So, welcome to the 8th lecture of this course. So, what we saw in the previous lecture was magnetic vector potential some theory and its usefulness particularly in two dimensional magnetic field calculations. Today at the start of this lecture we will see magnetic scalar potential. Although we may not be using this scalar potential in our this course, but it is quite useful and you know many commercial softwares they make use of this scalar potential and that is why it is important for us to understand this. The first question that is being asked here is, is A always suitable for 3D computations? Because when you are doing three dimensional field computations at any point in space you have three unknowns. For example, A, if you are using A formulation, then AX, AY and AZ there will be three unknowns at any point in space. So, then the computations become you know little bit cumbersome when if you are solving a large three-dimensional problem. So, it would be useful if we have some you know scalar potential in magnetics because then scalar potential will have only one unknown at a point is it not because it is a scalar. So, it will have only magnitude at that point in pressure. There is only one unknown at a point in at a given point in space. So, that is why you know this magnetic scalar potential was coined by earlier researchers and you know so that is that is alternative to you know magnetic vector potential, but then there are some limitations what are those we will see. So, now you know like we have E is equal to minus del V in you know electric field space can be actually express H as minus del Vm. So, Vm is scalar potential right, but we know that you know del cross H and curl of H and curl of gradient if we take now H as minus gradient of something curl of H will be identically 0 right. That means wherever we define this scalar potential the condition has to be that j has to be 0 right j has to be 0 throughout the region where magnetic scalar potential is defined. Second thing is starting again with now del cross H is equal to 0 because the first condition requires that. So, del cross H is equal to 0 you apply you know Stokes theorem and then you will get integral H dot dl is equal to 0 right. Normally you will get integral H dot dl is equal to i Ampere's law, but that is for when it is del cross H is equal to j right. So, here del cross H is equal to 0 because we are defining H as gradient of something right. So, any closed path in the region should not enclose free or induced current. So, that is another condition. So, not only j should be 0 right not only j should be 0, but there should not be any loop in that region where magnetic scalar potential is defined. There should not be any loop in that region which encloses current. For example, I will take one simple example here. Again suppose you know you have some magnetic material a rectangular you know piece in two dimensions and then you know you have to you know establish flux in vertical direction like we did in case of magnetic vector potential. What did we do there? We actually you know gave on the left hand side vertical boundary we gave a 1 a 2 right hand side a 2 and then we said a 2 can be made say 0 and you can adjust the value of a 1 difference of a 1 and a 2 will establish the flux condition. Same thing we are doing here. Now here Vm to establish the flux in vertical direction on this horizontal boundary you have to define Vm magnetic scalar potential say a is the boundary condition a and this is on the top Vm b. Now the H field line go from a to b boundary a to boundary b. So it is same as you know because now exact sort of duality is there. In the sense you have in electric field case it is e here it is H. There it was e is equal to minus del v here H is equal to minus del vm. In case of electric fields e goes from higher to lower potential similarly here H will go from higher Vm to lower Vm ok. So Vm a is greater than Vm b and these are the H lines and the horizontal lines will be equi Vm lines like you know equi potential lines there in case of electric fields static electric fields here it is equi Vm lines right. The other thing is you know once again you know we just now saw that integral H dot dl close integral H dot dl is 0 but open integral H dot dl here right will be Vm a minus Vm b simply the potential difference right and that is what you know we have established. So here that is what is written vertical lines are H field lines and this blue lines are equi Vm lines. If we do all this then the advantage is divergence b is equal to 0 right and then that gives mu divergence H is equal to 0 right and then you know you substitute H as minus del vm and then you simply get Laplace equation. You know if you have a 3D problem in which if you know you want to analyze some region wherein current sources need not be there you can excite that structure by using boundary conditions of this magnetic scalar potential establish the field condition and then you can probably analyze in greater details the flux distribution in that given domain. But you have to again remember this has to be done only for magneto static case because even in this core this if this is core material you cannot even analyze eddy currents. So it is mainly it is the magneto static analysis three dimensional for which this is useful. But you know then that puts severe restriction is it not if you know there should not be current nor you know there should be any loop in the circuit in that domain for example here take any loop in this region close loop it does not enclose any current. So that second condition also is you know not violated. Then the question comes you know are these conditions not too restrictive for you know exploiting the usefulness of magnetic scalar potential. Yes they are that is why you know these magnetic scalar potential then is used in conjunction with some other potentials. In the regions of the geometry where problem domain 3D domain where currents are not there nor you know any loop in it encloses current there you define magnetic scalar potential in the rest of the zone you use some different potential. Those potential that actually will not go into details of that but if you actually see the research papers published you will find you know combined with magnetic scalar potential researchers have used other potentials. See when you use hybrid formulation like that means that you are using two potentials one is a magnetic scalar potential and some other potential then there will be some interface within your you know problem domain where in you know on one side you have one potential on other side you have another potential. So at the interface you have to establish proper you know continuity of potential by using by imposing correct boundary conditions. So you know but that is matter of more details and unless you are interested in using this magnetic scalar potential we will not get into details of that because in this course we are not going to use it but at the same time I thought it is important for us to know such you know application of magnetic scalar potential and in general hybrid. Now another for example you know geometry wherein this could be useful for example is like this suppose you have so this is the geometry for example is a you know magnetic circuit with a gap. So now here suppose current source is somewhere here so this is current source dot cos and dot. Now inside this core if you are not interested to find out the eddy currents in the core right. So there is neither you know J present in this hash portion nor there is any loop which encloses current because why that was possible because there is a cut here. If this was a completed circuit then you could always have one loop like this which will enclose the current. So here you know in this core portion you could for example use magnetic scalar potential in rest of the problem domain including this current sources you could use another potential. Now what is that other potential and all that you will have to see some research papers and you know get more details but such possibilities definitely exist right. Then we go to magnetic forces now this is one equation which we have seen probably in the one of the very first slides of this course wherein we discussed Maxwell's equations and then at that point probably I said that this is additional equation which is very useful in addition to Maxwell's equations for computing many useful parameters in electrical machines and equipment. So this is Lorentz force equation it has you know as you can see in the bracket you have two terms one is E other is U cos B. So the first you know term which is Q into E is basically it is representing the electric force which acts on a charge. Now that charge could be either stationary or moving because the equation does not say whether you know charge is stationary or is moving. So it could be you know stationary or moving and this is you know standard you know the force on any positive charge will be along the corresponding electric field there. The second you know term U cross B into Q says that B exerts force on a moving charge because it is U cross B. So U is the velocity and now this U being in direction of length and U cross B will be perpendicular to U and that is why perpendicular to that DL because cross product will be orthogonal to the involved two factors. That means this force the magnetic force will be always orthogonal to the length and f m dot DL will be 0 always. So that is why there is an important you know conclusion and which sort of puzzles you know many and magnetic forces do no work. Now there is a good amount of discussion on this aspect in this Griffiths book I you know encourage some of you who are interested to know various you know you know examples wherein such this statement can be proved you can actually see this book. What I will do is I will when we see the Faraday's law and the corresponding we see the motoring action and all that. So there I will sort of you know intuitively prove that magnetic forces do not do the work somebody else is doing the work. So just wait till that time may be next lecture or so after having seen the Faraday's law and application to rotating machines we will sort of again look at this statement. So till that time we assume that what is being said is right and of course mathematically beyond out it is proven here that indeed since f dot DL will be always you know 0 because f will be perpendicular to DL. So you know there is no work done because