On the morning of October 29, 1988, the University of Hawaii's research vessel Moana Wave sets sail embarking on the very first oceanographic research expedition of the Hawaii Ocean Time Series program, often referred to by its acronym HOT. This program was developed by researchers in the newly created School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Roger Lucas and David Carl, professors in the Department of Oceanography, spearheaded this effort and led the first expedition to Station Aloha. Located 60 nautical miles to the north of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, Station Aloha lies in the open ocean in the largest ecosystem on the planet, the North Pacific subtropical gyre. The primary objective of the HOT program was to obtain a long-term time series to provide a comprehensive description of the physical and biogeochemical parameters of the ocean at a location characteristic of the gyre. Yeah, what some people will do for a little exercise. This is research in Moana. We're talking about the Hawaiian Ocean Time Series. It's HOT, 30th anniversary today, Part 2, okay, with Dave Carl and Evangeline White. So you guys, the first thing is, you know, it dawns on me as a curious person how you pay for all this. I was disfunded because, you know, taking the ship out there, even though I suppose it's rented rather than owned because it's a Navy ship, how do you, how do you pay for all that equipment, all those scientific research experiments, what not? Well, in a nutshell, with great effort, but also with great generosity of a number of agencies, first and foremost as the taxpayers of this great country, the National Science Foundation is one of the government agencies that has been supporting our research at Station Aloha since the beginning. In addition to that, we've had private support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and most recently from the Simons Foundation with a program called SCOPE, the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology. And last but not least is the State of Hawaii, the University of Hawaii. We are a public university. I am a professor, Angelique is a professor. We get our salaries from the state and we use some of that support to conduct our basic research in the ocean. So it's this tripartite of private, public and university partnership that has supported our work for so many years and it doesn't come cheaply. The research vessel that you saw in these videos is roughly $40,000 to $45,000 a day depending on which vessel you use and that demands that we work efficiently, that we work around the clock 24-7 if we're on a longer cruise, 24-4 for our typical hot cruise which is four days long. People are working very hard and we have two shifts, typically 12-hour shifts and that's how we conduct our research at sea. Wow, that's impressive. People think, oh, it's just a lot of research and somebody comes in and pays for it, no, it's complicated. You have to get the equipment, you have to schedule everything, you have to marshal your assets and then you have to raise the money to pay for it and then you have to write it up, make sense of it and make it work for humanity. Complicated. How do you sleep at night? Well it's better not to sleep because then you're working 24 hours a day and then you get more done. But yeah, I can sleep at night knowing that there's a great team of people affiliated with the Hawaii Ocean Time Series program and also with the scope program. These are dedicated scientists, students, technicians, administrators, we have all sorts of people working on our teams and we've had some people, if you can believe this Jay, that were affiliated with Hot One in October 1988 that went out on Hot One and they're still involved in working with the program. That's amazing. We've had four of our top technical staff who have been on 200 or more hot cruises and we just recently celebrated one of our colleagues, Blake Watkins, who went on 100 consecutive hot cruises. That's 10 years without missing the beat and, you know, he missed the anniversaries and the holidays and the pet's birthdays and everything else just to go out to station aloha and get that last data point. So Angelique, let's talk about the shipboard life. Let's talk about the life of a scientist who goes out there. Four days every month, some people 100 visits and all together you've done, am I right, 307 trips out there in these 30 years. That's quite amazing. So what is it like, you know, you have a laboratory on board. There's several laboratories on board. So I think you've seen from that video that there's, like I said, there's 12-hour shifts, right? So there's not a lot of downtime and in those 12 hours that you're off, there's sleep and there's other work to be done. So in those 12-hour shifts, you've got teams that are working on various aspects of the crew's mission itself. You have people that are deploying and recovering instruments. You have people that are filtering water in the lab. You have people that are running instruments in the belly of the ship itself. You've got people that are watch leaders that are coordinating this concert of sampling that's happening over this time period. And all of this has to be done in a very safe way because as you've seen, when we can be out at sea, sometimes conditions can be rough. It can be dangerous to be standing on the edge of the ship trying to bring in a heavy instrument. So it all has to be done quite safely. Anybody get seasick? Absolutely. Certainly. People get seasick. I've been seasick many times myself. It's all right, okay. Yes, absolutely. It goes away after a day or so for most of us, but not for everybody. So yeah, you have to work through inclement weather. You have to work through any number of challenges that come with having these floating laboratories at sea. And now, it certainly wasn't always the case, but you can actually communicate with shore nowadays. Back in the day, maybe you got no email at all while you were at sea. Oh, you get email. Right. How about send videos and photographs? Depending on the ship, you can send videos and photographs, depending on the coverage at that time. But that's also important because there's a huge array of instruments that we're also watching. So you saw in that video, some of these things go overboard, and we need to know where they go. Right? So that's a part of the at sea communications. There are other instruments. There are gliders. There are a ton of some instruments. There are satellites that are passing by and a whole range of instrumentation that you need to keep track of during the cruise itself. And this is like going into space and gathering information about everything in every direction, embracing, as I said, the whole environment. So what's the payload? When you come back, is there a little disk about the size of a USB? And that's all the data you've got when you're, what do you bring back? Certainly there is data. There's an enormous amount of data, and now we can store them on smaller and smaller sticks, right? But there's also a lot of water samples. There's water samples that have been put through filters. There are samples of whole organisms that are collected in net toes, and a lot of other streams of data that in the end you have to coordinate what this means for that individual cruise. But more importantly, how that stacks up to now this 30 year, which if we're in a 150 year old field is a fifth of the time series of all of oceanography, as we've learned as a component of the Hawaiian Ocean Time Series. We're pushing the envelope every time. We're pushing the envelope absolutely, and it's