Hi, my name is Adrian Coleman. I make watercolor paintings on paper and I work in Fork Green. So my paintings are influenced very much by my day job in architecture. And I look at the city, particularly Brooklyn, in a variety of ways, either straight on perspectives and other times using sort of more diagrammatic imagery that's a little bit tongue-in-cheek. Some of my paintings are basically sort of composites of views from sketches and photographs.  So I go to a place, I make drawings, I take photographs, but then when I'm at home I really sort of mish-mash and sample them a little bit. I never really make very detailed sketches ahead of time. It's always kind of figured out along the way. The thing about watercolor which I think distinguishes it from other types of painting, in particular oil painting, is that it has a connection to drawing which is very clear. And that has to do with both how transparent it is but also how it's very immediate. My paintings are very much about just sort of depicting everyday life in Brooklyn and people who don't fit into that category. One thing I hope is that I hope people see the humor in them. I mean in some sense they broach very serious topics but at the same time I love this place and there's a lot of absurdities about it and I hope those come across in the paintings as well.


YouTube team keep it clean what's going on the same grave and here with another video and in this video first before we get Into it. I got to say I appreciate y'all. I love y'all team keep it clean Thank you for just continuing to support because I really do really I know I say it all the time But I really do appreciate it seriously But anyway with the NFL Recently there have been a lot of different scenarios where we've had more questions than answers But over the past couple of days a lot of those scenarios have been began They began getting answered like what the NFL was gonna do about the Corona testing and how they were gonna go about that they answered that question about to yesterday the two days ago And now with the preseason with the preseason it has been nixed. It's been axed It's been cut before they came out that they were gonna be just two preseason games But then that ended up being a rumor. So now it's official that the NFL and the NFL PA they agreed to not have any preseason games and They also agreed to having the rosters to start start off Being at 80 men instead of 90 men. So it's like man. I just um Just thinking about I felt bad man. I felt really bad man because And I know there's a lot of people who are like, oh preseason is born anyway, man Don't nobody want to watch preseason. Let's get straight to the regular season but again and I can understand why people say that because they're just viewing it as a fan, but if you view it as an employee as somebody trying to get a job Again a lower draft pick Even some high draft picks that the preseason is their time man The preseason is their time to get as many of the king style that you can possibly get and make all the mistakes that you can possibly make So when it comes to crunch time when it comes to regular season, then it's like, okay, I I've seen a little bit of that in preseason already, but still I know how to work it But it's just it's tough and I really really feel bad for and we talked about this before When it was just a rumor, but now that it's official With training camp and well with the training camp starting in days teams reporting in days players reporting in days Like some rookies are they supposed to report what between today and tomorrow I believe But with everything like literally around the corner while it is super exciting like hey We're closer to football. This is tough for those guys, man. This is tough for those young guys This is tough for those undrafted guys. This is tough for those first year second-year players because From college to the NFL the learning curve is tough. It's very tough Everything is faster. Everybody is stronger Everything is that much more complicated because we've seen so many players go from and even high-profile players High draft picks and what now we've seen so many players go from college and where they dominated in college They they ran it in college. It was just them above everybody else then they get to the NFL And it's like oh, whoa, whoa, wait a minute. This is what it's like here. We've seen that so many times But now it's gonna be even harder For those guys and I know it's just gonna be this year But with there being no preseason this year so many people gonna miss out on the opportunity of a lifetime to get to the NFL so many people Because they will not have had an opportunity And if they're gonna be starting with 80 men instead of 90 men Then that teams are at most teams at 90 men so 10 people off rip 10 people gotta go 10 people have to be cut 10 people have to be released unless the NFL comes up with some type of special Program or something some type of situation with those 10 people are not considered released They can remain with the team and whatnot Well, they they get an exemption or something like that, and I don't know if they've come up with that already I haven't heard anything but if not That's 10 people who who shot is Their slim chances got even slimmer But again, this whole we are not in a normal NFL season So a lot of this stuff in order for a season to happen a lot of this stuff has to go down Unfortunately, and again, it is just that unfortunate For those guys who are getting that shot because me especially me being a Ravens fan and there are these people on every single team Undrafted rookie free agents Ravens have been known for the past forever They always get they always keep at least one one undrafted rookie free agent and over the years What's Ravens fans have seen so many undrafted rookie free agents shine? We've seen them get the opportunity because of Preseason because they shined in preseason and then they even got an opportunity in the regular season and they did their thing and We can say that say this about any team too, but that's who it's the toughest for Yeah, for fans is like, okay, we ain't got to watch no preseason games Oh, they born anyway, even though I especially over the past couple years I've been enjoying preseason games even more because it gives you a chance to see these players Regardless if it if it's against backups or not you get an opportunity to really see the depth on your roster and how well they can perform But now that's no more for this year So we'll just see how everything ends up working itself out. So team keep it clean. I appreciate y'all. I love y'all And just like the preseason we are out. Bye