the charges in this case are neither accelerated or decelerated by this magnetic force because the force is in the direction which is not along the path along which the particle is moving or charge is moving. So the speed and kinetic energy remains constant right. So remember that the direction is changing because now you know you have speed means it is a velocity if you take as a vector velocity has magnitude and direction. So this magnetic force cannot actually influence the magnitude but it can influence the direction right. So whereas you know the electric force f is equal to QE that definitely has the capability to impart kinetic energy to a particle right because it is simply f is equal to QE charges will get accelerated or decelerated by the electric field. So it is always mostly the electric field which is you know doing the work going further force on a current element is you know I DL is equal to DQ U because you know I is equal to DQ by DT so that DT you know DL by DT will be U. So this can be you know I DL can be written as DQ times U right and then DFM equation can be written as this equation can be written as DFM is equal to DQ into U cross B and then using this relation you get a famous equation which is very useful in rotating machines for example force is equal to ideal cross B and if suppose I flows through a closed path then of course this becomes a closed line integral so FM f magnetic is ideal cross B. So for volume current density then this becomes ideal gets replaced by JDV and just see the difference now here it was closed but now there is nothing like closed volume or open volume volume. So we will always simply say over volume V right so volume V J cross B DV and J cross B because I have already explained you earlier ideal is equal to KDS is equal to JDV is it not. So here that is why we are replacing ideal by JDV and this J cross B is the force density very you know popularly used in calculation of forces this is the force density. Now later on you know at more or less in one of the last modules of this course we will also be doing force computations using finite element method right. So there actually we will see you know three methods one is force calculation by J cross B other one by Maxwell stress tensor and third one is by virtual work method. Now J cross B we have understood now what J cross B means but Maxwell stress tensor and virtual work method we will you know defer the discussion of this till we actually get into that. So along with the FM computation itself we will understand their Maxwell stress tensor and virtual work right. Now let us you know see one or two slides. So now we will see in this you know virtual electromagnetic laboratory there is one you know case study force on a conductor. So these are four these are isolated conductor that means that there is no it is not in the vicinity of any other field it is in its own field so that which is shown by these you know field lines. The force acts on that conductor because it is current is there B is there. So if you actually calculate J cross B you will find that the force direction is sort of into that conductor right. So but here thing to note is the net force on this conductor is 0 because all these forces will be cancelling out but there is a force at each and every point on the conductor but net force is 0 right. So this is the first thing. Now let us understand the second case. Now there is a some uniform field as shown here and now the same conductor with current carried by it is placed in that field. Now you can see the field of this conductor and this uniform field basically will get superimposed and the net field will be something like this. So always remember when you know you see this kind of you know resultant field the field you can see this is like a stretched object because on this side you have field which is more on this side field is less. So this is like you know stretched you can say rubber string which basically will is pulled. So the conductor is going to get pulled on this side which is actually will be clear from the. So this shows the third figure shows the force direction. So now you can see the force on this side is more and force here is less and the vertical components of these forces are getting cancelled and there is only a net horizontal force right. So now we go to next topic in magnetic fields which is magnetic materials. Now we will see classification of magnetic materials for that we have to get into atomic model. See in an atom you have electron spinning about their own axis as well as you know they are orbiting around nucleus. So that gives what are known as spin and orbital moments because they are representing the corresponding bound currents. We already seen you know magnetic dipole moment is given by m small m is equal to i s into an hat. An hat is the knit normal to this current loop area and this i is representing the bound current. This bound current is and in turn is representing the spin of orbital moments. So capital M is the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume because there will be millions of such you know current loops tiny current loops in any given magnetic material. So then magnetic dipole moment is per unit volume quantity and it is a vector. We have already seen this torque is B i s sin alpha in one of the earlier lectures where s is the area of the loop, sin alpha is the angle between the applied field B and the unit normal An to this current loop which is this area. So magnetic properties are basically decided by either presence or absence of paired electrons in the outermost shell of the atomic structure. So for example diamagnetic material you know most common example is copper. You know you have in the outermost sub-shell you have phi orbitals. Now you can see here 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 orbitals and each orbital has got 2 electrons in anti-parallel fashion and they basically occupy this anti-parallel way when you know these orbitals are filled because in this condition the energy gets minimized. So they are in case of diamagnetic and copper as an example you have all the 5 orbitals in the sub-shell last outermost sub-shell fully occupied and hence the net orbital and net spin moments get cancelled because of this anti-parallel you know electrons and then the spin and orbital moments get cancelled. But when and this is in absence of you know external or applied field. Now when you apply the external field what will happen is because of Lenz's law the orbital motion of electrons changes in such a way that that motion and the corresponding effect opposes the applied field by Lenz's law and that is why the net field is lower than the applied field and effectively then we get relative permeability marginally less than 1 but for practical purposes for engineering calculation purposes it is very close to 1 and that is why we take it 1. So copper as well as aluminum which is paramagnetic material we are going to discuss both are that is why called as in general non-magnetic materials because their mirror is close to 1 very close to 1 and it is as good as or as bad we should say as air because air is non-magnetic medium. Now coming to paramagnetic materials aluminum being one of the classic examples here the outermost sub shell has only 3 orbitals and in only one of the 3 orbitals you have only one electron and there is no corresponding anti-parallel you know other electron. So there is definitely net atomic moment due to this single electron but what happens is due to the thermal agitation at operating temperatures that we generally use these materials there is a randomization of these atomic moments and net effect therefore reduces to 0 in absence of applied field right. So when external field is applied to you know magnetize the material what happens is the external field required will be very high to get sufficient magnetization and in other words mirror is just marginally greater than 1 and this happens because of as I said this you know thermal energy is predominantly active in the operating temperatures and hence the external field required is very high to set up a given flux density and that is why mirror is close to 1. Now we will come to ferromagnetic materials which are quite important for electrical machines and equipment. So in ferromagnetic materials they are you know some textbooks call them as class of paramagnetic materials. So they are similar to paramagnetic materials but the main difference between the two is they have strong net atomic moment for example if we take iron which is a ferromagnetic material Fe, Fe has again phi orbitals like in case of copper but here there are you know 4 orbitals these 4 orbitals they have only single electron and that is why you have you know net atomic moment which is quite strong and many such atomic moments form what is known as magnetic domain and these magnetic domains get formed because thermal agitation energy in ferromagnetic materials is insignificant at operating temperatures in fact that becomes very high and significant only at temperatures like 800 degree centigrade only at those temperatures like 800 degree centigrade would the randomization would happen right. So randomization on account of thermal energy would happen at those temperatures. So that is why these magnetic domains get formed but these magnetic domains are randomly oriented in absence of applied field. Now this random orientation is for the minimum for you know minimum energy state in absence of applied field right. So now when external field is applied you have you know corresponding torque as we have seen in the last slide and now that torque acts on the current loop now that current loop is representing say one whole domain which has many magnetic moments. So in effect that current is significant in case of ferromagnetic materials and you have got a torque and then you have corresponding alignment of domains along the field and that sets up a strong internal field which is m bar magnetization vector and it this strong internal field aids the external field and that is why we say that mu r is high relative permeability is high. What does it mean when you apply external field to set up a given flux density you require less you know current to be drawn from the source because internal field is aiding the external field and that is why the requirements from source reduce and this is definitely beneficial in many applications. Now if you see the typical ferromagnetic material like iron and