incredibly important that that data, which spans core data, so the things that we collect on every single cruise, to data that is supporting research for other scientists that are participating in these cruises, the data from the autonomous instruments, that they all be very high quality and quality controlled. That's a very key important part. And then comparing the delta factor, that's as much as I know about it. So, there were 60 articles submitted to the Journal of Themnology and Oceanography this morning, your 30th anniversary submission, so to say. Pick one, tell me about one, and try to do it so that a person not skilled in this kind of microbial science would understand at least some of it. I looked through them, you know, and I'm sorry. You didn't have a favorite. I need help. You didn't have a favorite. It's hard to pick a favorite, and these are all papers that have been published over the last few decades in one particular journal, Themnology and Oceanography. There are many that Dave has already mentioned, covers the base of the food web up to higher trophic levels, but I'd say one of my favorites involves understanding the concept called ocean acidification, which arguably is fairly well known in the general public. So there's these seasonal cycles of the ocean breathing in carbon and oxygen and breathing out. Right? So carbon from the atmosphere being brought into the ocean as a function both of chemistry but predominantly biology, and layered on top of that seasonal cycle of ocean metabolism and breath, we're starting to see a build up of certain chemicals in the surface ocean that effectively are what we term ocean acidification. So we're seeing the increase in carbon and the atmosphere is now being reflected in the increase in carbon. I heard you say breathing, and what it told me was the ocean is organic, it's a person. That's alive. It gets alive, it breathes, and you can watch that. What a thrill. The Pacific Ocean, the largest ecosystem. What is your advice to eventually going forward as a principal investigator? Well the main thing is to sustain the collaboration of science as a team sport, and arguably we've got the best team, you know, better than the Boston Red Sox I would say. That is something right now. We've got the best team on the planet. And that team spirit and collaborative nature of the work we do needs to be sustained. It's not something that comes natural for scientists. Basically scientists tend to be isolationists, they're individuals, they're sometimes egotists. Major discoveries aren't really necessarily made by teams, they're made by individuals. So there's this dichotomy in science between doing your own thing and being part of a larger team where the hole is greater than the sum of the parts. And that's really what we tried to build at Station Aloha, both a NAAT program and a CMOR program, and now in the SCOPE program. It's much more fun, I think, to do work together than alone, that's my own view. And I would leave Angelique with that advice to sustain and improve the collaboration that we've built already because I think that's the future. Other people need to approve our work and sustain it through funding cycles, through proposal writing, and if people aren't supportive of the work you're doing, because it's not inclusive, then that works against you in the long run. So I think by opening the door, I mean, Aloha, this acronym we have, and we didn't mention that, but the acronym is a long-term oligotrophic habitat assessment, but it's this double entendre, the welcoming, the gathering of science at a place in the ocean that we've created, I think, is just, it's a metaphor for success. It's perfect. It's perfect. And that's that. What was the position exactly? 2245, 158 West. Okay. And it's a little tiny place about the side of the maybea. The crossroads of ocean science, and it's a benchmark for discovery. You were asking about the papers. I think one thing that's very important, if your viewers are planning to go to the, and we're going to have this on the website, the URL to get you to this virtual issue reprinted articles from Station Aloha, the one-stop shopping, if you will. It's really important to look at that list of publications, and just about everyone is multi-authored. By that, I mean it has more than one author, more than one contributor. That's what I mean by scientific collaboration. And oftentimes there'll be four or five people, and it's, these are the people that work together, bring ideas to the table, argue about the interpretations, and come up with a product that would be better than if any one individual were to publish it. And you know, the basis for that is working together at Station Aloha.  Dave is a member of the National Academy of Science, and that's very prestigious and unique around here. So it's great to have you develop this. It's great to have Seymour. It's great to have HOT. And boy, you're going to have to step in some big shoes. I know, right? They're actually small. Anyway, you guys, why don't we close with that last clip you wanted to show, Dave. It's what? A couple of minutes. Let's take a look at that last video that you wanted to show. Okay, let's take a look at the gliders because one of the things that we've been looking at for the future is autonomous sampling of the ocean. Right now, we're basically a ship-based program and we'll never replace the research vessel as our main platform for sample recovery and observations. But we've been, for the last five or six years, we've been flying these so-called autonomous underwater vehicles. These are drones, if you will, that we put into the ocean. You see this deployment on a midnight at Station Aloha. These can stay out for three months, collecting data when the ship is not out at the station. These gliders go up and down in the water column from the surface down to about six or seven hundred meters. Every time they surface, they broadcast a string of data back to our laboratories at the University of Hawaii. This shows one of them, the behavior underwater. They can stay out, as I said, for three months collecting data. We can run a whole fleet of these. We've got five or six of them now in the inventory. This is something that we hope to build additional assets in the future, including possibly an autonomous surface ship that we're now just starting some early discussions. So maybe the future Station Aloha crews will involve a group of pilots sitting at a laboratory at the University of Hawaii, driving an autonomous ship out to Station Aloha, sending a CTD down, collecting water samples, filtering, and bringing them back to the dock where the scientists can do the downstream analysis. We don't think that'll happen in any time soon, but certainly in Angelique's lifetime. She's a young early career scientist with another generation of research to go. Your 30 years starts right now, Emily. I know. My 30 years starts right now. And these autonomous instruments are absolutely a component moving forward between the gliders and drones and profiling floats and a whole range of other instrumentation. Well, there it is. It's embracing the ocean in all particulars in everything we can think of. It's using the best technology we have and that we can find as going forward, always using better instruments, better technology to measure things, and finally delivering it back for the benefit of humanity. That was a small thing. Thank you so much, Dave Carl. Great to have you here. Jay, it's great to be with Think Tech Hawaii once again. Angelique White. Great to have you here. Thank you so much. Good luck for the next 30. Appreciate it. Aloha.


