So, welcome to this last session of this course, I actually wanted to demonstrate the technology which is used to build spoken tutorials, all of you are familiar with spoken tutorials or no ok. So, in this session I wanted to tell you two important things, one is that increasingly the technical literature assets will be more and more in digital form. So, all of you are familiar with say Khan Academy lectures or the NPTEL lectures and so on. The difference between Khan Academy lectures and NPTEL lectures currently is that NPTEL lectures are actually video shoots of the complete lectures delivered by teachers. The teacher is very much visible, the teacher is teaching a class, sometimes the recording is from a normal class, sometimes the recording is in a studio, but essentially the face and the body language of the teacher is the main important thing in that lesson or in that lecture. Khan Academy on the other hand if you have seen Khan Academy lectures, the face is not visible. So, it is a recognition that the person behind the delivery or communication is not as important as the content of the communication and of course, the form in which the communication is or the contents are conveyed. Now, let us look at the development of content expression or content communication that has happened over last 2500 years. What was the model 2000 years ago of educational communication? Nobody knows. 2500 years ago, the written script was not very well established and not very well known. The script was evolving, in fact in Mahabharata time people were illiterate. That is why Vyasa had to invoke Ganesha to write Mahabharata. So the written script is a much later happening. The earlier whether it is in the Greek time or in the earlier Indian days, the learning teaching used to be through discourses, so a teacher with lot of disciples and as we all know the churches, mosques, temples served as the infrastructure for these discourses. The development of the current university system or college system as we know it is a much later happening. The situation remained similar to this for a long period of time till about 250 years ago or slightly around that time. I like to define a pose in these are all years, so I just mentioned how the contents were expressed and communicated for 2500 years. Then came the era of 250 years roughly, give or take a few 50 or 100 years when Gutenberg happened. What did Gutenberg do? Printing press. Everybody knows or some people have not heard of Gutenberg. How many of you have not heard of Gutenberg? God bless you. Okay. So I will tell you about Gutenberg and I will also tell you about Gutenberg project which is a much later happening. So Gutenberg actually made, it's not that printing was unknown, printing was well known. Chinese in fact had discovered printing much earlier. There were lithopresses and such things which were available so that some manuscripts were available in printed form but they could not be scaled up in delivering large number of such copies and they were not affordable. Gutenberg invented a printing press which was usable by many. He invented actually those what you call that type form, not type forms but well something by which people could assemble text and printed and pages after pages could be printed. What it resulted in is the universalization of education. Many of you may not be aware that education was limited to few elite for centuries together, for million year in fact. Only few elite could be educated. Ordinary people could not be educated. From Indian mythology you know the well known story that A. Kulabya was refused education by the Adronacharya school because he did not belong to a particular category of people. The fact that people yearning to learn should be able to learn became possible only somewhere in the last two fifty years and the Gutenberg's technological invention has been an important point in achieving that. This continued for a long time and the so called universalization of education spread. Second books is what we have all used so far, all of you are familiar with books, right? All of you are familiar with second hand books, third hand books, whatever, whatever. The second and third hand markets grew in response to the need for affordability. If I have hundred rupees to spend and if I can buy only one book then by going to a second hand shop I can buy maybe four books in hundred rupees and those four books could still be relevant if they deal with some basic fundamentals which have not changed let us say over the last few years or even research publications were mostly in the printed form. This also gave rise to the notion of intellectual property preserved in the form of copyrights. Expression is copyrighted, patents are for products. The IP or intellectual property rights were defined such that the copyright would be available to the person creating that expression for a limited period of time and after that the right would belong to all people. So this is something I do not know whether you are aware, the patent laws and the copyright laws were originally not perceived so much to protect the person who has created the copyright and patent but were perceived to protect the humanity to ensure that such protected knowledge flows back to the human pool. Unfortunately over the period of time when the free market economy gained currency people who were interested in commercially exploiting such contents okay kept on pressurizing governments after governments to enhance the IP protection law. Do you know that in United States for example if there is an author who holds a copyright to the book the copyright is available to the holder 70 years after the death of the creator incidentally the creator rarely enjoys the fruit of that copyright. All authors of books are required to give their copyright to the publisher which owns the copyright on behalf of the author author is of course given some commission or something like that but the copyright owner now which is a publishing house will enjoy that copyright 70 years after the author is dead. Now that is a commercial exploitation like it or not that is how many of the rules are in response to this when computers first came in and it was possible that digital media could actually get published text available and made accessible as digital media. A project was started which was called Gutenberg project if you have not heard of Gutenberg you would not have heard of Gutenberg project also. This Gutenberg project was started by an IBM was working on an IBM mainframe and he said that the best form of expression which people can easily access and read are ASCII characters. So he said plain ASCII characters he would get useful contents in the form of readable books digitally readable books and will make them available in public domain. The open source licenses etc had not emerged at that point in time. He simply said they are available for anybody to read modify whatever what when he considered this project I think the first first piece that he published was the American Constitution or some such thing. Then he wanted to publish books on computers operating system as was known then systems of air etc etc and he suddenly hit the wall of intellectual property. Nobody would be willing to give him the rights to say that okay you can take this book and make it available. Then he dug back and found out which are the books which are out of intellectual property which have no no and surprisingly guess what he found. He found that Bible was not copyrighted, Gita was not copyrighted, Quran was not copyrighted and then he figured out that these and similar creations of content probably are far more valuable to humanity than a discourse on operating system and this. So he enlarged the scope of the Gutenberg project to say all useful material which people should read would be put in created a large volunteer force across the world. There are more than 46,000 books available under Gutenberg project freely downloadable freely distributable freely usable freely editable and you are not even aware of that. Many of them are books on science, books on technology, they are very good creations. Subsequently when the web came and that is what happened in last 25 years. So all of you are familiar with the legacy of Tim Berners-Lee, not very enthusiastic nurse, who was Tim Berners-Lee? My God don't tell me many of you don't know that. The creator of the first browser, okay internet was there ever since RPA network came and on internet people could exchange files, file transfer was available, some rudimentary emails were available but the availability of all these documents in different forms did not mean much to individuals who wanted some material from here, some material from here while they are reading this they would like to go somewhere else and read something else, some paragraph in some places so that is where HTML came into being and HTML made all the difference because the markup language permitted links to be established, digital links to be established. Incidentally most of the Gutenberg project books are now available in HTML format as well okay. These formats are important because they mean a lot of convenience to people who read that material. So as a part of communication it is very important that all of us should be able to create such material as well. Typically the written expression that we are all familiar with language is one aspect of course, correctness of language is another aspect but in the form in which you present it and in the form in which you make it available so that it is maximally accessible is still not a solved problem for most of us. We create a file for a content and that file is posted. So as I mentioned the other day people don't care, people don't take care to name their files properly so if there are 120 files which are submitted to me I can't figure out which file is submitted by whom and what is the topic whereas it is possible to make a repository in modern times which can be interconnected concepts can be interconnected presentations can be interconnected and people can easily navigate through these you need something much more than HTML of course but it is now possible to do that. In fact the dynamic databases as we speak of today for example people fill up forms people fill up their information so you look at any time in the ASC website if somebody registers yesterday that person's name appears today if as a teacher I look at the role list how does that happen because the name and other information was inserted when the student registered say yesterday evening but any time from that point onwards if anybody refreshes the page showing the list of students dynamically from that database the current list of students is picked up and is shown. This ability to dynamically display changed contents was not feasible earlier it was not feasible even when the early computers came it became feasible because of the web because of the huge dispersion of the web and therefore because of it the need and the possibility of making such contents meaningful to people web therefore has transformed the contents completely in the last 25 years. Just note that what happened in this duration in terms of contents their accessibility and their affordability more happened in the next 250 years and what happened in 250 years after Gutenberg's print express much more than that has happened in these 25 years so that is the pace at which the availability and accessibility of content has increased in humanity. I want you to be aware of that and I want you to be aware of what is happening now so in this context I would like you to consider the last 20 years what has happened in the last 20 years which is remarkably different from the point of view of education not just educational content yes MOOCs have happened massive online open courses they take content to a different plateau altogether please note that the Khan Academy individual lectures or NPTEL lectures or the books and chapters or even the connection side which I just mentioned once from Rice University where different modules are authored by different people and anybody could combine these modules to create a printed book. The massive online courses combined the conventional discourse that happens over let us say a semester or a year where a complete subject is taught to people in some kind of a sequence of lectures practice problems quizzes assignments lectures more problems more lectures examinations this is the sequence through which we traditionally learn now what is being attempted is to use modern technology to implement this sequence online and that is what is massive open online courses so Coursera, EDX, Udacity as I mentioned