Namaste. Myself, Dr. Baswaraz Amiradhar, Assistant Professor, Department of Communities and Sciences, Walsh and Institute of Technology, Sholabon. In this studio, I explain the universal aplot transform by the convalescent theorem. Learning outcomes. At the end of this session, the student will be able to find the universal aplot transform using convalescent theorem. Come to an example. Using the convalescent theorem, find the universal aplot transform of s plus 1 upon s squared plus 2s plus 5 whole squared. Solution. Let s plus 1 upon s squared plus 2s plus 5 whole squared can split as the product of the two functions.    Now, find the f of t and g of t. That is f of t is equal to L inverse of f of s, which is equal to L inverse of 1 upon s squared plus 2s plus 5. f of t is equal to L inverse of 1 upon s plus 1 whole squared plus 4 because by making the perfect square and that is a pop t is equal to e to the power of minus t into L inverse of 1 upon s cot plus 4 by first shifting property that is equal to e to the power of minus t into sin 2 t by 2 and g of t is equal to L inverse of g of s which is equal to L inverse of s plus 1 upon s cot plus 2 s plus 5 then by making the perfect square the s cot plus 2 s plus 5 can be written as s plus 1 whole square plus 4 that is L inverse of s plus 1 upon s plus 1 whole square plus 4. Therefore, the g of t is equal to e to the power of minus t into L inverse of s upon s cot plus 4 because by first shifting property therefore, the g of t is equal to e to the power of minus t into cos 2 t by the convolution theorem we know that L inverse of f of s into g of s is equal to the integration u is equal to 0 to t f of u into g of t minus u into d o.  Therefore, the L inverse of s plus 1 upon s cot plus 2 s plus 5 whole square is equal to 1 by 2 integration u is equal to 0 to t e to the power of minus t into sin 2 u into cos 2 t minus 2 u into d o because by using the law of indices and the basis are same the add is their powers where that is e to the power of minus u and minus of minus plus u will get cancelled that is the e to the power of minus t is left now. Now, while you have to integrating with respect to u the t is it is a constant now take it is e to the power of minus t is outside the integral sin that is e to the power of minus t by 2 integration u is equal to 0 to t 1 by 2 into sin 2 u plus 2 t minus 2 u plus sin 2 u minus 2 t plus 2 u into d o by using the basic telemetric formula that is 2 sin a into cos b is equal to sin a plus b plus sin a minus b. Therefore, that is equal to e to the power of minus t by 4 into integration u is equal to 0 to t in the plus 2 u minus 2 u get cancelled that is sin 2 t and 2 u plus 2 u that is 4 u. Now, on integrating with respect to u e to the power of minus by 4 into sin 2 t integration of d u is u bit limit 0 to t plus the integration of sin is minus cos 4 u minus 2 t by 4 bit limit is 0 to t and substituting the upper minus lower limit that is l inverse of s plus 1 upon s cot plus 2 s plus 5 whose cot is equal to e to the power of minus t by 4 into t sin 2 t plus 1 by 4 into minus cos 2 t plus cos 2 t that is plus cos 2 t minus cos 2 t get cancelled and that is equal to e to the power of minus t into t into sin 2 t by 4.  Now come to another example find l inverse of s upon s to the power of 4 minus 16 by conolation theorem solution let s upon s to the power of 4 minus 16 which can be written as the product of the two function s upon s cot plus 4 into 1 upon s cot minus 4 let f of s is equal to s upon s cot plus 4 and g of s is equal to 1 upon s cot minus 4 to find the f of t and g of t that is f of t is equal to l inverse of f of s which is equal to cos 2 t and g of t is equal to l inverse of g of s which is equal to sin h to t by 2. Then by the conolation theorem we know that l inverse of f of s into g of s is equal to integration u is equal to 0 to t f of u into g of t minus u into d u. Therefore, the l inverse of s upon s to the power 4 minus 16 is equal to integration u is equal to 0 to t by replacing in f of t t by u and in g of t t by t minus u and it becomes the cos 2 u into sin h 2 into t minus u by 2 into d u. Now, is equal to 1 by 2 which is the conolation take out sin 1 by 2 integration u is equal to 0 to t cos 2 u into e to the power 2 into t minus u minus e to the power of minus 2 into t minus u by 2 into d u because the by using the definition of the hyperbolic function the sin h theta is equal to e to the power theta minus e to the power of minus theta by 2. Now, here the theta is equal to 2 into t minus u non that 1 by 2 is the conolation taking outside which is equal to 1 by 2 1 by 4 integration u is equal to 0 to t e to the power 2 into t minus u into cos 2 u into d u minus integration u is equal to 0 to t e to the power of minus 2 into t minus u into cos 2 u into d u which is equal to 1 by 4. While I have to integrate with respect to u, theta has a constant which is taking outside the integral sin that become e to the power 2 t integration u is equal to 0 to t e to the power of minus 2 u into cos 2 u into d u minus e to the power minus 2 t integration u is equal to 0 to t e to the power 2 u into cos 2 u into d u. But we know that integration e to the power a x into cos b x into d x is equal to e to the power a x upon a square plus b square into a cos b x plus b sin b x that is l inverse of s upon s to the power 4 minus 16 is equal to 1 by 4 into e to the power 2 t into e to the power of minus 2 u upon minus 2 square plus 2 square into minus 2 into cos 2 u plus 2 into sin 2 u between the limit 0 to t minus e to the power of minus 2 t into e to the power 2 u upon 2 square plus 2 square into 2 cos 2 u plus 2 sin 2 u between 2 sin 2 u bit limit 0 to t. Now, substituting the upper minus lower limit it becomes the 1 by 32 into e to the power 2 t into e to the power of minus 2 t into minus 2 into cos 2 t plus 2 sin 2 t minus of bracket minus 2 plus 0 close the bracket minus e to the power of minus 2 t into e to the power 2 t into 2 cos 2 t plus 2 sin 2 t minus of 2 plus 0. Now, the multiply the entire term by e to the power 2 t and the this second term by e to the power of minus 2 t and is simplifying we get that is equal to 1 by 32 into minus 2 into cos 2 t plus 2 into sin 2 t plus 2 into e to the power 2 t minus 2 cos 2 t minus 2 sin 2 t plus 2 into e to the power of minus 2 t minus 2 sin 2 t plus 2 sin 2 t it will get cancel and that the remaining terms are becomes is equal to 1 by 32 into minus 2 cos 2 t plus 2 into e to the power of 2 t minus 2 cos 2 t plus 2 into e to the power minus 2 t is equal to 1 by 32 into minus 2 cos 2 t minus 2 cos 2 t that is a minus 4 cos 2 t that is a minus 4 into cos 2 t plus 2 into e to the power 2 t plus e to the power of minus 2 t, but we know that cos h theta is equal to e to the power theta plus e to the power of minus theta by 2 implies the 2 cos h theta is equal to e to the power theta plus e to the power of minus theta. Therefore, the L inverse of s upon s to the power 4 minus 16 is equal to 1 by 32 into minus 4 into cos 2 t plus 2 into the e to the power 2 t plus e to the power of minus 2 t become the 2 into cos h 2 theta that is 2 into 2 that is 4 the cos h 2 theta which is equal to 4 is the common 4 by 32 into cos h 2 t minus cos 2 t. Forans are that is the L inverse of s upon s to the power 4 minus 16 is equal to 1 by 8 into cos h 2 t minus cos 2 t reference thank you.


