Hi Sean. I think everyone saw it was a really good performance against Fallen without the results So what's the message been to the players this week? Yeah, a lot of good aspects to the performance Just reaffirming that side of the game We know we created a lot we know we created good quality chances, which is always key for me I'm a lot of the performance was right So it's more about the building blocks from that performance going into the next game I know you get asked about Dominic Calderloo in every single week First off, I'm sure we all want to send our congratulations to him having his baby. How's he? He didn't but How's he adapting to being a father and where's his rehab? I don't know how he's adapting to being a father. I don't live with him But I'm sure he's enjoying the process like I certainly did Yeah, on there on his side of things is in good shape managed to get a sort of End part of his rehab done This week with a 90 minutes and then so he's in good shape and certainly comes straight back into the thinking Subjective strikers Che Adams believe the bids There's lots of conversations ongoing with a number of different areas that we hope to affect No news at this stage about any of them And Neil Mopay, I think it's something like 39 shots in 36 games He's had he certainly trying what more do you think he needs to do to kind of break that He's worked very hard. He got into the right areas, which I always Make clear to the players. You're in there to miss Hopefully to score, but you understand the reason it's like being in the right place going going into the the right places Score goals because eventually you will score And he's worked very hard last week at his performance and you know, you keep You just keep going you've got to keep going. That's what strikers do You keep getting into the right areas the key areas not just him Other players where you've got to keep getting into the key areas to score goals So we want to encourage all players to get into the right areas, which we have been doing We're trying to make it about the team scoring goals as well. They're not just to focus on one player We did some of that from since we came in last season Want to continue on that and building on top of that. So it's not just about one player But he's worked very hard last week So I'm good to see you. Has it been a frustrating week given the result or is it being one of hope and Excitement given the domination that you saw from your side And Yeah, I think a little bit of both in a way You know, you want the form the team to perform well and you want the consistency I spoke endlessly about last season because it's an important factor And it in inside the game the consistently throughout a game And we were I mean one mistake for the goal and that sometimes cost you which you did But there was a lot of consistent players a lot of consistent performances throughout the 90 odd minutes And then yeah, the the good side of that so that's the frustrating side We didn't win the game the good side of it was a very very good performance I thought generally speaking there was other things as always details you look at and the fitness look good the shape of the Side was good. We're productive broke the play up the stats are very good afterwards because obviously you your eyes don't always lie They're normally pretty reliable But sometimes you see a game differently than when you see the stats stats are very strong and only really supported a good performance So yeah a lot to build on and a lot of positives at the back end of a preseason Other than the biggest one that you're looking for the biggest positive So how do you ensure that you use that as motivation for tomorrow and we're not having a similar conversation like this next week Well, there's no guarantees. You just have to work out. You know keep working out which the players are doing Keep working at the details of performance because they're they're absolutely Paramolating performance. You know both boxes aware games I want to lost a little bit the pitch is important too But both boxes where it's really out and we've got to continue to find the By the right way of operating in both boxes a lot of good signs of it again last weekend a lot of good signs last season Not so much in the gold scoring department But we're creating a lot last week So we have to find find that again you come up against a well-fancy team in Aston Villa Of course who they themselves lost in some style on opening day. What kind of reaction do you expect to see from them tomorrow? Yes, it didn't dress away. They lost in some style Strange way of putting it but uh, no, they're a good outfit. We know that from what they did last season They'll be looking I'm sure to to bounce out of that situation that result rather With a home game. It's it's important for us to remind ourselves of the good work We did and take them into the Villa game with with a very positive attitude, which we'll be doing Thank you. Hi Sean. What are you expecting from Villa and what have you thought the job that all nine minutes You'd certainly imagine there's a reaction because no one wants to get beat Anyway, but certainly not the first game in the season I mean, we know Newcastle have shown themselves to be a very very strong side from last season invested heavily in the right areas and made a very good side That being said Villa showed that they were very good side last season. So I think you'd expect a reaction We have to safeguard against that I think it was Joe Royal you should say to it always says to me get your retaliation in first You know don't wait for them to step forward first. So we've got to play on the front foot We've got to take the game on both home underway I think that's our mentality this season is to take every challenge as it comes but take every game on With a real positive attitude and that's what we're looking to do. How has Neil Mopé been this week? Have you spoken to him? Yeah, I speak to him every day As he mentioned anything about the online abuse that he suffered after the game No, that's been my clear our thoughts on that as a club and I think everyone's thoughts on it to be honest It's not often that players do Bring it up and speak about the online abuse that they suffer to the authorities to the clubs Social media companies That's that's for them to govern all that sort of stuff, you know, I can't do anything about that I only ever remark about social media for the players to be careful with it against popular belief I've said it a million times. It never seems to find the power, but I'm not against social media at all I just always said to plays be wise with it There's a number of people out there want to attack people about different things in their life Football is a bound to be open to that if they open their accounts up to the to everyone So I just say always be careful of it and be respectful of it Can you say anything about any outgoings? No, no news at the moment Thanks The show just a bit more Well Dom's in the thinking as I suggested yeah Mico's still got a bit to do Arnie's still got a bit to do With a with it coming out of not really injury, but just that real fitness But there were a lot of them got 90 minutes in the week, which was pleasing Yeah, and I think the only one I think Andre's got a tightness in his cast We just got be careful with that because he's getting back to sort of full fitness And so yeah, just just trying to get there the base fitness right really for a few of them But they're getting closer to what you'd call true fitness With regards to the New York Games, he just need one goal to kickstart and get him going on the run? You never know, I mean look, you know the world of strikers is it can be like that Sometimes it's not the main thing is he's come back very very fit He's working very hard for the the group and I think that's an important factor Keep getting the right errors and goals do come your way Well, yes, I mean there's a lot, you know, we've seen it down the years You know, sometimes you do need a break one that just hits you and goes in that sometimes a way again The start again ideally you want to I'm sure all strokes want one by design, you know good run good finish But he gets into our areas and he continues to do that and that's what we want him to do Yeah, we were training unfortunately for the semi-final and we've got the game prep on Sunday But I'll try and catch as much as I can and obviously wish them well Thank you very much, we've got a Juliet ready almost Thank you, sure. Last season away wins were difficult to come by I think from February onwards, there was only one but it was the brighter one Which was the other end of the scale and one of the more impressive Performances of the season over the summer and now is there anything you're doing to look at away games differently in order to get more points? I think I think there was a number of Close occasions when we played very well I remember one that jumps off the page from last season. It was the forest game You know, I thought we dominated large parts of the game play very well You know as good a way performance other than the result So, you know the fine lines are there that was quite clear others. We didn't obviously we didn't perform well But that that one definitely was one Lester was another one Really big performance against a top side at the time in Brighton So, I mean, we're never a million miles away and I think I think the Adding the idea of the mental side of the game adding the approach away from my own adding the belief factor because we always travel Well, our fans travel well and support us and I think it's just layering up on top of that But I think the idea is I mean, it's not that never that easy. You want the idea the ideal Mentality going into games home and away is actually the same, you know, you want the same thinking the same thoughts the same belief in what you do We obviously know Statistically that that's never or very very rarely overseas and is that the case? So I think it's Building on last season adding in detail, but also adding in the mentality to go wherever we need to go and take on games to win and I think that's Physical thing, of course, but it's equal a mental thing You know going into whatever stadium with a total belief as a unit that you can win games And I think we're we're trying to edge that way and trying to build on that But you got to do the work you got a wing games to keep enhancing that thought There's been a lot of reports about Alex away his contract this week Is there anything you can tell us on that any further update? Just always open lines of communication I've made that clear many times I've spoken to Alex and the clever spoken to his Advisor just not going situation amongst a number or still We're talking to I know you don't want me drawn on Incomings or outgoings, but a transfer windows get even more difficult now Transfer windows tend to be difficult and anyway But if you if you've not got you know massive amounts of finance because we've seen the numbers this summer I mean, you know, it wasn't so long ago during the pandemic the back end of the pandemic We're all saying all the markets going to change. Well, it certainly has changed on that way a long way that way So, you know, it's become the reality of it. So it's always challenging always challenging money or no money But it's always challenging to get deals done and it's me too. We'd like you to see a debut any time soon And how does he get that sorry Jimmy? Oh, no, he's a He's coming a bit delayed from his games program We've got 45 minutes in the week. So he's still adjusting and still adapting very young But he's adapting to the train and adapting to that the plane So it'd be a slow burner. I think but he's he's going along nicely. I mean, it just settled in Thank you Hi Sean, just with your music coming in. What's the situation with Tom Cannon now? Is he someone who you may be looking to loan out? No, he's only just got fit He played 45 the other day So we'll keep an eye on him and make sure that he's well once you maybe do ball to the attack Is he someone who you may be locked to get back out in the championship again? Yeah, we're keeping our minds open really at this stage. We haven't got a big squad as everyone knows We've got massive numbers of strikers. That's quite obvious So no, he's in the building for now And then we'll view it accordingly as well as the window sort of comes to the end just to wait McNeil How's he getting on with his recovery? Yeah, he's going all right. Yeah, I spoke to him today Just on the light stuff now But getting back on the not quite on the grass but getting back in the running and and really bring it building a sort of True strength if you like to his ankle No, he looks well. He seems okay in himself. So just making sure he's on the right pathway back Can you just ask something about John Fuller-Kabaman? Obviously he's come back from Chaps on Sport last last season on loan His agent said earlier this summer that he doesn't think that he'll play for Devon again So is there any potential movement on? Yeah, there's no moves at the moment, but he's not back with us at the moment So we're monitoring his situation Someone who obviously with his agent saying that you'd potentially love to allow to leave if an offer comes in Well, we'll bite and say yeah, we need an offer to come in first. Thank you


