In this video I'm going to introduce the laws of conservation on one particular example, which is the law of conservation of energy.  What I have is a glass of water that is filled with less than half of water and I want you to find an equation that describes how much water is in the glass after pouring a bit more in. So this is the initial state. I have some water in my glass and then I'm going to add more and now I have the final amount of water in my glass. So please pause the video and think about how the initial amount of water in the glass relates to the final amount of water in the glass. Once you have written down your equation, come back to this video. So I think all of you have probably come up with something like this. A final amount of water is equal to the initial amount plus what I added. Now if I basically consider more general, I could say what I have after is what I had before plus the change. Now in my example with the water, the change could be positive or negative. The change could be I'm adding more water. So after more than I had before. The change could be negative. I'm taking out water. So what I have after is less than before or I could just keep one glass and then the amount of water in the glass is conserved. I don't have any change. What I have after is what I have before. Now this is the basic of the laws of all laws of conservation and there are many of them. You have conservation of matter, conservation of charge, conservation of spin, conservation of energy, conservation of momentum. So this goes on and on and on. And once you understand this one basic thing that what you have after is what you have before plus the change then you will understand all of these conservation laws. Now in the case of energy, so for energy, conservation of energy, of energy, I can rewrite this as my energy final is my energy initial plus the change. Now the change where we talk about energies can come in two ways. It could come through mechanical work or it could come through heat. Once again if my work is positive, my final energy will be higher than the initial one. If the work is negative, the final energy will be lower than the initial one. At the same time with the heat, if we're adding heat to a system, the final energy will be higher. If we're removing heat from an system, then the final energy will be lower. Now in your chemistry classes, you're mostly concerned about just looking at the heat. So you know this equation and form it out in mechanical work. In your thermodynamics classes, you're actually looking at both of them at the same time. And now in your mechanics class, we're most interested about the mechanical work and we're usually going to assume that heat is zero. Then there's even the simple case where we have conservation of energy where there's no external work entering or leaving the system where final energy is equal initial energy. So one equation for your chemistry class, for your thermodynamics class, for your mechanics class and for your simple mechanical situation for conservation of energy all based on the same principle what you have after is what you have before plus the change.


Evan Mobley or Scotty Barnes. It's early, but these two rookies have taken the league by storm and are front runners for Rookie of the Year, so far. Mobley looks like the second coming of Chris Bosch. The common collected big man is averaging a solid 14.9 points, 8 boards, and holding opponents to a 44.4 field goal percentage against him. Before the season, the Cavs are seen by many to be a bottom feeder, a schedule W. If they started today, Cleveland would be in the playoffs, thanks in no small part to Mobley. Now Barnes plays the game like a 10-year vet. Opponents already have raved about his basketball IQ, size, and enthusiasm for the game. Opponents like, oh I don't know, some guy named Kevin Durant. Barnes can guard pretty much any position. He's also averaging 16.6 points and 8.7 boards. Not bad for a guy who had scouts saying, could it shoot? So who is Rookie of the Year? Will it be Mobley? Barnes? Or someone else entirely?


