Good evening, everyone. Good evening, everyone. Good evening. Thank you. Welcome to the closing plenary of this year's Water Clinic from Africa. It's very exciting for all of us, most of us young, and some of us a little bit older probably. I was told yesterday that in Africa I'm actually too old to come and discuss Africa's future. I think we've had a couple of days of very exciting conversations about everything that can happen on the continent. And I think a lot of you here are investors, policymakers, development partners who are here because you believe that you can make a difference for Africa. So I thought we would start maybe with a little bit of a survey, a very scientific survey. So I'm going to ask you to raise your hand in response to the question that I ask. How many people here believe that Africa has a bleak future? Raise your hands. Two or three cases. How many believe that Africa is very, very promising? Raise your hands. Wow. That's all of us. So I thought I would actually tell you a story. As you know, in Africa we think through stories. This is the story of a leader that had a lot to offer. He was actually the wealthiest person of his time. The person only had one daughter. And the leader actually decides that he's going to give the hand of his daughter. He makes a promise. I'm going to give the hand of my daughter to whoever can help create more butterflies. The reason is very simple. The daughter loves butterflies. So everybody comes. They come from other parts of the world. They try all sorts of techniques. Some people try to put two butterflies in the same room. Others give them some food to eat. They try all sorts of things. Nothing works. A young person comes and brings a cocoon.  And somehow it is this young person that ended up marrying the princess and really did well. As I think about where Africa is right now, I think we are in the middle of a metamorphosis. People used to think of the continent almost like you think of a caterpillar, right? Something that goes very, very slowly. Something that is not really that attractive. Something that's defined by all the limitations. I think we are at the time now where people start recognizing that there is potential. And I think there are so many stories that can really support this particular trend. And what we're trying to do now is to figure out exactly how do we go from the cocoon to the butterfly. And I'm hoping that with the panel that we have today who are a combination of social entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, and young global leaders, shapers, we can have the perspective of Africa's future to define Africa's future. So let me start maybe with Martin. When we think about this issue of Africa rising, what are your views on it? Thanks, Eric. You used two words a couple of minutes ago. Bleak or promising? Both are the antithesis of each other, both a puzzle part. The all of us in this room, and I believe it's the largest gathering in Africa of a forum ever, are here largely because we believe in the narrative that has been set by the Economist magazine, the Africa rising narrative. But some of you, a few people with a hand up and agreed with a bleak scenario. Let me tell you why I think that is. I think for me there's three narratives of Africa. Firstly, there's the Africa rising narrative. And it's great. It's robust growth, rising consumers, consumer spending. And that's good news. But arguably, it's a continent which is being viewed through the eyes of a salesman. A billion Africans buying things, that's fantastic. But it's too simplistic. The sacred narrative is that of growth versus development. I think many of us are confusing the growth story with the development story. For example, the continent, according to I heard Donald Khabarucka say this week from the African Development Bank, the continent will grow sub-Sahara, excluding SA, 6.6% this year. Now that's a fantastic story. I also saw another slide by Max Harris from UCT. He put up a slide showing the nature of the workforce, from professional to low skilled. And this slide struck me because the country of the highest GDP per capita on this continent is Equatoria Guinea, $17,500 US dollars. Equatoria Guinea. Now apologies if anyone's from Equatoria Guinea, but it also had the lowest calibre, lowest qualified workforce according to that slide. The numbers are deceiving us. There's a growth story, there's a development story. Both are very different. The third narrative, and I'll end on this, Eric, is the corporate story. And many of you are here for this reason. The opportunity, from a business perspective, the corporate story to create shareholder value, whether it's an African exchange or a foreign exchange in Africa, to capture consumers is significant, is massive. Undoubtedly, we are almost emerging as the new India almost, or a new Asia in some instances. More about later, but these are the three narratives. And it's all between the two parameters of what you said. There's the Africa rising, the consumer story, there's the growth versus development story, and ultimately, there's this corporate story. Now, I think to view it and overlay each one and view the continent through those three combined lenses, one starts to get a far better understanding. Perhaps there's another one, and that's geography. Many countries to talk about are winning in the continent. Some are faltering. Some, dare I say, have failed if we have not yet already realized it. So the conclusion being Africa is an extremely heterogeneous, complex continent. There is no African narrative. It has to be narrowed down through three or perhaps even four lenses. Excellent. I also want to mention that this is a fully digital session, so if you have any questions, as we speak, feel free to tweet them. We're also going to have a Q&A, and I would like to invite some of the participants that are not physically here with us to really send the questions our way. So I would like maybe to go now to Rappelang to really ask you about this issue of mobile education. I think everybody agrees that to realize the potential, we need to figure out a way to unleash the talent that we have. How do we use technology to make that happen? Sure, thank you very much, Eric. My name is Rappelang, and I'm a global shaper from the Cape Town hub. I think from all the sessions I attended, the education question was very broad, and to sort of try to package those discussions, I think all the initiatives and innovations can be put into three categories. We looked at a lot in knowledge acquisition, knowledge retention, and synthesis. And if we look at those three learning areas, we realize that in that knowledge acquisition area where it's about the initial exposure to knowledge, classrooms still need to be reinforced, and the teacher still has a critical role to play in schools. And there is not necessarily anything that technology can do to remove that part, and all those socioeconomic factors that are affecting that area still need to be attended. When we look, however, at the next level or the next stage about sort of knowledge retention, how are we reinforcing and rebuilding or building up that knowledge once someone has been exposed to it, whether it was in a seminar or in a classroom environment? Then we see a greater opportunity there for technology and mobile phones to play a greater role as it lends an opportunity to provide small chunks of information that can be sort of built up and repeated until a sufficient level of retention is achieved. There's opportunities in gaming where additional sort of content and learnings can be reinforced and put into place there. So we then get to the next level of around knowledge sort of synthesis, and how does one move to the next level of critical thinking and knowledge assimilation? And we've seen a number of initiatives happening across the continent around mentorship, apprenticeship, and how these need to be formalized and accredited officially and formally so that young people can build on the initial skills that they have built up but become job-ready through these kind of mentorship and apprenticeships programs. So I think we came to a realization that there isn't a silver bullet to all of these things and specific learning areas do require different forms and technology isn't necessarily going to be able to help all of that. Thank you, Rappelang. Eunice, you come from Morocco, Arab Spring. How do young people feel right now in North America? Yes, Eric. Firstly, I want to say thank you to the World Economic Forum for this very powerful forum. When I came here in Cape Town, I was sensually not pessimist but pragmatic. And I will leave the mother city more optimistic than ever because I believe that is our responsibility to give confidence and to fight against Afro-pessimism. It's our responsibility. So about Arab Spring, the president of Cape Verde said yesterday, revolutions have dated. I believe that today our citizens want reforms, want transparency. They want us to prioritize because they have many demands. So for me, we have in our countries two main challenges. The first one is we need to have an inclusive and a high value added growth. It's not only about GDP. And the second challenge is that we need in our countries competitiveness because we cannot compete with the developed countries without competitiveness. Thank you so much, Eunice. Thank you. Aminata, any views from Mali? Hi, my name is Aminata Yang from Mali, the Bamako hub, Global Shaper. Views on Mali, I don't know how familiar you're with the history of Mali right now, where we had a coup d'etat last March in 2012 and things have not been stabilized yet. We're still don't have, we have a transitional government for right now and we have elections happening in June, in July. So for me, being a young person in Mali, I recently moved to Mali three years ago and it's not that easy.  