I think we're going to start bang on time. I'm Stephanie Flanders, head of economics and government at Bloomberg, and this is the fiscal panel, fiscal expansion and welcome return or ticking bomb. I guess we've had a long time when governments could borrow a lot more but pay much less overall in debt servicing costs. We've had this extraordinary period after the global financial crisis where certainly across Europe debt ratios roughly doubled, but in every case their cost of debt servicing as a share of GDP had actually gone down over that time. I think we've also during that time not really faced any tension in responding to economic major economic crisis between fiscal and monetary policy. They were both pointing in the same direction and in the last 12 months both of those things have changed and we are back to what some would call a more normal time for fiscal policy. It's certainly a very different time and it's been a very challenging time as governments try and face a trade off between responding to cost of living crisis but also not making the central bank's job any harder. We're going to try and get straight into some of the implications of this particular period for fiscal policy, short and long term, but I'm going to try not to have too much time thinking about the immediate outlook since that's been the topic of so many other sessions in and around Davos. We have a superb panel if I just start from the far end of the stage, Raghuram Rajan, Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago, Booth School of Business. Next to him, the European Commissioner for the Economy, Barlogin Theloni, Gita Gopinath, First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund and the Ministry of Finance of Thailand, Aachom Tempeitayab Pesit. Gita Gopinath, can I start with you? Responding to what I just said, how do you see that trade off today between monetary and fiscal policy? I think we tend to always say there are no trade offs and how have countries responded? Which countries have done well in handling that difficult balance? So we are in a unique time because of inflation. I mean, this is the fact that we have the kind of inflation that we hadn't seen, and we saw that particularly in 2022 we see it coming down some now, but it is still high. And so that's what generates the tension between monetary policy and fiscal policy. And while we have inflation and we need to bring inflation down, we also have the issue that there is high prices, again last year particularly, but it continues into this year, high prices for energy, high prices for food, which then calls for fiscal policy to provide support to the most vulnerable in society. So you have an inflation problem you have to deal with, but you're still hit with shocks, like food shocks and energy shocks that require fiscal policies to step up, and that's what's making the current conjuncture particularly difficult. And what's important to keep in mind, though, is inflation has helped a little bit with on the debt story. So if you look at what happened to public sector debt globally in 2020, it went up to around 99% of GDP. And now it's come down to around 91% of GDP. And that's because of a combination of the recovery, but also because of the inflation inflating away some of that debt. Now, at 91%, it's still around 8 percentage points higher than what it was pre-pandemic. So there is still a debt problem that countries have to deal with, but inflation and the recovery has reduced the size of that increase in the debt. In terms of what countries need to do to manage this difficult trade-off right now, I would say fiscal policy has to accomplish three things, which is one, it should be consistent with bringing inflation down, which means at the minimum it should not be expansionary at the overall level. Again, because of the fact that we've had a lot of pandemic-specific measures being taken off countries, countries have been able to actually accomplish that. They've been able to accomplish that we can provide support to our population for energy reasons or food reasons because we've taken off some of the pandemic measures. So this is not the classic kinds of fiscal consolidation that we haven't seen yet. The second thing that fiscal policy should keep in mind is indeed to make sure that you are protecting the most vulnerable and they need to do that. Again, when it comes to food and energy, these are very important fundamental essentials for households. You need to provide support for that. And the last thing is it's absolutely essential at this time to have a sound and communicate a sound medium-term fiscal framework with clarity on bringing down debt at a time and building up buffers in the medium term. Minister, do you see a difference in the trade-off that you faced or that emerging market economies have faced? In many ways they've done better in the past year. Certainly most of the major emerging market economies have done better than we might have expected. I think it's quite different because we are more cautious about running the fiscal policy and the monetary policy as well. But actually for the past two years, three years actually, during the pandemic, the monetary policy and fiscal policy is working closely. We are working closely and we are thankful for the monetary policies to allow fiscal to do more work. In our case, for two years, we have borrowed 1.5 trillion taibagh, but actually it's not the biggest borrowing in the world. I think because we carefully look at how in the future we can pay this debt. At the same time, how we get this 1.5 trillion is that we expand our debt ceiling according to the... ...in order to give more fiscal space for the government from 60% to GDP to 70%. That's by our definition, but our debt performance is now... ...by our definition is 60%, which is still in line with the old ceiling. By the definition, our public debt is only 55%, I think, which is not high. But after two years, I think it's not only monetary policy has to do more work, but the fiscal policy has become normalized as well because we go back to work on how we pay back the debt. So there are two things. One is whether the government will still keep spending. I think this is important because in Thailand there's a backlog of capital investment, particularly for the infrastructure. So we set at least 20% of our national budget for capital expenditure. So the fiscal policy in terms of the budget policy is the expansion. But the thing is we have to minimize our deficit because we have been running deficit for almost 20 years. So it's time now that we should put our budget deficit down to below 3%. But how we do that is on the other side is the revenue collection. The revenue collection is important. We have to expand our tax base. Right now we should not be able to talk about the personal income tax because it has been very low already. The corporate income tax is low, but what we can do is the expansion to more digital tax. Electronic service, for example, and getting more people and more startups to be in the system. So that's what we are doing right now. So the fiscal policy, okay, we still spend, but with the less deficit by increasing our revenue up to... because in the past, our revenue collection to GDP is declining from almost 20% down to the 13%. So this is our job that we have to increase our capacity in terms of the revenue collection in order to finance all the project. But the other thing is, as I said, the backlog of the infrastructure, which now we are not focusing on the physical infrastructure, but more on the digital infrastructure as well as the innovation infrastructure. How we finance? So some of the project, which is a large-scale project, has been granted to the private sector in the form of their PPP. So more and more projects to the private sector in order to share the cost between the government and the private sector. Commissioner Gentiloni, is this year going to be... I've talked about how some of the measures we've been able to handle the trade-off in many ways by removing exceptional measures that were taken, the sort of one-off fiscal supports. And it's harder to do that this year. Is this going to be the toughest year for European governments? Well, we had a lot of tough, toughest years. It's always going to be tougher next year. I think we had a three or four-year stress test for our economists. On the COVID crisis, it was a love affair between monetary and fiscal policy, completely in line. I remember, in March, we decided to gather fiscal support and extraordinary purchase programme from the ECB in the very same days. Now, of course, the situation is completely different, inflation. I fully share that the target is to avoid that fiscal policy compete with monetary policy. We should complete it. Easy to say, not so easy to put in practice. Why? Because we already had the need to leave the universal support that we had during the COVID pandemic and go to a more targeted form of support. We had, for the first time in Europe, common programmes, the next generation EU that are financing investments. But then the war and the COVID and the energy crisis changed a little bit the picture. I think we should be aware of the fact that this crisis is affecting all the world in geopolitical terms. But on economic terms, Europe and the emerging economies, the global south, if you want, are more affected than other advanced economies from this crisis. So the challenge now, in my view, are mainly two, if we want to have this good coordination between monetary and fiscal policy. First, how we are able to avoid that the expenditure and the measures to address the energy crisis remain universal and time unlimited measures. This could be a danger just to make you an example we spent at the EU level in 2022, 1.3% of our budget on energy prices related measures. If you look to the draft budgetary plan for 2023, this 1.3 goes down to 1%. But this decrease is