We'll coming up on this special edition of hope today life in a post-world world We have an exciting special guest that I'm gonna introduce to you right now. Come on on pastor Tiff All right, everybody. This is beautiful baby Silas and we're gonna hear from his mom and how she chose life So it's gonna be a great show We want you to stay tuned tune in because it's gonna be action-packed We are gonna mobilize you to get off of the front row and on to the front line on this special episode of hope today Welcome to this very special edition of hope today life in a post-world world I'm Jan thany Gilbert alongside my beautiful lovely awesome wife pastor Tiffany Gilbert good to be with you Thank you. It's good to be here. Yes. Yes. We're represented and we've got our shirts y'all I don't know if we can get this shot here. Yeah, we've got our shirts choose life We are so honored and so thankful that cornerstone television has given us an opportunity To be able to come to you in the beginning of 24 and talk about the subject of life It is so important pastor Tiff that we understand what God is doing in this day and hour And you know what this the purpose of this show ladies and gentlemen is to educate to inform and to inspire That's what we are looking to do. And so today We've got some stats that we want to give to you You're right. And that's so important that education piece is a really really important And I do I have some stats that I'd like to share with you And they are staggering stats on abortion that were released from the Pennsylvania Department of Health over 95 abortions were done every day in PA in 2022 this is 95 babies created with purpose and destiny by our Lord over the past five years there have been 5,000 more babies aborted annually over 4,000 were aborted after three months in pregnancy just to make it clear Unborn babies are fully formed at 12 weeks. You can see that picture up on the screen right there of these 4,000 babies sadly 500 were aborted after five months and you can see that five month picture up there as well and over 19,000 abortions in PA were chemical abortions, which has been recorded the highest Number in PA history to date stated by the PA family Institute. There are 34,838 reasons why abortion is not life-saving and That's the number of babies killed by an abortion in 2022 Pastor Jay, I mean that's I mean when you look at those stats. It's just it's really overwhelming I mean, I I just it's I'm speechless Well, you know what there is one great thing about that today You are going to see a young baby boy in our studio today because it could have been one more abortion But because of your efforts and our efforts together Guess what there's a baby boy his name is Silas it's here along with his wonderful mother Sonya Miller she's going to be coming to share her Wonderful testimony of how she has chosen life and that's the reason why we're doing what we're doing That's reason why we're asking people to get off of the front row onto the front lines Is so then we can see more and more baby safe and that's important I mean we have to I mean there's a call to action and we have to move forward Pastor Jay I mean that's just so important. I also want to share this quote from judge Cheryl Allen who we know Very well She stated that abortion is the single leading cause of death in the black community Nationally over Pastor Jay. It's 20 million. Wow black babies have been killed since row V Wade What that is that's one third of the total abortions while black people only make up 13.6% of the population Margaret singer founder of Planned Parenthood and the leading she was the lead of the eugenics movement Would be proud that came from judge Cheryl Allen. Wow well, you know and it's amazing how many black people don't understand And that's why I'm speaking to the african-american community out there that abortion was meant to target our Society it was a eugenics movement to annihilate and destroy the black african-american race We have to become educated on these matters ladies and gentlemen That's the reason why we stepped up and did this is when we found this out We said wait a minute We've got to educate people and that's the purpose of this show to educate to inform you and to inspire Absolutely, and that's exactly what happened to us everybody.  I mean I couldn't believe it I mean before we knew we said, you know what? Yes abortion, we know it's wrong and there's Prayer for those who have had abortions We know that they're not in condemnation, but when you look at the stats Pastor Jay I mean, it's it's mind-boggling. It really is and that's why we need you to get off of the front row under the front line This is why we're doing what we're doing here today and listen We're really excited because we are gonna share a phenomenal Testimonia of Sonya and her son Silas and how she chose life. You're not gonna want to miss it stay tuned We'll be back in just a moment If self-help isn't getting you anywhere, it's time for God's power Have you grown accustomed to bad habits written off lifelong battles as unwinnable or believe that some destructive behaviors can never be altered then the seven resolutions is for you This book will teach you how to overthrow old patterns create new life systems and take hold of God's promises Resolve to join God think truth kill sin choose friends take risks Focus effort and redeem time Never settle for too little the time is now for humble dependence on God and