these are the people who are actually creating those courses 8 to 9 minute videos some practice problem some online quiz you answer them next etc etc etc and now suddenly a single offering can be taken by hundreds of thousands of people across the country the same offering this was not feasible earlier now this has happened in the last two and a half years only and the pace at which this has been increasing matches the pace at which things increased in 25 years the first set of learners on the first MOOCs offering were 5 to 8,000 within a year when the first year anniversary was actually celebrated by Coursera and EDX each one of them had 100,000 participants in a course that they were offering in the last year the number of 100,000 registered people for different courses and increased the number of courses available on wave has increased more recently in the last six months universities of the universities top universities in the US several in Europe are actually adopting the MOOCs kind of training for teaching their own courses in their university IIT Bombay will start teaching two courses in this fashion from coming semester one in thermodynamics one in computer program it completely derails the conventional delivery of courses no lectures as I said flip classroom but this is becoming popular it is very obvious to many of us that over the next 10-15 years this will become the main delivery mechanism and platform for knowledge to people for learning everywhere including in schools the developed countries will adopt this faster countries like India Malaysia China Afghanistan Pakistan have to follow how to do it and where to do it faster because we don't have much time and all that brings me to the important point what are the peculiarities of written communication or recorded communication that we must learn practice and become experts in so that useful material for these kind of composite offerings can be created by a large number of people the people out there who are conventional teachers will probably add the contents once they learn the mechanism of delivery but we need tools we need software tools which will facilitate such creation and the job of computer science people would be to create such tools job of computer science students would be to popularize such tools to examine such tools work collaborative it is in that context that I wanted to tell you about one particular effective communication which is known as well we can say Khan Academy lectures are something similar the concept of spoken tutorial in India was started by Professor Kannan Maudgaly of IIT Bombay for last several years he has been pursuing that he has developed a team which builds these spoken tutorials the original idea was to popularize free and open source software so they started building spoken tutorials on free and open source software they were very clear right from the beginning that team led by Professor Kannan Maudgaly of that whatever mechanisms that we create they should be scalable they should be affordable and both users of spoken tutorials as well as creators of spoken tutorials should be able to do so with the greatest possibilities the only assumption was that digital interface is available to the learner if a network is also available well and good but that is not necessary so what they did is they started creating these what they call ten minute tutorial so for example you have a series of tutorials in python programming you have a series of tutorials on linux you have a series of tutorials on open office or LibreOffice he discovered that a large number of people in India pay for such office usage software in in most places and that cost is very heavy whereas Libre Office is free so what they did is they build these tutorials these tutorials can be heard by anyone if you just need a you just have a headphone or ten rupee headphone which is available in the market thanks to the Chinese manufacturing is adequate you just put that headphone there click the the spoken tutorial and the spoken tutorial will tell you starting from how to install LibreOffice how to edit a document how to do etc etc and the important thing is that the spoken tutorials are designed such that in one window you can open the spoken tutorial in another window you can actually open LibreOffice so if you have a problem in saying how do I insert some text somewhere in between you can go to the corresponding open tutorial which actually has screenshots and spoken words and you can listen to that and say ah this is what I take the cursor here click left I get the cursor there then I type etc etc very simple words effective words now the way they create these spoken tutorials is what is important to us in this series on effective communication first of all they write a script then the script is read first series of slides are made like you can say PowerPoint slides well they don't use Microsoft PowerPoint they use LibreOffice again but you can have PDF files or whatever whatever no human being is seen only the voice is recorded because one of the ambitions was and this is something that you should appreciate as technical people if you have a video clip showing the person the movement the class and so on so forth let's say ten minute video clip what will be the size of that clip in megabytes fairly large a good quality video showing people movement interaction will be fairly large here they are only static slides and voice so the payload is very very small as a result of it a large number of such spoken tutorials can be packaged into an inexpensive CD costing 10 rupees and can be spread very easy the spoken tutorials.org is the site available this in IIT Bombay it is maintained by IIT Bombay on that site hundreds of such spoken tutorials are available they have been created by the team I will speak a little bit more on how these things are created because that is what is important to us but what is important is they also embarked on another idea that every spoken tutorial although initially prepared in English should be available in every major Indian language now how do you do that so they have an English script first let me comment briefly on the essential part of the creation of spoken tutorial they again use open source tools camp studio is one tool which they use to record the voice and the and the slides etc etc it's very easy each one of you can learn to use it in about half an hour's time just download camp studio you need a microphone you don't need a video camera actually you need a microphone to record your voice voice is important voice quality is important because that is what is recorded and heard by people once you have prepared the slide somebody actually speaks in the microphone and records the entire audio that is let's say the first cut thing then somebody is required to write the complete script of whatever you are speaking it has to be a written script so there's a lot of gola giri work that you need to do it may take about two three hours to write eight minutes worth of script some editing etc it is written in English and then somebody with good voice reads that script in sync with the slides which are moving you record everything using camp studio or some such tools presto you have a spoken tutorial now an interesting thing is done that script is published on the net and volunteers are asked whether they are willing to do the following a translate that script into an Indian language and be dubbed the same video in the Indian language in somebody else's voice so for the same LibreOffice tutorial now you have a Hindi tutorial in LibreOffice you have a Telugu tutorial in LibreOffice they even have a Bhoshpuri tutorial although Bhoshpuri is associated with some interesting movies etc etc they have a Sanskrit tutorial which I don't know whether anybody listens to for real learning but for the first time in this country it is now possible to create educational contents which are available for listening to and seeing the basic knowledge in one's own native language imagine how much our schools and colleges will benefit you are all senior students but I am sure as I often mention when you join the first year of your college anywhere many of you would have difficulty in understanding English lectures because you would have studied in your own native language you learnt English of course very quickly you are all smart people but initially you have that difficult so till that transition happens how useful such spoken tutorials could be in Bahasa Indonesia in Malay in whichever language you mentioned Vietnamese in Pushtu in whatever you can actually create this spoken tutorial now these spoken tutorials have taken a shape there are thousands of people they have trained more than 150,000 people through workshops these workshops are conducted and they have trained people to conduct such workshops any one of you can go to a college and conduct a workshop on spoken tutorial on how to create a spoken tutorial and how to use a spoken tutorial for any effect and this is spreading now like Wi-Fi this method we have decided to adapt to at least one if not both the MOOCs courses that IIT Bombay will be offering so my course for example let me tell you the preparation that is going on originally I had recorded lectures like the NPTEL lectures and I was proposing to use them I realized through the experience of MOOCs that nobody watches one hour long videos this is exactly the feedback that professor Kameshwari also received when she tried to run a network course anybody registered for the network course of hers that will probably come next year I do not know anyway so she uses the flip classroom she records the lectures but she records using not camp studio but Camtasia another studio it's a proprietary product and she has created full lectures but full-length lectures 20 minutes 40 minutes lecture and she now understands that those lectures are not very easily readable or we web so I am creating lecture snippets which are 8 minutes long followed by as I said activity and so on and creating such digital contents are exercising my abilities to communicate I have not yet been able to finalize the first 8 video snippets although I have tried for last how many days I think for one month have been trying and finally I have concluded that condensed method is best I have to first prepare a script and read it there is no substitute but what we are also trying to do is that the entire CS11 course roughly encompassing about 30 hours equivalent of video recorded contents where I will not appear at all the video recording is exactly like slides some animations or some explanations and spoken words and then script will be made this script will be outsourced to 10,000 teachers who we are training in the month of May and June on how to teach basic programming using these methods and these 10,000 teachers will then be requested to form groups of different linguistic abilities and that group takes a responsibility of taking some chunks of this rewriting the script in Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Hindi, whatever whatever one of the group members who has a good voice records that voice and edits that video with that voice by July we expect the entire CS11 lectures MOOCs course etc etc available in all major Indian languages as well it is possible to do so why I am telling you all of this this is how the contents would be more relevant in coming years so far we have already always neglected audio and video content our concentration has been on written contents written contents are important but audio contents will become increasingly important one such tool for example which I have speculated and one of my mTech project students will be working on this is that how do you view an audio file you know if you take a audio clip in any editing software also the clip will look like some waveform right why is it just waveform now if you have a text you can peruse through that text you can search a file and text search on any material that you see there how do you search in audio one of the tools that is desperately required is that if the audio truly represent a script which has been pre-written the script is available somewhere and in fact when you record a movie with that audio you can actually tag that script you would have seen on television many times the captions appear as people are speaking whatever they are speaking appears below that what is that technology individual sentences are not tacked to individual frames instead you write the entire script and let the script flow in that video along with the video and as these people speak so how nice it would be if you have a tool if you have a perusal tool that you put