based on the assumption that is in the draft budgetary plans of member states that you will gradually phase out these measures, limit them, go to more targeted measures. If this doesn't happen, if we continue the measures that we have in place, the overall burden will be 2%. So we will go from 1.3% in 2022, not decreasing to 1%, but increasing to 2%, which means with the more moderate level of growth that we will have next year in the European Union, that the period that we had in 2021 and 2022 of reduction of deficit and debt after the skyrocketing increase of the COVID crisis could be under pressure. So this is our first issue and we discussed also yesterday with finance ministers. It is not easy to phase out these measures of course from a social point of view, but the longer you keep them and you keep them universal, the riskier their phasing out is. Because these measures were only also useful to curve inflation in some countries, but when you phase out them, if you make this too far in the coming months, if you keep them in place for a too long time, when you will phase out, you could have a spike again in inflation. So we have to phase out them, make them more targeted, as easy as the budget plans quite soon. And this is a political challenge. I know very well that it's easy to preach this from Brussels. It's a little bit more difficult to implement this from the different governments in different member states. Second challenge is that we need to keep a good level of public investments in strategic areas. And this is what for me is very encouraging, looking to the budget that we have for 2023, is that public investment is not decreasing. It is increasing. It is exactly the opposite of what happened after the financial crisis when we had five or six years of continuously decreasing public investments. Because we need the other component of this difficult situation is that, yes, we have inflation, yes, we have to support the vulnerable, but we have also to continue to support our transition investments. Otherwise, the disadvantage that we have in Europe in terms of energy prices will last for long. And to go further with this disadvantage, we have to increase our capacity on the green transition, etc. Here, I have an optimistic picture because I see that there is an awareness in the union to keep our, also thanks to the common programs, of course, to keep our investments for the strategic future goals strong. And this is good. I want to get into how fiscal policy can still be used for some of those long-term investment priorities. But, Raghuram Rajan, you no longer have the burden of being a central bank governor. Just at the most sort of basic level, Peter's mentions that actually inflation has made it a little bit easier to see debt stocks fall in nominal terms. Of course, again, completely basic. The cost of borrowing has gone up. How do you think fiscal policy makers should be thinking about fiscal policy as a tool given these two things? Absolutely. So let's start with why spending was so easy, the coordination you talked about. Part of it was that central banks had anesthesized bond markets with QE programs. Long-term rates didn't move much as borrowing picked up. The problem is some of it was hidden. What central banks are doing is buying long-term debt, financing it with overnight money. When you put the balance sheet of the central bank together with the government balance sheet, what that effectively means is over the period of QE, governments have actually reduced the maturity of their debt, made it much more interest sensitive. Perhaps the outlier here is Japan, where the Bank of Japan holds 50% of government debt, which means as interest rates pick up in Japan, you will see the consolidated balance sheet being hit significantly. Already the Fed is actually making negative income on its balance sheet, which means the dividends the Fed pays to the government, 83 billion I think was in good times, is going to come down to zero and actually look negative. That doesn't mean the government has to replenish the central bank, but it does mean that the consolidated balance sheet is much less long-term than we thought. So higher interest rates hit harder earlier in many of these countries. Of course the other problem is that the size of the debt has gone up tremendously over the last few years. That's actually an interesting issue, which is why has fiscal discipline broken down? One argument is we've had all these extraordinary crises and that is true, but we've had three once in a lifetime crises in the last 20 years. The global financial crisis, we've had the pandemic and now of course the consequences of the war. Part of the problem that's going on is clearly there is a fractured political consensus in many industrial countries. I mean that is part of the reason the US overspent. Every constituency got a share of the spending simply because they couldn't make choices. So forget targeted spending, it's universal plus in the sense that what you had was banks which should have suffered losses during the pandemic, did suffer any losses. Why? Because you had the paycheck protection program which went to the small and medium firms correctly, but then it went out to the back door directly to the banks to repay the loans. So in some sense we've bailed out everybody, right? And that is the problem. Spending today is highly untargeted including the energy spending that is the spending on power that is happening in Europe. How do we bring it back sort of under control? I think Mr Gentiloni expressed concern here. Now what does that mean for the longer term? It means that fiscal and monetary will remain more in conflict rather than coordination going forward. Central banks are clearly determined to bring inflation down but with spending still high plus the prospect of spending not becoming more targeted over time does imply that inflationary expectations, inflationary consequences will be higher for longer. So I mean I guess the bottom line is how does this impact government budget since we're talking fiscal? I think what matters is the level of real interest rates going forward. The slowing in growth because of de-globalisation, because of China slowing down, et cetera, because of aging populations will certainly dampen long-term core real interest rates, right? That's one reason. Aging mixed effects. I think Goodheart and Pradhan make a good case but there have been counter arguments. So we don't know how aging will impact long-term real interest rates. But what is clear is the inflation premium will add to long-term real interest rates if there's conflict between fiscal and monetary. So net effect is certainly if we can get inflation under control, nominal rates will come down, unclear what will happen to real rates if we don't get the consensus. Last point I will make, there's a lot of need for green investment. We heard again that countries need to do more of it. The real question is who's going to bear the burden of green investment? The more you focus on incentive structures given by the government, subsidies here, subsidies there, what that does is put the burden on the public sector balance sheet. The more you focus on regulation, carbon tax or emission controls and so on, the more it comes on the private sector. Right now it seems, certainly in the US, the consensus is it's too hard to put it on the private sector, it goes on the public sector balance sheet. We just saw the inflation reduction act full of incentives of one kind or the other. So I think this is yet another place where fiscal needs to think very hard. Given the breakdown in consensus, given the fracture, are we going to take the easy route and not impose some of the costs of the transition on the private sector? Take it all on the public sector balance sheet, which means the public sector balance sheet has yet more burdens going forward, which means yet more premium in unexpected places. Rugby's put a lot of things on the table. Can I just come back to you, Paolo Gentiloni, just because obviously in the first part of what he was saying, the fact that the tension is actually going to get worse between the fiscal and the monetary. I mean, obviously you feel that most intensely in the zone where fiscal and monetary are most segregated. Do you think, I mean, is Europe ready for the continued tension that comes from the ECB following its mandate but the build up that we've seen in borrowing over these years at much lower rates? Whether you, of course, is very flexible, so the capacity of adaptation is extraordinary. We have a difficult to put it diplomatically decision making process, but we have also a lot of capacity of adaptation. So, honestly, I'm not expecting big tensions provided that we are able to address the issues that I was mentioning so that we are able to move these measures in support to energy in a more targeted way. This is what all the European institutions are preaching for. It's not the ECB that is saying we need to have more targeted measures and the European Commission saying the opposite. We are working together in the same direction. Results are mixed because it is not easy at all. And then also, and I repeat this, because of the asymmetry of the impact of this crisis, because it is true, of course, that we have to move on energy measures leaving this universal plus approach that you are referring to. But it is also true that we have a competitive disadvantage on energy prices. We are talking a lot about the IRA. This is good. But the competitive challenge for our industry is coming, first of all, on the disadvantages on energy prices. IRA is coming a little bit on top of this. And it is a real challenge for Europe, for the EU, because being very strong and advanced on regulation, we were very demanding on regulation for the green transition, for the fit for 55, for the car industries and whatever. If you have this pressure on regulation, that is a pressure on the private sector, mostly. And at the same time this disadvantage, you could have a competitiveness concern, which is what we are discussing now in Europe. Just to get back to the fiscal, I mean you say it's hard to make decisions. The Commission has proposal, wants to have new proposals for the fiscal, for the stability and growth back, for the fiscal rules going forward, but there's no written proposal yet for governments to discuss, so why not? Well, the way in theory is clear. We are working to build a consensus on our proposal, and after reaching this consensus, which is in our plan, possible in March, this is what we are working for, then we will come with legislative proposal and concrete proposals, which will take time. You know, if you have a political consensus in the period between this consensus and the final approval of legislative changes, the Commission could exercise its power of interpretation, as always, of the rules. The point is that we are not yet having this consensus, so we are working. And you don't expect to have a written proposal before March, though? Well, we will make proposals when Member States will have reached a decent level of consensus. We don't need unanimity, but we need a large, large consensus. I wonder what your response was to some of what Rugbyl was saying, both on the long-term prospect for rates, but also this emphasis that perhaps we haven't heard so much from the IMF on the consolidated balance sheet and the sensitivity now of government borrowing to interest rate rises. So, you know, I do agree with Rugbyl that we have moved into a period where the expectation is from citizens is that fiscal policy will be used to address the problems that they are facing with. And