Welcome everyone, good morning or a good afternoon, not entirely sure where you are in the globe. Welcome to these second sessions of parallel, sessions of the day. I'm Hurt Kairu, I'm gonna be the chair in this session. And we have four super interesting presentations on livelihoods and inequality. I think we're supposed to have a fifth one and we are just hoping that the presenter is going to show up at some point. If we cannot locate it, locate him, it just means more time for a Q&A. So please use the Q&A part of the chat to ask questions to the presenters and we can have a bit of an interesting discussion at the end. That being said, I think we can start with the first presentation by Jemima. Hi everyone, I am Jemima Bada. Thank you all so much for making the time to attend my presentation today. In this presentation, I highlight how COVID-19 responses by the government of Ghana or GOG have been marginalizing for rural and farming populations using the Upper West Region as a case study. In the interest of time, I will skip the background information and go right to the inequalities of COVID-19 policies in Ghana. The full paper is published in the Journal of Agrarian Change and so the more detailed discussions can be found there. The Upper West, Greater Accra and Aschante Regions were among the first to record COVID-19 cases leading to partial lockdowns. As part of the lockdowns, the GOG banned airline travel and large gatherings. It also shut down schools and imposed restrictions on movement. While these strategies were to prevent public health challenges, they nonetheless resulted in weeks of hardship and uncertainty for many in the country. The lockdown was lifted in April 2020 but alternative interventions by the GOG were still marginalizing for agrarian groups. Agrarian communities are characterized by their rurality, low socioeconomic status and heavy dependence on subsistence farming. The Upper West Region is a mostly agrarian society and one of the poorest regions in Ghana due to a myriad of historical, geopolitical, environmental and other factors. Although other regions in Ghana record significant proportions of rural dwellers and poverty, the Upper West Region is overrepresented in both counts. Now, I will discuss each of the response strategies by the GOG and how these are marginalizing for agrarian societies. The strategies are spelled out on the slides so I will only talk about why these strategies are discriminatory. Strategy one was to limit and stop the importation of cases. In the early stages of the viral spread, much of the attention was on borders in southern Ghana. Testing and contact tracing were also limited to travelers arriving to the international airport in the national capital. During that period, the Hamle border which connects Upper West Region to Burkina Faso witnessed an increase in migrant and smuggling activities. Also, most inhabitants of the Upper West Region engage in internal migration to mostly rural areas of Ghana. Therefore, focusing slowly on travelers arriving to the international airport neglects less privileged travelers who journey through other means. Strategy two was to detect and contain cases. As stated earlier, contact tracing in Ghana was limited to affluent travelers. Despite evidence of other routes of transmission. Later, testing prioritized community hotspots. Focusing on identified community hotspots and imposing a lockdown in two metropolitan areas. While doing little to address a recorded case in Upper West Region, we are treating policy neglect of the region dating back to the colonial era. Moreover, encouraging enhanced hygiene in mandating quarantines and the wearing of masks presupposes the availability of spaces and resources to do so. This is not the case for the average Upper West Region dweller. This measure also does not account for the extra burdens that quarantines and enhanced hygiene add to women's workloads. Lastly, a COVID-19 tracker app is important but exclusionary for people in the Upper West Region due to high rates of electricity, lack of electricity and the fact that many in the region do not own mobile phones, much less smartphones. Strategy three was care of the sick. This strategy presupposes the existence of health facilities and workers and it's exclusionary for largely raw context such as the Upper West Region. Since first, many health workers refuse postings to the area and the few training in the region prefer to immigrate for better opportunities. Second, the doctor-patient ratio in Upper West Region is over three times lower than that of the national capital. Third, the few health facilities in the Upper West Region are under-resourced. As of June 2021, all COVID-19 testing facilities were in Southern Ghana. Fourth, it was revealed that Ghana had just 200 ventilators to serve its population of over 30 million. Estimation suggests that there may be 10 or fewer ventilators for the entire Upper West Region. Later, 10 extra ventilators were donated to the GOG, all of which were distributed within Southern Ghana. Fifth and finally, the effects of climate change imply more complex infectious disease outcomes in the Upper West Region. For instance, earlier in 2020, there was an outbreak of cerebrospinal meningitis in the Upper West Region with an estimated 40% fatality rate. Despite this, governmental attention continued to focus on the national COVID-19 crisis with little attention to the double epidemic in the Upper West Region.  This intervention assumes a homogeneous living standard for populations across the country. Given the historical trends of poverty alleviation strategies in Ghana and the lack of details about the coronavirus alleviation program or the CAP, it is likely that the northern sectors would receive minor portions of the CAP. Moreover, relief for health workers is effective only if health workers are available and have medical supplies, which is often not the case in the Upper West Region. Additionally, only a few people in Upper West Region operate businesses, hence an option better suited to certain such as the Upper West Region with the subsidies for smallholder farmers. Importantly, the absorption of water bills and rebates for electricity is perhaps the most discriminatory of all measures for rural dwellers in Ghana, considering that most of these communities lack both electricity and portable water. Strategy 5 was to increase domestic capability and deepen self-reliance. The Upper West Region has very few industries and studies show that most new businesses prefer to operate in southern Ghana due to the area socioeconomic and ecological advantages. It is therefore possible that the Upper West Region would not benefit from this intervention and residents may likely need to migrate to take advantage of this intervention in southern Ghana. Potentially increasing out migrations and further widening inequalities between the northern and southern sectors. Similar to historical development patterns, it is also likely that no infectious disease centers will be set up in the Upper West Region. In conclusion, COVID-19 has highlighted the stark local and global inequalities with the sustained attention on urban centers and co-occupations. It is important to examine how agrarian populations experience a pandemic. It is my hope that most studies will direct attention to these experiences to better center the needs of vulnerable rural dwellers. Thank you all so much. Thank you, Jemima. It was super interesting that this, it was printed a presentation on how the ways that government tried to combat COVID-19 don't really reach everyone in every place in the country. So let's move on to the next presentation. Katy, did you manage to find the other presenters online? No, she's unfortunately online currently, so. Okay, no worries. So in that case, we are going to reach your presentation, please. Good day, everyone. In this talk, I'll be presenting some results from a recent paper examining how adolescents have been affected during the COVID-19 pandemic in four low and middle income countries. The data that we use in the paper comes from the Young Lives Longitudinal Study. Since the turn of the millennium, the study has been following two cohorts, the younger and older cohorts, in four low and middle income countries. Ethiopia, Peru, Vietnam, and the state of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in India. The participants have been visited in person five times, most recently in 2016. But in 2020, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, Young Lives implemented a three-part phone survey. The second call, from which most of the data in this paper comes from, was implemented between early August and mid-October, a time at which our younger and older cohorts were aged roughly 19 and 26, respectively. It's the 19-year-old cohorts that we focus on in this paper. As of mid-October 2020, the four Young Lives study countries had had very diverse experiences during the pandemic. As you can see in the figure on the screen, by the time that our second call was complete, the number of COVID-19 cases per capita differed dramatically between the countries, with Vietnam having been exceptionally successful at limiting the spread of the virus and Peru being one of the worst affected countries in the world in terms of both cases and deaths per capita. The question is then, given these diverse experiences, how have adolescents fed in the four countries? Analyzing educational outcomes, we found the ability to continue learning remotely during lockdowns varied greatly by country. In Vietnam and Peru, roughly 80% of the 19-year-olds successfully engage with their schoolteacher through in-person or virtual classes or online assignments. However, in India, this proportion dropped to only roughly 40%, and in Ethiopia, roughly only one in every 10 participants managed to engage with their teacher during the stay-at-home requirements. We also found that in Peru, the country worst affected by COVID-19 cases, roughly 16% of the younger cohorts who were engaged in some sort of formal education before the pandemic had dropped out or chosen not to re-enroll by mid-October 2020. Analyzing time use, we found that participants reported spending more time on childcare and performing more domestic work than before the pandemic. We also have found that households have tended to resort to more discriminatory gender roles in times of stress, as the increase in household and caring responsibilities has fallen disproportionately on females in all four countries, while males have tended to work more in the family business. For example, looking at the bottom of figure one on the screen, you can see that in Ethiopia, roughly 70% of adolescent females reported spending more time on domestic work compared to just 36% of adolescent males. Looking at food insecurity, we found that around 16% of adolescents reported that their household had run out of food on one or more occasions since the beginning of the pandemic in Ethiopia and in India. Comparing this to figure two on the screen, you can see that this marked a significant movement away from the existing trend of food insecurity with the proportion of households without food increasing by over 200% compared to 2016. Peru and Vietnam appear to have been less affected in terms of food insecurity. But beyond just descriptive statistics, one of the unique strengths of the multi-cohored young lives panel data is that it provides opportunity to compare the outcomes of the different cohorts when they're the same age, but at