for our Wednesday wiki tree live cast reveal. And with me is Irene Cornish here. Hi. We're excited to hear what all you guys have found for her. Okay, before we do that, I'm gonna tell people that don't know a little bit about wiki tree real quick. Wiki tree is a community of genealogists who are working together on a single family tree. In other words, we collaborate, grow an accurate global tree that connects us all and it's free. The wiki tree challenge is our year long event where we take a new guest each week and we work on their tree to make it more accurate and complete than it is anywhere else. Our goal is to improve the accuracy on wiki tree, add more family connections and make more friends and that we have definitely done. And so once again, we have Irene here and she's going to be finding out what we got for her. Well, first, Irene, did you wanna go ahead and share the cool find that you had? Oh, yeah. So I learned that there is a relative on the shimp side. He's an in-law, but he has a patent for one of the first dart boards in the United States that if you go to dart playing a Fissionado website, you'll see reference to this Charles. I'll probably misprounce it. Wiedemeyer or Wiedemeyer dart board design and they actually sell prints of his patent design. So I thought that was really cool. Yeah, and that stuff is really just fun to find just a little interesting tidbits. Okay, so let's go ahead and bring this information in. Get by slides. I know we're so excited for you, Irene. I think you're gonna be really pleased. Good. Okay, now this one, of course, we're starting with James Brogan's line and the parents of Catherine Brogan were tough to locate and prove. Now it turns out that Catherine was born in 1856 or 57, most likely in Dramagric and County, Donegal, Ireland. Her parents were found to be James Brogan and Mary McGrawarty Brogan. And I know that was a difficult line for them. They weren't tired on that one. Awesome. Now Catherine's sister Rose Brogan was still living in Dramagra when Catherine died. And they actually found probate, which was amazing because most of the siblings were mentioned in there. Aunt Bridget Brogan's probate as was her sister, Catherine Brogan, who of course is your direct ancestor. So that was a really key document that opened up a lot of proof for different ancestors attached to her. Oh, that's wonderful. And I have a lot of Brogan relatives that will be very interested. Yes, and I know when James Brogan, they tried, but of course, you know, as you know, that is such a common name. Yes. I mean, that's probably gonna take some really nice DNA triangulation or something to start sorting that out because that one's just really difficult. I was so proud of them that they found Catherine's even. It was great. Now, this was something though, and talk about ancestors that are not necessarily direct ancestors. You know, I always say that sometimes they have to be notable or naughty to give. Yeah. To give you those records. And so one of our researchers found an article about Michael Brogan. Now, he's your first cousin, twice removed, but it appears that indecent words may have been thrown about while the good old boys were sitting there drinking some alcohol. And Mr. Brogan claimed that Mrs. O'Neill said, unspeakable words about his sister and her activities. She claimed she didn't know such thing and that he just grabbed her up for no reason and slammed her head into the wall. So, you know, I'm thinking that, yeah, that Mr. Brogan was at least telling some amount of truth, but whatever the truth of it was, Mr. Brogan spent 30 days in jail and when he was fine, 10 shillings and a six pence for being drunk and disorderly, and then for assaulting the constable when they came to arrest him. So, now he's- I'm not surprised. Yeah, and now the case that he had countersued for her indecent words, that one was dropped. Yeah, it's just kind of a fun little bit of flavor. And then here we have on the Gardner line. Now, Irene's paternal grandparents, James Joseph Brogan and Isabella Veronica Gardner were both born in New York and they both had roots in Inver Parish in County Donegal. Now, her grandfather's mother, Catherine Brogan, had immigrated from the town of Drum and Graw and that's who we just talked about. And her grandmother's mother, Mary Elizabeth Meehan emigrated with her parents and siblings from an area they called Salt Hill, which was still in Inver Parish. Now, this was really cold. They had found articles that said that in Manhattan, these different people that had migrated or fled or been persecuted were still having reunions as late as 1920, where they would get all the people together there in the area of New York or in the United States and say, hey, all of us that were from Inver, let's get together. And so there's a whole list of names and they're sure that some of those have got to be you, but they've actually, it's linked on the profile, their report about that is shared on Facebook publicly. So that was kind of exciting. It's not that often that you've, I was just gonna say it's just not that often that you see them all getting together later. Right, right. And it's interesting that County, Donegal connections because my DNA suggests that county. So this is backing it up, at least on this side of the family. Yeah, it's good when you're already starting to follow a certain direction and then you find these connections and you're like, oh yes, I was going the right way. Now there are extensive notes written on John Meehan's profile. He was the husband of Margaret Griffin. There were actually two distinct John and Margaret couples in that parish at the same time. So it was a lot of work trying to sort them out and the husband and the wife's had the same name. So there was the John Meehan's and then there was the Margaret's, their wife and then some of the kids were similar. And so they were trying to very carefully sort those out and look for later records, possibly marriage records and whatnot that would help determine which family they came from. But all that makes it so difficult. Oh yeah. Now here, yeah, she says, oh, I recognize that difficult line. Here we have of course the debtors and you've got the Harleys and Coplins. Do we have Harleys or Haley's on this one? Looks like Harleys. It looks like we have the Harleys on this one. Multiple brick walls actually came down on these lines and there are 24 new direct ancestors, Irene. Yeah, they went crazy on this. Now they also found two distinct, of course, the debtors can be debtors or daughters or sometimes they really did not get those right at all. There was actually two distinct lines though. So you had one up on the paternal side there and then you had another one down on the maternal side, way off and that almost definitely was spelt more of daughter and was actually an easier connection to the German ancestry that lay behind it. So that was really cool to see and Dieter just did some, you'll see it, he did some incredible work branching out these families and finding the German records for them. But I think if you keep looking and we try to course, you know, before we'd go so fast, we tried to see what that connection might have been later on back down the line. And there were some possibilities, but of course they're all using the same name. So, you know, there's like three brothers and they all have a son, Conrad and they all have a son that's named Michael. Yeah, so really are. They follow up on that. I've always wondered when I see the daughterer, I've always thought that it might be the same family just that they switch that one letter. And Patty's correcting, one was a John, one was a James, so still close, but you'll see the children on the profile are, yeah, it's interesting to look at. Now the Markle wine, which was Markle, Markle depending on where you saw it, that actually went back to 1561 by the time they connected to profiles that were existing on here. So they found George's Markle, born in Germany. And there's actually a lot of really interesting information on the 30 year war, which of course was just so long and destructive, definitely an important and core part of European history, but a lot of really good information. And it's, that's where you see a lot of the ongoing collaboration where different people have all gone in and added to that and tried to make it a little bit better. Now for William Detter, still on this Detter line. This was just an interesting bit of information also, Edward Detter and his son Richard were both buried in the Monument Cemetery in Philadelphia. And I don't know if you knew this, but the bodies were moved when the cemetery was sold to Temple University. And so they actually, yeah, they had like 28,000 burial plots. This big building that looks like a church or something, that's just the gateway. It was a huge cemetery. But yeah, but it kind of went by the wayside. And by the 1950s, it was just everything was crumbling and nobody wanted to own the land. So about 8,000 bodies were closed by family members. Out of 28,000, that's not a lot. So luckily your ancestors were claimed. And the rest of them, they just relocated them to an unmarked mass grave. Oh my. So now that is partly a university and partly a high school on that property. And do we know where their bodies were moved to? Yes. Okay, great. Yes. Cause I've been to Philadelphia to see other relatives in the debtor line at Holy Redeemer Cemetery. Okay. So, but I didn't know about these two people. Yeah, I'm just really amazed that they were in that small collection of them that were saved.  Right. Now this is Anna Elizabeth Shimp's line, of course. And Margarita Adolph's line was really opened up. After Deeter, I was talking about earlier, one of our German experts found her baptismal record. Oh, and those records are fun to look at. Even if you don't, you know, read the German, really fun to look at. Now she was born in 1830 in Mectorsheim. She married Valentin Shimp, of course, and had eight children with him. But she now has 16 new direct ancestors behind her. Oh, excellent. And it's something until my mother found, oh, I forget, she found, somehow got a copy of my grandfather's baptismal certificate and saw that Margaret Adolph, as they called her then, and Valentin Shimp were his sponsors. And it was only later that she realized they were his grandparents. And that made sense why his mother named him Valentine. It was after her father. So this is wonderful to have more of their history this way. And I saw that note about some of the gravestones that grow gravestones from that cemetery being used for rip-rap for a bridge. That's bizarre, but. Yeah. Wow. Okay, here, Patty's given us the information. They're in lawn view. Okay, great. So that's in Montgomery County. And that'll be on the profile. Okay, great. Yeah, so you can look into it. They're pretty good about linking it to find a graver. Whoever has the tombstone for them. So now here we have on, still on this line, we have Johann Jacob Adolph though, and his wife, Maria Filipina, Geisser Adolph, were two of those new direct ancestors I was just talking about. Now Jacob was born in 1777 and he was the son of a shoemaker.  