Hello and welcome to the learning analytics tools course in NPTEL. This will be a two weeks course. I am Longmore Rajendra and as professor at education technology department of IIT Bombay. I offered the previous course called integration to learning analytics, four week course prior to this course. If you have done this course, you can see the same content or similar content for first two weeks. However, this course does not require any prerequest. So, even if you are not done the integration to learning analytics course, this course you can start. Due to web 2.0, the users can generate lot of data. For example, in social media networks like a Facebook, there are 1.56 billion users, monthly act users. And Instagram, QH, it is the lot of data has been generated. But what can we do with this data? So, how to use this data? For example, lot of organizations are trying to extract values or patterns from this data and using a lot of cloud computing, a lot of servers to try to understand what is a user behavior. For example, in Netflix, the video streaming websites like Netflix, the data for users viewing behavior, which movies they watch, the ratings, the likes and dislikes are used to recommend a next video for them. Similarly, in e-commerce websites like Amazon, the users based on users purchases, the system can recommend what will be the next product to purchase. In future, we can use this big data of DNA and the systems can come up with the cure for diseases like cancers or malaria, it is possible because the lot of data available, lot of DNA data of the humans and lot of medical data is available, we can use those data, we might cope with the cure for these diseases. Like in other domains, in education domain also, we have lot of data has been generated now. It is because of use of digital tools like learning management systems like a blackboard, Moodle or there is a lot of educational apps coming in, Google classrooms, massive online open courses like MOOCs and Coursera NPTEL or MIT Coursera, lot of these data has been generated. The users interaction with these interfaces has been collected and stored. What can we do with this data? Let us start with the first activity. Assume that you are a teacher, you may not be a teacher, but please assume that you are a teacher and teaching the same course for the same class or for last five years to the third year students. So, you are teaching say third year electronic devices course for last five years. So, you have data of the students for last five years, with their background, their profile, their performance in the exams, midterms, if you have done assignments, assignments course, you might have some feedback in the classroom, all this data you might have it. If you are to use this data to improve your teaching strategy or to improve the learners performance, what step will you take? Please pause this video and think about your answer, write down your answer, after writing down your answer and resume the video to continue. If your answers contain the words like, I will collect data, I will analyze data, I want to understand the learners learning or I want to improve my teaching performance, so that the learners can learn better. If you have these kind of words, then you are thinking in learning analytics. You already started thinking how to analyze the data to provide those analytics to your data and can improve the students learning performance. Let us see what is a formal definition of learning analytics. The learning analytics definition is still a debatable one, but from the existing resources, it can be the branch of analysis that makes use of students generated data for predicting educational outcome with the aim of tailoring education, with the aim of adapting the content so that students can learn better. Or from LAC, LAC is the organization which started organization called SOLAR, which starts a conference called LAC, the LAC 2011 conference and webpage they posted this as the learning analytics definition. Learning analytics is a measurement, collection, analysis and reporting of data about learners and their context for purpose of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs. What does it mean? It says learning analytics is measuring, collecting and analyzing the data, not just analyzing just for the analysis, also for reporting this data to a stakeholders of the LAC. Reporting about learners and their context, the sole purpose is to understand how learners learn in that environment and can we do something to improve the learning in that environment. In this definition, there are few terms. What is the purpose? The core purpose is to understand the learners learning process and help them so that they can learn better in the environment. Data collection, what data to collect, how to collect data, in which environment, what data to collect, how to use those data and analyze what to look for in that data and why we have to analyze. Also, if you want to report the data, to whom we have to report the data, so who are the stakeholders of LAC? For example, for the stakeholders can be educators that is the teacher or the instructor. The ability of a real-time insight into the performance of a learners, for example, if the teacher has a dashboard of the students working on a particular exam or particular learning environment, all the interaction is known given to the teachers by a dashboard. A teacher can have a real-time insight into the performance of learners, including students who are at risk and the teacher might know this particular students needs help, the teacher can go and help them or the teacher finds out old class having misconception a particular topic, the teacher can teach the topic in a better manner or give remedial content to that. So, it will be very useful for the educators like teachers or instructors. Similarly, for students, for example, if students receive information about their performance compared to the peers in the classroom or their progress compared to the peers in the classroom, that can help them to motivate and achieve their goal. For example, if a student answers a question wrongly, say the option be a student selected and he thinks the option might be correct, but if he showed to the student that in our class almost 40% of students selected this particular option and they are wrong, the student might feel I am not the only one who is given a wrong answer. So, everybody did not understand this concept. So, I can learn and the students get motivated to continue. If the student thinks I am the only one do not understand anything in the class, then they get demotivated, they might and they might not getting interested to continue further. Also, the student want to know how much progress in this particular course. If the student knows that I progress 40% of content in this course, I need to do another say 20-30%. The student can think of that saying that the student can think that okay, I need to put more effort to continue this course or the student can decide whether to continue the course or drop the course. So, the learning analytics can help the students motivate them and encourage them to complete the course and also help them to compare their performance with the peers. Finally, the learning analytics data can be helpful for the administrator to make decisions in the world today with a lot of competition and less number of budgets and the competition is coming in the administrator should take a decision that should provide optimal solution for them. Whether to run a course or not, if the administrator knows that particular course receives very less number of students and they know the why and if they can predict how many students will join the course in the next year, then they can make a decision whether to run a course or not they should convert the course into some other topic or something like that because it will save a lot of cost in the today's world because during the global competition in higher education, it is always useful to look at the data and make a wide stations. As you know that learning analytics is a relatively new field even compared to the other new fields like a machine learning or artificial intelligence. Since it is a very new field, there is no standard test book available for learning analytics. However, in this course, we will cover the basics of learning analytics in terms of analytics applied to education data. Then we will explain some tools useful for this course like tools to analyze the data. And we will also refer to some content from the test book. So, the test book for this course is and book of learning analytics from the solar community. The book is actually compilation of research articles explaining applications of LDA in a different fields. So, when you read this book, you can understand that every chapter introduces something about learning analytics and they will be applying LDA on some other topic. So, if you are interested in learning analytics, after this course, please take this book or read our papers in the recent conferences and you will understand the fields in learning analytics, then you can pick one field which you like to pursue your research interests in LDA. I will briefly describe the course outline in this video. In the week 1, we will be discussing what is learning analytics on academic analytics and what is the relation between this and with educational data mining. Very briefly, we will start over that. Then I will introduce what are the levels in learning analytics, the four levels in learning analytics with examples. In week 2, we will talk about the data collection, what data to collect in each environment. For data preprocessing, we might give you links to the external sources. So, we want you to go and study what is data preprocessing from the other resources and we might have a assimilation quiz based on that reading exercises. Also, in week 2, we will introduce a tool called WECA as a freely available open source tool everybody can use and will demonstrate the tool WECA which we will use in our course going further. Also, we will introduce ethics and data privacy when you collect data from the students, what are the ethics you should follow. In week 3, we will introduce a basics of machine learning. This course is not meant to teach machine learning. Also, the course may not involve mathematical details of each algorithm. So, this course is designed for anyone with a very little mathematics background to understand and how to collect data, how to start doing analysis. So, in week 3, we will introduce what is machine learning, what is supervised and unsupervised machine learning and very basics introduction to what are the metrics you should look for when you do the machine learning, apply the machine learning algorithms for your data. Also, in week 3, we will introduce a tool called Orange. That tool is for commercial purpose, it is not free. For academic users, if you have academic email ID, it is free to use. So, we will demonstrate that the tool called Orange. If you do not have access to that tool, you can continue using WECA in this course. In week 4, we will introduce descriptive analytics, how to describe the data and what is data visualization and how to look at the data, how the data is generated in a dashboard. And we can show using Excel or Google sheet, we can produce all these visualizations from the data we have. We do not need a sophisticated software for the research purpose. So, we can use Excel or Google sheet to visualize this data. And in a week 5, we will introduce another tool called ISAT. This tool is used for visualization also for the diagnosis purpose. This tool is developed by our department. So, we will demo the tool which will help you to visualize the data transfer from one stage to other stage in a different time periods. And we will talk about the diagnostic analytics and diagnostic analytics starts with correlation, regression, we will talk about correlations in week 5. In week 6, we will have a sequential pattern mining and the tool for sequential pattern mining will be described. The tool will be available free and we will upload the links to this tool and anyone can use this tool if the data is formatted in right format. We will show the demonstration of that. Also, we will introduce another tool called process mining, the tool called Pro-M. This is also freely available for educational purpose. So, anyone can use it if you have educational ID. Also, the Pro-M is available for everyone I think is open source. So, by week 6, we will be introducing several tools like a VECA, Orange, ISAT, SPM tool and Pro-M. So, five tools we plan to introduce in this course. So, after the mid semester break, in a week 7, we will talk about predictive analytics and we will talk very briefly about what are the features to select and doing a linear regression using the tool called VECA. So, VECA is again I mentioned it is open source, so anyone can use it. And in week 8, we will talk about decision tree and we will explain this with Orange. So, whenever we have a demonstration, when we are talking about explaining a particular algorithm with a tool, which means we will have a course assignments. So, you might be, you have to use the tool and we provide a data. Using that data, you have to predict something or you have to create something and report data's answers. So, yeah. So, when we are talking about this demonstration of tools, we will be having assignments in each week. And in week 8, we will have describe what is decision tree with Orange and we will talk about a naive base. As I mentioned this course, although it is not ML course, we will touch all these algorithms, which are very basics. We will explain the concepts, how it works, then we will also show how to use tools to execute these algorithms. In week 9, we will go for the unsupervised machine learning that is clustering and we will show what is clustering and with a demo. In week 10, we will jump to a different fields called test analytics or natural language processing applied for educational domain. So, we will show you how we can use test analytics to develop algorithm that can automatically grade students essays, a simple algorithm and also we will talk about the latest development in NLP that is called word embedding or word vectors. And in week 11, we will talk about multi-modal learning analytics that is how to collect data from multiple sensors like eye gaze data from eye trackers or facial expressions for using web cam, log data or some biosensor data like EEG or EMG or GSR data, how can you collect these data and how can you use these data, analyze these data to create a model. So, we will show a bit about what how to collect data, what is this data is used for and what is this model looks like. In the final week, we will teach about advanced topics in LA and what are the topics. It is basically topics covered in the handbook of LA also the latest topics published in LAC conference and EDM conferences. So, that is the course introduction. So, in this course, we briefly describe what is definition of LA or LA means you have to collect data, analyze data, then you have to report data to stakeholders to improve the performance of the students. Then we describe the course outline. The course outline involves five tools, a lot of assignments and a lot of data to collect and a lot of exercises in it. And that is all for the motivation video. This is the first video. Thank you for watching.