a plan to walk in his power It's time to come alive in Request the seven resolutions when you give to support cornerstone television this month call<PHONE_NUMBER> Or give online at ctvn.org Slash donate help us spread the gospel with renewed strength in 2024. Thank you Welcome back to this special edition of hope today life in a post-world world and guess what our Guest today is no stranger to the weight that so many women face when contemplating abortion She was born in Chester, Pennsylvania moved to Delaware for a length of time and then finally Transition to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 2014 We have known this young woman for a number of years and have had the opportunity to watch her grow and transition to becoming a Wonderful wonderful mother. She's here today to tell her story about choosing life. Welcome, Sonye To hope today the special version life in a post-world world. It's so good to have you It really is yes. Yes. Well, I'm so glad you're here and like we've all shared with you We've known her for quite a number of years and so what I would like to know I'm gonna jump right in with you What I'd like to know is tell us a little bit about just that journey of how you Contemplated abortion. Tell us a little bit about, you know, what that was like and what you went through Um, I feel like a lot of women today We think about abortions or even act upon it because of the fear Like, you know, then you don't know like what would this baby bring me? How would I provide for it? You know, etc So I feel like that's the reason why I was, you know, thinking about abortion Let me ask you this question as an African-American woman.  Why it's important for us to choose life. I feel like it's important for us to choose life because That baby brings so much joy to family to me to etc.  I'm thinking like what if I didn't choose life and this little human He wouldn't be here like and it's like wow like I'm glad that I really had him I'm glad that I chose to but let me ask you this question as an African-American woman How does it make you feel knowing that a white woman named Margaret Sanger her whole purpose behind setting up Planned Parenthoods and all of that was to destroy your race That makes me feel like There's a certain agenda out and we have to stop it I feel like a lot of black women including me We do get caught up in that abortion and things like that when it's like we have so many options But the option that we need to choose is to have life, you know, like that agenda if we continue to Keep on with abortions or we keep on doing things like that and not you know choosing life Then all we're doing is being a part of the agenda that they have for us Yeah, that's so good, and I love the fact that that agenda didn't stop that little beautiful baby boy Yeah, I mean he is beautiful. I love him when I came into the studio. He just perked up Now tell us a little bit about how the pregnancy center helped you specifically, you know There's various pregnancy centers out there that are there to serve Women like you that are experiencing those fears Experiencing the weight of the world on their shoulders, and they're trying to figure out what decisions should I make How did the pregnancy center help you? The pregnancy center helped me a lot because they gave me so many resources even you like putting me on to the Embrace girls and like how we became like a like we were like a girl group and we were all going through the same thing They gave me I had a baby shower and I didn't have to buy anything for Silas for mom's like I think I just started having to buy him stuff like they just gave us so many resources They were supportive. They were a helping hand, you know asking questions like you know because that was my first pregnancy where Actually went through with having the baby So it was a lot of stuff like you don't know as a first-time mom so having that like kind of like a village It was yeah, it was it was very helpful very helpful Yeah, well, you know let's take a minute right now. Let's bring baby Silas out here So everybody can see this wonderful baby boy that my goodness. Let him see the shirt What to say on the shirt there that everybody can see it there. It says I am a child of God Wow, so you know you came to our gala and I tell you what your testimony was outstanding Which is why we wanted you on here because you are one of the people, you know that we see such a radical transformation How has it impacted your family, you know a lot of times women don't think about that They don't think about that the grandparents and the family that's gonna come around the baby Tell us a little bit about how it's been having Silas in the around the grandparents. Oh my god They love him. They adore him. He's literally their world like they just took him for a mom So they they're just in love and he's the first grand pavy on our side of the family So my parents in there, you know, my parents are a little older So they're just so happy to have them and they just love being grandparents and he's just spoiled and See grandparents grandparents have the best job they can sugar them up and then just throw them back to the parents Here you go, right, you know He's amazing. Yeah, you know, and there's young moms like you said that are that we said we asked the question of you know Just the oh, he's moved. He's moving around. He's like, let me get down. I want to get down You know, what would you say to a young