Hello everyone, welcome again to another NARC Survivor Live video, as you can see I'm out here at the park just come for a walk before I go and have my dinner and I've done a few videos on this topic already but I'd like to get into it a little bit deeper in this one because yes I know I understand that many of you have been involved with these narcissists, these toxic people who they manipulated you, they deceived you, they sold you a dream, made you believe that they were someone or about something and the reality is that they were not and yes they were already aware of that, they knew that from the beginning before they even met you, they knew that they could never be who you wanted them to be, they could never give to you what you wanted them to give to you which of course as we know yes it's a relationship, family, a marriage, children, something sustainable, something long term, they made you believe that they were about that, they made you believe that they could give that to you but they couldn't give you that instead they just strung you along making you believe that they were about that for real, they lied to you, they future faked and in the end you got nothing, you didn't get anything out of it but you gave a lot, you gave your time, energy effort, maybe even your money and of course yes you could spend that time doing something else which would have been a lot more profitable, it would have provided a lot more value to you but instead you ended up with someone who was taking your value away from you, they stripped all of that away and left you with nothing and it makes you believe that you were nothing, you don't have anything when actually you had a lot, the problem is that they took it from you and yeah they had to do that because narcissists they're always running from something, they're always trying to escape from that unpleasant situation and fate, they're always trying to get away from that and by doing that they typically end up in situations that are unfavorable for them but they end up draining you, the person who they clearly needed that is why they targeted you so don't get confused about that, I know a lot of you you start to think that they took it all away from you and that means that you're nothing but you've got to think about that again because it doesn't make any sense if you had nothing to give I mean you clearly had something to give that's why they were there that's why they took it from you but yeah sadly that is the reality of dealing with a narcissist by the end of it you will think that you are nothing that you don't have anything because they have nothing to give to you other than manipulation, I've said it before that's the only thing that they can give is an illusion because the false character what you see from that is all completely fake that isn't even real and yet a lot of you you stay holding on expecting something to be different expecting something to change but the same thing's just going to happen over and over again it looks good in the beginning it's only a matter of time until they rip off their mask and show you exactly who they really are again sadly and they play on this as well you will still remember that false character and that will leave you holding on that will leave you expecting something more because you know exactly what you put out you know that what you had was good and it was good that's why they were there they weren't there for nothing but they already knew that they didn't belong around you because you are very special you are an incredible person and they don't want you to think of yourself like that they don't want you to think of anyone like that because that just causes the false reality to crumble and then they have to accept that yes something is seriously wrong with them but i know what it's like yes i have been for it myself i have been tricked manipulated led to believe something that was not true yes i had to go through that as well but it may be stronger it may be a better person to where i am now able to identify these types of personalities almost immediately and by now for you it should be pretty obvious what you were or are dealing with because they're so quick they've always got their hands out with you but then when it comes to you and you expect them to reciprocate back to you they won't do it and actually believe it or not they can't do it they can only fool you and if they can't fool you then they're going to go and fool someone else and it typically turns into a shared fantasy where both people are delusional they believe that it's real but it's not because it's not coming from their core it lacks authenticity the motive is to take something from you which means that by default it can never be real i'm just coming back to the car now i know it is very noisy out here i'm sorry about that it should be a bit quiet thank you i want to make sure that it is because yes this message is very important those of you who have been tracked you have been manipulated lied to cheated by these narcissists they robbed you they robbed you of everything they robbed you of your identity of your sense of self they controlled you they impacted your ability to make your own free choices and decisions yes they did all these things to you and it affected you and yet some of you yes you may feel like it's unfair everything you went through they got went over on you again and they just ran off they rode off into the sunset looks like they just got away with it but i can tell you the narcissist is already getting their karma and you should know that better than anyone because just remember what you had to go through with them remember how they treated you remember how miserable they were they always felt compelled to start these arguments and that was coming from within them that was the result the effect of their emotions so how can someone like that move on and be happy they can't just remember everything you did for them you were there for them you probably cared about them more than anyone in their entire life and they disregarded you they took it for granted they treated you with contempt and you really think anyone else is going to go and do that for them of course they won't do that and yet they will ride off into the sunset and make this big show they will flaunt it they will put it on display as though the exact opposite is true as though they're happy now they've moved on everything is good and when someone really goes out of their way to do that that is how you should know that it isn't real because when it is real when it's natural plays out naturally you don't have to make a big display about it which is why it tends to be that the victims the real victims they don't even want revenge they just want to be left alone because they realize that yes they can be happy they can find peace on their own but narcissists no they cannot do that they need people they are addicted to people and whether without them yes they are very miserable they are miserable right now doesn't matter what you're seeing on social media i don't care about all these stupid pictures and videos that is not real you know what was real with them you saw it remember how they treated you that is who they really are they are messed up in the head they would have to be to treat you like that someone who cared about them someone who is good to them i mean that has to be something seriously wrong because i don't know about you but when i see someone who is so innocent naive vulnerable i just want to take care of them and protect them i could never imagine wanting to hurt them but that's exactly what narcissists do and that is how you should know that yes something is seriously wrong with them many of them even have psychopathic traits and the reason why as we know yes it's because they never had their emotional needs met when they were children and that's why they grow up and they become so emotionally immature they're very childish they engage in all these outlandish acts of behaviors intended to harm you and intended to make you think that they can do all of these things and get away with it like they're trying to promote that evil and immoral acts are right and correct when that is just not true i know from my own experience that doing the right thing nothing has brought me more happiness in my entire life when you know that you are bringing value to people we're helping people nothing has made me happier than that which is why of course yes that is what i advise you to do but don't do it for the wrong people people who will just take advantage of you don't do it for narcissists because yes it is all an act it is all a game they do not care about love they don't even know what love is no one ever loved them in their entire life so what makes you think that they're gonna start loving you now that is never going to happen they are never going to change because you need to at least have an image of love a vision of love in your childhood of what real actual love is which is in fact seeing someone as your equal recognizing and appreciating who they are as a person even if their values and beliefs do not completely align with yours because love is about acceptance it's not about trying to change or control another person to suit your needs and of that it's something a narcissist will never get to experience they will never get to experience that with you and they will never get to experience that with someone else they can assure you of that and again yes that is their karma what typically tends to happen is they had it very good with you they must layered a lot of you and they settled for the crumbs they could have had the entire loaf but they settled for just a little bit because they had to manipulate you to get there in the first place and they already knew that it wasn't going to last for long of course they knew that it's not going to end well something that started out as a game because at some point you were going to catch on you're going to realize what you were dealing with and then you were going to get rid of them and as we know they do have a fear of rejection and abandonment they do fear being exposed so they have to beat you to the punch they have to get rid of you first because that is the last thing that they want to happen it's for the target to discard them they want everything to go according to their plans on their terms on their conditions they don't want you to have that control over them to where you can discard them which is why they lie they future fake they make you believe that at some point in the future you're going to get something out of it if you just hold on if you just keep giving to them but that's never going to happen because anything that you give it just falls into this void it disappears without a trace and you will never see it again and at some point you really got to think to yourself how can you even expect anything from them remember when you first met them they couldn't even take care of themselves and I don't just mean financially I mean emotionally as well and if a person cannot even take care of their own emotions they can't even practice discipline or self-control how are they supposed to take care of you they can't a person needs to be in control of themselves emotionally before they can then attend to you and your emotions and a person who can do that yes that makes them a very powerful person because they can uplift you they can inspire you they can do all these things for you but of course yes you do need to get to yourself to the point where you can take care of your own emotions where you can regulate yourself because yes of course that is how these individuals get in they play on your emotions on your insecurities so you need to be emotionally strong you need to hold yourself together by recognizing that no one outside of you can complete you everything you need all of these positive emotions peace joy love happiness that is all an inside job it all comes from within which is why self love is your greatest defense against any narcissist which is why they have to target your self-esteem before they can even get around you otherwise you're just not going to want anything to do with them because you're going to recognize they're not bringing genuine love they have no love for themselves so they have no love for you but yes you don't have to worry about karma because they will be getting it they will be getting their karma i can assure you that they are already getting it right now and part of their karma is that they lost you they lost this amazing wonderful person because i can tell you that there aren't many people out there like you people who do have love to give people who