Well, hello there. I'm Sandy Olnok, artist and paper crafter here on YouTube and today I'm going to talk all about luminescent watercolors from Daniel Smith. I recently swatched out all the colors that I have. I have mostly Daniel Smith. I use their dot cards to do a lot of the swatching. I don't own all these colors. But I swatched them all out so I'd have references for them and I did swatch out the luminescence. But I didn't really know what to do with them. That's part of the reason that I'm even doing this video. There's iridescence, there's interference, there's pearlescence, and then we have the duochromes. And those are all considered luminescent paints. And in order to see what they look like, you kind of need to swatch them on white and on black. And black watercolor ground is what I use to paint half of each of my swatch sheets. You could also just do that with a marker or something if you needed to. But let's go through the definitions. Iridescent is reflections. The particle of light hits the paint or pigment matrix and bounces back much like a mirror. That is language from Daniel Smith. I found a post by them where John talks all about that. And with the iridescence, what I find, if I think about it like a mirror, that your eye looks at it and it bounces right back. There's not a lot of depth of color or anything in these. It's just shine on the surface. Iridescent electric blue is the only one that's in my current palette. And it shows up both on the white paper and the black paper. I don't paint a lot on black paper, although I may start now that I have all these wonderful paints and knowledge about them. Interference, these are really interesting. Refraction particle of light enters the paint or pigment matrix and scatters the light. So there is nothing that shows up on white, absolutely zippo. But you do get this beautiful haze of color. And there's a whole selection of colors as well for these guys. And we'll we'll talk more about all of this as we go on. Pearl essence, they say they add opal lessons like an opal or pearl to the color that it's mixed or glazed with. I find them to be more glitter than opal. I think of opal as more of a pearlized kind of thing. So think of them as you will. You can paint them as a glaze over top of something when it's done, or you can mix them with other colors to make them shimmery and glittery. And I'm going to show you a lot of different ways to use a lot of these different kinds of colors as we go on. Deuochromes are one pigment that bounces back and forth between two colors. If you think of like a bug that in one kind of light it looks like it's bluish and then it kind of looks like it's greenish or reddish or something. And that's what a lot of these colors do, some to a greater extent than others. But I noticed on my little swatches, I couldn't really see a lot of that. And that's part of the problem of having small swatches. That said, I have posted all of my pictures of my little swatch sheets, my little swatch cards on my blog. So if you want to see what any individual color looks like off of the black and on the black, they're not perfect, but at least it gives you a start. But next, let's talk about black papers before I go moving forward. There is a black cold press watercolor paper by Stonehenge. I love their drawing papers so much. I liked this and it works fine. It's a hundred forty pound paper. It's an eight by ten pad, but it's very expensive. So you can also take watercolor paper that you already have and you already love like my arches and use some Mars black Daniel Smith watercolor grounds on top of it. I'm using the Ranger application tool that we usually use for inks in crafting. But you can also use a foam brush, all different kinds of things. Just get it on as evenly as you can. It doesn't matter a whole lot if it's not like perfectly without lines or anything. You can see what mine looks like and make your own paper that way. But I want to talk about paintouts because paintouts are going to be much more realistic than what you're going to do in a swatch. All these little swatches look all perfect and solid because I worked hard on making them nice and perfect, but it doesn't really tell me what's going to happen with them. This is a little whiskey painter palette where I put all of my colors in that are my luminescence. I have four iridescence for interference, one pearlescent, and then the rest of these are duochromes. And you can kind of see a little bit of the color change in here, but you don't see very much when you're talking about small swatches of anything. So what I recommend is doing a little bit of a larger paint out of some sort. If you have a painting that you want to try something on and try to see what effect it has, then try it on a painting. And you'll see me do that in a little while. But first, I thought I would show each of these colors, not all of the ones in my palette, because that will take forever, but just kind of throwing some of the color on here so you can get an idea what these colors do, what these types of paints do. On one paper, they're a bright blue and on another, they're going to be like a dark greenish kind of color. And I'll show you after they're dry as well. Some of them change color more when they're dry than when they're wet. And I'm trying to put a little more pigment on one side of my blob than the other just to see what happens to it when it's thicker versus when it's not. Because some of them will have that duochrome change of color when that happens. Interference colors, remember, those are the ones that are basically absent on white paper, there's nothing there. But they do some really beautiful things when they're on black paper. Because remember, that's the description that I understand is that it collects the light and then scatters it. So it actually gets more intense on the black and it doesn't have anywhere to scatter it when it's on the white. So that is the interference copper color. Next, let's try the iridescent scarab red. Scarab red is a color that on the black, it turns into this kind of green to red type of change color change. I love that. And I almost want to do some insect paintings now. Because this really makes me think of the shells of bugs and that sort of thing. So I may start doing some more of that kind of thing. If you want to watch my