mom in your position? Who is they're experiencing that they're contemplating? Okay? What do I do? They're feeling the weight of that decision, you know, like you said, they're feeling the fear They're of the fear of just the unknown fear of how am I gonna pay for this? What is this gonna do? I have all these aspirations and dreams. What's gonna happen? What would you tell that young woman right now? That's in your position How would you encourage her and what would you tell her to kind of cause her to see the forest through the trees? Well, first, I would tell her With God all things are possible all things are possible Second, I would tell them to Ask just ask someone out there cares whether it's here another state There's someone out there that cares about you and that baby and they want the best for you guys They want you to have a successful pregnancy They want the baby to be successful on to their journey of adulthood and You know and so I just feel like you have to ask and find the resources because there are resources out there for help You know, there's people out here that they know like you might not have a village, but they're willing to step up and be your village You know and that's reason why we want to be allowed to move around You know what? I was thinking of something ladies and gentlemen. We were on here We said what do we do if the baby gets moving around and this is something that is outstanding We need to celebrate the life of this baby boy You know because if you think about a Sonya this could have been another baby that became a statistic Yeah, but it wasn't and you made the right decision and we're so proud of you We're so glad to be able to walk alongside with you You know a lot of times too, you know people will say well pregnancy centers are only about babies in the womb But we believe in life from the womb to the tomb Can you talk a little bit more about how we have walked alongside with you and how the pregnancy center and the ladies in The center are still walking with matter of fact. We're still here with you today Yeah, how we're still walking with you today The church the groups everything you guys have been so helpful you gave me you gave me so many resources you just been a helping hand and You guys have just been basically like a second family Yeah, you've been there all the way and you've helped me along this journey and it wasn't always easy But you know with your support and with your guidance I feel like I was able to achieve him today being here.  I mean just like we have right here Things can go wrong Projectile bomb Sometimes we've all been there as moms, you know, and it's not the easiest job in the world But I always say it's the the most rewarding.  Maybe I can take him here. Let's see. Let's see. I love Yeah, so it's not gonna always be easy because it's definitely It's I feel like it's the most bittersweet thing being a mom Yeah, because you know it has his trials and tribulations, but I feel like it's worth it It's not that you know It's nothing like having a little bundle of joy look up to you every day and love you no matter what you can be You know, you don't know what's going on.   Wade was overturned It was not the call to end all it was a call to action to say now We have to rise up and we all need to do our part There are so many women out there like Sonya that need our help And I want to encourage you right now to take a minute and go to voices for the unborn Orga and I want to encourage you to get out there and find ways that you can support a Local pregnancy center near you we need your help. That's why we got these shirts choose life. We see Washington, D. C They've got the March for life coming up this Friday so many things that are happening for you to get involved We can't be silent anymore We've got to get off of the front rows and get on to the front lines and make a difference and Impact the lives of those like Sonya that may be out there wondering how am I going to take care of this? We have families that need families and that's what we do pastor tiff We are a ministry that is intended and designed to help women that are battling to choose life to say yes To life in Jesus name. That's so true And I'm so glad that you mentioned that you know, there's so many people that have Asked us. Hey, what do you do? After the mother has their baby, you know, you're with them to those nine months you're educating them But what are you doing after and I always you know get excited to share with them that we do so much You know, it's not just okay. Here you go. Have your baby. See you later We always tell the women when they come in when you're here now your family We want to get around we want to support not only you we want to support your baby We want to make generational Impact, I mean we have a variety of things that we do. I mean we have an economic self-reliance program So say not only if the mother say if there's a grandparent involved that needs a job We help them find a job if they need funds to Purchase something for the baby or just to get around We make sure that that happens. We have a licensed therapist, you know life isn't always easy So we have a licensed therapist pastor J That's there once a week free of charge everything that we offer is free There is no charge at all pastor J We have a store women can come in and if they need cribs diapers wipes formula All the stuff that we need to raise a child They can get that through us and we