Adrienne Howden has recently shown fans her new dream home, this time located in New York. In an episode of All Things Adrienne on her YouTube channel, she gave a tour of the empty residence and claimed she knew it was the spot since she walked in. The traditional mansion boasts a stone front, features like a sweeping staircase and looks fit for a princess. Prior to the East Coast move, Adrienne and her family formerly lived in two other luxury homes located in Bel Air and Calabasas, so today we'll be taking a look. In these videos, we don't reveal any addresses and even though I've done a house tour of my own place, please do not show up at any private residences because it's not safe for anyone. Adrienne Howden is a singer, actress, TV host and YouTuber who's currently best known for hosting daytime talk show The Real, which she's been doing since 2013. She's also a former Disney Channel star and you may recognize her from her role as one of the Cheetah girls back in the day alongside Raven Simone. Adrienne got engaged to her current husband, musician Israel Howden back in 2016 and she often documents her home life on her popular YouTube channel, All Things Adrienne, where we've also caught peaks at her lavish mansions. Most recently, Adrienne and Israel have said goodbye to the West Coast, moving thousands of miles away to New York and she even shared some of their house hunting. Considering the couple has an estimated net worth of over $12 million or so, I'm going to guess they had a big budget. Hey everyone, I'm Cara The Vampire Slayer and I'm bringing you another exclusive house tour here on Famous Entertainment, this one featuring the homes of Adrienne Howden. If you haven't already, make sure you subscribe and ring that bell for notifications because we post brand new videos daily. As always, you can follow me on Instagram and let me know whose house tour you want to see next. Now let's get into this video. Back in 2018, Adrienne was living in a residence located in Bel Air, Los Angeles. To give you the VIP tour, we've actually lived here for a little bit over a year but it still feels... She gave a tour of the classy mansion on her YouTube series and first thing you see is a fairy tale-like entryway with winding staircase and decked out in marble. Adrienne nicknamed the home Chateau Howden for her and her husband Isaiah and the couple's wedding in France actually inspired the romantic design of the property. Adrienne said, I just remember the first time walking in and falling madly in love. I had just gotten married in Paris and it felt very Parisian. So I'd say that the style of the house is Parisian chic. The main floor of the mansion was all about hanging with friends and family. This is our formal living room. I actually love, love, love this particular spot.  There are a ton of chandeliers here and the living room has a large cozy fireplace where Adrienne loved to read next to. There was a piano in one corner for Isaiah displaying his Grammy Awards, glass sliders and windows to let in light and outdoor access as well as an all around posh vibe. One of my other favorite parts of the house is the bar. There's also a sprawling bar that's as big as a hotel where Adrienne would keep her loved one's favorite bottles and next to here was a formal dining area with another fireplace. The kitchen was lavish with high ceilings, a large marble island and tons of storage space. It's also where Adrienne said everyone hung out the most and she stored personalized wine glasses for all her girlfriends here. Moving upstairs via the curved staircase or the convenient elevator, there was Adrienne's former master suite which boasted a fireplace, sitting area and a bar. Behind the sitting area there were also French doors to access a private balcony and views of the grounds. Two of Israel's children, Sonny and Lily, had suite spaces upstairs in the Bel Air mansion as well as personalized for them and elsewhere the couple had a recording studio. Outside the amenities were equally chic including a covered dining area at the back of the yard with Pergola and chandelier overhead where Adrienne loved to have dinner parties. After this Bel Air mansion, Adrienne and Israel would go on to purchase a new estate in Calabasas, California only to flip and sell shortly after. In December 2020, it was reported that the Cheetah Girls star was selling her newly renovated home for $3.3 million only 10 months after buying it. After the purchase, they quickly got to work with some interior updates. Records show Adrienne bought the home in February 2020 for $3 million and it was a traditional style villa in the star-studded neighborhood of the Oaks and Calabasas. It had a lot of affluent areas full of other famous spaces such as Courtney Kardashian, Travis Barker and others over the years like Katie Holmes, Drake and more. Adrienne gave a peek into the French Chateau style abode back in April 2020 while discussing the renovation plan. The landscape property spans about half an acre and inside, the mansion was 5,165 square feet with five beds and six baths throughout. Built in 2015, the home was complete with classic front doors, features like built-in shelves as well as a gourmet kitchen. Hedges and manicured gardens graced the front of the two-level home where the exterior had blue plantation shutters and a pair of front-facing bulk. There were gorgeous new hardwood floors throughout as well as a room that Adrienne planned to turn into a cozy library. Dark accents complimented the formal rooms in the mansion like a charcoal-colored staircase and black walls in the living dining room. There were plenty of chandeliers throughout the main level and the family room had French doors of fireplace and a cozy vibe. Of course, Adrienne moved her husband's special piano to the living room in