So my experience is being a young person, there's lots of cultural and gender inequalities that we need to tackle. Thank you. Thank you very much. And I think this is really one area where I think you actually were thinking about how to address this issue and I love that the panel has three very strong women leaders here and I think this is something that's important. How do you see it? How do we address it? I think that we have a really, really exciting opportunity. As I was thinking about this session, I found this proverb that I thought I would like to share. It's from Nigeria and it reads like this, unity among the cattle makes the lion lie down hungry. And I think what for me has come through in this last three days is a real sense of unity and purpose amongst all the African delegates who are here. And the global partner, sorry I just was talking about the African story, but I think I stand here as a woman who spent 15 years of my career, my first career in sort of the public service sphere and I found that in there I always felt that I could do whatever it is that I wanted to do. I was not limited because I'm an African woman and I think this is because of how I was brought up in the schools that I went to. But then I entered this very interesting space of entrepreneurship and innovation. I work now in the mobile space and it's been a very steep learning curve because it's been very male dominated but also very youth dominated. So I'm almost like the mama mobile of this environment where I operate. But what I see as I listen to I've listened to the conversations. I think there's two messages that I've heard that really, really resonate and I will leave this place with. The one was by Minister Borg, Borg, right? Borg from Sweden when we were listening to the Africa 2063 discussion and when he shared the story about how in 2063 he will return to visit Masaimara with his great-granddaughter and his great-granddaughter will say to him, so is it true that many, many, many years ago Africa was a poor country, poor continent or Kenya was a poor country? And I thought, imagine if we could plant this idea and this vision in the hearts and minds of every single young African in this continent. What would that do for the promise that we have? That's the one. The other message that I think is so powerful came from Minister Ngozi who's sitting right here. I heard this from her maybe six months ago and I heard it resonating again here and it's the message about women being the third emerging market or emerging economy. I think this is a powerful message. We have women in Africa, in fact there is statistics showing that and in those conversations about that in one of the sessions that I attended that for instance in West Africa and many of us in East and Southern Africa need to go to West Africa and learn from our sisters because over 50% of the economy and the growth and some of the development is coming from women traders. Now if we were able to translate that to many other countries across this continent but also begin to do whatever it is we need to do in the regulatory framework to actually support the translation of this trade and activity of women in the economic sphere we honestly can deliver on this promise of 2063 and all of us will be going to Masai Mara and talking about do you recall when Africa was a poor country or poor country? Thank you so much and that really brings me to something important that you said which is how do we make sure that the promise becomes real and I think we come to these events and we get ideas, we get energy, we love what we see, we love what we hear but how do we turn some of these elements into actual results? How do we implement? So I thought it was really important for us to get into this discussion of specific actions that can be taken so that we all go back home and on Monday we can say you, based on the forum, here are things that I think I learn or things that I think I can do and I would like to maybe ask our panelists to react to two or three questions, one on talent, anything exciting you heard about the issue of talent? Any sort of, yeah? I think as a young person I was definitely most interested on the issues around youth and development and entrepreneurship and the like and I think one of the occurring sort of statistics and issues has always been around youth employment and what are we doing about the 75 million or done employed youth around the world and then at the other side of the conversation there's always been a lot of discussion around there's so much to do and so much to fix in Africa so many services still to provide and I think at least sort of within the global shapers community there's been this paradigm or thinking shift where we want to rather match this sort of acid base of young people, this youth barge that's coming out with the need to deliver more and to deliver on the promise of Africa and it's really about saying that while they may not be this abundance sort of jobs as such, there's certainly no shortage of work to be done and it's about empowering rather the young people to be able to do that work and that's really sort of comes back to the issue of education and entrepreneurship. How do we not just improve education but how do we ensure that young people actually believe that they can bet on themselves and not the government and not their neighbour and that they must be the ones to get up and do something and on the entrepreneurship landscape, how do we better support entrepreneurs and create that environment that will ensure their success. Too many entrepreneurs are facing most of the challenges that face our sort of environmental and infrastructure rather than the internal business problems that bring them to failure and fixing those areas around education and sort of entrepreneurship can actually allow us to unlock that youth talent and enable people to do this, to do the work and apply the significant amount of human endeavour required. Any other ideas? Sure. You know, I think we have what I'm calling the forgotten talent. So we have this beautiful growth. We've seen the growth. Who is going to translate it into development? Every one of our countries may be safe for South Africa but even then I think every one of our countries, the largest employees of our countries are government. It's public servants. And I know that many people say that our focus should be to get private sector to the engine of development and that the government should just focus on creating the enabling environment. But actually the people who are to translate that growth into reality for our people are the health workers, are the teachers, are the extension workers in agriculture. But we know that they're like a forgotten talent. The training is almost irrelevant. It's unexciting. If we could tap that resource and begin to take this thinking around entrepreneurial thinking into the public service. I mean, I've been thinking to myself, what if we created challenges and we say to the Ministry of Health, we're going to have challenges where you create enterprises that deliver health services. It has to be something that people can afford. It has to be something that is designed in a manner that people will buy because it's a value service and start creating value services in the public service in new ways. It's a forgotten talent. If we tap that talent, I believe we can translate this promise in very, very exciting ways. And so let's not forget the public servants. Thank you so much. I think it's a very important point because if we can really provide the incentives for the public service to do what they know how to do best, I think the potential is huge. What about the financial markets and financial services, Eunice? Well, I'm coming from Morocco and we think that we have all the potential in our continent. And when we see like our company, we think that Africa is the future of our growth in Morocco. And we think that we have all the power to expand in the continent. So for instance, our bank is now in more than 10 countries. And when European countries leave the continent like French banks or other banks, our banks from Nigeria, from Morocco, from Togo, expand in the continent. That means that we have the potential and the two issues today about finance is how to decrease the high rate of interest. And for that, we need to decrease the risks. And the second issue is how to help the small companies, small businesses. There are the two main issues today in our continent in terms of finance. Thank you. Thank you very much. I would like to really come back to try and integrate the two points that you made around both the sort of talent and the capital. So what do we do? When we know that we have some forgotten talent, when we know that we have women, when we know that we have youth, how do we integrate this in a very practical manner? It's for me. It's for anyone in the family. It's open. I think that there needs to be some new conversations. I feel that the conversation between labor and training institutions and ministries of education are happening really at the periphery. It is not a serious conversation. And so our institutions of learning are still producing labor that is not immediately applied to the needs of the countries where we are. And so we need to have new types of conversations. And I think those of us who are in the spaces of innovation and mobile education and so on, part of what is happening is that we find a huge gap in new types of learning. And so really what we're trying to figure out is how do you start creating this new conversation that's ongoing where there is a constant check between where capital sits and where labor is produced or where talent is produced? How do we start making it relevant and all the way from primary school? Please, Eunice. We see two things in our continents. First, think in terms of education. For instance, when we look to the 450 best universities of the world, we have only three in Africa. When we see also the workers, only 30% of the workers have good jobs and they're not informal jobs. So we need to prioritize and we need to invest in education, in competencies and in knowledge in our continent. Can we go back to the issue of the industrialization? Because I think this is really one of the topics that has been really under the surface. How do we change the structure of the economy? How do we transform Africa as it stands today? Yes, Martin? Eric, just stringing together a couple of statistics I've heard this week. I heard earlier today that within 10 years time, 500 million, it's half a billion, Africans will be living in cities. Half a billion. I'm also told how many Africans actually work in factories in sub-Saharan Africa. The number I was told, 10 million. I'm deeply concerned. Unlike China, which is generating roughly 15 million new jobs every year. Never mind the entrepreneurs. Formal jobs, formal economy jobs. We spoke about this in a discussion yesterday. China's engagement of Africa has been characterized by state capital, into hard infrastructure, into extractive industries, largely. What we'll see, that's the last decade story. The next decade story is a third wave of deindustrialization in Asia. Japan in the 80s, Korea in the 90s, and China now. Significantly bigger than the previous two. We will see, according to Justin Lin figures, 85 million jobs, 85 million jobs, depart China in the next decade. If only we capture 10% of those departing jobs, which are currently going to Southeast Asia, if Africa is able to capture 10% of the departing jobs that the China's economy is hemorrhaging, will hemorrhage next decade, we double our workforce. How do we do that? How? The how is, we are on the cusp, and this is an extreme statement, but I truly believe it, Eric, we're on the cusp of a 19th century style industrial revolution, we are. If only we realized it. We must not have these conversations in a vacuum. We must be aware of the shifting dynamics in the global economy. In this case, it's China away from a resources story to a deindustrialization story. How do we do it? More agile policy makers, more agile states, attracting, like Southeast Asian economies are doing, they're our new competition, the Vietnam, the Myanmar's, the Thailand's, even the Philippines. That's our new competition, Africa. If we're able to attract those jobs by creating easy to say and mention the phrase and entirely correct, better enabling environments for manufacturing, our