Instagram, you may see more of these luminescent paints as they show up. Pearlescent shimmer was in my palette until this year. I did take it out of my palette because I didn't find that I regularly use pearlescent shimmer. I'll throw it on top of something to add a little bit of a glitter to it, a little bit of shine. But I don't use it in my normal painting. So it was not worth the space that it held. But I do keep it handy because I definitely do use it from time to time. Iridescent gold is kind of weak, weak sauce, weak tea over on the white paper. But on black, it shows up really well. Duochrome aquamarine is very, very soft and has this beautiful soft watercolor. And I mean that in the terms of the color of water. But look what happens on dark. The Duochrome aquamarine turns into this amazing blue color. So it's helpful to swatch these out in whatever way you're going to use them in order to have a sample so you know what's going to happen when you add it to your painting. So interference silver, again, nothing shows up on the white, but it's nice and silver on the black paper. We'll do a couple more of these.  I was really surprised by this arctic fire. I was expecting to be white and it's not quite white. It's this beautiful purple. So you'll see that in a couple of minutes when it's dry. And then Duochrome adobe has very little color on white, but it has much more richness on. I'm attempting to show you as best I can. The color changes that you can see in the light as I tilt the board. And each of these are now dry. So you can see they're a little bit different once they are dry. Having paintouts like this on hand will tell you a little bit more about what they're going to do on your painting. So if you're going to add them to a painting, it's nice to know what's going to change prior to actually painting it on there so you don't get any unexpected effects. And you want to know whether painting a little bit on is necessary or painting a lot on is necessary. So I will talk a little bit more about that in the next section of this video as well. And I will be trying to do some more work with these in the coming months, primarily on Instagram, if you want to see more. So fine art application. I have a number of water paintings that I've done recently because I wanted to be able to test out some of these and see what I would do. And I did this whole section on the left with these little spots. So you can see the difference between just having the paint underneath and then having the luminescent on top. And literally all I did was take some of the luminescent color and paint it on top of the places that I wanted some sparkle. And back in that black section back there, that dark area, I had lost a lot of the detail. So I painted over top of it. And you can see once it's dry that those little areas have those strokes that I made in there. So if you lose some some lights that you want some shimmer in a dark spot, these are really good paints to kind of go back in and add that shimmer.  This is a waterfall in Tumwater, Washington that I painted Plain Air recently. And I'm adding colors not only to the water, but I'm adding some of the Arctic fire onto the rocks. So I get a little bit of purple shimmer. And you can see this is the paint when it's wet and I tried to dry it so that I could see what it's going to look like when it's dry as well. And you still get that shimmer. It's not just from being wet paint, but you can see there's a difference in the areas that have shimmer. And this is yet a third Plain Air painting. I've been trying to paint water in advance of doing this video, knowing that that was going to be something I wanted to add more of the luminescence to. This painting in particular, I was glad to be able to add the luminescence because that water in the foreground there has rocks underneath of it. And I was having trouble communicating that the rocks are below it and that there was this wonderful shimmer on the surface. What I'm doing is very subtle. I use the iridescent jade in the green water and out here in the white areas. I'm using a little bit of the pearlescent shimmer. Just a little bit and I tried zooming in to see if I could capture some of that. And I can see it. I don't know if you can, but there is just a little bit of shimmer on the surface of the water around the rocks, which is what I was looking for because I had lost that in my painting and out there on the water as well on the surface of the water, just trying to let some of that shimmer hang out on the top of the painting.  So there will be a link to that as well. I use titanium white in combination with the luminescence in order to paint a shark. So if you'd like to see these paints used on black paper and this one is on the Stonehenge paper, then you can click to see that. Now, card makers, lots of my followers are crafters. So I pulled out all my sharks. I have more sharks than this, but I'm just showing you three of the sets because they're really fun. There's great sharks in there, different types. There's hammerheads and all kinds of fun stuff. And what I did was stamp them in VersaFine Onyx Black on this black paper. Now, you can't see very much of that, but they're stamped all over the entire surface. And at an angle, I can still see them. You could try embossing them if you wanted, but I just decided to paint the shapes on there. And I just went around with all of my different colors and just painted all of them and had a blast doing it. This would be a great way to test out from perhaps a dot card, all the different colors and see what you liked. But do yourself a favor and write them down. I did not write down what any of these were. I only know that they were in my little Whiskey Painter palette that I have for my colors. So yeah, oops on me. Do as I say and not as I do. To finish off my cards, I have my layer of yellow and my layer of the blue. And I complimented that layer of yellow by using some delicata gold ink around the outside edges just to add a little bit of shimmer on the outside and then a yellow sentiment across my cards and a white insert so that I can write on the inside of the cards. So there is my epic, crazy, luminescent watercolor video. Hope this was helpful to you. If it was, hit the like button. You could also subscribe if you wish. Go see the blog to see swatches of all the colors and more information. And I will talk to you later on the screen or a couple other videos you may wish to see and I'll see you next time. Bye bye.