so there's a more eager sense on deploying fiscal resources and to do that even through deficit spending, I think, has certainly become more popular. Debt levels are also high, so I think those two factors move in the direction of saying that real interest rates in the future could be higher than what we've had in the past. But there are the most standard forces that still weigh in the opposite direction. We have inequality, which keeps interest rates low. Demographics, yes, I think there could be a turning point when demographics actually works in the other direction and raises the rates, but I don't think we're there yet. It still moves in the direction of keeping interest rates low. And so it's hard at this point that when you do the analysis and look at the different factors that drive interest rates to say that while we have, you know, good reason to believe that interest rates, real interest rates will be significantly higher than what it was pre-pandemic. I think there's uncertainty there, but not a strong sign that it's going to move much higher. On the part that Raghu made, I think it made a very interesting point about whether we're going to remain in this conflict for a while and whether that's going to have implications for inflation expectations and so on. Well, I think we can take some comfort that as of now I don't see that dynamic playing out, which is, you know, we do see, we are seeing with monetary policy interest rates going up with the tightness that we've seen. We are seeing inflation expectations behaving in a very well-anchored fashion. Short-term inflation expectations are coming down. So yes, we haven't really tested the limits of that tension yet. I think it is still the case because a lot of the old measures were coming off that, you know, in Europe, for instance, that you can do the additional measures in terms of energy transfers and energy subsidies. Without having an actual overall increase in the fiscal deficit. So I think that that has helped so far, but that tension can come up. But again, right now it's not something that we see. And the last point I would make is I guess maybe compared to the past when, you know, the markets were relatively sanguine about additional debt being put on the markets. I think what we've seen is investor risk sentiment at this point is much more sensitive to fiscal packages that then seem inconsistent with bringing inflation down. We saw that most stockly for the UK, but we're seeing that for other countries in the world too. So there is a little more disciplining that's coming from markets too, which I think would help again maybe support the prevalent view, which is that, yes, we need to help. We need to help our vulnerable population. We need to help, you know, in some cases, a large swath of the population, but we really cannot be driving up deficits and doing a lot of deficit spending at this time. Just briefly, I mean, but on something like the fiscal monitor, which is incredibly useful document that the IMF produces with all of the yardsticks for looking at countries and particularly debt servicing costs. I just wonder, have you done enough to sort of draw attention to what Raghu was talking about, the sort of hidden gearing that's built up for government debt, for the consolidated debt, where you can look and it says, you know, average maturity of government debt is X and it looks quite reassuring. And in the footnotes perhaps it says there's now this interesting issue related to QE. Yes, no, that's right. If you look at the consolidated government's balance sheet, which combines the central bank and the Treasury, then yes, we've certainly moved towards the maturity has shortened because of all of the purchases that were made by the central bank on the market. But it remains the case that when we worry about sharp swings in interest rates, the component that's saying the behavior, the pieces of public debt, which are not the central, what are not being held by the central bank, are still important drivers of it. So, you know, we can have central banks have income losses and, you know, as long as there's confidence in the currency and as long as you're not to, you know, people are not going to show up and worry about the ability to convert $1 to $1 and inflation is not expected to explode. It's a different, the way that these two pieces of the balance sheet affect the economy are still different. I guess as long as investors don't decide to worry about it, but at the moment it seems to be different. Minister, we also mentioned the most fundamental thing for the long term calculation is what we think is going to happen to long term interest rates going forward. What are the assumptions that you're making? Have you reassessed the outlook for global interest rates? Well, actually the central bank and the Ministry of Finance are working together, as I said. So actually every year we have to agree upon, you know, the inflation target. For this year it's between the 1 to 3 percent, which I think is manageable. Some people say that why domestic interest rates in Thailand are so low and when they raise the interest rates are so minimal. But that's because of the one thing that we just recover, beginning to recover and will be faster and faster because of the tourism industry that making our growth. So there we also worry about, you know, how business will get back to work. So on the other hand it's becoming the cost of the business as well. So I think our inflation is not coming from the overall consumption or overall demand, but basically from the cost side. And our policy is how to get the energy efficiency in using the energy and the fertilizer that we use more organic fertilizer. That's part of the thing that we have to agree that what is our target, okay? Looking for the long term, I think of course that we assess the central bank have been closely monitoring the outlook and the expectation of the interest rate or inflation in the long term. But as I said, we are looking more on the long term growth. We need growth and not only for income of the people but our competitiveness as well. So I think the fiscal policy, as I said, we are still on the expansionary path and some of the public investment, as I said, we need to accelerate at this time. But how this project, this investment will not be affecting the fiscal burden. The other thing is there, you know, by the fiscal discipline law that the government has been limited how to spend, you know, not over spending in the case of the unnecessary spending. What we spent during the past two years, basically on the cash-hand-out program and the sum of stimulus package, giving daily allowance for the people to spend. That's sort of the very popular for the people but right now it has been face out. All of the unnecessary, all kind of the populist policy has been face out. The other thing is also, you know, our discipline is there. You cannot use the advance, the expenditure. For example, you spending now and pay back by the government budget in the next fiscal year. That will limit to 30% or 32%. Because otherwise that, you know, any government like to spend more on the populist policy that prohibited in the law. Thank you. Again, we've got a few minutes for questions and I know there's people in the audience who will have good questions. Yes, if you just wait for the microphone. Thank you very much. My name is Hatib Basri. I'm the former Minister of Finance of Indonesia. I think the scaring effect of the pandemic will require the design of the fiscal policy more into this inclusive growth. This is inevitable. But we do understand that the rising costs of fund will also prevent the emerging economies. So in this case I think it is important to look at about the quality of spending rather than talking about increasing the budget. That's exactly what Indonesia did. We maintained the budget deficit. It's stipulated in our law should be less than 3%. And then we could reduce the debt to GDP but at the same time we could protect the vulnerable groups. I think we might take a couple more on that. Yes. Thank you very much. My name is Aya Khrfan. I'm a global shaper from Jordan. I'm Manhub. And I have a question because you know Jordan has been facing a lot of economical challenges surrounding the refugee crisis. Now with the Ukrainian-Russian conflict also which has basically caused an increase in the price of imports. So causing disruptions in the supply chain. When looking at fiscal policies I would really like to know more about how can we improve the quality of public spending. You said something really important about having sometimes public spending that is a bit not well targeted. So how can we improve the quality of public spending especially in things related to climate adaptation. And in other words how can we make public spending more performance oriented. Thank you. Okay. Take this one and then we'll come back. I'm a journalist from Italy. It's a question for Professor Rajan. The theme that you've been talking about the fractured society has been present since fault lines. But then now we see the U.S. government spending lots of money including Inflation Redaction Act etc. What's your assessment of the impact of this big spending on reducing the fractures in U.S. society? I don't know whether Geetha did you want to respond on the or anybody else want to respond on the quality of public spending. Yes. This is a clearly very important issue and for several countries in the world and particularly so for emerging developing economies that there is a lot that they can gain in terms of fiscal space if they are able to do more in terms of the quality of the spending that they have. But also in terms of raising sufficient tax revenue. I think on both counts there is a lot that can be done. What we have seen is the use of digital public infrastructure has actually been very helpful in this matter when we look at countries who have actually been able to target their spending much better. Being able to having digital identity having using digital infrastructures to be able to make cash transfers is has been is one way in which they've raised the effectiveness of the welfare schemes that they have. It's also been very helpful to ensure you have more tax collection. So on both those counts that's one particular area in which that pays off. But more generally I think countries need to pay closer attention to where they spend and also like I said in terms of increasing the tax base for a lot of these countries the tax basis is too narrow. And they would have to increase that too. So these are the measures that would be needed. Do you want to respond on that. Sure. By the way just on the issue of refugees I certainly think one of the things we need to do far better is how to assimilate refugees into the labor force while they're in a particular country that would reduce the fiscal burden a lot. But how to do it in an effective way without creating more social conflict domestically is a really important question. I mean many countries just put them on a on a camp and prevent them from doing anything and then they become a burden and then they become a public policy concern. But is there a way that you could use their talents in effective ways on the issue of has a spending sort of ameliorated fractures. I mean certainly growth lifts a lot of boats and the spend the growth from the spending has been been positive. You know the U.S. unemployment rate is really low. So a lot of people who are on the margins have have come back in. But I think there is really a question of capabilities of the labor force and it's not so much jobs but good jobs which they're looking