this abode and his Grammy Awards were displayed on the built-in shelves. Adrienne transformed the kitchen here, adding white cabinetry and new appliances along with the marble island, huge walk-in pantry and a coffee bar. A staircase in the home was attached to an extra loft space which could be used as a home theater, gym, office or playroom. On the upper level of the Calabasas mansion, Adrienne's master suite boasted its own private balcony as you may expect and a large soaking tub in the en suite. In fact, all of the guest rooms here had en suites and walk-in closets as well. Since Adrienne loves outdoor entertaining so much, this backyard was a dream. Moving outside, the sprawling grounds had a pool which no doubt was the main attraction as it had a spa, waterfalls and even a water slide. The patio was sheltered under vaulted wood beams and an outdoor dining area also included a built-in barbecue. A new backup generator, gates and garage were all newly installed as well while Adrienne lived here, which completed the listing. So you may be wondering why Adrienne would so quickly sell a home she put so much work into renovating and was so excited about, but it seems the couple is off to New York. Even more recently in March 2021, Adrienne vlogged her and Isaiah's house-hunting adventures in the east coast, looking at a handful of mansions and seeing what her subscribers liked best. Then on June 4th, 2021, Adrienne gave the big reveal of the mansion in New York that they chose to be their forever home. And she says she's staying put this time even though it's a world away from their former properties. On her YouTube channel, the real co-host revealed the home and went the classic route once again choosing a traditional mansion with a grand stone exterior, more Paris-inspired touches and princess-worthy features. The grand entrance definitely makes a big impression with the black and white marble flooring and spiral staircase and Adrienne loves this foyer so much she won't be renovating a thing here. The entryway also boasts double-height ceilings, chandelier and large windows letting in a ton of light. Right next to here, there's a wood-paneled office with green marble fireplace that reminds of Adrienne of the old library in Beauty and the Beast. Definitely Disney vibes. There's also a formal dining room with ornate moldings and some more Paris-inspired touches as well as a piano room for Isaiah that will be a show place for the couple's awards. The room that sold Adrienne on the mansion is also one of my favorite spots in the house and it's definitely the great room. This amazing space has soaring wood beam ceilings, limestone walls, a double-height fireplace and looks more like a fairy-tale ballroom. While her mansion is definitely spectacular, she still wants to customize it and is getting help from an LA-based design team to carry this out. This time, with all the effort, Adrienne and Isaiah are planning to stay put and she said, this will be officially for real, for real you guys, this is my forever home. Some areas that Adrienne plans to renovate include the sprawling kitchen that's a bit like their former one in Bel Air and she wants something totally new so they will gut the entire space. The empty attic and massive basement are going to be made into spaces for the kids with bunk beds as well as a media room where Adrienne can film her YouTube videos. Other features in the mansion include a workout room where they're turning half into a recording studio, a screening room, multiple bars, a games room and more. There's also a second kitchen that's great for easy entertaining as it's right next to the pool outside for quick access during parties. The New York abode has two main suites, one for Adrienne and Israel and one that can be used as an in-law suite for her parents down the line. While the spacious backyard is already gorgeous, boasting a pool, a playground and much more, Adrienne wants to make more use of the almost two-acre grounds and add more amenities to entertain guests and host gathering. Now that we've taken a look at three of Adrienne Hilton's homes including her former Bel Air and Calabasas mansions and her new New York estate, what did you think? Did you like her West Coast or East Coast abodes more? I think they were all beautiful with similarities and we can get an idea that her taste is a bit classic, romantic and elegant, but the New York mansion takes the cake. I love anything with a classic fairy-tale vibe and that property definitely has it. That great room was to die for, not to mention all of the upscale amenities scattered throughout. If you guys had to choose, would you go for a newer, more modern build or something more traditional and historic? I would take the older one more personality. Be sure to let me know down in the comments. Thanks for watching. Don't forget to follow me on Instagram and I will see you all next time. Bye!


Today's girls don't need to be told about the importance of digital technology. All of you use technology every day for all sorts of new and creative activities. But how many of you are seriously thinking about including technology as part of your career plan? These days just about any professional job you could think of has a strong tech component and not just the science-oriented ones like engineering, medicine, forensics or biology. Technology has become a critical tool in fields as diverse as art history, archaeology, law, primary teaching or graphic design. Whatever fields you choose, tech qualifications will give you an advantage in a competitive job market, earn you a higher salary and give you the career mobility to choose your dream job. So celebrate with us Girls in ICT Day on April 25th and whatever you're truly passionate about, put technology at the heart of your career ambitions.