different points in time. Previous Young Lives Research, comparing the two cohorts at the same age, has shown that in the lead-up to 2020, the young cohort had achieved improvements in critical aspects of human development, such as height for age, school enrollment, and cognitive learning outcomes. Continuing this inter-cohored comparison. In this paper, we're interested in comparing the outcomes of the 19-year-olds during the pandemic with that of the older cohorts when they were the same age or roughly seven years prior in 2013. Formerly to do so, we utilize a different and different approach, but we allow for differential linear age trends between the two cohorts. The equation we use is at the bottom of the screen here. One of our main outcomes of interest in this is subjective well-being. In all young lives around, subjective well-being has been measured using this tantral self-anchoring scale. This asks respondents to visualize a ladder of nine steps with the bottom step representing the worst possible life and the top step representing the best possible life. Respondents will then ask to identify which step they think they presently stand on. Figure three on the screen here is showing the changes in the average step of the subjective well-being ladder over time for each cohort. And as you can see, it depicts that there's been a striking fall in the relative well-being of the younger cohorts when compared to the older cohort at the same age. Before 2020, the younger cohort had consistently higher well-being at the same ages of 12 and 15 in all four countries. This is now no longer the case in Ethiopia, India, and in Peru. The exception is Vietnam, the country that has been exceptionally successful at limiting the spread of COVID-19. Formerly analyzing the results using our difference-to-difference framework, we indeed find that the younger cohort have experienced a significant drop in well-being relative to the older cohorts in Ethiopia, India, and Peru, but that there's been no significant change in Vietnam. When thinking about the channels as to why this may be, the descriptive results presented earlier already point to a number of areas of concern that could explain this fall in relative well-being, including worsening food insecurity and interruptions to education. And so just to sum up, in the paper, we find that in the pandemic year, the previous gains of the younger cohort in well-being has largely disappeared in all countries except Vietnam, the country that's been most successful at limiting the spread of the virus. Furthermore, losses in educational enrollment and a shift towards more discriminatory gender roles have been seen in all four young lives study countries. Thank you very much for listening. Thank you for this presentation. It was super interesting. It's very related with our keynote presentation yesterday from Mariana Bandiera and the big poll idea. So let's move on to the next one. The next one is by Munna Shefa. Virtual greetings to everyone and thanks for organizing for the opportunity to present our paper. My name is Munna Shefa. I'm a senior researcher from Sar Dhruv. The topic of my presentation is special in the process of the Prism of the Pandemic, COVID-19 in South Africa. This is a joint work by me and David from AFT and Professor Marie LeBron from Sar Dhruv. So the existing and growing number of research indicated that the adverse health impact of the current pandemic or other previous pandemics is not the same across population groups. In particular, there is evidence to suggest that poor people and people who is preexisting health conditions are disproportionately affected by such pandemics. What makes the current pandemic different from previous ones is that the measure introduced to contain the virus. Many countries implemented lockdown policies of different degrees and these policies are implemented both in developed and developing countries alike. As a result of this, in addition to analyzing the direct health impact of the pandemic, there are also research which try to look at what extent household living conditions allow them individuals to adhere to strict lockdown policies and to what extent household living conditions also allow them to follow WHO recommendation in order for them to prevent themselves from being infected by the virus. So the existing research indicated that individuals in poor countries have less capacity to deal with strict lockdown policies and also they have less capacity to follow WHO recommendations. These recommendations include, for example, the ability to wash hands with water and soap regularly, the ability to implement social distancing and the ability to get correct information about the pandemic. Our research is in line with this kind of research but we provide more detailed analysis, spatial analysis using South Africa as a case study. South Africa is an interesting case study in this regard because South Africa is one of the countries with high level of national equality and high level of spatial inequality. South Africa is also one of the countries which are highly affected by the current pandemic compared to other African countries. So in terms of data, we use the 2016 community survey. This is the latest data set available for us to estimate living conditions at lower geographic levels such as municipalities. Regarding vulnerability indicators, we follow Gordon et al's approach to select indicators. They provide a detailed justification why they have recommended these indicators. For example, sharing water sources and sharing a toilet with other households increases the likelihood of being affected from the neighborhood, person from the neighborhood. Lack of access to TV or radio limits access to information. Living in large households this makes it difficult to implement social distancing within the household if there is one person infected by the virus, for example. Older people have a high risk of dying by the virus. All the households can be adversely affected by the virus. Lack of fridge in the household might increase the likelihood of going to shops to buy food items more frequently. This might also increase the risk of being infected. So we use these six indicators and we map each indicator at different geographic levels and show the inequalities across different spatial units. We also try to calculate average vulnerability score using the six indicators. We weight them equally and calculate a vulnerability score for different aggregation levels. We also use a counting approach. We count the number of vulnerability indicators for each individual and aggregate that into spatial units, different spatial units. So the first result is showed that the average vulnerability score at the province level at the municipality level. So as we can see that there is inequality in terms of average vulnerability at the province level with provinces such as Eastern Cape, Quasulunatar, Fumulanga, and Northwest provinces have a high level of average vulnerability. Also within provinces we can see also significant inequalities or spatial inequalities at the municipality level. So we can see here in Eastern Cape there are areas which can be considered highly vulnerable while areas with less vulnerability. So this reflects also that areas with high level of vulnerability also are areas which are characterized by high level of poverty and deprivation. So in order to test this we try to analyze the relation between households, wells, and average vulnerability. So as you can see that in this graph we have on the exercises quantiles of household wealth and on the y-axis we have vulnerability index. So we can see clearly there is negatively range between the level of vulnerability and well the quantile. Individuals or households in the first quartile have a much higher vulnerability, average vulnerability compared to individuals at the lower, at the higher quantile, quantile five. We do the same kind of analysis at municipality level. So we calculate average wealth index at municipality level and we also calculate average vulnerability index at municipality and run simple regression and we find significant relationship between significant and negative relationship between the two majors. So municipalities with low level of average wealth have high level of vulnerability by far some. So in summary our analysis show that there is significant inequality, special inequality in terms of COVID vulnerability in South Africa because of households living condition. So this also indicate that there is positive relationship between household wealth status or income status and also vulnerability COVID-19. So the pre-existing socio-economic inequalities translate into vulnerability to COVID-19. So poor people have high vulnerability to COVID-19 because of their living conditions and they are also more likely to be export to the virus because of their working conditions. They are more likely to use public transport. They are more likely to to work in areas which requires contact with other people. So because of this, this has implication in terms of exacerbating existing health inequalities because poor people also have high number of risk factors under like risk factors for pandemic such as COVID-19. Thank you. Thank you, that was great. Okay, so I think we can move on to the last presentation by Vincenzo. Good morning everyone. My name is Vincenzo Salvucci and today I will present this paper on the impact of COVID-19 on consumption poverty in Mozambique. This is a paper that was written with Giulia Barletta, Fino Ricastigo, Eva Maria Egger, Michael Keller and Fintar. In this paper we do something relatively simple. We take some detailed estimates at micro-economic level obtained in another paper, translate them into impacts on consumption and poverty. And the way we do that is we take four sets of impact estimates taken from that paper by Beto et al. The impacts that we take are on wages, on sectoral GDP, on household income and unemployment. We combine these impacts and translate them into impacts on consumption and on poverty. We apply some consumption income, consumption wage elasticity and play with impacts on employment and in this way we get simulated consumption estimates and poverty rates. Our results turn out to be very close to those obtained by the World Bank in their Mozambique Economic Update from February 2021. This paper was originally designed as a policy paper. It was repressed by the Ministry of Economics and Finance of Mozambique. So it's not so advanced in terms of research methods but hopefully we hope it will be useful for policy purposes especially. Now we were lucky enough to have detailed macroeconomic estimates that were already available. They were obtained using a social accounting metrics approach and we heavily rely on these estimates to compute the impact on COVID-19 on consumption and on poverty. Now Mozambique is a country that after 1992 achieved fast growth rapid and strong poverty reduction from 70% at the end of the 90s to 46% in 2014-15 it still presents a strong rural urban divide and a regional divide. Now since 2015 several crises hit the country. And finally in 2020 and 2021 there was this health and economic crisis due to COVID-19. The data that we use are from the 2014-15 household budget survey that we call IOF 14. Now as introduced we assume that two main impact channels are at work a direct impact on income and wage and we use the estimated macro impacts on wage on sectoral GDP and on household income and two the second channel is the channel of employment