want nothing more and to see this other person happy there aren't many people out there like that in the world today but they had you and they took you for granted but then at the same time there wasn't really much that they could do because it was all an act to begin with it was all manipulation they couldn't give you something real you gave that to yourself when you were around them it was this illusion where you thought you were gaining something about you in the beginning in the love bombing but all that actually happened is you gave yourself permission to feel love and happiness that is all that actually happened because they reflected back your own virtues and ideals to you so you fell in love with yourself and just imagine that for a moment if you could find someone like yourself someone who loves the way that you love someone who will care about you the way that you cared about the narcissist just take a moment to imagine that in your mind right now because the mind doesn't actually know the difference between what's in your imagination and what is happening in reality so imagine that and that will make it that much easier for you to distance yourself from the narcissist because you should already know you're never going to get that from them they can't be vulnerable they're very egotistical so they put up a wall and no one will ever get through that even myself had got over five years of experience of making these videos over five years of research if you put a narcissist in front of me i could not get them to be vulnerable it wouldn't work you cannot break through their ego all they want to do is take from you they don't want to protect or preserve you that is not on their agenda they do not want to uplift you if they did that that would actually be a threat to them by doing anything that allows you to give permission to yourself to feel something that would only reflect badly on them and you would instantly realize that yes they are in fact fake which is what will happen if you do raise your vibration the only time you ever think that it's real that you are susceptible to them to the manipulation and you feel like taking them back giving them another chance that is when you're in a low vibration when you're in a high vibration you don't need them because then you're aware you realize that they are not real but you were definitely very real and they saw that that is why they targeted you it wasn't something that just happened by chance they saw your light and they are very dark they don't have these emotions like you do these intense positive emotions this enthusiasm this vulnerability which is why they don't respect it in you they see it as something for them to exploit if they had that of their own then they would desire to protect and preserve it in you because they would realize that yes that does have value but it has no value to them it's just something that they want to destroy because it reminds them that they're not real but yes don't worry I know you've been through a lot but this narcissist and they won't just get away with it they are getting their karma right now and they lost you you're an amazing person and I know that already because you're watching my videos you're trying to learn more you're trying to be a better person yourself as for the narcissist it's very unlikely that they will find another person like you again that gray day source of supply a person who genuinely loved and cared for them it's very unlikely that they will have that again because typically like attracts like and they were nothing like you so all they're going to attract is someone like themselves someone who is bad someone who manipulates and deceives someone who likes them and sells them a dream and there's not going to be anything like how they had it with you they're not going to get to experience that again yes they will have to settle for less yes it's not going to be a positive experience for them and that is something that they're going to have to deal with because at some point they're going to realize that they can't come back to you they're going to have to accept that they have no business dealing with you because I can tell you that you are far better than that you are deserving of far greater things you are deserving of real love someone who actually cares about you someone who isn't messed up in the head to where all they want to do is hurt use and destroy you you deserve far more than that and that is the narcissist karma they're not going to get it like that again with you or with anyone else because people are becoming more aware they're starting to realize what is going on and they're not going to be tricked so easily and the reality is that yes we do have to take responsibility because something happened to us to where we were susceptible to their manipulation if we have self-love then we will not fall into the arms of these predators because these predators are only looking to use and destroy they're not looking to do anything positive or anything good while that is exactly what we are looking to do yes we do want to uplift people we do want to protect and preserve their innocence as we do for our own because yes we must accept as well that we were naive we lacked wisdom knowledge and experience and that is what exposed us to these predators because they can't get one over on someone who knows what exactly what is going on that's not going to work then a self-made this saying there in the live chat yes it's about giving take but they don't want to give and take with you or with anyone they want to take and then they want to run off use you up and then find someone else and a lot of times it's because they have nothing to give nothing that you want at least all they can do is manipulate you deceive you and then again they will shame you they will make you believe that you don't even deserve anything you don't deserve their love their kindness their respect which in fact are three things that they don't have to give anyway that was an illusion as well if someone has that to give you will see it they will show you it whether they want to or not you will see it it will be there because that is not something that you can hide even though at times you may want to unfortunately it's just how it is people like us we wear our hearts on our sleeves and yes that does make us susceptible a lot of times it's susceptible to being hurt and betrayed but when you think about it we shouldn't want it any other way because i don't know about you but i'd rather that i'd rather feel the pain of being hurt mistreated and betrayed than to be emotionally dead because that's exactly how they are they don't feel anything if they felt anything they would have felt something for you they would have had some empathy and compassion towards you but they didn't and that is how you should know that yes they are dead inside and again yes i believe that there is that karma because what is the point in experiencing this life if you can't even feel that you can have all of the money all of these different supplies but what's the point if it doesn't even make you feel good if you can't even enjoy it if there's no emotional side to it but yes that's exactly how it is for them and that is how it will continue to be for them and you should know that because they didn't care about you and if they didn't care about you they're not going to care about anything else they tricked you they did things that you did not want to do they strung you along they misleaded you they mentally raped you and i can tell you that someone like that is never going to have anything with anyone if you have the ability to do that to continue to engage in something that is undesirable or unwelcome to someone and you understand the effects that you're having on them that is a sign that they cannot experience true joy and fulfillment because if they could it would have affected how they felt about you so yes karma is getting them right now and they are never going to be happy but you will you will move on you will heal and you will find someone who can finally reciprocate that back to you everything you wanted everything you needed everything you dreamed about and i'm not talking about anything unrealistic because of course that was how we got involved with them as well they sold us a dream but it's not too much to ask though just genuine love appreciation and respect yes you are deserving of that and that was exactly what you gave to them which is why it's definitely not unrealistic at all for you to expect that from someone else and you will get that you will get that and they will get their karma and that's just the way that it's going to go that's just the way that it's supposed to go after everything you went through everything that you want everything that you desire you will get that that relationship that love that family that marriage you will receive that it all begins by you healing yourself taking back control of your emotions because as i said like attracts like and what you're looking for in this other person you need to become that yourself so you need to reconnect to your inner child you need to find that innocence and purity within yourself again and you need to take back control of your emotions and instead feel more higher vibrations more positive emotions if you feel love you will attract love just as i have done with my work of course i feel love for all of you for everyone who watches my videos and i have received a lot of love in return so there's proof that this is real it works and it makes sense it's the way that it should be if you have love you will receive love if you have hate that energy is going to come back to you whatever you put out that is what you get back so make sure you put out something good every day and that's really the message that i want to promote i want to promote that doing righteous deeds it leads to positive outcomes and results i don't want to promote that you give all of your love all of your devotion and then you get nothing back not only because that sounds very unfair but also because i know i mean i've been doing this now for over five years i've talked to so many people and i know that yes the truth is what you put out is exactly what you get back and i've seen it so many times before in my experiences where people who mistreated other people they got back what they deserved it came back to them eventually and yes you may desire to punish them to take revenge but you should not get involved if you do that it may affect their karma you have to leave it alone and detach let them do what they're going to do and then it will affect them and you may not want it to affect them but it's not up to you it's out of your hands the system of energy this law of cause and effect it will continue regardless of what anyone thinks or believes it's just the way that things are and it should motivate you it should incentivize you to find love within yourself to wish good for other people yes even for these narcissists we should wish that they find love and happiness it's very unlikely that most of them will but we can wish that for them as well the odds are that they will just continue along their path they will continue doing what they do and getting what they get and they're never going to be happy with that just as they were never happy with you everything they did to you it's like there was nothing that you could do for them to make them happy because they didn't treat you right they didn't care about you but yes they will get their karma and let that bring you peace of mind that yes there is fairness there is equality in this world i'm sorry for everything that you had to go through with the narcissist i know it isn't fair it isn't right no one deserves to be mistreated misled but things will work out for you in the end if you just don't let yourself be influenced by their actions because that can happen as well don't let it affect you continue to have that peace and love within yourself spend time in nature spend time around animals go for a walk on the beach in the forest do whatever you have to do just don't let it get to you don't let it change you because unfortunately yes a lot of people in this world they have been changed at some point and they may have been changed a long time ago what may have happened later in life and i know that because before it all almost happened to me certain situations they almost changed me as well which is why i'm so thankful that i have all of you i have your support because yes these things will come back to you whether you're doing something positive or something negative it will come back but yes just don't worry about the narcissist