counted as an honor and a blessing that we are blessed pastor J To be a blessing to those women in there and they in turn I've seen where they in turn now they're blessed now they're being a blessing to others now They're using their voice like Sonya did I mean as speaking up and using your voice. That's priceless pastor J That's right. That's right And you know that's reason why we need your help and we want to encourage you go to voices for the unborn.org And you know I want to take a minute Sonya And I want you to talk to somebody in that camera right there in just a moment here And you know I think about how much easier it is when first of all you have the support of your family They have the support of your parents to have the support of and we've seen many times where there are Mothers taking their daughters to the abortion mill to abort their baby in the the daughter doesn't even want to do it And I've I've literally seen stories ladies and gentlemen where mom was taking the daughter to have an abortion And the sister was trying to pull her out and there was this constant battle Could you take a minute talk to the families out there on so as to why they need to choose life today there? Maybe there's a girl watching she's right where you were doesn't have any support doesn't have any help Maybe doesn't have family think she's all alone. What would you talk to that woman now knowing where you are now?   It's like one of the most It's like it's I can't even describe it. It's one of the most I can't even describe it It's like I don't know like he brings me so much joy, like, you know And I don't want to I don't want them to look back and think like what if I would have you know Just choose to do it and see the outcome and you can do it It's not gonna be easy, but you can do it because I was able to do it. Thank God And even even though like the pregnancy stories and things like that like people are there to help you like my team Whenever I did have him they were very helpful Supportive even the nurses as well because I really didn't know anything about being like a mom or having a baby And then my mom she was actually in Delaware at the time that I had him So I was really scared, but the nurses and the doctors they made sure I knew everything They were very helpful They have lines that you can call for support if you know you need a question answered or anything like that So I really want women to know that you're not alone and that you should really really decide to choose to have your baby Wow, that is awesome.     So yeah, that's so true It reminds me of that commercial where it's like they're taking the day off of work Yeah, you know from their job. You can't do that. You can't go into the baby's room and say listen I'm off today.  That's so true.   It's going down to those centers. It's putting yourself in harm's way It's becoming salt and light It's going there to make an impact and that's why I'm so thankful for you babe You do such a great job you and all the ladies down there at the center You do such a great job in rescuing the lives of the unborn. Thank you so much You know, it's like I always say it's a team. It's a partnership. The body of Christ has to come together It's not just a one-church effort, you know a one-person effort a one-group effort It is literally the body of Christ coming together and pushing forth God's agenda here on earth and one of the things again. I love that Sonya used her voice Yeah, use your voice.  Other people are gonna be set free. That's right You know and tell them a little bit real quickly before we go We've got a little under a minute so real quickly about the last Saturday of this month about going down and praying Yes So you don't want to miss it the last Saturday of the month We're gathering all the saints all the people of God and we are coming down to our Pregnancy center at 8 30 a.m. We're gonna pray and then we're gonna go down to the sidewalk Listen a lot of people are saying may say hey listen. I don't have experience. I don't know what to do It doesn't matter all we need you to do is come together with us link arms and let's pray and come with a level of a high level of Expectancy because we are going to see God move on that sidewalk Pastor Jay Hey, man, so this is just the beginning and we can't wait for to have you come and join with us Listen in two weeks on Tuesday. We're gonna have senator Judy Ward with us talking about the legislation That's happening in Pennsylvania and listen if you've been blessed by this special edition And you want to see more of voices for the unborn life in a post-world world We want to encourage you to pick up the phone dial<PHONE_NUMBER> and let them know that you want to see a lot more And as always we're always here to pray with you and to believe God for your greatest breakthrough God bless you and we'll see you next time on hope today On tomorrow's hope today do near-death experiences prove the existence of a loving God International speaker and author John Burke shares stories from people who have died and have come back to life Along with the incredible wonders they experience don't miss tomorrow's hope today Cornerstone television wishes to thank all our faithful viewers whose consistent prayers and financial support have made this program possible