your cursor here and automatically a window appears showing you the text of the spoken words here and as you move the cursor the text keeps appear and you should be able to do a text search on the audio when you say a text search for example where did presser fatigue use the word pointer so I type pointer and actually on the audio clip on the concerned tutorial I automatically I have taken to a cursor where the pointer is first mentioned etc etc such tools may have appeared crazy 10 years ago they are vital now immediately from today on it is not uncommon to imagine that in 10 years time the seminars that you submit will no more be just text files you will be required to record your seminar presentation along with the seminar script not the seminar report seminar report may be 20 page report but a 10 minute script that you will speak will have to be recorded in audio that file will have to be submitted along with the audio recording probably to be used with such a tool the examiners could be sitting anywhere in Timbuktu and they will peruse this and they will say okay this makes sense they can even award grades in absentia today that is not possible people have to read full 10 page reports they are not if they are away they are unable to watch you make presentation a presentation could be much more succinct focused and will bring out only the salient points of your longer report now such reports can be produced and can be given in audio form in audio video form the important thing is as the network bandwidths increase and become more affordable the full videos will also be possible including your thobada and everything every everybody can see whatever now here what I wanted to close this series with is that this is something that we have not been able to or rather we were not willing to spend time on for this particular course because the objective here is to prepare you for effective communication in mechanisms that are currently in use and almost all current mechanisms are written communication printed communication typeset communication we also provided you some glimpse of how effective presentations can be made but in coming years this is what would happen so those of you are interested after the exams you will out now concentrate on your your exams here okay so those of you are interested can actually participate in in these efforts and can think of something more interesting to be done in the in the coming years time the spoken tutorial website if you go to spoken dash tutorials dot org you search for spoken tutorials and you will get condensed site immediately there is a tab there on technologies used for spoken tutorial and they will explain the entire how to record your video I mean audio and so on you will be making your seminar presentation soon a large number of people have to make a seminar presentation when is that you probably after the exam or before the after the exam now I do not know how many of you give mock seminars as every one of us has emphasized time and again that practice is important the practice is the only thing which tells you to make some corrections which highlight some mistakes that you have made and so on so now how do you practice if there are no friends available one simple way of practicing is prepare your seminar presentation for 15 minutes as a spoken tutorial let's say people less intelligent and less prepared in technology than you have been able to look at that site and have been able to create spoken to do so here is a suggestion whenever you are required to present your seminar or for that matter any presentation anytime which is 10 to 15 minutes long assemble your slides and record a complete spoken tutorial then write the script for that spoken tutorial when you write the script you will understand that the mistakes that you make in language English mistake grammar mistakes some mistakes in not emphasizing properly some point mistakes in reading the entire slide rather than speaking in your own words all of these could be eliminated just a simple 15 minute recording followed by listening to that record followed by jotting down something and probably one more record in about four hours time you can make your seminar presentation even now of a much better quality than what it could otherwise so this is what I would leave as the last thought with you the now I come to the more unpleasant point first of all thank you very much a majority of people have actually participated quite enthusiastically in different activities that we had including the group activity which generated a lot of interest sadly I have no way of knowing who were the sleeping partners in these groups but you always give a benefit of doubt to the group if the group does a submission everybody from the group takes the credit so that's okay the mundane point which is unpleasant is that the Institute Senate has set some rules I had mentioned this to you I am not a fan of compulsory attendance but I understand that in a past fail course apart from the assignments and attendance there is absolutely nothing else for me to judge people so a few days ago I had announced that I would expect hundred percent attendance in the last two weeks and I would expect all submissions to be made now there are some people who had not submitted their Ted talk thing there are some people who did not participate in the group activity there are some people who did not submit that some there was a submission the that was the Ted talk summary itself on it I think we had identified four submissions right there was an invite email to be written there was a literature survey to be submitted there was a mind map to be submitted and there was a presentation on mind map to be submitted now are there people here who have not done one of these four things please raise your hand one two three four five six and there could be some were even now missing the class altogether it is obligatory that you all make some submissions so that I can record them and I can award the past great attendance was obligatory people who have not attended these lectures in the last two weeks must send me an email and must meet me so that if they have missed only one lecture here or there and if they have sent me an email appropriately don't bother but people who have missed many of these lectures I must meet with them I must give them some extra work in lieu of those three hours or four hours that are missed so that I can legitimately award a pass let me tell you when anybody fails the person feels bad but the teacher feels more bad I hate to fail anybody I try not to fail people at all for 40 years I have tried this hard and yet I am disappointed because somebody or the other I have to fail now I at least this once I would like that in a past fail course I don't fail anybody and the only way I will do it is either you have complied with the attendance and submissions if you have submitted late it's okay but as long as you submitted there's no problem okay now the list of people whose submissions are not with us can we put up such a list there will be this is the last lecture as I announced there is one more week of instructions technically but I do not want to engage you in a classroom fashion like this in that week most of you who have been doing their work diligently can use that next week for working on your own topics but those who have a backlog of submissions or attendance must work during the next week equivalent of whatever three four hours of work is required but that work should be done and that submission should be made I will be submitting migrate to the Institute coordinator by next Friday before next Friday I must have all missing submissions I am requesting Firuza to compile information on the role numbers about whom we do not have complete clarity of submission so we'll provide the complete role list which is there on the I will will publish it on the moodle and we'll also put it up on maybe on the notice board or something because there are some people who are not registered on the moodle most of the role numbers would have a tick against them which means they are okay they have submitted they have attended but those role numbers which appear with a question mark I think they must meet either me firuza or nagesh over the first two days of the next week Monday and Tuesday you can do so because there is Monday lecture will still be held next week on Tuesday right because Monday has been declared a holiday so the lecture will be on Tuesday so those of you who wish you can meet both of us immediately after that lecture whenever but it is vital that people with that question mark should meet us by Monday we'll put up that list and as I said my only humble request is please cooperate and permit me at least for the first time in 45 years that not a single student fails from my class they never happen you can create history if possible but unfortunately the majority of the people cannot contribute to this wish it is only the small minority which which can contribute so I will conclude by requesting the majority to do one thing please go out of your way to find out who are the other jokers we have registered but not shown up in this class or don't show up in the class or don't submit or something like that they must be somebody's friend I cannot believe that attempt taken PhD level everybody is not known by someone other or not of course if I am known by two other people and those two people only know me and only three of us know each other and all three of us bunk then I do not know how to handle that situation I simply hope that basic human instinct will not permit such a situation to happen so with that I will conclude thank you very much and best of luck


Former state representative Deborah Gonzalez and assistant DA Brian Patterson have been running for district attorney of Athens-Clark and Oconee Countings for several months. But the election was upended recently with the resignation of Ken Maldon. Maldon has been DA here since 2001, but suddenly resigned a couple weeks ago without much explanation. This resignation has huge political implications. First, the Democratic primary that Deborah and Brian were both running in has been cancelled. It's over. Brian Patterson has been named interim DA, and he may serve at least through January, if not for another two entire years. How is that possible? Isn't there an election still scheduled for November? Not necessarily. An anti-democratic law passed just a couple years ago in 2018 allows the governor to cancel elections for district attorney in the case of a resignation. If he appoints someone over six months from an election, everything is fine and the election will proceed as normal. If he chooses to wait until after the six month cutoff, then the entire election is cancelled. A petition went up quickly when all this came to light, asking the governor to appoint the new DA before May 3rd and allow an election this November. It now has over 1,500 signatures. Erin Stacer, president of Athens for Everyone, and Tim Denson, ACC commissioner, organized a carpool to deliver this petition on February 18th. So we're about to go in and request. I get that. After delivering the petitions, we saw district 119 representative Marcus Weidauer in the hallway. So we were able to still have the election tonight. I'm 100% behind that. I think the voters need to decide, so I hope he makes the appointment. We were also able to briefly speak with district 117 representative Houston Gaines. Do you support that? Yeah, I mean I think having elections is always good. So you would think it's egregious that there would not be a November election? I mean I think there should be a election. Okay. We just came out of the Capitol speaking to district representatives who represent parts of Clark County and Oconee County. And both that we spoke to, Representative Weidauer, Representative Gaines, both agreed that an election is the best way to move forward here. The voters of Athens need to be able to keep their ability to elect our elected officials. It's that simple. In particular, the DA, the district attorney, has a lot of power. They get to decide who to prosecute and with which charges to prosecute them. Without holding them accountable, our criminal justice system can go terribly awry. They should not be dropped in by decree of the governor using a loophole in a law and bypassing the will of the citizens. The ultimate of voter suppression is not having the election to begin with. Let Governor Kemp know your opinion. You can contact him at gov.georgia.gov.contact-us. You can also sign the petition because there might be a second delivery. I'll put the link in the description. Thanks for watching.