they exhibit that material exhibits what is known as hysteresis characteristic so not only is the characteristic not linear but it exhibits what is known as hysteresis phenomena where in B now this is B versus H or it can be also called as B versus I in terms of circuit parameters. So B lags H by what is known as hysteresis angle. For example here H has already gone to when you you know traverse this hysteresis loop like this H has already become 0 here when you are you know reversing H is already 0 but B is not yet 0. To make B 0 you have to apply H in negative direction and that is called as coarsely filled H c to make B 0 because here then you will get B as 0. So these are the two parameters remnant flux density at H is equal to 0 and coarsely filled H c which gives B equal to 0. So these are the two important parameters for any you know hysteresis loop. Another thing is the B saturation this is the B saturation so that is also important. So all the electrical machines typically transformers and electrical machines they are operated below saturation level. Suppose if typically for example in case of transformers saturation flux density is 2 Tesla and typical operating flux density of transformer core is around 1.7 Tesla. So now if suppose we want to have you know expression derived for relative permeability then what we have to do is we take linear region because only in linear region you have m proportional to H. In this also hysteresis loop there are some regions for example this region is linear. So if in some cases if you can approximate this material characteristics by linear segments there we can write m as chi m into H where chi m is the magnetic susceptibility. So in linear region then you can express B is equal to mu 0 H plus m because you know these are as I already mentioned since m is aiding the external field that is why total B will be mu 0 H plus m. In absence of magnetic material this will be 0 and that is why in free space you just get B equal to mu naught times H.  So B is equal to mu H right. So in case of you know transformers and rotating machines different grades of this ferromagnetic materials are used. So for example we will see in this slide we see both transformer as well as you know on the right hand side you have transformer. So this is transformer 4 and on this left side you have a typical rotating machine. So now if you really if you closely observe this transformer flux density in the core you have the flux density in most of the part of the core that is the horizontal you know core which is called as yoke and vertical part of the core which is called which are called as lex. The flux is in this direction here vertical direction either vertically up or vertically down and this in horizontal yokes you have either you know going towards right side and after half cycle it just reverses and goes to the left side. So in most of the part of the core you have flux direction in the same direction either you know going up or down or going right or left. That is why in case of transformers you have you know the grade that is used is grain oriented. That means the material is process such that the permeability is maximum along this direction of flux. In this case it is like this or in this case it will be in the horizontal direction. Whereas in case of rotating machines you know you have you can see here the flux direction is not fixed along the you know core and you know as the and since the three phrases are 120 degree displaced in time this flux direction continuously changing with time and there is no fixed direction of the flux. For example here you can see the flux is not flux is at an angle here then it becomes straight then it turns and this then it goes like this and turns and like that. So there is no point here in using grain oriented material because then most of the time the flux will not be along the grain orientation and then will not be able to exploit better properties of material along the grain orientation. So that is why in case of rotating machines you use non-oriented material. And finally you know you have permanent magnets which are called as hard magnetic materials. What we saw in this slide grain oriented and non-oriented and this hysteresis loop typically is shown for soft magnetic materials. The soft magnetic materials are characterized by a low value of hc. That means the value of hc required to demagnetize core is small whereas in case of permanent magnets which are called as hard magnetic materials you have hc very high and the loop is very broad and of course you are aware that permanent magnets had has got lot of they have lot of applications these days in rotating machines and we will see one such example later when we get into finite element analysis. Next topic is boundary conditions. So magnetostatic first we will see magnetostatic fields and probably next lecture we will see time varying fields also. So without going you know giving you derivation and directly stating b1n normal component is continuous like we had d1n is equal to d2n in case of electric fields we have here normal component of b is continuous and if you substitute b equal to mu h as done here the normal component of h is discontinuous and h1 normal upon h2 normal is equal to mu 2 upon mu 1. And then by using another Maxwell's equation that is you know integral h dot dl is equal to i and then if we assume absence of surface currents which is valid for you know static and low frequency field I will explain you know when we talk of time varying fields we will bring in this surface current and see how this gets affected but little later. So in absence of surface currents the tangential component of h is continuous and correspondingly then you can express this equation as given here. So bt is discontinuous across the interface. Now for example here if you see this is the case of a transformer these are two windings and this is the leakage field and this is the core. So leakage field is you know I have shown only one flux line here right. So the flux is impinging the core and it is coming back and it is forming a closed part. Now here since core the permeability is in thousands as we saw in the previous slide 1000 to 5000 so you know mu 2 is very high so b 1 to b 2 2 will be very small because b 2 t will be also very high because mu 2 is high so b 2 tangential will be high. So effectively you know this once the flux enters the core the tangential component will immediately dominate. So that is why you know we will find if you see the you know leakage field plot in case of a transformer you will find that the flux is seen to be almost entering normally to the core and then it is just immediately turning in. So the normal component of incident field is high and then it turns inside and the tangential component becomes high because of this bonding condition right. So more about these bonding conditions for time varying fields later. Next is the inductance. So flux linkage we know it is n psi, psi being the flux. So l is equal to n psi by i flux linkage upon current and that you know flux can be represented as b into s right and then i is h l upon n that we have not had seen but this is mmf, mmf is equal to h into l that is equal to n into i. So mmf is equal to h l is equal to n i and then this can be you know simplified to mu n square s by l. So this is another formula famous formula for computing the inductance and the third formula is if you can replace l by mu s because s we are denoting here area. So then this becomes n square upon reluctance. So remember this r is drawn special. So this symbol you should know for reluctance. So reluctance is l by mu s right. So these are the three formulae that are very commonly you know used for calculating inductance. Now you should remember that reluctance in magnetic circuit and reactance in its you know corresponding you know representation electric circuit they basically do not go hand in hand although they both look similar but they they are not going hand in hand. So if the reluctance of magnetic circuit increases for example in this you know magnetic circuit with a gap if this gap is increased because now we know from our previous discussion that air gap has mu r of 1 relative probability of 1 and mu r of this is say 1000. So effectively what we are saying is 1 mm of air gap is equal to 1000 mm of ion core is it not 1 mm of air gap is equal to 1000 mm of core. So effectively you know that is what is written almost entire energy of this magnetic circuit is stored in this air gap only right and you know it can be proved that suppose you know you had same gap in electric circuit maybe you know it if the gap means it is a capacitance there. So if we actually compare the stored energy by a capacitor and stored energy by some gap in the magnetic circuit suppose you know you take this flux density here as 1.5 Tesla for example because that will not saturate definitely this magnetic material right. So at 1.5 Tesla if you calculate you know this energy for some number of turns and all that and the source and the corresponding you know energy which is stored in the you know capacitor for example if this was you know an electrostatic case you know this the energy stored in the magnetic gap is something like you know 1000 times more than 1000s of times more than the corresponding energy stored in the capacitor which is half CV square and where there the limit is the breakdown of this air gap is it not. In case of electric field and the capacitor how much energy you can store is a function of the limiting case would be breakdown. So if you there you consider 3 kV per mm as you know breakdown for air. So if you take that 3 kV per mm and then calculate the corresponding stored energy we will find that that energy is much less as compared to the magnetic energy stored in this gap and that is the reason you find whenever you require larger amount of forces in practical applications like plungers and what not you always use the magnetic energy. You use electrostatic forces and all that only in very you know in those application where the forces required are very small like in case of MEMS, microelectromechanical devices and all that where forces required are very small their new use make use of this you know electrostatic forces but this is a thing that I thought I should just mention to you. So I think what we will do is we will you know stop at this and continue in the next lecture where we will discuss more about magnetics and then we will go on to time learning fields.