losses. And for this we use the estimated aggregate impact on employment. The two are then combined to assess the final effect on consumption and poverty. The results are containing these table and table in the next slide. We have three different approaches and the average that we get is that consumption reduction was about 10% national but also at urban and rural level. Whereas the poverty rate increase is estimated to be about seven percentage points at national level slightly more at rural level and slightly less at urban level. This translates into about 2 million people at national level entering poverty in less than one year. About 1.5 million in rural areas and about half a million in urban areas. Now, even though the effect on consumption is similar for different education levels we see that the effect on poverty which is the blue bars is much higher for uneducated people. And also we observe some differences for what concerns the impact on consumption and on poverty for people working in different sectors working as traders, service, domestic workers, peasants, agriculture work. So concluding we see that consumption may have decreased by between 7 and 14%. Poverty may have increased by four 10 percentage points from baseline of 46% depending on the approach. And this corresponds to about 2 million people entering poverty in less than one year. Now, the poverty results reflect the higher probability of falling into poverty for households in rural areas, people in subsistence agriculture, individuals with low educational attainment, family workers, domestic workers. Whereas consumption decreased relatively homogeneously across provinces. More for small traders. And also more for people working in agriculture, mining, manufacturing, construction, utilities and transportation. We also find that inequality increased but only modestly. Now, COVID-19 certainly has produced a setback for poverty reduction in Mozambique. And many more households fell into poverty or experienced dropping consumption including household categories generally less vulnerable. Now the longer term structural drivers of poverty seem to be still at work but new drivers likely emerged. So for chronic poverty interventions they should address the structural drivers of poverty and they are still important. At the same time it is key to address these new drivers that were identified. Thank you. Thank you. This was really, really great. I think it really highlights how the effects of the COVID pandemic is going to, they are going to outlive the pandemic itself. So let's move on to the Q&A part of this session. We have a question for Jemima on the Q&A by Richard. Jemima, Richard is asking if you have to come up with policy examples in other countries that take great conditions into account. Honestly, I have, sorry, that wasn't equal. Yeah, I haven't. And at the time that I responded, so this paper was part of a symposium by the general of agrarian change titled COVID-19 and the conditions and struggles of agrarian classes of labor. So at the time that I was writing the paper for the symposium, I did not come across any. This was in early 2020. And when I was revising the paper around late 2020, there still wasn't much. There are some academic papers, but I have not come across any COVID-19 policy examples like that intentionally considered the needs of agrarian populations. Sorry, Cathy, do we have the other speaker already? So we have her online, but she needs to request to share the audio herself. And I don't see the request, so I'm not sure. Okay. Okay, in that case, let's continue with the Q&A for now. Yeah. Jemima, so I think you mentioned that there was an increase in smuggling and I think it was smuggling in something else. Yeah, smuggling and migrant activities. So it's a fairly small border compared to other borders. And so people are able to cross relatively easily. But given that there was a pandemic and there were stringent measures to control movement, you would think that some of those measures would apply to that border as well, but there was nothing. And so there was a news item about some smugglers had been arrested at that border. There was another news item about, I think, someone from Burkina Faso had crossed into the Upper West Region and they suspected that the person had COVID-19. And so, and among others, we just went to show that there was very little attention being paid to that border. See, so it was basically a diversion from the main official border to the. So Richard has another question for Mune this time. Did you look at indicators breakdowns within the vulnerability index? And if so, was there one or two that people were most commonly deprived of in Mune? Are you there? Yes. So yeah, we looked at, we also mapped each indicators at various special units. So the most depends also from whether you are looking at urban areas, rural areas about indicators. For example, in some of the urban areas, the indicators which are more important as sharing water, for example, is the most people are most deprived in terms of that indicator because most people share water, especially in rural areas. And the other one is also sharing toilet. Most people also in rural areas. So it depends where, which area you're looking at in terms of which indicator particularly is important in that particular area. So we provided every indicator and we mapped it at the province, municipality, the rural areas in the paper. Thanks. So I was wondering if you are planning or going to look at the special correlation between the vulnerability and actually COVID infections? And if you see something like that. I think that would be very interesting. Sorry. So I think that would be a very interesting future work given that there's data availability. We were trying to do though, so since we have this paper, but there is limitation in terms of data sets like we getting COVID cases, tests, because we have to control so forth test patterns because test patterns also vary across the space. So we're trying to get data sets, but so far we are not succeeded in terms of getting detailed cases at municipality level or then province level is not available. But if it's available in the future, we would like to do and push the paper. Thanks. Sounds good. Richard, I actually have a question for you. I was wondering how much of the differences across completely that you see can be explained by the COVID measures taken by the government or even the number of infections and how that is different from just the differences in the initial physical capital. Yeah, I was wondering if you could talk a bit more about that. Yeah, sure. I mean, that's a great question and something that I don't think we can fully ascertain the relative contributions of COVID specifically versus any kind of general initial deprivations or socioeconomic progress. Yeah, the data we have just doesn't allow us to do that kind of decomposition. But what I can say is that I didn't present here, but some of the other results we look at in the difference in difference framework are we formally look at educational enrolments. We look at the proportion of job loss or loss of income. And we also look at subjective wealth, kind of a liquid scale between one and six of your relative ranking of your wealth. And we find consistently for all of our outcomes that even in cases where all four countries are affected, unlike subjective well-being where Vietnam wasn't actually affected, the magnitude of the deprivation is largest in Peru and smallest in Vietnam by quite a long way of quite large magnitudes. And so, you know, if it was basing of kind of existing levels of deprivation, we wouldn't expect to find Peru being very heavily affected as they're a low middle income country saying comparisons to India and Ethiopia. But we consistently find this pattern that Peru, which has been worst affected in terms of the COVID cases and deaths per capita, seems to be consistently the worst affected in terms of the magnitude of the shocks. Also, just briefly, analyzing, we have a few indicators that we have recall periods on.  And what was your subjective wealth just before the pandemic broke out? And we consistently find that the countries that were doing well, such like Peru and Vietnam and even Ethiopia with its high economic growth, had continued to do well right up until the pandemic. But then they see these large declines during the pandemic itself. Okay. Thank you. Any more questions from the audience? Obviously. Otherwise, I have one for a bit. So which is, I thought it was really puzzling how the consumption, the reduction in consumption was so similar between rural and urban areas. Yeah. I was expecting that to be a much larger drop in urban than in rural, because I mean, usually the sort of measures are targeted more to urban areas and rural ones are a bit less affected. Like life goes on more or less as usual and people continue to go to their fields and plant their crops and whatnot. So I was thinking, can you expand a bit on that perhaps? Yeah. Actually, I was expecting, I was expecting the same and indeed when we use, well, there are also differences in the various approaches. For example, when we take sectors and we use detailed sectoral estimates, etc., we find that, for example, in urban areas, we have a bigger effect than in rural areas, but then on average, yeah, indeed we find a 10% decrease at rural and urban level. And, well, we think that, okay, even the urban areas were more affected than rural areas, especially in the beginning of the pandemic. Then the pandemics spread out also to other areas, even though urban areas are still more affected than rural ones, then, well, we think that, okay, it really needs as more stock in urban areas also to affect rural areas. That depends a lot also on the fact that the existence of markets for their products, the existence of, well, the possibility to have transportation or to get, for example, inputs and also food becoming available from neighboring countries, South Africa, etc. So even a small shock for rural areas can translate into a drop in consumption of a similar magnitude. Now, let's also take into account that the consumption levels in rural areas are much lower than in urban areas. So, for example, if average consumption in rural areas is 5 mtk per day, for example, a drop of 10% in that case is half a mtk, whereas, for example, in urban areas is about twice as much. And so the absolute reduction in consumption for urban areas was definitely higher. But, yeah, it is surprising for us as well. And that's why we are expecting now to have actual data, the actual data for the household budget survey that was done in 2019-20. And so have a look at actual household data if this is the case or if our simulations are not very correct. And so we have to revise the model. One possible explanation that I was just thinking about is also has to do with remittances and the drop-off remittances from the urban to the rural areas. So basically just the repercussion of this huge drop in urban that spills over to the rural ones. Absolutely. And you're definitely right. That can be a channel. And even though mobile phone transactions were increased in a way, so people from urban areas could send easily money to people in rural areas. Well, since they got a bigger shock, then the amount that was transferred to rural areas was definitely smaller. Perfect. Thank you. And I hope to continue to see you in the other sessions in the conference. And we can continue to talk. Thank you. Bye. Bye. Thank you.