You kind of imagine them doing that back in the day. And then Maria was the daughter of Johann George Geisser of Hockenheim. And Jacob and Maria had six known children. So more fun new ancestors to look at. Somebody's asking, oh, Chris F is asking what was that? They broke, Chris, they broke the remaining tombstones down into little pieces like gravel. You know, like when they redo the roads and they have gravel. That's what they did with it. It kind of seems disrespectful to me, but I mean, I guess if they're not legible, I don't know, what else do you do with them? Now we have this one and this was on the Dwarf line. And you'll see that a lot of the movement in your tree was in specific areas, you know, just like when you research on your own and sometimes a line takes off, you know, that's just how it happens. I've actually seen this map before. Oh, cool. Yes, it's a fire. I think it's a fire insurance map. Right. Yes, yeah, but, oh, this is great. And you know, this was just one of the fun things which you already know now, you know, you can find, this is where William Dwarf and his family lived in 1885. So that street that he was, or alleyway is what they called it, that he lived on was only a block long, so he was right in there. And I know on the profile, she also put up the more recent map so you can see the growth in the area and see how much changed. Now, more traditional research determined that the father of George Johannes Petrus Dwarf, so that's your Peter Dwarf. His father was a Georgie, so George Peter Dwarf also. Now, the older George was born about 1750 and possibly in Heidelberg, Germany, and he was living in, and I know I'm not gonna say this right, Dieter, sorry, Heiled Krustenot when the younger George was christened, so. That's a mouthful. Yes. I don't even think I could type that one without making a mistake, so. And okay, so now we're moving on to Catherine, Katie Havy's line. And here, once again, they were talking about just getting people together later on. And so this was on a space page, and we have our space pages that we do anything from census evaluations. If we have a really lengthy will, we'll put them there on a space page so it's not on the profile cluttering it up, or making it hard to read. And so one of the things that was focused on was this reunion in New York. And once again, listing the different people that came out of that parish. And I just thought it was interesting, and they're putting the old home songs were sung, and the old home dances danced, and the old home stories were told, getting together and still passing down that important history. So now here was another one, and of course, once again, our space pages to us, we get used to them on WikiTree, and we're spoiled, we'll do anything on the space page. And sometimes they are just so valuable, not only to our research, but to yours and other people. Because we can put things like this, a little mini one-name study and go, okay, what are all the heavies or heavies that were found in this area from 1800 to 1900?  And then later on, when you go, oh wait, but I've got a John Havy there, you can just go look on that page and go, oh, that's when he married and had kids. Yeah, so you don't have to relook that back up. And it says, unfortunately, did not make a breakthrough on the Havy line itself this week. I know a lot of people spent a lot of time on this hoping to get through those brick walls. It's a good solid brick wall. Yes, Patty, I agree with you. It's been one of my biggest frustrations. Yeah, and that once again is gonna be one of those that DNA is probably gonna play a factor in the future, trying to get through that because that one is just, I don't know, it just was that wall was not coming down and they were trying, man, they were out there with their little genealogy sledgehammers. Now for late breaking news, and I'll tell you what, we had Robin Baker that found two sets of parents, late today, so talk about last minute, we're all going, yay. And then like at the very last second, Nicole Font gets the marriage record for John Gardner and Mary Meehan. Of course, that was a really close brick wall for you. Yes, oh, that's amazing. Especially thinking I have my great grandparents on the divorce side, their marriage certificate to have this on the broken side. This is great. So his parents were found to be, his father was also a John Gardner, but his mother was a Bessie Lindsey Gardner. So this will open up a whole new bunch of ancestors for you. And I know they were hoping to have added, their parents by the time he went live, but I didn't get a chance to check and see if they had found those yet. Oh, this is great.  And you can see those yellow spots, some of yours were really close in there. But if you look at like the pop out box on the upper right, that's where all those little spots of B's and numbers is where all your brick walls were. And you had a lot. Let me tell you, they actually, for all the ones we said, oh, it was so hard and we couldn't knock that wall down. They took a lot of brick walls down for you. I was just, they always amazed me how much they can do. And although I titled this final fan chart, Irene, it's really not because like I said, they were finding stuff right up until the end. They're like, wait, I got something else. And so I'll make sure I send you an updated one after all of this. Yeah, I've had these commenting again. The gardeners and Lindsay's look like they'll be almost as difficult as the Havies, but it still gives you a new place to look. It does, it does. You know, I often wonder sometimes if there isn't, if there are reasons maybe, if you really have all the right information or did people conceal information because of issues in the past, it's hard to know. Well, and sometimes with record destruction or just things like, I mean, natural disasters, you have a fire in the church and think about how many people's marriage records and baptisms are just gone. And I know we found some probate this week that definitely short up what we were thinking, but last week with our guests, of course, we had a lot of them that that's all that was left. You know, there weren't any birth records weren't required at some of those times. The marriage records, things that happened to them or they just weren't online yet. And then, you know, probate is kind of what we were left looking for, you know, what you're looking for some unknown person and going, okay, what do I think his dad's name was? Let's look at all these men with this, with his last name that died at this time. And hopefully the probate's gonna pop up, you know, and show you who their family is. But you did have a few this week and you'll see. And of course, we have Steven, who does such a great job transcribing those for us and putting them on the profiles. I really appreciate it. John says he has some gardeners. Okay. You know, it's interesting, maybe this isn't the right time to ask, but maybe your group will understand this. So when we're looking at this, right, there's all this German in there, right? And there's a lot of Irish. But my DNA, and I, when I do my DNA, I am related to people on my father's side and people on my mother's side. So I know my parents are my parents, right? But my DNA comes up on some of this site as a high amount of Scottish. And none of them show me as having much German at all, which I don't really understand with so much German in my family history. You know, and part of that, I mean, there's a lot of reasons Irene that that could happen, but I will tell you that part of that is just the sampling at the time and what their algorithms are. I have a cousin and all four of her grandparents came from Portugal, all four of them. So I mean her, she's Portuguese. And it said, when she first did her DNA test, it said she had like 27% or 20% or something like that, Portuguese.  I know, I've met all my grandparents, trust me, they're all from Portugal. And there were no, you know, non-parental events, no surprise grandparents. It was just because of the sampling, there wasn't a lot of Portuguese people sampled at that time. And so they had nothing to compare it to. So if you don't have a lot of German people testing theirs, it may just wind up showing that you really don't have that much when you do. Okay. Yeah. And thank you for that. That's what I've been starting to think is that the Scottish is really Scott Irish, not Scottish per se. Okay, and I'm gonna go just a little bit into our collaboration and how we do things here now, Irene. Collaboration, of course, is key during the challenge and that is what Wickey Tree is all about. So one of the ways that we collaborate is to use the spreadsheet as you see on the left. When you get to 25 or even upwards of 50 people working on one set of branches, it's really easy to step on somebody's work. And so this way we can list the profile we're working on and let other people know. And, you know, for those of you that are participating that haven't figured out how to use this sheet yet, if you need help understanding it, definitely you can just private message your captain because this is really important to us. This way, you know, and you're not losing work or researching the same exact thing somebody else is. So one of the other ways we collaborate is our G2G, which is our genealogist to genealogist forum. And that's what you see on the right. We do have some people that will put interesting finds or ask questions there. Since we have live chat, we don't use that as much. We mostly post our bounty walls, our, you know, brick wall ancestors that have been found. But you never know. And you'll get a link to that Irene. And now of course, yeah, here's what I was talking about with our live chat. And this has definitely just been a lifesaver. This is our live chat that goes on during the week. And since we are a global site, we have people chatting in the rooms almost around the clock or definitely around the clock. So, you know, there's some, it's morning in some country somewhere. So we can go in there, we can ask for translation help, we can get a second set of eyes, you know, we can say, hey, these records just don't look right. I don't understand, you know, can somebody look and five people will stop and go, oh, hey, let's look at it. What's the issue? You know, which I mean, normally if you're working on another site, you can't do that. You're just working on your tree, you know, you can't just pull up people and go, hey, can you guys all tell me where you think this marriage record might be? You know, we have people that are just excellent at looking at newspaper articles. I'm only so-so at that, so I love it that you can go, hey, I need an O-bit for, you know, so-and-so. Can somebody find that? And there are people that do that. And sometimes we just cheer each other on, you know. So I've had people tell me that, oh, I'm not experienced enough.  