So before we get into all the dreary depressing stuff just a reminder that this plushie campaign is currently ongoing so follow the link in the pinned comment to get yourself one. They're limited edition and we need 200 orders to actually put them into production so chop chop get to it unless you're one of my patrons then go to my patreon page there's a special link there where you can get a discount. So some of you might be concerned after seeing the title so I'm just gonna get the short part out of the way real quick the all the important information just as quick as I can basically it is no secret that my channel has not been doing super well lately I do not know why but so many of my videos are just not even breaking 10,000 views and looking through comments and stuff on them it seems like it's just not being recommended to people now you should still be checking your sub boxes I don't know why so many people don't do that but it's just not being recommended to people so they're thinking wow James never uploads but I do it every week and it has steadily been getting worse and so I was considering it over the weekend because my my latest video on Breathe the edgy Lorax ripoff is just not doing super hot and that's when I spent a lot of time and effort on uh so I am just thinking of how to restructure things and from now on I am instead of releasing videos on Saturday mornings because that's when a lot of other people are releasing stuff and I think part of the reason my stuff isn't getting seen is because I'm being crowded out so from now on I'm gonna try releasing on Wednesday evenings instead so around uh five o'clock mountain time which is where I live so whatever that is your local time that'll be the main thing to keep in mind I'm also going to be utilizing shorts a bit more often like you may have seen I posted one about red queen uh because I am working on that series I finished the first book I'm part way through the second don't worry um and I'm gonna mostly be using that for updates and stuff uh so like I talked a little bit about the first red queen book and my thoughts on that now part two and three I'll be talking about the other ones before I do like an actual bigger video on it uh which won't be a normal big long review for me it'll it'll be something a little bit different because I wanted to try that uh and also I might start using shorts to do like really short reviews because there's a lot of books I read that I don't have that much to say on that don't warrant a full video so maybe I'll maybe I'll try something like that who knows uh and I do want to try streaming a little bit more often like I know I've mentioned that before uh but I've just never really committed to it and I'm going to try that now so now on the weekends either Saturday or Sunday depending on how things work out uh I'm going to try streaming those days in the morning or early afternoons so stay tuned for all that those are going to be the changes uh right now it's Monday and this should be uploaded before I go to sleep tonight uh so next video is going to be on Wednesday you're going to be getting a bunch of stuff right next to each other congrats everybody so that's all the important stuff the rest of this is basically just going to be me trying to explain why I'm changing and why this is just it's just immensely frustrating you know because whenever stuff doesn't do well I have no real way of knowing why you know was it the content I made was it just not that good did it was it good but it didn't appeal to that many people is it a problem with the title or the thumbnail and if so what can I do to fix that like I mean you may have seen the Lorax video I did change the thumbnail and the newer one does seem to attract a little bit more attention so I guess it's a good thing I did that but still uh I I just I don't know like I and I know that subscriber count is becoming less and less relevant on YouTube but it is still shocking and well to put it lightly annoying that I have 125,000 subs and less than 10 percent sometimes like less than five percent are even seeing my videos like I don't know why I don't know how and I really really hate when YouTubers complain about just the algorithm because it's just a fucking boogeyman at this point like sure there have been points where the algorithm has genuinely caused issues and it has negatively impacted a lot of people but complaining about it probably won't change much number one and number two it's just such a convenient scapegoat for people to avoid doing any sort of introspection and any sort of hey what can I change to try and help this and I maybe it is algorithmic changes which cause this maybe I just got lucky a couple of times doing this and really this was just a bad time to release my stuff always or I have a bad schedule or something I don't know but just I have to try something different you know no matter what I do I can't change the system that this all exists in so I like I have to try and adapt to it you know like there's no other choice it's either that or I just get swept away my channel has had down periods before like you know times of a month or two where stuff just doesn't get that many views I don't get that much attention but it always has jumped back up and that's just not happening this time and the down period has been most of this year you know I think I put out a couple of videos at the beginning of the year which did okay like my video unmatched did reasonably well and my video on evermore did okay but considering how much time I spent on that evermore video it is a bit of a disappointing performance to be honest and then I did a world-building analysis video those always do really well this one did pretty well last I checked it had about 80,000 views which is good like that's the most I've gotten this year but for world-building analysis stuff that is pretty low I think this is all because of like the recommendation stuff again like I was saying like people don't really check their subscription feeds so it's just recommended to them and if they don't click on one video because it doesn't interest them that much so if I have one that doesn't do that well then they're not going to get recommended the next couple after that I think is what's happening and because I do cover stuff that's more niche like I cover less popular books and stuff and I just talk about things that aren't uh that appealing to a broad audience I guess they'll see one of my well performing videos and like it just fine and be excited for whatever I have next but then they won't be interested in that next one and then the one after that even if it's something they would have liked is just never shown to them like I think that's what's going on but I really don't know and there is no getting around the fact that I need the money from this channel I really hate talking about money in this way because it always sounds like I'm begging for it and I I'm not I really hope it doesn't come across like I'm being needy or anything but I am not like on the verge of starving or being kicked out of my apartment don't worry about that but if it continues at this pace for a while then I will not be able to continue living here and it is just getting worse and worse and worse like videos are performing worse and worse and worse no matter how much time I put into them and they're like like I'm saying it's I'm not making that much from all these this summer has been abysmal but the month of July especially like I'm filming this July 31st but this whole month has just been one train wreck after another and I don't really know how to fix it other than do some big change with the schedule like this because in terms of like the actual content I make I don't know what I would be able to shift to that would that would appeal to more people or anything nor do I particularly want to have a massive shift in what I make because at that point like if I'm not passionate about what it is and it's not something I enjoy doing then at that point it becomes just another job and well why even fucking bother at that stage look there's no getting around it I have a full-time job on top of YouTube okay like if you didn't know that you know now um and so this is something I do like I spend a lot of what could be spare time on this and again I do enjoy doing it don't get me wrong but it's a lot of time a lot of effort a lot of energy like and this month I've been stressing so much about what I can do and will this work and everything and I've just been hoping like okay the next one will do better the next one will do better the next one will do better and the uh edgy lorex video performing as it has has just broken the camel's back like I I don't want to say I snapped but like I'm I'm realizing like okay I have been tired and stressed out and distracted for weeks now like when I'm with my family or friends I am not completely there and I don't like that they they deserve better than that uh and I I think the how good my content could be has suffered a bit because of that too like if you saw my stream from just a couple of days ago and by the way if you miss any of my streams they're all on a playlist in my channel like there I unlist them after they're done because otherwise it the fuck's your channel in the algorithm but like it they are there you can check them out if you want but if you saw that the other day I you can tell I'm very tired and out of it while I'm doing it like I I'm having fun I'm enjoying it but I am just not at my best while doing it uh and I had to do it at some point during the week because I was thinking okay if I do it in the weekend that's like too close to when my video is releasing uh so that will might cannibalize some of that they might cannibalize each other but I just I I don't know for sure but that's why I'm saying I'm gonna try streaming on weekends instead because I'll have more energy then and I'm sorry this is getting kind of unfocused I think it was unfocused to begin with like I said I I'm just tired and stressed and this is affecting other parts of my life and I frankly do not want to move back in with either roommates or my parents uh so I just want this to start working out better you know and if this new schedule I choose doesn't work out I'm gonna try it out for at least a couple of months but if it continues failing or starts doing even worse then I'm just gonna have to try a different one where I might just switch to uploading every two weeks uh and see that maybe having a longer gap will I don't know recharge me in the algorithm or something and if that doesn't happen like maybe once a month or less and just make like bigger videos that I can spend a lot of time on and people can get hyped for I I really don't know but this is for the time being what's what I'm trying to do and fix on so you know if you watch this far thanks I really appreciate it if you want to support me and the channel uh rating commenting sharing subscribing that's that's always great uh if you want to do more please don't feel obligated but again you can try funding the plushie campaign you can also fund me on patreon uh you can send me tips on paypal I have down there uh there are super thanks and if I'm streaming super chats here on youtube and you can be a youtube channel member I don't really advertise it because there's not much benefit to it for the people that do it but it is a little simpler than like if you don't want to make a patreon account and everything you already have some on youtube it's a little simpler that's that's just why I went with that but you know and anything at all is appreciated even if you're just watching that's super appreciated and uh suggestions I guess are also welcome I'm not necessarily going to listen to them because some of you are idiots let's be real I love you but some of you are idiots and uh that yeah that's all I'll see in a couple of days for uh review of a youtuber book is coming up next actually and after that we'll just uh we'll just see so thanks for listening goodbye