for and are they capable of the good jobs that are being being created. And this is where I think there's a much bigger question. I think there are lots of initiatives certainly in the United States on upskilling on making you know communities disadvantaged communities capable of of you know they're their students sort of reaching higher level jobs. There's a lot of computer training going on a lot of automation lots of experiments. But is spending making a difference there. I'm not so sure where I do worry is the tendency towards saying the spending has to be on our people. So there's a protectionist element certainly in the inflation reduction act which is very very concerning. And what is the particularly problem today is protectionism is is sort of disguised by security concerns. So yes we need to bring chips home but we also need to bring clean production home. I mean the two don't don't necessarily have the same impact on security chips. Yes. Clean clean energy probably not. And that is where global cooperation would be much more needed in centers for domestic production. Probably you know you don't want to reduce that. That kind of distinction I see less often that to my mind does more global damage in the guise of helping local jobs. We've basically run out of time. I just wanted to ask briefly maybe the commissioner but also others. You're thinking about the long term investment challenges and all the challenges that we have the tensions and the difficulties of fiscal policy we've talked about. The one thing that people tend to say can be put into a separate category as a long term investment need is the funding of the green transition. Raghu said a little bit about it. Who should who should bear the burden. Do you think there is a case for treating that differently and having separate borrowing instruments. If you're the European Union or a separate way of thinking about those long that long term investment challenge. Yes there is a case and will you persuade Germany. I think there is a case and for the first time we have also we are also experiencing in Europe a way because back to the quality of public expenditure. Of course we have been proposing this the European institution have been proposing this for years and years and years. But now since a couple of years this request is recommendation from the European institution have money attached to this which is the money of a common funding. And I think that we never had such a big level of expenditure on future oriented investment with different level of quality. Of course but I think extremely important. And also in the discussion you were referring to our fiscal our fiscal rules. We are addressing the necessity to incentivize future oriented investments. Well I don't want to enter in the in the ways it's not a classical golden rule which is very controversial in Europe. But it is a way so to say you are gaining time if you change the quality of your public expenditure in favor of future oriented investment. So the issue I think for the first time since many many years in Europe is connected to real incentives and real advantages for countries that are moving properly. We had plenty more to discuss but we have no more time so thank you very much. I will only record that we won't get complaints for talking about national stereotypes. But it was the Italian European Commissioner who talked about a love affair between fiscal and monetary policy on this panel. Thank you very much everybody.


Hey, what's going on everyone behavior here again for another trailer reaction for Marvel's the inhumans I reacted to the announcement trailer for this a number weeks ago, and it was literally nothing but just voice over You know with the title reveal so I was kind of disappointed there But we actually seem like we have a full-length trailer. This says official trailer one coming in at one minute and 56 seconds and now I do know a little bit about the inhumans I am a fan they are even more freakier than the X-Men or whatever They just look real, you know obscure and just not you know really abnormal. I was about to say not normal abnormal They have powers there secluded somewhere on the earth In some type of invisible force field kind of how like in this DC comics how Then mascara or the place where Wonder Woman in the Amazons are You know how they are kind of ducked off to the side somewhere You really can't get in unless you have some special access. That's the same thing here with the inhumans They were normal human beings, but thousands of years ago or maybe millions of years ago the the Kree army or civilization came to earth and they You know did some scientific experiments on some humans They gave them abilities or whatever and you know just I guess for the fun of it Which is kind of messed up and just kind of left them here So the inhumans, you know kind of just they succluded to themselves Once upon a time, this was going to be a real live-action movie a feature film not a TV show That's going to be released on ABC, but for unknown reasons. They decided to put it over in the TV realm I believe that's being You know held by our Ike pearl matter Ike pearl mutter because Kevin Feige is in charge of the movies Ike pearl mutters in charge of the TV I'm not a fan of him or his business Worker ethics. I really wish this was a movie Oh, you know when I saw the posters for this I was a kind of like yeah It just kind of seems cheap and you know these these these are a true Hollywood budget not just you know You know a cheap looking TV show, but I'm about to look at the show So it may look good, but you know, I'm not necessarily excited about it Was I about to say I was about to say something else besides me not really being excited about it You know we'll just have to see This guy right here black boat. He's the leader of the inhumans He can't open his mouth. Even if he were to go like this like Everything and that vicinity will be destroyed like he can destroy city blocks. So this imagine if he screams So he can't really talk unless he just wants to kill somebody His wife Medusa has hair strong and still but you guys are probably tired of me talking and just like do press play So let me go ahead and do that. I'm gonna put on these headphones and you can stop listening me talk But you still watch me watch the trailer. Here we go Sooner or later the humans are going to find us up here I don't know. You should have known this day was coming Medusa Are we supposed to follow our king and remain as silent as he is I think that's car neck talking we need to go to earth now. We've been hiding here too long Let's go to our rightful home If we were on earth, we would have a glorious planet to live on I think that's to do from game of thrones You're talking about treason You're blind to his intentions right or wrong.  That lock job the teleporting dog. Yeah, well, well, let's see what we got here so I'm pretty sure I'm gonna be entertained by this but at the same time I mean given the source material this needs to be a huge movie I mean this it looked like a TV show it looked cheap, you know agents That's what I was trying to say earlier when I said I forgot. I don't want this to be another agents of shield Yeah, I watched that show and I'm slightly entertained by but if they were to come out tomorrow like all agents of shield cancelled I would not care at all. I'm like, okay fine. Let's put that money and production, you know towards something else I guess they decided to put it here But just given their powers and stuff man, I just this just needs to be a full feature film It does not need to be no TV show, you know, but you know, I guess it's too late for that now I do like it to break me in what they hit him and he just kind of breathed a little bit He was just whatever you see how that destroyed the car or whatever the black boat that I know Even if he would have did that that still would have destroyed some blocks But you know, I mean I haven't seen it This was just a little snippet and I believe that gentleman's name is car neck And I may be there is an inhuman name car neck that dog that teleported his name is lot and jaw or whatever Let me see this real quick But car neck if that is his name because I feel because I feel like there's a somebody named car neck It's either his brother his jealous brother or that's a character that what his inhuman power is is that he can sense the Weakness and anything I don't care who you are what you are where you come from He has the power to sense your weakness and he can exploit that, you know, if he chooses to why he's engaging with you in battle but Yeah, I think Okay, you know who is car neck car neck I was saying car neck car neck Yeah, I was wrong. There is a character named car neck, but that's not the guy the guy I was talking about Triton Is that as an?  He's like worse than Loki or whatever He's like Loki times three or whatever. So he's not good. I think he betrays them You know a number of times car neck is a character. I didn't he wasn't in the trailer I don't think but he's like kind of the martial artist or whatever that would just break you down and So, you know, I kind of forgot my character's names there, but that's okay I'm not an inhumans professional because what did you think about this trailer? Are you excited about it? You know, do you not care about it? Do you just accept everything Marvel? You know, let me know do you agree with me or do you disagree with me? Let me know in the comment section below Let's get this conversation going and keep it flowing if you like this video Go ahead and give me that thumbs up and if you don't like the video, that's perfectly fine Just leave me a comment below why and still give me the thumbs up since you're watching this video on YouTube Go ahead and subscribe to my channel so you can get all the content that I have to provide Whether it's in the past present or future. I got a lot of stuff coming So you just go ahead and subscribe and click that little bill for the notifications You can also go to my website book market check me out there and also look me up on social media But guys don't forget, you know Black Panther comes out next year February 16th of 2018 And I'm trying to be there in full effect whether our quest I would rather be on the rear carpet, but even if I'm on the side with the fans Hey, that's cool because this movie is history and I can't freaking wait. I love Black Panther. I love coming books I love Marvel. I'm a black guy and this movie comes out in Black History Month. What are you serious? Biggest epic dream come true for me if I were to get there. Is it a long shot? Yeah, you know, well, I'm making who knows but I'm going for it So you can help me out by getting there by sharing this video 1000 times But anyway, I would really appreciate the guys if you would help me out and I just want to thank you again For tuning in for my trailer reaction slash Opinion slash review for the marvels in humans official trailer number one and before you go Don't forget that my name is brandy Keith Avery. And that's just my opinion peace


Hello, shipmates.  We need to refocus our attention on this very, very serious challenge that we have. Sexual assault is a serious offense. It's a crime. The fact of the matter is we still have shipmates assaulting other shipmates. Now think about it. These are people who go to sea together who say they will give up their life for each other and who fight casualties together assaulting one another. We need to refocus. We need to take the time and remember what we're about. I need you to listen and I need you to learn during this stand down. I'll see you out there in the fleet.