to UVM live at five. My name is Ryan Hargraves and I am the director of admissions here at the University of Vermont. The UVM live at five series is designed so that you can learn a little bit more about what the University of Vermont has to offer through the eyes of some of our most distinguished community members. Today, we are fortunate to be joined by anthropology professor, Luis Vavanco. Professor Vavanco, we're so excited that you're here today. I know you're very busy, so appreciate your time. But why don't you start by telling us a little bit more about yourself and your path to the University of Vermont. Well, thanks, Ryan. I really appreciate this opportunity. I'm really excited to be speaking to all of you. So I am a cultural anthropologist. I focus on environmental issues. I'm really interested in the conditions for environmental sustainability. I've been studying social movements in Latin America that are trying to protect nature at the community level for probably about 25 years, worked in Costa Rica, Southern Mexico. And I'm a social movement scholar. I'm trying to figure out what kinds of claims are being made about protecting nature. How do these land and communities that have different ways of interacting with the natural landscape? That research was, at times, got me into studying ecotourism. And so I've written a fair amount about this phenomenon of ecotourism. And I remember hanging around, we anthropologists, we sort of hang around. That's our mode of research. We listen and we ask questions. And I remember doing a lot of field work in Costa Rica where I would ask the question, why did you come here? What are you looking for when you're coming to the tropical rainforest? And people would often tell me something about a nature film they'd seen. And so I eventually, I had shelved that at the time, and I eventually came back to it. So a whole nother research area for me is nature films. I'm very interested in how nature films communicate about the natural world, but also about how people relate to the natural world. Written recently about penguins. I asked myself, why are we so interested in penguins right now? Why are they all over the place in film? So I wrote a whole history of why penguins are interesting to people on film. And then lately, last six, seven years, I've been working on questions of urban sustainability and green urbanism movements, specifically around the bicycle. I use the bicycle as a lens to study social change and social movement politics in cities. I'm out there, of course, riding a bicycle as a form of field work and getting involved with activists and others who view the bicycle as a possibility for changing the way people get around their cities. So those are my main areas of research. I also write textbooks. I have a few popular anthropology textbooks. And my most recent project was, I just submitted the Oxford Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology. That was a big project that took me a few years to write. So I have a pretty broad array of interests beyond just my environmental research. Well, thank you. And speaking of bicycles, according to your colleagues, you've really been putting the pedal to the metal, so to speak, in the academic setting here at UVM. But I wanted to back up, and I know you're from the San Diego area for our conversation, which is a great ecosystem in of itself. But tell us about your path to UVM and how you ended up here. Why did you end up choosing the University of Vermont as a place to do your teaching and your research? Well, I feel very fortunate that I ended up here. This is a great institution. And so I left San Diego to go to college just down the road here at Dartmouth. And when I graduated, I remember thinking to myself, wow, I really love this part of the country. I would love to return here. Went off, did graduate school at Princeton. That was coming to an end when I won a pretty selective fellowship to come here. It's called a Henderson Fellowship for graduate students of color who are finishing their dissertations. And so I had that. One thing led to another. I guess I was a pretty good house guest and they offered me a tenure-track job. And so this was a really fortunate landing place for me. This institution is very hospitable to my image of what I want to do. And that's to be a teacher-scholar. I think we pride ourselves on our teacher-scholar model here. I love teaching. I love engaging undergraduates. And at the same time, we take scholarship very, very seriously. We're a powerful research institution as well. And that really fits my idea of the kind of institution I want to be at. Awesome. So in your work with students, if you can recollect on your career, perhaps tell us about a couple of particularly interesting students with whom you've worked and how they've maximized the educational opportunities here at Vermont. So I can think of two students that jump out immediately and they reflect different aspects of my teaching and my career here. So one student came with me to Oaxaca, Mexico. Now, some of you may know, we have a semester program in Oaxaca, Mexico. And I helped create that about 10 years ago. And so we would spend our first week in Oaxaca in a small Zapotec village. It was kind of a shock therapy for American students to be in this indigenous village. And we showed up one evening to this village that a couple of days into just being in Mexico, there was a young man named Keith who had never been outside the US. And here he is three days, two days after he lands in Mexico in this little village, literally no lights on. It's very dark. It's kind of in the middle of nowhere. He could be in Timbuktu as far as he's concerned. And we started sending the students off to their home stays for the evening. And boy, the look of panic in his eyes were really great. And I said, Keith, you gotta trust me. This is your pop quiz, buddy. You're gonna go and you're gonna have a really mind-blowing experience, but you gotta trust me on this. And I'll see you in the morning. And I just sort of pushed him on to the darkness. Now in the morning he comes and he's got an incredible sense of confidence and incredible sense of discovery. And he even said, I don't believe him, but he said, I had squirrel for breakfast. And I was like, Keith, this is such a difference. What happened? He said, Luis, I know I'm here because I need to learn. I need to open my worldview. I need to open my perspective. And man, that evening really did. This family opened their house to me and they were really hospitable. And I learned all kinds of things using my basic Spanish. And so that was the first week of the semester-long program. That really set him up to be open to radically different ways of being a whole different culture. And that to me was the power of learning in the field. And I love taking students out of the classroom. I do it all the time. I do a lot of service learning in the community. I do a lot of field-based ethnographic research with my students. And this was one extreme version of study abroad program that I did for a while. And I can see when students engage the world, we're not just learning about the world, we're learning in the world. And that to me is really powerful. Another student that comes to mind is a high flyer who just graduated a few years ago, came from Arkansas. She claims she was the first UVM student from Arkansas. No one's ever followed up, I wonder. But anyways, she comes from Arkansas, which is not a well-trodden path to here to UVM. But we got to know her very well. I got, she took a special program that I'm in called, it's of great interest to a lot of students in arts and sciences. We have these liberal arts learning community programs that are based in the dorms, but they have a strong academic piece. So Sammy was her name, she took that with me, got close to me and other faculty in that program. We knew she was a high flyer. And over the course of the next three and a half years after her first semester, she systematically got involved with faculty as a research assistant. She was very heavily relied on by some faculty members who could see her talent and smarts. She won a boring scholarship, which is a foreign language scholarship nationally competitive. And then when she graduated, she got a Fulbright to go to Kazakhstan. And she's been there now, I think she's just wrapping it up. But here's a student who really thrived in the environment we have, who had lots of opportunities to get these nationally competitive grants and to in her own way develop a real global view on the world. Awesome. Yeah, thank you for telling us about Keith and Sammy. I think those stories definitely help illustrate some of the pretty amazing students that we have here at the University of Vermont. But why don't you end by telling us, what are some of the benefits if you have folks out there considering University of Vermont among many other choices? What are some of the benefits in your opinion of a UVM education? Well, I think first of all, we have to say we've got world-class faculty here. I am impressed constantly by my colleagues and their curiosity, their creativity, their impact. But I also think it's the location is really important. And I don't mean that just because we're in this beautiful place on the sandwich between these mountains and this beautiful lake. That plays a role, but it's more the Vermont. Vermont is a scale that allows you as a student and me as a faculty member to engage in the big issues of our time and really get involved. We have access to our politicians. We have access to leaders in our community in ways that you don't necessarily get in other larger scale locations. And so what it means for me is I can create those high impact learning opportunities for my students. Where sometimes our work really counts. And so I teach a class every summer. It's kind of a fun and curious and exciting class. It's called Bicycles, Globalization and Sustainability.  But here we do service learning. And my students have gotten very involved in the transportation system in Burlington through their research, through their service projects. And they've had a real impact on the city. And so the scale I think is a really critical element here. We have the strength of a research university. And we have the intimacy of the small scale liberal arts college. I think it's the best of both worlds. Awesome. And I always try to stress how incredible our faculty are but how accessible they are as well. So with that, I'm gonna ask you a final question. It's sort of a pop quiz question. What is your favorite film? My favorite film is, oh boy, you got me. Okay, it's called Te Rua. And it's a Maori Heist film. It's a film created by Maori activists and it's sort of about cultural appropriation. It's a very layered film told from the perspective of Maori storytellers. I'm an anthropologist. I'm very interested in these kinds of things. So yeah, it's called Te Rua. Awesome. I'll have to put that one on the list for sure. Well, we have run out of time but Professor Vanco, I wanna thank you again for just spending a few minutes with us and helping us discover more about what the University of Vermont has to offer. So with that, thank you guys for joining us for another episode of UVM Live at Five. We'll see you next time. Thank you so much.