Now as I have commented in years past I struggle with preparing remarks for this conference And I've tried to explain to people why it's difficult and they don't it's counterintuitive. I acknowledge but Because the topic area is so general It's actually a little bit more daunting at many of the technical conferences that I appear I'm assigned a much narrower topic and I think it's easier to assess what would be of use to the audience because there's a much Clear technical purpose for which they've gathered. So I must say this is This is my sixth Rick speech. I know if you're doing the mathematics Eric just stated that I came in March of 2008 But I really didn't want to get sworn in and two days later. I have to give a Rick speech So I waited I think very wisely until the end of the month to be arrived as an NRC commissioner, so I Was thinking creatively to myself that if the difficulty that I had this year is any gauge If I get up to Rick speeches like eight nine and ten I Was joking with myself of you know, what possibly could I do? And I was thinking I could maybe play the violin or I could do an interpretive dance of the 10 CFR That was the thought I had Neither of which or it could be an interpretive dance to Commissioner Apostol Alakaz's favorite new reg we could ask him what new reg he would like interpreted through movement But none none none of those things would be very pretty so I hope it doesn't come to that now I'm I'm told that Commissioner McGaffigan Perhaps as he progressed through the later years of his service on the commission And he was the longest serving member of the Commission if I have the history, right? He would sometimes pen his remarks for this conference on a notepad as he sat Listening to the presenters who came before him and and people who know us both have made comparisons between our work styles Which is very flattering to me and probably for a profound injustice to Commissioner McGaffigan But I really would just lack that would that's a very nervy thing to be able to go I'm just gonna write some notes down and go up there. I wish you all could see the view from up here It is really impressive to have this many of you come these distances to be a part of this conference But so I cut it a little bit close this year. I'm not all the way to the McGaffigan style I wasn't penning it as Allison was talking earlier, but I Hate do and have had all my life a little bit of a difficulty with Procrastination I do maybe I'm people who procrastinate say I'm just one of those people, you know Really, I'm good in under the crunch time and in a pressure cooker, but one of my favorite monologues about Procrastination came from the comedian Ellen DeGeneres and I've talked about her humor other times I think she's Really got a wonderful sense of humor, but she described in a stand-up act She had one time about that feeling you get when you sit at your computer you know you need to work on a writing a creative work product and The sudden Irresistible urge you feel to do things like alphabetizing your compact discs or You know then you Decides you're gonna go downstairs for a little bit So you encounter your cat on the staircase and then your cat Leans over and wants to bed belly rub and so you do that in about 45 minutes later then you go downstairs and You know then you go while I'm okay. I am getting a drink of water. I'm gonna get back at it I'm going right up there and getting back on the computer and you you have that drink of water You have the drink of water and you're you're in your kitchen And you look around and you go I need to paint this kitchen So I didn't paint the kitchen on Sunday But let me I want to give you some flavor of the things I felt compelled to do on Sunday While I was really serious about preparing these remarks I have lived in my current home for over 12 years now on Sunday. This is a true story I'm giving you a real feeling for for my issue with procrastination I felt compelled to take some wall hangings and decorative items that I have for 12 years not had the commitment To place and hang on the wall in the various locations where they go. I hung them on Sunday And this I think those stands is a seminal act of procrastination if there were a hall of fame of Procrastinators I would put this story up there I would include it with whoever sent in a nomination for me in that hall of fame. I Prepared and filed my taxes as an act of procrastination against preparing these remarks my taxes are not due for some time And so I was actually overcoming tax season procrastination Just to I couldn't bust bust through my procrastination on this on this thing But I mean what does that say when you're guilty pleasure that you're the intervening thing that you're not working on what you're supposed to be working on Is that you did your taxes? So I think if anyone can top that so it gets to be 11 o'clock at night on Sunday And I've taken time out of course to watch the walking dead followed by the talking dead Which is a one-hour show that analyzes the walking dead episode that you've just watched And so I finally broke down and called my brother and said I am so behind on this thing I just really need to get this done and and in a piece of very sage older brother wisdom. He said to me Tuesday when you still have 24 hours Christina pull that out So I he also found my description of my writer's block so interesting that he goes you should talk about that And so so that's what I've done So I want to say thanks to my brother and on an interesting sidebar On the point of I was joking with him about maybe I should do an interpretive dance. I kind of ran that by him He reminded me I thought I was making a joke and I thought it was the most ridiculous thing And I thought he'd get a laugh what she did but then he listened to me and he paused and he said Didn't you once do an interpretive dance at a family Thanksgiving and he I had had forgotten I did it one of my nephews said he had to write a school essay on gratitude and in order to his mother my sister-in-law Wanted him to read it so to make it a little more interesting. I agreed to interpret his essay as he was reading it through movement And it was really an enjoyable Thanksgiving memory for a lot of people. I'm glad there's nobody video taped it Thanks. Thank goodness. So so our families are really great For this type of wisdom at least in my experience. They know us well and having known us for a long time They look past, you know, not only what we think we are and all the trappings of that But you know any kind of illusions we have about ourselves and and I say wisdom there because wisdom is very different than knowledge And I draw distinction and I'm worried that wisdom is considered kind of a folksy thing That's undervalued. I've heard the distinction between the two described in a way I like it says knowledge is knowing that a tomato is a fruit Wisdom is not putting it in a fruit salad So at this point having talked about wisdom, I should apply some wisdom and Resist telling a science joke. I mean a lot of you were hitting me up even this morning and I think one of the benefits of serving this long on the Commission is That I have crystallized now on the piece of advice that I would give a new commissioner And maybe I didn't really come to this until last year this year for sure But I would tell them don't ever tell a joke at the regulatory information conference or something that will just Plague you for the rest of your time However for me, I would have to say there is no turning back So to those of you and I'm not sure you're a majority, but I'm gonna I'm going to indulge you I do get submittals all year long. That's another fun thing about Telling a joke at the Rick and I appreciate the submittals the judging process is highly subjective because it is just whatever I think is funny and I do get overlap in the submittals But I am going to credit this one to the man sitting up on the stage with me Eric Leeds. I Don't know if you recall this it's good to get extra credit points with your moderator because he's going through those note cards Like a riverboat gambler over there. He's just loading it up for me But Eric you sent me this in July of last year because I have the email here goes a Photon checks into a hotel and the Bellman asked him if he has any luggage No, the photon replies. I'm traveling light. Hey, are you groaning Eric? You sent it to me? That's not right Now I've been told that joke telling is fundamentally storytelling and I I really think that's the source of its power In her Ted talk the Nigerian author To momando Edikia says that stories are how we make meaning of our lives She says that stories are necessary Just as necessary as food or love and she says while stories have the power to dispossess and malign They also have the power to repair broken dignity But she cautions that if we want to understand a person or event We cannot know just one thing Something she terms the danger of the single story she explains it this way Edikia grew up in Nigeria Reading a lot of British children's books and when she was old enough to write stories of her own They were as she describes it full of children who were white and blue-eyed Who played in the snow who ate apples and who talked a lot about the weather and how wonderful it would be that the weather was The sun was shining because as she puts it Stories had to be about things with which I could not personally identify When she started reading African stories, she learned that girls like her could also exist in literature She says it saved me from having a single story and when we reject the falseness of the single story We regain a kind of paradise In the course of my journeys this year I met someone whose work is also attempting to defy the myth of the single story at the world nuclear Association conference in London this past September. I heard a woman speak as part of a panel on public communications Her name is Susie Hobbs Baker and she has talked about the work She is doing both individually and as part of the nuclear literacy project, which can be found at nuclear literacy dot o rg Through which she is using her unique voice to reclaim and reframe a public policy dialogue about nuclear issues To do this she uses her training in the disciplines of the visual arts as well as the prism of her own experiences Whether or not you agree with her viewpoint if you visit her website. I think you would find her voice unique She and her peers in the project seem to have as their aim Engaging their own generation on existing topics in unique ways with the goal of raising basic Literacy in the underlying science and technology concepts. I have seen something similar when I've spoken with the young generation In nuclear groups at some of the power plants I have visited during the last year The incoming generation of nuclear professionals is bringing new energy to issues that their predecessors Have long decided are simply too entrenched and too stale for continued fruitful dialogue Like many in their generation. They are not content to take our word for it So I asked this question as the current generation of leaders in this profession What is the value to us of this new dialogue? And if we think it has value should be we be working to empower the next generation in their undertaking Today is of course the three-year anniversary of the tragic tsunami and earthquake in Japan our hearts still break for our Colleagues our friends and their families and our minds still struggle to find meaning in the face of the suffering Created by this natural disaster The nuclear portion of which was only one element in The Sunday review of the New York Times in September of last year There was published an opinion piece by Pico air who is a distinguished presidential fellow at Chapman Chapman University But he's also an acclaimed travel writer who has lived and traveled around the world in Describing his his work. It has been said that he began his career documenting a neglected s aspect of travel The sometimes surreal disconnect between local tradition and imported global pop culture Since then he has written ten books exploring among other topics the cultural consequences of isolation Ires latest focus is on yet another overlooked aspect of travel How can it help us gain our sense of stillness and focus in a world where our devices and digital networks increasingly distract us About this he writes the following Almost everybody I know has this sense of overdosing on information and getting dizzy living at post-human speeds Nearly everybody I know does something to try to remove herself to clear her head and to have enough time and space to think All of us instinctively feel that something inside us is crying out for more spaciousness and stillness To offset the exhilarations of this movement and the fun and diversion of the modern world In a very different vein from that work However, the piece that drew my attention to this author wasn't tied to the value of suffering In it. Ayah writes wise men in every tradition tell us that suffering brings clarity illumination For the Buddha suffering is the first rule of life and in so far as some of it arises from our own wrong-headedness Our cherishing of self. We have the cure for it within I once met he says a Zen trained painter in Japan in his 90s who told me that suffering is a privilege It moves us towards thinking about essential things and shakes us out of short-sighted complacency When he was a boy, he said it was believed you should pay for suffering. It proves such a hidden blessing Ayah goes on to write As Kobayashi isu a haiku master in the 18th century put it the world of do is a world of do and yet and yet known for his words of constant Affirmation this haiku master had seen his mother die when he was two his first son die His father contract typhoid fever his next son and a beloved daughter die He knew that impermanence is our home and loss the law of the world I Are writes that my neighbors in Japan live in a culture that is based at some invisible level on the Buddhist precepts that I So knew that suffering is reality even if unhappiness need not be our response to it This makes for what comes across to us as uncomplaining hard work Stoicism and a constant sense of the ways difficulty binds us together I'll do my best and I'll stick it out and it can't be helped are the