too much it should bring you peace of mind to know that they will get their karma and if you believe as I do then you will feel no need to punish them or get revenge things are not going to work out well for them i've seen it before it never does but things will work out well for you just keep practicing self-love have that sense of care for yourself because yes you were mistreated you were disregarded remind yourself that you are worthy you are valuable that's why they targeted you that's why they took advantage of you because of course there's no point taking advantage of something that isn't worth anything no one is going to do that and yes that's just really the message that i want to share with you tonight and i hope that it motivates you too as i said find that love within yourself don't just go running off to someone else just so another person can sell you a dream you're not going to find it there you're not going to find this love peace and happiness in another person it's within yourself and when you find that within yourself then yes it will be like this natural attraction you will feel about love in them and they will feel about loving you and you will love each other and it will feel right it will feel special it will feel rare and it may feel like something you have never experienced in your entire life because yes that is real so yes that's just it that's just the message that i want to share tonight and i hope it helps you i hope that you can feel the love that i have for you and it's why i make these videos it's why i have to put this message out there every day so that you can receive it because i just hope that it does bring more love to you just as you wanted to bring love to the narcissist and when you love yourself yes you will find someone who wants to do that with you that very same love that you were trying to give they will want to give that love to you now we're going to go and get something to eat things are actually pretty good for me just enjoy my travels exploring every day is just an adventure for me the last five years have been incredible i honestly never thought that my life would turn out this way i thought maybe i'd just be stuck forever i never thought that my life would become this adventure but i always just wanted it to be because as a child i was very adventurous i loved to explore i was very curious about things and now every day i get to learn new cultures and traditions i get to explore new things so yeah life is good for me and it will be good for you just give it time take some time to heal don't just go running off into the next situation that is not going to help you it's just going to distract you from what you really need to focus on so yes that's what i advise for you to do and as it did for me things will get better for you and i hope that one day you will message me you will email me you will tell me that my advice has changed your life made things better for you okay so thank you all for watching 102 live viewers please give this video a thumbs up down below if it was helpful for you let's get this message out there let me know your thoughts in the comment section share and subscribe and as always i will talk to you in another video very soon


Hello and welcome to Around the World in 8 Minutes, a show by People's Dispatch. In this show, we bring you struggles by people's movements across the world, which are battling capitalist and imperialist oppression and striving to create a better planet. Social movements in Honduras are mounting the assassination of Milhen Idan Sotoavila, a 29-year-old member of the Tolupan indigenous community and of the broad movement for dignity and justice. According to MADJ, Milhen had been reported as disappeared four days before his body was found buried at the work site of the logging company he was fighting against on September 28. Milhen and other members of the Tolupan tribe of the San Francisco Locomapa in the Euro Department of Honduras have been actively engaged in a campaign of resistance against the pillaging of pinewood and forest management plants in their territory since 2009. In February 2018, the community began a peaceful camp called the dignified camp for the defense of the forest and the Tolupan territory against the logging of the forest by the company Inmarre, owned by businessman Wilder Dominguez. The community maintains that companies like Inmarre have been enabled by the state of Honduras illegally and illegitimately. The company never did carry out the required consultation process with residents before beginning work on the project. In response, the community's camp blocked the trucks of the company that seek to pillage more than 16,000 cubic meters of wood without its permission. Throughout the nearly 10 years of resistance, the Tolupan tribe of San Francisco Locomapa, which has been accompanied by MADJ, has faced harsh repression and violence. On August 25, 2013, Tolupan community members Armando Funes Medina, Ricardo Soto and Maria Matute were assassinated while they were carrying out a peaceful land occupation. On April 5, 2015, Tolupan community members Luis Marcia was assassinated. He and his family had left the territory for six months due to constant threats to their physical safety and had just returned three months ago. On July 18, 2015, Tolupan leader Eresia Vieda Ponce was assassinated. Since the dignified camp began, the threats, persecution and violence have only gotten worse. The participants have been threatened by the police and employees of the company with arrest and incarceration. On February 25, 2019, Jose Salomon Matute and his son Juan Samuel Matute, members of the Tolupan community and of MADJ were killed. Jose Salomon was a central leader in the defense of the community's autonomy and territory and had faced many threats. Milhen, who was murdered last week, was related to the Matute's and had been fighting for justice and an end to impunity for those responsible for killing his family members. He was also protecting Ramon Matute, a relative of Jose Salomon and Juan Samuel, who had received death threats. Milhen also assumed a leadership role in the camp in recent months and had been part of the political education and consciousness-raising process. The Honduras justice system's response has been to criminalize the defenders of the forest. Nine members of the Tolupan community in Europe were accused by the prosecutor's office in June 2019 of blocking the development of a plan of forest management. Honduras was deemed by global witness as one of the most unsafe countries for environmental defenders in 2017 and continues to be so today. We go to Palestine next. Palestinian human rights and social organizations are mobilizing to demand that Israel end its torture of Palestinian detainees and prisoners. They are also seeking the immediate release of Samir Arbat. They have specifically called on the International Committee of the Red Cross to take urgent measures to protect the life of detainee Samir, who is currently hospitalized and in a critical condition. Samir was abducted by Israeli special forces on September 25th in front of his workplace in Ramallah. During the arrest, he was brutally beaten by Israeli occupation forces with guns. He was taken to the Al-Masqobia interrogation center in Jerusalem and was issued an order which banned him from meeting his lawyer. Human rights organizations report that he was tortured extensively at the interrogation center by Israeli intelligence officers of the agency Shinmet. The day after his arrest, Samir was bought to court without his lawyer and during the proceedings, he reported suffering from severe pain, constant vomiting and inability to consume food. The 44-year-old father of three was moved to the Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem on Friday, September 27th. But neither his lawyer nor his family were notified until the next day. Adamir, the Prisoner Support and Human Rights Association, which is providing his legal counsel, reported that he received a call on Saturday night from an interrogator at the Al-Masqobia center who said that Samir was being transferred to the hospital and that his health condition was critical. The same night, on September 28th, Shinmet released a statement to the press admitting that they used extreme and exceptional techniques in the interrogation of Samir. These techniques are classified by many human rights organizations' torture. His lawyer was only allowed to see him on Sunday, September 29th at 1.30 am and he reported that Samir was unconscious, had several broken ribs and marks of injuries were all over his body and that he suffered a severe kidney failure. On October 1st, protesters gathered outside the Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem to demand that Samir be released immediately. The protest was repressed by Israeli police and two were detained. In the West Bank, a mobilization was held in front of the Red Cross headquarters to demand that the organization visit Arbet and take immediate measures to ensure his safety. The brazen repression of Palestinians by Israeli occupation forces has been on the rise in the past couple of months. Palestinian human rights organizations reported that in August 2019, at least 470 Palestinians were detained and that in September, over 500 were detained by Israeli forces. Finally, we go to the Philippines. A two-day countrywide strike was held on September 30th and October 1st by a coalition of public transport workers in the country. The strike was in response to the government's push for the modernization of public utility vehicles. The workers are angry at having to bear the bulk of the cost of this modernization. They have said that hundreds of thousands will lose their jobs if this drive is implemented. The workers are organized under the banner of Alliance Against P.U.V. Transport workers are agitated with the government for its decision to face out public utility vehicles that have been in use for 15 years or more in order to replace them with modern environment-friendly units by July 2020. The move is supposedly intended to bring down pollution levels and vehicular traffic in major cities in the country. The final deadline for this project is July 1st. So far, only a small fraction of the public utility vehicles of P.U.V.s have been replaced. The total budget allocated for this program is 2.2 billion pesos, which is around 42 million US dollars. On the other hand, modernization costs would be anywhere between 1 to 1.6 million pesos per vehicle. However, the government is ready to subsidize only 80,000 pesos through the provision of a partial credit system. Most of the sanctioned budget will be utilized for this loan-based scheme. What this means is that with no other subsidy plan or funds available, the drivers will have to shoulder nearly the entire cost of vehicle's replacement. The government has also refused to accept the significantly cheaper alternatives being suggested, like the replacement of parts such as polluting engines. The move has particularly affected owners of the Philippines ubiquitous jeepneys, a mix between a minivan and a minibus that is used as a shared taxi.  The other section which will be where the brunt of this decision is van owners who run large capacity taxis. Close to 80,000 such vehicles are to be replaced. Apart from the individual licensees, franchise holders will also be hit. As they must own a minimum of 20 jeepneys to run a franchise, the added costs of replacement for such operators will be over 30 million pesos, that is around $570,000. Unions have claimed that close to 350,000 vehicles are said to be taken off the roads and in the long run, more than 600,000 small-time PUB drivers will be out of work, with close to 300,000 small operators livelihoods being wiped out. Meanwhile, the government has refused to talk to the protesting drivers and instead is cancelling the licenses of those who have participated in the protests. Earlier this month, at least 20 jeepney drivers had their licenses cancelled for participating in a strike held in February 2017. Trade unions have rejected the claim that the move will lead to reduction in the perennial traffic congestion in big cities. They say that the jeepneys and utility vehicles take up less than 2% of the road traffic. It is widely believed that a phasing out of public transport will affect the common people the most as they depend on the services of jeepneys and other small operators. That is all for this episode of Around the World in 8 Minutes. For more about these stories, visit our website peoplesdispatch.org and follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Thanks for watching.