Greetings my esteemed laddingtons. I'm checking in from the Forest of Tranquility. Unfortunately the snow left us, so I'm not checking in from a winter wonderland anymore. But I will post physique so that Father Frost will bless us once again in time for Christmas. Speaking of which, I thought to make this video as a heads up if you saw what happened last year with the logistics situation especially to good old America. You will understand why I make this video now. So a while back I posted to social media that the last date to order clothing tons or don't less had passed especially to America. Now I set it quite early to avoid any any disappointments. So you know that if you are in America the time to order something has passed because the American postal system they have given a heads up that there will be chaos so I believe them especially seeing what happened next year. So long story short it was a lot of delays and a lot of packages came very very late. So I will only suppose the same thing will happen this year. I prepared a bit better though so most should be in time. Now what we also did and what I mentioned in a recent post I suppose everyone follows me on Telegram if you don't do it. All links in the description box below. We prioritized the American orders so they could get a fighting chance of getting there before Christmas at least. And because the German orders they go really fast. The Dutch orders they go quite fast as well. Swedish orders go reasonably fast. Now if you are in Sweden you can also order don't less from jotenamenutrition.se and then it goes much faster. So the stock in Germany they are quite overwhelmed by all orders so I am supremely thankful. Thank you again to everyone who ordered it truly warms my heart. Now on to another point I would like to say I saw some the checkout messages asked if I could sign the book. I don't sign I don't send them out myself otherwise I would gladly have signed them but yeah I don't send them out so I can't do it unfortunately. Now on another note I thought to mention and I've said this before I'll say it again in case you have missed it. And that is the question why I don't sell it on Amazon. And the reason is quite simple. I don't like Amazon. I don't think it's a nice company. I don't think it's a good company. I don't think they should be premiered with anyone's custom. Now of course you have certain books they need to go on Amazon because the authors they don't have a page of their own. So Amazon sometimes it can be good but for me since I have my own websites I can easily just sell the book via those. And yeah so long story short I don't like to do business with bad people if I can avoid it. Same thing with PayPal. I removed it because I don't really like how they behave. So yeah I vote with my wallet as well just as I encourage everyone else to do. So yeah that's the short answer there. So anyway I just wanted to give that heads up. Prepare for some delays. Prepare for some chaos. I will try to relax Max over Christmas over Jule. And I will be prepared to respond to a more million emails in January asking about the status of orders. But now I've given a fair heads up at least. I hope with every fiber of my being that all of the packages will arrive in a smooth and fast fashion. But it is what it is. Good times, good times. Thank you for watching and again thank you so much for everyone who ordered Dauntless. It truly means a lot. And come next year I will intensify the writing of my next book. So thank you for watching. XXO BOOM!


We are the women of the PMC Lawson Cancer Center. We are here to support your journey, deliver hope, and provide solutions that will advance your care. Our purpose is saving lives. Model City Head Start will be hosting their annual Halloween parade Thursday, October 27. The parade will begin at Pikeville City Park at 10 a.m. and go through downtown Pikeville. Our Head Start kids, they range anywhere from age 3 to 5. They're going to dress up in their costumes. It's just a really good way to let all of our kids be able to go out trick-or-treating a safe environment because we know whether it's transportation issues or safety issues. Some parents don't take their kids out trick-or-treating, and this is just a way for all of our kids to get to do it. The parade will feature over 70 students all in costume and give the students an opportunity to explore their community in a safe environment. It's really great because it helps them go out, be able to see different environments because they've just been limited, especially after COVID. A lot of people, limited travel and limited just going out and seeing just the community in general. So it's really great for people to be able to also see our kids too and know more about our program. For more information on the parade, go to Model City Head Start on Facebook. For Mountain Top News, I'm Breanna Robinson.