phrases you hear every hour in Japan He writes when a tsunami claimed thousands of lives north of Tokyo now three years ago I heard much more lamentation and panic in California than among my neighbors in Kyoto My neighbors aren't formal philosophers But much more in the texture of the lives they're used to is the national worship of things falling away in autumn The blaze of cherry blossoms followed by their very quick departure The haiku poems on which they're schooled these things speak volumes for an old Cultures training and saying goodbye to things and putting delight and beauty within a frame Death undoes us less sometimes than the hope that it will never come Almost eight months after the Japanese tsunami. He writes I accompanied the Dalai Lama to a fishing village that had been laid waste by the natural disaster Grave stones they tilted at crazy angles where they had not collapsed all together What once a year before had been a thriving network of schools and homes was now just rubble Three orphans barely out of kindergarten stood in their blue school uniforms to greet him outside of a temple that had Miraculously survived the catastrophe Inside the wooden building by its altar were dozens of colored boxes containing the remains of those who had no surviving Relatives to claim them all lined up perfectly in a row behind frame photographs of young and old as The Dalai Lama got out of his car. He saw hundreds of citizens who had gathered on the street behind ropes to greet him He went over and asked them how they were doing many collapsed into sobs Please change your hearts be brave. He said while holding some and blessing others Please help everyone else and work hard. That is the best offering you can make to the dead when he turned round However, I saw him brush away a tear himself The piece concludes as follows The only thing worse than suffering the only thing worse than assuming you could get the better of suffering I began to think though I'm no Buddhist is Imagining you could do nothing in its wake and the tear I'd witnessed made me think that you could be strong enough to witness suffering and yet human enough not to pretend to be the master of it Sometimes it's those things we least understand that deserve our deepest trust The most powerful line there to me is it's the one that says the only thing worse than assuming you could get the better of Suffering is imagining you could do nothing in its wake It was the author Elizabeth Kubler Ross who wrote the most beautiful people we have known are those Who have known defeat known suffering known struggle known loss and have found their way out of the depths These persons have an appreciation a sensitivity and an understanding that fills them with compassion gentleness and a deep loving concern Beautiful people she writes do not just happen The events at Fukushima have called forth acts of genuine heroism and we've been witness to great victories of the human spirit. I Have witnessed the same in other contexts around the world in the actions of emergency Emergency responders military personnel and law enforcement officers Women and men who with the proper training and indoctrination Overcome every human instinct and when duty calls they run into that burning building saving lives When they're every instinct should tell them to move away In a more traditional Western paradigm this idea brings to mind the words of Admiral Rick over who wrote Responsibility is a unique concept It can only reside and in here in a single individual You may share it with others, but your portion is not diminished You may delegate it, but it is still with you You may disclaim it, but you cannot divest yourself of it Even if you do not recognize it or admit its presence you cannot escape it if Responsibility is rightfully yours No evasion or ignorance or passing the blame can shift the burden on to someone else Unless you can point your finger at the person who is responsible when something goes wrong Then you have never had anyone really responsible. I Appreciate your kind attention and wish you a productive conference. Thank you


Mae'r drwng yn cyffredig. Mae'r ddiwrnod cyhoeddiant yn gweithbryd yn ystafellol, maen nhw'n amser i ymddydd Dr Mohammed Ali-Shumali, maen nhw'n amser i ymddydd IMAEM a'r ysloedd ysloeddau wasail yn Eiglityg. Dr Shumali. Diolch yn fawr. A fyddai'r cymdeithasol, maen nhw'n amser i ymddydd. Mae'r cyfweithiau nid oedd y parlymu ar y cwmhiliau. Rhywbeth yma wedi bod yn ymddydd i ddod hwnnw. I've been to Scotland many times and always associated with welcoming people and beautiful nature. If we reflect on the development of religions and traditions, we realize that there has always been a central question. That is how to keep your people together and convince them that by remaining inside the circle, they are better off. Otherwise, you may lose them. This is closely related to the issue of identity, how we understand our position in relation to others. Unfortunately, often the way to demonstrate we are better off in the circle was to distance ourselves from others. Instead of saying what you are, the focus was on what you are not. This type of identity is based on fear and exclusion. It's certainly not going to work in today's world. If it worked before, it's because the world was very partitioned and people often did not meet people of other faith, ethnicities or cultures. This is not today's world and this fragile understanding of identity no longer works. We need a new type of understanding based on what we have, can offer and appreciate in others. Relating to others is an essential part of everyone's identity. I cannot be a good Muslim or Christian or a good Iranian or Scott unless I know how to relate to other people and accommodate them in my own identity. For believers in God, this is a very important part of our faith. How can we believe in God, the creator of all, and then fail to care for part of God's creation? For us, every human, animal, bird, flower, and drop of water is significant because it's a manifestation of God. So now we need to rethink our understanding of identity. Human bodies have different organs and each has its own function, but nothing survives in isolation. They can only survive in relation to others, finding the role within a bigger unity. When I look at the Quran, I see that this is actually God's plan. In both his creation and revelation, God has showed us the way towards unity. God's plan is that humanity unites around the truth. One of the places in which we can establish a model of mutual recognition, respect, love, and unity is Scotland. May peace be with you.


I am no matter what they have said, Muslim. I believe in God and Muhammad, Muslim. Even if tears for Zahra I shed, Muslim. In the oneness of God, my faith it testifies in the love of Muhammad beneath my heart lies the urge to disbelief. My soul proudly defies and it won't change if, for Fatima, my eye cries. How much we're told that we disbelieve, Shia? Because in our hardships we believe, Shia. Disbelief comes if Zahra we leave, Muslim. There exists an urge to disbelieve in the oneness of God, my faith it testifies. And the love of Muhammad beneath my heart lies the urge to disbelief. My soul proudly defies Muslim. There exists on earth a heavenly scent each year. It comes when a lover of Zahra sheds a tear. How easily the word disbelief is thrown here when tears are shed for Fatima, angels appear. Indeed with them we remain content. Our tears, we bathe within them when we lament our tears. Tears that need only the Lord's consent, Muslim. How much we are told to stay hushed and silent? Every year we show that our tears are defiant nor are we hushed of her tears or of her torment. Unlike those who from her funeral were absent. Indeed it exists with every cry. Patience. But not when tyranny we defy. Patience. We are, even if our tears don't dry, Muslim. One of the great blessings that Allah SWT gives a person is their youth. And it is a gift that is often overlooked by us until our youth begins to fade away. It is narrated in Tafseer Al-Burhan where a person came to Imam Al-Sadaq, alaihi salam and asked him about the meaning of Surah 35 verse 37 where Allah SWT says, did we not grant a life long enough for them who reflected to reflect their in? Imam Al-Sadaq, alaihi salam, said in reply that this verse blames negligent young people who have reached the age of 18 and did not make the use of their youth. Youth is such a great blessing because not only can a person adopt good habits easily but also a young person has more stamina to exert themselves in worship. It is easier for them to fall in love with themselves in worship. It is easier for them to fast because their bodies are stronger and healthier. It is easier for them to complete their prayers, for example and rise up for the recommended prayers such as Salat al-Layl. It is easier for them to study and memorize Quran and hadith because their memory is at its peak. Yet, despite this, many youths do not have the motivation to follow their deen and have the attitude that they can be religious when they're older. This is a dangerous assumption because how can we guarantee that we will live that long when even tomorrow is not guaranteed? Furthermore, Prophet Muhammad SAW has told us that on the day of judgement, each person will be asked how they lived their lives and how they spent their youth. So, this is not something we should really take advantage of and moreover, there are great rewards for a young person who chooses to follow their faith. For example, Prophet Muhammad SAW said that the most beloved person to Allah is a youth who repents from their sins and asks Allah for forgiveness. Furthermore, in regards to reading and acting upon the Quran, Imam SAW said that when one reads the Quran as a young, faithful person, the Quran will become mixed with his flesh and blood and it will affect his entire body. My dear brothers and sisters, most of the greater acts done in Islam or Islamic history were made by youths. Imam SAW is an excellent example of this because he was the first person to accept Islam along with Sayyida Khadija despite his young age. And most of his family or most of his actually famous military campaigns, Badr, Uhud, Khandaq, Khaybar, Hunain all took place when Imam SAW was only in his 20s. So what excuse do our youths have that stops them from serving Islam? Even Lady Fatima SAW because narration suggested that she was martyred around about the age of 18 yet look at what she achieved in her short life. There was no woman in the ummah that was like Fatima Zahra in regards to her knowledge, her piety. In fact, such was her greatness that some of the companions of Rasulullah such as Salman al-Falisi and Jabir ibn Abdullah al-Ansari sought her advice from behind a veil. We do not stop to comprehend how momentous it was for this 18-year-old woman to have experienced the oppression and loss that she had she had to really stand up in Masjid Nabawi and give the sermon that she gave. Fatima Zahra is the ultimate example of rising and overcoming tyranny because through the sermon she silenced all those who were against that debate, Alayhi Salam. But alas, this is the tragedy of our history because Lady Fatima SAW was only 18, about 18 or so when she was killed. I cannot help but feel grief over this great loss of youth for Fatima. Hold two kinds of pain. The Fatima time holds two kinds of pain. How much more could we have learned from an 18-year-old Fatima Zahra and how great a man could Muhsin have been? How many more great sermons and acts of graciousness could we have had from Zahra, alayhi Salam? And how much would have Muhsin resembled Haidar if only he had the chance to live? As soon as Fatima came out from behind the door she clutched her stomach with so much pain, cried out, Awfidh helped me. They have murdered my child. It then makes me almost wonder how an eye can be cool over Muhsin, son of Ali. Know that the love of this woman is universal. It's not only Shia she inspires all. I ask how can mourning of her be immoral when from her we take every lesson and moral? It's her way of following when we mourn Zahra and just like her grief we adorn Zahra. Why not follow her if you were born Muslim? I want the world to see the love of Muhammad. It flows in the tears that for his daughter he shed. If Fatima is from him and she is from Ahmed then every tear for her by Muhammad is red. Know that he collects them in his hands, Ahmed. And those who shed these tears he stands Ahmed. He who loves Muhammad understands Muhsin. Is it a crime that I'm showing you a crime? You've taken me out of a faith so sublime. You say disbelief with her name time after time. How much disbelief you've uttered in your lifetime? Don't throw it around so casually, this word. Don't use it against love, you envy this word. If I accept her, I'm already Muslim. From the cradle I saw the truth was with Haida. The love of Bani Hashim fed by my mother when I hear the tale of the door and fire my heart breaks for the tragedy of Fatima. Only this special is called Fatima, mother. She is, if you're in love with Haida, mother. Only one name for all his lovers, Muslim. Only one name for all his lovers, Muslim.