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this lecture we are going to talk about the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, and not just looking for life in the universe, but for intelligent life with which we are able to communicate. So what do we know here? Well, first of all, how do we travel between the stars? Well, the distances are tremendous. Even if we could travel at the speed of light, it would take four years to reach the nearest star. Our current craft, such as Voyager and New Horizons, would take 80,000 years just to reach the next star. So it's not something that is very doable with current technology. And again, even if we could go accelerate and get up to the speed of light, it still takes light thousands of years to get to many stars. So while there are some in our local neighborhood, actually getting out and traveling to very distant stars would be still a problem. There's also an expense of faster travel. It takes a lot of energy. If we made one trip at 70% of the speed of light, which is way beyond our technology right now, it would take 12 years to reach the nearest star. However, that would cost the equivalent of an energy of hundreds of thousands of years of electric consumption for the United States. So that's how much energy it would take. So we need other ways to try to communicate, because the travel just is not feasible. How about sending messages? Well, we have sent messages on spacecraft, such as the Pioneer, which had a plaque as is shown here, which contains information about our solar system here. So this is our solar system and which planet we're from. So we identify the spacecraft as coming from the third planet there. The sizes of humans here relative to the spacecraft in the background, what the size of a typical human is. And this is the position of the sun relative to 14 pulsars and the center of our galaxy. So that identifies the location of the solar system in space.  This is the spin flip transition of hydrogen, which is responsible for the 21 centimeter line of hydrogen, which is used to explore gas, hydrogen gas within the galaxy. So this information has been sent out. This is what was sent with Pioneer. On the Voyager, the Voyager sent the golden record with the sounds of earth, including greetings in many languages, different music samples from different cultures on earth, natural and manmade sounds from earth, and encoded diagrams and photographs. However, how likely is it that these will ever get to anyone? Even the Voyager craft now at the greatest distance from earth are still just at the very at the edge of our solar system and are tens of thousands of years from getting anywhere near another star. So that civilization finding them would have to be almost on top of us right now. And who knows what it will mean if maybe millions or tens of millions from years now they are detected. That would be what would have happened here on earth. What would earth be like in the meantime? So since neither of these work, how can we communicate? Well, one advantage is that radio waves travel at the speed of light. So this is a quicker way to make contact, but it is still not a fast way. It would take over eight and a half years to receive a response from the nearest star. That's four point three years to get there. And if they immediately responded, it would take four point three years to get it get back now. We can broadcast signals and have done so with things like the Aeroscebo telescope shown shown here before it was destroyed. And will the signals be strong enough to detect? Where are we going to send these signals? So we have to choose carefully where we want to send them. And then we have to listen for signals. So we have to listen for signals that are coming back. So we really need to be able to do all of this. We'd also need to be able to listen for signals. Because if other people are broadcasting somewhere in the universe, then maybe we'll be able to detect that. How do we determine the difference in a signal? Is it natural or is it artificial? And if you recall, when we discovered the pulsars, the pulsars were thought perhaps at very first could have been a artificial signal, although we later found out that they were a natural signal. Now one signal that has been detected, and this is the only time we've had one, is what is called the wow signal. And that is one spot where we had a significant detection of a signal from space. Now we know it came from space, but we still don't know for sure if it was a signal from another civilization, or some kind of interest different natural signal. But it was much, much stronger than the general background of the signals that we normally see. So interesting to see, but since it's never been repeated in the decades since it was first detected in 1977, it still leaves us questioning exactly what happened there. So how do we detect signals, even for using the radio spectrum? It is large. Where do we listen? Well, we tend to think of listening at what is called the water hole. The water hole is this part of the electromagnetic spectrum between emission of hydrogen on one side and hydroxyl on the other. And hydrogen, H, and OH together make water. It makes sense that maybe a civilization dependent on water might look in this region, much like us. And it's also one of the lowest noise regions in the radio spectrum. If you go too far to either side, whether to high frequencies or to low frequencies, there's a lot of background noise. So this is one of the regions where the noise is at a minimum. What kind of signals might we detect? Leakage, just general signals that are being broadcast around that planet that would also go out into space, those would be very difficult to detect. Things like radio or TV shows that have been broadcast. They would be very difficult to detect elsewhere just because they weren't broadcast there. Beacons, actually messages that are sent, would be much easier to detect. They're a much stronger signal and they are specifically sent in one direction, not just generally out in space. So where are we going to send these signals? Well, sun-like stars, we tend to think that those are the most likely ones to have life like we have on Earth. Stars with known habitable planets, certainly that's a good starting point because at least we know there's the possibility of a habitable planet there. And the question again is will we receive a response? How long will it take? What is the technology level of the civilization? If we had received a signal 200 years ago, it never would have been detected, let alone responded to. So maybe civilization sent us signals for hundreds of years and gave up on us as no life in this area. Are they interested in communication? Are all civilizations interested in communication and in what else is going on? We did send a message in 1974. The Arecibo sent a message toward a globular cluster known as M13, which would have 100,000 stars. So sending it to all these directions of all these stars at once, but it is 25,000 light years away. So while we send it, it would take 25,000 years for it to get there. It still barely started its journey. And if someone did respond, it would take another 25,000 years for that response to get here. So how can we try to understand how many civilizations there are in the galaxy? Well, what we use is the Drake equation. So the Drake equation is a way to estimate a specific thing. It's the number of technological communicative civilizations in the galaxy right now. How many are there now that we could communicate with? It's based on a number of estimates and probabilities. So we can estimate some of the numbers, which are astronomical. We have to get some probabilities for some of the others. And some of them, like this last one is going to be a very difficult to find. But if we can determine these seven terms, all we have to do is multiply them all together to get the number of civilizations. Now, some of these are known better than others. And let's take a look at what they are. So the first one is the rate of star formation in the galaxy. That's an astronomical number. And we have a pretty good idea of what that rate is. Fraction of stars with planets. We're now finding out that lots of stars have planets. So there are a good number of those. So this is the fraction of stars with planets, F with a subscript P. And that one we can probably get a pretty good idea on, as well as getting a good estimate of the number of Earth-like planets in each system. Is it one? Is it two? How many are close enough and could be within that habitable zone? So we could probably get somewhat reasonable estimates here. The question marks are on these ones, especially. Fraction of those planets that develop life. We only know of one planet in the universe that has developed life. Is there other life out there? Possibly. But we don't have any good idea to estimate whether this is one in two of these planets that develop life, or one in a million. And that makes a big difference when you're doing this calculation. If they do form life, does it become intelligent? And that's a good question.  In other words, these are ones we would not be able to communicate with them. And then the fraction that develop communications. How many of those develop some kind of communications? So in that case it would be probably radio telescopes. Do all intelligent civilizations naturally develop radio communications? Or is it a rarity? And that's another good question. And the biggest question we have here is this one. What is the length of time that a civilization is actively communicating? We've developed radio around a hundred years ago, so technically we've been doing maybe a hundred years. A very small fraction of our civilization. Before that we would not have been able to detect or send messages. So how long does this last? How long does a civilization last? Do they last millions of years? In which case there could be a lot of them there? Do they last hundreds of years? In which case there could be very few. So what is the answer to this equation? Well, there is none. So there is no answer to this equation. Exact. The values have a wide range. We can have a pretty good estimate on the first three, but depending on what you put in for these and for this last one, we could be the only civilization in the galaxy. We could have an N which is less than one. In which case it would just be us. Or there could be thousands or millions of other civilizations. It just depends on what your assumptions are, again especially for the development of life and how long a civilization survives. It's really not an equation meant to give us an answer, more as a discussion point. Let's discuss what the probabilities of life are. And it's unlikely that this is really ever going to have any kind of definite answer. So is there life out there? Well, it's an open question. It's not something we will ever be able to say absolutely not. Because we're never going to be able to study every single possibility of planet that could have life. Could we ever say yes? Well, if we ever do detect it, then it could be answered yes. So it is a question that could be answered yes at some point, but can never really be completely answered no. What we do know is that the building blocks of life are very common in the universe. We know that there are many planets with conditions similar to Earth. What we don't know is how easily does life form and especially how long does an advanced civilization last. How long do we have to communicate with them? Do many civilizations destroy themselves before we would have a chance to communicate and receive responses? So let's go ahead and finish up with our summary. And what we looked at again, the possibility of life in the universe is an open question. We have sent messages by a number of different methods to other civilizations. And we talked about the Drake equation, which allowed us to consider the variables needed to determine if and how many other civilizations are out there. So that concludes this lecture on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then, have a great day, everyone, and I will see you in class.


