Okay, so my name is Serena Otis St. Clair and I've been in the Rogue Valley since 1984. I came here to finish my geography degree. My partner was working at the Shakespeare Festival, and so I arranged for an internship at the City of Ashton Planning Department. And I did my last college term at SU, but I transferred down from Corvallis from Oregon State University. And when I was working at the City of Ashton Planning Department, there was this old building. Everyone knows it now as the Ashton Community Center. It used to be called the Women's Civic Clubhouse, and it's right on Wynburn Way. And so I was doing a project with them for the Solar Access Ordinance, and then my internship was over and they really wanted to hire me. So they said, hey, you want to make a community center out of the Women's Civic Clubhouse. So I worked with groups that were there. It was like World War I, Women's Veterans Auxiliary, Duplicate Bridge, the Ashland, Oregon State Ballet used to be there. Deanna and Eric Hurst, they used to be very famous people here in the Valley. Infamous, maybe I should say. And I started the community center. I took all those groups, and then we also created after-school programs, and we renovated the building to be more rentable. I did all this research into Jesse Wynburn, who is what Wynburn Way is named for. He was someone who used to, he had a big house up the parkway, up the street where the park is. He used to have these fabulous parties, and he loved women. He was like known as kind of a woman's man. He just loved women, so he built and dedicated this clubhouse to women, this civic clubhouse. And what was that for every, I don't know, how long, maybe a hundred years or so, and then it became, we made it the Ashland Community Center. And so I shepherded the transition of the building from some place that groups, the Ashland Folk Dancers were there every Friday night for like 20 years. So groups that had been there forever paying very little rent, and we made it more of a business so that the building paid for itself. Me, my, you know, my role there as a coordinator. I mean, it's really easy to say coordinator. This was where the whole women's pay equity thing comes in. I was actually a clerk one. You know, this will age me, but I was paid like $3.35 an hour. And I did everything for that building, not only from renting it, programming it. I helped run it through like a huge remodel through a community block grant. I wrote my very first grant to the Carpenter Foundation there. And we, the building, the room is really live, like it's a wooden floor and it's like a drum. And so you couldn't really have music concerts in there because the cusics were terrible. So I hired a couple technicians from the Shakespeare Festival and they consulted with us. And we ended up putting up these, really, these wedgewood blue theater curtains. And so I wrote the grant for the theater curtains. We did all this fundraising. We had like a huge garage sale from all the groups in the building. And it was, you know, it was big deals like, I don't know how many, $10,000 or something to put up the curtains. And that would then convert the building to be able to have like weddings and music where it wouldn't hurt people's ears. And so I remember this one day after, I mean, I had, we had just had this like, you know, two-day garage sale. I mean, I looked and I smelled and I was reeking and it was like this huge organizing mess. And I was like 23 at the time or something. And I remember being afterwards going to another famous watering hole in Ashland called Cook's Tavern, which is where I bless catwalk. Now it's some umami sushi, I think. I was sitting in there drinking a pitcher of beer with a friend of mine.  I'm doing all this fundraising and, you know, writing grants and raising money to get curtains in the building. And we did a rededication ceremony. I wrote the speech for the mayor, who was Gordon Baderis at the time. I wrote the speech for the planning director, John Fragonacy, who was a wonderful man and mentor to me. And not even get to make a speech. I was just like, I, because I wanted all this history on the building.  And this friend of mine, who was a really, you know, great strong woman, she said, why are you doing that?  Like you're doing more than, you know, they're getting a lot of really great stuff out of it. I was at the lowest paid, you know, totem pole. So I, we went back to the, the, my supervisor, John, went to the city administrator at the time and tried to upgrade my position to like a, like a, like a mid-level manager position. Because I had increased the revenue of the building, like five-fold in a short period of time, et cetera. And the administrator came back and said, Clutter, to you. So I quit. I quit respectfully and no bridges burned. I mean, city council people said they read letters of recommendation from me, but it was, it was a changing time in the valley. And so we, we kind of lost the Civic Clubhouse, but we gained a beloved community center that, you know, I think is still until COVID very much in play. And then the next three jobs I had, I really worked a lot with women. I left the city and I got a job a month later with crisis intervention services. That is now had, had merged and morphed into community works. But back then crisis intervention center was the Dunhouse helpline rate crisis center. I think it was rate crisis services. I can't remember exactly. And, and there was like a teen runaway program. And I was the volunteer coordinator for the helpline and I worked, did trainings for Dunhouse and rate crisis and worked a bit in the shelter and I, and I loved doing crisis work and I loved doing human services. But, you know, after a while it was very taxing because you just, when you see people in crisis all the time, you, you want to, I wanted to work more systemically. So I left crisis intervention services and I got a job at the job council, which at that point was, I think now it's called work source, Oregon. But at that time it was a JTPA, Job Training Partnership Act funded federal training program. And I ran the classroom training skills program, which was a program where I used money. I got, I always felt like this is the greatest thing ever. I get money from the federal government and I'm using it to pay people to go back to school. So I, I worked with people who were looking for jobs and employment and employment. And if they needed skills that we could purchase through Rowe Community College or like at Abdeel, you know, clerical school or phlebotomy classes. I would pay, I mean I wouldn't pay for it, but I felt like I was paying for it. And get them trained and, and into a job. And during that time I met Mario Keith and Malio and Stevenson and Kathy Berkey and a couple very strong women who were interested in. This was the very late 80s and the very late 1980s. They were interested in women's economic equity. And so we started a task force where people from a variety of different organizations, we would meet at lunchtime. It was completely volunteer. We would like try to strategize how we could help women do better than just getting jobs in childcare or receptionists. Or, you know, at that time there was a lot of really low skilled electronics work, you know, soldering and stuff at this place called ESAM and Grants Pass. So we met and it was just like this powerful group of women. They, many of them became my mentors. I mean I was just like in awe of what they knew and how they were thinking. It was like, it was definitely an education for me. And I, and I volunteered, you know, I took notes and I convened meetings and, and it was during one of those meetings that my future and very significant person in my life, Kathy Berkey, he was a counselor and department chair at Rogue Community College and the counseling department approached me and she said that she had a program at Rogue Community College called Moving On. That was a displaced homemaker single parent program and she asked me, you know, if I would be interested in applying for a job there. And I was, I got, yeah, sure, absolutely. I, working for the college would be great. I had the right degree, you know, I have, well, I just have a degree in geography, but you needed a bachelor's degree. And, and so I got this and I applied and, you know, here's the other thing. Between the time that she talked to me and then the, when I applied, I got pregnant with my second kid. And by the time the college got around and I went to my interview six months pregnant. So I had to address in, I felt like I had to address in my interview my pregnancy and what my plans were, you know, for maternity leave or whatever. Because in, anyway, and, and, and rightfully so the college said, hey, if we are going to discriminate against a pregnant woman who we want to run a women's program then, you know, we're out of integrity. So they, they hired me. I had a, yeah, I had a really short maternity leave, but nonetheless the baby cooperated. My, this was my, my one, I have three kids at an old, I have an oldest daughter and a young daughter.  Because when he was little, I brought him everywhere with me.  And he got held by like the department, the secretary of labor, like the, the assistant secretary of labor. I can't remember a name. I feel bad. I can't, it was in early 1990. But, you know, anyway, he was, he, he cooperated and he's, you know, a feminist man now. And I think a lot of it was because he was raised by, he was always around women who were like empowering themselves. So what was, so what I really wanted to, to talk about, and that really, that kind of gets me to, to this place. And is that working in the displaced homemaker kind of movement, it was, it was all very exciting around then for women.   They get, they get a divorce. If they had been a homemaker, there's nothing that's going to pay them if they're lucky enough to get alimony. But, you know, alimony was actually not that common. It's a really low percentage of women that are awarded alimony, maybe child support. So there was a real need. And the, I did, I did a little research on it in terms of, it was like in the 70s that the term displaced homemaker became recognized in the federal government. And then in 1984, there was a piece of legislation called the Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act. And in that act, it was really to support what we would now call career technical education. Back then it was like voc tech. We've worked really hard to lose those terms because it tends to track students. You know, I did this work for a long time. If I heard one more teacher say, yeah, he really likes working with his hands. I'm going to put him in voc tech. It's like, no, actually, there's, you know, now we use it as career technical. It's a T and STEM for science, technology, engineering and math. So it was a time where we were trying to elevate that, you know, the look at career technical ed. Anyway, the Perkins Act was funded to support technical ed in both community colleges, but also primarily in K-12, like in high school. And in 1984, the legislation indicated that there would be a 3% set aside for every state to have a sex equity coordinator, and then 7% set aside for assistance to displaced homemakers and single parents. This was huge because it gave us, it gave every state money that then had to decide how they wanted to spend it because they had, according to the legislation, if they wanted, you know, the millions and millions, hundreds of millions of dollars for vocational education, they had to spend 10% of that on bringing women along, and that was huge. So that Perkins Act has been reauthorized, I think, five times now. We're in Perkins 5 at this time. And gender equity, like there was, the set aside went away after about 10 years. Many colleges and states continued to support the concept of women doing nontraditional work. And so funds still remain for nontraditional work, and now, again, it's morphed into more, we would call that, maybe STEM, getting women into STEM.  