business model can no longer rely on digging holes, to be quite frank. We have to create far more complex, deeper value chain manufacturing economies, and that opportunity is no longer politically driven out of Beijing, but market driven out of the entire Chinese economy. Well, we cannot accept that with 40% of this strategic natural resource of the world, we don't transform them in our continent. So it's the first thing, we need to transform our resources in our continent. How? So we need to invest. I can take the example of Ghana with their fund to invest in industry. We can speak also about the plan of industry decided in Addis Ababa. We don't see nothing for the moment, but we have two priorities. The first thing is we need to help and to make stronger our integration. When I take the example of Maghreb, the intra trade between the countries is less than 3% of GDP. And for all the continent, we are far from Asia, Europe, and Latin America. So integration is a priority. And when I speak about integration, I speak from the North, North Africa, including to the South, East to West. And the second thing, we need to benchmark with our brothers of Asia, of the emerging markets of Asia, why we don't have a special zone, a special industrial zone with tax preferences. We need to be attractive. And we are coming, the coming years, we will have one of the most important workforces and the most important use of the world. So we can help also the Europe to be more competitive. So we need to have attractive zones. We need to be attractive. And we need to give a good climate environment for the foreign countries. Yes, if I can just pick up for a sec. There's a second, there's two major trends and Eunice is totally correct. Integration, in the days of the BRICS, which was spoken by yesterday, is big markets are beautiful for capital, attractive to capital. Arguably many of our states on this continent are perhaps arguably economically non-viable. Their survival depends on integration. However, however, there's a very paradoxical trend I'm seeing here. Many countries, and Eunice, not too far away from your country, is we're seeing almost its integrations of economic necessity, but politically I'm seeing disintegration in many cases. Exactly. We've seen it in Sudan, we've seen it in the Horn of Africa, we will see it increasingly in Francophone and Central Africa. So how do you sort of reconcile, yes, integration is imperative, but the political force is increasingly towards disintegration. And I think this is a conversation that around the future of Africa, which really is very, very complex for us to start to engage on. I think there is one fact which I heard, which really stuck with me, this idea of one million person moving into, actually five million, I think I heard, moving into cities in Africa every month. So I'm trying to see whether or not the panel, there is anything that you heard which really touched you, or things that facts that you had, or ideas that you're going to act on that you think are important. Anything comes to mind? Anne? I think one that I heard that was very powerful, and I think there's two or three countries that mentioned this in some of the panels, was the idea of actually being very deliberate about who accesses what government resources. And that procurement can be designed very, very specifically to ensure that women access procurement so that jobs are created in that space as well as young people. And I thought that was very, very powerful. The other one that I thought was very powerful was this issue that I raised about the public service. I think that there was an example shared, I think by the Rockefeller CEO who mentioned that I think the UK has started to create this sort of entrepreneurship training for public servants. I think that for me is something that we need to take into our schools of management development and take in very seriously. Thank you. Mineta? Okay, for me something that was very powerful that I kept overhearing is how exemplary countries like Kenya and Rwanda are in the sense that they're able to, integration wise, they're able to separate barriers, like turn down the barriers, like borders about, for example, visas. I know there's a lot of people that have difficulties with visas. So sometimes that's something that we really need to tackle that we need to tackle, we need to facilitate exchange and for important export exchanges between our countries. Well, when you speak about the cities, so I think I will speak about again about the necessity of an inclusive growth. So we see more and more inequalities and many times we speak about rural inequalities but I see the reports, for instance, the reports of UNICEF in Morocco, in other African countries, we have more and more inequalities in the cities. So I think that we need to tackle these inequalities, we need to fight against poverty and for our economy diversification, we need to have three things in mind, we need to give food. So agriculture productivity is very important, we have the lands and the second thing is health and the third thing is education. So there are our three priorities for the cities of tomorrow, for the countries of tomorrow. I think there have been two sort of concepts that have stuck out in my mind. The first one was sort of the iteration of this, the fact that Africa is growing much younger while the rest of the world is growing a lot older. How this expanding youth balance can be matched to the use of technology because ultimately the take up of mobile technology and services happens a lot more often in the youth population and what a great advantage Africa will be at combining this youth balance and the use of mobile technology to provide a myriad of services, not just in terms of education but providing general information around entrepreneurship and job opportunities and providing health services, agricultural information and what a tremendous unique opportunity that will be going forward that can be applied to Africa. The sort of second major idea that stuck with me was around being more open and more transparent and this comes a lot with regards to the information that a lot of public sector institutions and some private institutions hold around education and health and how or even things like weather patterns and things and how much more we can do if we co-create but for that to happen there must be a transparency and open data for people to be able to access data and apply more value to it so that data can be extracted and repackaged in the right format for whatever recipient is required and that co-creation process is essential to be able to scale innovations, to scale whatever we're doing in a small package and things like open source technologies and open data partnerships are going to be essential for things to be able to go beyond a single organization or a single country. Martin? I agree. But great to add, to add is I think very simple if all of us is correct but underpinning all of this conversation I think in the conversations we've had over the last few days here at the forum is there needs to be beyond the lip service there needs to be a deeper realization and this is the developmental case study of Asia. Is Africa the next Asia? That's the question and it'll only come about when all of us realize particularly, particularly leaderships that a most valuable asset in this continent is not what's on the ground or under the ground but what is potentially in our people and no country has ever succeeded has ever become wealthy has developed without industrialization and that takes some serious human talent and complexity to manage. So basically talent first. So let's open the conversation to all of you and see if there are any particular questions or reactions. I would like to also invite people instead of just asking questions if there are specific actions or investments or things that you will do out of the forum it would also be nice to share some of them, yeah? I think there are some questions here. My name is Henry Egbeke. I work for Einstein Young and I'm based in Nigeria. My question is we've discussed a lot of issues and a lot of innovative ideas have come out of this forum. A lot of actual points. But I'm just wondering, Africa is not a country, I mean Africa is not a continent, it's a continent of 54 countries. What platform do we have to actually ensure that all these innovations, innovative ideas that we put on the table are actually implemented and that when we come back maybe the year's time we can begin to take off some of these actual points. Thank you. Let's take a couple of other points. There is one here, there is one over there. So let's go to the lady first. Good afternoon, my name is Lord Escaposo Fernandez. I'm from Angola. And I would like to give two words, one for Davis and one for Nyang. For Davis I would like to emphasize the point that he just made at the end, which is related to the people. We needed to concentrate really on people. African people, especially a woman, has special capacities. So I think if we concentrate on the ease, like ethical, education, economic, on these Africans we have success. So that is my advice since you asked us to also recommend. So I would stress young, since I'm feeling not young, even with the age I have, to go further on the education, more on science and technology points. That thing, yes, we can fight with, or we can follow the lessons from Asia. Regarding the brother sister from Mali, we Africans, especially women again, we are strong.  