of these different types of emitters with respect to the emission uniformity. There is a table which has been provided by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers design standards, the emission uniformity gives the emission uniformity which is achievable or which is possible for different types of emitters and also with respect to the crop spacing, the field topography is another which has been used in the information, the emission uniformity in percentage, the emitter type is a point source type and your crop spacing is in this case wide is taken as more than 4 meters. The field topography is uniform and the uniform is the category where it has been, the slope has been taken as less than 2 percent than the emission uniformity by into 95 percent. If you have steep slope which is greater than 2 percent, your emission uniformity will reduce in comparison to the previous case, on this case everything else is same, you have the point source with the wide spacing but your field topography is steep or undulating then this will be the achievable uniformity coefficient or emission uniformity as is known in this case. If you have close spacing which is taken as less than 2 meters, the spacing between the crops is less than 2 meters, the spacing between the plants and you have uniform field achieve the same value of emission uniformity but if it becomes the case of steep topography I am sorry, this is 85 to 90, so if it is a steep topography with the close crop spacing you will have emission efficiency of 80 to 90 percent, when you have line source and a close crop spacing normally in the case of line source you will be using the line source mainly when you have the row crops. So you will in general you will find that the crop spacing is close in all the cases when you use the line source, there is only one case when you have the close crop spacing. If the topography is uniform, this if it is steep then you have a lower level of emission uniformity, so this give you a range that how the emission uniformity changes with respect to the various conditions prevailing in the, these are the general guidelines, the general average values which have been observed. How do you evaluate evaluation of emission uniformity? Because emission uniformity is something which you will have to go in for the evaluation of such uniformity, what is the, is a field level data which has to be evaluated and then you can find out what is the level of emission uniformity as we have seen in the other cases also all the other irrigation systems. You have to go in for these evaluations where you do some experimentation and then come out with the relevant values and see, check for yourself whether those values are really prevalent in the actual case or what you are getting is much different than what is, what is said to be achievable. This you, if you look at the overall layout which you have, you have the main line, you have the sub-main, then you have the laterals, on the laterals you have the emitters. So when you go in for such a evaluation you choose one sub-main and on the sub-main if you have a sub-main, choose at least 4 laterals on the sub-main, you can have one lateral at the inlet point, very first point on the sub-main, the very first, immediately first lateral at the beginning of the sub-main and you choose one at the furthest point, you can take another one to third position, the fourth one at to third position. The idea is to have these laterals, the selected laterals well spaced so that you are not getting the sample as you are trying to collect only some sample values. So these sample values should be representative values, they should be, they should be representing the various conditions which are prevailing in that setting. So for that purpose is very essential that you choose the, because what you are going to do, you are going to make measurements on what is the actual discharge, only then you will like to, you will see that what is the actual discharge which is being made available at different levels of the emitters. So you have tried to make a selection of those individual emitters in such a way that they are representing the average conditions, not the average conditions, average conditions you will find out but they are representing all the conditions, the maximum conditions, the minimum conditions and the in between conditions also. Similarly you can, when you come to, suppose you have selected 4 laterals, on each of these laterals again there will be variation when you go from 1 emitter to another emitter because of the fact that as you know that there are losses which are taking place, there is the discharge which is reducing, all those things which we have already discussed with respect to the sprinkler irrigation system is happening here also. So on, on each selected lateral again choose 4 emitters and these 4 emitters again you will have one immediately at the first one the inlet then the next one at far end there is the end of the lateral and then 2, 1 at one third position and the second one as 2 third position.  So within the laterals also you have, you are trying to adopt the same strategy. Now ultimately you have now 4 laterals and on each lateral you have 4 points, 4 emitters which are which are selected. So you have in all 16 emitters where the observations have to be taken, the observation is only where the discharge, where the volume of water collected or to find out what is the flow rate, what is the discharge. Because you normally have the volume you collect graduated cylinder where you can directly see that how much is the volume collected and thereby you can find out what is the rate. So the quantities which you will like to find out is, what is the minimum discharge since you have those 16 individual values, you can find out what is the minimum, your minimum is required when you try to find out the emission uniformity. So q minimum is required, you can find out from there the q average, you can again find out the average of those 16 individual values and all the other things are known. So you can now from the sample you can find out what is the value of uniformity or emission uniformity. The general criteria which you normally have which is which is used that if you have more than 90 percent emission uniformity is excellent, if it is between 80 to 90 percent good, 70 to 80 percent is fair but anything less than 70 percent is poor. Now this is the this anyway you have seen earlier but this is sort of level of general level of acceptance which is given by this that if you have something up to 80 percent of emission uniformity which is reasonably good and you can accept that. Similarly you have seen that in this particular case the only thing which is known is the value of the coefficient of variation can also be computed basically using these individual values you can find out the coefficient of variation but if you do not want to indulge in all that you want to have a order of magnitude or a simplified way of finding out what is the uniformity what is the level of uniformity which you are achieving you can also use a parameter which is known as the discharge variation and this is a much simplified expression than what we have discussing so far which just gives you what is the what is the q maximum what is the q minimum and what is the level of q variation and this is again in percentage. So the q variation in percentage a simplified way of finding out this can also be used if you do not want to indulge in all the detailed calculations which you are performing when you are finding out the emission uniformity you can also use this as a indicator. So in this particular case everything is defined we do not have any term which is this is the discharge variation the general criteria is that if discharge variation is less than 10 percent desirable 10 to 20 percent is acceptable but anything less than anything greater than 20 percent is not acceptable. So if you are trying to find out these the discharge variation in terms of discharge variation this is the range which is the general criteria which is used similarly when you talk in terms of the relationship between the emitted discharge and the operating pressure let us call it H the general expression this