Hey guys, it's Nate, aka The Foot Accountant, and welcome back to the channel. It has been a while, but live cards are back in action today with the most popular of them all, potentially moving towards another upgrade with Champions League games back today. I want to talk about Road to the Finals for a little bit in today's video, and also kind of just cover how the crafting continues on this game. With the content that we had yesterday, what is the best way to grind the menus right now? If you're logging on to this game and you're like, Nate, what in the world do I do to get the best chance of packing the lasso cards, and also crafting the big SBCs that are out if you're going for them? I want to talk through that a little bit today, and also how you can also log on the game every single day and make a few coins when the market is as dead as you would maybe say, as it is right now, right? Lazy sale right there, boom. That's what we're going to be talking about today in the video, and everything else that might come on a Tuesday in FC24. If you're excited for it, drop a thumbs up, subscribe if you're new. Let's talk about Monday's content from yesterday. It was a player pick Monday per usual, but of course, it's a Champions League week, so we have UEFA marquee matchups. I'll be honest, a Mega Pack is a decent pack, but I think this SBC is coming in at about 15,000 coins according to foot bin pricing. I think that's a little expensive, but hey, 15,000 coins for a tradeable Mega Pack, that's a 35,000 coin pack. You're probably going to make your coins back here. Not a bad SBC to do if you want to go ahead and do that, but not too much else to say there besides that. Now, let's go to the upgrade packs that player picks. We have, once again, the 80 plus player picks that have been re-released. Our, I think that's my favorite player pick. I know some people like the 81 pluses for better weight because it's that one rating higher, but I like the less cars that you turn into an 80 plus player pick. It just makes these go a bit longer.  I'm doing the exchanges. We are crafting in the menus. And I want to talk about that a little bit later on in the video, how to best kind of efficiently craft the menus with all the upgrades that are out. This is another one that was dropped yesterday, the 83 plus player pick, which we've seen recently, right? It's back again. It's a one of four and it's repeatable five times per day. I haven't been doing as many of these because it just requires a lot more rare golds. But honestly, with how packable the golasso cards are, especially the little bro icons and heroes, I think it might be worth hitting these for some chances at Inforum's high rated fodder and those cards. So we're going to talk about that. We also had a player SPC yesterday, Undeer. And guys, this one's basically free. All right, everybody should be doing this SPC regardless of whether you're a Fenerbahce fan or not for the conference league. It's an 81 rated squad and a team of the week. And team of the weeks are free, right? Basically from the 82 and 83 rated squads that it requires for the 83 plus player pick. So I'm going to call that free because a lot of us and basically all of us can get that fodder for free right now at the moment with the menu grind that there is. So that is a W in my opinion. It's just a free 88 rated card. It's got finesse plus. So boom, there's that. And he's live and upgrading and Fenerbahce were to go far in the conference league. But that is a road to the final card and that begins. Thus begins the road to the final conversation. There's not a whole lot to talk about from yesterday's content. It was a quiet day. Actually one quick aside before we get there, EA did post there's going to be a title update. I would imagine this is coming out in the next couple of days. It fixes a stability issue when removing expired items from the transfer targets. I have 100% experienced this myself. I wouldn't say it was like game breaking or changing for me, but it was annoying. So they're fixing that. This is a very small update. No gameplay changes at all are a part of this. Some stability issues, placeholder images, right? Some star heads added. But you know how these work guys. There's always something that gets changed and it feels like the gameplay is different after they release one of these updates and update the game. So we'll see that should be released this week. But that is something that was dropped yesterday that we are at least interested in because of those small tweaks. Let's talk about road to the finals. We're going to talk about this forever because this isn't the biggest thing that's going on right now. But it is something that is important guys. Who did the Kimmich SBC show of hands?  We don't have show of hands. It's not in person, right? Kimmich SBC. I crack myself up sometimes. Kimmich SBC is one that is maintaining the path towards the upgrades. He didn't get all the upgrades that he could have potentially gotten because they did not win their first game of the competition. But they are playing today guys. We have big games today. And Kimmich is very, very popular because he was a great SBC when he was released. Still a good card. Ping pass plus, long ball pass plus. I feel like he's fallen out of favor just a little bit. But I think a lot of people including myself are still rooting for his upgrades and being a Spurs fan. It's even better to root for him today because they're playing Arsenal big games, right? Exciting because it's Champions League and it is back. You've got Gabriel Jesus versus Kimmich. You've got Gavardiol versus Tony Cruz. It's gonna be insane today. Now, here's what I would tell you. Upgrades technically cannot be clinched today. According to the EA website, we are playing for the qualifying two of these semi-finals. So this is like one of that, right? So whoever wins today does not get upgraded. It's just moving towards the potential for getting upgraded after the second leg. Now, one thing I will say is all of these cards are still very expensive. I know they're down a little bit as is the whole market, but the percentage amounts that some of these cards like Tony Cruz and others are down, I don't think it's enough compared to the rest of the market. Like, yeah, I know he was 3 mil, but, you know, like still he's 2.1 million coins. Right now he's 1-6. That's very low. Very low for Tony Cruz for what he has been. But even these cards, I don't want to own them too much during the current state of the market. So if I were you, even if Madrid were to win today, this Tony Cruz is probably going to stay around the same price, maybe even drop off a little bit. Yes, he's a very rare card. Same thing with Gabriel Jesus and Gavardiol. Whoever you expect to win in these games, if you have these cards, I mean, it's treacherous waters with these cards. Like if there's a loss today that happens, like let's say Arsenal lose, Bayern win, like this card could drop a lot. Again, I know he's dropped a lot already, but he could drop a lot more if it's not looking good going into the second leg. So that's just one thing that I would mention. I think the game's actually at the Emirates today. I think Madrid are home as well. Yes, they're listed top here. So it's at Arsenal and at Real Madrid. So very interesting games, but that's something I just wanted to mention because I know some of you guys have these cards and some of you are also rooting for these players because you have them untradable or you did the SBC for Kimmich, like a lot of people did. So you are hoping that those upgrades could be getting closer to being realized. That's just one thing I wanted to mention. This is the time of the year where those cards are solely inflated because they are alive and there's a lot of hype for them because they could upgrade, right? The could is there for the upgrades, but really you just have to be careful because these cards also are invested and if people have bought these cards when they were first out during the promo and they've held them the whole time, hoping to see them go up and a lot of them have gone down, but people are still holding these. That's just one thing I will tell you about. Now let's kind of talk about the daily grind on this game as I open one of the player picks here that is kind of getting in the way of my store. Guys, the daily grind on this game is all about the 80 plus player picks that they dropped yesterday getting those done and then doing your 84 times sevens because doing the 84 times sevens the lower rated stuff that you get allows you to do SBCs like this. This is the campaign player pick SBC. Wow, Lauren