T F N N headline news update Welcome folks. We have the Dow industrial straighten down 97 Nasdaq is flat S&P's off 10 gold gold contract up $3.20 trading at 1796 70 euro Not euros silver silver up 3 cents 24. All is not 9 cents an ounce light sweet crude down a buck 35 They're hitting that baby out here today $67.96 a barrel notes and bonds the 10-year up a ticks trading 133 16 the 30 year up 31 almost a full point 32 is a full point 163 18 and once again folks notes bonds. They're going higher. They're gonna have volume going higher The bottom line is they want higher price low a yield Pretty amazing. There's no two ways about that what we have out here. We get the 10-year yield in 1.29 right now King dollar king dollars down 171 ticks trading at 92 482 now We have a king dollar is this king dollar did a 50% retracement of the move down Lower today you may have a nice ABC structure on the way down haven't been able to hold price We'll see how it hits the lower level euros at 118 yen at 109 point seven zero in the British pounds at 138 to $1 US dollar bottom line looks like we're on a slow roll downtown folks What we had out here today inside the spy is this yesterday you came down with volume We get down with 56 million shares today at 39 and what you actually try to do is you try to get the higher price We have we've failed thus far so if the spy closes under 451 67 which is 499 89 right now that's gonna be a failure on pricing volume That's saying we're gonna go get into lower price and the x100 is the exact same setup meaning the three cues Do you know you really do have a sideways market, but it's very subtle and the x also try to get higher today We got up to 382 15. You're at 380 40 Bottom line. You had depth expansion of volume on the way down yesterday 35 million 32 million shares We'll see how many we get today. We're 21 so far. Okay, you got over the high of yesterday You're underneath it right now bottom line. That's still saying lower prices are coming at us gold gold contract out here Gold contract traded down to 1785 rejected lower price. You're at 1790 golds in an ABC structure on the way up You get a price projection out here of 1794 60 stare at their folks come right back


rain for like two minutes and, uh, yeah, switched the wrong PLC valve. Someone was surfing down this on a floaty turtle too. It was a floaty turtle. He did it like three times. Yeah, excessive. But if you have a floaty turtle, is it excessive or is it not?


Now, in the next couple of modules, I want to talk about one of the most favorite excited state processes, personal favorites for me, partially because half of my PhD thesis was on this and we have done a lot of work on this process and this process is excited state proton transfer. We have already talked a little bit about that but I realize that we have presented it in bits and pieces over several modules. So at the risk of repeating some things that we have discussed already, we are going to do a very brief recap at the beginning and then in this module we will only provide an introduction. Second part of the real ESPT, there is no ultrafast dynamics here. In fact, we are going to present an ancient paper from 40 years ago because it is still relevant. It still tells you how one can approach a problem of understanding photo physics. In the next module, I want to present a debate that raised for 10 years about the exact mechanism of excited state proton transfer, intermolecular proton transfer in 7azine dual dimers. So this is something that I must have said in one of the modules earlier. The reactivity in excited state is different from that of ground state and that is because as chemists we know that electronic configuration is different and it is electronic configuration that determines reactivity. So if you look at the ground state, this is the electron configuration HOMO2LUMO0. This is well in first approximation, the electron configuration of these S1 state, I say first approximation because I have just drawn arrows, I have not written the spin wave function alpha beta minus beta alpha. And then this is a triplet state where you once again have one electron in HOMO, one in LUMO, but spin wave functions are different. This is how in a first approximation you draw it. So all these states have different reactivity and this is as we have said earlier, this lies at the heart of excited state processes because since excited state electron configuration is different, reactivity is also different. So many reactions or chemical processes that do not take place in the ground state can take place when the molecule is excited. So we generally do things better when we are excited molecules do the same, usually they work better when they are excited. And as we said earlier, photo acidity is something that arises from there, organic acids are more excited, acidic in the excited state, organic bases are more basic. And the example we took was that of phenols, everybody knows that phenols are acidic because the phenoxide ion that is produced as a result of deprotonation is stabilized because of delocalization of the electron cloud on oxygen over the ring. And if you think of this from the MO picture, this is what it is, let us think of simple phenol, the molecular orbital energy diagram of benzene is like this. So the 3 bonding orbitals are all occupied when the electron cloud from oxygen has to get delocalized over the ring, then the electron clouds have to be accommodated in one of the higher energy anti-bonding orbitals. And that is what happens, that is an important role anti-bonding orbitals play. Sometimes while studying MO theory, we