And in the 50s and 60s, you know, this, you know, kind of middle America played this very Donna Reed role, but the reality is, is women were still being abused, they were being, you know, left by husbands, they were having to be single heads of household, and they really needed some assistance, they weren't GIs, they didn't have a federal GI bill, you know, all those kinds of things. So the Dispaced Homemaker programs, many of them seated in community colleges, some in community action networks, like in Roseburg it was at the Amkawa Community Action Network, they really, these transition programs popped up all over the country, every state had them, there was, and the purpose of those programs was really to empower women through education, economic equity and employment. So those early, those, well, not so early, but that, like, that committee that I had been on when I worked at the job council on women's economic equity, that was being born out of this, the beginnings of these Dispaced Homemaker programs. So the main tenets of those programs were, and I think this was pretty standard across all the programs, certainly at Rogue Community College. One was just work readiness, how do we get women ready for work, helping them get an employable skill set, training in education was encouraged, an emphasis in non-traditional work, because those are generally, you know, shorter, short training, higher wages, and then career counseling, so a lot of helping women set goals, lofty goals for themselves that included education, career planning, a lot of career guidance, and also in that, which was really, really, really important was financial literacy. We did, I learned, I had to learn a lot about prosperity consciousness versus poverty consciousness.  There was a lot, there was a lot of work to do and education to be delivered in, and sometimes we weren't even the people that had it. So we always networking with the community, getting people involved to help our students understand how to survive and thrive as a single, as a single woman oftentimes head of household. The other thing that I think made the single parent displaced homemaker program so incredibly unique and wonderful, was we provided a tremendous amount of emotional support. Most programs had some kind of like women's center energy, you know, we had a wonderful women's center at Rogue Community College in the Grands Pass campus and then also at the Medford campus, but the Medford campus was very small satellite campus. I served for a while on the SOU women's center. We had nice connection between women that went from Rogue over to SOU. There was a nice landing space for them there with the women's center at SOU. You know, we did things and some of these things sound so dated, but they weren't then. What about my, so, you know, we did assertiveness classes and we had support groups and a lot of self-esteem and confidence building. And, you know, on staff in my program, I had bona fide counselors that could not only run support groups but then also provide personal counseling. Our college provided personal counseling in our counseling department. The other thing that the Perkins Funds allowed us to do is it allowed us to provide money for child care and transportation. These are two areas that are still, okay, at that time this is before there was a bus service, particularly in Josephine County and child care is always a need. So our philosophy and our program was we were never going to pay for all the child care because we didn't want to take a line-on amount of someone's budget, but we subsidized their child care. They still had to come up with some of their own money to be able to do things like work, otherwise it would be like, you know, cold turkey when they were done with the program and they got their first job having to pay for child care. And then over, probably in the first couple of years, that emphasis for technology, technical training was really strong. We were being funded by vocational dollars or career technical ed dollars in today's terms. So we started a program called Personal Effectiveness in the Home and what it was was teaching women how to change tires, change oil, clean their VCRs, do basic plumbing projects and electrical projects. And it was great fun. I mean, it was great way too because it's how we connected with women, the women that were few and far between in this region, in particular women in the trades, but we found them and we always would try and get women to be the ones to teach the women how to do these things. And we had some great success stories.  Now, there were no women instructors there, but the male instructors were, you know, they knew what the intention was and they were respectful and they were into helping women learn how to change the oil on their tires. And we had one, several women who chose then to go into automotive. So there was always a dual purpose. We brought them to these areas of the college or we'd bring people in from the field and we would talk about apprenticeship and the kinds of things that women would have to know to path into career path into those areas. So and that class ended up becoming what we called Selected Topics and Technology. And when we changed the course numbering, we focused the class. We still did stuff so that women could be more independent in the home. But we also brought them into manufacturing. We took them on industry tours.  You know, I had one of our women that came through with the program.  And she ended up becoming a service writer for an auto shop, which is exactly what you want. So that, like, I mean, I'm guilty of this. I go into a shop and I'm like, my car kind of makes this worrying noise.   But a woman as a service writer would be like a worrying noise and would help me feel like I wasn't crazy or incompetent, but that, you know, what a worrying noise could mean in terms of an engine. So, you know, we had women that, you know, got jobs at the department DOT, like at the way station. We had women that went into electronics. We had women that became welders. We had women that went into construction. And we had women that went on to get degrees and like women's studies and, you know, I mean, we had women who went into the human services and people, basically, I would say that a high percentage of women that came through our program, even though it was like a term-long program, decided that education was like fun and interesting and they liked feeding their minds and they were being great role models for their kids. And so it was very common to have a high percentage of our students leave our program and then at the college, getting college credit and then to enroll in college in some either career technical program or two-year degree program or one-year certificate program. So the programs were very, very successful. And in that process, I want to go back to the trades for a second. For a while, there was, well, there is a very strong Oregon Women in the Trades Network and a woman named Connie Ashbrook is the head of that. I think she just got acknowledged a couple of years. She got some big honor for all the work she's done for women in the trades in the state of Oregon. So we used to bring women in a van up to the Oregon Women Trades Conference up in Portland and then one year we thought, hey, let's just do one in Southern Oregon. We worked with Connie Ashbrook, the ESD, the Southern Oregon Educational Service District and we had a good run. We probably ran the women, we did Southern Oregon Women in the Trades Fair every year for I don't even know how long, maybe 15, 20 years. And it, you know, started small, got big, high schools and middle schools loved it because it was a day where they could bring, and it was only for women. And then in the later years, you know, teachers and counselors, particularly in high schools, said, what about men? And let me just shift this for a second. So we had the women, we had the Southern Oregon Trades Fair and one day was for boys and one day was for girls. Because the way the two genders would interface with, you know, lot, pole, we'd had lines, telephone come to come out, we had all kinds of industry, welding and lots of science-based industry, manufacturing, medical areas where oftentimes not many women would choose those trades. That's how it started. But same with young men. After I did my 16 years with the Displaced American Network, I then became a high school outreach coordinator. So kind of my work and kind of that outreach morphed a little bit into high schools. And part of that was realizing that young high school students didn't really know anything about the trades. And there was an issue of recruitment into some of the trades in Southern Oregon. So they want young people and they want both young women and young men to choose, like the electronics industry is booming in this area yet. They were having trouble finding, you know, enough qualified people. And that's, you know, you got Southern Oregon Regional Economic Development working with us too because they realized that if they want to attract business to this area, they need to have a pool of people to hire from. So I'm going to go back to Displaced Homemakers for just a second. So we had, at Rogue Community College, we had two single-parent Displaced Homemakers in both counties, one in Grants Pass campus and one in Medford. Their names were moving on in Josephine County. Bright Futures started out as women in transition and changed to Bright Futures in Jackson County. At one point, Molly started a program called Transitiones, which was learning about American workplace expectations. It was originally for women and it was for the Latino community or Latina community. Now Latinx. But it soon included men too because what would happen is women would come to this class at night and so would their husbands and they would just stand in the hallways. So we eventually merged into women and men and tried to provide opportunities for women to, the Latina women to have time if they needed, if they were in situations of any kind of abuse or anything like that, that they had outlets to be able to be assisted. But mostly it was about, at that time, and again this is like 15 years ago, how to write a resume and how to fill out an application and expectations of cultural eye contact and things that were different for the population, which was in large part immigrant. And what's changed, of course, is over time, is a lot of immigrant families are now their permanent residents here. And so this was a program that was really perfect for that time in this valley. We also had a teen parent program at one point. You know, Southern Oregon won the prize for having the highest number of teen pregnancies in the state. So we had, we found money at the college to run a program called Lynx, which was a teen parent program, which then also became a teen adventure program where we took teens out and did backpacking and stuff. It was a really fun program and