The proposed method uses improved local mean decomposition, LMD, multi-scale permutation entropy, MPE, and hidden Markov model, HMM, to diagnose the faults of rolling bearings. It first decomposes the vibration signal into multiple components, then calculates the phase-space reconstruction of one component and sets the delay time and embedding dimension to determine the scale. Next, it extracts the features of the multi-scale permutation entropy, MPE, and uses them as HMM training and diagnosis. Finally, the proposed method successfully identifies the different faults of the rolling bearing. This article was authored by Yang Degao, Francesco Vallejo, Mingli, and others.


Bitcoin has won over some of America's best known billionaires, and institutions worldwide are treating it as a serious financial asset. But price is only one part of the story. Whether they know it or not, people who buy Bitcoin are strengthening a tool for protecting human rights. This still relatively new form of electronic money is censorship-resistant, seizure-resistant, borderless, permissionless, pseudonymous, programmable, and peer-to-peer. In Bitcoin, transactions don't go through banks or financial intermediaries. They travel directly from one person to another. Payment processing is done not by a regulated company like Visa or MasterCard, but by a decentralized global software network. Storage is handled not by a bank, but by the users themselves. Bitcoin issuance isn't determined by central bankers. The currency's creator, Satoshi Nakamoto, said it to have an ultimate limit of 21 million. No one can ever print more. Bitcoin transactions can't be stopped, and you don't need to reveal your name or address or telephone number to participate. You just need internet access. In 2017, the economist Paul Krugman described Bitcoin as some fancy technological thing that nobody really understands. There's been no demonstration yet that it actually is helpful in conducting economic transactions. There's no anchor for its value. Krugman lives in a sheltered environment in a liberal democracy with constitutional protections. His native currency is globally dominant and relatively stable. It's easy for him to open a bank account to use a mobile app to pay bills or to grow his wealth by investing in real estate or stocks. But most people don't have the same privilege. 4.2 billion live under authoritarian regimes that use money as a tool for surveillance and state control. Their currency is often debased, and they are for the most part cut off from the international system that Krugman enjoys. For them, saving and transacting outside the government's purview isn't shady business. It's a way to preserve their freedoms. In China, if you type or utter one wrong word, the Communist Party might eliminate your financial services. This devastating outcome creates a chilling effect for dissidents and creative minds who are forced to use the country's increasingly centralized digital economy. In Hong Kong or Russia, donors to human rights organizations can get their bank accounts suspended and funds seized. Over the past few months in Belarus and Nigeria, nationwide protests have broken out against tyranny and corruption. In both places, activists raising money to support the democracy movement have had their bank accounts frozen. And as we saw in Burma just a few days ago, the military shut down the banking system during their latest coup and turned off the ATMs. For activists living under state repression, Bitcoin provides a way to preserve their money in cyberspace, locked away by encryption, safe from devaluation in a network that has never been hacked. For them, it's digital cash and digital gold rolled into one. And in Cuba, Nigeria, China, Pakistan, Venezuela, Russia, Turkey, Argentina, Palestine, Zimbabwe, and elsewhere, Bitcoin is catching on and helping people escape tyranny and currency collapse. In the past few months, Belarusian activists have used Bitcoin to defy the regime by sending more than $3 million of unstoppable money directly to striking workers, who then convert it locally to rubles and peer-to-peer marketplaces to feed their families as they protest the country's dictatorship. In October, a feminist coalition in Nigeria raised the equivalent of tens of thousands of dollars in Bitcoin to buy gas masks and protest equipment as activist bank accounts were being turned on and off. In Russia, the politician and activist Alexei Navalny has raised millions in Bitcoin in opposition to Vladimir Putin, who has strict control over the traditional financial system. Putin can do a lot of things, but he can't freeze a Bitcoin account. In Iran and Palestine and Cuba, citizens are increasingly able to escape foreign restrictions on their financial rights, thanks to Bitcoin. In these places, individuals are dealing with sanctions or embargoes placed on them because of the misdeeds of their corrupt rulers. Bitcoin gives them a lifeline for earning income or receiving remittances from abroad. Some Venezuelans, having watched their country's currency evaporate due to hyperinflation, are converting their time and energy and family resources to Bitcoin's digital format and then escaping. With their savings secured by a password that can be stored on a flash drive, phone, or even memorized, they've started new lives in other countries, taking advantage of a technology that refugees throughout history could only dream about. The citizens of democracy's also face financial controls, deep platforming, and an ever-expanding surveillance state. But those lucky enough to live in open societies can vote, sue, protest, and write, and those methods might allow them to protect their financial freedom and privacy. The billions who live under authoritarian governments don't have the same options. Unlike democracy, Bitcoin is universally available. You don't need to have a particular passport or bank card or voting status to use it. No government can turn off your Bitcoin if it's threatened by your ideas. We are in the middle of a great digital transformation. A time when cash, one of the last bastions of privacy and freedom, is disappearing. People are increasingly relying on easily-surveiled apps like Apple Pay, Alipay, and perhaps soon Central Bank digital currencies as their primary medium of exchange. Bitcoin provides an alternative to our increasingly centralized financial system. It gives any activist or journalist a way to raise funds without censorship, a way to save despite the corrosive impact of excessive money printing, and a way to teleport value without permission. Bitcoin wasn't as powerful five years ago before it had global liquidity. But today, exchanges have popped up in every region, daily trading volume exceeds that of popular stocks like Apple, and peer-to-peer marketplaces like Paxful and local Bitcoins have extended their reach, enabling users to sell Bitcoin for local currency almost anywhere in the world. Maybe you don't need Bitcoin, and maybe you don't understand Bitcoin, and maybe PayPal, Venmo, or your bank accounts serve your needs just fine. But don't write off Bitcoin as simply a vehicle for financial speculation. For millions of people around the world, it's an escape hatch from tyranny and nothing less than freedom, money.


Since the beginning of 2014, Iraq is faced with one of the most severe and serious internal displacement crisis in its recent history. Since the beginning of last year, indeed, more than 3.1 million Iraqis have been forced to flee their homes and to find refuge and shelter in other regions than their regions of origin in the country. The International Organization for Migration in Iraq is working jointly with our partners representing the United Nations Humanitarian Country Team in providing lifesaving humanitarian assistance to these many million internally displaced victims of the currently ongoing crisis, but also to local host communities. Since the beginning of 2015, IOM here in Iraq has been in the position to provide continued and meaningful assistance to very many of the victims of displacement thanks to a generous grant from ECHO, the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department. ECHO has enabled us over the last few months since the beginning of the year to provide more than 50,000 rapid response mechanism kits to families displaced out of the Anbar Governorate, one of the most severely affected regions of the country in terms of the ongoing crisis and the fighting. These rapid response mechanism kits that we have distributed on behalf of UNICEF contain some top urgent priorities that people following displacement need such as water, such as hygienic items, toothbrushes, toothbrushes, et cetera, et cetera. The ECHO grant has also enabled us to provide a new modality, a new type of service which is in the area of cash grants. Through cash grants, 700 families who are now residing in or around Baghdad have been given a possibility to purchase items according to their own personal priorities. These items represent medication, healthcare, school materials, materials that help families to start regenerating some income, sewing machine or some other equipment, clothing items and so on and so forth. Before the 25th day of the ECHO grant, we received the name of the ECHO grant in the building. Today is the first time we have received a grant. We thank the ECHO grant for its human resources. I am Nazah Hussaliya Salafi, the governor of Anbar. I came to Nazah to visit Baghdad and thank you for your visit. May God bless you. This is the grant I received today. Thank you very much.