We all are strong Africans. What Mali is living now, Angola and all the many countries they live in, and we pass too. We just need to believe that the future in the world is in Africa now. Thank you. Couple of questions here. So yeah, my name is Atul Snapia. I'm from the Accra Global Shippers Hub in Ghana. And since you mentioned talking about statements, I'll make something like a statement. I think it's very important that some of us who are global shippers, young people, older people, to be able to really try to influence the youth. I heard something today about youth could be Africa's blessing, but it could also be Africa's curse. I see a lot of cases whereby youth are being used to do a lot of wrong on the continent. And I think it's very important that a lot of us African youth are able to reach out to people that might be used for some of these things, and to be able to change their mindset so that they are used to do good, so that sometimes maybe if a leader wants to get them to go and do something that we don't want to see on the continent, that doesn't happen. And I think we don't really have that many degrees of separation with these people. So I think in many cases we have to be able to reach the youth in general, change their mindset, make them more positive, make them more positive about Africa, about leading Africa now, delivering Africa's promise now. Thanks. One last one, and then we get some reactions. Yeah. Thank you. My question is, it's all great to look at the continent and say we're rising, look at great statistics that have been mentioned, but my question to the panel is how do we fast track the issue of human dignity for this continent? Because without it, we're all great with these numbers and the statistics. Thanks. Thank you. So we will take a couple of other rounds. So please bear with us. So I think there were two or three key questions that came up. I love some of the points around courage and the need for young people to really empower the next generation and address the issue of mindset so that young people don't get used. But I think there were two questions around 54 countries in Africa and not really one country. So what do we do about it? And then the issue of human dignity. Any reactions? Just very briefly, a gentleman from Nigeria, if I may. And I'm going to be slightly intentionally provocative here is arguably the last half a century, our states remain poor today because of conflict, because of ideology and institutional management failure. Three headlines for me. If states, individual nation states with sovereignty are unable to manage their own affairs effectively towards progressive development, not just growth, development, what makes us think that throwing our lot in in a multinational, multilateral platform for this implementation will be any better? I would adopt more of a state specific responsibility around implementation of all these fantastic initiatives we could discuss or propose rather than a multilateral, multinational approach. Any other reactions? Just about the human dignity. Sorry? Yes, I just to say that, as I said before, for human dignity we have four things. The first, we need to give food. The second, the health, the third education and the third transparency and participation. I work, I'm social entrepreneur, I work with children from poor and less fortunate families. They ask only for these four things, they don't want something less. Democracy is a theory, a concept for them. If they have transparency, if they have food, health and education, they have their dignity and they can help us to increase the growth of our continent. So let's empower the people to empower themselves. Exactly. Please Anne. I think on human dignity, I would add to the four that you laid out, preventable human indignities that include, for instance, maternal death. Things like maternal death or early child's death. These are things that we have learned for years and decades about how we can solve some of these basic challenges. What concerns me is that as much as we know what to do, somehow our investments are not equal to the effort that is required and I think there needs to be a much, much more significant investment there because without that dignity and without the mothers, we're not going to be able to translate real development to our families. I think another human indignity that I find is a growing phenomenon, I think linked to the urbanization issue as well, is the issue of gender-based violence. Gender-based violence seems to be on the rise in many of our countries, whether in situations of conflict or situations of perceived peace. We find gender-based violence as something that becomes sort of acceptable norms. I mean, it's almost like a norm and we need to be able to start shifting that and taking some very serious steps. So there's a call on leaders, no matter who you are or where you are, to take this issue very seriously and show that your political and institutional public service will is there to actually see the end of this and I think there's ways of doing this. We've been working on a campaign using mobile phones on gender-based violence and we found ways to get young people to engage with mobile education and we've had young people come forward and say, I didn't realize I was a rapist. I didn't realize that this was criminal. So it is possible for us to actually address some of these issues of human dignity very, very directly. Thank you, Anne. Let's take a second round of questions. I think there is one question here and then there are a few over there as well. Yeah? My name is Lola and I am from the Global Shaper Hub in Lagos and I like that we've been talking about solutions and you've been focusing on solutions and I'm just thinking about my experiences as a Global Shaper and part of the Global Shaper community and just thinking about some of the numbers that we had about there being about 229 hubs around the world now, more than 50 something hubs in Africa, more than 30, more than 39 I think in Africa. So, and each of us we need to have a project that we do per quarter or per year or whatnot and I'm just thinking about how powerful that is if we think about 229 hubs doing projects in their community every quarter and I just wanted to use this forum just to represent not just the shapers here but that there are many of us out there and we're coming to you to ask for help, to ask for support and this is some of the ways that we can actually start to action change in our communities. So basically you call out saying if any Global Shaper Hub contacts you, please help them. Yes, please. Okay, there was one question here then another one here then we'll take two there and then third round. Good evening. My name is Dacoi Wole, I'm from Nigeria as well and since Anne started with the Nigerian proverb please allow me to do the same which is it says often what you're looking for in Sokoto is in the pocket of your Sokoto meaning if you're looking for something and you think it's far away often it's much closer than you think. Attending different sessions some on the private sector, some on the public sector, some of the civil society sector it seems to me that many of the questions about Africa and how we achieve the promise we actually already have the answers for. What the challenge is, is that we have this knowledge and they're siloed, the skills are siloed. So in the private sector, there are skills but they don't transfer into the civil society. Civil society has skills but they don't transfer into the public sector. So my question to the Eminem panel would be how do we create this conveyor belt of skills that can actually help us to deliver on that? How do we create the conveyor belt of skill? I love the use of language. Yeah? One here? Sorry, can you, yeah. My name is Kumar. Okay, it's KS Kumar. I just had a question. Actually, I'm just looking at the World Economic Forum being committed to improving the state of the world. And now I think if this one part of the world where there'll be more listening, you know, I think Africa will be one part of the world where all of the leadership of these countries would be more open to listening and they'll be more coachable if there's a neutral party, you know, some other organization like World Economic Forum took a leadership role in terms of thought leadership in terms of providing some kind of a governance in terms of bringing all these global shapers and leaders of Africa together in an organized way so that there could be more, like you said, your point about action. There could be some way to put some roadmap of what can happen, what can be done, how can you influence the governments and the decision makers of all these countries to come together on some common agenda. It may not be a lot of things, those would be economic agendas, of course, not interfering with the politics of those countries. So how can you bring this all together to some form or shape? Anything that you would do. Oh, sure. In fact, I'd like to speak to World Economic Forum and say how can we help in putting our might behind them from a private sector point of view in a private-public partnership model for influencing things in this part of the world. For example, I did talk about education and training and how we could be working with young people earlier about universities, for example, skilling and so on. Basically funding some activities through the forum. Well, in many ways, funding, supporting, very good, thank you. Thank you, that's good. Yeah. Thank you very much. My name is Wadi Aayit Hamza. I'm from the Robatt Hub of the Global Shapers community and I'm eager to answer your first question. Yes. What can be done? I think it's really easy. We just need to commit ourselves. Committed to improving the state of the world. We need to commit ourselves to improve the state of Africa. As Lola said with the Global Shapers, we had yesterday a meeting and we all committed ourselves to do local projects at the local level. We are 50 shapers. We come from 59 hubs. We are working on Monday. We're gonna start working on that. The economists 13 years ago had the cover, The Hopeless Africa. Two years ago, it was Africa rising. Two months ago, it was aspiring Africa and it needs on Monday to be Africa in action but we need to commit ourselves. So my question is to you. So my question is, what do you think these gentlemen and ladies here can commit themselves so that Monday things will be in action? What do you want them to be doing starting Monday? Thank you. So I think that's a fantastic question to start bringing the conversation to an end and of course, such sessions I think should be more than an hour an hour and a half because there is so much richness trying to integrate everything but let me maybe take some reactions starting with Anne. So Africa in action. Any thoughts? I think on that point about the conveyor belt of skills that Dapo raised, I think the very gentleman who was speaking now from Rabat in a session that we had on skills and education I think was emphasizing how important it is for us to start entrepreneurial training with small kids and that if we can begin to inculcate an entrepreneurship mindset at a very young stage then we begin to create long-term problem solvers who can integrate whether in civil society or public sector or private sector. But that obviously is a long-term story. I don't think there really is a short-term story other than what a gentleman from the Royal Buffer King in South Africa shared with us just earlier this afternoon and he used very, very, very powerful words. He said, their philosophy is exposure, exposure early and exposure all the time. Great. Which I thought was very, very powerful, yeah. Thank you, Anne. Okay, well, I think thank you to the lady from Angola. That was inspirational and I'm glad to see that there are lots of young global shapers that are also asking lots of questions because we are the future. So I do believe that there are a lot of things that are lacking in Africa, but we also have a lot of talent that's just waiting to be discovered. Data availability, I think that's something we have so much data in our hands, but we don't have access to it. So we need to find a database where we can find human resources. If we're looking for someone in agriculture, we should be able to use technology to be able to find what we're looking for. So I think education also is something very important that goes hand-in-hand with a lot of things, including food security, agriculture. I'm a sales and marketing person in agriculture. So I think if we're not able to feed one another, then we're not able to get educated. So we really need to tackle the agriculture sector to be able to tackle health, education, women empowerment, good governments, food security. And lastly to the