it was for teen moms only. And all these programs, eventually I was coordinating all of them, but we wrapped them into a package called Discovery Programs. And the Discovery Programs had a good run at the college. And so you asked a couple questions of me and I would say that the women's movements around Displaced Homemakers was very, very organized. There was a National Displaced Homemakers Network, our sex equity coordinator, which the name was changed to a gender equity coordinator, probably sometime in the mid-90s. They brought all the, with their 17 communcologies in Oregon, 15 of them had single-parent Displaced Homemaker programs. We met together once a quarter for three days. We strategized what did women need, what advocacy, what funding, what grants, how could we collaborate. It was very, very organized. And one of the things that I think was astonishing about it is that all the community colleges in Oregon are very different sizes, numbers of students, et cetera. But the group made a decision early on that whatever money we got from the federal government channeled through the Oregon Department of Education, we would take that amount of money, we would divide it evenly between the 15 programs. It didn't matter if they were urban or rural. And so I thought it was a very feminist, this is the way we're going to do this. So in that, the leader, the early leader of those programs was a woman named Hilda Thompson. He was since passed away, sadly. But she was an amazing visionary leader. She eventually changed her name to A Grace for Amazing Grace. And she led us through really establishing who we were as a presence in the state and gave us guidance but mostly facilitated all the brilliant minds of the women who were the leaders of these programs. So it was a tremendous honor and privilege and learning. Oh, my gosh, it was like getting a degree in women's studies, being with all these coordinators of women's programs around the state. We ultimately wanted to become our own 501c3. So we became an affiliate of the National Displaced Homemakers Network, which at some point in the late 90s changed their name to Women Work exclamation point. And so then we became Oregon Women Work. And it allowed us to apply for funding separate from the state to do small projects. And we had a very robust student based leadership programs, as well as we could spin off and look at things like how to support women in small business. It gave us a little bit more flexibility than just what we could do through the Carl Perkins funding. You also asked about the observations of women at that time period when I first started, came into my professional role. And I know specifically for this project, Women's History Month was a very, very important synergistic point for a lot of women in Jackson County and also in Josephine County. I served on the planning committees in both counties, but I ended up playing a much bigger role in Josephine County because Jackson County was established by some of the women that I think you've already interviewed. You talked of that one performance we did at the Old Pink Church, which is now the Cabaret Theater with Olive Streit and Judy Schaefer. And that was a really fabulous time. And I watched and learned and then brought it to Josephine County. And through the college, it was wonderful. The college was a great venue and central focus point, but there was some great women's groups in Josephine County as well. Women's Crisis Support Team and different medical clinics and people that wanted to support and promote women's history. So we had, every month for many years, a series of arts and music and speakers. We had Stacey Allison, who was the first woman to climb Mount Everest, come and be like the keynote speaker for Women's History Month. She donated all the proceeds from her talk, which was a community talk to the next year's Women's History Month. We got small grants to be able to run some of the workshops that we did. So that was, I think, a really important organizational point. It was kind of informal, but it really connected people to be able to really look at women's status and role. And safety was a huge issue at that time. It still is, unfortunately, especially during the pandemic and the shutdown. I think doing crisis work when I was working with Crisis Intervention Services and the Helpline and Dunhouse and all the ways to help women and children be safe. Really looking at ways that women were oppressed, what the damage of domestic and sexual violence can do to women and children and a family. Shelters were relatively new at that time. Training for police force after sexual assault and domestic violence was kind of groundbreaking. And we were doing that at that time. Just believing women and children was in some ways a new concept. And our agency, Crisis Intervention Services, was a feminist agency. And I put that in quotes because we said it all the time in staff meetings and we had men that worked for our agency as well. But we had debate after debate of what does that mean? What does it mean to be a feminist agency? What does it mean? And what I think was really important was that we were having the conversation and that we were taking that time to look at, okay, so how do we lead? How do we facilitate? How do we create equity for all the voices in the room? Is that what makes it a feminist agency? How do we provide for all the people in need? I mean, even in the Displaced Homemaker's single parent programs, at a certain point men wanted in. And partly because men said things like, I need emotional support and I need career counseling. And that really wasn't happening. There weren't men's programs like that. So at Roe Community College, we ended up, at a certain point it was like we had the one-off man here and there. And then we started becoming, and one of the reasons why we changed our name to the Discovery programs is because we really wanted to seem like we were open to all people. And so we were, and it was great. And those things also changed too every year in the Carl Perkins legislation that we would have to be more inclusive. We served a lot of people coming out of the recovery community and people coming out of incarceration. So it was such very interesting work. And I did that work very, you know, very wholehearted for about 16 years. And I did have a wonderful honor in 2005. I was awarded Oregon Women of the Year Award from the Oregon Women's Commission. And I shared that award with two other women that year. That's how it always is. And, you know, we had a, it's a fundraiser for the Commission for Women. But it was a wonderful moment to really take stock in the work that we had done. The women that had raised me and then the women that I in turn got to raise. And, yeah, it was a great, it was a great period of time. So what were the long-term effects of the outcomes of this work? And I would say that women in transition programs have been discontinued in a majority of the colleges now. In fact, two, three years ago I got asked to speak at one of their quarterly meetings, ones I used to attend all the time myself. And it was a little, you know, a little sad to see that, you know, from 15 colleges it was down to like four or five in the state. But I really appreciated that the colleges that were still have those programs because that meant that they were funding them outside of Perkins funding. They just wanted a history. So myself and another old-timer retired, at this time retired person. We did a, we did a presentation so they could understand the context from whence they came. Nontrad funding has not dried up altogether per se. It's really morphed into STEM, and there is a lot of focus on getting women into STEM and men into STEM as well. But I think that that candle, that flame has not gone away. And I think that we're seeing a lot more young women who are interested in math and science and engineering and technology. And so I think we're on our way. And in fact, you know, at that time when these displaced homeless programs were first starting, there weren't, women were not the majority of students in colleges. Now they are well over 50% of the students and colleges.  You know, it's like in the old days in domestic violence when I used to go out and do talks, I would say trying to work myself out of a job. Unfortunately that didn't happen. You know, unfortunately we still have a lot that is needed. And you know, right now in our country where I think a lot of social justice issues are really up. And so I'm very excited about the vice presidential pick and the vice and the presidential ticket, the Democratic ticket. I'm very concerned about the protests that have been happening. So I really believe when I think about what changes are still needed is that women in leadership really are important. People of color in leadership are really important. Transgendered people in leadership are really important. Gay and lesbian people in leadership are really important. People who have come from immigrant parents are important. The concept of affirmative action, we are not there yet. And although affirmative action has these categories, it's so important because that bringing that perspective forward to leadership, people who are making the laws and the decisions about American society have got to have a diverse set of experiences and opinions. And I think that feminism and promoting that kind of the foundation of feminism is understanding that our modern structures are seated in this patriarchal structure. And while that was what it has been for a long time, it's time to bring in other perspectives because we will do things a little bit differently and it can happen thoughtfully and intentionally. And that's what I wish for in my professional career. And it's been a little bit what's been a little discouraging about kind of looking at where the country seems to be in terms of racism and oppression and power at this time. Perhaps it's been what needs to happen in order to bring these issues forward and to have a resurgence of how does it look today to change our patterns of leadership and how does it look today to bring forward young leaders like some of the young women in Congress right now are just awesome and amazing and how do we bring their voices forward to bring forth the experience of who represents who's in our country right now. What was really great about the single parent displacement period of time that I was able to be involved in is I got to watch change happen in Oregon. I got to watch students really grow and change and really have a kind of a supportive structure to make substantial changes in their lives that I think became generational because they were then the role models for their children. So I just want to I guess close by just saying that I do think that the role that women have played in Jackson and Josephine County that there's an unusual group of women that have been in this area that kind of we raised each other, we mentored each other, we leave a legacy as well as are looking at young women that are coming up. I mean I'm a professor at SOU so I get to see young women all the time who I'm so impressed with their articulation and their experience and they don't come from the same place of fear or thinking that that they can't do something because of their gender and that to me shows the progress. We still have a long ways to go. However, it's been a fun journey so far and I wish that this project and that these stories inspire women to do good work.