Well, good evening, everyone, and thanks very much for attending the session. I know it's the last session, it's the second day, so we will try to make it as beneficial to you guys as possible. My name is Kashif Thikhar, I run Worldwide Sales, BizDev, and Services here at Plum Grid, and this panel is actually really unique, and when we were thinking about this session, we were thinking about bringing people from different parts of the world to share their experiences. That I think is one thing that is unique about this session. The other is that OpenStack is disrupting a lot of technology models, and the other thing it's disrupting is a lot of business models. How different system integrators, resellers, and also technology companies are offering services to their customers. So we'll go across the globe here and get some perspectives from this panel, and then we'll take some questions. So why don't we start off with going from left to, I guess, left to right. Please tell us a little bit about yourself, and you each have a lot of history as people, and a little bit about the company, so everybody gets a perspective, which region, what you do, and what have you been doing in the past? Hi, I'm Mike Mesco. Work for Onyx Incorporated. You're a system integrator, reseller, working the U.S. and the federal space and some commercial. My background is network admin, Linux admin, was a virtualization engineer for a while, and then when OpenStack came around, pretty much identified that as the way to go. Started in on Diablo and compiled a lot of stuff from Trunk back then, and I've kind of worked up to current, and I'm really glad to be here. Good seeing you guys in the audience. My name is Rodrigo. I was the first employee of a company called Mercado Libre that is like eBay for Latin America. So basically, at Mercado Libre we implemented OpenStack in 2011, a long time ago, we have a huge case of what we did at Mercado Libre, and I worked there for 14 years, then I decided to create a company called Novelio, where basically we help companies from South America, Latin America, to implement OpenStack and use OpenStack. So basically the company was created by myself and the whole CloudVider team from Mercado Libre. So we know OpenStack since 2010, I think, so we have a huge experience in that. Okay. My name is Ruth Harmsen. I'm founder and CEO of Fairbanks, which is a very nice name, but it's in the Netherlands, in Europe, in EMEA. I would like to thank you, Cash, to be here and to tell you a bit more about our organization. Fairbanks is in the European market in the Netherlands for about 10 years now, and in 2010, 2011, because of the problems into the market, we started with VMware to do implementations, storage implementations, and in 2010, 2011, we started on the marketing side with the Blue Ocean strategy within our management team, and there we decided to look more to open source. At the same time, we met people from Rackspace and the NASA and also from Nebula, and there we had the first contact with OpenStack, and we were, well, very, very happy to see that technology, and we decided to do more on that, and in the meantime, we did a lot of implementations already. Hi, my name is Yuji from Nesik. Arigato gozaimasu. Arigato gozaimasu. I taught Japanese to him, so my name is Yuji, anyway, from Nesik, Nesik is a system integrator and then doing the distribution business for Japanese IT market, and I was a network system engineer before coming to the US, it was two years ago, but right now, my title is a business development, so I'm looking for a good product or services for Japanese IT market, and then two years ago, I found PramGrid in the Sanibel, and then we started the four-cloud business two years ago with PramGrid, and then, still, we are a distributor, and that's all. Okay. Hello. I'm also very honored to be here. My name is Minehiko Nohara from Makunika Networks, Japan. We are quite similar, I'm Makunika Networks, the distributor. Our business model is to find the very new technology from abroad to bring it back to Japan and adapt it to Japanese market. I've been working for the virtualized technology for the past few years, and now I'm a cloud product dedicated engineer. This is a little bit of color here, so I think you see our friends from Japan here, we've been spending a lot of time in Tokyo. As you know, the next OpenStack Summit is going to be in Tokyo, and I think the markets across the world, especially in Japan and other Asian countries, also in South America and in Europe, they're seeing a huge transition. They've been using certain technologies, but I think there's a move in a desire to acquire new assets, new technologies that are very disrupting along the cloud area. Thank you very much for the introduction. Maybe Nohara-san, I start with you. If you can give us your sense, because you've been in this market and you work with a lot of customers, give us a little bit of sense from your vantage point, the state of OpenStack in the customers you meet and in Japan in general. The virtualization market is very growing in Japan at this moment. I think the data is a bit old, but at the beginning of last year, it was set about 50 percent of the companies already start virtualizing their servers. In fact, most of them are built by vSphere environment, but most of them who are using vSphere is also considering to move on to OpenStack environment because not only cost, but they want to get rid of the vendor locking. That is very serious especially for the cloud-provided people and enterprise people. I think it will change how to say. The market is changing now in the time. The next OpenStack summit is in Japan, and there are a lot of Japanese in this conference as well. I heard it from the Canonical friends. Canonical had the private party on the last Sunday, and then 20 percent of the attendee was Japanese, meaning a lot of Japanese are interested in the OpenStack. And then, actually, we, the Nesic, deployed first prom-grade deployment to our customer. It is not POC, it is not trial, it is the production use case. The company name is the NTT Smart Connect. They are doing the service provider business in the west of Japan, and then I'm honored to deploy that prom-grade and OpenStack to them. Then, here is the representative from the NTT Smart Connect. I want to introduce to you guys, he is Inoue-san. So, Inoue-san, can you show your face to the audience? And then, I think he is one of the hottest social, solution architect in Japan.  And then, he is looking for the good or new technology for their environment to compete with someone. So, if you have a good idea or a good product, you can introduce your product to him, he will be happy, I think. And maybe, Inoue-san, expand on that, why do you see OpenStack in Japan? Why, because there are other options as well. Yeah, the other option for the OpenStack is the same as similar to the opinion with Nohara-san. But I think that there are two reasons. The one is cost effective and then the flexibility and the scalable. But I'm not sure we can deploy the OpenStack the cheaper than the VMware or not right now. So, we are still thinking about that thing. So, we are looking for that good solution still. That's where you come in and help. Yeah. Okay. All right, Drup. Well, if you look to OpenStack in the Netherlands, we also hear it here, the discussion about the pets and the kettles. If you look to the companies in the Netherlands, we have more pets than kettles. So, what we see is that the hosting companies and the multi-tenant companies, the media companies, they are very interested in OpenStack. And I think if you look to, I speak with a lot of CIOs. And now after the problems we had in the market and the business is going well also in Europe and also in the Netherlands, we see that the ability to bring new technology into the companies is also in the Netherlands number one. And of course, Fender Lock-In is one of the items and also the price is an issue. But I really believe that innovate new technology is one of the issues we see in our country. So, Latin America is something similar to what is happening. So, we go to customers, we go to enterprise and we typically, we see VMware, V-Block and ISPs trying to use V-Blocks and try to implement it for years. And they are locking. I mean, it's not easy to move ahead from that. And also, the functionality is very close. So, we go and say, okay, we know OpenStack. We implemented OpenStack in different companies. We have a good case that people know us from Mercadolibre and we have the team that is working for you. And typically, they like us. They sometimes are a little afraid of OpenStack because they think that OpenStack is terrible, difficult that maybe is correct. But we are building tools to help those companies to implement OpenStack. So, the first thing we did is we know that OpenStack is anybody can download OpenStack and install it, right? But it's not the same for an ISP, for a company that wants to put things at production. So, what we did is we created a tool that deploy OpenStack ready for production very fast, like 20 minutes. So, then what we see with people that the first impression of OpenStack is critical. I mean, because they used to see VMware and VMware next, next, everything works. OpenStack, you need to understand perfectly what you are doing. So, for us, the first impression is critical and we are deploying tools on top of OpenStack to help the users to use OpenStack in a way very easy, like many wizards set up your cloud. So, that is how we go to a customer and help them to see OpenStack. So, first impression is critical for us. And we are going to ISPs to enterprise and they're really like what we are doing and we are doing very good business with them. Okay. So, I want to make it a little bit interactive. If you have any questions, I can pause and take because I think you have a variety of people here from different regions, different experiences. So, any questions before I proceed? OpenStack generally is not a shy crowd. So, yeah, please. Okay. So, let's repeat the question. The question is that OpenStack requires a specific skill set, which is investment, especially from these integrators and resellers, investing in resources before they can provide services to their customers. So, in the people and the return, compared to the existing technologies that are available. Go ahead. Okay. Good question. Very good question. So, we know how much is VMware. We know also that with VMware, we don't pay only a license. We pay all the support services and many, many, many other things. So, for us, we know perfectly OpenStack from long, long time ago. So, for us, if you have the right people, people that really know OpenStack from long time, investing in people is what we are doing. It's the way to go. It's easy, especially in Latin America that is completely different from US. And so, yes, we did the cost analysis and we decided that we're gonna make tools to help users use OpenStack. And we put a lot of effort in UI, UX, many things to know how to help users to have production environments very easily. So, even that is really, really cheaper compared to VMware. In our design, we built some of the support and help you get started engineering services into kind of our capacity pricing. So, it's upfront.  