Live from New York, it's theCUBE, covering AWS Summit New York 2018. Brought to you by Amazon Web Services and it's ecosystem partners. Hey, welcome back everyone. We're live here in New York City, theCUBE's exclusive coverage of AWS Amazon Web Services Summit 2018 in New York City. I'm John Furrier with my co-host Jeff Frick. We're here for all day, wall-to-wall coverage, telling the thought leaders, getting all the news out there. Next guest is Mark Ryland, director at AWS office of the CISO chief information security officer. Great to have you on theCUBE. Great to be here. Hey, thanks for coming on. You've been involved in AWS, you had a tech history going back, you know, early days of computing. Cloud is obviously taking over the data center and the enterprise, but it's had it started in startups, small growing businesses, cloud native. And now enterprises are looking for cloud native, looking for a do-over at an infrastructure level. You're in the middle of it. What are the, what's the top conversations you're hearing here at the show? What are you guys working on? Cause security is the number one problem. Scale, these are challenges. So I've been in this business quite a while. I joined AWS almost seven years ago, which, you know, like we talk, joke about like dog years, like that's like 49 years at AWS. And lots of changes since then, lots of progress. And in the early days, it was like, first of all, conversations like what's a bookseller in here doing, talking to me about IT, you know, in the early days. And I worked in public sector, so governments naturally had lots of concerns about, hey, what's this cloud thing? Is it secure? And frankly, people, the word cloud is so ambiguous that they would think about like consumer use cases like Gmail or Facebook, and they think that's cloud and this is cloud, and that doesn't sound very like safe and private. So, you know, we had to educate people on, hey, a fundamental property of our business is to give you isolation and control and visibility. If we don't give you that, then you really are never going to use this platform for anything but the most trivial applications. So from the start, we were very focused on communicating the message. And it's gotten out there now. People are really understanding that. I think not only is it out there, I think you guys at the public sector, the work you were involved in, and Amazon in general, Amazon Web Services, really took that whole security ambiguity thing off the table and put it to bed. The CIA deal a few years ago, check, a lot of good work in department of defense, so the government certainly is really stringent on security, enterprises now recognize that cloud security's not an issue like it was, they thought it was. It's changed over a certain time. In fact, to the contrary now, we hear from customers like FINRA, you've probably interviewed them. They say, look, we're more confident in our cloud-based workloads than we are in our data center workloads. Just because cloud has, it's all API-driven, software-defined, we have visibility into everything that's going on. We have the ability to automate more and more because so many things we've struggled with in the past where humans like typing on things and making mistakes and if you can automate those things and humans are always going to be back there somewhere like writing the scripts and writing the code. But now you do source reviews, you check it into a source repository, you get peer review of the code and you apply software design principles to security and that secure DevOps is really the future and it's what everyone's going to. I wanted to get into about the IoT edge. Before I get there, I want to ask you a question that I want to just get on the table on the record. Security, certainly we talked about kind of a level set but it's been called a do-over.  If a company can do security over in the cloud and do it right, and this has been a company we've had on theCUBE for many years, if you can do a do-over in security and Pat Gelsinger at VMware clearly said this years ago, it's a do-over. What is the best approach? What are you seeing as a do-over option? How are people thinking about it? How are they rolling it out? How are they managing security? The big, big change is to think about security as a essentially engineering process that involves automation. So if you, in the past, when you would configure systems and servers and switches and routers, it would be humans going in, logging in, typing things, maybe there's a runbook if things are well organized. But the problem is you're doing things in a very manual fashion. The fundamental approach we can take now is we can say, look, when I deploy this service, when I have, first of all, go back to my stand-up meetings of my DevOps team, my Agile meeting is like, there's a security guy there. There's a compliance gal there. There are people involved in the development process that are focused on security. My security tests run on that code. My penetration tests run in an automated fashion. Each step along the way before I deploy to live has security as an element. I'm not coming along later and trying to patch and shore up the perimeter of something that fundamentally wasn't built in a secure fashion. I'm building it in. And that's the big change, is to think about security as just a fundamental property of every single thing I deploy, I think about security right from the get-go. And that's the big change we're seeing in the industry right now. Now the other thing that you get now that you didn't have before is the advance in machine learning and artificial intelligence. So now you've got a whole another kind of level of automation and horsepower that you can apply to this problem that you didn't have before. And this cloud platform is emitting all kinds of incredibly useful and interesting metadata about CPU consumption, network consumption, flow logs about the interaction between systems and a network. And that goes into a data lake and now you've got this rich access to historical data, current data about what's going on in your environment and then you apply machine learning techniques. So look for anomalies, look for things that you haven't seen before, look for inefficiencies that you can improve. In fact, security is and just availability. Those are fundamentally similar properties, right? An unavailable system is equally a problem as one that's been hacked or something, right? So security was always part confidentiality, integrity and availability. Now those really emerging into this focus on, hey, keep these systems up, keep them safe and secure and the techniques and tools are there. It's a very powerful change. And I think the architectural philosophy of horizontally scalable systems allows you to have a surface area or observation space to look at the data and use AI. With that increased surface area which we're not talking about a perimeter now, we're talking about flat perimeter. I mean, non-perimeter surface area is the IoT, mobile edge or now telematics car. So as the mobility piece changes and grows and as devices become IP enabled, whether it's sensors or people or whatever, the surface area is massive. How do you secure it? How does IoT grow? How does that become a comfortable equation for a CIO or a security officer? I mean, because that's just a challenge. It is. And you have to say, on the one hand, with these dynamic environments that where deployments are common, you don't have the advanced persistent threat issue, right? You don't have code laying around for months that no one detects because you're constantly updating and improving. But on the other hand, as you say, cloud and mobile often go together because if you're going to be using internet or using public networks to get, connect from these remote devices to the cloud. And so now the perimeter is no longer the key security feature of your environment. Perimeter lists is what's happening with these mobile and IoT type applications. So now we have to focus on every communications got to be secure. We have to have device management as a security feature. We have to be able to update and patch dynamically all the things that are out in the field. We have to do key management in a reasonable way, make sure that we have the public key certificates for a secure TLS communication that those can be updated. Those are all built into our IoT platform. So IoT, in fact, when we launched IoT, we took a, at the time, controversial decision, which is we did not permit insecure connections, not any connection required TLS, you know, the secure transport layer. And so that was actually excluded a lot of small devices from ability to connect to our back end. However, we subsequently, now with free RTOS, we've