Everybody welcome back to another Photoshop tutorial in this one. I'm gonna show you how to match color between images What am I talking about? Here's the original image right here Here's the image that I want to match the color to it's just a stock image of a nice sky here And now here is the final copy of me having matched it plus I even took out the person here So you're not getting to see him in purple and white and all that So let me show you how I did it real quickly here first step load in your image second step You want to go up here and you want to go to select and in this case We're going to select the subject and we're going to go ahead and take him out So we're going to remove him by doing this select select subject now We're going to go to select inverse so we're working around him so everything except him is selected now We're going to go up here to image and we're going to go to image Adjustments and we're going to go to match color do note right up here that if you are using a smart object This will not work. They wrap the layer has to be rasterized That said now that we've gone ahead and done that I'm going to go here to source and I'm going to set select from nothing I'm going to select it to the purple picture and presto There we go. It is now done. If you wanted a different image I could go to for example I could go to this red light image and we'd have a different color sky very easy to do That's all there is to it guys. Thanks for watching ton of stuff coming up


Hello and welcome to the session in which we will discuss the concept of market equilibrium. In order to understand market equilibrium, we have to revisit the law of supply and demand briefly what we covered in the prior two sessions. The law of demand, what does that state? Well, if the price of something goes up, if the prices of something goes up, what's going to happen if the prices go up, we are going to demand less of it. The demanded quantity is less. So prices up, demand down. And if the prices of something that we want to buy is down, well, if the prices is down, the quantity demanded is up. Notice it's an inverse relationship between price and demand. In the prior session, we also looked at change in quantity demanded, which is the changes along this line due to prices. Then we discussed the change in demand where the line, where the demand curve line shifts to the right or shifts to the left. Then we discussed the law of supply, basically state if the price of something is down, if the price of our product that we are providing, if the prices are down, we have no incentive to supply, therefore the supplied quantity of the prices are down, the supplied quantity are down. If the prices are up, if somehow now suddenly there's more demand, if the prices are up for what we are providing, if the prices are up, we are willing to supply produce more of the quantity, more of the quantity. Simply put, this is a positive relationship between price and supply. Now also we discussed the change in quantity supplied, the change in quantity supplied, which is the change along the supply curve, change along the supply curve due to changes in prices. Then we discussed the change in supply where the supply line shifts to the right, which is supplying more or shift to the left. In this session in the market equilibrium, we are going to be combining both the supply and demand, supply and demand on the same graph. Let's go ahead and start our discussion. Before we proceed any further, I have a public announcement about my company, farhatlectures.com. Farhat Accounting Lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation as well as your accounting courses. My CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course such as Becker, Roger, Wiley, Gleam, Miles. My accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses broken down by chapter and topics. My resources consist of lectures, multiple choice questions, true-false questions as well as exercises. Go ahead, start your free trial today. So what's market equilibrium? Market equilibrium is a state of balance or stability in a market where quantity demanded, what's demanded by the consumers, what we want, matches the quantity supply by the producers, by the sellers. So the forces of supply and demand intersect. Well, let me show you real quick on this graph what does that mean. Remember we are selling, we are selling pizzas. So someone is buying and someone is selling. So this is the price and this is the quantity and the supply line here and the demand curve is here and they intersect right at this point, right at this point. Let's see where do they intersect. They intersect at $3 per slice of pizza supplying 7,000 slices per semester. What does that mean? It means if the pizzerias on campus supply 7,000 slices of pizza and they sell them for $3, none of the supplies would be left. They will all be sold. Why? Because this is the equilibrium. 7,000 for $3 per slice, the consumers are willing to consume 7,000 slices. For more, if the charge is more, they're going to consume less. If the price is more and the producer produce 7,000, they're going to have what? They're going to have some leftover. They're going to have surplus. They're going to have surplus. If the price goes down to $2, what's going to happen is we're going to have a shortage and you only produce 7,000, we're going to have more demand because at $2 more people will buy. But at $3, we will clear sell everything. So on a competitive market, prices and quantities are determined through the interaction of buyers and sellers. We say this is the equilibrium for the supply and demand. Let's take a look at the graph once again and just make some few more comments before we dig into shifting the supply line right or left, shifting the demand line right or left. So at this point, at $3 and 7,000 slices, there's no excess demand. No one wants more pizzas. If it's $3, enough people to consume the 7,000 notice, quantity demanded 7,000, quantity supplied 7,000. This is the graph for this data. This is for the demand. This is the demand data and this is the supply data. So at this point, we are happy. 7,000 slices will make the producer happy because they can sell every single slice and the students, the consumers will buy every single slice and everyone is happy. There is no excess demand and no excess supply. The pizzerias don't have any slices to throw away and the students don't need any more. Buyers are willing to purchase the available quantity at the prevailing price and sellers are willing to sell the quantity at the demanded price. We will sell all the slices. If we are a producer and we're producing a total 7,000, every single slice will be sold, no, no, no shortage, no surplus. And you're going to see one keep emphasizing this word shortage and surplus. So the equilibrium price is also referred to as the clearing market clearing price. It means it's going to clear all the product based on this price. You will not have any product left because the price and the quantity are the perfect combination. In a sense, that's how much consumers wants to consume. This is how much the producer will produce and everything will be sold. No surplus, no shortage. Okay. Now, we have to understand the real world is more dynamic. People are organic. People are unpredictable. Sometimes what they want, they want to consume more of the pizza. Something want to consume less of the pizza. So this is the equilibrium in theory, but something will happen. Maybe somehow everybody wants to buy pizza. The demand curve will shift to the right, or suddenly nobody wants to buy pizza. The demand curve will shift to the left. Maybe some of the pizzerias, they find out, you know what, we're not making a lot of money. We're going to exit the pizzeria business on campus. We have less supply. Sometime you're going to have more businesses opening on campuses because everybody is buying pizza. You're going to have more supply. So the market is dynamic. So we have to understand, because of the market is dynamic, it will create shortage and surpluses at some point in time. So we have to understand what could create a shortage, what could create a surplus that moves this equilibrium line to shifting right, left, up, down. So market equilibrium is a dynamic concept, means it keeps changing. And due to various factors, what are the various factors? You could have a shift in consumer preference, where we like more pizzas or we don't like more pizzas. We can change in technology. We can produce more pizzas faster at a cheaper rate. Or now it's costing us more to produce the pizza. Input cost is going higher, like, for example, the sauce, the cheese, the dough, if they go up in prices. We could have shift in government