Welcome to Unit 1 of Introduction to American Politics. The first part of this unit focuses on government and democracy, specifically looking at the foundations of American government. The second part of this unit will examine how the U.S. Constitution, the supreme law of the land, came into being. During the writing of the Constitution, there was a lot of concern about what type of government the United States wanted. The Constitution is a great example of how Americans were able to use, debate, and compromise to create a workable solution to a complex problem. One of the chief causes of controversy over the Constitution was balancing the sovereignty of individual states against the power of a strong central government. What resulted was the idea of federalism, and that will be the focus of the final part of this unit.  First, this unit should take approximately 22 hours to complete. And second, there is an end of unit assessment. It's not graded, but it will help a lot towards passing your final exam. Good luck.


We demystify what goes on behind the therapy room door. Join us on this voyage of discovery and co-creative conversations. This is The Therapy Show, behind closed doors podcast with Bob Cook and Jackie Jones. Welcome back to episode 39 of The Therapy Show behind closed doors with myself Jackie Jones and the wonderful Bob Cook. I'm looking forward to this episode but I'm not quite sure what to expect Bob. So this episode what we're going to be talking about is erotic transference within the therapy process. Another one of your wonderful titles Bob tell me more. Yeah so what isn't spoken about that much in podcast or seminars or videos is sex in the therapy room or the expression of sexual feelings either by the therapist or the client or the absence of the expression of sexual feelings from either the therapist or the client. So you've been working quite a while as a therapist.  Now you may of course decide clinically not to or you may have never had any sexual feelings towards any of the clients you've ever worked with. I don't know but those are my questions to you. One I don't know whether I would and two I never have. Gosh that's extraordinary. What about the other way around then if clients have sent you they've got you know feelings at a romantic level towards you? I haven't experienced that but I have experienced a highly sexualized male client in the therapy room that was openly talking about lots of sexual things but he didn't direct it at me if that makes sense. So there was generalized sexualized talk but he didn't say that anything about me in particular. Okay so that's what I'm surprised at the first particularly. I think majority of therapists have had or do have sexual feelings towards their clients. Unfortunately what they do most of them particularly is shut down part of themselves because they either feel ashamed or they feel the ramifications of what will happen if they mention that they feel attracted to their clients and in this day and age of litigation and ethical processes they I think shut down part of themselves which is a great shame as far as I'm concerned. What I think should happen is is to take it to steeper vision. Yeah I think I probably would if ever I had I'm thinking while you're talking I'm questioning myself have I ever had and the only explanation I could potentially have is that all my long term clients are female and I'm not attracted to females so any male clients that I have they tend to come for short periods of time. So whether that's because I haven't built up a relationship with them over a long period of time that could have had an impact on it I don't know but no I haven't but then I don't think I'm a very sexualized person generally. Let's move away from that to talk about this theoretically and practically really because as a supervisor I have had quite a few times when people have come to me with this dilemma and of course there's been a therapist for a very long time I have had this more talk about here myself quite a lot so I think if this ever happens I think the first question that a therapist needs to ask themselves is who you know where did the sexual feelings originate from them in other words are they projected onto me from the clients or are they actual feelings that I have for myself physically yeah if he answers if we answer the first one the sub projection in terms of projective identification you know projection onto the onto the therapist then the important question is what does the therapist do with that then if they come to that conclusion I think they do need to take the supervision if they come to conclusion that they actually feel attracted to the the client then they need to think about what they do about that yeah first step I think is to take a decision vision and explore both those options I'll just talk about whether it comes from a transferential place where the client for many different reasons could be projecting into the therapist sexual feelings and also to inquire themselves and talk about their sections towards the client and if they can work through that with the client and if they can't and they can't see beyond that they need to refer the client on yes so quite often I do think I do think the therapist and I don't particularly place this onto you jacket because I heard what you said but I think quite a lot of therapists often shut down part of themselves maybe maybe that's what I've done yeah or the because they're afraid of A the consequences of that B they might feel ashamed for some reasons and and C they may not want that clinically make different reasons however you know in the world of relational psychotherapy and intersubjectivity it's I think a dimension missing if you cut down part of yourself you see I think that's actually you should be bringing the whole of yourself to a relational process and not shut down a compartmentalised part of yourself that is a very good point Bob but maybe that part of some of us is already shut down whether we're in the therapy room or out of the therapy room yeah well yeah maybe you're right maybe the therapist or the client has shut down that part of themselves whatever reasons so it's not a conscious thing inside or outside the therapy room it's just shut down yeah I'm talking about I hope I'm talking about really people clients or therapists that actually have to have accesses to all parts of themselves yeah yeah because in there there's lots of reasons why I think it's really important because if we unconsciously or consciously shut down parts of ourselves because we think you know it's bad or we're ashamed of it or that part of ourselves or we think as therapists we shouldn't be having sexual feelings or whatever unconscious or conscious choices we make the problem is the more you compartmentalise those feelings they then could come out with great force and you could end up actioning them and you're heading towards then much more difficult situations yeah so I see I think repression can often lead to an externalisation yeah a bit like a pressure cooker where you keep things underneath and then suddenly it comes out in a much more intensive way than it would have done yes yeah I totally agree with that yeah and the times that people have come to me when they've talked about the expression of sexual feelings and we've worked through it or talked about it and I'll say the first step is to think about who sexual feelings they are and another good question to ask a therapist is who is the client for them in other words to look at their developmental history yes yeah and to spend some time inquiring down that line now of course I don't want to take away the the really nice head earlier on which is it could to be two human people who are just physically attracted to each other or it could be two human people where one person is attracted to the other one and the other one it may or may not be I don't take away that sort of human encounter but what I do want to say is for the therapist to inquire in supervision about who might the client be in the transplants process developmentally for them is a good inquiring road to go down and a good start I think yes yeah yeah and I can see why that is looking at it from more you know a logical level as opposed to a feeling level looking at it that way you're kind of taking it away from the feelings and looking at it in a more logical way well more clinically I have yeah yeah that's what I mean I think the the only thing really that I can relate it to is I've really really really strongly felt somebody else's anxiety when I've been in the room with them so I can kind of equate that with what you're saying about who's you know who does this belong to because you know and it was in group therapy while I was doing my training I was sat next to somebody and I don't class myself as an anxious person but suddenly I felt so anxious it was ridiculous so and it was the person sat next to me you suddenly broke down crying having a panic attack and I kind of thought well it wasn't me after all and I've never experienced anything like it before well that's called projection projective identification in the trade they're projecting feelings into you which if if the sexualization within the therapy room was anything like that I can understand why that would be difficult it was really intense feelings that I felt of anxiety yeah yeah so if we're moving over to that's the client side projecting sexual feelings into you which I think would be good to discuss in a minute because you know we have bilateral transfers here and we stay with the therapist at the moment that if we start off talking number one with the supervisor number one you know it's whose feelings is it yeah right didn't require that number two developmentally within the transference who is the client for me we've got a good template for starting to inquire yes now once we've acquired that and maybe we we find out in the transference there's a lot more to it than we thought and it is next to our feelings there's more projective identification or maybe they remind you of xxx as we call that maybe we've come to a place it's two human people where one therapist is attracted to the where the therapist is attracted to the client which is another story because then we need to talk about whether the therapist can talk about that clinically with these particular clients and be able to work through that in a useful way within the uh intersubjective relationship or if they can't see themselves through that or clinically it would be uh in terms of timing or or have we looked this and not row good row clinically they would need to refer on so these are the discussions the supervisor needs to have it's really important though that the therapist talks about these things because otherwise as i said repression or even unconscious denial will lead i think or could lead down a road which is more difficult yeah and i think it's a really valuable topic to be discussing like you said at the beginning of this in you know the day and age that we are around litigation and complaints and all those sort of things within the therapy room i i can imagine that there are therapists thinking well how would i