Hello and welcome back to torque drift here on the channel another episode for you guys I'm evil rabbit and we are going to be messing with a new car today that I've been building a couple you guys have probably seen it on The track and have a card of glimpses of it It is a kind of in the background right there doing some sideways stuff but we have decided to do a new build with a supercharged v8 and It is a build that I've been trying it that I started and never continued and that is of that Mustang We do have a black Mustang with a little purple Nexon accenting and our de-innovations torque drift and evil rabbit on the door. So we are rocking 891 horsepower the motor is a pro V8 and it is Unfortunately not good for the power that we're running, but we are running a pro supercharger pro class car on nexon tires See if there's anything else new in the shop that we can buy I would love to get a Custom v8, but I need to get the drift king level on this car. I don't have it on this car Because I have just started it off. We need to look at other parts around there because we still need a pro angle kit Which we do not have Access for so unfortunately, we don't have a pro angle kit. Yeah, we only have an aftermarket angle kit Or an import angle kit, but we do have the sponsor one So we do have a little bit more angle than a normal import angle kit So we are gonna go rip this today have a little fun with it and get some tandems and kind of shake in the new car so We're gonna accept our sponsor to get some more money Looks like we got ocean drive and Cali Bank So we're gonna hit ocean drive first and we're gonna run desert palm and then we'll hit up Cali Bank Because you guys know my love for Cali Bank and my hatred for Cali Bank as well 891 horsepower on next and tires Mustang simple livery black blue did unlock painting of the wheels So definitely cool to be able to paint the wheels 866. This should be a decently close battle Get that supercharger wind up I'm gonna stay in third gear for this part of this track We're gonna flick it in the lee break Little tap, but we were able to not lose all of our points. So Except for right there we did. I was hoping I could transition closer to the wall But did not work this car likes to slide out very far as you can see I haven't got I don't think I've gotten the grip Levels perfect yet for it, but it is a work in progress But it is a lot of fun here in that supercharger wind and yeah We're definitely gonna lose this first battle in this car But we kind of threw ourselves a little bit too hard into that first turn So we're gonna go try and be a little more a little more cautious Throw co-op. I was almost double initiation. We're gonna have to seriously try and keep points with that little left foot brake Started using left foot braking more in the game I used to use just handbrake a lot starting to do more left foot braking So I haven't moved the brake pedal down there So a decent chase, but not not gonna be enough to take the winch for sure because we were way behind in the get-go We were able to get really close, but Unfortunately not close enough so let's go hit up Cali Bank not a big fan of Desert Palm, but We wanted to run it anyway So if you guys are enjoying torture if let me know down in the comments new build new car supercharger had to use the supercharger since it came out into the game and Been doing some good work with it and the love here in the wine of the supercharger and It's nice to have another car that's up there in the pro class that I like driving A little bit out of power band on this one, so we're gonna start in fourth though Just to prevent wheels, then then we're gonna downshift and third to get our acceleration up kick it in I probably should have stayed in fourth for the bank, but we're just going to Run it out wall to tap that and shut it down a little bit so we don't lose all of our points and go into the red and Lose our clean lead even though this is not a very good clean lead should have been in fourth gear So not the best lead possible the wall kind of bit me I mean still a 75 so it's not a horrible run, but not a high-class run at Cali Bank But we're gonna do better next one definitely gonna stay in fourth gear. I believe But we did take advantage of the car just looks so sick drifted up on the wall But not into the wall like it did So let's go into fourth gear You may have to stay third to follow behind him a little tap of the e-brake to settle the rear end of the car Kick it in he kicked it in way lower than I thought he was going to and then kind of had to double initiate into the wall I Feel like I should be doing that. I should be doing the Mustang things But it looks like the S-13 was doing Mustang things to me. So we're gonna try and just finish this up And chase and try to get as much Chase points as we can As close as we can little door love Kind of felt like I just pushed him up the wall. I feel like we will take the win there We're gonna do it again. We're gonna stay in fourth. So because I had new car new build having not expired Man no more Cali Bank unless we run it by our own so what tracks do we get? Oh we have a Tunnel edge tournament. Let's go. Let's go into a tourney see what happens Tunnel edge Mustang definitely gonna probably have to go fourth gear with this car So Hopefully we can do good in this tournament. I believe fourth year is gonna be our bet a few little practice Initiation there Yeah, fourth year is gonna be Fourth gear is gonna be our baby on this track probably need to faint that middle section, but I Think we're good To not do that So we are going to Just rip this car down a little bit more while we're waiting now. We're in a 16 battle. Oh my Lord We're gonna go all the way up to a 32 tourney Haven't been doing that great in tournaments with this car I've done one or two. I've never been able to win with this car in a tournament More I think I've won one round before But I haven't been able to take an overall win So we're just ripping down a cone a While we wait for the timer to go down. It looks like we're gonna be in a 16 battle In less 11 more people join within a minute little a little boop on the wall there Do a little freestyle through the gate. No, no, we got caught in the curb so 36 seconds left till we go drift time and So we're gonna be in a 16 tournament. So hopefully we can Do some decent tournament run Here on skyline or tunnel edge Fourth gear will be our gear to use This car just sounds sounds very very awesome with that superchargers winding in back of it up into that wall, though All right, here we go for three two one. Let's get it do a little doughnut We're going straight into it. We are tops. We are in a 16 battle I'm gonna hop right into the first battle who we gonna be going against in this tournament