That person's important and it means a lot for our team. And so, you know, anybody that's participating and helping whether they're getting points or not is just as important, but... Can we flip back to that? I was reading that little message there from Liz and that's interesting. I have been to Joseph and Mary's grave because they're buried in Bordentown, the same cemetery as my great-grandparents. And I recently found out that George's wife, Ellen, is buried in the plot next to them and I'm marked great. Oh, wow. Yeah. So this is interesting to read this about Joseph DeWerth, his will. And that's great. I'm anxious to read more about that. Now here's where we have our point system and of course, once again, it's definitely not about the points, but it's not only a good motivator, it kind of gives us a feel of how our progress is. You know, if you're just researching and there's no kind of a point system, you don't really know if you're doing good that week or not. And this way, you know, we kind of know what's going on and who's found a lot of stuff or, you know, if we haven't broken any brick walls. So, and these points can totally, totally add up. Now, at the end of the week, we look at the top scores. Our most valuable players are MVP of the week and we also like to acknowledge the top five participants. So this week, of course, we have Dieter, who is our dormant expert. Cheryl Hess, we had Robin Baker, Anonymous Sharkey and Kathy Ravenstein. And then I have to give an additional shout out to Eileen Robinson because she was in fifth place until like last minute and I had to swap it out and put Kathy's name. So good job, Kathy, but also good job Eileen. And then, excuse me, just to talk a little bit about how those points are determined, we have two ways that these guys can get points. They can either break a brick wall down, which is the big one, you get 10 points for. But, you know, when you start adding those nuclear family members, really it's incredible how fast it can add up if you have large families. And some of your ancestors definitely did. So, you know, at the end of the week, we keep track of all of this. And I'm gonna go ahead and pop up the score sheet so you can see how they did. And we didn't actually have a huge amount of people participating, but it's more than 25, it looks like. So, definitely good. Now, total points is the total points that they receive for whatever reason. The created ancestors, those are only direct ancestors, Irene. So, you know, there were 57 direct ancestors, which is a lot. Yes, wow. And then, there were 131 of what we call the nuclear relative. So, within one step, a child or a sibling. 131 additional people added that way. Now, here was their big impressive number. And actually, this is not accurately reflected. It needs to update. Let me see if it'll pull it in, because I know the points are actually 190. Okay, so it's got all but 20 of them. It's working on it. There were actually 190 points this week. And these people just did awesome. So, we had Cheryl Hess and Robin tied for our top bounty hunters. And Dieter, of course, with those top bounty points, our top total points. Now, he actually added 48 of those nuclear relatives.  And that'll be a lot of fun for you to look through. And let's see, we still had profiles edited. Now, of course, every time we go in and we edit a profile and we add a source, we add a date, we make some sort of a contribution. It gives, you know, it's not a, they don't get points for it, but it keeps track of how many times they did it. So, for profiles edited, actually 400 on the nose unique profiles edited in one week's time by this group, which is amazing. That's amazing. Yeah. And then for total edits, so that's every one of those edits, 1,446. I mean, these guys are just, they rock. They just rock every week. And, you know, and like I said before, there's things they do that don't earn points. So, like the ones that are out there transcribing or looking up obituaries and stuff like that, they aren't getting points, but you know what, we sure appreciate them. And we know how hard they work to do those other things that make this week possible. And then for news for anybody that hadn't caught this, we have a no guest upcoming for this next week.  I know a lot of people are getting rain right now. Irene, you said it was beautiful there this afternoon. Yes, for a change. Yeah, we've had some just wild swings. It'll just dump rain on us all morning and then in the afternoon, the sun's out, sky's blue. It's beautiful. Oh, let's see, Cheryl has one. Thanks to Melanie McComb and to Steven, to Mazawitz for transcribing the wills. And both of those things did do, were a big help. Melanie has been awesome. Of course, she was a prior guest and she participates every week now and she brings a lot of skill to the group. And I see Patty's comment about a John Gardner in Brooklyn who was a coachman, who might be my John Gardner. So that'll be fun to look into. Yeah, they're definitely, definitely still looking at that. Like I said, they were really hoping they could bust that line out just a little bit further for you. And then one of the things I wanna ask the audience while we still haven't captive here is now we're looking at next year, of course, doing non-geniologists for our challenge. So I need you guys to start thinking of things you would want to know about them. Do you want to know a special family story they have? I'd kinda like to ask them who the oldest living ancestor was that they personally knew. But I welcome people throwing up other questions and suggestions. So back to Irene and so did we at least meet your expectations for the challenge? Yes, definitely. I'm so excited to look at all this new information and just to know more about the Gardner line because I didn't know that grandmother but have always wanted to know more about her too, not just the Dwarf side. So it sounds like there's a lot I can look at now on that side of the family. And then this debtor or daughter connection. And I will wanna check out this. I'm always calling cemeteries to check on people. So I'll be talking to Longview Cemetery. It looks like I'll be making a trip down Montgomery County, Pennsylvania to check that out. Yeah, it really sounds like you have a lot of history there. You really do. And it's interesting. I'm trying to document military history because there's a lot of people I know were, like there's some in national cemeteries but I've been coming across some that I think are, we're in the Civil War with different contingents from New Jersey. And I'm trying to find out more information about that. Other people have posted it. So I'm trying to find source material though to back it up. Right, and you'll also get a link to the space page. We have a separate space that we start with every week. And so it has resources that we've used. So that may give you some sites that you haven't seen also. We put our interesting finds on there. And then you'll also see links to like the space page but you also see like military. Now we didn't do a military slide this week. I usually do. We like to honor those that have served but you will see them listed. Some of those that were patriots or served their country. So that's always nice. I see Melanie's comment. Yeah, I'll be spending a lot of time. We're getting some windows being replaced tomorrow. So while I'm stuck in the house with that, I'm gonna be online looking at all of this because I'll have plenty of time to cruise some of it. Yeah, I know that's always the hardest things than wanting to stop and just look through all of it. And then where do you look first, right? I mean, you've got all these brick wall ancestors. And Cheryl's pointing out that they also posted the sons of the American Revolution and daughters of the American Revolution, their ancestor numbers. So that allows you to look and see what services already been proven for them. Oh, okay, great, great. And Robin adds a lot of the debtor clans. And yes, they were Mennonite types and didn't necessarily serve in the Revolutionary War, although some of them still did pursue patriotic duty. So, well, I think unless we have any other questions, do you have any other questions, Irene, of our participants? No, no, I just would like to thank everybody for letting me be a guest and thank you for all the research. And I'm just so excited to follow up on all of it. And I'm hoping to get more comfortable working in Wiki Tree. I mean, I did that very basic setup for the show but I really can see there's a lot of value to using that format for research, so. Right, and anyone of us you can reach out to, we all remember what it was like to be new on Wiki Tree and there is a learning curve. So it's not as easy as going in an ancestry and pulling in leaves, but we're all a friendly bunch, so. Great, great. Well, again, I can't thank you enough. This is awesome. I can't wait to look at all of it. Okay, well, I think we're gonna wrap that up now. So I wanna thank everybody that participated this week and improved Irene's branches. You guys, once again, we're just amazing as always. I wanna thank Irene for coming and spending her time with us again this week. And remind everybody you can check us out at wikitree.com and don't forget to like the video, subscribe to receive alerts. And we're out now. Have a great night. Bye, thank you again, everyone.