I've got a plan for a year to get this in production supported and then the customer is in a position to decide, do they wanna start hiring in their OpenStack expertise? How much do they need? What does their support level, day-to-day operations level look like? Or do they wanna continue using us for that as they are still figuring it out? One thing that we find customers are really looking at more these days is they had kind of an easy mode with the later versions, the more recent versions of vSphere. It's quite figured out. It works very well. With OpenStack, there's an engineering effort. There's a lot of upfront and that investment pays off at scale. You've paid a lot of money for vSphere to have a really well-done, figured-out product, but I don't need to pay for that engineering on rack number 25. Two years. But I think just to comment on that thing, that's a good point. There's always a comparison here. I think the data is also moving really fast. I think figuratively, just from a Plumbered perspective, we started here two and a half, three years ago, knocking, meant like 300, 400 customers. The data is changing rapidly every single six months. I can tell you in the last six months, the sophistication of the tools that are being built and the ease that different providers are bringing in from an OpenStack perspective, from a network virtualization perspective, it's changed quite a bit. It's shrinking significantly. But I think the clear, I mean, for example, we used to go to, Tokyo, everybody used to talk about CloudStack, but I think even if you look at that, that's a click, click, click deploy kind of a model, but that is changing, right? Because it's very clear that the community is converging certainly around OpenStack. And that's at least our humble perspective with the sliver of the customers that we meet. Anybody else want to chime in? Okay, maybe another question. I think questions are much fun. Anybody else? Well, maybe I can give an answer to your question because what we did, we started as an IT company 10 years ago, do implementations of storage, implementation of VMware, help customers to virtualize their data center. But we saw that in 2006, we were one of the earliest companies in the Netherlands who did the implementation with customers. For instance, Ctricks at that time was very difficult to virtualize. We said to each other, we can, and it was one big customer in the Netherlands, and well, I'm a salesman. So I said, we can manage that, and at the end we did. But at that time, you saw, and that was our problem within our company, because the competition was very big. So the customer can choose a lot of companies, and they can, so we saw prices for the consultancy fails or drops down, prices on hardware if you are a reseller. Earn your money also on hardware. So we saw everything increases. So we said to each other, we have to change and go to another model, go to another market. And that was our blue ocean strategy to change. And now, for a consultant, and your question was, how long does it take? For us, it was a road for two years. But now we have consultants and do the job for our customers for a much better price. And that for us brings us more. And when you are one of the first companies, and we are in the Netherlands, the community ambassador for the foundation. So it brings us a lot. That's what I was thinking, and what he was talking about. We as a company have timed the time it takes to install a fully functional open stack environment. Just maybe gives you some idea. It used to be days and probably weeks, year before last and now roughly we timed it. Literally we had a timer for about 1500 core environment. We were able to bring it up in less than an hour. So everything was automated. Everything was Ansible Publisher strips, done. So I think it's becoming much, much easier.  So let's maybe talk a little bit about the specific use cases that you guys are seeing for your customers and maybe it applies to different people over here. So Mike. So we target the federal sector primarily. And what we're seeing is the adage that open source goes with public sector. It's finally really catching on. We've seen a lot of adoption of open source, but now it's really moving down to the infrastructure level. And the public sector, hosting centers, large data centers are starting to act a lot more like the large commercial hosting centers. They're in competition with them now. You can go get Amazon for Gov. That's a big competition in a market that government to government hosting didn't used to have. So there's now a huge drive and a reason to do all this innovation because you want to keep reporting to the same work. You don't wanna be sent to another job within the government. It's time for them to start betting. And we're seeing that they're starting to. They're looking at where's the innovation happening? Where's the community going? Where is the next five or 10 years of hosting gonna be? And that's OpenStack. That's pretty well figured out by the people that are obviously at an OpenStack summit. But everybody else seems to be coming around. We're definitely leaving the early adopter phase and starting to move into the early majority. And we see that in the federal space as well. And what would it be the typical, let's say, use case that is still DevOps in federal? I mean, whatever you can share. Yeah, we see DevOps type stuff. DevOps is, we won't say it's catching on in the federal space yet, but it's on the radar. The idea that there's ops guys and developer guys, it's breaking down. They're starting to get tired of throwing stuff over the fence. When the developers are definitely qualified to go and crank out a few networks with SDN via Horizon or a script and crank out a bunch of VMs and then start automating that. Ops guys should be moving and concentrating on engineering. And so as that starts to work out, that'll become a bigger use case. We've had some customers that were asking they're very forward leaning and they're talking about DevOps. Our primary customer in use case is more around just I as hosting. Like I worked for a place that's kind of just a I as hosting center government to government. And the whole deal is pay X dollars a month, get some VMs, right? They didn't really want anything beyond that. And OpenStack, a perfect fit for that. Yeah, real. So what we are seeing in Latin America, so it's e-commerce companies, they're trying to have agility. They're trying to not have the IT department as a bottleneck. So they are looking into OpenStack. So for us, e-commerce is very easy because at Nouvelle we came from an e-commerce, the huge e-commerce company in Latin America. And also we are seeing ISPs that they're trying to build a private cloud because you go to an ISP in Latin America, always they talk we have cloud and so on. But when you try to understand how the cloud is set up, it's virtualization, like old style guy that create the machine and so on and put the IP. So there's a different way to do it. We can do it for less money than an hour vendor. And we can do it very fast and we can do a POC in 20 minutes and show you what you can have with OpenStack. And also banks, we are seeing banks that they are trying to investigate OpenStack and we are trying to help them because what we see with banks is they are very structured, very close set, and we said, okay, we can help you guys to create a private cloud very easily and very fast and secure. So but the common denominator is that basically they want API driven. So they want maybe developers create the machines without using horizon or any tool, but others they want to use the horizon or what we did. So they want agility, speed and secure. So what we are seeing in Latin America? The banks, is it for quite a while or do you see it's coming up now? No, we are a new company, we're a seven month company and at the beginning when we go to the bank, they said, no, no, open source, we don't like open source, but then we show them and they're starting to see that OpenStack is only a layer and then they are still working on the data center with their own firewalls and they're starting to accept it. We have a few banks as a customers. We are talking with many banks in Latin America. Well, in the Netherlands, banks are very anxious on doing OpenStack for the moment. We really believe that the innovation on OpenStack will bring also the opportunity for banks after 2015. I really believe that. Now we see in the Netherlands, the media companies, they started early to use OpenStack because of the tremendous amount of data they were having. So combination of OpenStack and for instance, SEV brought that the media companies were looking for OpenStack at that time. Yeah, I wanted to talk about him. Yeah, I wanted to talk about the media, but he said, so I need to change the topics, but of course, service provider is the... Yeah, that's fine. Completely same, so the reason, but almost the service provider in Japan need to compete with the giant public cloud provider, kind of the AWS software layer or something like that. So they are looking to change the VM to the OpenStack and then they need to create strong points or advantage compared with them. But recently I hear that some interesting case, it's a university. The university, in the university, the research institute is in the research institute. There are a lot of students, right? The students want to create the VM for some research, but the students fail that research and they need to change the topic and then they will delete the VM and then create a new VM or something like that. So the professor cannot calculate the budget and then resource for them. So they cannot use the VM or something like that. So the professor want to change to the OpenStack, I heard it, it was