What? What are you doing?  I'm leeching. Why are you in there?  Happy, come in and happy birthday. Yes, come in and close the door. I want the echo to be heard. It's my birthday. And if I want to dress like a drug dealer in a movie, I can. I invented a tradition for myself that on my birthday, I wear a leisure suit to drink some wine and Julian has to make me whatever I sit. Is she judging me? If you're wondering why I'm sitting in my wine closet at night, it's because this year I chose ice cream and we had to freeze part of the ice cream maker for six hours which we did not know before. What I really want for my birthday is something I haven't had in years and I realized that it's probably kind of a little bit regional. It's black raspberry ice cream. I know I've seen it floating around in grocery stores that you can buy, but I can't buy a version that I can eat that doesn't have dairy in it or the Julian can eat. And I haven't had it since I was like, I don't know, 20 years old and I desperately want it. No one around here sells it. It's disappointing. And if you haven't had it, you're missing out. And I realized that growing up, we have like bushes of them everywhere. But we call them thimbleberries and they make an ice cream out of it called black raspberry ice cream. It's like purple. It's like just the perfect ice cream and I put chocolate sprinkles on top and it's all I really want. So I begs Julian.  Starting the day with a threat. Guess how old I'm turning 33. I'm turning 33 the same age that Jesus made me not have died at and or I've been the age Jesus died at. So cheers to that. I don't know about you, but for my birthday, I don't want to work. I don't want to move. I don't want to do anything. I literally only put makeup on today because I also don't want to hear about what an ugly looking person I am on my birthday. So thank you for not writing those comments. I appreciate it. But you know what? I don't want to do anything. I want to watch Julian make me my childhood ice cream that I can't find anywhere. Will you please? No problem, babe. Will you also give me a thimbleberry bush so I can pick them off there in the summertime?  Is it legal to do that? I don't know. Okay. I'll break the law for you. California seems to be very strict about what fruits and vegetables we can grow here. Probably for good reasons that I don't understand and don't need to. So yeah, let's go to the kitchen. Will you please carry this chair out? Guess what's under this robe? Guess. Nothing. Oh, more. An outfit made out of the same material. We're going to pretend that we have black raspberries by putting raspberries with black berries. Say that 10 times fast. I mean, I'm a little upset, but I'll allow it. Oh, sorry, that was an ad. Please don't air his kitchen. This is like my birthday. What do you want to be when you grow up? Make a wish. My wish is for nothing. Okay. My passion in life is nothing. You know what my passion is? Sitting on this butt. I've never made ice cream and you've never made ice cream, right? I made ice cream when I was a kid. You did?  Oh, I never made ice cream. Yeah, it was, it's very underwhelming because you pretty much just like put it in the ice cream maker and that's it. Does it taste good? Yeah, it tastes great. This better be good or else I'm going to be pissed. Bam. It's not black raspberries. It's black raspberries. And then you're going to take your raspberries. See, that's how special black raspberry ice cream is. We can't even buy it. We can't even buy this. We can't even buy it. You're going to take the juice of a half a lemon. How much ice cream are you making? Enough for you. Wow. He knows I want a lot. I'm sure you just use one of the lemon juicers that we have. Because I'm a chef and I have my tools. Then you're going to take a fourth a cup of sugar. Oh, yeah, give me that. For all that, you still got a lemon seed in there. No, I didn't. She just planted that in there to make me look bad. So we're going to let this cook down. This is supposed to give us like a syrupy thing. Yeah, I don't know. This is the pioneer woman's recipe. So shout out to Rijuemen, our girl. I'm Rijuemen. You know what you can get me from our birthday? What? Aside from this ice cream. Closing that drawer and like a good night's sleep where you decide to leave me alone. I love you so much. But like some peace and quiet would be wonderful. Congrats on making it 33 years. It's pretty good. Thank you. I'm really proud. A lot of it has to do with like just drinking water and like opening your eyes every day. Just doing the best you can and then going back to sleep and doing that over and over again for 33 years. Do you feel like Rijuemen? No, because she put like five egg yolks in there. Okay, so seven and five egg yolks. Do you feel like Rijuemen? No, I didn't. I don't have like 10 kids named Tad, Todd, Tayden, Tater or whatever. And I don't live on a ranch. And I'm not cooking either. What do you feel like? Keep it. Do you know what I did for my recent cooking video? What? I box jumped onto the counter.   On this counter?  Yeah. Okay, first of all, you can box jump that high.  Congratulations. Second of all, what? You put your feet on this counter? Okay, yeah, I want to know if you're lying or not. Do it again. Approve it. No, don't, don't, don't. I'll do it. Did you really? I did. Joey. But don't worry, babe. It's before I laddered the whole entire counter in Crisco. Okay, so you're lying. No, I'm telling the exact truth. I box jumped onto that counter and then I followed the box up by lathering the counter in Crisco. Because I'm a Crisco girl. Coachella. Crisco girl, Coachella. Wait, I'm trying to figure out if you're lying to me or not.  Julien, stir it. I can't tell if you're being serious or not anymore. You know my box jumped up here. I feel like as I get older, I get more and more straightforward. But as you get older, it's like you just unlock the new level of trickery that I can't understand. Did you have shoes on? Yeah, be safe, babe. You want me to do a barefoot? No. That'll be for Patreon, I think. Yes, take me to feet court. I almost fell you feet, babe. First of all, it's been cooking on high heat. No, it has. This is low. If it was high heat, it would be boiling and spattering everywhere, which is how I like to cook. All of our pans keep getting ruined because you keep treating everything like it's a walk. No, babe. First of all, everything is a walk. Negative all. I don't see any ruined pans. They're all working great. Because we have to buy new ones because you ruin the old ones. It's so impressive to me how you can ruin pans. I don't ruin pans. I just make them really black on the bottom and on the top and sometimes... Some of the pans and plates and stuff in this house I've had since I was in college. That's too long. That's too long. It's not broken. I'm not getting rid of it. See, that's your character flaw. Mine is I go through things way too fast and you never go through them. Sunday is my birthday. I'm really excited. I'm going to wake up whenever I want.  I feel like you're still at the age where for your birthday you like to like do stuff maybe and for my birthday I like to just not have the obligation to speak to another community. Will you say some stuff in Spanish to me for my birthday? Oh my god. Saturday Sunday is my favorite day. I think maybe. I don't know. Peechee if you want to come up here be careful. I usually only get peachy kisses in the morning but I'm still honored. Peechee be like can I hate it in the morning. Julie. Hi. Uh oh the pantry's open. There's free chips in there for her. Every time you walk somewhere they they both look at you. I'm having food for you guys. What the heck? Okay it's definitely redder than a black raspberry ice cream but I'll take it.  Can I eat the seeds? Ew.  Oh so sweet babe.  