policies. Government might want to tax pizzas. Why? Because it's not healthy. Or the government wants to encourage pizza, yes, to sell pizza, to give them some sort of a subsidies. And by the cheese, the government will subsidize 20% of it. So those and other factors will shift the supply curve and the demand curve up and down, right and left. However, in a well-functioning market, the forces of supply and demand will go back and will meet at equilibrium. So if this is shift up, the supply line will meet it, so on and so forth, and the other one shift down. So let's start by discussing what could create access supply or surplus. So when do we have a surplus? It's when we have more supply, more supply than what's demanded. One is increase in the production. Suddenly, if productions of anything ramp up without corresponding increase in demand, what could be a good example? Let's assume we have technological advancement in agriculture product leads to a higher Apple yields. Now we can produce more apples. So farmers increase their yield, increase their production significantly, but you don't have more demand. The demand is the same. Just the technology increase the supply. What's going to happen? You're going to have a surplus. Let me ask you this. If this happened, what do you think is going to happen to the price of apples? The price of apple will drop because the producers, they want to sell that access, that surplus. So the price will go down. They will have to lower their prices to get rid of the surplus. Decrease in demand. Suddenly, nobody wants to buy pizzas, nobody wants to buy apple. This happened due to change in consumer preference. Maybe there's an economic downturn. People are eating home. They're not buying pizzas or the availability of a cheaper substitute. So people don't want pizzas. They can buy burgers and it's cheaper for them. For example, if there's a sudden decrease in the popularity of a particular fashion trend, clothing manufacturers may find themselves with access inventory. So what happened? During the spring, there was certain fashion that's in demand. So all the manufacturer, they started to produce this. By the time they've done producing it, chipping it from China, mid-summer, late-summer, no one's interested in that fashion. They will have access inventory. Retailers will have access inventory. So that could happen. Decrease in demand. Also what could create surplus is something we called price floors. Now I put the price floors as a separate slide to kind of emphasize the importance of it because price floors are usually set by government. Price floors are usually set by government. What is a price floor? It's a price above the equilibrium level. So if you have equilibrium, if this is the equilibrium, the price, if this is, again, this is the price and this is the quantity. If this is the price now, if this is the original equilibrium, the government will set a floor, a price that's higher than the equilibrium. What would happen? This situation occur when there are government-imposed price floors. Or when suppliers overestimate the demand, where the suppliers cannot produce more. They think they're going to have a lot of demand, they overproduce and they have more. So a government floor will create a surplus. A government floor will create a surplus. How? Let's assume, let me just give you an example. The government sets a minimum price for wheat. Let's assume the market price is per bushel, it's $5, and the government says no. You cannot sell it for less than $7. Well, what's going to happen is this. Since it's more, since you can sell it for more than five, which is more than the market equilibrium, since it's imposed by the government, what's going to happen? The producers of wheat, they're going to produce as much as they can because the minimum they can sell it at seven or whatever they produce, they can sell it at seven minimum, but the price should be five. So what's going to happen? No one's going to buy it. People are going to try to find the black market or avoid buying it because it's more than what normal forces supply and demand will suggest. Therefore, under those circumstances, we'll have a surplus. So when the government intervene, they might create a surplus when they set a floor for a price. What could also create a surplus? Well, seasonal fluctuations. Some goods have seasonal demand. So if the supplier don't adjust their production and they keep producing all year long on the same rate, it will create a surplus. For example, during the holiday season, toy manufacturers may increase production to meet expected high demand. That's fine. However, or if the demand, let's assume they, you know, during the season, they think, you know, they're going to sell a lot. The demand's turned out to be lower than anticipated or they kept producing at the same level. They will have excess supply. What happened when you have excess supply? Come on, guys.  What happened after the holidays? If they cannot sell something, they put it on sale. Why? Because we have excess supply. They have to lower the price, lower the price. Another reason could be international trade factors. Change in international trade policies or shift in global supply chain can also lead to excess supplies. For example, if a country imposes tariff on imported goods, what does that mean? That means they don't want to, they don't want you, for example, in the U.S. They don't want us to buy a European product. Okay. Domestic producers, what they would do, they will increase production to meet the expected decrease in foreign competition because there's no competition. Well, what's going to happen is the domestic producers assume wine or cheese. They will start to produce more. Well, if the, if the production exceeds the demand, if the production does not meet the demand, if they, if they increase the supply much more, they will have access of supply. That's another reason where you can have access of supply. Let's take a look and see what the excess supply surplus would look like on a graph just to kind of to see what it looks like. This is the original equilibrium. If the price is $4, we are only willing to demand 4,000, 4,000 slices. However, the producers are willing to produce 10,000. Well, we're going to have a surplus of 6,000. What's going to happen because of the surplus? We're going to have to lower our prices for the slices of pizza or whatever we are selling to get rid of the surplus or the demand has to increase. Either demand has to increase or we have to lower our price to kind of get rid of this surplus. So if the market price is above the equilibrium price, we have a surplus. It created a surplus. So once again, market price above the equilibrium. This is the equilibrium and the market price is at 4. It created a surplus. Now, producers find in this situation, they will find difficult in selling their goods and services. So they may reduce the price to encourage more buyers, which eventually lead to a decrease in supply or an increase in demand. All they'll have to cut down on their production. Moving the market back toward the equilibrium. So what's going to happen to get rid of the surplus? The supplier will stop producing or lower their price and hopefully demand will pick up. Together, we go back to the equilibrium. So let's talk about shortage or excess demand. When would that happen? When we have more demand for something than we can supply of it. There's a shortage of something that's easy to understand. What could create a shortage? Well, an increase in consumer demand. Suddenly, there's a surge in consumer demand for a particular product. And there is not a corresponding increase in supply. Something somehow became fashionable out of nowhere. Or let's go back to COVID. During COVID, what happened to masks? We had a sudden increase. It's not a consumer demand, not under taste. But there was a sudden increase in consumer demand for masks. There was not enough masks. If you wanted to buy masks, assuming you can find them, you'd have to pay four, five, six times the price of a regular when you buy them without the COVID situation. This could happen also during changing consumer preferences. Marketing campaigns somehow, a company have a great marketing campaign or an industry like creating demand for eggs or milk, right? Or a positive shift in consumer income. Suddenly, people have more money because of that. They create access demand. And when you have an access demand, you have more than demand than supply. It's going to lead to a shortage. And what's going to happen when you have more demand than supply, prices will go up. Remember the masks. If you want to find a mask, you can find it. You're going to have to pay extra. For example, if a