interesting thing, so. Well, we are from Japan, so the market is the same, but I think there are three major cases in Japan. It's like the web service like the e-commerce and they're providing websites to the customers and the second case is cloud provider and the third case is the private cloud for the development of software and testing the software. For the cloud providers, maybe the same reason for the cost effective to against for the AWS. Maybe the OpenStack is very important fact and the for web service providers they are really, I mean, they have several, my customer, our customer has scale to 5,000 host that cannot be afford for with VMware. And I forgot to say one another topic and then in Japan, telecommunications carrier, kind of the NTT or something like that is focusing on to use the OpenStack and then actually NTT docomo announced to use the OpenStack for their new carrier NFV and then they will start the services the next match or something like that. So all of the industry is watching the OpenStack. And just to add a little bit more comment in our journey on OpenStack, I think what we're seeing is specific maturity in terms of the use case that are writing on top of the basic IS layer with clear APIs. And the other point is that from a region perspective, I think what you will see because we work with all these partners is it's a different variation of maturity. But where people are really mature in markets, I would say for example, in the United States, certainly the enterprise, I mean myself and we look at data every six months, in the last six months to a year, enterprises definitely come up, e-commerce of course, media but then the use cases on top of that are very, very specific, right? For example, in Japan, what we see is that IS for service providers still a big, big concern but in the United States, for example, you will see use cases on top of it. Can you run a pass on top of your OpenStack IS layer? Your OpenStack IS layer. So I think you'll see different levels of maturity but the convergence definitely is that it's moving on the upward trend, okay? Any other questions here? Let's go ahead. What do we do about support? Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah, what we did within our company, we have a good relationship with several distros like Red Hat, also HP with Helion, and also Ubuntu. And what we did was we built, well, let's say containers for several industries. If you, for instance, work with Canonical, you have the BootStack, you can do a quick implementation of OpenStack. There you have, for instance, you can use a Plumgate for the network part. And so for all different businesses, we build several containers and the support is exactly the same. So that's what we are doing. And in our case, it's a little different because in Latin America, Canonical is just starting to go to the market, Red Hat is not here, HP is not here. And sometimes what we see is that we cannot trust on Canonical or Red Hat or HP. Basically, because they are in UK maybe speaking English and we speak Spanish and Portuguese and Latin America. And people want people on site or very close, the same culture, the same language. So we do support. Basically, we install OpenStack, deploy OpenStack on the customer and we sell like a service subscription where we support OpenStack and also all the tools that we develop for the user. So we are the main contact and point of contact for the user. In our model, we can do it a little more custom. So what we offer as kind of our starting point is we'll handle the tier one and tier two for anything included in the stack that we would provide. A lot of customers want a tier one on site. They're fine with tier two being remote. They may want 24 seven. If they want that, we'll do that. If they want nine by five, we can work that out too. And then we go back to our various providers, such as Plumgrid or Canonical or Piston or any other provider that needs to be in there. And that's kind of our tier three. So if it's something that we're really stuck on, we'll escalate to tier three, but generally we wanna have the tier one and tier two as a single point, right? If something's broken on that cloud and it's made out of four or five or eight different pieces and somebody really wanted to have one specific piece, they don't wanna have four or five different phone numbers to call. They call us, we get it triaged, we do whatever we can to help them. If it's really broken, then we refer it on to the proper tier three, take it back down to them, make sure everything's fixed, and then tier one and tier two follow up, right? Make sure it's stayed fixed. And speaking a little bit on the Japan side of the house, I think that's a very good question, literally. And I think it wasn't becoming too relevant last year because we were in the POC phase. Everybody wanted to do a POC, right? So yeah, let's do POC and call 15 people. But I think what you're seeing is and the reason purposely we had these people on the stage is that I don't think so, the distributions can do it all. I don't think so the network virtualization can do it all. I think what we can do is provide with clear defined APIs a very, very simplified way of integrating different pieces together. And I think the use case will come from integrators and some sophisticated users themselves. But I think what you have to see is a transition here. Some of these resellers or system integrators have been traditionally selling hardware. That was the business model, right? Cisco, Juniper, I used to work for Cisco and Dell. That's what they did. But I think what you're seeing is a change and all of these business models are coming up because they're realizing that the real value that they can provide on top of all these integrations is support. So I think that's a relevant question and that's why I think you're seeing a shift with, you know, with Nabilio with a different model, right? Onyx with a different module. And Fairbanks with different N4. Us in Japan in particular, you know, I'm just taking us as an example, right? So we integrate with different distributions. But the reason why we went to Japan with our resellers is because they are the ones who speak the language. They're the ones who will interface. And I think as a community we have to understand that, right? It's not about 15 components and I will support it. It's not going to work that way. Business models are going to evolve. And VMware and all these ecosystem thrice because they have a very, very healthy system integrated community out there. So I think that trend and change is happening. I think it's a good question. What we did, as I said already, we are the community ambassador for OpenStack in the Benelux. We decided to use OpenStack.nl to make it very locally, as what you said, because that's very important. Also the Dutch customers, we all can speak English, but it's very good for them to have a contact nearby when there is a problem. And also we do the support for our customers. It depends on all the different products and containers we create. But also for us it's very important that the customer has a contact nearby to speak Dutch and very good. Question? All right, that would be a question for us. So the question was how well is the community doing the integrations and testing, right? I think it's getting better. And let me answer you. So from us or any other network virtualization, there's an example. There are the companies in storage doing similar things in storage. For us, we rely or work with an integration or orchestration system. In our case, the go-to market is OpenStack. And when you look at OpenStack, there's an open source version of OpenStack. But I think most of the enterprise that we see or service providers are going with distributions. So now we rely on the distributions to have a framework in which we can plug in. Looks pretty simple. You've got Neutron upstream, and that's it. Well, you realize that everybody has their own installer framework that you had to integrate with. And if you look down the value chain, what we want to do is we really do not want to get into the services business. We want to do these integration and pass it on to the value chain, right? I think, to answer your question, it's getting much better, much better. And I think I heard something from the keynote session, the way where they're evolving the core OpenStack. I think it's going to benefit everyone. But that's an area that I think still needs to be improved. But on the other side, the pieces who are plugging into these orchestration or distributions have to do their job. For example, we run pipelines throughout 24 by 7, because if some distribution does some kernel modifications, the whole stack breaks. So we are taking that ownership because we don't want these people to be spending hours and hours in front of the customers burning resources and not be able to get the stack up and running. But I think these are just transitionary times and they'll sort it out himself. Please. Testing, full of stack. Yeah, a normal week for me is I personally deploy OpenStack two times a day. I'm testing this, testing that, benchmarking. I've got something new from a partner like Plumgrid, and I need to play it against what I'm proposing to a customer. And I have a bit of a reputation for destructive testing, right? I wanted to break for me. I agree. And he will get a lot of email for me if it does break, right? So basically, yes, we don't rely on a distribution. We are distribution agnostic, but our tools are tested with all the open source distribution. So for us, it's very easy to understand. It's changing and we can change it in our tools to develop OpenStack. So basically, we don't rely on a distribution. We have a tool that connects to OpenStack and downloads the packages and deploy OpenStack in a really production manner and do it very, very fast. Okay, I think we're running out of time. I'm sure you have a lot of questions, but I would just finish up by saying that we talk a lot about technology, right? And we have multiple sessions. OpenStack adoption is also a business model discussion, right? So a lot of people don't talk about that, but I think that is what the other close source systems get really well. So I think it's about time we start having that dialogue and this was a humble attempt to get that conversation going. I'm sure there are many other ideas, but I really appreciate all your time. Hope this was valuable to you and we'll be here to take any further questions. All right, thank you, bye-bye.