added the TLS capabilities to these very tiny microcontroller type devices so they can make encrypted connections to a secure back end and we can manage those remotely as well. Mark, what are some of the tools and you guys and services you have at Amazon that would make the IoT architect get inspired? What are some of the key technologies that you guys have? Well, you know, we start with a very core concept which we call device shadows. So for each device in your environment, there's an object in the cloud that represents that device. It supports the properties and synchronizes with the device when it's online. But even when the device is offline, you can still write application code that updates the device. And next time the device connects, it will take those changed properties and merge them in with the running configuration. So you can literally write code that doesn't care about connected or disconnected state because you're programming the shadows rather than the actual devices. So that gets people excited. And then all the incoming devices, there's an analytics service that's built in, streaming analytics, ability to see what's going on with all those devices as they make changes, ability to just subscribe to different topics and have updates propagate across millions of devices in a very scalable efficient way. To deal with the spike scaling spikes, like you might have a million devices that aren't very busy one day and are super busy another day. And in a traditional environment, it's really hard to handle those peak loads. And with the IoT service, you can scale up. And then of course, as I said, security is a key property built into the service. So one of the big news items this week is Snowball. Yeah. Give us some color commentary around what's going on Snowball and what's the big story there? Snowball is a super cool platform and customers love the ability. First of all, we have these, you know, 80 or 100 terabyte devices, the loggable devices that we ship around. And I'll talk about some amazing security. We've had them on the key before. We had it in Snowball. The original Snowball. We also have Snowmobile, which is the truck that can go around. Digital Globe was our first customer to use that. And that was, that's a super cool. And as time has gone by, we've added more and more capabilities. We added, you know, first it was S3 endpoints and then it was the file server. So an NFS type of endpoint to make it easy to get data in and out of these devices. Then we added Lambda and Greengrass, which makes it programmable. So I can write Lambda code in the cloud that gets automatically deployed to the device. And then when I'm working at a disconnected or remote location, whether it's an oil field or a hospital somewhere, my code can run and respond to events on that device. Today we're actually announcing another really cool capability, which I think comes later this morning in the keynote. So tease that, but look for a really cool addition to Snowball. So that's been a big success with customers. We have these amazing use cases like University of Oregon. They take these devices, they used to have literally hundreds of hard disks they had to manage, put on a boat, go out and do a geographic exploration with the oceanography group. And they come back and there's like, literally a great video online that shows them lugging boxes of disks around and the people in the data center scratching their heads and having a bad day. And now they've got these devices, they're like, wow, we're like 10 times more efficient and we can process more data, we can do better science.  How deep is the edge go in your mind? What does the edge of the network mean to you? Gosh, I mean, the whole idea of the edge is sort of gradually disappearing. I mean, we still have perimeters, we still have firewalls. I mean, we all do that to some extent. We'll never, it won't go away completely rapidly.  Yeah, that's for sure.  Edge computing, absolutely. So, kind of crazy. The devices, the smart watches that are, you know, connected to the internet. LTE on your watch, I guess. That's not uncommon now, so. And the microcontrollers, that's one of the big announcements we made at re-event last year was building, taking the free RTAS operating system and essentially bringing that into the Amazon family, providing the libraries you need to connect to our cloud back in and making that free and open source. And so now even the $3, the $1.50 microcontroller can actually talk to the cloud using a free operating system. So that's been a huge step up in terms of the breadth of the platform. So, Mark, I got to ask you a question, a personal question.  Knowing what you know now at AWS, the work you've been through at public sector now as an office of the CISO, and you go back into your best buddy, calls you and says, hey, come in, let's transform this large bank, this large insurance company, this oil and gas company. Knowing what you know at Amazon, you were deployed in to do a digital transformation. What would you do? What would be the first things you'd do? How would you lay it out? How would you attack the problem set of getting a real company that's operating at scale to transform to the cloud? What would you do? Well, the good news is we've thought about this a lot and we actually have something called the cloud transformation framework, which has steps and concepts and a workshop that enables one for the CISO. Of course you use the Amazon version. Yeah, of course. I mean, but they're generic concepts, right? Prior to getting to technology, you have to do things like application inventory, you have to do things like which of these applications is easily migratable, which of them, if I have a main frame-based application, that's not going to be my first thing workload I move, right? Because there's a lot of work you have to do. Although you can create API front-ends for those applications and people do that all the time. So yeah, application inventory, look at where is the, in my business strategy, digital transformation, where do I need to be the most agile, the most ability to move more quickly? I'm going to take that set of applications and make those my cloud priority, because if I have some, whether it's an accounting application that I don't consider part of necessary to really advance my digital strategy, then I won't move that so quickly. So. How would you talk to a customer or even investor, a lot of venture capitalists in Silicon Valley that are now getting back in the club, maybe they took a little heyatus, and you know, go back five, six years. The tech stack was pretty simple. Yeah. It's changed a lot with cloud. How would you describe the changes in the tech stack with cloud versus say a normal on-premise kind of data center architecture? I think the biggest change I'm seeing, and I'm surprised at the adoption rate is Lambda is serverless. We have a lot of enterprise customers that we thought would not be the first to adopt Lambda, but since they're doing significant application rework, they say like, why should I, you know, go to containers, for example? I can construct an application that just functions. I've got all these storage services. I've got functions that scale automatically. Lambda uptake has been tremendous. And so that I think is probably the biggest change, biggest surprise. Why does it surprise you that the uptake has been so good? Because it seems like we've been driving towards this kind of atomic compute world where the units of compute and stored networks can just continue to get smaller and smaller and smaller. And yet you said it's a surprise. I guess, you know, maybe it's me. It's my mental limitations, but I guess I thought people would say, well, that's a bridge too far. I'm going to first just, you know, make sure everything works in the cloud with my virtual machine model. Maybe I'll go to containers, which is not a big lift from VMs. But to go to Lambda is a substantial code rewrite or, you know, code refactoring. But I'm happy to see people say, you know what, the advantages are so clear. And I mean, we see applications that would take literally like $1,000 a month to run with a couple VMs and now they'll be like $50 a month with Lambda. And they'll have better peak scaling, but in the middle of the night, there won't be any functions running and you're paying $0. But you can't shut the VM down and you can't rely on autoscaling because autoscaling takes like three minutes to start the VM and what if someone comes up and wants to do that in the middle of the night? So Lambda is truly revolutionary in terms of cost performance and other things. It changes the autoscaling equation big time. Completely, yeah. I mean, the scaling happens in seconds and you can scale to thousands of functions per second and from zero in like almost no time at all. Yeah, it's interesting the VM, the virtual machine wave that hit really did a lot of great stuff. And now you're seeing Kubernetes, microservices, really that whole nother Lambda functions go in the whole nother level. Which goes to the security point we were making earlier because each of those microservices now can be a hardened endpoint talking to another hardened endpoint. And there's no lateral mobility. If I get owned on one of these little microservices, what can they do? It can call their microservices, you know? It's not like you get inside and now you're in. It's kind of the old model with applications. It kind of takes security and kind of spreads it out versus one kind of place where hackers can go. Exactly.  Right. This technical cost. And something like Lambda, you know, there's a discovery phase when you're hacking.  