Hi everyone, let's take a look at an example of a related rate problem. In this one we have a boat that is being pulled to a dock at the rate of 2 feet per second. The pulley is 8 feet from the water and the rope is tied to the boat at 1 foot above the water. How fast is the boat approaching the dock when the boat is 20 feet away from the dock? So if we were to try to draw ourselves a picture first and identify all the rates that were given and those that we're trying to find, then we can set up an equation to solve and remember related rate problems are solved through implicit differentiating each variable with respect to t, the time. So let's draw ourselves a picture first. So suppose here's the dock and perhaps this is the pulley system and let's draw ourselves a boat and we are told that the rope is tied to the boat at 1 foot above the water. So this distance would be 1. Let's assume that the rope is right here and we know that the pulley is 8 feet from the water. So we're basically going to make a right triangle out of this. So if this height here is 1, that means if we make a right triangle out of this, this height is going to be 7. And we are told that the boat is being pulled to the dock at a rate of 2 feet per second. So let's think about what that's telling us. Remember it's the pulley and the rope that is pulling the boat into the dock. So really if we identify this side over here as perhaps z, let's call this horizontal distance down here x that represents how far horizontally the boat is from the dock. We could express the fact that we are given dz dt is the 2 feet per second. Now what we're trying to find is how fast the boat is approaching the dock. So we're trying to find dx dt at the specific point in time when x is 20 feet. So what we could do is knowing that at that particular point in time when x is 20, we can apply the Pythagorean theorem to find out what z will be at that point in time. So let's go ahead and do that because we're going to need that later anyway. So we might as well do it right here. And when you solve that out, you get that z is the square root of 449. You can leave it that way. You can simplify it if you wish. You could express it as a decimal. Although if you are going to express it as a decimal, be sure to store that value in your calculator for use later. So maybe it's just as easy to leave it as square root of 449. So now we need an equation that's going to tie everything together that we can do the implicit differentiation on. So given we have a right triangle, and it sounds like a Pythagorean theorem one, we're going to go ahead and set it up as a right triangle with the Pythagorean theorem. So that means we have x squared plus 7 squared equals z squared. And we go ahead and do our implicit differentiation on that, differentiating each variable with respect to time. Derivative of 7, of course, is simply 0, and derivative of z square is 2z dz dt. So remember we do not substitute any values in until after we've done our implicit differentiation. So now we can go ahead and substitute in those values that we know. So at the particular point in time at which we're trying to figure out how fast the boat is approaching the dock, we know x is 20. dx dt is that which we're trying to find. Remember we figured out z at that point in time to be the square root of 449. And dz dt we know at that point is 2. So if we go ahead and solve for dx dt, that gives us square root of 449 over 10. We could express that as a decimal if you wish. So that is approximately 2.119. So our conclusion therefore is that when the boat is 20 feet from the dock, the boat is approaching the dock at a rate of approximately 2.119 feet per second.


What's up everybody it's coach Johnson from AirTay throws nation and it of course was the greatest series of all time that included the world record by the greatest shot putter ever Ryan Krauser obviously through 2337 at the us olympic trials you know it was a dominant performance he opened up big and you know when he threw 2292 in the first throw qualifying in the morning you had to really wonder is this guy going to break the world record in the final and of course he did so let's do this we're going to take a look there's so many exciting things i'm a i'm a super fan of throwing of course you guys would know this um so it's just like everybody loves this right this is what's not to love this is the greatest throw in 31 years and funny enough um you know on a side note the randy barns uh world record throw back in 1990 at drake stadium ucla 2310 so that was 7510 and see this guy right here that is yours truly so i was really excited a few weeks back or last month at the Tucson meet when uh ryan threw 2301 so i had been able to witness the world record in 1990 live and i was really thought i saw the world record again i probably may have been the only person at that meet there might be one other person that could have seen it both now i of course wasn't there to see the world record but i've seen two 23 meter throws which is pretty amazing so let's get back to looking at ryan okay so there's just so many great things about this event but let's take a quick look at what a world record throw looks like let's look at some of the key things now of course we just can't help it we look at everything in terms of six pillars so we look at the setup and this is one of the things like if you're ever to camp of ours or you you attend anything or you're subscribed to our program you will uh know that we always talk about the setup of the throw and some of the things that we kind of teach we kind of model after even ryan krauser because it's so consistent right he is the guy who has had more 22 meter throws than literally i believe joe kovacs tom walsh and like reese hoffa and adam nelson combined like it's absolute insane so the fact that he hadn't had the world record up to this point he was the greatest thrower ever i mean hands down but this just clearly cements it like more more 22 meter throws than anybody in history more throws you know the world record he is absolutely unequivocally the greatest ever so what makes him so great and again kind of looking at it we'll look at it in terms of six pillars he sets up his throw he's so consistent you know you look at the throw and you can see there's been some slight little adjustments right and i think that just you know says volumes about throwing here's the greatest thrower ever and he's just constantly working at his craft i think that's the thing you have to understand you have to put in the right work you have to put in all the time so let's let's just do this first we'll play it okay so he comes around boom so it was everybody knows it you know it's a me it's the coolest thing ever right i mean you can't help it uh you see this when he just lets it go i love the recovery right one of the things we always teach to don't look at the throw until you're recovered he's got control at this point he comes around he knows he's got it and you know that's exciting he just he knows it's big it's the best throw he's ever hit and he blasts it so let's look at it in terms of what makes him so good what makes him the greatest and this would kind of just be you know looking at it technically so as we kind of back this up so we talk about the setup we want to set up separation and we want to set up stretch reflex and we want to set the orbit and the radius right rotational throw we want to look at how level you know those shoulders are going to be how level those hips are going to be and so when you watch ryan right he really gets out around this this is what we call pillar two so the first thing he did is he sets up it seems simple but it's the same throw over and over and over you look at it throws all throughout the season this year last year the year before there's such very like barely any differences between two and you see how he's just gotten more and more consistent and throwing further and further and further this year we can we call pillar two we call that setting up maximum power getting around this axis right getting this sweep leg around here's you know his left hips here the arm path here is long and that's going to be the key because we see how he really comes out and so everything super wide you see how that hip seems to be leading well what's going on is he's moving the lower body ahead of the upper body so you can see that and that's what gives you this hip lean you can't have this upper body leading ahead and have the hip lead like this so that's taken a 300 and what 30 pound guy who's six seven gravity is pulling him into the throw he knows how to utilize gravity in his own speed so he's going to set up and this is what we call pillar three the big white sweep we're dropping into the throw and we're applying speed and look at how he does that so when you see that he hits and just look at that sprint I mean this is a big dude this is a seven foot circle and you know he's going to cover just a little over three and a half feet so he's sprinting and then he hits this left arm hits and it hits right here at three o'clock you see how he's off now watch his right side just smash in and he just boom the upper body right the upper body stops rotating well let me let me explain it this way it's not so much it decelerates and the lower body really moves ahead so you see how his foot is facing back here his shoulder and armor this way right so he's creating wham he's just creating this monster amount of tension and this is one of things we've always trained right so you create this nice stretch on that on that rewrap and that's going to create this kind of stretch reflex into the throw and so he's going to react out of that incredibly well now look at how look at how rotated he is his left foot's going to come down a touch this is what we call so again that was three this is pillar four right now he comes into what we call pillar five we break the power position in two positions look because if he starts throwing here which is what a lot of young throwers do right they start they want to attack it and what he does is he gets that foot down and you see how everything goes here now now he begins right he gets that lower body finished and that's what we refer to as pillar six right so we've got to get the lower body moving all the way into the throw that hip ahead you see how his hip is just drive just smashes into the throw right you see it right here just look at his hip right here wham just boom and now he's got wham he just got that long pitch we always talk about kind of a comparison of like a heavyweight boxer an MMA guy knockout punch you get that hip ahead boom and that's what lays out that big punch you got to deliver a knockout punch Ryan Krauser without a doubt delivers a massive knockout punch and look at that block this is the key thing so a lot of people will say throw on a bent knee but watch it it's going to come here the shot is about out of his hand there's his knees are bent right here look at his knee here it is straightening it's extension this is what's going to give the ball lift he's trying to maintain he comes through here right we talk about maintaining level shoulders right so because if you're turning like this it makes it really hard to rotate in if you're rotating flat you're going to come through so watch as Ryan comes up boom he's completely squared up hips are into the throw and the legs are what's going to give the lift the block lifts the delivery sides rotating and you have more lift in the shot right heavy heavy implement sits on top of you so you're going to have more lift than you would like in the discus okay so then you see him just come through block arm just mash right boom block leg block arm that whole side stops the the hip is through and he just gets that massive punch and you see how the block arm this is really key that block arm stays there right he's coming