Operators in the telecoms industry are seeking special consideration to enable them to get access to more foreign exchange. Some industry stakeholders have spoke to a correspondent said the operators were struggling to get foreign exchange and these had been responsible for some drop in service quality. The president of the Association of Telecoms Companies of Nigeria, Ike Chukunnamani said stakeholders were seeking special intervention from the central bank of Nigeria. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


horse for the speed of light, a clout of dust and a hearty hail silver, the Lone Ranger. In the years following the gold rush, many men in California rose to fabulous heights of wealth and power. One of these was Arnold Geerson, whose wealth reached out to develop the vast resources of the far west. Unlike the thousands of gold seekers, adventurers and parasites, who sought to grab only what they could hold in their hands, Arnold Geerson was in the far west to stay. Geerson saw the growing influx of this reputable element and knew that they could and would destroy what he and others like him had rested from this land of promise. He decided to strike at the heart, the infamous Barbary Coast. In an effort to stamp out the viciousness, Geerson sought for and found the Lone Ranger. This mask rider of mystery, though reluctant to leave the plains and mountains of the cattle country, answered the call and soon found himself fighting a new type of criminal in the Barbary Coast. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver, the Lone Ranger rides again. The most vicious and deadly enemy ever to invade the United States landed an army at San Francisco just before the turn of the century. It was an army with greater striking power and more destructiveness than all the military campaigns of history. A well-organized and highly efficient legion of death, its battle chargers and soldiers numbered millions. In reality, the battle chargers were rats. The soldiers flees. And they're poisoned a disease that has killed more men than all the wars since time began, bubonic plague. It had its beginning on the waterfronts of Yokohama, Bombay, Batavia, Singapore, and a hundred different ports of call for ships that were sailing west. And at each port, the sound of the embarking army was always the same. The swift scuttling feet of small curved claws, snicking along dock sides under wharves and clamming mooring hazers, thousands upon thousands of beady black eyes peering intently through the darkness of a ship's hold. This was the army of invasion. But San Francisco and Chinatown knew nothing about it. And in the back room of a Barbary Coast café called Little Casino, Have you seen anything of Mac Barber around here? Mac Barber? Well, how would I see him? He shipped out for the Orient over six months ago. And he's shipping back out of dock on the flood tide either tonight or sometime tomorrow. Ever hear of Quan Kung? Quan Kung. Listen, Bart, all them Chinese names sound the same to me. They're just like the Chinaman that wear them. They're all alike. Quan Kung is no Chinaman. She's a Chinese goddess. The goddess of mercy. What's the idea? Tomorrow night, there's going to be a big to-do up in the Chinatown. They call it the Feast of the Lanterns. All the Chinese dress up in fancy clothes with masks and have a parade. I don't get it. They carry a lot of their mitles. They call them gods and goddesses in the parade. Most of them are pretty fancy stuff, made out of gold, pure gold. Quan Kung is the most valuable. Oh, I see. You rush the parade, grab that gold idol, and then... Have the law on our trail in five minutes. Now, the way I've got it figured is to get the goddess of mercy before she joins the parade. Well, how? There's an old goat who takes care of it. He lives on Dupont Street. His name is Taishar Xu. You mean... I ain't got it all worked out yet. But the minute Mac comes ashore, we'll move. In the focus all of a clever ship approaching the Golden Gate, a sleepless sailor tossed in his narrow bunk. What's wrong with you up there? Settle down and go to sleep. That's you, Mac? Who else do you think would be in the bunk below your queen of sheep? I can't sleep. The noise keeps me awake. You're deaf. What noise? I don't know what it is. All you have to do is keep quiet for a second, and you'll hear it. Listen. Sure, I hear it. You mean to say that's what's keeping you awake? Why?  Common bilge rat. I've been sailing for two years, and I've never heard rats make that much noise before. Listen, kid. I've been sailing the Seven Seas for over 20 years. Rats running through the bulkheads is a real sailor's lullaby. You'll learn to love it. I don't think I'll ever. Now what's wrong? I don't know. Something bit me. Must have been a mosquito. Mosquito? You're finding mosquitoes on the Pacific Ocean. That's a flea. Kid, you've got a lot to learn. Say, ever been in Frisco before? No. When we dock tomorrow, I'll show you around. A friend of mine owns a cafe down on the Barbary Coast. It's called The Little Casino. We'll drop in there first and have a drink. While in the library of Arnold Gibson's home on Knob Hill, the lone ranger was bidding the banker goodbye. When are you leaving tonight? No, not until the day after tomorrow. How don't I have a social obligation to fulfill before we leave San Francisco? Social obligation. I thought you shied away from that type of thing. Well, ordinarily I do. Thaishar Xiong has invited us to attend the feast of the lanterns in Chinatown tomorrow night. Hmm. Thaishar Xiong, who's he? One of the finest men I've ever known. Well, that's so. I don't know much about the Chinese here in the city. Never cared much for foreigners. Thaishar Xiong isn't a foreigner. He's an honest, upright, law-abiding Chinese-American. A naturalized citizen. Just as American as we are. Well, maybe so. Personally, I agree with Rudyard Kipling. You know, east is east, and west is west. You ought to meet Thaishar Xiong. His philosophy is better than Mr. Kipling's poetry. Well, if there's nothing more... Oh, wait, I just remembered something. A friend of mine, a doctor who just moved here from the east will be here any minute. I'll consider it a great favor if you'll wait and meet him. Will you? Very well. His name is Thatcher, George Thatcher. I think you two have a lot in common. Is that so? He feels the same way about germs, disease germs as you do about crooks. He can't rest till he's run them down. I'd be glad to meet Dr. Thatcher. At flood tide late the following afternoon, several schooners, bigotines, and clipper ships rode through the Golden Gate. In a short time later, they were tied up with a long pier that jutted out into San Francisco Bay. Sailors eager for the strange feel of dry land beneath their feet swarmed down a dozen gang planks.  I don't feel very good. I can't seem to tie this thing so it'll stay. Here, let me see it.  You're using the granny knot. Who ever heard of a sailor using a granny on a duffel bag? You need a turks head. Give me that line. Now watch this. There, all tight in ship shape.  What's the matter, kid? You're kind of pale around the scuppers. I told you I didn't feel good. All you need is a drink. Come on, we're heading for the little casino. Mac. Look. Look at what? That hozzer line. Maybe it's because it's getting dark, but it looks to me like that hozzer's moving. See? Say, you do need a drink. That hozzer ain't moving. It's just a few of them bilge rats climbing down. They want to get ashore, too. Come on. That's the way the enemy's army landed. There was no thundering salvo of offshore cannon, no blazing muskets nor flying lead, only the deathly scurrying sound of thousands of dirty claws and disease-infested bodies. The invasion had begun. Hey, barkeep, we want a drink. Stop yelling. I can't... Mac Barber. So you know my name. Does that stop you from serving a drink? No. No, but the boss told me to look out for you. Yeah? Who's the boss? Bart Craddock. Craddock, eh? All right. Mac, I don't think I want any drink. Sure you do. Just the thing... Hey, kid, what's the matter? What are you staggering for? You haven't had anything yet? My... My head's spinning. How do you like that? My shipmate just looks at a bottle of liquor and... He's drunk. I never touched it. I was watching him. He ain't drunk, he's sick. Hey, can't get a doctor to come down here to the coast, except maybe that noose all blown to just moved into town. Who's he? A fellow named Thatcher. Send him, send somebody for him. Help me carry the kid back into Bart's office. See what I mean, Mac? None of the law here in town knows you. It's an easy job anyway. Fix yourself up in some kind of a fancy rig and go to this Taishar Shung's house up on Dupont Street. How much gold is there in this heathen idol? I've seen it and I'll give you odds that it's worth at least $10,000. Yeah? How'll I carry this? Yeah, it's not very big. You could pack it in your duffel bag. All right, I'll get it. Right in here, Doc. Where's the patient? That's him laying on the bench over there. Oh, hi, Doc. You'd better run along, Mac, and get back here as soon as you can. Yeah. Let me know what the saw bone says about the kid. How does he look, Doc? I guess like most sailors, he could stand dry land. He'll be loose in his collar. He'll be loose in his collar. He'll want a few of the glands in his neck. Think I ought to make some a good stiff drink, Doc? This boy's a sailor. How long he's been in town? Well, an hour, I guess. What's the difference? Quite a bit. He'll be dead in a set of 30 minutes. Dead? Now, what's wrong? The worst thing that could happen to him and to San Francisco. I don't understand. It's plague. Ubonic plague. Everything is in readiness, my fellow. I have arrayed the goddess Kwankung in all her celestial splendor. She is most auspicious and inspiring. Now, we'll await the bearers who will carry her in the procession. I had hoped the man with the mask and