Okay, well, and you're in a Lambda function, you got about 30 seconds to figure out what's going on and then you're dead. You're going to get killed, so good luck. It changes a honeypot strategy big time. It's just interesting to me that so few people talk about turning off, which you just talked about the great advantage in a service environment versus a server. You actually could turn off. I said to keynote, the guy said, yeah, on the weekends, we actually turned this particular service off. Yeah. And the vendor was like, and we're happy because they're not using it and they shouldn't be paying for it. I don't think enough people talk about that. So we have one minute. I'm watching the live feed now. Looks like there's a snowball announcement. Something about an edge. Okay, you're up. Okay. Data Lake in S3. We have a Data Lake in S3 and I still don't know. Dr. Werner Vocals and Dr. Matt Wood. They had Werner on stage. Edge workloads, something about Edge workloads they're announcing it now. Switch.tv slash aws if you want to go check it out. But come back to theCUBE if you're watching now. Very exciting. Good stuff going on. Collect and pre-process remote site data, develop and test EC2 based apps in the cloud and run disconnected locations. Is that what you were getting at? The announcement is EC2 on Snowball. So you can run, you can take an AMI out of EC2, import it into your Snowball. It'll get deployed to the edge. And now you've got a full virtual machine model in addition to Lambda because there's still some code that is written for virtual machines. And so we made it really easy now to make your VMs run in the Snowball disconnected environment and update the local storage and when the device ships back. So this development and testing gets done once? In the cloud. In the cloud. It's essentially offline cloud. Exactly. It's offline cloud with EC2 now. So we had for Lambda before, now we're adding EC2, which will bring a lot of traditional codes whether it's maybe some COBOL application or an HPC app that is never going to be Lambda eyes, but you've got an investment in the existing code. Now that can run it at the edge in a disconnected way. So very exciting. Great chat on Twitch. You can export from relational to flat format and S3 using DMS, the migration service. Great stuff. It's very exciting. So our final question. And I didn't get to talk about the security, but these devices are amazing. Tell us. Okay, so first of all, you can't make a physical device literally tamper proof, but you make them tamper resistant and you make them exhibit signs of tampering. Remember, these devices are out of our physical control and out of our customers physical control for extended periods of time. They're in transit by shipping companies. So tamper evidence is really important. You want to know if someone tried to open that thing up. Secondly, that's by far not the most important thing. Everything on the device is fully encrypted. It's encrypted with multiple layers. It's encrypted with a combination of KMS cloud keys and the TPM in the device, it's private keys so that you need both keys to be present for the device to not be a brick. So, and we don't even deploy into our API the code that the manifest file you need until the shipper tells us they've delivered the device to you. So imagine I'm a hacker and I take a device in transit and I even hack your credentials and I can somehow get into your environment. There's no data there to unencrypt the device because it hasn't shown in the shipper system to be a delivered device. So, you know, it goes on and on like that, so. So the authentication only happens. They can't do anything. They can't do anything. Things turned on. UPS or FedEx informs our API that this device has been delivered to its end destination. That's when you finally, the cryptographic information needed to unlock the device that becomes available in the API to our customers. And then from there I could go on and on about the layers and layers of encryption there to use. Basically, if you unplug that device, you brick the device. Someone can open it up and they can get access to all the physical stuff. There's nothing there of interest to them because there's like triple layers of AES 256 encryption. And there's no way to spoof the origination piece. Yeah, I mean we can go into every threat vector you can, we thought of it through pretty carefully. And actually we're working on a security blog post to talk about all the cool layers of careful thought that have gone into making the snowball, which is a, your data's in transit and we don't control it and you don't control it. And so we've got to make sure that that's a very secure environment and we've done the work to do that. Well, let's make some time to follow up with more security conversations with you. Sounds good. Sounds good. Final question before I got to get this out there. Okay. What is the most exciting thing that you're working on right now? Or technology that gets you excited? Oh gosh, where do I start? It's like a kid in a candy store working at AWS if you like technology, right? So great new security features coming. I'm a networking geek. I love what we do in networking and virtual networking. We've got some amazing capabilities we're working on in that space. And better management, better governance. I mean enterprise customers want more of these high level features that are not just the powerful little Lego bricks, but also the more, what we call kits like, hey, pre-build something for me. And so we're using things like AWS organizations and some of our higher level services. We make it easier for you to manage these environments. I mean, just the improvements in our billing platform doesn't sound very exciting, but billing reports, billing insight into billing, you know, cost management, budgets. You can set budgets and see how you're doing against but all those features are important to enterprise customers. And, you know, we've got a long way to go. There's a million more things we're going to do. You got a lot of operators and developers now you got to cater to ease of use is critical. Absolutely, yeah. Mark, thanks for coming on theCUBE. Mark Ryland is the office of the CISO. He's a director at AWS. I'm John Furrier with Jeff Frick, it's theCUBE. Stay with us for more live coverage here in New York City. We'll be right back.


Hi there. I am sitting in a little park here tucked away in New York City and today I'm gonna show you how to get around New York City by bicycle and a lot of people think wow New York that place must be nuts to ride a bike there's so much traffic and chaos and noise and other things and that is true but New York is actually a great place to ride a bicycle. They're doing a lot in the world of bicycle advocacy and adding more bike lanes. I personally love riding here. It's exhilarating and fun and pretty safe. So I enlisted the help of my good friend Clarence Eggerson Jr. He has highlighted transportation projects all over the world. He knows New York City so well all the bike lanes and he has a rad bike. Look at that bike. That's my kid or it's for you maybe. Yeah I think I should sit right there. So where are we gonna roll today? Well we're here in Williamsburg so we're gonna see a few things here in Brooklyn. I'm gonna take people over to Queens to see you know Queens doesn't really get it stewed to see some of the cool things we got going on there. It really kind of depends where you are in the city. Yeah there's a lot of different kinds of lanes and there's a lot of different types of lanes to see. So I thought we'd do that and then we maybe head over to Manhattan to see a little bit of Manhattan. Alright so we're gonna get Ryan a city bike. Yesterday in fact we set a record for a daily city bike use. I think it was 80 about 89,000 rides. So all what you see here is new. All these residential towers, all this public space, all this waterfront access. You know I can tell you 20 years ago we used to come over here and we'd hike over boulders and fences and broken bottles and who knows what maybe occasional dead body. Just to you know walk along the waterfront. Now you know it's nice to see that you know people are gonna grow up with this from day one. Look at us. Are you smart? We have a delivery truck right in the bike lane. Reminds me of the Casey Neistat video where he just crashed himself into everything that was blocking the bike lanes. Hit it. That's what happens. You almost hit somebody. And that's not allowed. They're not allowed to unload in the bike lanes but they just don't care. They don't care. They don't care. Whatever the truck. Clarence I like riding on bridges. Which one is this? This is the Pulaski bridge in about three years ago. After almost 10 years of adjudicacy and people asking for it. They decided to give us our own lane on the roadway. They took the roadway down from three to two lanes. Made this for bicycles. This just for pedestrians. And it's incredible. It's one of the more successful things that have ever happened because now you go between Brooklyn Queens without any stress. Are we in Queens dude? We'll be in Queens in exactly three. You know when I think of Queens I think of coming to America. That's one of my favorite movies man. We're in New York now. Let us dress as New Yorkers.  You see there is some nature in New York City. He just got to look for it. Like in the back of a little hoopty. A little bit of nature. It's really cool because at this spot they're going to be building a lot of businesses. A lot of residential towers. A lot of investment. And they put in the protected bike lanes basically before anything. And it's kind of what we need to be doing in any city in America that we know it's going to be having a lot of investment. You got to build the infrastructure now for when people move in. So they don't gripe and moan and community boards go. We don't want bike lanes. Because that's what happened. This is so cool.  