new smartphone is released with advanced features and a popular advertising campaign, we're talking about Apple here. It might generate higher demand than the manufacturers initially anticipated. And this happens to Apple every time they release a new phone where there's not enough, there's always access demand. There's a shortage. So you put your order and you have to wait a month or two to get your phone. That's what access demand is. It's a shortage. Another example will be supply disruption. And this we're here talking about COVID. An event that disrupts the supply of a product which can lead to access demand. Suddenly something happened, COVID, right? We cannot ship anything from China anymore. We cannot ship anything from the producer countries. We have a shortage. We have a supply problem. And especially during COVID, what happened during COVID, supply went down and demand for many product went up because people wanted to do what? They wanted to buy as much as possible so they can hoard it, right? They want to keep it. Demand went up, supply went down. Wow, that's a big problem. So prices go up. Supply disruptions can occur due to natural disasters, production issues, labor strikes, raw material shortages, or an event like COVID. You guessed it, like COVID. Okay, also what could create an access shortage or supply disruption is if a major oil producing country experienced political instability. And this is common when we have some unrest in the Middle East, okay? The oil supply are threatened, the oil supply route. And what happened is we have access demand. We want more, we want to store more oil. We don't have it. We have a shortage. Prices of oil goes up. Another example from COVID is hand sanitizer shortage. One man from Tennessee, Matt Coven, who was an Amazon seller where he did his stock piles, 18, almost 18,000 bottles of hand sanitizers. And he was selling them at a premium. So what happened is that the Tennessee intervene because they have rules against price gouging and they forced him to kind of lower their price. What he did, he eventually donated them to his church. But the point is this is an example of where you have a shortage because of some event occurring. You have more than demand. So the demand for hand sanitizers went up, the demand went up, the supply stayed the same. It was the same. Now eventually the supply catch up with the demand. But at that point early on during COVID, we had more demand than supply. And I'm sure if you remember those days, you'll find hard time finding hand sanitizers. Another reason for access demand is price ceiling. Again, I have price ceiling on a separate recording to kind of let you know that price ceiling usually occur when you have a government intervention. Price below the equilibrium. So here what the government is doing, if this is equilibrium, the government is setting the price below equilibrium. So this is price. This is quantity. This is P1. They will set the price at P2. When you have price at P2, you're gonna create access demand. If the market price is set below the equilibrium, it would result in access demand. The situation often occurred where a government imposed price ceiling or when suppliers also underestimate the demand. They don't, and they don't, and they don't, they underestimate the demand for their product. So an example with this government price ceiling is when the government sets a maximum price for rental housing below equilibrium. So for example, let's assume in New York City, the fair market value of rental property in Manhattan, which is for the sake of illustration, is $5,000. But if the government sets a price below, let's assume the government sets a price at, you know, $3,000. There's, you know, price ceiling. You cannot charge more than $3,000 and there's more demand because you cannot find enough apartments because if you're living in a $3,000 apartment, you are not going to move because the fair market value is five. What could that lead to is what's called the black market and people with this low rental, they will sublease it to someone else, maybe at $3,500. They'll pay $3,000, the new tenant paid them $3,500 and they will pocket the $500. You will create what's called the black market. But why did that happen because the government set a price ceiling? Why? Because the price is below the market. Everybody wants those units and everybody wants them. There's not enough because the government sets a price ceiling. It could eat and access demand, okay? Now, if you're lucky to have the apartment, the $3,000, you're gonna be happy, say, great. Price ceiling is the best thing that ever happened. But if you want to rent in Manhattan and you cannot find, well, you'd say it's the price ceiling because I want it, but I can afford to pay $5,000, but there's not enough because the price ceiling, people with lower capacity to pay for it is able to. It's basically against supply and demand. It's forcing the market to create access demand because the government is lowering the prices. Again, there's more demand than supply, more demand than supply, but this is like basically the government is forcing that by creating lower prices for something, they should let it go, okay? So you would sublease your unit. What could also create access demand? Again, I'm going over these examples to kind of help you understand in a multiple choice, how you would answer multiple choice if this is creating an access demand or an access supply, shortage or surplus. Seasonal fluctuation, the same concept. Some goods experience seasonal variation in demand and if suppliers do not adjust their production, it could result in access demand so they don't produce enough. During the holiday season, the demand for certain toys or electronics may exceed what's available on supply. So if the suppliers did not increase their supply, it would lead to shortages and access demand. Also anticipated prices changes. If consumer expect the price of a product to increase in the future, guess what they do? They will go ahead, buy and hoard. Let's assume the government says we are going to impose $2 tax on cigarettes or on alcohol. Well, if you drink alcohol or if you consume cigarettes, what's gonna happen, they may say in the next three months we're gonna do so. You're gonna go ahead and buy as much as possible now. Why? Because you want to get there before the additional taxes are added to your product. You will create access demand, not enough supply. So consumer would rush to purchase the product at the current prices leading to shortage. This happens also with goods like electronic devices or vehicles when consumer anticipate price hikes or changes in government regulation. So same concept with talking about government regulation about electric vehicles. Like if you wanted to buy a Tesla, there was a tax credit of 7,500 and that tax credit, if you buy an electronic vehicle, you can get a tax credit from the government 4,700. So every year the government was renewing this tax credit. So every year, the people by the end of the year before the government makes a decision to whether to renew it or not, would rush in to buy their car so they can get the 7,500. In the following year, the government would renew it. But this happened for several years. So you would see before the regulation changes, everyone rushes to get that extra credit for the from the government.  So here what's gonna happen, once again, we're setting a market price below. We're setting a price. This is the original equilibrium. E1, we're setting a price. There was a three below the market because we're setting a price below the market. It's gonna create a shortage. It's gonna create a shortage. Why? Because the demand at $2 is almost 11,000. Well, what's happening is this, the demand at $2, we can only have four. Therefore, it's creating a surplus. 