So it's not hot? Yeah. Do you know what setting to use? Just this on off. Then why is there a dial? That's it. This is going to work. I don't know we'll see. Okay. I mean it definitely tastes like raspberry. Yeah I think that is. 35 minutes of that noise? Happy birthday! See you guys in 35 really loud minutes. Oh my god. The loudest half hour of my life. So I guess if we wanted it to really be ice cream we'd have to put it in the freezer for another like two or three hours but I don't care. Do you have time for that? No. Here it is this is our homemade fake black raspberry ice cream. Even though it's not like that purple I'm down with it I'm really excited. I know that there were big chunks of coconut milk. Oh I just put chocolate sprinkles on it. I feel like a little kid. Is it good? Can I try? It's really good. I gotta eat it fast it's gonna melt. It's really good. Yeah black raspberry is definitely more like it's a dark purple color and it's very sweet I mean but this is so really good. Do you feel like you're leeching adequately now? Yeah I've never made ice cream before. It's kind of not worth it. It like comes out not nearly as good as a store-bought ice cream but like what an exhausting half hour of that noise. Yeah and also like what an exhausting eight total hours of work.  No I'm good I just don't like that flavor. I don't like fruity ice cream. We can't be friends. Happy birthday you black raspberry beast. Thank you beach. On a scale of one to ten. It's like a four. I mean I'm definitely eating it too soon like you're supposed to freeze it and let it be ice cream but even then like it needs to be sweeter. It's a four? Fuck. I even can tell it's not black raspberry. It's like too tart.  What's going on here? Oh god that is just straight coconut milk. This is why it gets so core. That's pretty good though it wasn't worth it. What I'm gonna I'm gonna get a little more of it. I just ate the whole bowl of it. It's pretty good. Watch everyone's just gonna tweet at me now after this. There's some ice cream that exists that I didn't know existed. It's different when you're making it yourself. I just wanted to watch you slave away while I sat here and lizard. Well you definitely succeeded that. Don't zoom into my feet. It's patreon only exclusive content right there. I'm really excited for my birthday because I like to do absolutely nothing. Thank you for letting me do as little as possible today because that's what I wanted. Even though most of the day today was spent trying to figure out how to use the ice cream maker.  Will you wear this outfit? Yeah I need Instagram content so whatever works. Oh my god. If I ever knew someone that said something like that to me for real I swear to god. This is a selfish video. It's a selfish day and I don't care. Aw thanks you're sweet. If you're looking for me this weekend don't talk to me. Don't bother me. Don't call me. Don't text me.  So I will see you guys next week. Uh yeah I'm gonna go turn 33 overnight like that. Dang that was quick. That's amazing isn't it? Happy birthday. Oh my god. Are you kidding me? I'm like genuinely amazed that you did that but I- Not at my house! It's my birthday! How could you? Me? Wishing you a happy birthday. Cut!


This is the way to do it, this is the way to do it, this is the way to do it.  With me is Bran Ogutu, a university student who is taking himself through university by the art of photography and videography. Ogutu, you take art as your fashion, right? And tell us about your hobbies. What do you love? I'm Bran Ogutu. I love swimming, acting, writing, reading, but mostly I love writing. When I'm going through some hard times, the moment I write what I'm going through on paper, I feel like I'm relieved. So I like writing. Swimming, I also love swimming because when I'm exhausted, when I just see water, I feel like I'm okay. And reading, I can read all day. I like being informed. So reading, yeah, I can spend most of the time reading just to get informed about what I'm doing around the world, what's new, what's happening, what's trending. I love reading. Let me salute you, Bran, for taking yourself through university is really, really not an easy task. And photography, videography, the technical skill, take us through how you started it. After high school, my deskmate was a very good friend of mine when he joined Kenyatta University. So while I was in Nairobi, most of the time I had nothing to do. So when he was going to his shoots, I would tell him, Kevin, you can accompany me so that we'd go there. I did not want to stay at home because there was nothing that I was doing. So when I was going there, since he was already into the field, I told him, Kevin, you can come here, I'll come with you. So I told him, yeah, you can do your job. And I told him, yeah, you can do your job. So I told him, I'll come and join you. So when the clients came, me, they were like, hmm, these are good photos. You're doing a good job. But see, me, I'm at the glory. Yeah, I'm at the glory, you know, but deep down, I'm like, okay, so I can do this. And that was in 2018. And the same year, I thought, okay, why not purchase a camera, but a camera is expensive. So what I will do, since Kevin is in Kenyatta University, I will hire his camera from Monday to Saturday to Friday. So he mostly, he was doing his shoots on weekends. So I will hire his camera from Monday to Friday. So when I hire the camera, while I'm at my say no, I will make sure that I get the most out of it. At least purchase a kid over half a nap. You know, Joe, he hired me. So last Monday, he came in for the five days to me, the camera to its maximum. From Monday to Friday, you can send me 3000 to 5000. So you must aim higher. That was in January when I was to hire. By March, I had saved some cash. Then I approached my dad. Thanks to him. I looked at my dad. Sometimes he was on Sunday, he would send me a message, he would tell me, ah, I don't have enough money to use it, but deep down, in your home, things are not that good.   And I would say, hey, let's see, and he would say, hey, Joe, let's go and pack our things, and maybe it's on Sunday, you know. So he would say, hey, I'm stressed. So I told him, I will approach, I will say, I don't know what to do with him, I don't know what to do with him. Starting was hard because, you know, not many people know you as a photographer. I looked at the camera, and he would say, ah, can he really do this? So starting was not that easy. So I told him, I will give him some money, and he would say, I will come, and he would respond, and I could see that.  So he would take your photo, he would say, you know, he did not want you to go to him, so no, you are not comfortable with him. So he would say, Joe, I would not go, and he would say, Joe, I will go, and he would say, Joe, I will go, and he would say, Joe. He was home, and I would say, Joe, From that time, at least, I grew up with clients, I grew up with my fan base, I took photos and I went to places where I didn't even know who I was. So it's been a hard journey but considering where I started, I am a thank God. So when did all this start? It started in 2017, I went to high school, so I went to the campus. But there was no time from high school to join campus. I was a time rave, so there was no time to go to the campus. There were no people there so I decided to take photos. I asked if I wanted to go to the campus, instead of just sitting at home, that would be much better than staying at home. So we went to the campus to take photos. We had some gigs and we shot at a member of parliament flying, weddings flying, and he was like okay, well you know what, I hope I don't have to come and see you, you know that time, we were fresh from high school. So my brother was in the field, so I went home. He said he didn't have to come home. So I asked, hey, why can't I do this, why can't I do this, why can't I do this, why can't I do this. So I asked him, at least I'm a member of parliament, I'm a politician, I come in weddings, you can cover other weddings. So I asked him, why can't I do this, why can't I do this, I'm already that and I'm even past that. Speaking of fan base, through your hustle, do you have any particular brand that you work under, are you just freelance? At the moment, I'm a freelance but I work alongside other brands. I have a partner in Suso, he's in Union Geo, Girl Girl and Boy Africa, there's another group, I've forgotten the name, but I have a partner now.  