approach this absolutely protecting myself you know as a clinician yeah how do we go about doing all of this so this is what we do this is the time the first step is we take the supervision yeah in the road i talked about we can take it to our own therapy as well yeah and then we can look at well you know if it is me just on a human level it's not being projected into me and it's not transferential and it's part of a human encounter that i find this person physically attractive and i'm not able to talk to the client for whatever reasons and take ownership about and say well there's you know i'm a therapist professional therapist there's no ways i'm going to act out on this and got boundaries here and ensure the person at all different levels ethically and if the therapist for whatever reasons isn't able to move through that and they need to refer on and i think these discussions are really important because i believe that it would be very odd for me anyway thinking about over many years if i wasn't at some level sexually attracted to some of the clients i mostly work with women or did and you know i've got i have got sexually attracted to women i've taken to supervisors i've talked about the way i'm talking about it here and with some people i've been able to move on and talk about to do with the client and then of course you know it's really important that the client doesn't see it as their fault or yeah they care of the therapist there's many ways where clinically it may be too difficult so the problem of just referring on is if the client then doesn't understand it and doesn't and sees it as their fault or whatever it is so i would really encourage the therapist to bring it out and own it and set the boundaries yeah i'm not saying if both partners can't get through that you wouldn't refer on but i think these avenues and supervision need to be explored first yeah totally there's something going on for me i don't know why it's coming over me that if if this did happen in the the therapy situation and i brought it into the session and the session became about that there's something at the back of my head that's thinking that's how would i charge the client for something where i'm talking about my feelings well let's put it in the way session i don't know put it in that way you're not a robot so you're gonna have lots of feelings anger feelings fright and sketch and you're gonna have lots of feelings now in most situations of course and hopefully all of them you'll stay in your adult but you know we have feelings on our adults so that if we're in a relational psychotherapy world then to the press half yourself court of self a third of yourself you aren't really helping i don't think you're helping the process altogether so it would be very abnormal for therapists not to have feelings in the therapeutic process yes that's not that's not the issue as far as i'm concerned the issue is a who's feelings it is yeah and b um how do you you know talk about these in a way which is which is useful to the therapeutic direction so for example if you feel i don't know angry with the client and after you've worked out well does she remind me off or whatever it is in supervision or you know it's been projected into me i think you could say quite easily to the client you know i've been thinking about this during the week i felt quite frustrated or a sense of rotation with you um last session we were here and i wondered if you were about or how that might be fitting into our relationship and how does that then you know what does that say about the past and have you had you know to have the type of discussion which i think will be really helpful yeah oh i've had discussions like that about yeah so you're talking about yourself aren't you yes yeah i suppose yes yes but mainly it's not it's kind of what's happening in front of me you know if i feel a sudden sadness i will say to the client wow that made me feel really sad what you were saying so i'll i'll bring that into the therapy room that is me talking about you just the same yeah so if you have sexual feelings they're on the same level aren't they they might be more intense less intense or more by me but they are still feelings yes yeah yeah so it's how you use those clinically and especially if they've been projected into you by the client so that on the client side for example they may have been sexualized as children but it might have been a way that the child attempts to have a bonding and dialogue with their father and the only way they know the only way they know how to do that is through seductiveness which might be their real attempt to have close contact with their dad so there's many reasons why clients might project sexual feelings into the therapist what needs to be really iterated and work through is firstly that it's not bad secondly nothing to be ashamed of and thirdly is there any sense that you may do this with other people and not realise you're doing it or it doesn't help you or you end up in situations which are dangerous for you or effective for you so you work through the transfers and talk about the erotic transfers in a way which is clinically positive yeah in fact more than that transformational yes yeah yeah i can see from what you're saying that that would be the case it's a because i think intimacy in in the therapeutic relationship is quite important and you know i might be fantasizing here but for some people intimacy is you know sexualization and it's not about the connection of two human beings on a certain level without it involving sex or sexualized behavior whereas to me i can be intimate and connect with a other other human being without that side of stuff so you know i think part of a therapeutic post process often is a educative therapy where you will teach them the difference between intimacy and sex or whether they might have clients which have you know confusion about sex and love yes yeah and all these things we're talking about so not only can do educative therapy but also you can take you can look back this in ta would be deconfusion or decontamination when i talk about where you know there could have been sexual abuse there could have been sex and appropriateness where the person is it going to be logically confused there could have been a hurt a lot of hurt a lot of healing needed and and that's why i said transformational really yeah and again you know i'm thinking about certain you know personality disorders sexualized behavior and risk taking and things like that is part of the diagnosis that i'm presuming would come up in the therapy room as well well people have been sexually abused sexually traumatized sexually used inappropriately of course let's not forget the trauma of that and the trauma of that leads often to confusion and disorder so it's from that early abuse and trauma that we need to move to healing yeah rather than see this is a pathological disturbance necessarily so what you're alluding to of course is that we'll say multiple personality disorder which is now dissociative identity disorder one of those would be that there's been a lot of trauma a lot of promiscuousness a lot of sexualizations and in the latest dsm5 or diagnostic manual they often talk about that in a quite a pathological way well i see from extreme trauma like that leads often to confusion fragmentation and disorder so by looking back at our or using what might be presented in the third room to go backwards often leads to healing and transformation yeah but none of this will happen unless there's a discussion no no unless there's a conversation i agree yeah yeah now it's very very hard i think for lots of clients to say and talk about feeling them here romantic feelings with a therapist you know i think it's hard enough for therapists who often i said shut themselves down i think their own parts of themselves and then don't take it to supervision and in every case discuss and intellectualize things instead it's often doubly hard for the client because they often feel more vulnerable and more hurt and there's a lot of healing to be on they think it's their fault and all those sorts of things so i think the therapist is the person often needs to initiate conversations if they feel it clinically appropriate yes yeah so i know many clients so i was just going to say i think that's more likely to happen in the therapy room rather than the client actually saying something to the therapist i would imagine there's a lot of fear and shame that you'll stop the sessions that you will end the therapy if they say yeah and about it they'd be abandoned i see most of the what people might call stuffed a nurse or sexualized behavior is often a you know a real desire to be able to talk to their therapist but they just actually don't know how to do it rather than speaking in this sexualized way because that's the way they were programmed to it yes yeah yeah and wouldn't the world be a better place if we just found it easy to talk about every subject then have taboos and limits and on what we can and can't say yeah and i think you know it's interesting there aren't many video seminars discussions about this subject we're talking about here and i think because as i said before i think for the therapist particularly they they cut down part of themselves they're often afraid of any sexual expression they they comes up which leads then to what i call defensive psychotherapy where they shut down and pass themselves and don't even mention the supervisor because they're afraid of ethics and litigation yeah we end we end up in a defensive psychotherapy situation yeah so my biggest plea for people listening to this podcast would be therapists particularly to take all these issues to their supervisor or therapist supervisor i think first step and i think to to be very mindful about you know how a client is dialoguing and talking to them to the therapist because i do really believe that a lot of the traumas that happen mean that clients may talk and or want an attempt to get a relationship with their client but they don't know how to do it so they often unconsciously fall into the process we're talking about here and especially people who have been sexually abused yeah so supervision is the way to go with it yeah and just to pick up on something you said which i just want to say and i hear you you you sort of pups you know it's not in your field of vision but of course you know a lot of female therapists get attracted to their female clients yeah doesn't be because you know in this you know in you know so that's that's what i wanted to say there many many clients you know same sex they're attracted to the same sex in our profession so you can have you know i worked with 90% women but doesn't mean i'm not couldn't be attracted to a man and vice versa so there's this is cross gender it isn't simply you know stereotypically gender orientated orientation here yeah 100% i can only talk from my own experience and he's very very quite clear at the beginning but yeah i think i think that it's an area which i would encourage derp is to talk about more perhaps even think about more and i see it is not something bad or to be ashamed about but actually to learn from and actually