his Indian friend would be here before this time. They will arrive. Never fear. Perhaps that is... I will open the door. Yes, it is. All right, China girl. Put up your hands and don't squawk. What is the meaning of this? He has a gun, Father. You too, you old goat. Reach. She's not allowed. I'm Robert. Maybe you'll allow this. Stow your jaw or you'll get the same thing. Now, where's that Chinese idol I've heard so much about? The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Unaware of what had happened to their friends, the Lone Ranger and Tato reigned up their horses in the deep shadows back of Taishar Shung's home. Oh, son, what's going on? Evidently, the parade has already started, Tato. Silly big fella. We'll leave the horses here. Why Chinese people do this, huh? It's one of their important holidays. The feast of the lanterns. We're honored by being invited. Come on, we'll knock at the side door of Taishar Shung's house. They're expecting us. The door's not locked. We'll go on in. There's no light in, I think. Taishar Shung! Taishar Shung! Maybe then go watch parade on Main Street. No, Taishar Shung would wait for us, and I... I don't like this tunnel. Let's look in the next room. Listen, you here? Make a light tunnel. Quick. Let me find land. Here. Here, we see now. Taishar Shung and his daughter, both bound and gagged. I'll help them off for Loi, your entire father, Tato. Oh, thank heaven. I shall be forever grateful. Tato, are you all right? Edge withstands all things, but you are my child. I am of no importance. The goddess Kwan Kun, she has been stolen. What happened? We had prepared the celestial image of the goddess. It was to be carried in a ceremonial procession. A few moments ago, an armed man entered the front door. First he struck my father, then me. After he had bound and gagged, he stole the image of Kwan Kun and fled. Who was this man? What did he look like? He wore a mask. I thought at first it was you. And this image, he stole? The likeness of Kwan Kun was fashion and pure gold. Toils and precious stones were part of her headdress. Evidently, the robbery was well planned. And if you didn't recognize a man, there's no way for us to... Wait a minute. Tato. Look at the rope that was used to bind Taishar Xiong. Is it knotted in the same way this one is? Ah, that plenty strange. We never see knot like this before. Neither have I, but I know one thing. What do you mean? These are seamen's knots. Only a sailor could tie them. That narrows the field considerably. But there are thousands of seamen in San Francisco. Her job is to find just one of them. A guilty one. Come on, Tato. Surely heaven and the goddess Kwan Kun will bless you for... Boy, falloi. She's fainted. The excitement has been too much for her. I will call a physician at once. Good. Well, my friend and I will return later. Come on, Tato. My gratitude is boundless. And may heaven guide your search. Adios. I've got it, Bart. Got it right here in Maduffle Bay. Yeah. The kid, how is he? He's dead. Well, I'll be dead, because you brought it in here. The doc says there's no telling how far it'll spread, and we better... Wait. What are you grabbing about? The plague. Black plague. Kills you quick. I can't see it. Get out of here.  Plague. Maybe I've got a tool. The head feels kind of funny. Well, where'll I go? I got no money. I don't care where you go. It's every man for himself now. Move. All right, but I'm taking this gadget along with me. You can have it. Maybe I'll hunt up that sawbones. What's his name? Thatcher. Doc Thatcher. I won't tell you any good. Maybe both of us are wrong, Bart. We reached for a Chinese idol who got the plague instead. With the lightning swiftness of an unseen forest fire, the invading army of rats moved through Barbary Coast in Chinatown. In its wake came death, desolation, and a single word that brought fear to every human heart. Plague. Doctor, will she... Yes, the crisis has just passed. She'll be killed. Thank heaven that gods have heard my prayers. That's good news, Doctor. I wish it were true in every other case in Chinatown. Yes, it was. I'm afraid we're losing more times than we win. What else can be done? Is there any way Tonneau and I can help? I don't know how. I'm sure you could do it if there was a way. Honored Gearsson has told me many instances of your courage and bravery. Unfortunately, this enemy can't be seen. The nearest we ever come to him is through sound. Sound? What do you mean, Doctor? I'll show you. This house is no different than a hundred others in Chinatown and Barbary Coast. During the past 10 days, they've all become infested and overrun with rats. Listen when I pound on this wall. Here? In my home? They're everywhere. Wherever there's a rat, they're fleas. That's the beginning of bubonic plague. Where did they come from? I don't know. Probably from the waterfront and recently dock ships. And they won't stop here. They're moving to all parts of the city. Of course. It is bad enough for our little settlement to suffer this scourge. It could only be stopped so that other innocent people would not suffer. Will money help? Arnold Gearsson will do everything possible. Money would bring more doctors, but they couldn't get here from the east in time to stop the epidemic. No gold can't fight the plague. A man walked into my office just three days ago and often be a whole bag of it to save his life. He was dead within an hour. Do you still have the gold? I really don't know. It's in a canvas sack that's tied so securely I haven't any blue beneath. I can't untie the odd-looking knots. Well, that shouldn't be hard unless it... Wait a minute. What's the matter? Look.  They're knots on the canvas sack like these. Well, yes, they're exactly like that. How did you know? The contents of that canvas bag belongs to Taishar Shung. It's a ceremonial image made of pure gold. What? Do you mean they got this Kwan Kung? I'm sure of it. I don't know. I have searched all over the coast for a man who could tie a knot like this. We never found him. Evidently, you did, Dr. Thatcher. That's a strange coincidence. If the likeness of Kwan Kung has been found, I am sure it is a good omen. I must tell Moe, follow me. I wish his good omen met the rats. We're going to die. That's the only thing they'll save us. And I guess it's too much to hope for. Maybe not, Doctor. What do you mean? Something I've just thought of. A plan that may or may not work. I'll need Arnold Gerson's help. I'll send Taddo with a message tonight. Taddo, well, I didn't expect to see you. Let me bring important note from Lone Ranger. You read it. Of course, let me see it. All right, Taddo. You tell Lone Ranger, I'll try to do what he suggests. I'll go to the city council. I may not be successful, but I'll try. Ah, me tell him. I asked the city council, Taddo, but they wouldn't listen to me. They refused to grant the Lone Ranger permission to help in this emergency. Ah, Lone Ranger say, if you get answered like that, me ask other questions. What is it? Him need 300 cans of Blaston. You have them in warehouse now, waiting for shipment to mine. 300 cans of Blasting Powder? What in the world does he want that for? Lone Ranger say, Mr. Gerson, him plenty smart. Him think, then him know. Hmm. Yes. Yes, I think I understand. But the scheme's fantastic. It can't possibly. Where we get Blaston Powder? In my large warehouse near the waterfront. I'll tell the watchman to let you in. Ah, me go now. Tomorrow night, about 10 o'clock, you meet Chinese man, Taishar Shung, at your Chinatown. Does the Lone Ranger want me to do that too? Ah. All right, I'll be there. The following day, under the direction of the wise and worthy Taishar Shung, hundreds of families were removed from a large central suction of Chinatown. And curious people noticed that many Chinese workmen led by an American Indian carried countless metal cans into the evacuated area. That evening, a few minutes before 10 o'clock, three men and a young girl met by appointment at the edge of town. Do you think it'll work, Mr. Gerson? I don't know, Thatcher. It's a dangerous job. Mighty dangerous. How's he going to do it? Well, I don't know exactly. But I think Tondo has planted the cans of Blasting Powder in concentric circles and buried it underground, all throughout the area. How can it be ignited? Well, that's the catch. With no long fuses, all I can do is start in the center and hide each successive blast as they come out. They can't move fast enough to escape being killed. Well, maybe they can on horseback. It is my humble opinion that anything the mask one attempts, he accomplishes. I hope so. He will do it. I know he will. Taishar Shung, this is as good a time as any for me to offer an apology. Apology for what, my friend? The lone ranger told me I ought to meet you and as usual, he was right.  It is written that any sacrifice for the sake of humanity is a duty to oneself. Well, all I can say is I'm proud to be a part of the same America you've chosen to be your adopted home. It is my humble privilege to call you friend. And if the lone ranger's idea works, I'll rebuild every home that's destroyed. My attitude of my people shall be yours forever. Almost ten o'clock. I hope it works. There it goes. That's the first one. Come on! Come on, let's get down there. I'll bet it's scared most of the people in town out of their senses. Better to be frightened than ill with the deadly disease. It's worked. I'm sure it has. Look, there isn't a house standing for over ten square blocks. You would have a lot of explaining to the city council, Mr. Gerson. Your report on the plague will be the best explanation. See, this one wall is all that's left of our home. We'll build another, my child. That's right. Just one wall. But listen. You see, the rats are no longer there. They've gone. They're dead. And so is the threat of bubonic plague. Thanks to the lone ranger. The story you have just heard is a provided feature of the lone ranger incorporated.