From around the globe, it's theCUBE with digital coverage of AWS re-invent 2020. Sponsored by Intel and AWS. Welcome back to theCUBE's ongoing coverage of AWS re-invent virtual. theCUBE has gone virtual too. We're going to talk about machine intelligence, cloud and transformation in healthcare, an industry that is rapidly evolving and reinventing itself to provide better quality care, faster and more accurate diagnoses. And this has to be done at lower cost. And with me to talk about this is Dr. Taha Pasput, who's the director of machine learning at Amazon Web Services. Dr. Good to see you again. Thanks for coming on. Thank you so much. Good to see you, Dave. Yeah, last time we talked, I think it was a couple of years ago. We remember we were talking about Amazon Comprehend Medical. And of course you've been so called raising the bar so to speak over the past 24 months. You made some announcements today including Amazon HealthLake, which we're going to talk about. Tell us about it. Well, we're really excited about it. And so are our customers. Amazon HealthLake, a new HIPAA eligible service for healthcare providers, health insurance companies, and pharmaceutical companies to securely store, transform, query and analyze health data in the cloud at petabyte scale. Amazon HealthLake uses machine learning models trained to automatically understand context and extract meaningful medical data from raw disparate information such as medications, procedures, and diagnoses. Therefore, revolutionizing a process that was traditionally manual, error prone, and highly costly. Requires a lot of expertise on teams within these organizations. What HealthLake does is it tags and indexes every piece of information and then structure it in an open standard, the fire standard, or that's the fast healthcare and our operability resources in order to provide a complete view, 360 degree view of each patient in a consistent way so you'll be able to query and share that data securely. It also integrates with other machine learning services, analytic services that AWS offers such as Amazon QuickSight or Amazon SageMaker in order to visualize and understand the relationships in the data, identify trends, and also make predictions. The other great benefit is since the Amazon HealthLake automatically structures all the healthcare and organizations data into an open standard, the fire industry format, the information now can be easily and securely shared between systems, health systems, and with third party applications. So, providers, healthcare providers will enjoy the ability to collaborate more effectively with each other but also allowing patients and federal access to their medical information. I think so, one of the things that people are gonna ask is okay, wait a minute, HIPAA eligible, is that like cable ready or HD ready? But people need to understand that it's a shared responsibility model. You can't come out of the box and be HIPAA compliant. There are a number of things and processes that your customer has to do. Maybe you could explain that a little bit. Absolutely, let me unpack this a little bit. This is a very, very important thing and it's something that we're really fully baked into the service and how we built also the service, especially dealing with healthcare information. First off, AWS as you know, is vigilant about customers privacy and security. It is job zero for us. Your data and the health lake is secure, compliant and audible. Data versioning is enabled to protect this data against any accidental deletion for example and per fire specification. If you are to delete one piece of data, it will be versioned. It will be only hidden from analysis as a result, not deleted from the service. So your data is always encrypted and using your own customer managed key in a single tenant architecture is another added benefit to provide that additional level of protection when the data is accessed and searched. For example, every time you query a value, for example, someone's glucose level, the data is encrypted and decrypted and so on and so forth. So additionally, this sits in a single tenant architecture so that way the same key is not shared across multiple customers. So you're tamed full ownership and control of your data along with the ability to encrypt, protect, move it, delete it in alignment with organization, security and policies. Now a little bit about the HIPAA eligibility, it's a term that AWS uses for customers storing protected health information or PHI. AWS buy its business associate agreement and also business associate amendment to require customers to encrypt data, address and transit when they're using AWS services. There are over a hundred services to date that are HIPAA eligible including the Amazon Health Lake. This is very important, especially for enabling these covered entities and their business associate subject to HIPAA regulations and is be able to kind of in this shared model between what AWS protection and services and how it can process and store and manage PHI. But there's additional level of compliance is required on the customer side about anywhere from physical security to how each application can be built which is no different than how you manage it. For example, today in your own data center, why not? But this is why many cost grown number of healthcare providers, payers as well as IT professionals are using AWS utility based cloud services today to process, store and transmit PHI. So tell us more about who is going to benefit from this new capability? What types of organizations and maybe some of the outcomes for patients? Absolutely, every healthcare provider today or a payer like a health insurance company or a life science company such as a pharma company is just trying to solve the problem of organizing instruction and data. Because if you do, you make better sense of this information from better patient support decisions, design better clinical trials, operate more efficiently and understand population health trends and then be able then to share that data securely. It's really all starts with making sense of that data and those are the ultimate customers that we're trying to empower with the Amazon, Amazon health lake. Well, and of course there's downstream benefits for the patient. Absolutely. That's ultimately what we're trying to get to.  I mean, it's everybody feels the pain of high healthcare costs. A lot of times you're trying to get to see a doctor and it takes a long time now, especially with COVID. So and much of this oftentimes it's even hard to get access to your own data. So I think you're really trying to attack that problem, aren't you? So I'm gonna give you a couple of examples. Like, I mean, today the most widely used clinical models in practice to predict, let's say someone's disease risk, lack personalization, you and I can be lumped in the same bucket, for example, based on few attributes that are common data elements or data points, which is problematic also because the resulting models produce are imprecise. However, if you look at an individual's medical record, for example, a type two diabetic patient, if you look at the entire history and from all this information coming to them, whether it's doctor nose, medication, dosages, which line of treatment, the second line treatment, continuous monitoring of glucose and that sort of thing, there's over a hundred, there are hundreds of thousands of data points in their entire medical history, but none of this is used today at the point of care. And you want all this information to be organized, aggregated, structured in a way that you'll be able to build even better models, easily queried this information and then observe the health of that individual in comparison with the rest of the population. Because at that point, you'll be able to make those personalized decisions and then also for patient engagement with the health lake ability to now emit data back and share securely via APIs that conform to the FHIR standard. So third-party applications can be built also to provide the access, whether that's for analytics or digital health application, for example, of patient access and that information. All of that is very important because ultimately you wanna get at better care of these populations, better enrollment clinical trials, reduced duplicative tests and waste and healthcare systems. All that comes when you have your entire information available in a way that is structured and normalized and be able to query and analyze. And then the seamless integration between the health lake and the rest of the services like Amazon SageMaker, you can really start, understand relationships and meaning of the information, build better decision support models and predictive models at the individual and the population level. Yeah, right. You talked about all this data that's not really used and it's because it's not accessible, I presume. It's not in one place that somebody can analyze, it's not standardized, it's not normalized. Yeah. Is that right? That is the biggest challenge for every healthcare provider, payer or life science organization today. If you look at this data, it's difficult to work with. Medical health data is really different. Data is siloed, is spread out across multiple systems and is stored in incompatible formats. If you look at the last decade, I mean, one of the greatest things is we witness a great transformation healthcare towards digitization of the record. But your data is scattered across many of these systems anywhere from your family history, the clinical observation, diagnosis and treatments. Where you see the vast majority of that data is contained in unstructured medical records like doctor notes, PDFs of insurance of laboratory reports or insurance claims and forms with COVID, we've seen a quite a bit of uptake of digital sort of delivery of care, such as telemedicine and recorded audios and videos, X-rays and images, the large propagation of digital health apps and digital assistants and wearables and as well as these sort of monitors like glucose monitor and whatnot, data come in all shape and form and format and store across all these things. It's a huge heavy lift for any healthcare organization to be able to aggregate, normalize, store securely and then also be able to kind of analyze this information and structure in a way that's easy to scale with regards to the kind of problems that you're going after. Well, Dr. Koss, we have to leave it there. Thank you so much. I mean, I've been saying for years in the CUBE, when is it that machines are going to be able to make better diagnoses than doctors? Maybe that's the wrong question. Maybe it's machines helping doctors make faster and more accurate diagnoses and lowering our costs. Thanks so much for coming back. Thank you very much. I appreciate it. Thank you. All right, and thank you for watching everybody. Keep it right there. This is Dave Vellante. We'll be back with more coverage of AWS re-invent 2020 and CUBE virtual right after this short break.


Yeah, that's a massive part of winning the competition, winning Grand Finals, winning the FFA Cup. It's about being together. There's been teams that aren't so prepared and aren't so fit, but because they're together they can achieve great things. So I guess that balance between getting our fitness competition for positions, we've got two players for every position. So yeah, it's a very competitive environment, but very enjoyable, very challenging. There's no easy trainings. Everybody wants to win every activity that we're involved in. But again, there's a good balance with having fun as well, enjoying what you're doing because we should love our job if you can call it that. I've always been more of a jovial person, but again, you know, I'm a winner. I want to win things. I've done that before and I want to bring that to this team as well. And I want to guide the young players coming through. Again, there's such a balance in this squad. You know, you've got the young young fellows and the middle age and then in more experience, plus 30s. And I guess, yeah, collectively, I just want to show them, you know, how to be successful, along with what the coaching staff are trying to provide. But again, I want to make them feel relaxed as well. So I always try to do that with every squad that I've played in. Yeah, because, you know, I love what I do and, you know, it makes me happiest when I'm on the field.