I'm Katrin Meisner, I'm an ARC Future Fellow, I'm an Associate Professor at the Climate Change Research Centre at the University of New South Wales. My research is about climate feedbacks. And I work with earth system climate models. So these are models that have pretty much all the big components of the climate system, ocean, atmosphere, vegetation, sediments, ice, biogeochemical cycles. And I'm interested in feedbacks in the climate system and thresholds. So basically if we tweak the system a little bit, how is it going direct? It's not always linear, it's a little bit like if you have a glass of water at the edge of the table, you can push it a little, you can push it a little at one point it will fall down. So I'm trying to understand if we have these feedback thresholds in the climate system. My research is about past, present and future. And in the past I have focused mostly on abrupt change and I'm especially interested actually in abrupt warming events. So we know in the history from our reconstructions that climate has changed quite dramatically and has warmed up quite dramatically in the past. And that was even without any humans being around or at least not actively interacting with the system. So I'm trying to understand what happened during these episodes and if this is likely to happen in the future again on top of what we are doing right now to the climate system. So I would say most of my research was actually about the last ice age, the deglassiation, then present and future. But I have several studies that go further back, so when dinosaurs were around or even further back. The last deglassiation happened over the last, started about 20,000 years ago, that's when it was really cold. We had lots of big ice sheets in North America, mainly the Northern Hemisphere actually. And then it warmed up and this ice warmed, but it didn't do this very smoothly. It went back in force and we had big warming and cooling episodes in there. And I think people, I'm not sure on the exact dates, but it was probably done in 10,000 years ago. So the deglassiation happened between 20 and 10,000 years ago roughly. I think for me the key lessons are that CO2 in the atmosphere didn't, it did increase over this time, but it didn't increase linearly. And there were periods of time where CO2 really increased quite rapidly and then stopped again and increased rapidly again. And I don't think we really understand where this carbon came from. So this is one of our main research areas right now in my field and there's lots of people working on it. And how the whole system was interconnected. Like why did this carbon come out at that point? Did it come from the land or from the ocean? Probably from the ocean. Why? Where? These are still open questions. And I think for me a nice or maybe a little bit scary result is that our models can't capture the sensitivity of the system. Our models don't seem to be responsive enough. They seem to be too stable. And that of course if that's true is a problem for our future projections. If we can't get the past variability in the past, warming events right, how are we going to get the future right? Are we not underestimating some of the effects that are going to happen? The past tells us that the climate certainly does not react linearly to any changes from outside. So for the deglaciation when all these glaciers started to melt, we know that was probably triggered by solar insulation during the summer in the Northern Hemisphere which started the whole melting process. But then there were lots of other feedback that kicked in and forced this first trigger. And we know that these feedbacks were not linear. So one of the major misconceptions right now is that people argue that the climate has changed in the past and therefore what we see now might just be part of natural variability. This is not true. And the changes we see now are so fast and so enormous that doesn't compare to anything we actually have in the records. Certainly not in the last two million years but also if you go very far back, there was maybe one event 55 million years ago which was associated to a big increase in CO2 but even that happened at a much slower rate than the rate we are changing the climate right now. So looking into the past can tell us a little bit about how the system might react if we push it but the way we push it right now is out of context of anything we can see in our records doing the quaternary. So basically if you look at the plots, I mean if you just look at the temperature reconstructions of CO2 plots, you see all the variability. You have ice stone here and integrations here and it goes like this and today we are up here. So we are completely out of this range of variability. No model is perfect so you really need to define the problem you want to look at first and then you can decide which model would be useful. It's a little bit like you're going to the doctor and they think you might have a tumor. There's different ways of analyzing and visualizing what's happening in your body and the doctor will tell you, oh we need this kind of scan or this kind of. It's a little bit what we do with the model. So it's a whole zoo of models. They are related but they have different strengths and weaknesses. So all these models share lots of characteristics and of course the physics of the models are very, very similar because they're all based on the fundamental same equations of fluid dynamics. It's the same equation that we knew that equation since hundreds of years. They are based on the same thermodynamic equations. So what differs in the model is the resolution. Basically a model is like if you would construct your world out of little legal blocks and it's basically the size of the legal blocks. So you can buy a really expensive legal Star Wars ship. My son has those. They are very big. Expensive takes a poor parent two days to build them and they have lots of detail. Or you can buy a little car for a three-year-old which doesn't have that much detail but it's made out of big, big blocks. And in a way that's one of the differences between these models. Another difference is how much biogeochemistry they have in there. That's a whole new component. And how much different components they have in there. Some have really sophisticated ICE models others might not have ICE models. Some have sediment models others might not have that. But the fundamental equations for fluid dynamics are the same. I started off as an engineer. And during my studies I realized that I knew that before I liked the ocean. So I did a general engineering degree in France but with the option ocean. And I really wanted to work in Africa. The only way to do that easily was to work for an oil company which I did. I earned a lot of money for a few months and I hated it. So I went back to school and actually did a masters in physical oceanography and a PhD also in physics and physical oceanography. Because I realized I wanted to work for the ocean but not exploit the ocean. So that's how I started. I guess I got into it because I love the ocean. So I really went in through the oceanography. But by starting as an engineer and then doing a PhD in physics. So I have had people commenting on the fact that I might be biased in my opinion about climate change because of course I would like to have climate change problems in the headlines because that's where my salary is coming from. My response to this is that honestly I think we know enough about climate change. The physics are solved. I would be much happier not to have any money into climate research but put the money into impact research and into renewable energy research. The physics of climate change are settled. We know what's happening. We don't know all the details, small details, regional forecast. I mean there's always things you can research but the science is actually settled. So I would be very glad to actually shift a little bit our attention here and go into what are we going to do about it. The whole communication of climate science I think is a very difficult question but I'm not a social scientist or a psychologist but from what I understand is it always used to puzzle me that why wouldn't people believe climate scientists although they do believe that doctors like if they are very sick they wouldn't go to see their plumber or their gardener and take their advice they would actually go to see a doctor. So why is it that climate scientists for some people don't seem to have a respected opinion and from what I've read and I think that's human psychology if you have made up your mind you make up your mind not always based on specialists. You make up your mind of what your friends say or what somebody says who you're respecting a lot and once you've made up your mind it's really hard to get you out of there even with arguments. So I don't quite know how to better communicate. I think what's really important is to communicate to children, communicate to schools, communicate in easy words. We are not very good at this. In simple language, maybe not simple but in not a specialized language and never get frustrated although it is very frustrating. Look, yes, I have sometimes with taxi drivers so somebody I sit beside in a plane and when I