man from Nigeria, we have a lot of skills and human resources. We have a lot of skills. We just need to deliver it. Okay, Eunice, quickly. Yes, I want to answer to the question of what I ask you and I ask myself all the days. I think we need to, all the attendance, to continue to invest in social entrepreneurship. We need to focus in health, education, and food social entrepreneurship. The second thing, it's more for the youth and it's also for me and in Africa. We need to invest in politics. We need to take our voice into account. And the third and last thing for the elder leaders is to help youth people by fundraising, for instance, by their point of views, by sharing their experiences. So that are the three things that I have to ask for the attendance. Thank you. Sure. Just two final comments. With regards to the conveyor belt sort of of skills, I sort of returned back to the issue of sort of co-creation and open data and the only way that we're gonna be able to all start working on the same problem is if we all get access to the same data and what this has done in developed markets so that people with expertise can apply themselves where government and public sector doesn't have skills. Sort of, and lastly to reiterate the call for action, I would say that especially as young people we're often born into this environment in Africa where we feel this has always been the same. Africa has sort of always been underdeveloped and poor and not sure how to get out of that and say that I think we're all coming to a point where we're more conscious and aware that this sort of situation was created by centuries of very complicated history and this kind of poverty and underdevelopment was designed and constructed and realized that that kind of thing can create and we can also redesign a new status quo and design prosperity for our own continent. Eric, we will look back in 10 years, 20 years. What will have become of this robust growth that we're enjoying? If we look back and we do not have viable, substantive private sectors in African high growth economies, we would have failed. This can only be achieved through higher trust, or at least higher trust politically economies in each individual African state. For me, the future of Africa, the future to truly benefit from this growth, we need to create companies, businesses, economies. Without that, it's built on sand. As someone who has entrepreneurship and is very close to his heart, I think those words are very important because I think we covered a number of issues today and I would like to really invite all of you as you basically go back to your offices, as you go back to your homes to really keep this idea in mind that the outcome of the metamorphosis of Africa depends on the actions that each one of us take every day. And I thank you for your contribution today and I would like to also ask you to help me in thanking the panel for all the insights that they offered. I think that last but not least, we are now to think about the future, so I would like to invite the water coming from and minister from Nigeria to come and address us. Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, I assume you might see, I'm, we don't have the Nigerian minister here yet, but it is my pleasure to introduce her in a couple of minutes. On behalf of the World Economic Forum, I am pleased to see that, and also congratulate the panel on a great contribution, but I'm also summing up this meeting. It's very clear to me and also listening to all the young voices that the era of pessimism is definitely over in Africa. It is a lot of optimism, but also a lot of realism. We see substantial economic growth, Africa growing, the African lions even growing faster than the Asian tigers with a lot of potential, but also the realism saying that if this growth is not invested in human capital and in diversifying economies, we can lose out on opportunities. And diversifying economies and also then focusing on educations and skills is very, very important in the youngest continent in the world. Listening to all the global shapers is energizing, but we also know that this continent will move from one billion people today and will become two billion people in 2050. So there are a lot of jobs that have to be created for a continent where 70% of the population is under 30 years old. And I think Madame Suma, the chairperson of the African Union, she summed it up very well yesterday when she said in 50 years, Africa should be a prosperous continent at peace with itself. But there are some prerequisites for meeting this. It is unlocking a lot of investments in infrastructure. Unlocking those investments in infrastructure will also lead to enhanced food production. It will also increase trade in Africa and trade spearheads jobs and jobs higher up in the value chain. So Africa will also be manufacturing goods for Africa. African will also buy African labels and African products. This is the vision that also the World Economic Forum would like to support in partnership with business, but also with political leaders and also with civil society. First, you need to have growth, then you need to make sure that the growth reaches everyone. This continent does not need handouts, it needs a handshake in the sense of partnership with the rest of the world. On behalf of the World Economic Forum and also Professor Schwab, our founder and executive chairperson, I'm very pleased and I would like to thank the South African government and President Suma for unparalleled support and commitment to this summit. I also would like to... I also would like to thank our distinguished co-chairs for their commitment and also their hard work in the run-up to this summit. And now I come to the Nigerian minister, the finance minister, our friend, Ngozi Ongkanshu Ivela. She will make a very important announcement and minister, the floor is yours. Thank you. Thank you, Vorge. And I'm very pleased that I didn't have to sum up the summit and that tests well to you. But I'll tell you one thing, you know, after listening to the panel here of the young people and the questions from the young global shapers, I don't know about you, but I felt very encouraged, very energized. And I felt like, you know, they are the ones that are giving us the hope that we have people coming who are really going to be engaged, people who care, people who are passionate, people who raise the right issues and ultimately people who take this continent forward. So I just want you to applaud this panel and applaud all our young people. I also want to thank the South African government, the professor and Mrs. Schwab and the World Economic Forum team, the co-chairs and all of you for making this a very exciting event this time around. And now, now that we have to talk about the future, I can't help but say that just one word, that, you know, if there's a future for Africa, surely that future lies very much in Nigeria. And, you know, when you say that, you know you have both a responsibility and a challenge because we have the largest population on the continent. I think we epitomize a lot of things about Africa. We have the excitement, the passion, the entrepreneurship, the private sector drive, the glow for the future. But we also epitomize all of the difficult challenges that the continent also needs to face, be it from infrastructure to human capital development, to governance and corruption, to transparency, to all the issues, you find both the opportunities and the challenges bundled up in this country. And that's what makes it one of the most exciting countries to be in on the continent. And I do hope that with that I've excited your imagination because I'm speaking to invite you next year to Nigeria for the next edition of the World Economic Forum Africa. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. I have to say that the World Economic Forum has been gracious enough to pick Abuja as the city. So, those of you, I'm allowed to say that. Am I not? Because I know some people want to start making arrangements ahead of time. But we are very excited. We are working hard. We have a marvelous team working on this. And I can assure you of an exciting forum next year. Thank you very much. Oh, sorry. Thank you, Frank, for reminding me. We are hosting a reception right outside. When you step out, come in for some Nigerian culture, poetry, music, and some entertainment. Thank you. Thank you so much, Minister Angosi. I think you could hear from the applause that there's a lot of excitement. Even on a Friday, late afternoon or early evening, you got this warm applause. And we're so excited about going to Nigeria next year. I would then like to call on my colleague, Elsie Kansa. As you know, she's our Africa director. We could not have had this summit without Elsie's commitment and her team's commitment. So, Elsie, I would like to thank you. And I'll give Elsie the formal opportunity to close the summit. Thank you very much, Shafiqi. And thanks to everyone. 19 years ago today, the first democratically elected president of the Republic of South Africa was inaugurated. It is fair to say that a new dawn began not just for South Africa, but for Africa as a whole. Today, I feel very excited that Africa seems to be at the same tipping point. At the beginning of the meeting, we talked about how we wanted to use this meeting to move the agenda away from if Africa can deliver on its promise to how. I think we've achieved that. I'm very happy to say not only has the attendance been unprecedented, but so has the quality of the ideas and actions that have come out of this meeting. Amongst other outcomes, Nigeria has joined the Grow Africa partnership. The Africa Strategic Infrastructure Initiative has received a mandate to proceed with identifying demo projects to advance public-private partnership investment models across Africa. And we launched the 2013 Africa Competitiveness Report. Now, as Africa has learned the hard way, success is a journey, not a destination. So let's keep working hard on bold decisions, fast actions, and strong collaboration. Last but not least, I would like to recognize all those who worked extremely hard behind the scenes to make all of this possible. The government and the task force, and in particular, our main focal point, Lindy Weymathada, our co-chairs and official partners, the Africa team, Sophie Busman, Robin Coulter, Patrick McGee, by extension, Marys Hugo, proudly South African, as well as Helene Laurent from the membership team. I'm not going to recognize everyone, but Joanna Deuce and Kim Hugo on events and operations, Natalie Chalmers and Rebecca Ivy on the program development team, Michael Drexler and Pedro Delmada on the business engagement side. There's a lot of people who work to make all of this possible. I can't go into it, but I'd like to acknowledge them. I'd also like to give our thanks to our venue host, the CTICC, the Western Hotel, the Southern Sun, the one and only, and to some extent, Mount Nelson. And finally, all good things must come to an end. Cease si bonnane fouti, sease si bonnane quakona, the rate la bonnane cape, tot vir sins, at the approximate, at rebianto, until we meet again.