And it looks like it's gonna be Kurt 27 and the 821 horsepower best 13 It's got a ruthless tag on there. So this is uh, we're gonna have to be on our best game initiate in fourth Close to the wall Look back. We did miss one of those And we just lost all of our points at the front end of that car So that is not gonna go good for us in This I don't believe because sure he Is gonna get that perfectly clean run. We're gonna have to do as much as we can in the latter part of the track to hopefully get some more points and Get ourselves a decent lead. Hopefully maybe he made the mistake as well. I doubt it, but uh It's simple livery Looks pretty sweet coming down the hill And I'm not sure what's going on with him either. He's got a very baller run or he wrecked So he's nerve-wracking waiting for your points in tournament and survey says 102 we're gonna get knocked out That's not what I want to see happen. So definitely have to try that again Or maybe just uh run ourselves the Cali and run a couple of the tracks that we know It's a very slow start And it kind of threw me Kind of threw me off. Oh He's got a very zigzaggy line, which is definitely gonna throw me off Yep, can't hold that angle Without that pro kit when we're running a import kit and unfortunately we're gonna take the loss in the tournament, I believe that's for some reason he DCs and we Get a good run Enough to counteract maybe a zero chase, but probably not gonna happen. Yeah, no close though We wouldn't hit the wall. We probably would done good. So we're gonna try and maybe get into another tournament or just run some other tracks Unfortunate we got knocked out, but new car Still trying to work out the kinks of it. So we guys have some possible Tuning tips for this Mustang. Let me know down in the comments We'd appreciate it and or direct message me on Instagram because I am looking to find tune this Mustang and use it as well as my S14 So we're gonna run Ebizu maybe once or twice before we end this episode off and See how this see how this goes I know we can run third gear here at Ebizu and just initiate this thing in right away Big girl, I feel like once I get a pro angle kit. I feel like oh, man I thought I was gonna be clean once I get a pro angle kit. I think I'll be able to dial the car in a little bit better to Handle more angle and get more points, but unfortunately I'm limited with only having an important kit With this car. So only been running this car for about two days. So definitely a new car I Feel like we could still probably win this on the chase and Maybe still take a win Hopefully We will see I want a third gear that supercharger wind up initiate in as close as we can very slow Initiation and I feel like I don't understand how his run Was so high With the way he ran over the grass and sections like that. So maybe we'll get to go Another time against him as I get put into the wall Unfortunately, I don't think there'll be enough to take the win, but we will see There will be enough to take the win. Unfortunately. He was not able to chase So basically an inactive chase on his part It's nice to have my window open here all the outside noises like motorcycles and cars and birds and people walking around it's definitely a nice, oh Looks like we got another Mustang Baller goonie 837 horsepower I'm gonna finish this off with a Mustang battle here for today Make sure you guys follow me on Instagram and Twitter. I'll let you found in the description box below Gonna finish this off with a little GT battle as long as you don't hit the wall. There we go Run it out. Just a little tap get all those crucial clipping points So I've got that one I hope this one this one late and And able to finish it off with a bit of a better run Wonder what he got on his lead goonie. What do you got for me? 49 all right Well, we're gonna have to run up intense chase run on this man. Do you like it? He's rocking those 22s. I had those wheels and I kind of took them off You're a very aggressive green and black livery and I kind of just totally screwed that Chase run up by making the mistake on that transition Then we're gonna try and suck it up to the door and get as many Points as we can and I thought he was gonna run that wider So we're gonna take the loss unless I can get one more chance against him Do want to have one more run against him and see how that goes if he will give me that chance Doonie give me that chance. Let me go one more time Let me do it Let me go one more time. It's a close battle. We are gonna get to go one more time So this one this episode off either on a win or a loss So, let me know if you guys have a good tuning tuning tips for this Mustang or what motor you're running in yours The thing about switching it out of a v8, but I have not We're gonna keep that there we go Clip in those cones Pour down more angle Throwing a late one there. Oh That that jump and bumped us into the tree Well, that's not gonna be good for us Unfortunately, it looks like he made a mistake. He probably tagged the wall too So we still have a chance to end this episode on a win So as always I like thank you guys for watching and coming back and you appreciate all the support We're getting close to that 10,000 subscriber marks if you guys aren't a subscriber Please tap that subscribe button. I would appreciate all the support. I appreciate you guys coming back There's there's this is it appreciate you come back for all these episodes Especially here on torque drift and forwards and stuff like that some more torque drift content coming as well as live streams are coming back Hopefully very soon. So as always I like thank you guys for watching.  So did we take the win? Did we not take the win? how we're gonna end this episode off and Survey says We take the win. So as always, I thank you guys for watching. I'm evil rabbit. I'll see you guys next time


Mariachi music in the Mexican tradition complements of JP Elder middle school. There's the violin, the iPlet, there is Viwela, guitar, trumpet, sometimes flute, my family is Mexican so it helps me connect with my culture. Hispanic Heritage Month celebrates the cultures and contributions of Americans whose ancestors came from Mexico, Spain, Central and South America and the Caribbean. The vejigantes come actually way, way, way back from the 16th, 17th century and it was brought to Puerto Rico by Spain. The vejigantes are very mischievous characters that they just go around haunting people but not in a horror reign, right, but you know very playful. Employees serving on the Hispanic Heritage Celebration and Diversity and Inclusion Committees also introduces to the taste of agua fresca. And volunteers showed everyone how to make papel picado and decorate sugar skulls. Hispanic Heritage Month, part of our diverse Fort Worth community.