is the relationship between the discharge and the operating pressure. Now X is the the emitted discharge exponent this exponent is also given by the manufacturer you will find that the value of this X will also be made available but this X is also a function of the flow regime and K is a empirical factor. Now the value of X varies to have a value of X as 0 when you have the emitters which are the pressure compensating you get a value of 1 or those emitters which are in mineral flow regime a value close to 0.5 is obtained for emitters which are in turbulent so in general you can derive from this that the higher the value of X you will have to take more care in terms of the fact that if the value of X will be higher then a small pressure variation can make lot of variation in the discharge. So that is the very is the indicator that if you have a level of X or the value of X which is higher you will have to be very careful when you are looking at the variation of discharge over the lateral and you have to you have to check you have to make thorough checks that what is the what is the variation which you are getting in actual case. Let us now go on to the lateral hydraulics now we want to find out the final the final aspect of design that what are the actual losses now you want to find out the pump requirement and for that you will have to find out how much are the losses what are the pressure requirements how the pressure varies over the total network that the relationships might be slightly different but the philosophy is the same as you have in the case of a sprinkler irrigation system. So I would not go into the details and in this case the total dynamic head which is required the principle is going to be similar the only thing is that in this particular case there will be some additional things which might create more hindrance in terms of the loss. Example in this case the losses which will be prevalent because of the other equipment like the filter unit you have more number of filter units in this because you want still the water which is more clearer because of the fact that in this case the clogging is much more problematic. So any pressure which has to be lost in those individual equipments has to be catered for in terms of the local or the total requirement which is required at any level whether is the pump level or whether is the procedure will remain same you will start from the farthest point and you will reach up to the pump and find out how much is the total requirement at the pump level. This was the other aspect of using the factor F to take into consideration the effect of reduced discharge is again similar which we have already looked into in detail in this in the case of sprinkler irrigation system. But let us try to go through the some other aspects for example in this case again the head loss a particular lateral the head loss is found out using the Darcy-Weisbach equation which is more common in this particular case and this is the expression to be used for using the Darcy-Weisbach equation for finding out the head loss this is the friction head loss assuming that there is no loss of discharge for the total lateral. So this H f is the friction head loss along the lateral with no discharge if you have a head loss there is no discharge through the emitters that means it is only the pure pipe flow as we have seen earlier. Then this is the expression where all the other terms we already know we know that this is the friction factor and this friction factor has to be computed using the proper equation depending on the which regime you are in, this is the friction factor, this is the length of the lateral expressed in emitters, Q is the total lateral litters per hour and D is the lateral diameter and this is expressed in millimeters. So again we have earlier also we have seen that to account for the actual friction head loss we had introduced a factor f if we call that as actual that is f times H f and this f this f is the Christensen friction factor and we have helped with that at how to compute the f that procedure will remain same. In this particular case the only major difference is that in this particular case there are other losses which are which can take a very significant value which are those losses up to this place there is no problem is the same procedure but in this particular case we cannot ignore the other losses which are the losses due to the emitters, the other connectors. These losses can be, order of magnitude can again be very high that we have just said but more than that it also takes, it also depends a lot on how the emitter has been used, if the emitter has been used online the loss will be different, if the emitter has been used inline the loss will be different. So in general emitter which is used inline it will create much more higher loss than the emitter which is used online. Some experimentation has been done where it has been seen that the inline emitter can have loss which is around 5 times higher than the loss in the lateral without emitters. So it can even surpass the total loss of the emitter in the lateral when there are no emitters that is the h f which we have just found. When you have the inline emitters the loss, the additional loss can be 400 percent higher. Now to account for this additional loss what can be done, there are various ways by which you can handle that but the designers have found this, the simplest possible way they have found is to find out what is the additional length, what is the equivalent length, equivalent length which will produce the same level of retardance or what is the equivalent length which will which should be taken along with the original length to account for this loss. So this is a very indirect way of handling this, the connector and the emitter loss is quite effective and equivalent length to account for friction due to emitters and connectors expressed in meters and the expression is used to find out this equivalent length and this equation, what are the various parameters, these we have defined earlier, this is the lateral diameter, this is the millimeters and Q is the flow rate in liters per hour, H e emitter connector friction loss meters. Now this emitter and connector friction loss has to be varied separately in the field setup, you will have to find out how much is the loss under for specific emitter or any other connector which you are using and that experimentation has to be there are many emitters where the friction loss, the connector loss and the emitter loss are not known, people are making that available even the manufacturers have started looking into those things. So once that is known then you can find out what is the equivalent length which has to be increased by which the original length has to be increased and then you can use the combined length and the other previous expressions to find out how much is the how much is the change because of this additional head loss which is because of these connectors and the emitters. So that can be taken care of, okay. Otherwise all the other details remain same, you can again you can look at the worst possible lateral or any lateral which is which you feel is the critical one and if you have a computer system where the program is there you can check each and every lateral and find out what are the whether the extreme critical points they are getting satisfied value of discharges or the pressures there are quite sufficient and those pressures can be used to find out the pressure requirement at the other locations of the system. In general gives us reasonable insight into what are the various design procedures then there are some other related topics for this specific system in this case the filter unit is a very important unit and the filtration is basically required because of the fact that the emitters get clogged. The clogging in the emitters is due to various reasons, it can be due to the suspended solids, it can be due to the physical particulates, the clogging can also take place because of chemical precipitation, biological can be either bacterial, algae formation. So they are the different range of reasons for clogging and that is the reason that you will have to use a very high level of infiltration process, there