They really, really, really enjoy this fragrance. Yo, what's up guys, it's Josh here. Just want to do a little review today on Babylon fragrances, the one. Now, Babylon fragrances, the house that I really, really, really enjoy. Their fragrances, they come out of Dubai and Paris, the oils, and they might even be unique to this fragrance house. Most of the time they go after impressions and they're just so luxurious and nice and that is pretty much the case with this one, Babylon fragrances, the one. Apparently it's inspired by Elysium by Roja. So basically what I get from this, you know, pretty much, I wrote up a whole fragrance review for this and then I looked up that it was a copy of Elysium by Roja so I've never tried the original to that. Maybe people have their own opinions about what it smells like, but to me, what I get from this fragrance is a very high-class mix of Creed Aventus and Dior Sauvage. Pretty much all my review is gonna be based around those two comparisons because that's essentially what I get from this fragrance. I was looking online and I listed as many notes as I could list here. Lemon, bergamot, grapefruit, artesian thyme, lime, galbenum, juniper, black currant, jasmine, rose, lily of the valley, apple, pink pepper, cypress oil, bediver, cedar, vanilla, leather, ambergris and there's more to it. Wrote up some pros, I wrote up some cons and then I rated the fragrance and this is one of those ones where I'm actually a really very picky fragrance reviewer and I really, really enjoy this one so let's jump right into the pros. It's a mix of Creed Aventus and it's a mix of Dior Sauvage. Both those fragrances I really, really enjoy. I get a lot of compliments with the DNAs. Both those fragrances are so played out in the fragrance community that people really get annoyed. It's very common to just make fun of anything that comes out as a clone of it. People are already upset and they'll just come on the video and be like, I don't like Creed clone. I don't like Sauvage. Can we go on to the next thing? I kind of get where they're coming from especially because it got so popular. It's been copied so much. But one thing I really like about this fragrance is that it dances between both those. You get kind of like the dry birchiness of Creed Aventus but then it's not really any smokiness. I feel like Dior Sauvage and Creed Aventus, they both have ambergris and vanilla and the dry down and fruits and this one just dances so nicely between all those. Right now I just got a nice punch so that juicy Sauvage just opened in the cap. You get more down deep into it and it smells Aventus style DNA but that juiciness from Sauvage and the similar ambergris, vanilla that's in both of them. They really, really, really enjoy this fragrance and I would say that normally if it was a Sauvage clone that was almost all Sauvage or an Aventus clone that was almost all Aventus, I'd put that in the pros and the cons because like I said, it's so popular but because this one dances between both, I feel like it kind of negates that annoying stigma of Creed Aventus clone or Dior Sauvage clone and dances between both of them. I don't know any fragrances that do that and then do that at a very, very high quality with very, very high quality oils as well. It's just kind of like my secret summer killer that I'm gonna be using because I love Aventus and Dior Sauvage for the summer. Nobody else is really gonna have it. It's definitely a winner to me. I really wish I could have smelled the original Elysium for this review. Maybe I'll order a sample but I really, really, really enjoy this stuff. Guys, for the cons, again, this is one of those ones where I normally have a lot of cons with something I don't like in a fragrance but this one is one where I don't really don't have any cons so I kind of have to look for cons that people could have if they have a different taste than me. The only cons I can really see is it's not the strongest projector. Now, it projects very good against my projection rating in there but it's not like 10 out of 10 projector and this is again me trying to find problems with it. I don't have a problem with this projection. Brett's had to put that in there for trying to find something that people could find wrong with it and if you don't like a fresh, musky style fragrances of those, that's not for you then definitely don't pick this off. If you don't like the Sauvage DNA or you really don't like Aventus, maybe you shouldn't pick it up but I really like that this is different in both those. I'd be very interested to see if you wear this around Fragheads, what they think of the smell, do they think you're wearing one or the other, do they pick up that it's both smells? Does it smell unique to them? Because I feel like the Fraghead, this is kind of like when everybody's wearing their good stuff, their killers, you wear this to kind of mix things up because I don't think anybody's really gonna smell it but it uses so many popular things from those fragrances that, you know, you're pretty much gonna get the same compliments with it.  I was gonna give it an 8.5 but I love both the DNAs. It's mixed right. Likeability, again, I was gonna give us an 8.5 but I really, really like it. So your Sauvage gets me some of the best compliments. Creed Aventus gets me some of the best compliments. So I had to bump it up to a nine just because the DNA is so tried and true. And then longevity and projection, I'd give an 8. Well above average, but like I said, it isn't beast mode. It's very solid, gets the job done. I would say it's about the same projection as Aventus and Sauvage are right now. I'd highly recommend you get this one. Like I said, if you like Creed Aventus and your Sauvage fragrances, I really like if you want something that is gonna accomplish those two but kind of give you a little bit of uniqueness. This is what I would recommend. But anyways guys, please let me know what you think of the video down below. What you think of these fragrances or the DNAs of Creed Aventus and your Sauvage. Do you like those? I'll be very interested to see you down below. But anyways, we're on the road of 25,000 subscribers and I couldn't do it without any of your guys' help. You guys are the best. I'm having a great day out here. Hopefully I'm having a great day at home. See you all in the next video. Peace.


Okay, this is the maquette for a sculpture recently completed for the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition. I'm a Royal academician and I'm allowed to put a certain number of pieces in to the exhibition. And I had a couple of quite large blocks of Egyptian alabaster sitting here maybe for five years. And I decided that that was what I was going to work on for the exhibition. And I had an idea about the simplicity of the psychedelic figures for sort of a minimalism almost of how little one needs to do to stone to make a figure. A part of my project for the last 25 to 30 years really is being to see how I can handle or work with the figure in the same kind of way that I worked with surface before. A narrative later and specifically the idea of how little one needs to do to something to make a figure. The psychedelic figures from about two and a half to three thousand BC I suppose are often triangular figures with very very little in terms of identifying marks. But just enough to suggest head, just enough to suggest sexuality for whichever figure. Just enough to suggest arms. And here is actually a true mechanic because this piece here was a piece that I made of the two pieces that were once joined together. As were the two big sculptures which are one meter and ninety so there are six and six high. And they were cut and opened down to evidence that matching nature like the fingerprints of the two halves of the sculpture. So you can see that we have a mirror here of these shapes in the sculpture. So they're called Psyclatic Gemini. So they're twins and twins are a theme that I've been working on. It was on time now in different types of stone and particularly in Hammer Mat Breccia which is highly marked and striated and occasionally dramatic enough to really make a double whammy out of the way that the pages of the stone have been unfolded to create a story of the stones making. And I suppose increasingly from you know whether it was Romulus or Remus or Castor and Pollux even the idea of Adam and Eve can be drawn into the idea of twins, twinning. And so having made this piece originally I then because of time constraints proceeded to make the big sculpture using this as a model. And then when the sculpture was sent off to London for the exhibition I was able to come back and complete a few like a pairing of these two pieces and finding another base of this particular type of Egyptian alabaster. Egyptian alabaster is not like the gypsum of English alabaster which was used in medieval period for many tomb sculptures and used in Italy in a different form, a white alabaster which was also used for decorative purposes predominantly but I think also some sculptural examples exist. But this is often referred to as calcite, it's also referred to as a cavity because of the kind of recesses or the kind of organic matter that stops those things being joined together. My own feeling is that with this particular material there hasn't been any organic matter in here. The evidence of the material that's often found in the holes and in the sculpture in London and in this piece here, this sample, you can see the kind of sand, this is the kind of a desert of sand. Oh yeah. The sand which is so deep in some recesses and sometimes it's all sort of thick enough to almost be like clay. So you do have this kind of curious colouring which occurs within the recesses of these open types of alabaster. So although it's Egyptian alabaster and cyclides if you like run off from Egypt and I suppose carry certain ideas of the development of sculpture from the sort of monolithic dimensionality of a pharaoh seen from the front, seen from the side and carved in a way that I've worked in India as well. That's all in this kind of frontal approach to sculpture. You have the cycladic things which are often contemporary with very early Egyptians in sculpture but also you get the kind of transition from there through to Greece with Koros which also begin to show a kind of movement for the first time. From these rather more static sort of statuesque sort of flat, non-dynamic pieces but profoundly rich with an amazing tactility and primaliness of sculptural expression. Just going to come around to show the wonderful texture on the rear here too. This interesting as well because in a highly marked stem although you have here at the interface where the stem is being cut you have the mirror in. You can see here that you have a totally different kind of figuration on the back here and on the back here which has very very little relationship through although you might say that these shapes have a little bit of a relationship to each other. But the kind of structure of the material, this is very much more kind of pure unmarked sort of solid alabaster here. So it shows a kind of transitional form of the material as it changes from being highly marked to being rather more consistent. And here I'm still playing around with an idea perhaps of here and the line becoming, which is often the case, you'll see like the legs of the figuration in the Cycladic work. So I might still develop this line on both pieces to make this sort of dedication to the Cycladic forms. Just like Peregrine's Sentinel and Dreadnaught from our last module, I wanted to bring in Stephen Cox discussing his own work before discussing it in a little bit more detail myself. And in the interview that you just saw with Stephen talking about this work Gemini, he's talking about the working model for the piece. And that's what you see here. This is a scale model in the material he planned to use of the finished work of Gemini. But this is not the actual work itself. This is sort of a mock-up, a much smaller version of that same sculpture. And I want you to recall that he talks about the importance of the fact that both of these come from the same stone and that the fronts really sort of belong together. On the left I'm showing you kind of a three-quarter view of the front of the pieces. And then on the right I'm showing you a closer view of the backs. And you can see that the backs really diverge a great deal in these two sculptures in the maquette or model version. Here's another closer view of that maquette of Gemini, which of course is a reference to the twins. And I think you can appreciate just how monumental these relatively small models appear. And I think that's because of the extreme solidity of them and the real attention to treating the stone as stone and appreciating the patterning in that stone. You can see here how, for example, some holes and pitting in this alabaster, this is Egyptian alabaster, have become kind of like mouths in the sort of head portion of these two figures. And then we have these chests with protruding nipples on either one. And that also seems to refer to some of the patterning in the stone. And remember with Peregrine Sentinel and also with Dreadnaught, Stephen is working in conversation with his materials. He's responding to what he finds as he sculpts, as he works. Here's our last look at the maquette or model for Gemini. And you can see some of the differentiation between sort of the breasts or nipples on these figures. You can see some of Stephen's pencil marks here and maybe get a slightly better appreciation for the surface that he's working with and also the way that he's treating it. He's roughing out these forms and not making them perfectly smooth the way that we're going to see in the finished works on display in the Royal Academy. Now we're looking at the finished large scale version of Stephen Cox's Gemini. This is like the maquette made out of Egyptian alabaster. And I think that you can see here maybe a little bit more clearly that we have a male figure and a