realize sometimes you can feel it just from the conversation you have with them and then when these guys ask me what my job is I usually just say I work at the university, I'm secretary. I just don't go into it and probably that's wrong, probably I should but I have had these discussions with random people and they usually don't accomplish anything. And these people are people I'm actually interacting socially with like other parents from school or my dentist or then I actually go into an argument and tell them what I think and what my opinion is based on which fact it is based on but random people in the street know. In a short way I can say look there's a fundamental relationship between CO2 and temperature and you can see this from different ways. You can just do the fundamental physics of thermodynamics and radiator physics at CO2 will absorb long wave radiation and re-radiate it. If you don't like this approach you can look at CO2 records from ice cores and temperature records and you see how nicely they correlate. If you still don't like this approach you can also just look at present day data actually and see how this is satellite data so we can trust this and how well they actually correlate. So I think we can go there from different directions and the conclusion is always the same is CO2 and temperature are really tightly correlated and we have put lots of CO2 in the atmosphere so the story is very easy. We should stop putting CO2 in the atmosphere and we should probably try even to find a way to get the CO2 out of the atmosphere again. So you're recording right now? Oh. We won't. That we may put in somewhere. That'll go in the trailer.


What's up everyone take down here welcome back to another hockey card video finally I'm gonna be opening up a 2023 24 series one hobby box I've been really excited and patiently waiting it to open this up on the channel because they reconfigured the whole box so there is 12 packs per box instead of the usual 24 and there's 12 cards per pack instead of the usual 8 and On average there's going to be three inserts per pack instead of one insert per pack So I'm really excited for this Usually I don't get hobby boxes. You probably have never seen me open up hobby boxes often I've only opened up one hobby box on the channel and it was really disappointed that was an SP authentic hobby box because I didn't get the Future watch auto which is supposed to be one per box So I didn't have to contact upper deck for that, but we're going to be opening these up right now Hopefully we have better luck with this pack here with this hobby pack Look at this They just look phenomenal. It's gonna be moving this over here kind of out of camera And we're gonna be opening up the first pack of the new configuration for 2023 24 series one. I'm really excited. Let's just dive right in So first look obviously I'm gonna go for a complete base set. So let's look at the base cards first First impression you do have the team logo here in the foil, which is nice. You have upper deck in the corner I'm just glad they brought the team logo back on the cards. It looks really cool. The team player It looks very complete Crisp I like the line work. I'm just gonna look at the next couple too And yep, the team color is in kind of the bottom of it. So that's really cool So I'm not sure where the inserts are but I do see some here So what are we one two three four cards in and we do have the first inserts and it is a rookie retrospective for Johnton Bergerine probably butchered the name there is a jersey card variants Which would be awesome to get and I do like that. It's a nice foil of the team logo as well for this card next one here But we did get the one. I really wanted the upper deck portrait of McDavid, which he has the crown. He looks like a king. That just looks awesome. That looks so cool So I'm gonna put the first insert Right here and we did get a young guns. This is a looking a special one So this is why it's crazier and I'm not sure this is the first look at the product for me But comment down below what you guys think. I don't know if this is some kind of silver I want to say burst by the look of it, but that looks really cool I don't think all the base cards are sorry all the rookie cards look like that. So that's a really special young guns So first pack we did get some pretty cool cards and the base cards look phenomenal. I like that retro one there So definitely I'm going for a complete base sets for this Hopefully we get a ton of inserts three inserts per pack is amazing So that's why they cut the amount of packs in half. I know people were disappointed in but still really cool Next one here one two three and We do have a star surge. This is a rainbow card first time seeing one of these It's hard to focus because of the foil, but Matthew knees probably butchered that Oh next one just kind of slid down on me We do have a debut date So they did return that's for Cole Gutman and this is what the regular young guns work just a classic Young guns portrait of the player with the on ice Background which is awesome. So the other one is a different one as well Or a different version the foil one here. We do have a checklist We do have the rest as base. So so far we have been getting the three per pack For the inserts. I'm really happy that by the sounds of it That means there's not gonna be any packs that are all base cards in the pack, which I hated getting those It's more fun with the inserts. So getting more inserts per pack. Just sounds awesome here We do have a David Pasternak Special edition foil card, they really like the foil cards this year. That's three different foil cards in a row We do have rookie retrospective for Jack Quinn, which is really cool again Not the Jersey retrospective, but still really cool and we have Spencer Stasny young guns Some reason it's not focusing, but I'm just gonna put it here and double-check the rest are all base, which I'm a fan of Fourth pack in third of the way there I guess one two three So we have oh four five so difference layouts. We do have the 200 by 85 for Brady Kachuk another new insert We do have a superstar honor roll for Johnny Goudreau Which I think those look better than last year's and we do have an upper-deck canvas for Jack Gensel Probably butchered that it's gonna put the canvas cards here and the rest are all base in the pack Next pack here We have a special edition for Eric Carlson Find the foil ones are harder to focus for some reason on my camera now We do have a teacher's pets for Philip Gustafson. I'm really looking for his young guns now I really want it And we have another young guns for I'm not gonna try to pronounce his name And the rest just to confirm are all base Oh, this one's upside down. We have a blue Dazzlers for Darcy Comfort I think they changed the logo for the Dazzlers, but that looks really cool But the Dazzlers here and it's upside down again William Carrier teachers pets and we do have an upper-deck portraits I Liked McDavid's better. It's still kind of cool But nothing beats McDavid's here dressed like the king Getting to the bottom of it. We do have I'm not going to try to pronounce his name, but that is a really really nice card We do have a debut dates for Ottawa Senators Ridley Gregg Do you like the Sen's obviously it's not something for me. Do we have a young guns for Hiro's? Which I actually like them. So that's a really cool one. Oh, this one kind of got stuck on the corner Hopefully there's no damage Three oh A new one. This is triple dimensions star zone for Matt's Zuckarello Another new insert see they like the foil cards. I'm not complaining at all. I like foil cards We do have a 200 by 85 for Jeff Skinner. This one is different This one here still has the foil of the rink, but it's gold instead of blue We do have a Matthew Kessel young guns as well Really nice carries really clean and crisp four packs left Let's get into it. Of course. I had to literally drop the pack on the floor Hopefully that means it's a lucky pack. Let's see what we got We do have a stat box filler for Matthew Kichuk first time seeing this products We do have an honor roll for Bo Horvath's And we do have an upper deck Canvas checklist, I didn't even know they did upper deck canvas checklists for Dresdl Vechkin That's really cool. That's a lot of canvas cards this year Holy 90 canvas cards. I don't think I've seen that many before Still really cool. Put that with the canvas over here So really cool. I like that Three packs left. It's gonna do it here one two three four Okay, this one's five. Oh, what is this? What is it? Oh, it's a clear cut Population counts one thousand. This is David Pasternak of the Bruins Trying to let it focus here. So as you can see it is a clear cuts. That's really nice. I Think the one thousand means there's one thousand of these for this specific player. I Think I've seen 50 count as well. We also have the triple dimensions for Austin Matthews, which is really cool And we have a young guns for Dustin Wolf the rest are base Two packs left. We should have received six young guns. We have let's double-check here one two three four five six young guns plus the Special one here. So we already have a lot of young guns We have more young guns then you're supposed to get