So I want to be a part of your group, in the event I interact with the videos and the photographs. And I want to tell you something about this event, I'll have to post it on the website too. So through that, I'm a partner now. I want to support in some ways. Is it a project? And do you have any particular area that you capture your photos on, Amar? Do you just do general work? You know, if you take photographs of business, maybe mainly I'm doing this. If you say mainly I'm doing this, I want to do this. So will you leave the job because you don't do this, you just have to do. But majorly, I can take portraits, I'm a portrait photographer, but I can do any other thing that relates to photography. You can't turn a job down just because you don't like it. You'll just deliver. You said you started this journey in 2017. Is that the year you joined Compass and right now, which year are you in? Yeah, that's the year I joined Compass. At the moment, I'm a fourth year student. I'm finishing my studies this year and God willing, I'll graduate in December. So I'm on my final lap. I'm going to go to Amaliza. From 2017, because of COVID, it will come. So you will be trapped in Amaliza. So photography, I'm going to finish for all that while. I guess it's four or five years. Yeah, four years. So I'm going to finish for four years and then four years. I'm going to look back. It's been four years since I started photography. So I was the one who took these. And it's been a process. You can go back to a place where it's easy. You know, people say, hey, it's not successful. But it's been a rough road. But where I am right now, there's no advice or say, this photography and videography, come up on a camera, you can do anything. You know, what the eye sees is not what the camera sees. So I manipulate something perfect. If you want to get into this, let something not hold you back. Just go into it. About when I was fourth year. And photography is perfect.  So you see, I'm going to take a photo of myself.  So I'm going to get a CDF. I'm going to go back and forth. I'm going to go back and forth. Okay, so I'm going to go to school. I'm going to rent, I'm going to buy food. I'm going to buy food. And as a first-year student, I felt like at this event, I think I'm going to be very, very, very, voluntary, fair. And I'm going to work with the university. My first year as president, in the 5th grade, my main goal is to be successful. But I don't think there's any... I think I'm going to be here, the university you get, we're going to have the big brother, We're going to have the long-term support. Yeah, but you make what you saw Photography, although Majorly photography don't necessarily mean any support, because That's what I'm really do Come on you rent me Me or camera and can go and on a he me rent enough I'll talk about it become a school fees Do you co-op I yeah So let's see more funny your cousin Yeah, let's see more funny, we'll talk about it Because so far That's You and your size, that's my job That's my job you come as a easy what I always tell I always like talking to young people So now Penang I'm here Right now the country when you took off We sit again to my song because there are very many learned people So many visually lucky me who can talk up on campus You can a degree in sour, you can a diploma sour, you have your papers, but job So to you don't just sit at home come on I don't know Now Do that Nowadays These jobs Pay What we know There's some people making a killing out of easy jobs Because you do this If you love doing something Go for it At least Asia Asia But in case I get serious I want to learn Back She She And make a lot of money From what she loves doing So you can be the next I'm a What about the next you Yeah And it's always funny Because You know You know But But there is always That person I want to be like this person But surprisingly Look up I want to be like that other person So The process yes But You'll always have someone who says That you're doing a good job Do everybody always want something good But in this field How do you cause a client Because So That camera of yours It's not that expensive It's high in the quality Because it's expensive But you still have clients You're doing a good job So just go for it Let something not hold you back Go for it Go for it Go into it Make changes in your life Yeah You talked about talking to the youth And mentoring Is that something you also do Okay Growing up I was born In a jungle Slam So many things You know There are cases How much do you need to look away But right now I'm not going to be a victim Because they got involved In crime I'm the girl I'm not going to be a victim When I drop out of high school When I'm in primary I'm in pregnancy So right now Where I am I'm not going to be an opportunity So I'm going to be a brother I'm not going to be a victim I'm a young generation I'm not going to be a victim Because at home They just see Someone of value Someone who is criminal Either You're not someone who is productive To the society But I want to change that narrative I want to tell the children See what is going on You go places You go to society I talk to them I want to show them After class To broaden I want them to know When you talk to them You have to have an educated mind Sometimes it's helpful to the society In society Something funny about it At that young age Around 16 People would laugh When you have work I would say I'm not in society around 22, 23.  So, you know, life is different. But if you're educated, I think you should know that I'm a mother.   So, you can change a lot of lives through education. So, if you want to be a Muslim, don't get into early marriages. Girls have a lot to offer to the society. You know what I mean?  So, my education, what I always drive is that I don't know how to live with my family. I don't want them to get involved with me, crying, I don't want them to stop. I don't want them to come home to my transition movement so that you can get into football. Football is to change the manner so that your children can live with it. So, there's an organization called St. John's Community Center, a nice summer thanks to St. John's Community Center. It's a public college, or higher school, that's not in school fees. St. John's Community Center. So, it's important that we are a community center for those who don't know how to live with your family. So, though that, is the idea community in that way yeah that is very very I don't know because since you know I have a skill and I can use it to monetize so you do not do it on your own or do it at home because it's the worst home is the best so now the challenges is that I'm a kid you are up at home since it comes in getting up it is a challenge is because it's been tough no no using you think you are 15 years it's painful to do how is your girl you know at from one mat from two no as in me hard realities how is he accept but that's how things are so you can come I use her antenna at least to answer quick cut from the grassroots when you want to grow to one day upon this is not the way videos never change to measure what are these road now you can be successful so in your journey of photography show with us your memorable experiences and the worst and why were they that okay so the worst experiences just stop in the hustle no no Kenny any different from other countries come excuse you can be a social media when there's on a book or whatever the Western countries photographers on the streets taking photos that doesn't have any come out to come out the town what's the feature city can city council but I believe the lucky license license they can't find a shoot CBD was almost 25 to 30,000 expensive you're not just allowed to shoot anything so the civil court and financial court and I assume we could be sir before I'm the job I'm a June but sometimes fear and I'm bush on a new him I could hang a suit on a row come in so that's a challenge you say is it okay here 30,000 for a license but how is it get the 30,000 out of the business of doing photography in town no no so that's a challenge you can do I make a shaker me and a central central remember what the license how and so let's move on to quality will you see at least one or two understanding be a anything a factor because they're also parents yeah this before he in school fees not after number yes do but we see funny evil funny even on a wanna come get a leisure but that's a challenge that's one of the challenge that photographers face now maybe equipments expensive so it's a mess easy you want you have many photographers but clients at the same so let's move on to standing you at least you get that client from the other photographer so that's a great challenge in my face but the great moments just how the worst moments great moments have been rooms where what just because of photography that's something that's I guess that's something good you know feeling a proud I'm imagine so it's something that I feel