Perfect. Thank you very much. I'm very excited to be here at CCS. It's my pleasure to present exciting research with the Tyler Oberos Genesis, Composable Proof of Stake Blockchains with Dynamic Availability, which is joined effort with Peter Gashi, Agilos Kjajas, Alexander Russell, and Vasylistikas. Let me first recall quickly what the original goal of blockchain protocol was and still is. So we can succinctly summarize that as it should implement an immutable transaction legend. So what is that? Well, it's kind of an object where everybody can look up how much money everyone has. It's a recording transaction of who transferred how many coins to whom, and it should be immutable in the sense that if you see a transaction in there, it shouldn't be changed afterwards. So it's kind of written in stone. We also know how to formulate this more formally in a cryptographic setting, namely as a transaction ledger functionality that we introduced in crypto last year. So this functionality, you can really imagine that it reflects all nice blockchain properties what we would have. So it exports a certain state that everybody can read. It ensures chain growth. So the state really extends over time and it also ensures chain quality, which is basically that there are a lot of well-formed blocks that contain a lot of recent transactions. It also captures such functionality, also captures the influence that an adversary could potentially have. This influence is, of course, limited, but it's very important to formulate that. Why? Because such functionality in a universal composable interpretation, it allows you to clearly define what applications can expect from a blockchain protocol, such as Bitcoin, for example. So if you want to use Bitcoin as a service, implement a poker application or something like this, you would want to know what exactly can you rely on if you just invoke the black box interface that a blockchain protocol should give you. So, well, we actually understand quite well what should be achieved. The problem that makes it really hard to implement are the real-world constraints that one imposes on blockchain protocols. So one should, at all times, avoid the central trust identity. One should allow for dynamic participation. People can come and go at will. And one should be permissionless and accessible to everyone. The nice thing also in the crypto paper last year, we proved that Bitcoin achieves the ledger functionality, fulfilling all of these properties on an honest majority assumption of computing power. And also in the dynamic availability setting. What do I mean with that? Well, the real world looks actually more or less like this. It's a multi-party computation. People connect over a network. We have an adversary that always tries to temper with what the honest guys want to do.  And still, to be fully kind of dynamic, we also have to consider the fact that even if somebody connects to the network, he might temporarily be stalled, just offline or sleepy. So even though he's supposed to act, he might be temporarily unavailable. Usually, we need more assumptions of the real world than just the network. When we want to reach something that this consensus likes, so in Bitcoin, for example, the assumption is pretty natural. So we have usually a reference of time also available, random oracle. As we saw this morning, a diffusion network with some bounded delay probably. And what the parties also have is they need to agree on a Genesis block to be assured that they work in the same context, right? So these are quite natural guarantees. So if you imagine protocols, open F timestamps, unpredictability for random oracles are a way to model hash functions. And well for communication, we need multicast mechanisms or other mechanisms that might be needed. So actually, why aren't we done? So we know that there is a protocol that achieves the lecture. Well, maybe we don't want a protocol that requires electrical power as much as the country of Ireland or Denmark or whatever. So sustainability is a big issue. Maybe achieve the same, just less resource intensive. And here's exactly the proof of stay comes into play. And in this work, we show that we implement the lecture functionality with exactly the same setup, so the natural setup you just saw. And with the same features, so dynamic availability, no trusted entity. We can give universally composable guarantees, which means the guarantees we give hold in every context. And we're sustainable, so we built this on top of proof of stake. In particular based on Oroboros, on Oroboros-Prowse. And this is what I'm going to explain next. Okay, so on the following slides, I will show you Oroboros-Prowse. This was introduced this year's Euro Crypt by Davide Dahl. And I'm going to show you how it works, because later I will show you how we modified to get everything what we need. And I will also motivate on the following slides, why what you see here is actually a hard problem and was even thought to be impossible to solve. So let's start. So on the slide, you see here a timeline, so this is time. Basic interval of time, we call it a slot. And several slots grouped together is an epoch, just for kind of how I refer to those time units in the following. So in very broad terms, in Oroboros-Prowse, and Prowse for short, in each slot we have a leader election process going. This is a private election, so everybody does it on its own. It's proportional to its stake, so if somebody has a lot of stake, he's more likely to be elected as the leader. And also the leader election is fed with fresh randomness directly from the chain to ensure freshness of these elections. And the task of a slot leader is just to create a block for this slot and to extend a chain that he knows, make it longer. Let's be a bit more precise. So assume here we have a chain that we are in the current epoch, so to your right. And so now what's happening now? Well, first parties have to agree on the stake distribution, according to which the leaders should be sampled. And this is taken from the last block in epoch minus 2. The fact that we have an epoch in between is actually very crucial and very nice because like this we can assure that every party in the current epoch, every honest party agrees on the stake distribution. Okay, so this means now we have these three guys that have money according to this block. So in the current epoch, the leader election process will go on among these three people. Okay, and to be even a bit more precise, so recall that every party is identified by a private and public key. So it samples really according to a very viable random function. This just means it evaluates a random function and can prove later to everyone that it did. So the party did evaluate it reliably with its private key. And the input to this random function are the slot number and some randomness. And if the outcome of this function call is smaller than a certain threshold that depends on the stake, then this part is considered to be the slot leader. With this process, just as a side remark, we can get empty slots. That's fine. We can have multiple leaders similar to Bitcoin, so that's also fine. And one important thing, so to ensure that each epoch is somewhat independent, so the lottery is really fresh, so this leader election takes into account randomness that is put into blocks also in the last epoch to ensure that parties also agree on that. But also to ensure that so one takes enough randomness values into account to also ensure that there is recent randomness from an honest party. Okay, so a very core function of every blockchain protocol, as you might remember, is the way one should select chains. So over time, Alice will be having a certain state. But she will also receive new chains that might be longer, for example this one. And a crucial thing is now, shall Alice adopt this new chain? And if she becomes slot leader, extend this chain or the other. So which chain is preferable? In Bitcoin, the answer is very simple, take the longest. Proof of stake, this is basically, it would also be nice. But those of you who are more familiar with that, so the situation here should look already a bit dangerous to you. So what is that? It's the second alternative is a very long chain, so pretty good. One might think. But it also rewrites kind of, it forks way in the past, as we can see. It rewrites the entire history that Alice knows, and this is pretty dangerous. Why? Because of the famous long range attacks. Long range attacks is actually a family of attacks. I just give you a rough overview of what they want to achieve or what the adversary wants to achieve. So the adversary emulates in his head possible, execute possible chains that might emerge from the slot leader election process. And the goal of long range attacks is that he devises strategies which makes him