To make this other notions bit more formal for the proof, we will just try to understand what we mean by continuity of probability. We just now understood what is continuity of function. But probabilities, we say probabilities is also a function, but probability is function on what? Probability is defined on what? Events. Probability is a function from events to, yeah let us say 0, 1 or real number if you want to make it more general. But now when we are talking about probability, it is defined on sets, not points, right? Now when you are going to, so when we define continuity in at least in this one dimension, we defined on points and our definition included that right continuity, left continuity and all, right? To define right continuity and left continuity, we had a sequence of points. Like here when we said it is continuous point, that means we took right limit sequence of points converging to x2, sequence of points converging to x2 from left and right and then verified they coincide. But now if we want to define continuity of probability, we need to have a similar notion like of this convergence of points, but defined on sets, right? Because probability itself is defined on sets. Now how we are going to have this? What is the notion of convergence in sets? So we are going to, so let us say we have this sequence of sets. So when we looked at sequence of points, I looked at points which are, so let us say I want here, I want a sequence xn converging to x in this case. I can get this sequence xn converging to x in multiple ways, right? One possibility is this xn convergence to x in this fashion. What I mean by this or sorry xn is increasing sequence and it converges to x, right? That means I had a sequence which is approaching this point x2 from left, right? So all the sequence here has increasing and eventually they are converging to x2. Other possibility is I could approach the same point x2 from right and that sequence I can write it as like this, so here I am coming. So when I am defining these limits, I am looking in this case the right and left limits as sequence which are monotonous here, right? Like I am going to get a monotonously increasing sequence when I look for left sequence and I am going to get monotonously decreasing sequence when I look at the right sequence that is converging to the point x. So let us say we also look at the sequence of sets and we are going to define the limit on this like monotonically increasing sets. When I say monotonically increasing sets, that means they become larger and larger. B1 is contained in B2, B2 contained in like this. Now in this case, what is the notion of limit? So this is nothing but I have this sequence of BNs. Yeah, so we can consider that. It could be included. So that is what I said, right? When it is included, I am not going to write. When it is not included, then I am going to write it like this, okay? If I just write like this, that means B2 could be same as B1. Now suppose if you have a sequence like this, what do you expect the limit to be? Why sample space? Yeah, the biggest one. How does the biggest one look like? Yeah, it could be possibly union of all this, right? So I could write limit of n tends to infinity bj as union of bj, j equals to 1 to infinity. So bj's are increasing sets, right? Anything at j tends to infinity, whatever the set we have here, that should set, should be as much as you can verify this like. So how you are going to verify? Like if you are going to let j go to infinity, whatever the set, if in that limit, if a omega point is there, is that omega point also belongs to here. And now if you take a omega point in this set, will that be also belonging to this sequence as j tends to infinity? So because of that, we can verify that. I mean, this is just like definition. We will just take it like a definition and this makes sense. Now, we have a equivalent notions of xn converging to point here, but in the set, in the onsets, okay? So similarly, if we have b1, so how you like this to be defined as? What should be the natural vinyl set? It should be an intersection, right? So this is like a decreasing sequence, right? Whatever the value you have eventually, that should be at the intersection of all the points. So this thing here is an analog of xn converging monotonically, xn is a monotonical sequence converging to x2 and this is an analog of x2 is a monotonically decreasing sequence converging to x. So now let us define, so okay, before I make, so if this function f is continuous at point x2, okay, let us take this. I have a sequence xn which converges to, instead of x, let me call this y. I have a sequence, let us call this as some point y. So what does this mean? Limit as xn n tends to infinity equals to y. If f is continuous at y, is this true? If the function f is continuous at y, do you expect this to hold? This is true, right? Irrespective of how this sequence xn is converging to y, either from the left or right, we do not care or it is a mix of both left and right. So any sequence xn that is converging to y should satisfy this property. And if this holds, then we say that my function f is continuous at y. So now let us apply similar notion here. So with this, we will show that this is, let us write it as lemma. So this is our claim. Or maybe the better way to write is let p be a probability function, let bn be a sequence. So what we are saying is let p be probability function and you are given a bn sequence. And now if this bn sequence whatever you are given is monotonically increasing, then this p function will satisfy this equality which says that if you are going to take this probability on this sequence pb and compute their limit, that limit is going to be nothing but probability on the union of the sets. It is just clear. And similarly, if this b sequence is like a decreasing sequence, then if you are going to apply this probability on the sequence and take the limit, this is nothing but the limit is nothing but the probability on the intersection of these events. So in a way what we have said here is, so the other way of writing this guy here is limit j tends to infinity p of j is equals to probability limit of j tends to infinity of bj. So what you have basically done is I have just replaced this definition. This union of j 1 to infinity is nothing but what? Limit as j tends to infinity of bj. This is our definition. Now what we are just saying is if you want to take a limit of the sequence of the probabilities, this is nothing but take the probability of limit of bj. That means we have basically interchanged this probability function and limit. So now first we took the limit and then we are applying, taking the probability, taking the limit. It is saying that this is going to be same as first take the limit and then apply the probability on it. So we are just, whenever you have this limit, the probability function is such that it allows us to interchange between limit and p. That is exactly what happened here also. So what was y here? Here y was limit was n tends to infinity of xn. Now, so this f of y was nothing but limit of f of xn as n tends to infinity or maybe I should have written this one in a slightly different way. So, if f is a function continuous at y, we know that limit as n tends to infinity of f of x equals to y, but this is nothing, what is y? y is nothing but limit is infinity of y. So this is the definition of y. So here if f is a continuous function at a point y, at that point for any sequence that converges to y, I am able to interchange this limit and f in this fashion. So this was the definition or this was the implication of my function f being continuous at y. And this is what I am also saying similar properties for my p here. p also I am sure we have what, I have not assured this, but what I have shown, what I have, the way I have written or claimed is, it shows that I can interchange the limit. In this way, I can, can I interpret this function p is a continuous function, the analogy with this guy here. So whenever f was continuous, I am able to interchange the sequence and the limit or the limit and the function. So here I am also doing this function. So because of this, this property is going to be called as continuity of probability. Let us quickly show this. This will, I mean all of you are with me like, this makes sense to claim that p is a continuous, probability is a continuous function in some sense because of the analogy we draw from what is the property of a continuous function. So these are finer aspects we need to see which we are going to use later as I said to prove that part. So now let us try to argue why this should be true. So I have this increasing sets of sequences. Let me call this as b1, this is b2 and b3 and like that we have. So now I am going to define this to be d1 and the difference here to be d2 whatever that is there between b1 and b2 and similarly what is there between b2 and b3, let me call that as d3. I can keep on doing this for everybody, right? That means, so what I have basically done is I have taken di to be bi and I am going to define it as null set. Is this fine? Can I define my sets like this iteratively? So this is, I have another sequence di and is this true that union of di is equals to union of bi? Yes, no because they are basically capturing the same elements, right, together. I mean you just take b1, b2, they are union or just take their difference whatever the increment we are going to get from b1 to b2 and b2 to b3, you just take their union you should get the same thing. But what is the difference between these two? While the sequence bi's are nested, these di's are which will be exclusive because of the way we have defined it. So is that clear? I can write this as union of di same as union of bi, what I want to show? I want to show this, right? Let me take this limit as j tends to be p of bj. I am now going to write it as pj is equals to p of di i 1 to j. Is it correct that probability of pi is equals nothing but the sum of pdi's from i equals to 1 to j, right? Because bj can be represented as union of di's and there it is joined and from that property of di's I know that the finite additivity property satisfy, right? The probability of union of di is nothing but summation of probability of di's, that is what I have exactly applied. So this was one of the properties or the axioms that we assumed p should satisfy, okay? So now by definition this is nothing but i equals to 1 to, so I have just like this is a, I am just letting j go to infinity, right? I am just letting, just taking this upper limit to be infinity that is was the definition of di and now I know that this di's are what? Disjoint, right? Now what property can I exploit here? If I want to write it as just one probability here instead of the summation of the probabilities, probability of union of di, right? This is just the meaning of sum of probabilities of disjoint sets. Now we already know that this union is nothing but union of bi's because they are covering the same set of element. So this should be equal to then probability that union of di i equals to 1 to infinity and this is what we wanted to show here, right? So if you want to show this on this set, on the decreasing sets, what is the changes you can possibly think of? How you are going to, so you have to now define your di's directly, right? How you are going to do that? Largest one at infinity, you do not know. So think about this like how you are going to do, so just do that as an exercise, okay? You should