on average per box, which is awesome. So let's see one two three We have the stat box fillers for Panarin We do have an honor roll for Mitch Mariner Of course, it doesn't want to focus. There we go and Then we have a canvas card for Jake Allen, which looks phenomenal We'll put that one upside down and then we do have The rest base with one pack left a lot of new inserts. I must say I don't know how I always feel about that Let's check the last pack here before I give my final thoughts one two three We do have the 285 Martin Neckis We do have the honor roll for Clayton Keller, which I'm a fan of him We do have an upper deck young guns Canvas which is Aiden McDowell. So we do have another young guns here again I don't know if they counts the canvas young guns as a young guns But personally I do so that means we received eight young guns in this box the rest are all base So honestly Looking at what we received some really cool cards a lot of new inserts Some of them I think are gonna be unnecessary in my opinion There's 80 upper deck canvas because we did get the checklist for that so having sorry 90 of them So having 90 of these I don't know how many of each of the other ones there are But that is a lot to get the master sets Stuff like teachers pets and the stat leaders like this looks really cool But I don't think they're needed in my opinion. Everything does look cool. I'm really thrilled This was a great hobby box. We did get eight young guns including this Silver burst one. We did get the upper deck portrait of Connor McDavid, which I'm a huge fan of and we got a bunch of Really cool cars so comment below what you guys thought should I get some more of the hobby boxes for series one of 2023-24 these are still hundred and fifty dollars and there is a Connor Bedard Kind of Easter egg. It's not as young guns But it's kind of like his first overall draft pick and they toss that card in here that card is currently selling for around eight hundred Dollars so 150 for the box for a chance to get that card. It's actually pretty good It's not like the skyrocketed yet, but comment down below what you guys thought should I get some more and I will See you guys in the next video. Please take care. Peace


Thanks for coming here guys. I'm Shifa. I'm a BTEC graduate. So during my BTEC days I was not that much into coding. All I know was just a little bit of PHP. I started my career as PHP developer as the Chennai based company and later on I joined AppMaker.xyz and that was my life turning moment for me and that's the point where my WordPress career actually started. AppMaker.xyz started by Selie and Mohammad Aniz during their BTEC third year. So they were actually freelance developers doing some app thing for some clients and they noticed there are some like specs and requirements were almost same and they why not bring an automated platform to build native apps and that's the point where AppMaker.xyz was born. During the college days I have seen Selie he was my colleague. I can proudly say that he was my colleague and he faced a situation like a night before examination. They were an issue going on with apps of a client and they were so dedicated, so hard-working, they were into it and they solved it. Now we have clients from more than 50 countries and which is a great thing. We started with two members. Now we are of 18 members are there. Our plugin has 1000 plus active installations and one among the top rated WordPress mobile app plugins and we are also featured in your stories startup bar stop 15 list and we are so proud and I proudly say that I'm working as WordPress plugin developer at AppMaker.xyz. Before getting into the session may I know the like developers, how many developers are over here or something like that. Okay, thank you. So I'm going to deal with WordPress API integration. So what is an API? So during my college or something if somebody asked me what is an API, my answer will be API stands for application programming interface and then I don't know I just know API is application programming interface. Actually API just helps two applications to communicate each other. For example let me say a real life example. Perfect example like if oh I'm so sad today my heart is broken. So what do you do next? Go take a browser and search for heart broken codes and response will be like oh be sad when you are heart broken. So we are putting that as our WhatsApp or Insta status. I don't know what this emotions have to do with status and all. Anyways here we're sending a request to the server. Actually it's the API who receives the request and respond accordingly. So always remember API is on the server side not on the client side. Okay, there are many types of API. I'm going to say about Rust API. WordPress has its fully functional Rust API in the year 2016. The WordPress version 4.7. So Rust APIs is specifically designed to I mean retrieve the request and response for I mean for particular type of request using simple HTML commands or using simple HTML methods. So the response will be in JSON format. JSON is JavaScript object notation which is a textual representation of JavaScript object and the data will be in key value pairs. While in Rust API you have to be familiar with certain terms and one is routes and unpawns. It's better to say example than definition. So we have a built-in API to get all the posts list of a site. Like site URL slash WP JSON slash WP V2 posts will give you all the posts of a site. If you want to do more filtration like you can add category equal to this and per page equal to this and this will filter your response accordingly. And if you're not using hypertip amylings I'm not getting into what hypertip amylings is anyways if you are not using that you will get a 401 error and then you have to use query patterns like Rust underscore route for that. WP Rust request is the class that handles the request and WP Rust response is the class that handles responses. So we have certain structure for input and output and they're defined in API schema and using controller classes you can register routes, you can handle the request even you can make your own routes. These are the request, HTTP request that you get, pause, put and delete. Get is for retrieving the data. As I mentioned earlier the example for getting the post list it's a get request and next one is pause. It's for adding the data, put is for updating the data and delete as the name says it is for deleting the data. If you want to restrict the content and access to the users for restricted users only you have to do the authorization part. So WordPress provides cookie authentication it's a little bit difficult to use so we have to use other plugins for example basic authentication plugin but the drawback here is we have to pass username and password in each and every request for making it authorized. So it's for testing purpose and all it's okay but we have to use JWT plugin that is JSON web tokens plugin for authorization so here we can generate a token and this token can be used for further request authorization. So this is an example how we are creating the token like giving the route as WPJS and JWT or V1 slash token and here you are passing username and password and you can generate a token and this token can be used for further authorization and it's just extension of WP Rust API here I'm using Rust API in it as an action and the two routes, routes are of same name like custom slash v2 slash vue and one is for getting the latest post and the second one is for adding the post to the category. So I'm going to define these two functions first one is for getting the latest post here I'm passing the category as a pair and I'm using get them as for post function passing the category post per page offset and here I'm going to give back the post for particular function it's like post type 2 and next one is adding post to category. Here we have to give the body it's a post so it's post type 2, category type, whatever you want you can give it as parents and you can use WP insert the post to WordPress and get underscore post for retrieving the post. This is I'm using postman for showing the responses so that's our endpoint and we are funded typers application by json and this is how the response is going to be it is giving back the last I mean in a particular category the latest post is post 3 I'm giving it's uncategorized I think and the next one is for post action here WP json custom v2 new and using the same route and I'm passing the body as type 2 category content and the json will be like this and adding name post 4 into any category and make the status as published. The application so WordPress had many limitations actually the WordPress Rust API help the WordPress to connect with third-party application. So mobile apps is also a third-party application it uses Rust API and here comes the role of app picker or XYZ we convert WordPress or WooCommerce website into native apps in just seconds. Okay headless CMS means it just not have friend and the whole I mean the whole site will be managed with backend and API you can use WordPress as the backend CMS then the API to create the mobile apps or Jamstack sites Jamstack is for creating like websites apps with better performance security and all you can create Jamstack by using WordPress as the content manager back in CMS and by using WordPress Rust API you can actually spend less time in accessing the data and can spend more time in creating better and better user experience. So you can always contact me on email me at Shippa.paker.xyz and we have a stall over there there are many experts who always work on the day and night in Rust API you can contact with us we are very happy to help you thank you