James. Yesterday I opened the same player pick. We got Lauren James and we got Geese. Now I get to take a Lauren James. Her pack weight must be pretty high in this. I will take the 91 rated fodder as an unusable card at the same time, but those SBCs are very craftable from the menu grind that is here right now. It doesn't take much effort. I know the game is in a state that is just not the greatest for a lot of people but it doesn't take a lot of effort to log on, hit a couple of daily gold upgrades, hit the 80 plus player picks and then whatever you get out of that get them into the 84 times sevens. Guys, the 84 times seven is the SBC that unlocks the player SBC ground in this game. Whether you're trying to do just like campaign mix upgrades the icon player pick the hero player pick or if you're like me where you're trying to craft Dino where you're trying to craft ham nine. Maybe it's Ribri still. Maybe it's one of those other icon SBCs. Whatever you are crafting this SBC unlocks it. Man, I cannot tell you guys how many of the little bro heroes or icons I think I've packed a rosicky three or four times. I've packed a little bro Park Jisung three or four times. They are so packable, Kuhl and Robbie Keene as well. They are so packable, especially from this SBC and basically what that gives you is either a high rated card that you can then go and do one of your big SBCs you're crafting for, right? Like I was able to do both 90 rated squads of me a ham shout out to Park Jisung little bro. I think I even have one in the club and I'm going to be able to do another 89 squad here. Hopefully pretty soon with those specials and other golds that I keep accumulating from that 84 times seven. That SBC is the one that unlocks basically everything.  If you need the team of the weeks, which I feel like I'm not packing team of the weeks as much from the 84 times seven as I did the 83 times 10. Make sure you're hitting this 83 plus team of the player pick with those 81, two, three and four rated goals that you get from the 80 plus player pick. And that's just the great grind on the menus right now. Like the 84 sevens pay out really, really well. I think that's the key to unlocking a lot of this and getting the higher rated fodder and with these cards that are impacts being where they are, it's very easy to get that higher rated fodder. Now also I would shout out the exchanges because once again, like I think I just packed a rosicky recently. I think I just put it into an exchange. But yes, I sent another one to the club. Like I put a 90 rated into this exchange but it's honestly the exchanges are so useful with the player picks being back out and with the 80 plus player pick only requiring six golds. They are so useful for crafting player picks which you know what, I'll go open an exchange pack right now at the same time opening an exchange pack. You have the chance of packing a promo card albeit not a great chance, but you have a chance. Brazilian center back here. Okay, I was hoping for Marquinhos that would have been better for the rating. It looks like we're going to be getting Gabrielle 84 which isn't that great from an 89 exchange but we'll take it. Do we have any surprises back here at the back? Any promos hiding in behind? We don't, wow, okay, that was pretty mid but at the very least I have all those player picks that I can go back out. Maybe I pack a golazo card. Maybe I hit an inform. Maybe I just hit some middle to high tier fodder that boom goes back into SBCs. That is why the craft ability of menus is still very, very great at the moment and it's allowing people if you want to put in the time to get SBCs like Dinho, Mia Ham or multiple of the icon player picks or the hero player picks done very easily. So all I would say with this is be careful with those coins. I had to go buy, I basically used two of the cards that I bought that were 91 rated to finish off this for the second 90 rated squad here. I used Holland and KDB like be careful with the amount of coins that you are spending right now because again the market is just in a place where if you're draining a lot of your coins like ahead of team in the season you don't really want to be doing that because prices are dropping down a lot which means having more coins becomes even more valuable when a lot of the stuff is dropping but your coin balance is not dropping while the whole markets being devalued. That's huge, right? That is huge because that means you're going to be able to buy bigger and better things and afford bigger and better players for your team and maybe even potential team of the season cards when those are impacts in the next couple of weeks. So that's one thing I will say about the daily ground of this game. Just be careful with your coins. Don't spend too much of them.  I wanted to do this fast. I did spend some coins. I need to make them back. The market's tough, guys. It is very tough at the moment. The sales are just so slow. And like this Maldini, I'm looking at 350 for Maldini. It's very low. He was over 424 and 30,000 coins yesterday. Now he's 350K. I picked it up on a bid for 320,000 coins. Just looking at footbin and finding random cards that are up or down a lot. I love the indexes on footbin, guys. Go to the market tab on footbin, drop down, click on any of these indexes, and look for all market movers in this tab here. Don't just look at the ones that are down because that's going to tell you cards that are down. But the index movers on the other side showing you cards that have gone up is going to show you cards that have risen. And if they've gone up a lot in price, that probably means they could do it again. Like, take a look at this Mukoko from 58,000 coins to 64K. Right now he's 70,000 coins. Like, some of these ups and downs that you see on the graph, not all those up and downs are great enough to be trading with. But in Kuku, here's a great example. I looked at his card tonight. This card every single day. Look at this, yesterday, 65K, all the way up to 82,000 coins. Basically, any time you see in Kuku, and I think he did this the last two days, 67K up to 74K. So we went a little bit higher yesterday for sure. But if you get in Kuku under 70,000 coins, which right now he's not, he's 75, under 70K, like 66 to 67 for him or below. You know, after looking at his graph, that that is a good price for right now for quick flipping on this game. And I like the lower tier stuff, guys. I like the lower tier stuff a lot because those are the cards that are selling more. The bigger, more expensive cards people are scared of, right, because of team of the season. Some cards also got big price range updates yesterday, like Prins. She was not even selling for, what was it, 80,000 coins for basically the last couple of weeks that she's been in packs. Footbind's not updating, but her price is down a lot. She was down to 54K. The one that you saw in my transfer list, I picked up, I think it was on a snipe at 52. I was just looking like, wow. She's also very cheap for a 94 ridden fodder card. But I think this version of Prins had a Hunter snipe to that 52 listed at 62, which is again, 5,000 coins above her cheapest on the market. That is called lazy listing, but it's with these more recent promo cards like the icons we have gotten or maybe some of the foot birthdays as well that I'm trying this with, especially ones that have not been updated for a price range in a while, like Closa. I'm kind of getting on bids for Closa here because Power Shot and Aerial Plus, and he's just down a ton. This card was I think 100,000 coins. He's not worth 100K, right? But I picked up some of him at 35, 36K on bid. Most of them, if not all of them, yeah, all of them have chemistry styles. That is one tip I would give you if you're gonna do some of this lazy listing method. Stick to cards that are recent, the last couple of promos, and also stick to cards that have chemistry styles on them because they will sell better with those chem styles equipped because people that are gonna go in lazy by the card anyway are gonna pay more for the card if it's got the desirable chemistry style on it. So it's grinding. Yes, I know. That is gonna be the way that you're gonna have to make coins right now in this game. You're gonna have to put a little bit of time in, put a little bit of effort in because it also seems easy once you get going too.  