Hi, Lauma. Welcome to the weather forecast for the week beginning Wednesday, January 27th. I'm Chief Meteorologist John Ensworth for Lauma Public Media. Taking a look at the moon, we have a full moon at the beginning of this forecast period, with the moon rising about sunset and setting about sunrise as it does. But since the nights are long, it'll be up for over 14 hours. Great time to go out for a cold night walk. Checking on drought, because we're still in very severe drought conditions across the state. If you go from last week into this week, nothing really changes. We are holding steady. We are getting an increased snowpack in the western mountains. And as that starts to melt, it'll start to really show up in the soil data. So there's good news in the future. We just have to wait for some spring to occur. Looking at it nationally, not much changes here either. If you go from last week, take an idea. Look at Oregon and down here in West Texas. Go forward a week. There's a little bit worsening drought, but not much. Everything is sort of holding steady, being in the middle of the winter. Cold air also helps keep water from evaporating from the soil. Speaking of water and soil, looking over the last seven days, pretty much all that we got was down in the Four Corners area, southwestern part of the state. We got a little bit out on the plains up around Denver to Four Columns. We remained high and dry. So the storm system that is pulling out seems to have dropped about two inches, maybe three inches locally around Longmont. We'll get the official measurements on Wednesday morning at 7 a.m. But the storm system was a pretty wet one. It went way down into the deserts southwest. There was snow recorded in Phoenix, which is really rare. And California got a lot of beneficial moisture. They really needed that out there. But the storm centers down to our southeast, sending upslope moisture into the state. Going into Wednesday morning, it's starting to pull out into the plains. You have a warm front that's coalescing to our west. And as that crosses over, we're going to see a sharp warm-up and a quick melt on what we did get. Looking at the ensemble forecast from the GFS over the next 10 days, normal high temperatures staying very steady and normal low temperatures of 17 also. We're at the bottom of winter. We'll start to see temperatures creep up as we go into February. All the models agreed that it was snowing at the beginning of the forecast period, and it did. So that's good. Looking out 10 days, 9 days, we do see the model seeing a very strong signal, lots of agreement that there's something wet coming again. That's about February 4th, February 3rd for the beginning of it. You can see it stretches for a couple days. We'll see why. Let's put this into motion. This is the upper air pattern. Our low is pulling out. That just gave us our big storm, kind of big storm. Then looking out throughout the rest of the week, this big ridge just heats us up until finally going into the end of the month and the beginning of the next trough begins to pass. Once that goes by, again, the ridge comes back. This is what's given us abnormal heat for the summer, fall, and winter so far. Let's take a look at the precipitation going out. Our storm vanishes out under the plains at the beginning of the week. We're high and dry in through the weekend into next week. And then finally something starts to get its act together out in the west, bringing some moisture in. So we can hope that this one stays together. When you're looking at nine, ten days out in the forecast, the models can make up storms. And we've seen that happen repeatedly this winter. It just can't get enough moisture from the gulf, passes too quickly to give us the precipitation we want. Take a look at the cold air. So purples and blues are temperatures below normal where the oranges and the reds are above normal. Their goals are cold air at the beginning of the week. Look how quickly that ridge brings abnormally warm temperatures into the west. And we have a little cold air. Try to push in from the north as we end the month, but the west just keeps warm. It can't say hot, but it's very, very warm for this time of year at the top of the temperature envelope. Finally, around the third or fourth, that cold air spreads down. We're going to see a very sharp cold front. Around the third, give or take a day, and then the cold air really settles in. Be ready. Don't put the coat away. It's going to get cold again. For the North American model, the snow that we see forecasted by it is inch, inch or two, and that's pretty much verified. Only it had most of the snow in the southern counties of Colorado. If you look at what the GFS was calling for, different model, different physics a little bit, different approximations in the math, and it has it all in the western slopes. It looks like sort of a blend of the two happened. The southern counties definitely got better snow than we did up north, and the mountains won again. If you look at the GFS out the next 10 days, starting to scoop in a little bit of that next storm, you can see that the western mountains win again. So this is great that our water for agriculture for the cities, all comes from that snowpack. We need that western slope snowpack. If we don't get over here, at least the mountains and the forest get it. So looking out the next seven days, we start chilly on Wednesday, but rapidly get up to the 50s. Some of the local TV outlets are giving us 60-62 on Friday. I don't know if I'd get that excited about it, but even if it doesn't happen then, early next week it might as well. It's a little front coming in on Friday, Saturday, but most of the precipitation will fall on the mountains. It's not going to do much out on the plains at all. Taking a look at that storm for the third, you can see it's about the best that the GFS paints. It does have a really good wrap-up here around the low-pressure system with a nice shield of snow over most of the state. So that's what we're hoping for, that it does come to be. So for more frequent weather updates, check out Longmont Leader. We'll put these snow totals from Cocoa Ross up there tomorrow. Also get local news for Longmont and everybody around. This has been Chief Meteorologist John Insworth. Keep looking up.


I am going to talk to you about asset allocation. So we've been through what I called primordial asset allocation, where you're thinking about things like an emergency fund and so on. Alan covered the basics of investing, Rick covered investment selection, Mike is going to talk, Mike talked about tax-advantaged investing. I'll talk about apportioning your assets across different investment types and the key considerations to bear in mind when you do. So there are really two key jobs that you need to bear in mind when you're setting an asset allocation. And I think they can be helpful because asset allocation, the way it's often discussed to me seems terribly black boxy, but it really requires you to do two key things to find yourself in the right asset allocation ballpark. The first would be to take a step back and think about why you are investing. So being clear on what your goals are. And the second is to kind of take a look inside and think about how you have behaved in previous market environments. If you've had investments, how you felt in sort of that March 2020 period that Alan alluded to earlier, where we saw our worlds turned upside down very quickly, the markets plummeted. It didn't feel like a great time to invest. In hindsight it was a great time, but many people were retreating to safe investments during that period. So thinking a little bit about what's called your risk tolerance is also a job here. So both of these things are important. I would argue the first thing, kind of clarifying your goals and your time horizon and your proximity to needing your money, I would argue that's kind of the top of the heap. But risk tolerance should also be part of the discussion too, in my opinion. So knowing your goals determines your risk capacity. And when you're thinking about your goals, you want to think about your proximity to that goal as sort of a key point to think through. When will you need these funds? So if you are 35 and it's retirement when you think you'll be 60 or 65 or maybe even longer, we have a very long time horizon for that goal. You have high risk capacity. You can absorb the changes in your portfolio's value because you don't need the funds imminently. So thinking about proximity to goal and also using what we know about asset class returns over various time horizons to inform how you would think about how to invest given your proximity to the goal. So when we look at stocks, stocks have historically had a higher return than safer investment types like cash, like bonds. And if you have at least a 10-year time horizon, stocks have actually been extraordinarily reliable. So in more than 90% of rolling 10-year periods, whenever the periods might be, you were most likely going to gain money over that 10-year time horizon. But once you start shrinking that time horizon, taking it to like five years or three years or certainly even shorter than that, well, you start to see the odds for stocks go down quite a bit. So the odds are well less than 90% if you have a five-year time horizon for stocks. You'd want to be in something that has a much better shot at making you whole over that fairly short time horizon. So that would be cash or bonds, for example. So I would say 10 years is a good guidepost when deciding whether you are going to be in stocks or not. If your time horizon is shorter than that, you need to be in safer assets that are most likely to be in positive territory over that shorter time horizon. So you're thinking about your proximity to needing your money to spend. You're also thinking about the duration of that goal. So if you're thinking about retirement and you're someone who's embarking on retirement in your 60s and you're in good health, well, that's sort of a long-duration goal. So you'd want to think about having probably 25 years or 30 years overall that you'll have where you'll be spending your money. On the other hand, college is a good example of a shorter-duration goal where if you're lucky, your child will make it through college in four years, maybe five on the five-year plan. And so that's a fairly rapid spend-down pace. That means that when that goal date arrives, you'd want to have the money in very safe investments, even though maybe stocks helped you grow that 529 plan or grow whatever portfolio you're using for college. Nicely, by the time you get to college, you pretty much just want to hold the assets steady. You don't want to risk losses in your investment at that time. So you're thinking about the proximity to goal. You're thinking about the duration of goal. And of course, there are other goals that we might have where it's kind of one and done. So the home-down payment, for example, where it's a one-time purchase and so you don't want to risk having the funds move around when you need the money. And then another thing to bear in mind when thinking about your risk capacity is thinking about your flexibility with respect to that goal. So here, again, I think college funding is a great example. If you have, say, a 17-year-old, you don't want to be, you don't want to have any wiggle room and say, ah, your investments are down. I think you might need to wait until you're 21. Your child probably would not love that as an answer. So there's an investment goal where there's not a lot of wiggle room in terms of timing. Same with retirement. You may have actually some wiggle room to delay retirement if the market's really bad and it's not a good time to tap