proud about I've talked to great people just because of photography I've interacted with great minds just because of that so it's it's something good it's taking me places please let me miss you for your entire years I end up what when you want to sit on your own but your camera even if I can't get those nice you need to go in and you know so I'm just thankful to I just love how you're so about this camera and do you have people supporting me in your work my parents want to support my friends clients one who want to support them but friends and I want to push you our friends don't have to have clients no no come on family emotional support you can do this so I want to support mostly now she goes on come on you should let lecture as one of your come on you come on you learn photography so that's not what you see to it a photograph you're going to go to school because you know that you know learn so that we mean my lunch will let not outside piano my practice what you learn in class would come in the field just put it into practice it's been something that I can be proud of so yeah so if I wanted to venture in such a profession I'm a surgeon area what do I need to know you need to know photography is not all about you having the camera because many people have cameras well as a corner camera now work on a camera one way take a picture of this tree but whoever you take your picture never let me get a picture it's very different come on you get a picture back okay I'm a man he let me cool in a couple of no no so come on you do come I use also last month one year the way you view things differently we see people to evil so last month when I hear when you get to the field field of photography last month you're going to challenge this it's not the road up with you smooth for some of the point in a corner market equal low so that come as easy to look what's not funny photograph covered came from a shot of an event none as easy we depend on events what else apart from this but thank God at least I'm not just a last month I can't wait for you to come here now now I can't even so job you could change how we send up shoots I'm with a funny name in your time we can't control up or free land up work dot com I don't know how to get a picture but how I do quake it so me I don't go ahead it's up if one of the days of jobs is a cool edit at least me need you are cool be these are jobs and in your rating and we can do so say easy at a comma yes nasa in the field shoot but you're telling me to go free but then you can't go there often a breeze job these other jobs so easy challenges you can come and that could be level you know as you handle level you know as you handle differently you talk to say the up on belly I'm not come as easy be come as he covered so he's in the corner to beat none but through that that challenge if I'm going to add off of opportunity so he's at least I can edit photos as I want to know so through the challenge it opened another door so we see only to some times in challenge so we shut down tackle the challenge face it head on it will be successful but through what you've told us what is your call to the community especially young people I can tell young people if you love something go for it that's just a way you need to maneuver my will be successful what we're going to measure it will be made it's not a loopy to a little bit of a national theater auditions a cafe stop stop not a corner say easy and we're in Oscars and who could even on if you love something where we see young people the challenges. But through the challenges, if you face the challenges head on, you'll be someone better. So if you love something, the fact that you may answer to, that's a stepping stone. Well, read you're successful. Face who can bear it and when you do, you'll be successful. So you can be the next. You can be the second person. No matter how to succeed, throw that field away from that field. Come on, as a photograph is easy, and maybe out of this photograph, it's just through talking, direct into another field and you can be successful. So if you're talented, if you love doing something, that's easy young people, will you just sit there, if I will not be employed? What can I do? Find a solution, you can employ, you can employ, you can employ with other two. 100 people and other two people, 300 people when you're already employed. I love to know this job, kill a job, make a living out of it. So I was talking to a friend of mine, and he was angry. On a daily basis, I never make profit, 1200-1500 profit. And I was like, that's 45,000. I'm not employed, starting from 45,000, I don't know. So I don't know if it's good or bad, but deep down, he or she is making a killing out of it. So he or she is making a killing out of it. So he or she can hold back, go for what you want, and I guess it will be successful. I'm going to send you your passion towards photography, and how it has made you realize that you're not doing what you love. So thank you so much, I appreciate that. As you have heard, if you love something, go for it. Do not let the challenges deter you from going for what you want. Na usidarau kazi o yoti. Kamu na penda ku chesa karata, go do it, make a living out of it. Kamu na penda ku dance, amu na penda ku shoot as he does, do it. Do not feel demoralized by what you do. Usidarau kazi o yoti. Go do it, find what we love, and use it to make yourself an outstanding person in the society. This is Youth in Action. I am Nyangueso Greenis.


In a deep pond, spent nuclear fuel is stored. It's been removed from the core of a nuclear reactor to make way for fresh fuel. It's extremely radioactive, so safety is paramount. But these men are not checking if it's safe, rather if it's all there. They're safeguards inspectors. At the Dukovani nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic, refuelling activities have taken place. And when nuclear materials have been on the move, the inspectors need to pay a visit. The main purpose of an inspector's presence is to verify that all the activities with fuel are according to our declaration. That means that we handle with nuclear fuel as we declare according to all rules and safeguards provisions. Nuclear fuel is used to generate electricity. It can contain uranium and plutonium, which are used to make nuclear bombs. One of the main roles of the IAEA is to make sure that countries are not misusing nuclear materials to develop weapons. It's been doing this for over five decades through a system of safeguards. These allow inspectors to monitor facilities involved in the manufacture, use, storage and disposal of nuclear fuel. Two hundred and fifty inspectors carry out over two thousand inspections each year. They use a variety of tools to confirm that none of the nuclear material is missing and no one has unauthorized access to it. We have to check that the seals are not being tampered with. We have to check that all verified fresh and irradiated fuel is in the quantity declared by the operator. And we have to confirm another important thing is to confirm that all the accountancy is consistent. The Czech Republic is just one of around one hundred and eighty countries with safeguards agreements. During inspections, plant operators work closely with the IAEA teams. They provide them with all the documents, maps and inventories they need to perform their work. In the fresh nuclear fuel storage room, they count and identify the assemblies using their serial numbers. The inspectors use special equipment to control whether the uranium in the fuel is enriched to the level needed for electricity generation, which is much lower than for military purposes. Inspections in European Union countries are carried out in cooperation with Youratom, the European atomic energy community. We are using the seals as a containment. We are using the surveillance. With these tools we are able to follow the flow of the nuclear material or we are able to determine the presence of nuclear material or we can discover if any reason the absence of nuclear material. Surveillance cameras monitor facilities when inspectors can't be present. This camera in Dukovani has been filming the refuelling activities at the reactor core and the spent fuel pond. The inspectors take the flashcards from the cameras back to their offices for review and analysis. They attach new seals which will only be removed when the inspectors return to the power plant.