We were just shouting out incuncus for like 67K. Let's say you got 10 of them, right? Big investment there. You just list those cards up one at a time and then they lazy sale during the course of a day. So it's like easy but also difficult at the same time because you got to find a card that moves but it's difficult because you're not getting as many sales. So that's kind of how you can grind the market right now at least in one way at the moment. Watch the golausel cards. The golausel cards are fantastic to be flipping. Team 1 and Team 2. Yesterday some of the Team 1 cards did do well. I picked up a Park G song just a little bit ago at 4.09. I thought that was very cheap but yesterday I bought one at 4.40 and he went all the way to 4.90 which is where I sold like right here. He dropped after content and now he's down even more. Last week the golausel cards from Team 1 did not do very good on Tuesday. So that's my expectation coming into this Tuesday as well today but maybe it'll be different. Who knows? These cards are dirt cheap. Wow, that's how he is. Disgustingly cheap for 270K. Hairy Kuhl is back under 200,000 coins again. Kordoba, Vidditch, Kork. Every single player in this team seems so, so, so cheap, bro. But I just don't see them rising up a lot. Maybe a little bit next week but guys we are still coming into a time on this game where there's going to be a lot of news and leaks and information about team of the season and we're kind of just like waiting for it. We're waiting for some of that news to be put out. We're getting little bits every single day. Yesterday there was talk of evolutions and we're going to start diving deep into team of the season. What is it going to do to the market? What has it already done? All that sort of thing here very, very soon. But the more and more news that we get consistently about team of the season, the more and more I still think it's going to impact the market especially this week. So that is something to kind of watch out for and to look out for. If there's cards that are up, do not be afraid to take the cash and if you're trading actively on this game. Quick Flip cards is the way that I would go about it and I wouldn't be buying anything too expensive. We were looking at Prime R9 yesterday on stream. He's, look at this. He was 3-4. Now he's 3 million coins. Crazy man. Take the Quick Flips. He's 2-5 on PC. Now some of these cards have dropped off so much like Nate, this guy a month ago was 7 mil. Now you're telling me he's worth 3? Yeah, he might be, this might be near his low. Okay, let's be honest. But I don't think I want to buy yet because I still think there's more people that are going to be listing and more undercuts that are going to be had as we're still probably a week and a half away from Team of the Season. So we just away a little bit more news, a loading screen about like a pre-tots promo or like tots warmup or that sort of thing. I think could be the next thing to incite even more drops and more panic. But it is for sure, for sure, mostly panic on the top tier in this market right now. I still would not be buying too many cards being as untradable as possible is definitely the way to go to save yourself some coins which ends up feeling like it's making you coins in the longer run as Team of the Season is still coming out and the market is just being devalued as we speak. Let's talk about Tuesday, though, today. Tuesday content. You know what we're going to talk about when it's Tuesday, right? Gamble Tuesday, right? We are going to have ourselves another 88 plus mixed campaign player pick upgrade I would imagine today. Question is, will they make it a 1 of 4 instead of a 1 of 3? If they make this SBC a 1 of 4, I also worry they might make it more expensive because it's going to be very OP and very good because this SBC was really solid. You saw I just packed 291 rated cards back to back days. That's great for fodder and then also a lot of 91 rated cards are full meta at this stage of the game where the power curve is that and the promo cards that are in this. So that's an SBC to watch out for today. Those are actually really fun to do and pretty craftable. Like for me right now, all fodder that is 87 and above is going into me a ham but that is 84s, 5s, and 6s. Maybe the occasional 87 to get that 86 rated squad done. But that's okay. I'm okay with that because I'm getting 91s that also helped me do the me a ham SBC because it's very easy to get 85, 6, 7s, right? And eights when you're especially playing the gameplay, getting champs rewards, doing all the upgrade packs and that stuff. It's very easy to get that sort of fodder but the 90s and 91s are very difficult to get. So that's another reason to do that if you're crafting with all the load tier stuff that's coming today. Other than that, I don't know guys, like it's still a bit of a question mark right now. So last week we did have player SBCs every single week. I don't know if they're going to keep dropping like the daily road to the finals and stuff like that. Like we've had the Condogbia and we had of course that there. I don't know how many more they are going to do. I doubt there's many but the player SBCs seem to be slowly rolling in. We do have some player the months to be watching out for towards the end of the week. So those would be the leaks I'd be watching out for especially Prem player the month. It's going to be this Friday, I think. So we'll be watching very closely for who is leaked to be winning that. And then of course, like I said, we're already watching very closely for a team of the season leaks news pack code. They were kind of on like full lookout for that now 100% on this game. Now today's foot champs rewards and I got to be completely honest guys. I have squad battle rewards. I didn't finish champs. I don't know what it is for me right now but the gameplay for champs. It was a busy weekend. I just I didn't have the motivation to grind it. I might go try to give some wins so I get to the next rank right here. Rank eight, which is woeful but there's no way I'm getting even like I don't even want to try to play for six wins. I just want to go to sleep after making this video to be completely honest. So that's kind of where I'm at with the gameplay. There's no cup. It's going on right now. There is rivals and I think rivals might be my next gameplay thing because you have rivals rewards they do hit. So there's a lot. There's a lot more time to play rivals during the week. It seems and there is for champs at least for me as kind of how my schedule goes. I don't know about you but that's just kind of my schedule. So yeah guys every single day I log on to this game. We get a couple of species of me. I am done and that motivates me to get on into craft because the potential of packing a Galazzo player and just you know, packing these cards with their pack weight being very high. It kind of just keeps you like makes me want to keep opening packs because it feels like I have a chance especially when they're higher rated and I can put them into exchanges crafting other SBCs. That's helping my motivation on the menu grind at the moment is how packable those cards are being completely honest and transparent. That's how I feel in this game. I know it's not team in season yet. It's getting close. We're going to keep talking about everything related to the team in the season because we are getting close guys and it's about time we get some more news from EA some more leaks. Maybe those guys on Twitter will have some leaks here pretty soon and I'm excited brother. I'm starting to get very excited for team in season. It just needs to get here. We're in that limbo stage. It just needs to get here. So we'll break that down as we get the news but for today probably a slower Tuesday maybe a decent day to be trading on the market as there will be rivals demand people playing games and some more coins on the market to after people got their foot chance rewards. So we'll see how that affects things and what other types of news and information and Champions League hype today might bring on FC 24. If you're excited for the day today and you want to drop into the stream first of all drop a thumbs up on the video but make sure you drop in the stream that link is down below in the description that twitch link we're streaming every single day will be on for a normal stream today which is great. A good session crafting hit some gameplay all the good stuff but if you enjoyed today's video to drop a comment down below who your best that go lasso pack pull is whether you open it from a 650 K or just a random pack let me know who you got and yeah drop a subscription to the channel if you have not already. I greatly appreciate the support that you guys show watching the videos every single day but hit the sub button so that more people can find us and share the love. All right guys I'll see you in the stream today it's been made for counting catch you guys later peace out.