very rich on this private chain in his mind. And if he achieves that, this chain in his mind will over time grow pretty fast. Because he's the only one, the adversary will always be elected in this process. So it can grow very fast, especially if in the real world that the participation is probably not that high. There are very subtle attacks also, so it's not just you corrupt like everybody that sold all the stake. You can also pack the transactions that you like the most. This was presented by Gauchy et al. this year, so stake bleeding attacks. So this is really dangerous. That's why the chain rule of Oroboros Prow says adopt a new chain that is valid if it is longer, but does not fork by more than K blocks in the past. So it should not fork by too much. K is a parameter of the protocol intuitively Alice thinks, I mean K is also the common prefix parameter. So Alice thinks if I chop up off K blocks from my current chain, then this is the state that every honest party should eventually also have. So she doesn't revert her history if it's by too much. So this has undesirable implications. Well, why imagine an execution where nobody wants to give up the entire history, how do new parties actually join the execution? So honest, if I want to join, I need some advice. Where are the honest parties currently, I need a trusted checkpoint. Otherwise, I'm completely lost and would never be able to join. And this of course is undesirable because it would require some trusted entity that would serve me such a checkpoint. So we should avoid this. Just for completeness, the second approach to kind of defeat long range attacks is of course to require some fixed participation level, which is of course also undesirable if you want to be in a dynamic participation setting. So we cannot just wait for parties if you want to go on. So yeah, both implications seem like pretty hard to avoid those of the existence of these attacks and then at the same time unfortunate to have. And this is the main result of this paper here at the CCS. So we do not require this. And how do we achieve that? Well, we replace the chain selection rule in Oroboros-Praos by a new one, which I will explain next. And that's what we do. So to give you a bit of a technical roadmap of results, we do. So we first have to check that Oroboros-Praos, as we just saw it, is actually a good thing to build our new solution on. So we analyze the protocol in a dynamic participation setting. So we analyze a bit the simpler setting at first, where nobody new joins, but parties might still fall asleep and not respond. In the second step, we introduce the new chain selection rule that is supposed then to deal with new registrations, with new joining parties. And finally, if time permits, I would also like to give you some overview of the arguments to make you kind of to convince you that the new chain selection rule is really useful. Okay, so the security of Oroboros-Praos is built up in a powerful combinatorial model or formalism characteristic strings and forks. I will not go into much detail, just to say that forks are kind of the abstract model of all possible chains induced by the real-world leader election process. So everything all induced chains, the structure of those, this is what is modeled by forks. And if you look at this picture, of course what is undesirable, if you now again think of the common prefix property, what is undesirable if you have long chains that diverge pretty heavily. So they have no large common prefix, so we have here two chains that Alice could choose from and well, they diverge pretty far in the past. This is undesirable and luckily we can prove that the substantial divergence, as it's called, occurs only with negligible probability under the condition that the active stake that is present in the system outperforms the adversarial active stake in the system at any time. We then go on and prove common prefix chain quality, so we prove common prefix, of course, and the chain quality and chain growth and we also prove universal composable security. Good, so now let's tackle the new chain selection rule. Consider again the situation, we have Alice, she knows her green chain, she's served with a blue chain and which one is better. Well before in the prowess rule, blue chain would have no chance and now with our new rule, the blue chain, it receives a second chance. Alice examines both chains, looks what is the last common block they have in common, there is a time where they diverge and then she examines a time interval of certain size that is carefully chosen by the protocol after this fork and in this time interval after the fork she will then choose or think that the chain is preferable which has more blocks on this time interval. So in this time interval the chain is preferable that has higher block density. This is the rule, so we keep the first one from prowess, of course if it's not like if it doesn't fork by much, we take the longest and otherwise we examine this particular interval and prefer the one. So if it does fork by more than k blocks we prefer the chain that has higher density on this special interval. And now in the last couple of minutes I would quickly try to show you some selective security arguments, you might think okay why does this help. So we basically have two important claims in the paper so we will find all the details there. So claim number one is consider a simpler setting where everybody is always up to date, so everybody is there from the beginning, might be sleeping but we don't care. Then it's actually still nobody would ever adopt a chain that forks by too much. So we actually nobody would ever invoke the new condition if everybody is up to date. And then more importantly the second claim if a new party now joins the execution this new party can just observe the network being served with a couple of chains and the party that joins will automatically after a certain time pick the chain that is very good. So that shares a large common prefix with honest parties, that's what we wanted to achieve. So let me quickly argue about the first one and then see how much time we have for the second one. So first assume Alice would now for the first time actually she's always there, she's very up to date and she will be served now with a chain that has higher block density in this special interval. So we choose the interval very carefully such that it's small enough that we can guarantee that the leader election process is actually identical up to twice the size of the interval, so up to the second purple line, sorry the third purple line. However the interval is large enough that we can guarantee some substantial growth and it's also large enough that we can expect an honest kind of a really honest slot in right after the interval. Good but what is this situation now? Well now we have found that the large divergence had to occur in the past which we ruled out just by the analysis we did before. So this situation apparently does not occur. It's as hard to convince and always up to date Alice to rewrite her history as it is to find a large divergence which only happens with negligible probability so everything is good. So now quickly for the I'm running out of time so quickly for the second claim consider now Alice for the first time joins an execution. So what do we do? We conduct a fourth experiment. We say ah maybe there is a spy spying on the protocol from the beginning and now what we prove in the paper is that if this spy or this angel Alice decides to adopt the good chain and remember this angel Alice is very up to date. She observes everything from the beginning and we prove that if angel Alice decides to adopt the good chain and so does the real Alice. So we are fine perfect and I think I will skip now kind of the argument essentially it's very similar to the case before. If real Alice would indeed never prefer a chain that angel Alice accepts this can only happen if she knows an entire different history which is not possible by the previous argument again divergences substantial divergences do not occur and very good. So let me summarize. So we saw that the dynamic participation and decentralization is of course very important in blockchain protocols and Oroboros Genesis achieves this and we prove you see security in a fully dynamic setting. Parties can bootstrap from the Genesis block only so they don't need any other advice then of course what is the Genesis block and we prove that it's enough to have the honest majority condition of stake. Well and small outlook so of course we also this research is not is not done yet there is a lot to be done like privacy issues or building blockchains that have a very high throughput and so with this I really have to conclude now so thanks for your attention here are the references that I have during the talk and yeah thanks.