Some great search on the digikey site. So Leigh data, what are you going to talk about this week on your desk today? I'm going to talk about the lowly but important 10k through hole resistor because I was thinking about when we started a to food or I started a to fruit and we were selling kits and These kids were through whole kids because I didn't have a pick in place And so, you know, I'd sell a minty boost kit or a mini pop kit And it would come with a bunch of components including the circuit board chips resistors and capacitors So I had to source a lot of resistors And to get them inexpensively enough that I could make these kits and start a to fruit So I remember at the time, you know, I had to move from just picking up resistors at the local radio shack to like well how do I buy a thousand of these and You know, even then searching online or searching in a catalog for these parts was not easy Sometimes it's actually harder to find the most common parts.  All right, how's that sound? Yeah, sounds great. Well, let me show it on the overhead Some people know what I'm talking about because it's pretty small So this is your common, you know through whole resistor It's five percent. It's got a gold band You're not really going to see Through whole resistors are usually not going to be point one percent and then I'm gonna be ten percent the ten percent We don't really make those anymore because we can make resistors at at least five percent or better One percent are fairly common But I haven't like the five percent because I have the color codes memorized so I look at this and I'm like, oh brown black orange I know it's ten K or you know Yellow purple red, I know it's four point seven K Here's a little bag of like, you know resistors that came in in a kit with I think these are five point ones Yeah, five point one K and you get five of them But yeah, let's let's say you need a couple thousand of these resistors because you're doing a kit Are you doing an assembly? That's where you know, we saw resistors, but if you want to buy a thousand I'll tell people you don't buy them from Adafruit at 25 Parts per bag You want to get them from digikey because you can get them for like a quarter of a cent a piece so Let's go to the computer and we'll start this search They'll show you some tips and tricks It's now time for the great search at digikey. This is where Lady Aida goes to digikey site That's right and starts doing some great searching. I was at some nice graphics that we got there Yeah, this this is approved and we wanted to make sure that we show this is The search engine that a lot of people email and say hey Lady Aida I'm learning engineering, but I what I really need to learn is how to search and find the parts Yeah, and if you're an engineer like you know when you're in school They give you like a kit with all these resistors, but again eventually you need a bunch So let's just search for a resistor Why not and you'll see there's a cut there's you know a million reasons. There's there's like a there's a literally 1.2 million a million results. Um, you got it. You got it. I gotta pair that down a little less a little less But I want to show the different kinds so This is interesting so Starting from what we're gonna ignore these these are not related, but there's specialized resistors This might be like, you know ultra high temperature or ultra large or ultra small resistors Unlikely you'll look at those adjustable power resistors These are also not commonly used by engineers unless you're doing up, you know A power project you need a resistor that can say go from one ohm to five ohms and is like a powerful resistor It's basically a potentiometer, but it's or real stat, but it's very large there's the rotary potentiometers and Rio stats that's that's the common twisting up potentiometers You're probably familiar with might cover you some other time, but You know you can see a large range of different Potentiometers from you know the low-cost panel mount to Through a whole type and they can get pretty expensive like 10 turn or 25 turn resistors Some these are our five watt potentiometers There's the trimmer pots.   So, you know, you don't want to twist them tons And then we're gonna get to The actual resistors because the pitch shalemators. Yeah, they're technically resistors, but they're really pensioners Resistor kits and I have one here These are kind of like a cool idea These resistor kits they'll come with like 20 to 100 different values and they'll give you like 10 to 50 a piece and It's not a bad idea to have one of these because Oftentimes, yes, you know, you want you have the exact value 10k or 20k But then once in a while you're like shoot I really need to like tweak this feedback resistor or this gain and I in a potentiometer is is too rough I want a closer value. So these kits can be a nice Alternative so, you know, they come usually in books or packs There's a there's two whole type So, let me see if they have Wire wound carbon film so carbon film is what's usually referred to as the There was you know, the rounded resistors. So, yeah, you can get 156 different values Five pieces, you know of half watt resistors for about 40 bucks so, you know, yaggyo has a kit and This looks like fun. This is a big kit. These are Like a hundred per that's kind of nice. So I do say, you know, in addition to getting whatever kits you need Having a resistor kit. I have one and it has come in very handy Okay, so But what we're really looking for is through whole resistors chassis mount resistors usually that's power resistors very big resistors for You know RF or power electronics So here we still have Half a million different options. So remember we want the 10k Resistors, so let's start the way I always start with active most of our active and So then it's kind of neat here is that you can you can like kind of go through here and pick out the values You can also do a range like maybe you're like, oh, I want something between nine and 12 kilo ohms So that's milli ohms ohms kilo ohms mega ohms and giga ohms. I want kilo ohms So then I can have a you know It's a little easier to scroll through because I'm only selecting from within the values that are close enough One reason why you might want to do a range For example, I was looking for like a 400 I did some calculation for a feedback resistor for an amplifier And I needed 450 kilo ohms well 450 kilo ohms does not exist Not every resistor value exists because the 5% resistor values Go up by you know 5% there's 5% between each one And so there's going to be values in between that don't exist That's why you'll never see like an 8.9 kilo ohm 5% resistor You'll find, you know 4.7 K 5.1 K 5.6 K But the values in between you're not going to find so that's why you might want to kind of get a range and then pick your tolerance now For through our resistors again, you're gonna see You could get point one percent, you know get much like point zero zero one percent Although I don't know how expensive that could possibly be but the more the more The sorry the lower the tolerance a the more precise the value is closer It's close as possible to the value you're purchasing You're going to pay more because they have to make all these resistors and they pick out the ones That are within that tolerance and not all them are going to make it so That means that you kind of want to go with the loosest tolerance you're willing to live with in this case We're talking about you know the simple 10k resistor standard pull-up I'm very happy with five percent. I Will know these are not in numerical order. So watch out. These are just goes for point one But then it goes one ten two twenty three. So just watch out for that So standard five percent They come in a couple different packings I will go with bulk packaging which means loose not on tape Some people like tape if you're you know cutting as a strip of Resistors, but the bulk ones just means you can pick them out of the box very easily So let's get bulk and then I'm going to actually say okay ten kilo ohms And yes, see not every value is available here. You'll see that it jumps up, you know from ten to Basically, eleven. There's nothing in between for five percent values And then you can choose the composition Metal film is usually more precise. They have different thermal properties at this point what you're going to be looking at is Temperature coefficient that is how much the resistance changes over temperature everything is a temperature sensor just some are better temperature sensors than others and The sizing dimensions But let's start looking at the photos to get a sense of what we have to choose here so one thing to watch out for is These are all obviously renderings. This is not a photograph of an actual resistor Compared to other great searches where there was actually usually a photo or Well often there was a photo of the actual object. This is a rendering so you have to look at the dimensions and the wattage to get a sense of how big it is now if you want a very tiny resistor It's going to be lower wattage can't absorb as much heat and Sorry admit as much heat to Stay within the The wattage range because it's a smaller bigger. It is the more heat it can absorb and emit In this case most two whole resistors are quarter watt when you're dealing with Large values like 10k you're probably not going to need anything larger than that They might be wondering well, if it really doesn't matter. Why don't I go down to? Eighth watt or or smaller and I'll tell you why is sometimes they're actually hard to read the values because the body of the resistor is so small so let's go to Power wattage and I'm going to pick one quarter watt Maybe one day we'll do a power resistor search and in which case we'll go go with a higher wattage And then I mean we can do in stock on only stocking so let's do a In stock and this is this is the resistor and this is I'm not surprising the yagiya resistors are what I've purchased a lot of 10 kilo ohm one quarter watt 5% axial Looks like this and they've got a ton in stock You can also get these in tape and box and tape and reel Again those come on on brown tape so you can cut strips off, but for most purposes This is what most people want Okay, now I'm going to go for super bonus round special lady ate a trick So you just found your 10 kilo ohm resistor and you're like, okay That took me like a minute or two But now you need like a 2.2 k resistor as well now you're going to start your search all over again not necessarily because If you look at the digit key part number It has the value within it 10k Qbk and D so my trick would be I don't actually search for it over and over again because again There's a million things to have to pair down instead Put in the part number 10k and then you can adjust this so let's say I want 47k type in 47 instead of 10k Hit return and boom You're there just I just saved you like two minutes that can be a valuable two minutes You never know what you might like what you might have done in those two minutes Ditto, let's say you want Again 2.2k in this case, I believe it's 2k 2 Maybe I'm wrong. Maybe it's 2.2k. Yeah, you search for 2.2k Qbk and you know again 85,000 stock lots available And this is what I would do when I was making kits as I would just type in The value for each one and then it would pop up and then I would just order any quantity nothing, you'll notice They they'll sell you one resistor But you're not gonna get good pricing at one one or just there's gonna be ten cents a piece, which is pretty expensive however, if you're willing to pick up, you know like at least a hundred it'll get down to You know two cents or three cents so you can pick up like a thousand resistors for eleven bucks or 250 resistors for five bucks And that's really great if you're again doing kits and you want to have good pricing if you're picking up a tape in real Which is you know this on a real the pricing is really low because they're like oh, we're gonna give you a box It's less than a cent You have to buy five thousand, but it's less than a cent so Keep that in mind if you're if you have to buy a quantity it might be worth it just to get a full box Instead of individual ones and counting them out and that is My great search for today. I hope you learned a lot