all the way through and now it starts to move he's literally got it there and the other thing is the nice high follow through with the block leg right you see how that lifts up it's going small in the middle and then as you come through you have to lift that leg up nice and high that pulls you back into the circle this is decelerating him right the big long leg is slowing down that rotation it's pulling him back into the circle which you see he did very cleanly and boom that is a world record so let's play it again in full speed slow mo and just because it's just awesome if you're like me you've watched this video a zillion times already it doesn't get old the guy is just it's an amazing time to be a shot put fan and again you know i made this video this is going to be about the world record and ryan krauser and you know huge congrats to of course ryan and his dad mitch and all the hard work he's put in this guy is just so exciting but let's not forget that fifth place was seventy one eight twenty one eighty four it's unbelievable right i mean the the stats let's let's take a peek real fast just gonna pay homage uh twenty one eighty four twenty one eighty nine twenty one ninety two i mean these guys are inches off of seventy two feet i mean and then covex seventy three three so we're going to do another video and we're going to talk about this as a whole like how absolutely insane that and how it the depth of the us men's shot put is just off the charts and like joe covex had an amazing series three throws over 22 meters not a throw under 70 feet you know just a hell of a day and but ryan had the greatest day ever and the world record so so at any rate let's take a look at ryan and full speed again boom so nice so let's take a peek at it and slow mo we'll look at it about half speed so again you're gonna notice that setup he creates nice separation he's gonna really create that nice long path into the throw and then boom just awesome so when you're looking at it again so what we do is how do you how do you get something like this you work in pieces you work in our pillars we that's what we like to refer to it as again we're just try to put it so you can see it something that happens we always talk about ryan is a world-class you know olympic champion world record holder this throw from start from from the time he's here to the time it comes out of his hand we're talking about what 1.35 1.4 seconds a brand new thrower that's never thrown that's say 10 years old or eight years old or 12 years old is probably taken two seconds so we're talking six seven tenths of a second between the world record holder and a brand new thrower what does that mean it means you have to you have to train your throw in parts you have to of course work on your full throw but you have to learn all these intricate details how ryan is moving his arm here moving his foot moving this foot that whole sequence of his hips moving together here right into what we call his pillar to learning how to set that up drop in this knee and hip keeping this nice and long seeing that counterbalance between the sweep leg and the balance arm wrapping it up so we now as he sprints he accelerates he loads everything up and he just smashes those legs and can hit that big delivery so now you got the block the delivery leg the delivery arm massive sequence and events how do you learn this stuff it takes years ryan krauser is 28 years old he'll celebrate his 29th birthday this coming december you know so it is taking this guy his entire career now mind you if you are just new to this and you don't know the krausers are legendary right ryan's dad was a 220 foot discus thrower you know competed with mac wilkins a legendary you know gold medalist like his uncles an amazing thrower you know cousins like the krauser family are just incredible track lineage and so it's really cool too that he's from organ he comes back he's competed at this place since he was a kid and now here's the new stadium and all the excitement it's just it's just awesome so at any rate just keep in mind right that's the thing we want to do is kind of take a look and how do you take something that's so sophisticated you know so technically complex happens so quickly we break it into pillars that's what we suggest that's the whole mission behind irritate throws nation bring more attention to the sport you know showcase this this is just such an amazing thing to see um you know i saw this when i was 20 years old and now i'm 51 so it took 31 years of course and it's just been absolutely amazing watching this guy is just never gets old he's just an amazing technician it's just so consistent and that's what i think makes everything super special so congrats again to ryan um all the fans out there of course we all love this and uh wow just can't say enough this was fantastic so hopefully you guys like this video we'll have some other stuff coming up but we had of course do something celebrate you know one of the oldest records a massive thing he's been knocking on that door for so long and uh congratulations again to ryan and his dad mitch so if you guys like this video be sure to comment anything you'd like to see questions comments below uh be sure to subscribe and we will see you guys on the next video


Medal of Honor, the highest honor a grateful nation can award its military heroes for acts of courage, self-sacrifice, and dedication above and beyond the call of duty. The history of America's survival is written in the blood of its fighting people whose devotion knew no limits. For the past 50 years, fighting men who wore the silver wings came from all over America when their country called. They learned to fly, they learned to fight, and they never flinched from facing combat. Some lived through two world wars. Many paid the full price. This is their story. The year was 1943. From the historic Casablanca Conference, a number of decisions emerged to speed the downfall of the Nazi war maker. One was a program of combined bombing operations. The RAF was to continue its night bombing attacks while the American Air Force would concentrate on daylight precision bombing of selected targets. Around the clock destruction of enemy industry, transportation, and supply sources was to bring the Third Reich to its knees. Combined bombing operations had been underway six weeks when Flight Officer John Morgan made his fateful flight. The mission? To wipe out the AGO Fluxoichwerk, producer of the German FW190 fighters, located about 90 miles southeast of Berlin. The deepest daylight raid yet attempted. A force of 120 B-17 flying fortresses was to take off from scattered English bases loaded with bombs and ammo, some equipped with extra fuel tanks for the long, dangerous flight. There was seemingly no surprise element to confuse the enemy as the planes reached their rendezvous point in the sky. Their progress was marked on German radar and the news flashed to waiting Luftwaffe groups. However, the direction of the flight toward the much-bombed Kiel-Hamburg area was a faint. At on schedule, 39 of the B-17s broke away and began their perilous journey inland. Even before reaching the German coast, the B-17 on which Flight Officer Morgan served as co-pilot was attacked by a large force of enemy fighters. They knocked out the oxygen system to the tail, waist, and radial gun positions. A frontal attack shattered the windshield and a 30-caliber shell hit the pilot in the head, leaving him in a crazed and semi-conscious condition. He fell over the steering wheel, tightly clamping his arms about it. Flight Officer Morgan at once grasped the controls from the wounded pilot and by sheer strength pulled the airplane back into formation, despite the frantic resistance of the pilot. The waist, tail, and radio gunners had lost consciousness from lack of oxygen. Hearing no fire from their guns, Morgan believed they had bailed out. In the face of this desperate situation, he made his decision to continue the flight to the target. For two hours, he flew in formation, with one hand at the controls and the other holding off the clutching grip of the crazed pilot, before the navigator entered the steering compartment and relieved the situation, making the completion of the mission possible. It was not a cheap victory, but the enemy paid a bigger price. Recon photos showed the amazing accuracy of the bombing. The vital Fokervolf 190 plant was rendered useless for a long time. Newly promoted Lieutenant John C. Morgan was awarded the Medal of Honor for his miraculous and heroic performance. The citation read in part, or conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty while participating on a bombing mission over occupied continental Europe.


This is stock number 969A. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used Jeep headquarters. Today we are checking out this super clean 2015 Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo. This vehicle has the 3.6 liter V6 Pentastar motor and from this HD video you will be able to tell that this Jeep is extremely clean all the way around inside and out. No dents, dings or cracks on that front bumper. It has the projector lamp fog lamps the projector lamp headlamps Granite crystal is the color. I like to remind everybody that we shoot all of our videos in 1080p So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device Or whatever you may be watching this video on to turn them on now So that you can see this vehicle Like you're actually here looking at it It has XD series 17 inch rims and it has brand new Goodyear Fortera tires These are 24570R17s and they are brand new all the way around. We put these on during our safety inspection No dents or dings on that front fender The hood is in excellent condition. I didn't see any dents or dings on that Front bumper very nice and clean as well passenger side rim. No scuffs or scrapes on that And as you go down this side of the Jeep you can see just how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is We take these HD videos. So if you are far away Or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down you can still see the vehicle Hear the vehicle and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here Very clean down this side. It does have some nice step bars on it Back rim is in excellent condition as well and these back tires are brand new too As we come around to the back of the vehicle you can see that it has the Towing package which includes receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring the rear bumper is in excellent condition The tailgate is very very clean. 