Tom here for more systems and we're gonna talk about small business camera systems There's a lot of options out there and I'm gonna talk about you know This little setup right here why we chose this and some of the parameters around it It is not exclusively the one we sell but we sell different solutions to fit different client needs So if you want to learn more about me or my company head over to Lawrence systems.com If you like to hire sure project There's a hires button up at the top if you'd like to support the channel in other ways There's affiliate links down below for products and services and discounts and deals for things We talk about on this channel including I'll have a description of all the parts used in this particular setup so I am well aware that the Ubiquity videos I did were very popular But unfortunately unify discontinued their self-hosted software. They I have a video on that I'll leave a link to they discontinued support for it. It seems to be one of the most frequently Asked questions of well, we really want a camera system But what happened to you to unify now? We really like the unified cameras We thought they had a great system and they moved everything over to protect which does require their cloud-hosted system as opposed to the one Where you could build it yourself because of that we've had to for many the small business We offered when they needed larger camera systems We've continued to support the installs we have done in the past with unify but in going forward since the software Bio unifies own words is no longer being updated. We've had to look at other solutions So that brings me to the Synology real link combination now I really like the Synology surveillance station. I'll leave a link to the video. I did on the software. It's actually really nice software the Parameters for this particular client was no recurring fees. No paying for cloud hosting etc. Etc. No cloud management They wanted everything self-contained self-managed and that's perfectly fine. That's what this build out is about and Including the from the PoE switch to the Synology. Yes, there's a license You do need for the Synology surveillance station, but they're one-time license fees that are transferable So it is not tied specifically to the camera It's tied to the quantity of cameras that you have attached to your Synology surveillance station set up and I covered that in a video But just so I'm always clear on it once you install these licenses They are transferable personality. They've sent me that as an email and they do not care What camera they only care about quantity so that does fit the bill for that I'm aware of some of the other higher-end systems, but many of them, you know Do have some levels of subscription support services with it. So we're gonna focus on this one right here today now these real-length cameras and They've been pretty good to us. So they're five megapixels HD 4x optical zoom indoor outdoor cameras for 8999 they've been really reasonably priced and our failure rate on them is not zero But it's pretty reasonable and I see that for as many of we installed I think we're at about a 1% failure rate, which is actually high in my opinion for cameras But we don't know if they were fluke of the market or what in some of the past since all's we did we had them DOA in the testing period like out of the box setting them up They just didn't work now They were awesome working with Amazon real link and sent them back and got a replacement no big deal and we had One die in the field, but it died in a weird way It got half a picture and we rebooted the camera and always came out the half a picture So we've had a couple die out of the maybe couple hundred we installed Which is to me a high number at 2% but not end of the world high number for the price And we generally keep a handful in stock and it's not that big of a deal except when they're out in the field and installed That's one of the reasons you see this big mess in front of you is all the testing we do these actually have been running for several days and recording we make sure we do a little bit of burn in because Specifically these ones are gonna be mounted up high Sometimes it requires lift rentals to mount some of these cameras or high ladders and getting in places You don't want to have to replace them out in the field The ones we've installed out in the field and of course they're exposed to weather and everything else They've survived. Well, at least, you know, because we only been selling these for about a year now They've survived a Michigan winter and they've survived some Michigan summers and now I'm covering them I've been using them for a little while, but Part of the thing I like to do is review things over time and I may cover and go back and cover one of the installs We did last year. I'm gonna be going onsite to do a video for it to show a year later But how the cameras are holding up because that's what really matters now if you install them today and they work You want to know did they work after a year of a weather exposure or did they fail? That's a better metric in my opinion So we are confident enough that we are still putting these up because besides the couple We've had to go bad the overalls been good on them and the picture quality is reasonably good now Synology supports a massive amount of Cameras like they're the variety of support has been amazing. So you can mix and match We chose all these real links for this particular job, but yes, you can mix and match cameras Throw a few WD purple drives in there. So these are the drives. We chose to go inside of here the Amazon 16 port PoE gigabit ethernet unmanaged PoE switch I do like a lot of the unified PoE switches, but these neck gear ones are kind of cool and They are solid we've put in a handful of these are unmanaged But it's not something that matters in this particular case because we build out and slice up a separate network Just for these cameras. So they're not on the shared network with everything else There's a firewall that they have and we split off the traffic So there's a dedicated camera network and that's where this will all be living is on that dedicated camera network So all the cameras will talk to Synology and if you're not familiar with how Synology is set up They do have dual network interfaces on this DS 918 plus so those dual interfaces Allow for us and I think got a picture of the back because I don't have an easy way to show it to you But there we go dual interfaces So you stick one interface with all the cameras and you can put the other for an interface on the land Or you can just poke a firewall rule through there depending how you want to configure it But the cameras aren't completely separated land so a managed switch and VLANs just aren't necessary It is split up at the firewall level ahead of this switch So once again, it's just a matter of keeping all the cameras on the same network and it's POE The little switches we have here are some TP link POEs And that's because we got to run a underground cable and to a couple cameras on the other side of this building We're putting them on so there wasn't they didn't want to pay to run every single run from the next year switch So we have a couple TP link switches in here Which is these ones here and they're just gonna be at kind of the outline building after we do a long one Really long cable run to get it over there So it comes off of the next year goes over to these and there's gonna be a couple cameras on each side So yes, we could have ran direct cable all the way But when you're doing burial cable, they didn't really want to pay for all the runs being like I said This is comes down to meeting with client budget client expectations to get things done There's always someone says why only sell the top of the line Super expensive access cameras, which don't get me wrong access makes really nice equipment But this project would have been out of their budget and they simply wouldn't have gone with it So it is about, you know client expectations client needs so finally all this is set up to these Synology of vanilla station. Let's actually look at the cameras now so here's what they look like and I took this one here and put the stream quality a little bit higher and You can kind of hear I hear the noise It does have audio on these cameras. So this allows us to Record all the audio, which was another request that the client had they want to be able to hear what's going on in some of the Areas this is going kind of like a industrial type site So they're able to go back playback audio because it can matter on the machines that are running if they hear something That occurs before an incident that is something important to them and That you can easily quickly access things a lot of people ask