I love the Addams Family movies, and that's my riveting lead into the episode. Let's start the feud. Gypsy Hammers said it best about the Addams crew. They do what they want to do, say what they want to say, live how they want to live, play how they want to play, dance how they want to dance, kick in to slap a friend Addams Family. What? That's the lyrics? Kick in to slap a friend?  Let's start with the lead brothers of both flicks. Gomez Addams, played by the scene stealer, Rol Julia, R-I-P, is a joy to watch.  Julia plays him with such childlike innocence. Fester, played by the always-impressive Christopher Lloyd, is just as excellent. Showcasing a man full of equal parts joy, confusion, and jealousy. These are well-rounded characters from the onset. Angelica Houston is Gomez's bride, Morticia. Her performance is subdued in the best way possible. She's full of great quips and nuance. The cast stays intact between the two movies, with the big difference being the focus on the kids more in values. Christina Ricci was so good in the first film, it's no surprise they gave her her own little story in the sequel. The dark humor is on point with every line she delivers. Her brother Pugsley is a lovable oath that's a bit more one-dimensional, but just as entertaining. Lurch and the granny round the cast out. I think the biggest separator between the two movies are their villains. First gives us some pretty generic bad guys, played by Dan Hadea and Elizabeth Wilson. Joan Cusack's deranged serial killer role as Debbie Jolinsky is perhaps one of the most underrated villains on the big screen. Cusack plays the lunatic with such gusto, you can't help but smile every time she enters the picture.  I would pay top dollar to see a spin-off comedy road trip flick featuring Thing and It. Amanda Buckman, Gary Granger, and Becky Martin Granger are possibly the best thing about Adam's family values. Baby Adams, aptly named Puber, has his own little misadventures, which come full circle in the final act. Much like the Gremlin's sequel, Adam's family takes the great cast we love from the first, builds upon them, and adds their own. It's an easy win here. The more I reflect on this, the more obvious it is that values is just the superior picture all around. This is my opinion, you can leave yours in the comments or vote. We'll get to that later. The story of the first is simple and straightforward. We don't have an annoying origin story to introduce our characters. They're established in the real world. They are kooky, they are abnormal, they are vile, and they wouldn't want it any other way. The family is all fine and well except for Gomez, who misses his long-lost brother day after day. One faithful night, Fester Adams returns home, being lost for many years in the Bermuda Triangle. The thing is, nobody makes it out of the Bermuda Triangle. Nobody. Women of the family are skeptical and rightfully so. Fester eventually realizes he is in fact an Adams and joins his rightful place with the family. The story is simple and straightforward, but the look, the comedy, and the tone are all very unique. Extremely dry humor, dark comedy, and wonderful visuals all come together for this very nice package.  Hashtag no homo. Values has a few stories going on, but they all revolve around the new nanny Debbie. She systematically tears the family apart by marrying Fester and running off with him. The characters all go through some fun changes during this period. Morticia is the only one that's comically unfazed by any of this. She keeps the family in check with her cool, calm attitude. I mean, as in check as the Adams can be.  Back in the day, Critic, Siskel, and Ebert would give their movies two thumbs up if they really liked them. Well, for Adams' family, I'm going to give them two snaps. Ba-da-da-na. I've already mentioned the stunningly terrible lyrics of MC Hammer's jam, but at least it has a fresh beat. Nobody says fresh beat. The orchestral score produced by Mark Shaman and conducted by Academy Award nominee Artie Cain is on point. It's hauntingly beautiful. The rest of the films feature mainly R&B and hip-hop songs, which work well with the material, oddly enough. Effects are still top notch to this day. On occasion, you might see a green screen hiccup here and there. It doesn't look right. You move past it. Everything moves quick in this film. There's so much craftsmanship at work here, from the eerie cemetery to the threatening greenhouse. The set designers, costume creators, and effects artists should all be commended for their work. To be fair, they kind of were. The movie took home a lot of awards and nominations for the visual department. I've said what I need to say. Taco, I wanna talk. Jocoh, I wanna joke. Kick into slap of friend. Let's move on to the conclusion. If you haven't seen the Adams family movies, what are you doing? Watch them. They're still amazing. They're free on Amazon Prime, I believe. I'm a Prime member, so of course I have all the luxuries and accoutrements that come with such a highly esteemed position. They're free right now. They might not be tomorrow.  I would also argue that Adams family values could be considered a Thanksgiving film. So fire that one up with some planes, trains, and automobiles for the holidays. As always, thanks for watching. Comment below. Vote for your winner. Subscribe if you like the channel. And remember, this is more than just reviews. This is Movie Feuds.  We still have like three more of these to do. Stop. And we're tired.


So, good morning. It's 8.52 a.m. and it's the year 2000. And I'm at the Santa Barbara Biltmore Hotel. And I've been called here that day instead of the office along with my team. And I walk into this ballroom with chandeliers and arch windows overlooking the ocean. And I notice not just my team, but the entire company. Everybody from Balance Bar was there. And someone hands me a glass of champagne and I see my boss walk up and he has a big grin on his face. He's wearing a standard Hawaiian shirt. He's the CEO of Balance Bar and he says, good news, everybody. We have been acquired. And I know I'm supposed to feel pretty elated at that moment. I look around the room and I see not many people smiling. In fact, a few were actually starting to tear up. What should have been a happy moment felt more like defeat. You see, I had moved my whole life across country to run the marketing and build a brand that was more authentic, more sustainable, healthier. And I wasn't finished yet. We weren't finished yet. So weeks and months later, I found myself going back to New York and to these offices with Joe Camel posters over my head. You see, Philip Morris Own Craft Foods, the acquiring company at that time. And I knew that our journey was over. This journey was over. And so I planned my exit. Fast forward 10 years and I've been working with companies that I could find that had a long view, some healthy, sustainable, authentic food companies, companies like Alter Eco Foods and Numiti. I one day walked into the office of Ahmed Rahim, the CEO and founder of Numiti. I was working with him. And we started to talk about the fact that in the food industry, there are a lot of people, great people working really hard to improve our food system and build more sustainable food products. And they were all doing it alone. Sustainability doesn't happen in a silo. And so at that moment, that day, OSC squared, one step closer to an organic and sustainable community was born. And our mission is to bring food leaders together to work on big, tough food problems. Those that are broad sweeping and working on building more regenerative business models together. So that very first day, the first meeting that we got together, there were 10 leaders in my dining room, our first meeting for OSC squared, CEOs of Gwaiakee and Numi and Alter Eco, Treasure 8, Nutiva, Plum. And we talked about a lot of challenges that we shared. We all shared a lot of challenges in the food system that we were working on alone. But there was one big one that we all shared. It wasn't actually the food itself. It was the packaging. I'm going to tell the Alter Eco story. I've been thinking about packaging for a long time. Eight years ago, I lived in a village in Ghana called Crobo with four other women. We were volunteering on a fair trade women's co-op project. And after some time being there, we began to start to crave some western comfort food. So we'd go into the capital and stock up on things like chips and crackers and canned beans, bring them back to our village. It made us really happy to have this comfort food. Our village didn't have any trash pickup like other villages in Ghana. So we'd put all these packages into a pile as do all the other villagers. One day I'm sitting behind my hut and a man sets the pile on fire. And I see this big black smoke. And I was horrified.  And we all know that awful, awful smell. And I thought, oh, what have we done? Four months later, it was time to leave. I turned around as I was walking out of this village. I looked at that pile and I thought, oh, I can't take it with me. It's just going to have to stay there. But at the same time, I knew I had to do something about it. When I got back to the States, I started working for Alter Ego, a fair trade food company in San Francisco in their operations department. One of our first priorities was to reduce our packaging footprint. At the time, we were selling our quinoa in a bag in a box, kind of like cereal. And so we decided to do what all the other brands at the time were doing. We removed the box and we put it in a stand-up pouch, kind of like this one. Well, the response from our consumers was overwhelmingly negative. They said it looked plasticky and it was very uneco of us to do something like that, even though we had removed an entire layer of packaging. So a little while into this package, I decided to do a new footprint, took a look at the numbers. This is a three millimeter thick pouch. So I just added one on top of another, on top of another, on top of another. Did the math. One year of purchases of this package was two miles high. One brand, one year, one package, two miles. This was totally unacceptable to us. We knew we needed a gold standard solution and we needed to take the long view on packaging. So we chose Composibles, something that would go away. And incidentally, Composable stand-up pouches didn't exist at the time. So we were in for some challenges. The first challenge was, well, how does a pouch work anyway? We're all used to standard over-engineered polyethylene pouches, which the same pouch can protect your granola, as your sugar, as your nuts, all exactly the same. But Composibles were different. It was not a one size fits all solution. It's kind of like in nature where you have an apple skin protecting an apple, and an avocado skin protecting an avocado. Nature has picked the perfect skin for what it's trying to protect inside, and Alter Eco needed to figure that out to protect our quinoa. Our challenge was not insignificant. We were trying to pick a material to protect our food, keep it fresh and safe for as long as possible, and then it would go away when we were done with it. It's completely outrageous. We realized we didn't have much purchasing power, so we needed to realign with partners who believed in our mission in taking the long view to reducing trash. And four iterations later we met Laura, the OSC. And I knew from working with a lot of companies through OSC squared and consulting a lot of natural foods companies that Gene was not alone, Alter Eco was not alone. There are a lot of ethical foods in unethical packaging. And they wanted to fix it, but nobody had enough volume to get the attention of the packaging in the film industry. So we took a risk on our vision. We wanted to see who would show up at Natural Products Expo West 2013 at 8 a.m. on a Saturday morning. And we invited 25 food leaders to talk with us, and 25 filed into the room, and then 50. And then 100 people showed up, and we looked around, and we were nervous. We ran out of muffins. We were also thrilled because we had over $2 billion worth of sales revenue represented in that room that day. And the packaging and the film partners that we had chosen and invited to come could see that opportunity. That day we started a movement in packaging. We started the OSC squared packaging coalition. And our mission is to remove petroleum-based plastic from landfill, from our oceans, from the planet. And our first goal is to secure a non-GMO home compostable material to be an alternative to what Jean is showing you. The packaging coalition has grown in the last two and a half years significantly to 25 brands, retailers, film partners. And we have collaboration that we haven't seen in any way before, because we even have competing brands working together. So what are we actually doing? What are we doing? Well, we are picking not just one, but a number of different overwraps we've identified. And it's actually pretty tricky to figure that out, which different materials go together. And we're matching them with a variety of different ingredients, broad categories, matching food with its best skin. And you'll see what we're testing, chia seeds, chips, toddler foods, pastas, nuts, jerkies, broad categories of food, so that we have a database and understand how compostable packaging can work, not just for each individual brand, but for the entire industry.  This is a preview of it. Fixing packaging, though, we know is not enough, not enough to just fix it. We need to actually route it back to the soil, and that's not easy to do. So we're working with certifiers and composting facilities to actually bring it full circle. This movement is not easy, but it's very collaborative, and it's radical collaboration because we're open sourcing, and we're taking the long view together. So I don't live in Ghana anymore, I live in San Francisco, where the piles of trash may not be in front of my face, but they're much, much bigger. So what's our vision? Imagine going into your grocery store and every product you buy, every package disappears when you're through with it. Our vision is that every energy bar wrapper, sugar pouch, granola bag, doesn't sit in a landfill forever, but goes back into the soil the way nature intended. It's radical, it's outrageous, and we're doing it. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.