your investments. You might say, well, I think I'll continue working a couple more years, but you may not want to have to work eight more years until your investments start looking better. So think about the flexibility of whatever goal you have in mind. A lake house purchase or something that's totally discretionary, well, there you have more flexibility about your goal date and so forth. So I mentioned human capital earlier on. We talked about the importance of really thinking about human capital, especially for young accumulators, thinking about trying to find ways to grow your earnings power over your lifetime. There's kind of an intersection with asset allocation. So this slide comes from some of my colleagues in Morningstar Investment Management, but the basic idea is when you're young and just starting out, most of us don't have much in the way of financial capital, right? We have small portfolios most of the time. We may even have negative portfolios if we have a lot of student loan debt. But we're long on another tremendous asset, which is that we're long on human capital, especially if we're well educated. We have a really powerful source of income that will take us through our working years. By contrast, when we are older, one would hope that our financial capital would have grown over that period. But as we're getting close to retirement, our human capital may not be as rich as it was when we were younger. In fact, it's not as rich. We can't expect as many years of earnings during those remaining years as we could have when we were younger. So even though our salary may be at its highest point in our lifetimes, the number of years that we expect to continue working would not be. So there's an interplay here, where if you are very long on human capital, like the new worker who's just graduated with a degree and something worthwhile, that new worker doesn't have much in financial capital, doesn't have any imminent need for retirement funds, those funds should be invested really aggressively. On the other hand, as we get close to retirement, as we get close to needing to tap our funds, we want to make those investments more conservative. We want to have them kind of on standby, or at least a portion of that portfolio. So if we happen to retire in a bad market for stocks, well, we're not having to sell stocks into a trough. So thinking back to 2008, for example, during the global financial crisis, stocks dropped about 50% during that period. You wouldn't want to be the all equity investor. So thinking about your own life stage, thinking about the status of your own human capital, your own proximity to retirement can be really helpful in terms of determining how to position your portfolio. So that's risk capacity, all that stuff, thinking about your proximity to spending, thinking about your duration of spending, thinking about your flexibility with respect to the goals. Those are all risk capacity questions. The second part of the equation is risk tolerance. And many of you have probably done these questionnaires and surveys online. If you work with a financial advisor, many of them use what are called risk tolerance questionnaires. The bottom line is that people tend not to be great judges of their own risk tolerance. They might think themselves really risk tolerant. And then when push comes to shove, and it's March 2020 again, that investor might have fear in his or her heart. So that's a key thing to know. And one reason why I think risk tolerance questionnaires have been downplayed a little bit in the financial advice space, probably rightly so, that people aren't great judges. But still I think it's a component. And the reason why risk tolerance is such an important concept is that people do bad things when they have a portfolio that's not aligned with their risk tolerance. So they might be inclined to sell themselves out in that really risky bad market environment where they're inclined to move into cash and safer investments at the worst possible time. And we see this again and again. I believe Rick alluded to it, and Alan alluded to it in his presentation. We have a study that we run at Morningstar called Mind the Gap. And we see that investors systematically undermine their own results due to these poor timing decisions. And a lot of them come up in these fear and greed cycles. So when the market is really frothy, like it was in 2021, early 2022, we see that investors oftentimes glom on to the things that have performed really well in the recent past. And they retreat to safer stuff in bad market environments. So risk tolerance is something that should sit side by side with risk capacity. I would say put risk capacity in the front seat, put risk tolerance in the back seat, but both are important concepts that work together. So this is just an example of how at Morningstar we've got different glide paths, different asset allocations for people at different life stages. And we have a conservative, moderate, and aggressive version. The reason is that they're all sort of trending in the same direction, but the more conservative versions are a little bit more heavy on the fixed income and cash investments. So I just want to run through a few case studies here to illustrate how these two things work together. So we're assuming 68-year-old Mary has been investing for a while, and she was a person who felt terrible during the global financial crisis, where she saw she was watching CNN, she was watching a lot of news, and her investment portfolio seemed to be going from bad to worse. She was checking it day by day, and she did what I said a lot of investors do at those market inflection points, where she just said, I can't stand it. I am getting close to retirement by then she would have been in her early 50s, and she retreated to safe investments and never got back in. And I will say that this is not an uncommon profile. I still sometimes encounter people who are older adults who did this very thing, where they retreated to safe investments and never got themselves back into stocks and unfortunately have missed the whole subsequent market rally. So this is not an unusual phenomenon. It's something that we see again and again. So her risk capacity is what I would say medium. So at age 68, she is embarking on retirement, but assuming she's in good health, well, she probably wants to plan for 25 or 30 years of retirement. So she can't afford to be hunkered down in very safe investments, even though we've seen yields on those investments tick up quite a bit over the past couple of years. Reaction still is what it is, and it takes a bite out of the purchasing power of those very safe investments. So it's not prudent for her to be just in safe investments. She needs to take some risk with the hope of actually growing her portfolio a little bit and hopefully outpacing inflation over her time horizon. So I would rate her risk capacity, her ability to take risk as kind of medium, because she has that long time horizon. Even if she incurs some losses from the stocks in her portfolio, she has time to recover. She wouldn't want to be spending from that fall in equity portfolio, but assuming she has some sort of a balanced portfolio, that gives her time for her portfolio to recover. So I would say that her risk capacity is kind of medium. Her risk tolerance, well, we know it's low. She is really uncomfortable in equity markets wounds. So she would want to have kind of a balanced exposure. She'd certainly want to have some safer assets that she could call upon in an equity market downdraft, but she needs stocks for their long run appreciation potential and for their ability to outpace inflation. So we'll take a look at another extreme. We'll assume that we've got Abby and Zack here. And I will also say that some of these people are ripped from my own life. Their names have been changed, but they resemble some people in my life. So Abby and Zack live in a big urban center, which they love, but they now have a baby. And they live in a one bedroom apartment in this very costly urban center.  And when you talk to them, these two, they're both 32, they rate their risk tolerance as very high because they've been doing this for a while, they feel. And they have gotten comfortable with equity market volatility. Their retirement accounts are parked in long term investments. They don't bother with them when the market's down. So they rate their risk tolerance as really high. But their risk capacity is low. So they're expecting a second baby. They're in this too small place, so they need to get into a larger home. They know that they want to buy and they have the down payment funds set aside. Well their risk capacity with that portion of the portfolio, not their retirement portfolio, but that portion of their portfolio, their risk capacity is really low. They are not in a position to absorb losses with that down payment fund, right? They don't want to have to change their goal.  So their risk capacity is really low. So there can be these disconnects where you've got what you feel is high risk tolerance, where actually your risk capacity is low. I would argue that this is the case for a lot of pre-retirees and retirees who I talked to who have had a great experience with stocks over their holding periods. They've been comfortable holding stocks through periodic down drafts and they rate their risk tolerance as high. But the fact is their risk capacity has changed a little bit over their lifetimes. And as they get close to retirement, they want to start putting in place safer assets that they could draw upon while they let their equity portfolio recover and repair itself. So Zach and Abby, I would say, are a great example of high risk tolerance, they think, and low risk capacity. Now we'll take a look at Jack and Ellen, who are already retired. This couple is, Jack was a retired college professor, and he has a good pension, as college professors often do, that they're in the luxurious position of having everything that they need coming from the combination of Jack's pension and Ellen's social security. So they're not really needing to touch their portfolio on an ongoing basis except maybe they want to do so for special trips or sort of extras. So this portfolio is not getting touched on a regular basis. It's not getting subtracted from on a regular basis. So their risk tolerance, their risk capacity, despite their ages, is actually kind of on the high side, right? They can afford to build and hold a fairly aggressively positioned portfolio with lots of stocks because there's not an imminent need of them turning around tomorrow and saying, I need $100,000 for this thing because our other income sources aren't doing the job. So this is a good example of high risk capacity, high ability to absorb portfolio withdrawals or absorb spending shocks, I should say, and also fairly high risk tolerance because this couple has invested through a lot of market cycles and they know that they're not going to upend their plan at the worst possible time. So it's important to kind of customize this. I do think that off-the-shelf sources of asset allocation guidance can be a help in terms of getting yourself in the right ballpark. So you can look at, say, a target date fund or even use a target date fund if you're someone who's in your 20s and 30s or even your 40s to kind of guide your portfolio's asset allocation. But if you have shorter-term goals or intermediate-term goals or as you're getting close to retirement, I think it's terribly helpful to customize your portfolio's asset allocation based on these two inputs, risk capacity and risk tolerance. So I am going to leave it at that. We have time for a five-minute break and then we'll be right back here at 3 o'clock. Thank you.


