaged or employed by an individual or local authority or an agency or a contractor for manually cleaning, carrying, disposing of or otherwise handling in any manner. Human excreta in an insanitary lettering or in an open drain or picked into which the human excreta from the insanitary letterings is disposed of or on a railway track or in such other spaces or premises as the central government or a state government may notify before the excreta fully decomposes. So, basically someone who is involved in cleaning human excreta manually from insanitary places are called as manual scavengers. As we already saw before, prohibition of employment as manual scavengers act was enacted in 2013. The act of manual scavenging is prohibited as per this act. This is because manual scavenging is a very dangerous job. In today's article also, we saw that only. See, in certain cases, manual scavenging causes death. To avoid this, government has conducted surveys in the year 2013 and 2018. This survey is to identify the manual scavengers. During the surveys, 58,098 eligible manual scavengers were identified. The more recent data says that 188 persons have died due to accidents while undertaking hazardous cleaning of sewer and septic tanks during 2019 and 2022. Remember these facts. You can use this in your main answer. See, to prevent such situations and to rehabilitate the manual scavengers, the government has taken many steps. We saw about the act right. According to the act, it is the responsibility of the local authorities to ensure the conversion of in sanitary letterings to sanitary ones. This helps in reducing the employment as manual scavengers. Secondly, an amount of rupees 266.16 crore has been spent by Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment under the self-employment scheme for rehabilitation of manual scavengers since 2013. The recent allocation to the scheme is rupees 70 crore. That's all. Now, let us move on to the next part of our discussion. That is practice prelims question discussion. Today, we will be having five questions. I will be solving four of them and one question will be a quiz question for you. Now, let us take up our first question. Three statements about AFSPA are given and we have to find the correct ones. The first statement is correct. It can be implemented only after an area is declared as disturbed. The second statement is also correct. Union government can declare an area as disturbed without the concern of the state government. Third statement is incorrect. Recently, Chowkam in Arnachal Pradesh has been declared as a disturbed area. Also, note that AFSPA was lifted from Tripura in 2015 and Meghalaya in 2018. The correct answer for this question is option A, one and two only. With this, let us move on to our next question. This question is about FIPIC. The first statement says that third summit of FIPIC happened in Fiji in 2019. This statement is incorrect because yesterday only third summit happened in Papua, New Guinea. The second statement says that business accelerator for FIPIC is an outcome of first summit of FIPIC. This statement is also incorrect because business accelerator for FIPIC is an outcome of second summit of FIPIC. The question asks for the correct statement. Here, both the statements are wrong. So, the correct answer here is option D, neither one nor two. With this, let us move on to our next question. In this question, five submarines are given and we have to find which among them are diesel class submarines. Here the correct answer is option C, two, three, four and five only. INS Kalwari, Sindhuratna, Vela and Vahir are diesel powered, whereas INS Arihant is a nuclear submarine. INS Arihant is India's first indigenious nuclear powered ballistic missile capable submarine built under the secretive advanced technology vessel that is ATV project. So, once again the answer here is option C, two, three, four and five only. With this, let us move on to our next question. Two statements about slot beers are given and we have to find the correct ones. The first statement says that slot beers use feed marking for communication. This particular statement is correct. See, slot beers mostly live a solitary life, but they use a technique called feed marking to communicate during breeding season. Feed marking is a method of chemical communication that happens when the beer uses the pedal glands on its feet to secrete certain scents. Second statement says that slot beers hibernate during winter season. This statement is incorrect. See, other beer species use dens for hibernation, but slot beers do not hibernate. They sleep in caves and near rivers when available. Slot beers tend to be nocturnal when living around humans, but without human disturbance nearby, they are often active during the day. So, the correct answer for the question is option A, one only. This question is your quiz question. Read the question carefully and post your answers in the comment section. In this slides, main practice questions are given, the interested aspirants can write their answers and post them in comment section as well. With this, we have come to the end of our discussion. If you find this video useful, hit the like button, do comment and share it with fellow aspirants. And don't forget to subscribe Shankar AS Academy for more UPS-related content. Thanks for listening patiently. Have a nice day.