Peter Chambers, transcribed and starring as Peter Chambers, Dane Plot. That's your business. Anything else? That's for laughs. It's been raining cats and dogs and assorted animals for three long, wet, miserable days. It happens. And today it clears. So you're heading for the polar grounds in a view of your beloved giants, but first you call the office and there's a message. And Mr. Winston Carr wants to see you at his Park Avenue apartment, so business is business. Winston Carr, he's got enough loot to run his own little private Marshall plant. Winston Carr, stockbroker deluxe.  And then you've got your finger on the door buzzer of Mr. Carr's cloud high penthouse apartment. Peter Chambers? Peter Chambers? That's right, sir.  He'll never pardon my attire. He's a massive man and a handsome one.  He's dressed in an ancient bathrobe and he leads you through to a room that's half bedroom, half den. And then he plumps out in a soft bed. Bad heart, Mr. Chambers, bad ticker. Been acting up, I've been catering to it. Haven't been out of the apartment all day, been lying about pampering myself. Haven't even changed my suit, see? Hanging there. That's the suit I was wearing yesterday. That's nice, that's nice. Uh, what's that got to do with me? There's an envelope there and that suit, uh, I want you to deliver it. And for that you need a Private Richard? Private Richard? That's a cute term. Never heard it before. Private Richard, Private I, confidential agent, it all adds up to the same thing usually a patsy. You're rather a cynical one, aren't you, sir? No, but maybe I'm in a bad humor. I was looking forward to seeing the Giants this afternoon. Giants? My favorite ball club. I'm quite a fan. Couldn't resist business, could you, Mr. Chambers? Matter of fact, I couldn't. Can you, Mr. Carr? Business young man is business and let's get to it right now. Though since you've made a sacrifice and coming here, your fee is hereby doubled. And how much was it, single? $100, now $200. For what, Mr. Carr? For delivering an envelope. Delivering an envelope? Sort of a glorified messenger boy, wouldn't you say? Well, it's important and valuable. And your reputation is such that I know I can trust you with it. And whom do I deliver it to? Henry Martell at his apartment, 1020 Central Park West. He should be waiting for it. I promised it for this afternoon. Am I to get a receipt? Oh, no, no, no receipt necessary. You see, Mr. Martell is about to be engaged to my daughter. Daughter? My daughter Loretta. Only child, very dear to me. Only real thing dear to me since my good wife died. Anyway, Mr. Martell is going into business and I'm sort of helping him with the contents of that envelope. I'm not quite up to delivering it myself today, so... Okay, Mr. Carr, I'm to deliver an envelope. Where is it? In the inside jacket pocket, Mr. Chambers. Yep, yep, right there. That's it, that's it. And from my wallet, please help yourself to $200. So out of a clean, white, unwrinkled Palm Beach suit, you take the envelope, your fee, and you wave bye-bye to Winston Carr. And then you're out in the sunshine and up to Central Park West and once more you're poking your finger at a doorbell. This one over an engraved card, Mr. Henry Martell. Well, well, well, it just wouldn't be legitimate if you didn't show up, would it, huh? You've never seen Henry Martell, but you know it isn't he who's answered the door. Because the guy in the doorway is an old friend and a good one. Detective Lieutenant Louis Parker, homicide, New York City police. Like I said, without you, my case wouldn't be complete. What kind of a case, Louis? Murder, my friend. Who's murder, my friend? Henry Martell. Martell? You're not kidding me, are you, Louis? With murder you don't kid. Come on in, sir. Cops working over a cadaver. There's hardly any blood on them, and he must have been a good-looking lad, tall with dark wavy hair and high cheekbones. Cops are cops and a cadaver is a cadaver, but there's one incongruous note in the room.  Pete. Yeah, Louis? You happen to know the name? No. Who is she? Say she's Loretta Carr. Say she's the daughter of that mogul Winston Carr. Oh, Loretta Carr. Did, uh, she kill him? She says she didn't. Haven't questioned her closely yet. As you can see, she's, uh, standing there like she's gonna faint. I'm giving her a little time to settle down. How did, uh, he get it? Bullets and this gun right here. No prints on it. We got the call from the girl, this Loretta. Claims she dropped in on him for cocktails or something. Door was open, found him like that. Dead gun on the floor. Is it, uh, possible that it was suicide? No. No, Pete. Gun was 20 feet away from him.  And it looks like my boys are finished. Let me get them out of here. Okay, fellas, I'll see you downtown. And the body goes to... I'll talk to you after the autopsy, Doc. Now, Miss Carr, just a few short questions, huh? Yes, yes, Lieutenant. Oh, uh, Loretta Carr. This is, uh, Miss Peter Chambers. How do you do, Miss Carr? How do you do? Miss Carr, we know all the details of your finding him and calling the thing into us. Now, what were you doing here? I mean, how, uh, how well did you know her? I knew Henry... Mr. Martell, for the... for the past six months, we were going to be engaged to be married. I can verify that, Louis.  I'm saving you for later. Okay, Miss Carr, how old are you? Twenty. How old was Mr. Martell? Thirty-five. Well, did you, uh, do you have your parents' consent to this, uh, prospective engagement? Just one parent, sir. My, my father. Did you, uh, have his consent? At, at first. At, at, at first he objected, but then he came around to my way of thinking. And what were his objections, at first? That Mr. Martell was too old for me. That, that he wasn't exactly the type of person that he'd imagined I'd fall in love with.  Yeah, yeah. But slowly, slowly, I won him over.  I see. How'd you meet, uh, Mr. Martell? Uh, I was introduced to him in a cocktail party. Okay, Miss Carr, that about does it for now. You, you can go home, but please be available, huh? Thank you, Lieutenant.  Bring him up to date fast.  Okay, let's have it. Uh, have what, Lieutenant? You know what? The envelope. Envelope, Lieutenant? Come on, come on. It's a murder case I'm working on. This ain't a game of badminton. Oh, badminton yet. These modern cops all right, Lieutenant? The envelope. Naughty, naughty. You're opening other people's mail. Hey, Pete, you know what's in this? Love Sonnet by William Shakespeare. 100,000 bananas. $100,000 bills, cash money. Oh, he certainly did approve of his perspective, son-in-law. Didn't he, Louis? All right, you've done your bit. You've delivered your envelope. Police will take possession for the time being. I'll go up to the old man personally, explain the situation. And what do I do in the meantime?  Too late for the ballgame. Oh, that woolly maze. Well, then go to your office and sit and pray. Maybe business will fall in. Business didn't fall in. I don't know what to do. Business didn't fall in. It wafted across the wires of Alexander Bell's invention. What was that done to meet you? Hello? I want you to come down here right away. Who wants me to come where and why? Me. Well, who that? Me, Hypey Morris. Don't you know my voice? You're supposed to be a private eye. Herbie, I am a private eye. I'm not a private ear. What's on your legend mind? I want you to come down here. Where's here? My office. Right away. What's the matter, Herbie? Trouble, what else? When I call on you, it ain't so you should teach me to mumble. Now, come on, pal. Get on your horse. A horse and you're traveling again. Herbie Moss, big shot. Bookmakers, bookmaker, commission brokers, they call him. Herbie Moss, angle guy from way back. Slippery is a lemon pit in olive oil. His office is a fancy spread on lower Broadway. Well, the old charmers, handsome as ever. Come in, come in. You're going to earn yourself anchor change. Herbie Moss, about 40 and not bad looking and dressed, of course, in the latest of hand tailoring. Okay, I come right to the point. And what's the point? First, your fee, 500 clams, which I hand over like so. Well, thank you, Herbie. You've made your first point. Now what? Ever hear of Martel, Henry Martel? What about him? He got called this afternoon. That's what about him. What's that got to do with you? Nothing, not a thing, except it's my gun. He happens to get cooled with. Your gun? Nobody else's, pal. My gun, Herbie Moss. Cops know about this? They trace it to me quick and they yank me in. So what are you doing out? My lawyer gets me out. One of them rates. Maybe it's, maybe it's, what do I know? I'm out, but I ain't in the clear. That's your job, to put me in the clear.  No, I did not kill him. You know him, this Henry Martel?  Herbie, my boy, just for the record, if I find that you are mixed up in this, I turn you in anyway. And you're stuck with the $500 fee. I am mixed up in nothing, I tell you. I lent that heater to a dame. When? About six months ago. Who's the doll? Doll is right. Don't trip over that, pal. That's dynamite, joy, story, a model, tall, dark, and wither shape, oh, brother. All right, all right, what's the address? It's in the form book. And let me tell you, I've seen them all big and small, but there's Joyce Doreen. Next up, Joyce Doreen.  