female figure. You can tell that if you look at about midpoint on both of them. On the right the figure has something that projects at roughly where the groin would be. And on the right we have a hollow area at that same point on the sort of female figure. You can also see how the chests on both of them have similar markings on them. And you can see how Stephen took this area of where the stone had kind of broken down and decayed a little bit and discolored and really made that into a feature on the breast of each one of these figures. Kind of turning that area into almost sort of like a breastplate or something. Just like with the maquette these two enormous figures which are over five feet high as I recall from when I was in the gallery. They are carved from the exact same block. And if you take a look at the patterning on this front side of the two figures. It's roughly, you can tell that they were sort of split down from the same area so they almost mirror each other in their patterns. And this is quite deliberate and it's wonderful the way that they seem to kind of respond to each other in terms of the patterning in this Egyptian alabaster. Here on the left we're looking at the rear of the two figures. And on the right you're seeing the full front of one of them kind of in three quarter view and then just a sliver of the other. And I think again you can see just how Stephen is taking advantage of the intricacy and the amazing patterns in that alabaster. This is a sculpture that is as much about the alabaster as it is Stephen shaping that alabaster. And I think you can clearly see that sort of conversation that he is engaged in with his materials. And also his interest in kind of exploring the patterns and the ways that these two figures respond to each other since they're coming from the same block. You should notice that as on the maquette the backs of these two figures are quite different while the fronts have a lot more similarities in their patterns. Now we're looking at a closer view of the figure that I called the male figure earlier. And you can see again just the wonderful way in which Stephen is utilizing what would be considered sort of imperfections in the stone. Areas where the stone has been worn away by weathering, by oxidation and so on. And really turning these into features of the stone rather than imperfections. It shows a real response to these materials that I think is characteristic of all of his work. Here's our last slide and I just want you to notice again how different the backs of these two figures are. I mean they're both absolutely gorgeous and you can see kind of the way that the patterns flesh out on both sides for these figures. It's really fascinating to look at these works and also to compare them to that maquette. Because the maquette as complex as it is you don't get all of the same large patterning that you do here in this nearly life-size example of Gemini. And it truly is a magnificent work. I wonder and this is something that I probably should have asked him when I was at his studio in the Ludlow area. But I find myself wondering if he would be willing to have something like this be placed out in the elements. Because I think that weathering and of course if it were in a city with acid rain and things like that would affect these two figures in very different ways. And so they would sort of change and morph over time. That's probably something that's never going to happen. I would imagine these would be purchased by a collector or a museum and housed indoors away from harm's way. Particularly given the fact that alabaster can be somewhat fragile when exposed to things like acid. So it's just a notion of mine. But I hope that you enjoyed this work and that you appreciate just how fortunate we are to have someone working in these very rare materials today.


I always liked Super Mario 64 when I was a kid. I remember playing it at my aunt's house all the time. Well, one day a pop-up appeared out of nowhere as I was watching gameplay footage on YouTube. I was a little startled, and was about to close the window, until I realized that it was a website showing a mint condition copy of Super Mario 64 for sale. There was a picture and everything. I usually don't trust these things, but the feeling of nostalgia overpowered me, and I wanted to buy it. The whole business was peculiar, seeing as how the owner of the game wanted the buyer to send an envelope containing $10 to hand address on the site, instead of using something like PayPal. What made things even more strange was that when I tried to gain access to the website, I wrote down the URL, after encountering problems with the game, the page was nowhere to be found. A few days after the $10 was mailed, I got a package containing the new copy of the game. The first thing I noticed when I opened the small box was that the official sticker with Mario flying in the air was apparently peeled off or something. In its place was a piece of duct tape with Mario crudely written on it in permanent marker. I felt a little ripped off, but as long as the game worked, I didn't care. I got out my Nintendo 64 and put the cartridge in. The screen turned on with the familiar Mario face that you could stretch and twist aimlessly. I remembered laughing all the time at the results as a kid and decided to mess around for old times sake. I moved the cursor over to Mario's ear and pulled it to 11 proportions. I was going to do the same to the other ear, when the TV suddenly produced loud static. Mario's whole head started deforming and twisting in ways that I didn't even know were possible for the model. Random sound effects from the game started playing along with the static. As all this was occurring, I could hear a faint voice whispering in Japanese. The voice was stammering and wiggling. I immediately shut off the game and tried again. I didn't bother with the Mario head this time. Just selected a new file and started playing. When I selected the file, the game skipped the opening monologue by Peach and the courtyard outside. Mario was just placed right inside the castle. Creepier still, Bowser didn't say anything either. I tried to ignore it and played anyway. However, I also noticed that there was no music. Just dead silence. There weren't even any toads around to talk to. The only door I could enter was the Bob-omb Battlefield. The other doors wouldn't even respond to my button commands. The portrait to Bob-omb Battlefield wasn't the usual picture. It was just a stark white canvas. I was still trying to convince myself that these were just minor gritches and that they wouldn't affect the gameplay at all. Once I entered the portrait, the image suddenly went from a blank canvas to the lethal lava land painting. You know, that slightly unsettling image of the flame with the evil smile? Yeah, that's when I started getting really suspicious. The mission select menu came up, and yet another weird detail was present. Instead of big Bob-omb on the summit, the mission was called, Turn Back. I have no idea what drove me to press A, but I did. The level seemed normal. Everything was how I remembered it. I thought I could finally enjoy my favorite childhood game. But then I saw him. Luigi. I was absolutely shocked. He was never in this game. His model wasn't even a Mario palette swap. He looked like a completely original model. Luigi just stood there until I tried to approach him. He started running at unexpected speeds. I followed suit and went through the level. Strange things happened as I pursued him. Each time I picked up a coin, the enemies and music would get slower, and the scenery would look darker in color and more morbid. It kept gradually getting worse until I collected a fifth coin. Then, the music just stopped. The enemies laid down on the ground like they were dead. I was seriously freaked out, but I kept chasing Luigi. I went up the hill. No cannonballs rolled down trying to knock me over. I really wasn't surprised at this point. Luigi was always just out of my sight as I ran. Once I reached the summit, I saw yet another object out of place. A small cottage was all that was seen on the top of the hill. Luigi was nowhere to be found. The cottage was certainly on looking for a Mario game. It was old, plain and broken down. Regardless of my fears at that moment, I had Mario enter the cottage. As soon as the door closed, a disturbing picture of a hanged Luigi immediately popped up along with a very frightening scarecord.  Mario fell to his knees and sobbed for roughly five minutes, then the screen I risked out. I returned to the castle. Mario just slumped out of the painting. The image switched from the lethal lava land portrait to the image of Luigi hanging himself. The room was different this time. It was now a small hallway. Toads with blank expressions and white robes lying the sides of the hallway. There was another painting at the opposite end that just completely and utterly scared me. It was a picture of my family. It wasn't even a photo from the time Super Mario 64 was released. It was a very, very recent photo. I remembered posing for it last weekend. I reached for the on slash off switch on the Nintendo 64. There was no way I was going to play this anymore. However, when I flipped the switch, the game was still on. I flipped it back and forth, but to no avail. I tried unplugging the whole system, but it never left the screen. I was even still able to control Mario. I couldn't just leave it on forever, so I kept playing. I went to the photo of my family and jumped in. Only one mission was available, of course. This one was called, Run, Don't Walk. I selected the mission. Let's go! The level started in a flooded hallway with platforms floating on the water. Mario landed on one of these, and the camera turned to show what was behind.  It didn't look like anything. It didn't even look like finished graphics. Just a giant, blocky, black blob. I started jumping from platform to platform. With no goal in sight, I kept running, the darkness slowly but surely gaining speed. This kept going on for a while, felt like hours. I was really doubting there would ever be an end. Mario was just going in circles.  He didn't scream or resist at all. It just consumed him. Mario fell out of the painting and back into the castle. I lost one of my three lives. The rule was different now. Some of the toads were gone, and the painting looked different. My family and I were in the same positions, but our bodies were partially decomposed. It looked too real to be photoshopped. It looked more like someone just took our dead bodies and posed them. Regardless, I jumped into the painting again. Mario was in a small room. There was still only one mission available. It was called, I'm Right Here. It was spelled just like that. I selected the mission and prepared for the worst. Mario landed in a small, dark room. There is no visible way out. The room was empty except for a piano in the corner. I knew what that meant. I was stuck in there with the mad piano. I approached it and it started chasing me as always. There was no way to damage it, so I had no choice but to let Mario take damage. When he lost all his health, the usual death animation didn't happen. Mario just got mauled by the piano. He fell as his blood and guts spilled on the floor, and the camera pan to a top-down view of his corpse. A distorted version of the marital-round music from Big Boo's haunt played, as the screen slowly transitioned from the in-game shot to a photorealistic sketch of Mario's dead body in the same view as the shot. It was very unsettling. I was crying softly as I gazed upon the image. I lost another life. The photo of my family was shown again. We were even more rotten than before. The view zoomed into the painting like I was warping again. I was greeted with a shot of Peach's castle from the outside. The castle was crumbling in ruin. The fields were on fire. The sky was pitch black. Bowser's laugh played on a loop in the background as children mockingly chanted, you couldn't save her. This went on for a long time until a close-up of Peach's face accompanied by an extremely loud screech interrupted the loop without notice. Peach's mouth was wide open as if she was screaming, and her eyes were empty black holes. Suddenly, I was back in the hallway as Mario was once again ejected out of the painting. Now all of the toads were gone, and me and my family looked positively repulsive. Maggots were wriggling around in holes in outer flesh. Guts were spilling out of our bodies. My dad's eyeball was hanging loose from its socket. It was too much to bear, but something still urged me to trudge on. I jumped into the painting, with only one life remaining. This time, there was no name for the mission. Just a blank space where the title would be. I selected the mission, and Mario landed on a very small island in the middle of the ocean. There was a solitary sign. It only read, Died. I did just as it said and injured the water. The ocean was dark and empty. There were no fish. I wasn't even able to see anything in the water besides Mario. I swam downwards. I kept going for quite some time, yet Mario never ran out of breath. I counted roughly ten minutes of swimming until I decided to go back up. Just as I turned Mario around, it came. A huge, and I mean huge in a GVL came out of nowhere and swallowed Mario whole. I was unfounded. It went by so fast I wasn't even sure what I saw. The game over screen didn't show up. All that happened was a fade-out. The photo of my family and I was shown again. There were plain skeletons now. Once again, it looked very real. I couldn't move the camera at all. It just stayed focused on the picture.  I chose my file, but it just went to the skeleton photo of my family. I tried this about three more times before giving up. I desperately wanted to stop, but some foreskept me from walking away. I decided to select the only other saved file. The camera once again focused on the skeleton picture, but this time they were in a different position. As if they were a different family.