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It has auto head lamps factory Floor mats power windows power locks and power mirrors nice woodgrain dash trim And as we hop inside the vehicle you can see that this one has 55,082 miles Has a leather wrapped steering wheel It's in pretty nice shape cruise controls on the right bluetooth audio and information center controls on the left Also point out that it does have the seven inch TFT display with the digital speedometer and you can change all the corners To no compass outside temp miles to empty all that good stuff This one has the 5.0 touchscreen radio with am fm and serious xm radio capabilities the dual climate control And the climate control and whatnot there too Backup camera shows up right there It does have the keyless entering go system with the push button start This has the quadra track one system So it's a smart four-wheel drive system goes in the four-wheel drive when you need it Passing your seat is very clean as well. No rips or tears on that The headliner is in excellent condition and you got your map lights right up there We will take a quick look at the back seats and then we will check out under the hood Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here Does have the latch child safety system We have factory floor mats throughout back here as well And these seats do fold down for extra storage and they go down nice and flat They got the little flap so nothing falls behind the seats And your rear air vents are right there We will take a quick look under the hood. I'd like to thank you for checking out the video today And hopefully from this video you can tell just how clean This grand Cherokee is so that you can make a smart buying decision From the comfort of your own home Under the hood we have the 3.6 liter pentastar v6 motor engine bay is very clean runs very smooth This Jeep has been fully safe and inspected by our certified Chrysler technicians Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off It has four brand new tires and it is 100 ready to go To see more pictures of this Jeep grand Cherokee or one of our other 400 new and used cars trucks SUVs minivans wranglers You name it. We got to go to our website www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle on our lot Videos of every single used vehicle that we have all at summitauto.com. Thank you so much for checking out the video If you want to make this Jeep yours today Give us a call<PHONE_NUMBER> ask for one of our sales associates to make this Jeep grand Cherokee yours today Once again that number is<PHONE_NUMBER> Thanks again for checking out the video and if you'd like to check out more You can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see There in fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our youtube channel on your left A link to more used inventory videos like this one on your right If you have not been to our website on the bottom a link to this vehicle on our website Click those check us out and we really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2015 Jeep grand Cherokee Laredo. Thanks again


Hello it's Missy! Thank you for watching! For today's video I wanted to share an updo that I think would be so perfect for a holiday party, New Year's Eve or what have you, but of course you could also wear this for any special occasion or just for fun. Comment down below what you think about this look. Make sure to like and subscribe if you're new to my channel. Click that bell as always then you'll never miss any future videos and let's get started! To begin this hairstyle I'm going to combine all of my hair into a low ponytail at the nape of my neck. I'm not going to part my hair though you could part it if you wanted to but instead I'm just going to bring it down and back over my ears. To smooth out the crown area I'm going to comb through it and use some hairspray to smooth down any bumps or loose flyaway hairs. Now using a hairband I'm going to tie off the hair at the nape of my neck. Then once the hair is tied off I'm going to divide the ponytail into two equal sections. I'm going to be braiding both of these sections into a regular three strand braid. Starting with one section of the ponytail I'm going to divide it into three smaller sections and since I'm doing a braid I'm going to be crossing the side strands under the middle strand. You can cross them over the middle or under the middle I just decided to do under because it was a little bit easier. So I'm going to cross the left strand under the middle then cross the right strand under the middle and I'm going to alternate between crossing the two side strands under the middle strand and I'm going to work my way down to the ends of this section. So I'm crossing the side strands under the middle strand alternating between the left side under the middle then crossing the right strand under the middle until the braid reaches the bottom of the hair and you want to try and braid all the way to the ends without leaving a big section of hair unbraided at the bottom. This will just make pinning the braid a little bit easier to do. When the braid reaches the ends I'm going to take a clear elastic band and tie off the end of the braid so it doesn't unravel and now I'm going to repeat the same process with the other section of the ponytail. I'm dividing this section of hair into three smaller sections and I'm going to cross the side strands under the middle strand again so I'm crossing the left strand under the middle then crossing the right strand under the middle and I'm going to work my way down to the ends of the hair crossing the side strands under the middle strand so I'm just alternating between crossing the left and the right side strands under the middle strand so crossing the left strand under the middle then crossing the right strand under the middle then crossing the left strand under the middle again and working my way down until the braid reaches the bottom of the hair. Then when the braid reaches the ends I'm going to tie off the end of the braid with a clear elastic band so that it doesn't unravel. And now that these two sections of the ponytail are braided I'm going to use them to create the bun. First I'm going to take some hair padding and place this above the ponytail. This will help anchor the braids in place so they have something to pin into. It will also help create a bigger looking bun. The important thing is that your braids need to cover and hide the padding so keep that in mind when you're doing this hairstyle. So I'm just using bobby pins to pin the padding in place and I'm gripping a bit of the hair padding and then sliding the pins into the hair towards the center and I used about two pins for each side of the padding, the right side and the left side. Now I'm going to use the two braids to create the low bun. I'm picking up the left braid first and I'm going to bring it up over the hair padding towards the top of the ponytail. At the top of the bun I'm going to pin the braid in place using some bobby pins and now I'm going to take the right braid and drape this over the padding next to the first braid on the right side. So remember the goal is to hide the hair padding with the braids. So if you need to pull the sides of the braids out a little bit you can to make the braids a little bit wider. So I'm pinning the braid at the top of the hair padding sliding them in towards the center of the bun. So now with the ends of the braids I'm going to use these to hide any padding that is still showing on the edges. I did pull on the sides of my braid to widen it a little bit since the end of the braid is a little bit skinnier usually near the bottom. I needed to make sure it was going to cover up the hair padding well enough and you can use a smaller section of padding if you need to hide it more easily. So I'm laying the braid going down the right side of the bun around the other braid and then I'm going to pin it underneath with some more bobby pins and then I'm going to repeat the same thing on the left side of the bun. So I'm taking the end of the other braid and I'm going to wrap it around the left side of the bun and tuck the end underneath the bun at the bottom near the nape of my neck. Then I'm going to pin it in place sliding bobby pins into the hair upwards towards the center of the bun so they're hidden. You can use as many bobby pins as you need to. I used about three bobby pins to pin this last braid in place just to make sure it felt nice and secured in place and wasn't going to fall loose. Then once the braid is all pinned up I went back over the crown to detail it a little bit. So I pinched and pulled on small pieces of hair around the crown and loosened them out of the bun so it would create some volume and texture in the style. But then of course I'm just going to set the style with a firm hold hairspray and smooth down any loose flyaway hairs. Thank you so much for watching. I hope you enjoyed today's video. If you did make sure to click the thumbs up. If you didn't click the thumbs down. Either way it helps me out. If you haven't subscribed to my channel and you're new be sure to subscribe and click that notification bell then you'll be notified every time I post a new tutorial and I will see you next time.


It was a great meeting. First, we met in 2013, 10 years ago, when he was in Gujarat and I was very interested in cities. So we talked about the importance of successful urban development and the things that the government really needs to do to help lead in urban development. And he understands these issues very well. He articulated very well the main message, which is that urbanization is not a problem, it's an opportunity. And I take it this is a slogan that he's used before. So for me, a good day is when I learned something and I learned a bunch about what India is doing on this issue of authentication. And I think it's really exciting because the government has to be involved as they are. But they have this foundation with the ADHAR system that means they can do things that most governments around the world can't do.


On the other side of the creaking door, this is your house to welcome you into the innermost house. Well, you may as well relax, wipe the perspiration off your brow and listen. As the lads who dump their victim into his own icebox remark, we'll chill you. In its inner sanctum mystery, death rides a riptide with written by Lou Vitus and stars Arlene Blackburn in the role of Carol with Lawson's Erby as John. Tonight we're featuring a jovial little item about a girl named Carol Vane. She married a man whose first wife had been drowned. After a little while, she discovered that she herself was in hot water over her head. But tonight the John Vane has brought his new bride home to the Cliff House above the ocean. Well Carol? Cliff's house is very beautiful, John. Yes it is. A bit lonely perhaps. I could never be lonely with you. Oh darling. Let's go in. All right, dear. Mmm. A bit musty. We'll get the place aired though, first thing in the morning.  Of course they do. Now the place hasn't been opened since... Since? Since Margaret died, John. Yes. John, you mustn't be self-conscious about it. Well it wasn't very tactful, my mentioning her. John, I love you. Fact doesn't belong. I'm sorry. Darling, the hour's late and your husband is there. John! It's all right. Someone with a very bad sense of humor throwing stones. It wasn't supposed to be funny. John, you've got the stone. Yes. There's something wrapped around it. Paper. Let me see it. No, no, I wouldn't. Please, John. Well I don't imagine I could keep it from you indefinitely. Keep what from me? Here's the stone. The paper. It's a note addressed to me, John. It would be. It says to the new Mrs. Vane, if you listen carefully, you can hear the waves beating against the cliff, the waves in which the first Mrs. Vane died, did she fall or was she pushed? Listen, it didn't sign, John. No. You can hear the waves. Oh, I'm sorry. That's silly. But the note was so nasty. You're not to pay any attention to things like that note. You're not to pay any attention. I won't, John. I won't. Can we go to sleep now? Of course. It's true that Margaret was wrong, but it was an accident, wasn't it? Wasn't it, John? John fell asleep after a while and the waves kept pounding against the rocks. I remembered having heard how badly she'd been bruised by the rocks. I remembered seeing her and John in the village and how beautiful she'd been and how I'd ended it. And now, now out to the waves and the rocks, she didn't care anymore. And before I could fall asleep, I ended it even now. That was a very fine dinner, darling. John. Yes? Exactly. How did, did Margaret die? Carol, there's no point. I want to know. She was drowned. She was a good swimmer. Even good swimmers get drowned. What happened, John? I think it'd be wiser if you'd forget about Mark. All right. There's a beach below Cliff House. It's there at low tide only. A beach and a ledge. Nice place to swim from the ledge at low tide, but when the tide comes in, beach and ledger are covered. The tide's strong, then, and there are rocks around. Margaret got caught by high tide. That's all. You mean she stayed down below on the ledge longer than she should have? That's right. And, and that's all, John? What else should there be? I don't know. It's low tide now, isn't it? Yes. I'd like to look at that ledge. Why? Well, because I'm silly, because I'm a fool, but, John, I want to look at that ledge. There are steps leading down, aren't there? Yes, I had them built some years ago. Carol, we should go back to the house. This business is idiotic. But we're at the ledge now, the tide down, the ledge is broad and safe, isn't it? It is. At high tide, I suppose it would be covered. Yes. Cracks in the ledge. See, we had caught in the cracks. From the times of the legends covered by the water, I guess. What is it? It was wedged in one of the cracks. This? Oh. Yes, John. It's part of a hill. A woman's high hill. So it is. Oh, the tide's rising. Let's go up. All right. Part of a woman's high hill. Caught in one of the cracks. John. Yes? Could it be from Marvichu? I couldn't tell. Throw it away, or better yet, give it to me. Here you go. Here. Thank you. John. A woman was going swimming. She wouldn't have been wearing high heels. We didn't sneak on the way back from the ledge. And once back at the house, John sounded stuffy or something, I suppose. He muttered at me and went out into the night. The night that had become so sudden, they have so intense a darkness. Who is he? You. You started with me, my dear.   