may if they could bring it up be transformational for the client in front of them yeah especially if they think about it transparently and developmentally and clinically yeah yeah i agree with what you're saying but because it's never actually presented itself in the therapy room for me would you recommend bringing it up as a topic well you're as the just the general course of therapy that it could be a possibility at some point in the line this happens before it actually happens yes especially well in a podcast i'll probably talk to you about your first sentence about it but if a person if a therapist chooses to cut down part of themselves consciously or unconsciously then that's their choice but i would find it very odd for a therapist not have or a human one human being not to have or at least the expression of sexual feelings if they're working intermittently and closely with other people over many years i am very odd bob but i didn't want to make it personal to you because i'm sure many therapists do cut off part of themselves consciously or unconsciously because they feel it's bad or they feel there's somehow there'll be some catastrophic consequences to having feelings for clients or somehow they feel ashamed about or they feel of litigation et cetera and that is a great shame i think because you're only bringing or the person might only bring the course of themselves to the therapeutic dialogue yeah i mean a total agreement with you bob yeah you know it's an important subject i i'll answer yes i do think it's important for therapists to take it to their supervisors before uh as a general topic of discussion yes yeah yeah i don't think that the the topic is discussed enough 100 yeah but again we've all got our own baggage do you know it's it's one of those things if you know our own life script it comes with us in the therapy room you know my family is is very closed about affection in any form whatsoever whether that's yeah well perhaps this is another podcast you see i which is should be titled some something like our our therapist scripted and programmed to uh we could talk on about of course all therapists have their own scripts and yes yeah their own scripts and that's why that's why of course therapists have their own therapy and that's why therapists especially in i think um competence psychotherapy training programs especially the uk cp ones demand therapist to have therapy and at least i think it's 160 hours in a four year program so i'm very much a believer in people reflecting on how their own script can actually hinder the therapeutic process or not yes yeah totally so we're on the same four part there yeah yeah definitely and maybe there's work to be done for me um the most therapist i don't think it's i just think this particular area is not reflected and talked about no no it's not and i think you you have touched on it about litigation and fear of you know repercussions of the conversation and things and i think that's a really valid thing in this day and age you know because so many therapists are scrutinized yeah there's a good book by david man that came out about 2011 and i think the title is erotic transplants might be a longer type of that but if you put david man into the for the therapist this this thing i'm talking about here um you will come up with that i think it's really important and i think to bear in mind it's also very difficult for clients and also i said this three times i'm aware but i think i'm very passionate about it is for many therapists sorry many clients would be traumatized especially at a sexual level um you know but it's often that they are confused about level sex and it's often a language they the only language they know and it's a way to get talk to the therapist to have some connection yes yeah yeah and i think we need to be mindful of that in the therapy room that you know the the connection can be sought through lots of different means yeah it's at another level of relational need yeah we need to look at and intimacy is one of the needs however we yeah sexual expression yeah that's it yeah yeah so it's a big subject but i i'm glad we're doing a done a podcast on it or doing a podcast on it because it's a subject area which i think that was and i don't point it send to service to people listening perhaps don't reflect on it enough and the clinical implications and the the path the pathways to clinical transformation for the client yeah through these these types of and maybe is one of those situations as well were until it happens in the therapy room or until we're kind of made aware of it we wouldn't do anything with it whereas if people are listening to this podcast and maybe it will open up areas for discussion for them whether that's in supervision or in the therapy room yeah and these are the things that happen behind closed doors and unless it's actually tackled can lead unfortunately to things being acted out which are harmful for the clients and need never have gone down that direction could have been talked about and dealt with in different ways before um harmful yes and and 100% like you've said is you know it's a human feeling we are all human whether we're therapist clients supervisors or whatever yeah i think that's the bit really all humans clients and therapists and therapists we usually always clients as well so in in the world of humanity it's an important area to talk about and not to feel bad about yeah yeah and and you've kind of given permission for that to be discussed which i think is brilliant on a taboo subject or possibly seen as a taboo subject just not talked enough about yeah yeah so what we're going to be discussing in the next one bob is different approaches to therapy and how that guides our work well that'll be really interesting because um it clients who of course who come for assessments and then go into work often don't even know about different approaches yes there's so many that i don't even know about so we're discussing that one in the next podcast bob so i'll see you soon yes see you soon bye bye you've been listening to the therapy show behind closed doors podcast we hope you enjoyed the show don't forget to subscribe and leave us a review we'll be back next week with another episode


Deciding what to be taught is arguably the toughest challenge all schools face. Here are my eight ideas to help with curriculum thinking. Tip number one, deciding what to be taught is structure the curriculum will drive assessment, not the other way round. This must be the foundations of a good school curriculum. Tip number two is the relevance. Good school curriculum meets the needs of its pupils. Of course, there's statutory obligations, but you'd be surprised how few schools consider what can they do that's unique to their own individual setting. Make your school a line to your pupil community. Tip number three, the why question. Knowledge, skills, lifelong contributors to society. Here's a big challenge for us all. What do we want out of our curriculum, but why? Tip number four is the impact. So know who is going to teach the content, when and how. In a primary context, your teachers are going to deliver all the subjects. In a secondary setting, teachers become more specialized, content becomes richer and deeper, and they start to specialize in their own subject domain. Who are those teachers? Where are your gaps and how will you fill them? And more importantly, how will you disseminate best practice? Tip number five is the development. So we can go into our beginning developing embedding phase in terms of quality assurance. This will be applicable at the whole school level as well as middle leadership. Who are the people that are going to drive this? When does it thread into the calendar? How does the quality assurance process lead to school improvement? And how can all teachers be involved? Pupils and parents. Tip number six. Now we know sequence in lots of research and retrieval and space practice emerging across the profession right now. How does the sequence of your curriculum align with national guidance? Or what research recommends on developing schema, long-term retention, etc. So thinking about those knowledge-rich approaches, how do we plan in at a curriculum level to medium-term planning to individual lesson routines? Now tip number seven. I've always said you can have the best curriculum plans on paper, but can your teachers bring it to life? It's alright evaluating all the paperwork, but how do you evaluate quality in the classroom through pupil conversations, through observations, work emerging through books or physical activities in the classroom such as your peas and dramas. The whole range of things to consider here. How do you bring your curriculum plans to life? And then tip number eight. Rethinking the kind of development and then embedded phase. How do you use this process as a loop to know what's being taught well and how, but what areas of this need refinement? Let's face it, curriculum evolves, new ideas emerge, new practice in the teaching profession gets better. So we should equally look to readjust our curriculum content to meet the needs of our students. There's my eight ideas. Let me know what you think. Hope the resource is useful.


When you have a token economy, you can often start off with something with a bonus. Why would you start off with a bonus? Let me explain this in a minute here that just bear with me, right? So the word here, the term here is bonus response cost. So imagine if you're trying to engage in response cost as part of a token economy. Remember response cost is the response is going to cost you something negative punishment. So if you're in a token economy and you engage in a response, give me your little tokens Billy because he was a little Billy was out of line. Well, guess what? If little Billy hadn't earned any tokens, he's got nothing to give you. Therefore it's not going to have any effect on the behavior. So you start off with a bonus, right? So little Billy, here are 25 tokens. This is how you start the program, right? So now a little Billy starting his token economy and if he engages in inappropriate behavior, you got something to take away. So you start off with a bonus. My teachers used to do this with me with little tick marks on the board. They would put five tick marks on the board. And if the class, it was a group contingency. So if the class, we were getting out of line, somebody in class did something inappropriate. They'd erase one of those tick marks. Somebody else did something. They'd erase them again. If all of those ended up gone, y'all was in trouble. And I mean big trouble. You lost something like recess or it should just beat you with a stick. Not really. But anyway, you might have, I can't really tell you that's why I sit here like this all the time. I'm afraid of sticks. Anyway, so bonus response costs. You give the people a bonus just so you can take it away if need be. Because if you take away something they don't have, it doesn't make any sense. You can't do it. You lose the power, right? Of the response cost. So we want to make sure response cost is effective. Make sure they have reinforcers or tokens that you can take away from it.