be thinking along exactly the same line, okay fine. So ultimately from this, so all this detour is to just to convince ourselves that if there is a probability function, I am able to interchange limit and probabilities. Just like from the whole detour, just we are going to just take it that like, okay fine. Whenever I have probability function, I have a sequence of probabilities, so sets that are monotonically increased, I should be able to increase, I should be interchange probability and the limit in this fashion. That is the only thing I wanted to use from this part, okay. Now let us go back here. So do you think this is obvious? So let us come back to the properties of CDF. This is a cumulative density function, right? So accumulation means you should keep on accumulating and what we are accumulating, we are accumulating probabilities which are non-negative quantities. So it should be, this function should be increasing, so how to show this formally? So see this, I have said if and only if, right? You guys understand what I mean by if and only if? So what does that mean? So what we are saying is suppose if CDF, if I am saying CDF, then this is CDF for already some random variable, right? Then it should be satisfying all these properties. And now if F is some function which satisfies this, then it should correspond to CDF of some random variable. What is that random variable? We do not know right now. It depends on what is the F we are talking about. So in this, we are only going to show only if part. That is if F is the CDF of some random variable, it is going to satisfy these properties, okay. In the other direction we skip. Okay, how we are going to show F is non-decreasing? If you are going to take X greater than Y, then we need to show that F of X is going to be greater than or equals to F of Y, right? This is the meaning of that F is monotonically increasing. So let us take the case only X greater strictly greater than Y because if X and Y are same, nothing to show, right? So let us take X is strictly greater than Y and then try to show that F of X is strictly greater than or equals to Y. How we are going to show this? So by definition, F of X is going to be less than or equals to X and then this is the case if Y is strictly less than 1, it should be the case that X is less than or equals to Y plus X is, can I split this probability like this? So what I have basically done is I have taken X is less than or equals to, so we have, the way I have done, first comes Y, then comes X. So probability that X takes value less than or equals to this is same as probability that X takes value less than Y and probability that it takes value in the, between X and Y. Now is it obvious that this should be equals to F of Y? Why is that? So we know that this guy is going to be greater than or equals to 0 and this is nothing but F of Y. So now let us try to show the second part. Now to show the second part, let us take a sequence BN, X is less than or equals to N. So before I do this, when I say only if part, right, I am going to say that F be a CDF for some X and then I am doing this. I am already assuming that F is CDF of some random variable and I am doing this. So let us take for that random variable, let us define a sequence like this. Now if I look at this sequence BN, is it monotonically increasing? Yes or no? So that means that X I am increasing N, right? So it should include more and more elements from my sample space. So that is why this is a monotonically increasing function. Now what is F of N? It is nothing but probability of B of N, right? By definition F of N means probability that X is less than or equals to N. That is exactly BN. Now if I let N go to infinity and now at this point I want to exploit the fact that my P is probability function P satisfies continuity property. So if that is the case, how can I write it? Now what is this union? Now just so what is BN? BN is X is less than or equals to N and now I am allowing this N to go to infinity. So what is this quantity is going to be? Sample space, right? So this is P of omega equals to and I know that is going to be 1. Am I done with this part of the proof? Yes, from this. So does this, whatever I have just shown here, does this concludes the proof of this part? Yes. But I have done it only for N integers, right? But whereas this X can be any real number. After that what does not matter? Yeah, so what cumulative value? Why is that like okay? So what you are saying? Fine. According to this definition, so FNs are now real numbers, right? Yeah, so we have this definition. According to this, for all epsilon greater than 0, there exists some N epsilon such that for all N greater than or equals to N epsilon I have F of N greater than or equals to 1 minus epsilon, right? This is the definition of the limit. You take N sufficiently large then in epsilon F of N is going to be less than N. Now instead of this N, now you look for all the points beyond this N, any point beyond this N and my function is such that it is non-decreasing, right? It is increasing. So all the points above this N should be also be greater than 1 by epsilon, right? So because of that if I am going to took all the points which are greater than N and also if I look at all the points between N and N plus 1 like that, we can convince yourself that this is indeed true even if I replace N by X, any real number which is instead of the X, we can say that for all X greater than or epsilon this is going to happen and because of that this is true that I can assume X equals to infinity limit of F of X equals to 1. So you have to convince yourself that yes I can replace because of this monotonicity property of my function F even though I have shown it only for the integer value, I can replace it by the continuous real numbers, okay? And then the very definition of the limit says that this is true and this is like in a similar fashion you can show this. All you need to do is replace N by minus N, okay? So I wanted X go to plus infinity, right? Now I want to go X to minus infinity. So replace BN by B minus N that means X less than or equals to minus N. So in this case what about my sequence will be? It will be decreasing sequence now instead of the increasing sequence. But even for the decreasing function your probability definition that the limit and probability you can still interchange, right? And then you do the same thing, but now you are coming from the in the negative direction. That is why this should be true. The last property. So what I am saying here is F is right continuous. When I say I did not say F is right continuous at some point, right? I just said F is right continuous. That means I need to show at any point X my function F is right continuous, okay? So take an arbitrary point X R and we have to show that for whatever the arbitrary point X you are given my function F is right continuous. So now I am going to define a sequence FN equals to X. So this X is the same point whatever you have taken and now for any N I have defined a sequence like this. Now is this sequence, this sets now A N is a set, right? Is this increasing set or decreasing set? It is going to be decreasing, right? As you increase then this is going to be shrinking X plus 1 plus N. So now again apply our standard trick of using continuity of probability here. So this is nothing but limit of N tends to infinity of probability of A N, right?  And now because this A N is a monotonically decreasing function and by the continuity property of P how can I write? This is nothing but probability of intersection of, okay? Now go back to the definition of A N. A Ns are looking like this. What is going to be the intersection of all these A Ns? X or 2 X are there. It is going to be like if I am going to let N go to infinity here the limit this will be simply equals to X, right? Because this is nothing but this is a sequence which is approaching from right to X, okay? And now that is why we can say that this is nothing but this is the limit of this. So now what I have basically done is and this is nothing but F of X by definition, right? What I have basically done is I have taken a sequence here which is approaching X from the right, right? So this sequence as N goes from 1, 2, 3, 4 up to infinity this is approaching from right the quantity X here. So I have constructed a right sequence which is approaching X from the right and for that we have shown that this is true. But to show right continuity what we need to show take it any arbitrary right sequence that is converging from the right and show that this holds, right? So now this by this itself my proof that F is right continuous is not complete, right? Because I have what I have demonstrated through this is there exists a particular sequence that is converging to X from the right and where this holds. But what about the arbitrary sequence that is converging? Do you think using this argument you can extend this same analysis to any sequence that is converging to X from the right using which property? Continuity I have already used. So do you think we can use again the monotonicity property to make this argument work for any sequence? So check that this one which I have proved it for a particular sequence the same argument can be used to argue that for any right continuous sequence this is true. How is that true? Like this is going to be the same argument like this, right? Here I showed you for integer value. So here in this proof we show that we can extend the argument for any X using the argument for that holds only for the integer values, right? It is also similar case here. Now we have an instead of n we have just 1 by n here. We have an argument that construct a sequence using this integer valued sequence. I mean not integer valued but a sequence. But now you can show that using this you can come up with this argument extends to any sequence that is right converging to X. So just see that like 1 by n is converging to 0, right? So at some point it should be falling arbitrarily close to 0. If it is a right continuous sequence so any right side continuous sequence also like let us say this is any right continuous any sequence that is converging to X from the right. So if that is the case this Xn should be also going to 0. It is just let this 1 by n is going to 0. So whatever the values in between that you can if it has any other sequence it should be falling between one of those n, 1 by n and 1 by n plus 1. And then you can say that this is true for any arbitrary right sequence that is converging to X from the right. So I hope that you will convince yourself that this is going to work for any arbitrary sequence that is converging to X from the right.  So before we leave can you find so we just define some things and try to prove the properties. So do you think where the CDF is going to be useful? Do you think CDF is going to be useful at all or just like fine? You just defined it and do whatever you like to do with it. So if the CDF function is already available we already know that probability right. So if you have this pre-computed CDF function we already noted what is that suppose the way the temperature varies you have a distribution on that and you know already the CDF. So if you want to know what is the probability that my temperature today in Mumbai will be less than let us say 30 degrees just look at the CDF and you already have that. We just show that like how that CDF what should be the properties of the CDF and this is going to be help lot further as we will see.