So this opened up last year and we're right along the waterfront in Queens at Gantry State Park. And you can see they have designed this for our future for when the seas rise. All this can you know take a lot more water than used to be what was here. So you know we're looking at very environmentally friendly. Very accessible for recreation and walkers and runners. We have the protected bike lane out there. We are set in this area for hopefully the next 50 years when the seas rise. But there's a lot of plans to do stuff like this all around New York along the East River and anywhere that touches water. What should I do? There's a truck in the bike lane. Do we hit them? These guys are just parked here. We're riding it legally on the sidewalk now but what are you gonna do? Carved out by New York City DOT and parks so that we can get safely to the Queensborough Bridge. So we're about to head into Manhattan over the Queensborough Bridge. Not as it says the Edcott Bridge. Nobody calls it the Edcott Bridge. I've never heard anybody say that. This is quite a climb to go over this bridge. Everything in New York is somewhat flat. But if you live in one of the boroughs and you got to go to Manhattan, you face a climb at some point. So this is First Avenue and you can see from First Avenue they have a bus lane, bus only lane, and they also have the protected bike lane which I absolutely adore. I love First Avenue. It's my favorite bike lane in all of Manhattan. It goes from Canal Street all the way up to the 120s. Yeah buddy. Oh wow. I don't know where he's going surfing but he's going to have a great day. That is a guarantee. That's pretty cool. You know another good reason that these are so wide and also here you can see people that are in wheelchairs can use them. People on scooters. We are in Central Park and we are going to get a break from the madness of Manhattan. Central Park was made completely car-free just last year and that followed a long time of advocacy. From the 70s, 1970s we got weekends closed and then you know incrementalism a little bit here more and more and more until you can now see the wonderful quiet oasis that it is that people that live in the city come for a little peace of mind. It is as quiet as it's going to get anywhere in Manhattan here. Ah you know I feel like my heart rate has seriously gone down being here in Central Park. You can just breathe easier and it smells better. Everything is better in Central Park which goes to show that nature when you allow it to grow really does good things for human well-being and of course nature and animals. There's birds flying overhead and it's bizarre because I flipped this camera around you can see some huge buildings right here. We would love to hang out in Central Park and have a little picnic but Clarence has to pick up his little boy so we're going to go get him. Yeah Clarence the third! Not Clarence Jr. that's me. Oh I want this bike the Lovemore bike. Pride week. I think it's for Pride week and yeah we are going to celebrate. It's another truck garden. You might see bikes like this that are painted white and left out as a shrine that in cities all over the world and they're called ghost bikes and they're to commemorate people who have died while riding their bikes and I like what they've done here they actually made it like an official monument now with a sign and everything and it's just a reminder that you know there's a lot of bike lanes a lot of bike infrastructure but you still have to be very careful especially in a city like New York. Is that your boy? That's my boy. Say hi Clarence. Yeah my man. Who can only ride in the green lanes? Bicycles.  We are hanging out in this little park lit took over two parking spots they made this cozy place to sit. Brian a big hug. Thank you buddy. Thank you for having a play date with us. How were you playing? Brian you had a play date with us? I guess I did.  Yeah but it was great that we actually got to see three boroughs yeah and um three hours. Three hours to see. A lot of fun things and there's like so much more going on and I really appreciate you showing me a little piece of your world man. Yeah it's fun and again New York has a long way to go and it's a little trouble in areas to ride but if you know what you're doing and you know the good places to go yeah you can really get around pretty safely. That's right so if you ever come to New York City get one of the city bikes and just start cruising around and you'll figure it out and you know ride fairly carefully and you should be a okay we didn't get hit by any cars today. No not even close.


Hello everyone welcome to the NARC Survivor YouTube channel and in this video I'm going to be talking about how the narcissist will betray you no matter what you do for them. Please give this video a thumbs up down below as it will help the YouTube algorithm to get this message out there. No matter what you do or don't do the narcissist will always end up being disloyal and unfaithful to you. They will always disappoint your hopes and expectations. They will break their promises. They will always let you down in the end. But what gives them the ability to do that is your belief, your acceptance that something exists always true when you don't even have any proof. Because as long as you have this blind faith and confidence in the narcissist you will experience unfortunate circumstances when you finally come to your senses and you realize that you have made a very big mistake. Because no matter what you do for them they will always cheat, swindle and exploit you in the end. It's just your belief that keeps you holding on as you're going through this cycle of perceived loss and gain where you're doubting yourself while they're not even thinking about you in a serious way. Because while you may not see it at the time they already know that your worth far more than what you're settling for.   But until that point you're still giving them your serious consideration. You're giving careful thought and reflection as though you actually believe that it could amount to something worthwhile in the future because they've managed to gain your acceptance and belief which are really the only things they need to keep you stuck. Because you should already know what you're dealing with after witnessing the behaviors over a long period of time. So you should continue in this course of action with commitment and without any doubt. Instead of treating them as though they're not your enemy or opposition because that's only going to put you back where you started. It's not going to cause you to gain any ground. It's only ever going to set you back even more. Which is why you must move in a certain way so that you can protect yourself by being aware of what they're trying to do to you.  If you're finding this video helpful please do give it a thumbs up down below. Thank you. But yes they may come to you and try to play the victim. But they are always the initiators of everything that goes wrong. Because they orchestrate it all. They're just trying to get you to feel sorry for them so that you don't leave them. Because they know that you're empathic. So of course it's very easy for them to play it on your mind. Because you want to help. You don't want to let anyone down. That might make you feel guilty. So you want to be the one who rescues them. But by doing that you are making a big mistake. Because you should be taking away your belief and acceptance from what is being presented. And instead you should be looking at it from a rational point of view. When you're able to make a sensible decision. Because there is a clear ongoing pattern of behaviour. Which should reveal to you that something is not right. It should allow you to remove yourself from the situation emotionally.  Where you are then vulnerable to attack. When you are just trying to help them. Because that is how they keep you stuck. You can't help them. They don't even want you to help them. They just want to punish you. So if you trust and believe in them. They're just going to drain you of your resources and support. Until you finally come to the conclusion that you should have trusted your better and initial judgement. Of never getting involved with them to begin with. Because it's never going to be any good for you. It's never going to work to your advantage. They just manage to instill this belief in you. That there is something good about them. When really there is nothing good about them. It's just a false appearance. So that they can get something out of you. But many people choose not to believe it. And they strive forward in an attempt to assist someone. Who is only going to exploit them in the end. Because it is all a game. And whether you get played or not really depends on your belief. It depends on whether or not you're still hopeful. When you accept them as honest and deserving. Even though you may have doubts. Because that is what puts you into trouble. Where you're overlooking their ongoing patterns of behaviour. Which is only going to repeat itself. Because they're only going to continue their reckless self-sabotage behaviour. Even while you're trying to help them. Because that's just the nature of their disorder. They always do things that block their own success. And prevent them from accomplishing their own goals. They always mess it up in the end. Even when things are going well. Because deep down they know that they don't deserve it.  So they already know it's not going to amount to anything. Because at some point you're going to wake up. And you're going to realise who and what you're actually dealing with. And then you're going to want to get rid of them. But by that point you will have already lost so much from dealing with them. And what got you to this point was your belief in them. Which is why if you believe you're dealing with a narcissist. You should never second guess yourself. And you should trust that you're making the right decision. In taking yourself away from them. Because collaborating with them is only going to put you at a disadvantage.  It's never going to leave you in a better position than when you started. Thank you for watching. If you found this video helpful please give it a thumbs up. Share your thoughts in the comment section. Hit the subscribe button to receive the notifications. If you would like to support the channel you can donate at paypal.me.naarx survivor. You can book a one-on-one with me on my website it's naarxsurvivor.co.uk Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.