Arzan of the eight brought to you from out the pages of Edgar Rice follows wonderful book I I'm sure miss you're the blacks must have come here for the night Well that signs of a fire and they are a broken goon Then if it was one of this party who shot the arrow he probably left the camp and indulged in a little archery practice Lady, that's a good a reason for landers any I'm sure you must not seek for a reason in what these blacks do They have a mentality far below that of a six-year-old child and they're reasoning Tone there it is nothing then let me sit down. Oh you infer that if one of them decided to shoot an arrow into the hut He would do it. We sure that is precisely by meaning and I believe there are from 40 to 50 of them in the party In which case we should be able to handle them nicely man. No, miss. You even if we outnumbered them 10 to 1 Here in the jungle they are at home Very much at home, but surely our rifles against their bows and arrows even if the arrows are for you I'm a shirt late on of what uses a rifle it one cannot see that which one wishes to shoot These blacks move as silently as the night It's self they will hide in the trees and pick us off one by one if we permit them to do so They need to seem that the most sensible thing for us is not to get separated It is our only chance Except that I am using a clearer what you call scouts who will warn us of approach and now miss here and request No matter what the circumstance no matter what you believe to be the provocation as long as I am with you Do not shoot without my order It's a great cut man. We can't stand idly by and watch if we're attacked We shall not stand idly by mononies, but I am the only member of the party who speaks the dialect I would much prefer to pop my way out of any situation But if that should fail I love we fight you have my word you can and mind on oh a boom mr. I suppose so don't know although I feel that I can use this question you should put a mercy I knew I could depend upon with your plate on then it is agreed We will be as quiet as possible, but there are places. We will be forced to cut our way through Jungle so dense that it seems like an impossible barrier right the way down. No in case of a poison arrow Uh What is the poison and pop the antidote if any a very wise question, mr. The professor the poison I do not know it is made from herbs It is a fluid which if it comes in contact with one oh so little a wound is Regular which is blue. I do not know what that is our which is blue But to save oneself a tight bandage above and below the wound and a sharp Knife to cut away the poison and if it becomes necessary to suck the poison from the wound then wash out the mouth with this Solution which I always carry in my medical kit or some of this very strong French brandy as a mouthwash We shall remember I wouldn't mind a little of that French brandy I have always told you is highly Injurious for myself. I'll read to Jane Porter carried along at unbelievable speed in Tarzan's arms The distant blast of the steamer siren brings conflicting emotions. It signalizes the rescue of her father Philander Clayton and herself What does she wish to be rescued? She looks up into the eight man space the fine features unmarred by dissipation were her guarantee that he would never harm her and She's strangely content on and on they speed through what appears to be a solid mouth Of Virgil yet scarcely a leaf touches her as it's by magic the way seems to open before this forest guard We must be close white skin without flakking his speed Tarzan looks down into Jane's face close Close yes, I can come on sunlight suddenly pours through the breaks in the trees They're at the clearing Tarzan holds Jane with one strong bronze arm as he drops quickly from limb to limb to the ground Jane opens her eyes to find herself on the most carpeted jungle floor. She points through the more openly space trees What Jane go hot Go hot Tarzan slowly shakes his head an indescribable longing overcomes the eight man This she Jane wishes to leave him to return to her own kind come with him quick Again Tarzan shakes his head the law of the jungle is that he should hold her by force But had he Tarzan not killed her cause the bull ate because he had taken this white she Jane by force Tarzan himself does not know that it is the centuries of breeding Warring against a lifetime spent in the wild and winning that compels him to act as he does Jane goes toward the hut She looks back over her shoulder to Tarzan Come Tarzan stands still watching Jane looks out to see the steamer is fast disappearing into the blue of the horizon Quickly she runs across the clearing to the hut Daddy daddy daddy Empty everything gone This break took diary gone to And all the papers oh That means that means the tether must have taken him with him It means that I am all alone Could just wait it Left and no I suppose it's natural They thought I was dead and the teamer came Daddy always said teamers won't wait so they went and now Jane back to the jungle and White skin as Jane for her drops the locking bar into place She turns to a teardium dyes toward the departing steamer to her not knowing that her father Philander Clayton and Arnaud are in the jungle the disappearing steamer means the cutting of the last pie between herself and civilization She glances behind her at the hut She would much rather live there than in the treetops, but her whole safety her very life now depends on white skin. Oh You have to look after me you're all I've got Jane runs across the clearing and throws herself into the eight man's arms Tarzan holds the weeping girl to him gently. He smooths the tumbled curls Tarzan cannot talk cannot say what is in his heart, but he understands Jane has been hurt Not a hurt that can be bathed in cooling water But a hurt that only words can help and Tarzan does not have the words Jane Go quick White skin go quick Tarzan sweeps his hand toward the treetops Jane looks up at him and tries to smile through the tears the events of the past week stumbled to her mind surely Not events to cry about she thinks If white skin had not saved her father from the lion if he'd not saved her from her cause Or surely she can depend upon white skin to be her protector Jane Go quick white skin go quick. Yes white skin Jane white skin go quick And with the unruppled mean that characterizes this lost heir to the house of gray soap Tarzan lifts Jane from her feet Grasps the trailing vine and easily gracefully swings Jane with him into the trees Meanwhile far off in the ever-increasing denseness of the jungle. Donald Safari cut and hacked their way Utterly impossible to find one's way without a compass you're right Clayton almost unbelievable the thickness of this tall grass and calendar equally unbelievably It will soon be done and to move in the dark is to invite disaster and so miss you It is the here that for tonight. We shall cut Later that really I hadn't thought to miss your plate on his labored valiantly that is why the time is passed so quickly Come is up on only what it is here that we will spend the night I Hate to admit it, but I am tired take a good night's rest please and some found coffee clickie will work wonders I'm not so sure about a fire here. Oh Donald. What about a fire safe? I think now I have not heard anything of the black Monsoon the black I just said that we have not heard them and then this but what can we do do?


Strong relationships build strong partnerships that can endure and respond to any crisis. Our relationship began as part of the United States Army's program to connect the National Guard from U.S. states with militaries from other countries across the globe. This was done with the purpose of senior leader engagements, subject matter expert exchanges, familiarization visits, cooperative training and exercises like Agile Spirit, and co-deployments in response to crisis. In our military our National Guard handles deployments but we're also some of the first to respond in cases of natural disaster. Normally we assist with responding to weather events like hurricanes and floods but over the past year and a half we've been heavily involved in the state and the nation's COVID response. Serving in the military, serving my community and serving my nation has been one of the best decisions I've made. I initially did it to honor my grandfather who served. I encourage my children to serve their community and nation as I encourage you to serve your community and nation.


To invite Peter Stjansson, who is the chair of the Nord Work Group for Global Time Negotiations, to give your reflection on the report that you have hopefully just received. Thank you, and thank you for inviting me. I'm pleased to be here and power with the right fruits of my predecessors. I've been chair of the Nord for two months, and this is one of the most interesting things that we're doing. I'm also a strong interest in coincidences. And I went back to my archives when I was preparing for this speech because there was something there. I mean, I don't know whether you are aware, but this month is the 20th anniversary of the assessment or the in-depth review process of the Secretary of the UNFCC process. And I found the first report, which is actually this one, which is a report from an in-depth review visit that took place, can you guess where? Here, between 20 years ago in March. And that was actually the very first. It was a model, it was a few months ahead of everybody else, because the Secretary wanted to do a test case and the Swedes volunteered, and they went through it, and then they learned from it, and they built the whole exercise based on this particular thing. I'll come back to that later on. But first, a few more words about NORC. I mean, this is, as Harro said, I mean, this is linked to ambition. And NORC has a quite wide range of work under it. I mean, you mentioned that you have been involved in at least one other project, which is more understanding a group of negotiating countries, basic. That's one sort of outreach that we do. I mean, we're trying to understand, for example, in Africa, we have a project now where others are involved, we have others being involved in this room, in projects on equity, in the upcoming, or in a whole regime. And we're trying to highlight issues and study issues where the Nordic countries have a specific competence or a specific interest. Ambition is one of them, that's probably not unique to the Nordic countries, but it's one of them. Equity is another. We have a parallel project coming out these days on the county, quite important. We have a lot of resources on the land use sector and of course, because we have most of us, not the Danes, but most of us have many trees, at least per capita. I think we have a few thousand each in Norway, when you define it in a specific way. And this is an area of competence where we think the Nordics have something to contribute. Where we have studies, seminars, workshops, etc., to feed into the broader process. We also have taken quite a strong interest in flexible mechanisms, which are widely used by some countries under the Kyoto Protocol, and where many of the Nordic countries have been quite active over some time and also pursued that in the Kyoto regime. And we're also quite strong on financial issues under this cooperation in the Nordic situation. So we are among the bigger donors in the world, and we take an interest in how that money is brought up and how it should be spent and better ways of spending it. We are, in addition to this, I mean, as a group, we are actively working, well, our heads of delegations are working towards other groups to try to understand them during negotiations. We discuss specific issues with those who want to discuss with us, and we've been quite active over the last specifically two, three years. The Nordic cooperation sometimes goes like this, but now we're quite active, I would say, and that has to do with other types of developments like the EU and other things. Now the Nordics have really found each other again, and it's quite some enthusiasm in the negotiations to work as a group and work towards the other groups