That is all. I'm glad you called me first, Mr. Chambers. I was going to go out, but instead I reserved this time for you. Well, you said it was urgent. Oh, that Joyce Doreen.  Joyce Doreen. Will you tell me what this is all about, Mr. Chambers? You tell her. You're doing a lot of staring and a lot of gasping, but in between gasps. You tell her. I want to thank you, Mr. Chambers, for coming to me so quickly. Well, what else could I do, Mr. Doreen? Heard Morse claims that gun was here. Police don't know about that yet, but sooner or later they will, and then the lady, you'll be all jammed up. Oh, but I'm sure there's some mistake. Why? Because that gun's been in that bureau drawer since her blended to me. I haven't even touched it. Let me show you. What's the matter? It's gone. Mr. Chambers, Mr. Chambers, you must help me. Now, I would like to retain you. I'll pay you a fee if you'll just help me. Fees have just been pouring down, I mean, like hailstones. But... For you, honey, for you it's for free, but you've got to answer a couple of questions and you've got to answer them truthfully. Oh, yes, yes, whatever you say. First, how well do you know this Herbie Moss? Oh, as well as I know any other man. He was attentive to me. Period. And were you attentive to him, period? Not more so than to anyone else. I have many male friends. But there's never been anyone special. Not yet, huh? No. Not yet. Uh, do you know Henry Martell? Uh, yes. Was he attentive to? Very. Did Herbie Moss know Henry Martell? Yes, he did. He did, huh? Why? Is there something wrong with that? No, no, uh, nothing. Was Herbie Moss fond of Henry Martell? He hated him. Hated him, huh? You know why? Well, I, uh... Well, in all modesty, I... Oh, come on, Mr. Reen, you can tell me. Well, Herbie was jealous of Henry. In fact, Herbie and I terminated our friendship because of his crazy jealousy of Henry Martell. Did you happen to know that Martell, uh... Well, that he had a girlfriend whom he was going to be engaged? I heard that he'd been running around with some little girl. And were you jealous, Mr. Reen? Me. Ha, ha, ha, ha. Me jealous? Oh, look, Mr. Chambers, as I've told you, I have many male friends. Young and old, flip and distinguished. And as far as I'm concerned, you can lump them all together. Faithfully, you promise to keep her abreast of events. And then you make tracks for Parker's office to sort of catch up on events yourself. Pete, my boy, that's the sum and total of it. Herbie Moss is our number one suspect, but we just don't have enough to hold on. What about this Henry Martell? What about it? What kind of a guy? He's a fringe guy, a man about town. Strictly a phony, a lived-by-the-wits guy. Never arrested, never convicted. He had a few brushes with the Lord. Oh. Last time, when he belted a private eye. Belted a private eye who? Barry Miller. A couple of months ago, when you were on the West Coast, claimed the eye was tailing him and orient him. Anything else? No, nothing. Laurie, you ever hear of Joyce Doreen? Am I supposed to? I don't know yet. Well, find out for me sometime, huh? Lieutenant, I intend to do just that. Ah. It starts. Already it begins to make with a dame, huh?  You'd like to give her apartment a quick look-see, and you wonder how you can make it. So, it gets made for you. You're outside her door, and you can hear the finish of an argument inside.  And like that, you put me in a spot. I'd like to punch you right square on the jaw. Herbie comes tearing out and goes past you without even a friendly howdy-doo. A new mosey in, and there's Mr. Doreen laid out neat and comfortable. She'll come to you in time, but this isn't the time.  A little old address book. Gall wouldn't be a gall without a little old address book. You look through it, and bang, your case opens up and unfolds for you.  So, that's your next stop. Winston Carr's in bed, and Parker's near talking to him. Loretta lets you in, and then went away. And Parker's a little peed. You again? What are you doing here? I'm wrapping up your case for you, Louis. Like how? Like giving you the murderer. And who would that be, Mr. Chambers? You, Mr. Winston Carr. Easy, pity boy. You know what you're doing? I know what I'm doing all right. Now, how do you want Louis right-side up or wrong-side under? Any way it is, as long as it makes sense. I'll do it straight first, and then I'll tack the evidence onto it. Any way you like, detective. Winston Carr with an only daughter. Apple of his eye. She latches on to a phony. Carr tries to talk her out. She won't be talked. Carr puts a private eye on him, and gets convinced that Martell is a phony. Private eye? Uh-huh. Barry Miller? How could you people know that? Quiet, Mr. Carr. Let him talk.  Martell wants a hundred Gs as an out-price. But Carr is a businessman, so he goes there and he shoots him. How am I doing, Mr. Carr? Very well, young man. Too well. I... I can't fight this. I'm old and... too sick. But I won't knuckle under either its evidence that convicts. Oh, you want evidence. All right, listen. Now, here's a businessman, Louis. It says he's going to help his prospective son-in-law in business. Now, how would he do it? Not by a hundred thousand dollars in cash? Of course not. It would be a check or nothing. Well, and why? As a cover-up. After he knocked them off, he used me to deliver a hundred Gs to Martell, to show that he had affection for the guy, you know. Now, he used me as a delivery boy, strictly as a cover-up. He bit all day. He says he didn't even change out of yesterday's suit. Well, take a look, Lieutenant. There's a suit hanging there. Okay. I'm looking. Palm Beach suit, clean, white, unwrinkled. It's been worn, but it wasn't worn yesterday. It was worn today. Pete, how do you know? Because it was pouring cats and dogs yesterday. And if he wore it in that rain, it wouldn't be clean, white, and unwrinkled. All right. Enough. What about the gun?  Well, where did this guy get stolen out of a bureau drawer? What bureau drawer? A doll by name, Joyce Doreen. Oh. Herbie gave her the gun, and Carr here lifted it from her. Convincer? Well, here's a little old address book, Louis. Alongs to Joyce Doreen. And under the initial C, guess whose name is there? Big as life. All right. Enough. Enough. So after Carr gets put on ice, surrounded by high-priced lawyers, and after you have made your report to Herbie Marce, you wend your way to Mr. Doreen's apartment. And you tell her she's out of the mess, and you're about to give her details when... Oh, no. No, Mr. Chambers. Not so fast. Let's do it nice and easily. Well... Now, you just sit down while I build a highball. Two highballs. Two nice, long, leisurely highballs. Now, just sit and wait. Joyce Doreen. Did you say something? Uh, didn't say a thing, honey. I'm just sitting and waiting. There you've had crime and Peter Chambers. Dane Clark was starred as Peter Chambers. Crime and Peter Chambers transcribed was created and written by Henry King. Others in the cast were Bill Zuckert, heard as Lieutenant Parker, Leslie Wood as Joyce, and Roger DeCoven as Winston Carr. It was directed by Fred Way. This is Fred Collins, inviting you to tune in next week, same time, same station, for Dane Clark in Crime and Peter Chambers. This is the United States Armed Forces Radio and Television Service.


We are now going to look at thermodynamic processes or simply processes in short, because everything that we do is thermodynamic. In fact, process is a nomenclature which is nothing but a short form. So it is equivalent to a change of state and since state belongs to a system, a thermodynamic system, a process is always executed by a system. So a thermodynamic process is nothing but the change in the state of a thermodynamic system and hence the process is always executed by a thermodynamic system. And because a change is involved, the minimal thing which is required for a process is you must have a system properly defined and you must have an initial state and a final state. In a virtual way, let us say that we have a system and let me simplify its state space in a two-dimensional way. If you are comfortable, you may write pressure and volume or you may write temperature and mass whatever, this is just for illustration or you could simply write x and y, x and y could be any two properties. So the depiction of a process is initial state, final state. This is the minimal representation of a process. You must have a system, you must have an initial state and you must have a final state. Now initial state and final states are big words. So quite often we will use symbols like 1 and 2 for initial and final states or sometimes i for initial, f for final. We will mark those things down. And remember that since a change of state is involved, since process means a change of state and since a change of state is represented by a property, a process involves a change in at least one property.