We are Africa was officially launched in 2008 here in Nairobi at a meeting actually much smaller than this and we have an old photograph where we all look very young and very center and all of our hair is black but that was some time ago. And but I do think that by having focused on establishing longer-term relationships with just a few universities it's enabling us to draw up lessons that are hopefully valuable to you all but more importantly it will be valuable to the higher education community at large. It suddenly dawns on you that we really have to think about curricula when we thinking about the future think about curricula which are much more integrated which are much more kind of designed around employment and so on rather than imagine that what you know traditional ways of training are going to be suitable to me it's not wrong to start off with asking the question about what is wrong but to me it's that's the deficit approach where I would rather take an innovative idea and see how I can experiment with that and how can I transform practice and transform myself that is where it should start.


Historically, many empires have been built and centralized on the backs of slave class labor, right? This century's tale that we started with so far is strip mining at mass tech-enabled scale of cognitive resources. And these cognitive resources, the mass population, is the new slave labor class building up the AI capabilities, the proprietary data pools of these mega platforms like Facebook, Google, and whatnot. We get these sort of free addictive services in exchange for giving up the sovereignty and ownership and rights of our data and behavior, right? And that's probably not a fair trade, really, in the long run. And many of us don't even realize the cost of that trade right now.


Just a word on Ireland's role, I think Ireland is punched above its weight for quite some time, and the IIEA has been part of that, as well as parliamentary scrutiny on a number of issues that are quite important and positive for the world. Frankly, I don't think Rakhom Ladic would have been arrested without your parliamentarians actually giving scrutiny to the issue of whether Serbia should get stabilization association agreement in candidacy while he was still at liberty. That was not the only factor. The stance of the prosecutor, Serge Gromertz, in his report, the last one preceding Mladic's arrest was a key factor, as well as the Dutch parliament saying, no passer-an. But the fact that Ireland was giving it scrutiny and looked like it might align with the Netherlands position, I think, was the final drop in the political calculus that President Tadec made to find Mladic so that he could facilitate further European enlargement for his country. So Ireland, even through the construct of the EU, even when it doesn't have the presidency, can carry a lot of weight if it's willing to do so, as can other members. One point that I'd like to maybe recast that Mary Ann had said earlier, the Dayton construct and the Dayton incentives are, yes, the international community midwifed them, and particularly the United States, but they were designed around the imperatives of the people who need to sign the agreement. So they built a system around themselves. So it's not at all surprising that they have a system that works for them. The problem is, and this is where the EU is having a really conceptually difficult time understanding its own predicament, is there's nothing that the EU can offer the established political elites in Bosnia, Herzegovina that's better than what they already got. You could keep what you stole, keep stealing, remain unaccountable both politically and legally, and there's nothing that trumps that. So I think that one gets the impression on the ground that the European Union delegation and the institutions in Brussels, the commission in particular, but also high representative Ashton, they're trying to prove the EU's transformative power to themselves, and Bosnia is just a stage for that, rather than actually navigating by the ground reality and the effect of their policies on the ground. So in essence, they still approach this the way EU enlargement has worked in past waves, where the partnership is between the established political elite and the EU. Now the assumption is that that political elite is democratically accountable in Bosnia, that's not true. Effectively, it's an electoral oligarchy that we all pretend is a democracy, but it doesn't operate to democratic imperatives, and that is the essence of the problem that we're dealing with here. The role of external actors in that, the best value added we have is to take fear out of the equation. It's re-entered the political bloodstream since 2006, largely because of a retreat in international posture. This assumption that soft power, the pull of Brussels could compensate for a reduction in the push of Dayton was proven wrong by the end of 2006, but we're still operating according to that flight plan, and we're on bureaucratic autopilot, because there's very little political attention in the most important member states and the other members of the Peace Implementation Council to this issue, and when there is attention, it's episodic and not very deep. I think the one thing that could help change the political dynamic more than anything else is a very clear statement in getting us out of the dead zone that we're in now, which is, so long as Dayton remains the constitutional order, and nobody as Marianne and Tio said and alluded as well, there's no appetite to even go beyond Satage Fincey. Right now we're talking about credible effort toward meeting the Satage Fincey ruling, which is pathetic. I mean, that just shows complete lack of desperation, actually, is the word I would use, desperation on the part of the international community for anything they could call progress. So they could tick their boxes on their checklist because if things aren't moving forward, they're failing too, and I think that would explain a lot. I think bureaucratic imperatives are a critical decoder ring for figuring out why the policy is what it is. The taking that fear out of the equation would be essential, and that's the dead zone we're in is that nobody's even has the appetite to talk about changing Dayton, but we're removing the Dayton enforcement instruments. So it should be logical that until Dayton is changed consensually, there shouldn't be anything imposed, and nobody's even talking about that, even if it were feasible, which it's not, it wouldn't be desirable because whatever is going to work is going to have to be organic and accepted by each self-defined group of citizens, of which there are more than three. We're in this gap. So everything is allowed now. There are no rules effectively, not because legally there are no rules, but we're not enforcing them anymore because we don't want to. And so what you end up with is every lack of progress, everything is to be blamed on the Bosnians, and this is what you hear in Sarajevo and Brussels all the time. Well, it's up to the Bosnians to do this. Okay, yeah, which ones? And the EU's constituency for a functioning state is not the established elites that already have a system that works for them, but to be found at the popular level, which I think that could be, that could coalesce, but right now what makes it very difficult is the fact that everybody's worst nightmare is at least conceivably possible under current conditions, whereas up until 2006 it wasn't. Didn't mean that you get what you want, but all the unfulfilled agendas that the war was fought over were on ice until we decided we didn't need hard power tools anymore. And that just creates, those were the guardrails. They don't need to be the driver for progress, but they need to be the safety net or the threshold beyond which people, foundation beyond which people can't fall. So I'll leave it at that. I think that sums up sort of my view. The neighbors have a role, but I think there's an overestimation of how much their forward movement will impel forward movement in Bosnia considering the political imperatives that the political actors work on there. So thanks. I look forward to our discussion.