are many filters which are commonly used, they belong to different classes, there are some filters which are called the media filters where you are using the sand or some other gravels, same type of filters which you use for the sieve treatment and these type of filters which are sand filters which are quite useful and the quantity of water which can be treated that can also be much larger because of the infiltration rates which are prevalent and it can also remove not only the sediments but it can also remove some other biological element which might be going through the water. So in the case of a sand filter, a typical sand filter, you might have such an arrangement that you have, you have a unit, this is the entry of water, water comes through this and these are the various levels where you can have the control, if this is the portion which is having the filter medium is the sand, so in the normal operation water will move in this direction and then pass through the filter unit, so this is the clean water which is coming out of the outlet point. This part is used when you want to have the backwash of this filter because all the material which is the different types of particles which are getting accumulated over the surface of the filter, they can be backwashed by sending the water, closing this side, sending the water now from here and then the water will passing through the sand, it will remove the particles which are deposited and it can be sent out of this, this is the backwash water. Now this process can be repeated as often as is required depending on the capacity of the filters and the type of water which you are using, how much deposit is being made in this particular area and that is why if you remember that you have the pressure gauges also which are provided before the filter and after the filter unit, so you can calibrate that in terms of the pressure difference also, if the filter unit gets clogged the pressure variation will also increase, so if the pressure variation is more than 70 kPa then in general you can say that you require the filter to be cleaned. These days there are there are many new equipments which have come because the difficulties which were earlier being faced by the operators, they have a dual, they have a twin system, the filter can have two chambers, one chamber can be used when the other chamber is being cleaned through the backwash process so that you do not have to stop your system, you can do that when the system is remaining on and the last time because if you have chosen a system where you can act wait or let us say for more than one day for the next irrigation to start, otherwise you might not be able to complete your total area in the desired irrigation interval. So in that situation each lost day can be very detrimental, can be very problematic, so you can either use a filter unit which needs very little cleaning or it is very quick to be cleaned or you use such a system where you have a standby which is inbuilt so that you do not have to stop the functioning only because of the fact that you have to be in this filter unit. Then you have the other type of filter units which are quite equally popular, they are the screen filters, in the case of screen filter you use for filtering the wire mesh and you might have such a situation that you have, here you have a core which is this is having a mesh, in this case the water is coming from this end, this is the entry point, water goes through the and then so this is the exit point, so the water when it moves through the filter unit it can, it is not as simple, there can be a situation where it will move, the length of the segment which it has to pass through, it can be forced to the water, the water can be forced to pass through that total segment so that the cleaning is much better and much proper and then the water, the clean water will come through. In this case again this is the outlet which can be used when you clean the filter and you want to flush the whole debris out of this wire mesh portion which is the filter portion in this particular case, the sizes of these meshes can vary depending on the requirement, depending on the quality of the water which you are using. So that in general is the very brief details on the filter units and there can be another type of filter unit where you are using the concepts of the centrifugal force, there you try to churn the water and if you have only the suspended solids which are heavier than water that can be forced to settle down and through that those type of filter units you can only remove the suspended particles which are not exactly suspended particles, they are in transition, they can be forced to settle down. So those type of filters you might use as the primary filters which are only the first level filters then when you come closer to the subnames you use the secondary level filters which are more effective which can be which can ensure that all the other debris all the other particles which can clog the emitters they can be removed. So with that I will close this topic on the drip irrigation system, if there are any questions, yes the question is whether the sand filter and the screen filter they can be used simultaneously, there are filters which are having both these things put in the same segment also but they can be used, the screen filters can be used as a primary filter because screen filters are not as effective as the sand filters can be. So that is basically which filter should be used where and how many filters you have to use will depend on the quality of water which you are using. If the quality of water is very poor you might have to use series of filters, you might have to use even a filter which is before the pump unit because that can also if the water is really bad you would not like the pump to be damaged. So you might use filter even before the pump, it all depends on it all is dependent on what type of quality of water you are having at your disposal and in some cases you might find that you will have to analyse the water if your quality is susceptible or if there are situations where biological activity is quite active you might have to go into the depth into details because you realise one main aspect that in this particular case if even if some of the emitters are not functional you are having a big problem because the meter is ultimately the last device which will let the water move from the system from the lateral onto the field and the pressure once you go past the meter there is a very drastic difference, there is a drastic drop in the pressure from the point which is just upstream of the emitter and when you go then the water goes outside the emitter. Let me tell you that the water is almost at the atmospheric pressure when it comes out of the emitter. So if you have any situation where because the pressures are really very low so in most of the cases even if there is a very small chance of having any of these things affecting the emitter it will have its intensity to clog because there are days when you are not using the system even if you are letting the water stand for 2-3 days as we have seen that 2 days is a normal duration which when the emitter might not be functional. So within that much period if the algae formation is there then you have it because then it is going to you would not even know the other major problem is that you would not even know that which are the emitters which are not functioning because there is no think of the situation where you have many many hectares of area and the number of emitters can be really run into 100s far even a small area, how many of those emitters you can physically see and even the automatic controls are not possible because they will be making a very the whole system very very expansive. So those sensing the remote sensing and all the automatic sensing mechanism is not possible. It might be feasible but it is not it might be possible but it is not feasible. You can you can sense how much is the water going past the emitter that is at a cost which is not permissible within the present circumstances. So you have to be very careful at this stage that the water which you are sending is not by any chance is not clogging those emitters, thank you much.