11 minus four is 7,000 slices of pizza for talking about pizzas. Create this. This is the shortage that it will create. So if the market price is below the equilibrium, market price is two, which is said by the government is below the equilibrium. It can create a situation with access demand or what we know as shortage. Consumer demands more of what producers are willing to supply at that price because at $2, they're not gonna give you 11,000. Okay, they don't, they don't. They're only willing to supply 4,000. And the demand, the true demand is 11,000 at that price but they're not going to create a shortage. And what happened is consumer demand more than what the producers are willing to supply at that price leading the competition among buyers. And eventually what's gonna happen, if you let it go, if the government don't intervene, the prices will start to go up and will go back to equilibrium. We'll go back to equilibrium. As price increases, suppliers are incentivized to increase production. So as the prices goes up, suppliers are willing to increase more. As the prices goes up, they're willing to increase more. And if they find it at $3, 7,000 is the, that perfect equilibrium that they will stop and people will buy at $3, the whole $7,000 unit that's available. Now, it's very important, it's very important to know how to read graphs or how to use graphs in order to understand the questions and able to answer the questions. So I'm gonna show you a few things about what would happen to shift in supply and demand. So I showed you what could shift supply and demand. What are the reasons could create an access demand or an access supply. Now I'm gonna show you four different graphs of how to do this, how to be able to insert multiple choice questions. So on the Y axis, we always have the price. On the X axis, we have the quantity. Here's what's gonna happen. In this example, we're gonna keep supply constant. And we're gonna say the original demand is here. So the original equilibrium, we're gonna call it, we're gonna call this, this is line D1. So this is equilibrium one. So this is price one, P1 at quantity one, at Q, oops, at Q1. And what we're gonna do is this. We're gonna increase the demand and see what happens and how to read this. So if they told you somehow the demand for a product increase, nothing happened, we're keeping supply constant. So this is the demand curve. I'm gonna put the new curve, the new D2 in a different color. So notice we shift the demand curve D2. Now here's what happened in D2. In D2, this is the equilibrium point two. The price is P2. What happened when you have more of the demand? The price will go up. Okay? Now also, we have Q, Q2. Now we don't know exactly how much Q will increase, but we know if we increase demand, the price will go up. So simply put, demand is up, price will go up. If we have more demand for something, what's gonna happen? The producer will increase their prices because they know there's more demand for that. Let's look at the second scenario. Again, what we're gonna do, we're gonna have, let me use bread pin. Let's keep it the same, it doesn't matter. Now we're gonna also keep supply the same. Supply then, and we have supply. Just go back here. Supply demand. So this is the supply curve and this is D1. We're gonna keep the supply is the same. So here we have the original equilibrium point, E1, Q1, P1. What's gonna happen now, rather than increasing demand, we're gonna be reducing demand. Now let me change colors here and we're gonna shift the line to the left. So this is D2. So let's see what happened at D2. It crosses the supply line here at D2. If demand goes down, price goes down. If demand goes down, price goes down. Also the quantity is gonna go down as well. Quantity will go down as well. Quantity, what I mean by quantity, quantity supplies because the suppliers will be willing to supply less. But quantity, if the demand less, the price will be less, the price will be less. Now let's do the, let's work with rather than changing the demand, let's change the supply. So now we're gonna go ahead, say this is the supply, this is the demand. Now we're gonna keep the demand constant. So this is S1. So this is the price and this is the quantity. Oops, let's go back in. Let's go back and do this. This is the supply line. This is the demand. We're gonna keep demand constant. We're gonna have this is S1, price, quantity. This is the original equilibrium. Now we're gonna change the supply. We're gonna supply less. We're going to supply less. Well, we're gonna supply less. So if that's the case, oh, let's supply more first. We're gonna supply more. So we're gonna shift to the right. We're gonna supply more. This is S2. At S2, we hit the demand curve here. What happened to the price? So this is, now let's work with the supply curve. Let's assume we have the original is, we have a demand line D and S1. So we're gonna keep demand the same and we're gonna change the supply. So this is the original E1, equilibrium one. This is P1. This is quantity one. Now we're gonna increase the supply curve. We're gonna increase the supply. We're gonna shift the supply curve to the left S2. Now this is E2, E2. What happened as we supply more? There's more of something. The price of that something goes down. Now if we supply more, obviously the quantity will go, we're supplying more, the quantity will go up but we don't know by how much. But we know of the supply. When supply increases, the initial impression is prices will go down. And let's work the same scenario keeping the demand the same. Now we're gonna have D is the same. We're gonna have S1. So we're gonna have the original equilibrium. This is P1, this is Q1 and this is E1. And now we're gonna shift the supply curve to the left. We're gonna shift the supply curve to the left. This is S2. Well, so this is the new equilibrium. We're supplying less, we're supplying less. If we supply less, notice what's gonna happen. The price will go up.  How's that gonna affect the price? P2. So why am I showing you this? Because when you want to answer multiple choice questions, please don't try to guess. Just sit down and say, if that happened, if this is what they're telling me happened, start with the original graph and say, is the man shifting to the right? Is the man shifting to the left, right? Is supply shifting to the right? Is supply shifting to the left? So don't try to guess anything. Try to use the graph, okay? Let me show you here one more time. Same information can basically summarize it. If supply increases, well, without even telling you anything, what would happen if supply increases? If you have more of something, if you have more of something, generally speaking, everything else is equal. The price of that something should go down. And let's assume supply is increasing, the end of demand is decreasing. It's both at the same time. So supply is going up, okay? Somehow producers are producing and they're not aware that people don't want their product. Then this happens all the time. People misjudge they produce something people don't want. What's gonna happen to the equilibrium price?  What's gonna happen to the quantity of the equilibrium? We really don't know. It all depends on the direction and the magnitude of that direction. How big that changes? So you don't know how much the quantity will change. You know, it's gonna go up because it's telling you, change of supply is up, we don't know. But for sure the price will decrease. Let's assume the supply goes down. We have less supply of something. What happened when we have less supply? Less supply, generally speaking. Less supply, well, we have a shortage. The price should pick up. It's not only that, we have more increase. Think about COVID. Think about masks, hand sanitizers. We don't have enough of them at the beginning and the supply went throughout the roof. What happened to the prices? The prices increase. How much the quantity will go down by? We really don't know depending on the magnitude and the direction. Supply went up and demand went up. Supply went up, demand went up. What happened to the price? I really don't know. It's unknown because I don't know the magnitude. That supply went up more than demand or demand more went up the supply? I don't know. And usually on the exam, they don't expect you to know. If you have a question like this, one of the answers will be undetermined and the answer choice is undetermined. I don't know what's gonna happen to the price. To the quantity, of course it's gonna increase. I'm telling you, the change in supply is up. Therefore it will increase. Let's take a look at the last scenario. Change in supply goes down. We have less of something. What should usually happen? Price should go up. Well, yeah, but we have less demand. How about this? We have less of something, less of its demand. What's gonna happen to the price? I really don't know because I need to know was the change in supply greater than the change in demand? So the price, I don't know. What about the quantity? It's like basically given to you. If you're telling me supply is down, therefore my quantity equilibrium will go down. I'm gonna have less. Of course I'm gonna have less. I'm telling you the change in supply is a decrease. What should you do now? As a CPA candidate, go to far hat lectures, work MCQs, multiple choice questions. That's gonna help you on your Econ CPA exam section. This is, I mean supply and demand, econ in general, those are easy points on the exam. If you understand them and this is my objective is to help you understand the concept so you will be ready for the exam day. Good luck, study hard, stay safe.