All right, can everyone hear me? Okay, cool. So we haven't been able to find Rob this morning, but I figured we got some folks here, so we might as well at least have a fireside chat type conversation. So obviously I don't have a deck or anything to share. He may have had some really good content. But yeah, so my name is Major Hayden. I work for Rackspace and I do a lot of security related work on our OpenStack deployments. And so I've worked a bit on the security guide, which is a big chunk of documentation that helps you deploy OpenStack in a secure way and also secure the OS that's underneath OpenStack. So there's some other projects within the security team, especially around Bandit. I don't know how many people have heard about Bandit. Okay, so long story short, Bandit gives you the ability to do basic checks on any OpenStack project. So if an OpenStack project is maybe importing a library that has CVEs or maybe it's importing a library that doesn't do things quite well, Bandit will give you feedback on that and you can use it to kill a gate job or something like that. It also looks for some basic things around, like if you're starting a shell improperly in Python or if you're taking variables and just dumping them straight into the shell, which is really bad to do, it'll look for those as well. And there's a few other projects that I'm not familiar with. If anybody knows of any, you can just shout them out or anybody, there's the other one that's Centrobos, Centrobos, I can't remember if anybody uses that one. So I figure we can have a little bit of a chat around OpenStack security. So we can pretty much open it for anything that anybody would like to discuss or I could try and go on about some of the other good things that I've seen lately. So there's been some developments as well in Keystone and I can't remember exactly what the part of Keystone is but there's almost like a little sanity checker in Keystone now that will look at your configuration and try and figure out, are you using tokens in a bad way? Are your configuration files or token files or anything like that are stored on the system with bad ownership or bad permissions and things like that. So I think if more projects could start to adopt that, it would be helpful. And I know within OpenStack Ansible, we've added that to our gate jobs. So if for any reason someone adjusts code and maybe it deploys Keystone configs with ownership set to 777 or something, it will kill our gate job. And so that way, none of that, hopefully less of that stuff will slip through. And so in the security panel the other day, we had a good discussion and some of the discussion there was around projects talking more about security and how they could work together on those things. So if you're a Nova developer, you might go to the Keystone team and say, hey, how do we use tokens better or how do we maybe check these tokens better or how do we find a way to get people authenticated more quickly or anything like that? So with that, what exactly would y'all like to talk about? Does anybody want to share anything or do you have questions about security within OpenStack? Oh, okay, so the question was, you're doing a lot of work at the Layer 2 level, like WAF, I'm just repeating it so make sure you get to the video. You're doing a lot of work at that later and you're wondering if there's OpenStack projects out there that are involved in security. So you're saying securing web servers that are inside of a VM, inside of a guest that a tenant is spinning up? Oh yeah. Yeah, so along the same thread of firewall as a service. That's a very good question. And that's something I know, there's been work done in Octavia around the load balancing to be able to handle some of the SSL offloading at that layer. So there's some there where you actually have something between the user and your actual web server on the backend, but I'm not really familiar with anything else. I do know that in the OpenStack Ansible realm, we have a security role that you could go ahead and use and apply to tenant VMs as well. So if you had a tenant that says, hey, I'm doing WordPress, you could say, okay, well, apply this role when you get done installing WordPress, you make sure you have those things covered. So that's a good point. So the comment was stacking different neutron networks so that way you can actually get a little bit, get something in between just doing some listening or ideas or yeah. I think that's one of the big challenges. I've constantly heard that one as well where it's like, I've got a tenant that has a myriad of VXLAN networks and how do you get in between some of those and make sure that when the web server's talking to the database server that those are the queries that you expect and they're coming through in the way that you expect watching out for SQL injection and probably your web server should never say select star from passwords. So you could always pick up some of that kind of stuff. Although it could do that but I don't know if it's a very well written application at that point. And a small plug if you wanna hear about the OpenStack Ansible security stuff, I'm doing a talk on that at 11. All right, what else, anything else? So one thing that did come up in the, we had a documentation fishbowl the other day and the security guide came up in there and I've also been talking with some of the folks from Red Hat about things that they wanna add to the security guide. So if you haven't checked out the security guide it's pretty awesome. It's in the main documentation repo and it talks to you about, hey, how do I set up Keystone tokens and what the heck is different between UID tokens and a Furnit token and which I've called Furnay forever and then I was told I'm not supposed to. And so you can go through there and it says, hey, when you're set up Nova here's how you set up your virtual machines and why should you enable SE Linux or App Armor which the answer is yes for all those. And it goes through how to set up all that. It goes through how to set up Neutron, how to be very careful about how you allocate networks and I know the folks at Red Hat are doing a lot of work on industry and government certification in the rail OSP cloud. So they're looking to find ways to not only use hardening standards to harden the OS that's underneath the cloud but then also almost create like a hardening standard for OpenStack proper more than just the OS. So how do you deploy Nova and Libvert and KVM and Neutron and all these things in a way that is secure. So if you haven't ever contributed the security guide that is an awesome place to get started because you may find some things in there where maybe there's an alternative way to do it or maybe you think, well, hey, no one's ever gone in here and talked about security for Trove or for databases. Okay, well then go in there and write it up. There's someone who's going to come along later and benefit from that. And then also speaking on behalf of the deployment projects like OpenStack Ansible and Cola and all the others, we use that guide as well to make sure we're adhering to the best standards out there. So yeah, the security guide needs some love in a few ways and there's one argument that we were having. I know the Red Hat folks and SUSE folks and I were talking about how do we get some more vendor specific information in the security guide? So how do we get it to, you know, this work that Red Hat is doing to go ahead and certify OpenStack and almost create a hardening standard for OpenStack? How do we actually get that into the security guide? It's going to be vendor specific, which is a little bit weird. So, you know, Red Hat would want the freedom to improve that but yet it's out in the open. Same with SUSE and I'm sure Canonical will be interested as well. Yeah, if you're just coming in, the main speaker's not here so I'm winging it. So if you want to have an active discussion in a fireside chat, yeah, he's like, no, I'm out. All right, so what else? Anything else security related? Does anybody want to know how to get more involved? So IRC is helpful. The OpenStack dev list, there is a security tag that's used on occasion. So that's a good place to get started. I think another thing is just be involved with the projects. So, you know, if you're really involved with Neutron or you're really involved with Keystone and you have a security mindset or security is a large part of your job, go to those meetings and just join in. And if someone suggests something, you think, man, there's like a better way to do this or there's a way to make it more secure or a way to make it where you may have a particular, you may have a particular development team that works at a pretty small shop. And if you work at an enterprise level, you might go in there and say, hey, wait a minute, at a small shop, that would work great. But if you go to an enterprise, it's a non-starter and here's why. So I think having those conversations is really good. And it really takes understanding how the projects are operating and where they're going. So, all right, I completely agree. So yeah, the comment was around more documentation and more help and understanding how to do key management and then do you pick BarberCan or do you pick Vault or do you pick both? And then depending on what you pick, how do you implement it? I think that'd be fantastic. And if you want, that would actually be a good documentation bug to open up for the security guide because if that's not already in there or if there's not already a link that goes to BarberCan's docs where it explains that in more detail, that would be awesome to have. Okay. Yeah, so the comment was around the project map that Terry was sharing. I can't pronounce Terry's name right, I try. I know, I'm from Texas, so I mispronounce everything. But yeah, no, I think if BarberCan's gonna be the de facto, then I think we've really gotta have some solid docs around that and solid implementation. And I think it's more than docs. I think it seems like for key management, it's so easy to do it wrong. There's like 1400 ways to do it wrong. There's like three ways to do it, right? So, and then of course any key is as good as your management of it. But yeah, I think that would be good. So you said the BarberCan session's coming up in like 20 or 30 minutes. So, Volvo versus BarberCan. That would be an interesting one to check out. I may have to add that to my schedule. So, I guess the question is like the assessment of multiple projects security-wise with the status update on that. So I don't have a status update on that. I'm sure Rob does. But we did talk about this a little bit at the panel the other day. And I think some of that is going forward and I think that's where some of that keystone where it came from, like that little sanity checker. But yeah, I think it's, there's got to be more conversations around it. There's got to be more cross-project involvement. And I think it's probably on some of the projects who are a little bit more security conscious. Well, not security conscious, but security focused like Keystone or BarberCan or something like that for those folks to reach out into the other communities and say, hey, we would love for you to change the way you do something and we'll come over here and help you do it and help you test it. I think that's really the big thing is people popping up out of the community that they normally work in and going into another one that is related and then saying, hey, look, we'd like to build a bridge and our bridge will be built on security. So I'll say within OpenStack Ansible that's been really helpful. Because we found like, what right before the OCOTA release came out, the NOVA team released the NOVA placement API and that was kind of a big surprise. And so we had to kind of join up with that team for a while and say, okay, like help us understand. What's this for? Where does it go? How do we secure it? What information does it hold? That kind of thing. So I think it really requires kind of reaching across the aisle and to those other groups. Anybody want to talk about Essie Linux? Well, I guess if there's nothing else, we could probably adjourn and my apologies to Rob for butchering the session. Anything else? All right. Well, it sounds like we should all probably head down to that barbecue and talk probably in the next 20 minutes or so. All right. Thank you all.


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Thank you guys, let's go just two weeks before elections governor candidates Martha Coakley and Charlie Baker met last night for one final debate. Coakley fans appear to be out and supporting tonight and there are fewer Baker fans out here uh while they're in a dead heat uh we're curious to see where this night takes us uh and how it will affect the coming election. We always have a free willing discussion with Jim and Marjorie so I'm looking forward to it. I can't wait. We intend to cover a lot of ground and the only thing we can tell you about the format is that there isn't one. Coakley pushed Baker to be more transparent with his background. You need to release your employment contract. If that's the case then he is in violation of the law and if he's not then he should disclose his contract with the with catalyst. Baker seemed keen to soften his image focusing on his urban agenda. Community so that people understand that not only do we care about them but we get where they're coming from and they can see us and that they know we're going to if we make a commitment to them we're going to follow through on. We desperately need to create more things at night for kids to do in urban communities. No I think look I'm very happy with uh with the debate and I'm very happy with our performance and and as I've said uh as people have gotten uh more familiar with our message and our plans from Massachusetts um we've seen more and more of them Democrats Republicans and independents come our way and I'm very excited about the next two weeks. I've had eight million dollars of negative advertising against me uh we are working hard on our ideas and organizing we're going to win next week. Reporting for BU News Service I'm Rebecca Sanadis