So, today I'm basically going to present almost myself, because I'm going to present the way I work, right? So, given this, given that Nathan initially presented this as a methodological works of, right? Where we present the actual way we do reconstruction in our particular fields, I felt that it was a good opportunity for me to show you how I do reconstruction, which is basically neogrammarian, but with a twist. And the idea is that, well, the comparative method can be complemented, right? So, if you ever work with BASC, as some of the people here, or many other languages in the world, you would have probably read these famous sentences Nathan mentioned may lead today, right? Or also, I never pronounced that name well, they said that it was impossible to reconstruct BASC. And they may have a point, it's not easy, but it's certainly not impossible. But the point that they may have is that the comparative method finds most difficulties when dealing with language isolates, not only. Because, I mean, yes, it's difficult to reconstruct BASC, Ainu, Wabe, Burushaski, whatever isolate, given that they don't have a family. But it's also complicated if we are working with languages with small families, like Korean or Japanese or languages, with not as well documented as other languages we usually work with, right? So, the idea when doing reconstruction, phonological reconstruction, is that we are dealing with sound change, basically, right? Some correspondences, cognates represent sound change. And sound change is mostly, but not only, phonology, right? So, if we just deal on phonological terms, we will be able to explain that much of a particular sound change. But then, I would argue that we need of many other sub-disciplines of linguistics, in order to be able to give a full account of a particular sound change. In this case, I mentioned phonetics, social linguistics, or contact linguistics, dichroony, that would probably include philology here, and typology, phonological typology, for instance. And this creates a number of, you know, like, intersections or topics, oh, sorry, that come from each of those, that are of interest in the study of particular sound changes, right? Particular sound changes. Those include phonological typology, sound change typology, historical phonology, phonetically based phonology, sound change in progress, contact linguistics, and so on. So, I will start with an example that is not the actual focus of my talk today, but it is nevertheless important for me, because it's already done, and I think I was successful in working with this particular sound pattern. I'm talking about U-fronting in Basque. What is U-fronting? Well, U-fronting is U, this is U, becoming U, right? And I started working on this particular change philologically. I went to a text, this is Onsile Cechovidia, subarum Basque text from the 1666. And what you can see here, I hope you can see it from the back, is that we find two different ways of written down what in other Basque dialect is U, right? Right? So here we find some examples in which U is used and others in which U is used to mark a sound that in other dialect does not need such a distinction. Well, this obviously tells us that at this particular time, this particular author required of two different graphematic ways of showing what this straight constructed as U because it wasn't U any longer, right? But although philologically we can get, because we know the French tradition and so on, we could imagine that this represents U and this represents U. We have to actually move on to another subdiscipline of linguistics, which is phonology, to understand what's behind this distribution. So what phonology tells us is that there is U and there is U. And the crucial context that establishes the distribution between those two segments in subarum language is the following consonant, right? The consonant that follows the powers. From that we create two sets of consonants. One of them is what I call the inhibitory contexts, a series of consonants that have mantine U as U, and then the rest of the consonants, which are the fronting context. If we think of phonological terms, what we could see is that here, right, inhibitory context, are all coronals. But at the same time, some of the fronting context like T, D, the palatals, more cibilants, all those are coronals too. So it's not that easy to find a natural class that will account for this particular distribution. That one we move on to yet another subdiscipline of linguistics, and in this case we move on to phonetics. And phonetics can help with our process of understanding what's behind this distribution and what has conditioned this sound change. In this case, we can go to physiological studies and find out that in order to produce these segments that we have classified as inhibitory contexts, we need to use the tip of the tongue in a very fine way, right? We require fine movements of the tip of the tongue. And in order to produce those fine movements of the tip of the tongue, we have to move the tongue body backwards into the region of U and far away from the region of U. So we can observe that there is a co-articulatory bias that makes us more likely to produce U before the segments that are actually inhibitory segments in BASC. And that could be applied to all the languages and in this case has resulted in a particular distribution within the history of the BASC language. So now that we mostly understand what's happening here, we can move on to typology and see that in Europe, this is a map from Juliet's work from probably a couple of years ago, in Europe there are many languages that show U-fronting. Right? And they do form an area. So there is an area in Europe of languages that show U to U. BASC is actually part of this area. It's the southwestern most language of this linguistic area that shares particular sound change. What does that mean? That it is very likely that contact played a role in this particular sound pattern. Now that we do know what happened here, we have a more complete understanding, we can go back to our data and be able to produce a better analysis, a more complete account of the sound pattern understand. Right? So this is basically what I do. That paper was published a couple of years ago, if you're interested in it. Now I'm moving on to another sound pattern that is found in the history of BASC, and in this case, the sound pattern of interest is what I call nasal aspiration. So nasal aspiration is the process whereby intervocalic N becomes H. Right? Here we have an example of Aquitanian, which is the oldest attested variety of Uskarian language. Right? Attested from the 1st to the 3rd century. And what we see is that what was written as N in the 1st to 3rd century shows up as H in modern BASC, but it is produced with audio nasalization in suburban BASC, something like saying. This is also true of reconstructed words, such as nani, which is nahi in modern BASC, or a very old long words, such as anathem, which is ahate, subaroan ahate. Right? But yeah, the phonological context of this process is clear, but what is the actual result of nasal aspiration? Right? What is happening there phonologically? What is its status in the modern language? Is it still contrasted or is it not? And is this sound change internal and phonetically natural, and thus it could have happened at any time in the history of BASC, or is it a sound change that required of contact in order to develop the way it developed in BASC? So first of all, I want to talk to you about how rare this contrast is, right? Because the sound pattern that I just described created a contrast between H and nasalized H. So this opposition is actually quite rare, crossing with the two. If we think of the languages that have H, well we could say that most of the languages in the world have H, right? 88% of the languages in the opposite database show H. Nevertheless, the languages that possess an nasal-lotal approximate, nasalized H, are much fewer, right? We don't find so many of them. We can find that in CREAM, LISU, and PIDAHA, for instance. But those languages don't show an opposition between the two segments. They just show nasalized H and no oral H. Only two languages have been argued to show a clear opposition between oral H and nasalized H. And those languages are Quangali, Avantho language of Namibia and Angola, and Seymat, a Austronesian language of the Admiralty Islands. There are at least two other languages, Aguaruna and Arabella, that could be analyzable with oral versus nasalized H contrasts. But the nasalized aspirate can be viewed as a predictable alophon of the villar nasal consonant as well, and that's the preferred analysis. So, yeah, moving on to the methodology I used for this research. First, I mean, it's a three-fold methodology which I'm going to represent here. First step is phonetic explanation, right? What this implies is that we will decompose the factors conditioned in this particular sound pattern to find their articulatory, acoustic, and perceptual biases that may condition the outcome. In the case of nasal aspiration, there has been research done on it since already 40 years ago, and we know that there is a property of speech which is usually called rhinoblotophilia, which means that there is a relationship between aspiration and nasalization, in the sense that aspirated sounds can become nasalized and nasalized sounds can become aspirated. So, this, I will talk about it shortly, but yeah, we find it in many languages and so on. Second, phonetic experimentation. Here, we will devise experiments in order to find, to get acoustic and articulatory data. And in some cases, we will also prepare more specific experiments involving, for instance, natural contexts to find the kind of co-articulation that we expect would have resulted in a particular bias in sound judgment. Of course, this can be applied to any speaker, not necessarily speakers of Bach. We just need naive speakers that share the crucial features that are part of this sound pattern. Third, typological assessment. Here, not only the target segment and the outcome, but also the context where this sound pattern developed are of interest. And we will look at the languages of the world, and especially the languages in contact to our target language in order to find out how common this sound pattern is. If we find that this sound pattern occurred all over the world in many different places in many different ways, then we would assume that it's a phonetically natural sound pattern, given that it also has a phonetic explanation. But if not, we may have to check whether contact played a role on this change and whether it was the combination of a constellation of features found in Bach and its contact language. In this case, Gascon, which also shows this kind of development, but with a different outcome, which is loss of the end, played a role in this particular sound pattern. So now, what's the hypothesis after what I have presented now? So the hypothesis is that n was more likely to unite than other nasal consonants in the same context. And two, that a language with nasal aspiration will have h as a category. Since the interpretation of awakened weakened n as nasalized h suggests that h is a variant of a category already existing in the language. Why is this important? As I said, Gascon shares the target and the context of this sound pattern, but crucially it does not show the outcome found in Bach. And if it ever was there, it's not preserved. Gascon, on the contrary, had h as a category, and