Hi everyone Paul from Paul goes Welcome to this introductory video Into 8rack in modern I'm looking to play this deck over the next few weeks in some competitive leagues I It's a deck that I'm very fond of I've played many times in the past Had a brief obsession with it in I think it was 2016 and I've been away for a while and I'm particularly keen to see how well the deck plays now in the new environment post-bannings, it's April of 2018 and we're a couple of months in to the new format which is being well at least which includes now Jace the Minesculptor and Bloodbrade Elf and Before I jump straight into the games. I suppose it's worth having a quick look at the deck in my particular Build that I've I've landed on In wanting to get back into the deck It's fairly Safe to say it's the same list you'll see in a lot of other Or a widely celebrated general generally accepted list it's played at the moment for 8rack Probably the most interesting aspect of my build is the addition of two dark confidant in the main deck and I also have a Third one as well as a visitor in the sideboard I find that The deck can sometimes be a little bit clunky when it comes to having four ofs and This is a well accepted thing as well having three Ravens crime three thought sees a single blackmail just to mix mix up the the type of discard pressure that you have available, but I also find that Bob Provides you with a fantastic Kind of third dimension to the deck It's not something you want to do on turn two It's it's he almost is a kind of like a four drop or somewhat something you do on turn four or five Sometimes you get you know, you get a typical sort of John's line where you go thought sees Coasters clear Bob turn two because it's safe and you go ahead and Take take the rent that he can offer you The card advantage they can that he can offer you in the early game But I'm keen to see how well that plays out a new in the new format If that's still the case that he can he can provide that kind of support to the deck my sideboard is Really built up from just my own experience of what tends to really matter And this is a this is a really Debatable kind of question as to how you build your sideboard There's an obvious weakness that date rack has to very very fast aggressive creature based decks Burn and zoo and affinity and stuff like that are not great for us on game one and So we have a standard sort of removal suite here of fatal push a Single funeral charm as well. I'll explain maybe another time why I don't like funeral charm very much I Also think the deck if we're on the draw is often going to be quite weak against aether vial and humans in particular In my early testing and so I have a theory that against aether vial You take out smallpox and replace it with bantu's last reckoning And this card I think has done some pretty good work in a innate rack since it was Since it came into the format six or nine months ago So that's what's happening there. The only other thing to mention maybe before we get started is That I have played the deck a lot. I've done a lot of my own homework On the question of whether or not it's correct to go second or first in the dark And it is widely accepted that this is the one famous deck that wants to go second in the dark And I am actually having gone second with it for many many well not many years as I say since 2016 I actually think in the current modern format. It is correct to actually go first in the dark and I'll explain a little bit about why that is as we go in the videos. I'll show some examples Maybe as they come up But for me, there are so many Opponents now the statistically that you will see On turn one, you know, if he you know plays a monastery swift spear or he You know plays an aether vial or a noble hierarch where it turns out that You actually would have been better off going first the games play very differently when you go first Smallpox smallpox in particular plays very differently But there's just that many, you know, Arbor Elf birds of paradise type openings out there where going first actually can give you a massive Advantage that that overcomes the extra card that if you like that we that we lose which of course that is our ultimate game plan But robbing our opponent of the ability to to get that momentum on the first turn It's just a theory. I'm working on I think it probably is still correct that if you knew your opponent was on Serum visions and controlling blue white or whatever that yes, it did make sense to go second, but You know, we have such great matchups against control already That what you lose by going first against them is is maybe nothing again the game is play out very differently But yeah, some of you guys may be screaming at me, you know, you're crazy man, of course you want to go second But I'm just I just wonder if that narrative is based a lot on the fact that there isn't a general deck in modern That that ever wants to go second and the dice roll becomes You know, it's a nice narrative to have that. Oh, yeah, there's there's this diversity in the format And there's there's a deck out there that wants to go second, but I'm just not convinced Based on what I've seen in my early testing of the deck in the new world and then the way that modern has has changed and move now with People wanting to do stone rain me on on their second turn and I've all I've done is play a swamp and a Raven's crime and the game's over Before I untapped for my second turn anyway enough ranting by me about the first turn thing We'll see how how that pans out in the games keen to get into it And as I'm going I'll be leaving room for comments and all the rest of it, so Hopefully I do a good job as well and don't make a don't make too many boneheaded decisions It's been a while since I've really played the deck competitively, but I'll see how we go Okay, thanks for listening and watching guys and we will see you in the first video You