to try to find solutions. Yeah. So this work fits well within our work program, and I'm happy that we now have landed that report. As I said, I've taken interest in coincidences, so I was asked to come here. I wondered, well, okay, it's because I'm Nordic. Well, if you look at this Swedish report, it has five names on the prompt page, including my own. Because I worked for the Climate Change Secretary 20 years ago, and what I did work on is exactly setting up the review process under recognition. And I was coordinating this particular review of Swedens, which was the model for the whole thing. So I'm very thankful that you pay so much attention to what is done under that process in your report, and that you recognize that it will have a role, or should have a role in the future. One of two words on how we thought around that process at the time, because I think that's quite valid still. I mean, we decided that we would go out and we would visit because we thought that understanding the different situations in the different countries is quite important. And in the negotiations all countries are claiming that we are so special that we have to be especially treated. And that's probably very much true, because there are no other Swedens in the world, or Norway, or Iceland, or Zimbabwe, for that matter. And I think it's quite important that there is better understanding of what sort of differences would have to be accommodated in a common framework, like an agreement is. I mean, what is the difference on energy structure? What is the difference in economic development on agriculture, in forestry, all of these issues? And in fact, many of these came through in this first report. Even if, as you said, we are aware to discuss more procedural issues, we were able to dive into some of the substantive discussions that Sweden had at the time. And I think that is still something which is possible. I mean, I participated in the review of the United States last year, and it was still true there that we could discuss with them and understand what sort of development parts they were seeing and what were the assumptions behind it. And we were also allowed to write a report, of course, and draw out the substance of that, even though we had to concentrate and all our recommendations would have to be around, whether in time, yes, the U.S. where, the Swedes where, Norway was not, but my own country. Did we follow all the guidelines fully or just partly? I mean, these types of things, they are easy to address and they don't cost much for a team to say, well, this is factual and you either delivered on before 1st January or you didn't, but you can also write the story again in Sweden, 20 years ago, nuclear was an issue. It may still be an issue. Face out was a big issue at the time.  It was fully possible to discuss that and reflect it in this report. At that time, forestry was an issue. Forestry is still an issue. It was possible to discuss these things in the report, among these experts and put it here. So it is possible to convey messages of substance even if you have a procedural impact to what you're doing. Also, when we composed the teams for this process, we were quite conscious that this is more of a fact-finding trust-building, confidence-building exercise than anything else. So we needed a balance. We started off with choosing someone from the US, Bill Hohenstein, who is a forestry expert and is still active in the field doing forestry. We chose a Brazilian because they have always been very active in these processes and taking a strong interest. So we chose someone I just shared an office with. Some of you may know him. Medias is still very active. He may be the real father of the CDM. He's still in the CDM Executive Board. He's been chaired. He designed with some others the second period of the Kyoto Protocol. He was also quite instrumental in setting up or in the negotiations on the first Kyoto Protocol and up to Marrakesh.  The third expert we had was Katya Simeoneva, in fact in charge of the whole assessment and the review process in the Secretary. She came in completely by coincidence for this team because somebody else fell out and they just had to find someone in Eastern Europe and they found her and it was paying off somehow. The last one on the team, she will write the notes for the President in Paris. So Katya Simeoneva, as she always did in the last 15 years. So what he writes, he will have written. So what he reads in the end, she might have written. There are some coincidences. There are some lines here that are surprising sometimes. Okay, on the review process and on the INDCs themselves. It's quite serious stuff to produce an INDC and even more serious to transform it into an NDC, the final result which will be in an instrument under the new agreement. And we went through probably the second to last step of that in Norway at three o'clock this morning. I wasn't there, I was here, fortunately. Before that we had a one year process of preparation. In the EU I think it's been more. In the EU we succeeded in sending it a few weeks ago now. Switzerland even before. But these are tough processes. It involves all ministries. It often involves consultation with stakeholders, industry, NGOs, others. It often, not always, involves parliaments. Our hurdle last night was in parliament. It needs to be signed off by the government. That's the last thing that will probably happen tomorrow if it didn't happen today. I had contact with them. And this is not something that you easily change through a review process and assessment process like what we've seen Harald describing. It takes time and it takes understanding and it is the change. You mentioned fairness. All of us are challenged to describe how this is fair. And those who have been working on it, we are trying our best. And I think we will have to see what all the other countries are coming up with and try to understand what they're coming up with before we see any sort of adjustments. But there are possibilities for adjustment. There's at least 40%. And in the communication from the commission at least, there is indication that maybe the 40 is not carved in stone forever. And anyway, we're working towards an agreement which will have a revision process. You mentioned cycles of maybe five years or so. So these things will move, but they will move on the basis of knowledge. Yeah. When it comes to how much better can this be, I mean, I recognize a number of the issues that you've talked about. Pay attention to the reporting and resource intensiveness. We are spending a lot of resources on reporting or communicating. Actually, we're not calling it reporting or the convention because that was too hard to work in the early 90s, so we're calling it national communications. That says something about the importance of this and the sensitivities around it. We are, I mean, we finished our national communication early last year. We had a review last year, took a lot of resources. We had our sixth in-depth review report of Norway, which also, I mean, pulled up from our side, takes resources, writing it from the team takes much more resources. This is just one part of the review process. I mean, you have inventories every year, and the inventories are submitted with some extra information too, so that's already there. They're all scrutinized by technical review teams, experts every year. There are compilation and synthesis information of these reports. Those are reports, not communications. So that the parties get figures on how it is developing. We have the in-depth reviews. You focused on mitigation. Actually, the in-depth reviews always address all the issues of the communications and even research and development and observation of meteorological data and things like that. But also, all means implementation, like money. So when I was in the U.S. last year and doing the review, one of my colleagues on the team, she's called, her name is Emma Cruz. She used to be state secretary in Brazil, but she was back as bureaucrat. And back on the team, and she scrutinized the U.S. figures on means of implementation, on ODA and on climate related finance. Not only the figures, but the way they did things and had meetings with all the relevant authorities. So these things are already going on, and they can be built upon. And I can assure you that there are many people who really take a strong interest in reviewing also those figures and not only mitigation actions and the mission's failures. Let's see how much... Yeah, just one word or few words on the actual indices that we've seen so far. I think, I mean, when we went to Lima, we had a naive hope that there would be an exact review. We were working on it even in Lima, but it came clear that it wasn't possible. And for some practical and some reasons of principle, some countries went too keen on it. But a practical issue is that the submission time will be all the way up to Paris. I mean, like you illustrated, so there won't be much time to have scrutiny and certainly not equal scrutiny to each of the countries.  Those who are late, there will not be enough time. So fairness of this process will be an issue. So maybe we were a little bit too naive, but still, I mean, the challenge is there and it's quite important to understand what countries bring in to Paris to get a good balance of the agreement and also get a good understanding of how the INDCs turn into NDCs and whether they change or not during that period. And there are limits to what the UN process will do to this. I mean, the Secretary, it has been asked to come up with a synthesis report. They have done this for 20 years, so they know how to do this, but it will have limited analysis on substantive items. So I think efforts by analytical organizations to address these things will be quite welcome. And I'm pretty sure that there are many quite eager institutions out there that want to do things with finance, maybe sometimes even without finance, and also you'll see the NGOs will do this and this will feed into our process and enhance the understanding. So on the actual INDCs submitted, only the first two or three raise quite important issues like, for example, Switzerland says we can do this much without using international flexible mechanisms, 30 or 35% cut, but we can do 50 if we are allowed to use international mechanisms. So that's one issue. EU says no net use of international mechanisms. I can't recall the phrasing correctly, but it's about that. We have signal that we want to have joint fulfillment from the Norway side, so that's the same type of statement as the EU will have. So that's one issue. I mean, what do people assume on mechanisms on a net basis? Will anyone be seeing themselves as sellers, for example? Another issue is the UCF, and we have in the two submissions so far two different approaches. EU saying, well, we'll think about this. We don't really know yet. Maybe I'm not a fan of... But they need more time to think through the UCF and agree on how to put it into their contribution. Switzerland says, give the rules. US, we know that... We think we know that they will be quite close to what they announced when they announced they bring with China. And that's the third approach. That's the so-called net approach. So they subtract the figure from the UCF sector in their base year, which is probably because that's an entire... It's a third issue. Base year's both different. And they subtract in the target year. So that would have changed our figures, for example, dramatically, because we have so many trees per capita, and the dynamics of the trees are such that half of our emissions could be seen as absorbed by the forest. So there are many issues coming up only from these, and then we will probably have other agencies specifying more. Like you mentioned, China may be coming out with a percentage of renewables as part of this. What does it mean? What does peaking mean? I mean, there is a lot of need for assessments on this and trying to spread the understanding what does it actually mean and how is it fair and how should it be perceived. Okay, I think I spoke long enough. So thank you very much.