h also occurred after nasal consonants, which means that was very likely assimilated in nasality to that consonant. That, as a consequence of that, this was an alophonic category in Basque prior to the sound. He already talked about this. So in case that this exact sound pattern does not show up in any other language of the world, we will have to assume that two languages with the right properties were in a contact situation, and that produced the sound change we just described. So, as I said, Rhino-Blorophilia is the phonetic connection between aspiration and nasality, and it has been accounted for acoustically as well as perceptually. It has been documented in many languages, and those include, for instance, Thai, the Nepali language Haju, or Scottish Gaelic, in addition to Basque, for instance. Moving on, now we need to check phonetically what is actually happening here, right? We have described Rhino-Blorophilia process, but we have to actually test that in the lab. So, we have 15 recordings from 15 towns in the Miccian region, and they were recorded for dialectological description as found in Camino's work. And we discarded some recordings because the speakers were very old, and the recordings were also very old. So, sorry, not good enough. All the recordings are quite long, so they can be used for our research, and they were recorded with a portable recorder in high quality, but in a very rural situation. So, there are noises, there are bells ringing, sometimes even animals. All the audio files were manually transcribed, forced aligned with the web app of Maus, and set for Basque of France, which I prepared myself, so it can be used in the future for other research, and they were hand corrected by myself as needed. So, very shortly, I don't know whether I can play this, but it's not important. This is the word Begi, right? As you can see, this is the H here, and it's difficult to see, because the H is really vocalic. It's very vowel-like. The same is true for Igizin, which shows a etymologically nasally stage, very vocalic. And the last one, Berhain shows an H that was etymologically oral, but it is assimilated to a following N, so that it's nasalized as a result of phonetic articulation. Right, now, the acoustic measurements. We measured 20 different features of speech. Why did we do that? Well, because different people have used, especially A1-P0, and that's not good enough. The results are very variable, and they are not explanatory enough. So, we went on and we developed a new methodology that used a lot of measurements. Then, well, the measurements were taken in Pratt and R, and then we also added MFCCs for extra information, and all the measurements were taken at five millisecond intervals. This is not really important. This is just methodological, but of the phonetic part. And, well, then the was submitted to a principal component analysis, and we retained the pieces that explain 80% of the variance, which is usually 11 to 13. So, we used speaker-specific models and nasalized tokens that are as shown here, right, vowels in contact to nasal consonants always, and oral tokens with vowels in contact with oral consonants, as the training dataset. So, I don't know how much time I have, or... You still have 10 minutes. Okay. So, 80% of this dataset was selected for training, and we retained 20% to be able to compare with vowels, what we see in the HS. We applied the logistic regression models with the principal component score as independent variables, and we did that for each speaker. That's very important because each speaker is different regarding their apparatus. So, these are the categories we have, assimilatory nasalized H, which means, as I showed you before, H that was intended to be oral but is in contact to a nasal consonant, etymologically nasalized H, which are the Hs that come from N, intervocalically, historically, oral H, which is non-nasal, and oral vowels, which is the 20% that we retained from the training dataset. And the only thing that's really important for you, because I'm afraid I may have lost some of you now, this is the only thing that's important, the midpoint marks what's nasal and what's oral in our model. Everything above 05 is nasal, everything below 05 is oral. This is how it looks like in a word, okay. So, this is how they become of the carnival, and you can see that this is the middle of the graphic, more or less. So, the vowels following the nasalized H are really, really high. The nasalized H is absolutely high. And then the ones preceding are variable but with nasalization. If you compare them to the vowels that follow T or R, they are below the midpoint of this graphic, okay. So, now let's go to the, well, if anyone is really interested in all these stats and the methodology, it's right now, it's not under review any longer, it's already under revisions. Hopefully it will be published soon. And all the training data as well as all the code can be found online if anyone has, who wants to apply to a different dataset of any given language. So, the global results. We aggregated the results and we now we have two nasal categories, as I said, a simulatory nasalized H and etymological nasalized H, and two oral categories, oral H and oral vowels. And these are the results. Okay, this is the midpoint, which means above is nasal, below is oral, okay. Now, the first half of the, of the graphic. This is the training data. For this particular dataset, this is as oral as it gets, and this is as nasal as it gets, okay. It was done, as I said, with vowels that were unambiguously, oral and unambiguously nasal, and that's the best a model can get. And now the rest. Here we have a simulated nasalized H, which means that it was etymologically oral, but the contextual assimilation has produced clear nasalization because it's way above the line. This is the Hs that historically come from N, right. So, they are usually not written down as anything special in bus, but they are clearly unambiguously nasal. So, we have a nasalized H here, right, phonetically. These are the oral Hs. This is a very interesting thing. I will talk about it later on, because we would imagine that those should be closer to oral vowels. Well, they're not. They are close to the midpoint below the midpoint, but really close to it. It's not unambiguously oral or nasal. It's something in between. And the oral vowels, which are close to the training data, as we should expect, because they should be unambiguously oral. The difference here is not significant, so we can actually create a group between those two categories. But the difference between the oral vowels and the oral H is actually significant. Also, very importantly, the difference between those two groups is significant as well. This means that we can separate nasalized H from the rest, but at the same time, there is a difference between oral H and oral vowels. And we should look further into that to figure out what's happening here. So, this mess is each of the speakers that I put in the analysis today. We have four more, but I didn't have the time to put them in the analysis yet. And what we can see here is that for most of the speakers, the trend is maintained, but not for all of them. For instance, this speaker does not assimilate the H in a simulatory context. So, it does have a category which is etymologically nasalized H, but the assimilation which I previously assumed to be common to all speakers does not occur in this case. That's news, but it's interesting. Then, some speakers show a more clear difference. This one, for instance, is very interesting because all his or her Hs are nasal, all of them. This is also the case for this one, and not for the rest. In this case, this has lost etymologically nasalized H. And as I said, this does not assimilate, but most of them do have etymologically nasalized H, and two of them nasalized all the Hs. This might seem surprising, but it goes in line with an observation by Njaki Kamino that maybe Julian has read who said that this opposition is actually merging. There is a merge in progress. So, I did find some evidence for the loss of the opposition between nasalized H and H, and it is very interesting, because historically it was the other way around for the rest of the vast dialects. They are merging in favor of the nasalized H. So oral H is becoming nasalized as a means of enhancing the aspiration with nasalization, and that's, again, right now, a lot of feeling. Right. Yeah, so this, I mean, I didn't talk with Njaki Kamino about this, but he will probably be happy because that's what he heard, and his impressionistic transcriptions of these speakers show the same that I have observed instrumentally. Yeah, so we have started to understand what's happening with H in the mother language. We have seen the fine detail that we can infer that has historical consequences, and now we can go back in time and look at, which is possibly more familiar to you, correspondences and the influence of different assimilatory sound patterns in how we reconstruct the hypnotic properties of a vocal segment. Right. In this case, going on with H, we have observed how vocalic it was in the mother language. Right. Everything was very vocalic and looked like vowels. Well, if we look at this set of words, we would see that were internal H and nasalized H both produced the voicing of the to her and who produced labialization of H and her also to her. This sound pattern which was described in less detail, what was already described by Walder some years ago. Let's us infer that at some point in time, older intervocalic H was produced not as modern H and nasalized H like a voice approximate like segment, but a real frequency. It was voiceless and it was different to the modern H because it added its the voicing quality to voice segments in order to produce this first frequency of the best language. This is already, I mean, this is after common bus. So we are not talking about the state that Juliet has been presented today. This is sometime, let's say the middle, the middle of the lectures, but we do know more about it and maybe we could go back in time and it would still be the case that H was pretty good if like at those points in time and not as it is now. So yeah, we know we reconstruct a voicing process of H between vowels and sonarance. Right. This has implications to for our first statement that M became H intervocalic. The usual reconstruction that I assumed until now and I think it got to assumes implies a rhinoglophilic process such as intervocalic M becoming a voice nasalized H. But if it is the case that it was voiceless at some point in time, we may have to assume something like this, a more learning process that has different intermediate points. Well, I'm not actually completely sure about this, but I do think that the need of this stage conditions our middle steps of the reconstruction of this particular sound pattern because now we have evidence for this middle step that we didn't have before, voiceless intervocalic nasalized H. So as conclusions, yeah, we get a better general understanding of the result and context of the reconstructed some patterns involved in phonetic phonology typology and the role of contact and the reconstruction of some sound patterns can be revised once we understand fully what's happening around them. And also we have found some evidence that we were not initially looking for, but it was already mentioned by a dialectologist work and we found evidence for it. So now we have something else to research. Thanks a lot.