me about what about you know x y z system Well, the problem with some of the other systems, especially the single drive systems Which like the unified protect is the amount of storage you need and it's so knowledge You surveillance station has four drives in it So we build a rate array with some redundancy and it can send out notifications if there's a failure on there And this gives them the storage room with these drives for the number of days that's actually a calculation at the workout with the client how many days are you going to need and Build the storage appropriately of course you got to ask how much redundancy do you want in the more redundancy because the data's Maybe more values them matters a lot to how much storage you got to buy again And how many of those drives are paired or you just want to read zero everything that comes down to once again Some of the design and planning But as you can see this real link here, and maybe you can see what's in here talking about BGP Let's go ahead and just grab a snapshot real quick out of it and we're gonna go ahead and download the snapshot and I see there can I zoom here you can see well We can read the signatures from the IT Pro TV Christmas card that I have sit here Read the talk about BGP and everything else and you can see it's quite good in terms of resolution and quality that The cameras have we've been really happy with it matter of fact. We can probably point it more towards the kitchen over here And these do have that zoom See if I can zoom in a little more Kitchen's a little bit of a mess. You can see the firewall. Let's see if we can Get it zoomed in a little bit more and we'll grab a snapshot of these cameras Snapshot pull this up and See let's look here Well, you can see the kind bars the pepper you can probably even recognize what hot sauces are on the table from across the room So I'm gonna say these cameras for $89. You can see our fry daddy and our toaster oven here You can see these are pretty good for the price. We can talk about a camera. That's within a good budget, but also a Reasonable good quality these real lakes have really hit the mark I know people like some of the other brands and you can choose a completely different brand a camera with this and it'll work fine But like I said, the list of support honest analogies been great now our overall because now we've been deploying many technologies I've been very happy with it. Our clients have been very happy with it They do have the ability once we map the firewall. They have their quick connect They have their phone apps so you can view these from the phone. They have reasonably easy I think software to access. I mean, I will like I said in beginning hats off to unify They did a really great job on building a nicer interface for the camera system But the analogy is pretty reasonable and I guess that I did a more in-depth review that I can link to if you want to watch that video on the analogy now The other last little part I will talk about here is when we do the deployment and I'll jump to the overhead right here is Yes, it does look kind of messy and just so you can see the type of ends on these They do support separate if you wanted to power them not POE like with the adapters with these cameras But we generally are gonna do POE and they got the little twist locks on them if you have the right ends to come the other side We're gonna seal these really good And be using these these are the other end what goes on these twist locks So when these go in these got little gaskets and everything So even though the camera I mounted on the outside here with the mounting bracket It protrudes through into the building So yes, they seal really nice because I thought at least mention next people You know some of the cheaper cameras don't always come with a good way to seal it these do these come with a little rubber part to put through you crimp the end on and Pretty good. So my my overall is really cameras for for being less than a hundred dollars a camera with a 4x optical zoom they're pretty solid in terms of Build quality and functionality and like I said, we haven't had that many go bad Overall, so it's not been not been that bad of a problem with and they do have if you are fine with a fixed Focal zoom. They're about hmm. $50 less. I think I think about $50 less. You can get the ones with fixed focal zoom We really like going with the optical zoom because well Because then you got to buy wide or buy more zoomed in ones That can be a challenge because a client doesn't necessarily know you got to work with them when you're doing the planning phase But when you buy the optical zoom ones if they go can you widen that view a little bit? Or can you bring that view a little bit closer most of time? We set them all to the widest and then bring them in as needed when we actually do the deployments for the clients And it's it's been really handy to be able to do that so they can bring it in and go Okay, I needed that tighter view on that one But you know 4x optical is a pretty reasonable range They do have some ones that are higher and like I said You can also do the mix and matching of these where you put different cameras in different areas based on the needs of the Client and based on you know how the job works out so my overall like I said, we've deployed quite a few of these They fit the budget really well the clients like them the usability We've had extremely good reliability out of the Synology Someone will always bring up the question of the Synology and the power brick issue I've never done a Synology review with someone doesn't bring it up and We have had zero of these fail I believe Synology if I'm not mistaken used to build the power bricks internal with some of their older models I guess those were prior to my using of Synology ones that cause some problems But our impression of these with the external bricks has been none of them have failed on us at all of all the deployments We've done and we've done a couple camera jobs a little bit bigger than this on some bigger Synologies They have a lot of offerings on that they even have one That goes a step further in terms of an even higher performance Synology system Which it has some type of recognition of objects and things like that I haven't had a chance to review any of those yet But these smaller like this DS 918 plus has been a great performer for a job this size And like I said the nice thing is if they decide they want to triple or double the cameras We can do one of two things put another Synology in or chance for the licenses and drives and make a bigger Synology To handle even larger volumes of cameras and traffic that they want there or if their storage needs change There's always the option of Synology of expanding and moving They have archiving options for storage so there's there's kind of a lot of expandability options I think surveillance station is a just really nice feature with Synology Plus all the other little things that you can get with it. It's been it's been pretty cool with these little nvrs Because they're more than an nvr to be able to do things with but that's my thoughts on this If you're looking for a budget camera system this setup right here I'll leave links below to the kit that we built with this is one We've been really happy with and I'm going to do some follow-up videos on this because we actually have when we built with a This right here plus site to site to get it to the other side of the building and There's too much interference on this particular location to do a site to site That's why we have the project's going to require some direct burial cable to be trenched and put in but Overall that it does work really well even if you do break this down over a site to site All right, like I said leaps below to everything else and thanks And thank you for making it to the end of the video If you like this video, please give it a thumbs up If you'd like to see more content from the channel hit the subscribe button and hit the bell icon If you like YouTube to notify you when new videos come out If you'd like to hire us head over to laurancesystems.com fill out our contact page And let us know what we can help you with and what projects you'd like us to work together on If you want to carry on the discussion head over to forums.laurancesystems.com Where we can carry on the discussion about this video other videos or other tech topics in general Even suggestions for new videos. 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I'm Steve Hall, I'm the Director General of the World Fish Centre. We've just come back from a week in Uganda and a week here in Illry and Ethiopia, working through the issues around this mega-program on livestock and fish. This is a really exciting program and I'm particularly pleased that we're seeing the intersection between the skills and the interests of Illry, Seat and World Fish to really think through how we can combine our efforts to really make a difference in some selected locations where there's an opportunity to substantially increase the supply of fish, meat, milk and eggs for poor people and poor consumers in markets where food security either is or is going to become a real issue in the future unless we do something special.