It's going on everyone Sam here with latent sports cards ripping one box of 2022 leaf stitches and slabs basketball for Tommy L Good luck here Tommy. Let's go Tommy. Let's do it buddy. There he is No server says Adam Good luck Tommy Tommy by the way the country that you are from I've always wanted to visit that place That's in like my top three right there I don't want to say it in front of everybody what country you're from but that's I really want to travel there I think that'd be such a fun place to visit Oh autograph Jersey Congrats Tommy Lamello heck yeah, dude Let's go Lamello Heck yeah Tommy.  All right. Good luck here Tommy. Let's see what we got in our slabs box now Pace to watch live. That's true, man. That's true Dude, that's so nasty Wow what a box of stitches and slabs this was Tommy. How about legacy Portrait Oscar Robertson the big oh 16 out of 25 from 21 22 court Kings Hey Congrats Tommy dude. That's awesome the big. Oh, how gorgeous is that card? Dude look at the detail on it Oscar Robertson. Heck yeah, dude. What a great box great box That'll do it for your break there Tommy Congrats again man on the box. That was unbelievable We'll get it right out to you buddy


I had a PI brought to you by DigiKey, and I need for it, thank you DigiKey. This week is Amelon Devices, Lady Aida, what is the new exciting thing coming out of Amelon Devices this week? Okay, this week from ADI, which bought Max and which bought Trinamic, is the new Trinamic 50, TMC 5240. This is yet another in the family of Trinamic stepper motor drivers, kind of famous for their silent steppers that use very high quality motor control to enable very fast and but very quiet motor control. This one is kind of neat because it does even more. In fact, I was looking at this and I was like, wow, this actually kind of replaces almost all the stepper motor control code I've ever had to write or have used in my life. So it's up to 36, it's like five to 36 volts, up to two amp per leg as bipolar stepper motor controller, but it also has a lot of built-in capabilities such as motion control, of course it can do stepper control, it has encoder reading capability, it's got motion planning, you can have UART or SPI control rather than most of the stepper drivers before you've used GPIO, this one uses SPI or UART, up to 256 microsteps per step, a reconfigurable stepper, microstepping, sine wave table if you want to change it from being default sine, I'm trying to think what else is in there and well, we'll go through it all, but very powerful kind of does it all step motor controller. So this is the kind of thing it's going to step, it's going to control chunky stepper motors that can go up to two amps, 36 volts, this happens to be like, I think, 200 milliamps 12 volts, this is a smaller stepper motor, but basically any motion control that has an XY gantry, normally you would use, you could use like a full H-bridge like we do on our, here is our motor feather wing and what we do with the motor feather wing is we actually PWM the individual ABCD pins, all four pins, to create smooth motion. So you can do single stepping where you can go like one step at a time, chunk, chunk, chunk, that's definitely the easiest, it's the fastest to implement, but you don't get really good resolution and it's kind of loud because the stepper motor doesn't move smoothly between each step, it kind of like, you know, rockets to the step and then kind of oscillates a little bit, it's if you want smooth control, you want like slowly microstep up and down from the two points that you want to travel between. A lot of people who are in the maker community or even engineers, they'll have, you know, a 3D printer and 3D printers are really popular home example of something that has an XY gantry. So there's going to be a stepper motor that controls the head and that goes back and forth is just, you know, a random 3D printer that we've sold, the XY goes back and forth and you want to move smooth, you want it to move quickly, but also smoothly because you don't want a loud and jittery print and you also want a fast print and the faster you can move the head, the faster your 3D print will complete. Okay, so like I said, you know, when you this is from ADI's tutorials on stepping and microstepping, you can, you know, most stepper motors are about 200 steps per rotation and you could just step one per, you know, you you toggle the A and B and C and D pins and with a motor controller and you can just step one, two, three, four, five, 200 times per rotation, but you're not going to get very good resolution, of course, going to be very loud. So the best thing to do is to use microstepping where you slowly PWM the motor driver to smoothly move between the steps rather than just going like chonk, chonk, chonk between each step. The bad news is anyone who's ever used microstepping knows is that the frequency microstepping is going to resonate through the motor and through the coils and you're going to get like a really annoying squeaking, squealing sound. And what Trinamic is kind of famous for is they have learned how to adapt the stepper PWM and like the frequency and I don't know, it's like the magic called silence, you know, step silent or whatever that basically makes it like super quiet, but you still get all of that power and smooth motion. So if you do want to have a finished product that has stepper motor control, but you don't want it to be squeaky, you're probably using a Trinamic stepper motor controller already. This is kind of the overall block diagram for it. So the microstep sequencer is again something that they've had in previous motor controllers. The thing that's new here I think is the motion controller with wamping. So when you're not only having to microstep between each step, but you also want to slowly speed up the motor and then move very quickly and then slowly slow it down or you decelerate because you want to go between two points accurately. So you don't want to like go over the distance you want. You can't go backwards.   