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Good morning vlogmas. Welcome back to another vlog. It is currently my phone just messed up 755 a.m. On a Thursday morning. It is pouring rain outside if you guys can hear that Coco's just sitting here waiting. Here is my outfit for the day Natalie is here. Christine's let's pick us up. We're about to go to class. We have like demo groups class or chapel then um, I Don't know what we're doing actually after and then tonight is Morgan's Christmas party, which is gonna be the most exciting thing Okay, so this shirt is princess Polly jeans are at BDG denim This jacket is from revolve and then I'm just wearing my feel of sneakers ignore the equipment But this is my outfit for the day guys. It's pouring. I love rain, but I curled my hair so I hate my life No Put almond butter in this in this in some beautiful oatmeal almond butter Incredible. Hi, Coco. Hi girly. Hi guys. It is pouring out I already have my hair hidden in my jacket. It's gonna be so terrible What did I just put my hair in a bun today? Pick the wrong day.  We're in LA Where are we going? Literally could not be more dramatic right now. If I had an umbrella, maybe I'd be more dramatic but other than that Yeah, literally.  Hey guys Hi We're just Posing because it's cold. Yeah So we're setting up for chapel It's snowing out. Yeah, it's snowing.  Let's see it. Let's see it Any day now. Oh now you want to Are we Who's arrived?  It's final so we all have so much homework and so much stuff to do and it's raining I'm so frustrated. I'm not frustrating. It was a really good chapel. It's been a really good day I love the rain. Just not my hair is girl. Just being some college students Yeah, just do it Sav. It's probably illegal Starbucks reserve Back in my office it is So cold so anyways went to Starbucks got some work done. I came home so I can take two finals You guys like so can't see me. So I'm gonna take two finals I have one like pitch that I need to record and send in and two finals left So I'm gonna at least take my two finals today. They're not two for another few days so If I get these finals done today guys, I'm gonna be so Happy Okay, well have to go God, it's cold. Oh my gosh. Okay. All right. Am I ready for these finals? Probably not Are we gonna take them? Yeah. Oh, I only have one final But this is literally me not even knowing which finals I have this is what I this is what happened No, I could have sworn I had a final like I literally could have sworn I had a final in this class, but guys I swear I really thought I Really thought I really really really thought I really thought I literally have one final. That is it.  Well, anyways, that's not okay guys in my office right now It is so cold. Oh my gosh, so I just finished a final Turns out I did know I didn't have a final on my business cuz I don't know why I was like thinking that I did It's like a weird class. So like I would have known all the I don't know whatever, but I do have to do Record my like pitch, but I don't want to do that today. And it's not doing till Tuesday I have the whole week like I'm not doing it today, you know I'm gonna just spend my day editing vlogmas and then go to Morgan's Christmas party But my office was literally 60 degrees and like my finals they record you so I couldn't like move to go like take it So I was like shivering taking my final.  I wish I could sleep. I really wish I could Update on this Trader Joe's holiday box so far. It sucks So like I think I got this last year actually and I hated it, but I just forgot Let's do this wintery bundes and honestly just smells weird It's really weird So this is gonna be my setup for the next few hours This pillow by the way from dormify is the best thing to ever happen to me It like seriously if it is amazing. I cannot even explain that to you not. It's the best thing ever So anyways gonna get some editing done catch up on some vlogs Get my life together basically. Oh, hi.  I'm so excited for like a girl's night. I just love girls night I just got an accident. That's awesome to make today. Okay, nothing else you can do Whatever, we're not even gonna talk about it up for it. We're not gonna talk about it We're going to urban to get a little Christmas thing my jeans also ripped So I'm gonna have to stop by at my house before I think they're really cool like that though to be honest It's just like a lot. It's true. Actually, maybe I'll just like ask Morgan for a pair of leggings or something. Yeah Yeah Wow That is it's so cute in here Okay, everyone. We're gonna have a great night. Um, I bagged our gifts like we're doing what is it white elephant? Yeah? Um, I wish I would have logged in it. They're cute. I got some scrunchies a two-pot two pack Call the table book. Um, that's funny Taylor got a flask and what else did you get? I've had an Instagram famous. Oh, yeah, which is like funny because of who we're with Okay, um, do you mind seeing if I'm like, yes, I will don't you worry. I will check We have our cute little gift bags. Hello, you're insane. Hey name the guests under the tree putting my back here I Like she literally has flags like wow You are three-year-olds still not have these flags, but this will be me at 23 It is so cute. Oh my gosh. These are ready. These real guys. I forgot to mention that after I hit the car I ripped my jeans. I was already in an upset mood I literally was like on the verge of tears in my office when Taylor was over We're taking Instagram photos, and I was smiling obviously for the photos.  I don't know what it is.  I don't know how to play this I'm not creative.  So I do Riley read let me tell you Halo tops that Morgan stuff for tonight 12 they overnighted these to her like actually ate it at this point.  She looked at me. Yeah, I'm all of LA Incredible