Yes. You are not, of course. My niece is dead. Who are you? Jeremy Mangan, my dear. Mangan? Mangan. Your predecessor, my dear, was named Margaret. Her father. Uncle. May I come in?  The night is cold. Cold for me, too. Come in. Thank you. Where is dear John? He's out. Oh, so bad. I did want to see him. What about? Money. I hope I don't shock you by my frankness. He owes you money? No, but I think he'll give me some. Why?  Why do you think John will give you money? My dear, I intend to sell John a letter. Sell him a letter? A letter written to me by my daily beloved niece. Oh, Margaret. But why should John want to buy it? Let me read you a bit of it, shall I? All right. She says in the letter, among other things, I... Uncle, come for me at once. I must get away from Cliphouse. Because if I don't, I'm going to die. I'm afraid. Please don't think I'm making this up, I'm going to die. I'm going to be killed. Here, I rather think that's enough, don't you? Why didn't you come in answer to a letter? She sent the letter out two months ago. Two months ago I happened to be detained elsewhere. To be precise, I was momentarily in jail. I didn't get the letter which had been sent to my lodgings until this week. Ratchet? John has nothing to be afraid of, whatever the letter says. My dear, I never suggested the ad. But I still feel he'll buy my letter from me. For old time's sake. How much? A couple of thousands will be enough. I'm not a crass being man.  A habit of his? I'll get you for two thousand. Give me the letter. I'd be, my dear. Not to try to encrust you. Well, then? I'll be at the hotel in the village. Shall we say tomorrow afternoon? Tomorrow afternoon. Good night, my dear. Oh, it, it occurs to me. Am I likely to run into John? I don't know where he is. Oh, well. The night is dark. I dare say I'll manage. I did mention cash, didn't I? But, uh... This is my soul. You start with me. Standing there at the edge of the cliff. I'll be careful. My mind, I... It's devil. I will throw this at him. No, no, no! He married John Vane after his first wife had been drowned. Officially it was an accident, but a lot of people feel that John believed in the old saying, Cast your dead upon the water. Yeah. At any rate, late one night, the drowned woman's uncle, a man named Mangan, visited Carol. He had a letter from the first Mrs. Vane which she wrote of her impending murder. Carol agreed to meet Mr. Mangan the next afternoon with some money. But long before then, somebody heaved Mr. Mangan over the edge of a cliff. Maybe for exercise? At any rate, it's the next morning at breakfast. Carol. Yes, John? You're upset about something. No, I'm not. Not really. John, when you went out last night, where did you go? For a walk. Why? Nothing. What's in the papers this morning? All same old stuff. International crises and... Oh. John? Look at something else. Mangan, Margaret's uncle, Carol. Yes? What about him? It seems he fell off a cliff last night. Oh, John! He was wandering about in the dark. Was it near here? Really enough, yes. And they found his body this morning. John, did you... Did you see him last night? No, I haven't seen him for months. Why do you suppose he came here? I've no idea. But... Where is he now? Probably at the morgue. What they call a morgue. Then he's drugstore in the village. I... I think we should go down there. Why? Well, you knew him. He was your wife's uncle. I never liked him. Still, it would look better. Carol, what are you thinking? How his death... His... Accidental death... Sits. He was lying on a table in the back of Fennie's drugstore. The fall hadn't marked him much. Nobody had gone through his things yet. So while Fennie and John and I stayed at the dead body, I... I cast... Carol. Where's your faint? Huh? Mr. Fennie, could you get me something? Of course, Mom. Be back in a minute. Oh, John. Oh, I just remembered. Tell Mr. Fennie not to get ammonia. I... I can't take it. But... All right. Mr. Fennie, can you please be sure to get something? I love my husband. So I went over to where the dead body lay and put my hands in his pocket. And I found... the letter. Carol, he's fixed something. Here. Oh. Thanks, John. Your wife's shaking. Maybe this stuff will help her. Feel any better? A little. If we can leave now. Of course. Carol. Yes? What did you take from Mangan's dead body? I told him nothing. I lied. Later that evening, he went upstairs. There was a fire burning in the fireplace and I threw the letter in. Carol, I... What's that? What? In the fireplace, that paper. Nothing. Just wait. I'll look at it before I... John, please don't. Carol, let's go. No. John, I love you. I don't care. No. I want to get that paper. I don't want to hurt you. I must get... It's all burned, John. All but a tiny piece.  The end of a letter. Signed Margaret. A letter from my wife. My dead wife. I... I didn't want you to see it. Why? Because... because in it she wrote silly things. What kind of silly things? I don't remember, John. You got the letter from Mangan after he was dead. How did you know he had the letter, Carol? I... I didn't know. You got rid of Fenny and me so you could get at Mangan. Carol, how did you know Mangan had a letter from my... from Margaret? He told me. And he was here before he fell? Yes, John. Did he tell you what was in the letter? No. Did you read the letter before you burned it? No. Then why did you burn it? Well, because I was jealous. I still am. I've everything to do with Margaret.  You're telling me the truth, Carol. Why should I lie about it, John? Why? It wasn't very good after that. John took the staying away from home. I saw very little of him. We avoided each other. Each of us for reasons we didn't dare speak of. It wasn't very good there in the cliff house above the ocean. The ocean where Margaret Vane had died and where Mangan had fallen to his death. I might have gone away. That would have been the safest thing of all for me, but... but I loved John. I hoped. And in hoping I was betrayed. Yes, my beloved John. Oh, I'm glad you home me even though... Even though the hour is too late to be respectable? Oh, I don't care. There's a lot you don't care about, isn't there? I don't know what you... You put on quite an act, don't you? About not knowing. But you do know, don't you? I do know what... That's my wife. Excuse me, my first wife was murdered. John... Yes, it's out now. It's been said now. Margaret was murdered. They don't have to whisper about it in the village anymore. I'll shout it out. I won't listen to you. You think that'll make it right, huh? It won't, my love. Because you see the fishing boat evangeling is back. It's been away for three months. The men on board didn't know about Margaret's death. They know now, and a couple of them remember something. What do they remember? Seeing Margaret on the ledge just before the tide turned. The trouble is they're prepared to swear that Margaret wasn't alone. John, that doesn't have to mean anything. Look at me, John. It doesn't mean anything. Carol, what was in that letter you burned? I didn't read it. John, you're hurting me. What was in that letter you burned? I'll let you. I'll tell you. Thank you. Margaret was afraid. She was afraid she was going to be murdered. Yes. I rather thought so. That was why Mangan had to die. John, I'm leaving. No, you're staying. Here with me. You're the only wife I have left now. You're insane. Am I? That's a thought. It hadn't occurred to me before. I'll think about it. I won't stay. Why not? I'm afraid. Are you? Go away from my den. No, you keep a gun here. Give it now. You wouldn't shoot me. You'll love me. I do, John. But it's no good anymore. I'm going away. You're mistaken. Don't come any closer to me. You're not going away. You're never going away, Carol. John, if you take another step, I'll... You what? Vibration. No. You did shoot after all. Somehow, I didn't think you would. I told you not to come any closer to me. I underestimated you. I've always underestimated you.  But I have to tell them that I shot you in self-defense. Yes, of course, that would be your life. Not a bad one. It might have worked. It's the truth. Of course it is. But Carol, defending yourself against a murder charge isn't considered good motive for a quittle. What do you mean? I would have bought Mangan off because I was in love with you. Even though I knew that Mangan was murdered anyway. By you. Very consistent story. But Carol, you remember that shoe heel? Yes. High heel, woman's shoe. You know where it is now? No. On the ledge down below in the crack where it was before. And the police are going to examine that ledge once again. Now they've heard this story of the fishing boat people. There's nothing to do with me. Carol, Margaret never wore high heels. Never. Something wrong with her feet. So the heel has to be, to be yours. What? My beloved. Murderous. John. John. Dead. Dead as Mangan. Dead as Margaret. And I? I. There was the ledge and the broken heel in the crack. A little item of unfinished business that I had to finish. Mangan was dead and the ladder burned. I was safe there. John was dead and his knowledge dead with him. I was safe there. The men on the fishing boat hadn't seen the second figure on the ledge. Clearly enough to identify. I was there. There remained only the heel broken off one of my shoes when I hit Margaret. And I'd get it before the police did. And I'd be safe there. The tide's coming in. The ledge is still above water. The ledge where my heel had been. But the heel. The heel wasn't there. Maybe I mistook the place. The ledge is broad. I began to hunt over it. There isn't too much time. The tide's coming in. But it's dead as Mars is against the rock. The heel was down there some place and I had to find it. To find it, my goodness. I'm breaking over the ledge. I'm going to begin sleeping over it. There's nothing left. The heel wasn't on the ledge at all. I must run. Escape. Run. But the waves are higher now. But it's covered. There went Carol Vane. Fundamentally a nice girl with a slight character defect. She killed people. Of course, her reasons were the finest. She only wanted to get married. Unfortunately, she'd never learned the old proverb. As you make your debt, so you must lie about it. She tried, but she was tripped by a heel. Incidentally, if you happen to be out fishing one of these fine evenings and the tide's going out, say hello to Carol. We invite you to join us again next week at this time for Inner Sanctum. This is the United States Armed Forces Radio Service, The Voice of Information and Education.