And normally you would have to do that with a very complicated motion controller that would be programmed in your microcontroller or microcomputer. And especially if you have more than one stepper, this becomes very complicated to program because you're having to like constantly track multiple linear algorithms and you know the X and Y and Z are not initially going to the same speed and the same distance. It's a lot of work. So what's nice about this motor is it does that all for you. You tell it how many steps you want to go to and you set up the ramp up, you know, attack, decay, release, whatever, and it will do that whole for the whole motion for you and let you know when it's done. You can communicate it with your SPI and we'll go through it. So you get multiple motors. There's also encoder unit I mentioned, interrupts, and there's also some neat stall detection as well. A lot of, yes, I'm sorry, this is the stuff I was talking about with the eight point motion controller. So stealth chop is what makes it quiet. Spread cycle I think is just kind of what makes it reduce current and be precise as it goes from the beginning of the step to the end of the step. Stall guard is what lets it detect the back EMF so you know when it's installed, which is really valuable because you might have end switches on your XY gantry, but for stuff those can fail, or maybe you want to have some, you know, there could be something in the way of your motors that's stopping it from moving. You haven't forbid it bumps into a person or bumps into something it's machining. You can detect that and immediately stop it. And then cool step keeps your motors nice and cool because it's not overheat. Okay, so this is the diagram. It only does one motor, of course, but you can connect multiple motors. There's two pin configurations, the TSOP and the QFN. QFN is smaller, but if you go to the next page, the TSOP has better thermal resistance. And of course it's going to be a little bit bigger. You know, you'd want to have the TSOP, which you're through a four layer board, maybe have two ounce copper, and then behind it or above it, you're going to have a heat sink that might be necessary. SPI, so I think the previous step on motor drivers that I've seen from them, they had UART or individual pin control. These now have SPI interface, which is kind of nice because it means you can control pretty much any number of motors you want. And each one will just have a unique chip select. And of course SPI is very, very fast. So you can write and read from the register map. There's a huge number of registers you can access. I won't go through all of them. There's also UART single wire, which is kind of interesting. I guess this is for back compatibility. With this, you would have all the motors share a single UART, but you can set the node address. And the node address is set, I think if you go to the next page, you can set the node address with a couple different pins or three pins that you can configure. And then you have node zero through seven. And then if you need more, apparently there's a way to configure it so you can use up to 255 motors. But this way they all, I guess they chain one wire and they share one wire. So I guess if you want to use UART, maybe some existing motor controllers that are set up to do UART mode for back compatibility. Honestly, I would use SPI. It's going to be a lot faster, but you do need more wires. What Trinamic is known for, again, silent stealth chopping. So they say absolutely no noise whatsoever with these motors. The only motor, the only noise you're going to hear is from the ball bearings. And the ramp generator, again, I think this is kind of the most interesting thing because instead of you having to manually deal with the new case, slowly speed up the motor through the A1 phase and then interrupt goes off. Remember to change the controllers to drive the stepper motor in faster. Next interrupt, go to Amax. Next interrupt, it handles everything for you. It will automatically decelerate if you're using too much current or it will track the number of steps so you will get to the final location even if you have power dips or if you don't have power dips at all. There is support for reference switches, so mechanical stops built in so it will automatically stop when it hits a mechanical stop. You will end up like bashing the motor into the side of the gantry. Also, again, in addition to having mechanical stops, you want to detect a motor stall to emergency stop or to reduce the amount of current you're using, it can detect a motor stall. There's a couple of configurations I noticed on how to do this, but using the A1 phase, it will say, hey, we're not actually moving, we're getting a lot of back EMF while I'm trying to step. It will let you know and it can automatically deactivate the motor. Encoder support as well, so if you're using a stepper motor, home to a reference switch, a stop switch on the left and right side is very common, but if you're doing precision servo-like motion control, you might want to have an encoder as well. There is encoder support. It will keep track of the encoder count for you and use that when you're telling it in the motion planner like, hey, I want you to go to this location. It will use the encoder instead of trusting what it thinks is the steps, and so if you end up slipping, the encoder will detect that and you'll automatically make up any lost steps. It's available as a breakout board. This is a tiny breakout board, which is not the same size as many stepper motor driver shields. They use kind of like a Pololu pinout, maybe I don't know who invented it first. This is similar, but it's not exactly. But remember, you can't use the GPIO control for this. This is SPI or UART only. So it's not back compatible with those like step-forward direction, enable, microstep, GPIO control. You have to send the commands over SPI, so it's a little bit more advanced. You would need to redesign your PCB if you wanted to like upgrade your 3D printer design with this. They are in stock and there's also, I do have, they're in stock. They just got in. So I think like the one that's missing, like I bought it from 250 and then on the overhead, I did pick up also one of their eval boards, although I didn't realize when I first picked this up that it didn't have GPIO control and I haven't finished writing any driver code for it.  I like is it's open hardware so you can get the design files.  So a nice eval board if you want to get started with this. I think if you're making a very nice stepper motor controlled robotic gantry system, this is going to definitely save you a lot of time with motion planning because it does it all for you. All right, we got a one minute video, we're going to play it. Hi, my name is Thomas Ernst. I'm who is dynamic since almost 10 years now and now we are part of the big analog devices family. And I've got our all time classic demo with me and it showcases our benefits, the benefits of our stepper drivers really well. For example, we can detect the loads of the motor shaft from the information the motor gives us. And if we increase the load, the load angle opens up and we can use this information to reduce the current that we drive into the motor. And this keeps the motor cool and saves up to 75% energy. Our drivers are optimized for high resolution micro stepping. And this enables a really reliable and smooth motor run. And on top of that, we have our stealth shop shopper which makes the stepper motor absolutely silent.