think that anti-bonding orbitals are useless, they are not. They have important roles to play, SN2 reactions for example make use of anti-bonding orbitals. Here we see another example of use of anti-bonding orbitals and all of us would have studied this carbonyl complexes where again anti-bonding orbitals which are heavily displaced towards carbon atom are used to accommodate electron cloud coming back from the central metal atom and that is what gives rise to this synergistic effect. So here the electron cloud is accommodated in ground state in the anti-bonding orbitals, that is why phenol is acidic. However, if you perform a pi-pi star excitation for example, then a vacancy is created in the lower line bonding pi orbitals and now the incoming electron cloud can be accommodated in lower energy MOs, bonding MOs rather than anti-bonding MOs. The consequent stabilization is the driving force for enhanced acidity in the excited state. And once again the favorite example I have in well this same thing happens for anions to demonstrate this, the favorite example I have all this is taken from your Lacovitches book is that of beaten aftol. One can generate titration curves using absorption spectrum to get the ground state pk or from the fluorescent spectrum to get excited state pk. It turns out that pk for beaten aftol in ground state is 9.2 whereas in excited state is 2. So shift in pk by 7 units is a huge amount, so we are talking about a change in 7 orders of magnitude of proton concentration in which the molecule beaten aftol can give up a proton. So if you take beaten aftol in neutral solution pH 7, 7.4 it is not going to lose a proton it is going to remain in protonated state but if you excite it with light of appropriate wavelength then you can actually release the proton making beaten aftol of photo acid. So this has several applications. One thing that has been done to trigger many biological processes is a pH jump, so use a photo acid in water you excite it proton is lost. So as a result of excitation proton concentration goes up and if you do this excitation using pulse light then proton concentration goes up all of a sudden okay. So if you have an acid catalyzed reaction then that is your time 0, the time of excitation that is when the acidity is switched on like dipole was switched on in solvation dynamics and the reaction starts. So you can now start following the kinetics of this reaction, so you can follow very very fast acid catalyzed or base catalyzed reactions using this method of photo excitation using photo acids if it is acid catalyzed. And one experiment that has been done a very elegant experiment using a photo acid we have discussed already is the mechanism of sequential proton transfer through water bridges in acid based reactions. I did not give all the references last time, so let me make up now. If you are interested in learning about this, these are the papers that you can study. You can see Jacob Fais science science science. So the reason why so many papers have been published in science in this is that it is a very fundamental question. So if you can provide an answer to a question that has stayed on for a long time then it is highly interesting and that is what mainly Nebering's group and to some extent Johnson's group had done. And this is something again I did not say last time and then I felt that this discussion is incomplete if I do not at least mention them. So in all kind of experiments actually it is important to know theory, understand theory, be aware of what has been done by theoretical chemists. Otherwise it is not possible to make much of progress. So to do experiments one cannot be afraid of reading papers of computational chemistry or molecular dynamics simulation, stat mech and so on and so forth. If you are going to do good theory you cannot be afraid of reading experimental papers. They actually are synergistic go hand in hand. So the theoretical model that is models that are very important here you see all of them have the name of one person that is Smoluchowski. Smoluchowski you might have read Smoluchowski's name in some other context but his work was mainly in the liquid phase. So to understand how proton gets transferred through hydrogen bonded network as you are talking about hydrogen bonded network that is a connection with what we did in the last module there also it was how energy gets transferred in hydrogen bonded network. So here Smoluchowski's model was for diffusion assisted colloidal aggregation. Then in the next step this device Smoluchowski model dealt with this potential of mean force method to address the same problem. And Smoluchowski Collins Kimball model of course names I am taking they are all stalwarts I think everybody has heard these names anybody who has done MSc physical chemistry would definitely have at least heard these names if not have studied their work. So there has been a continuous improvement in theoretical studies in this context and a very celebrated model that existed already is this Eigenweller model. So you see that experimental results of neighboring that I showed you earlier and I am going to show you in a few minutes once again that did not fall from the sky because they already knew that this Eigenweller model existed remember I had talked about encounter stage and all that all that was actually predicted theoretical. So again there is a diffusion stage in which you have this is the acid this is the base in the diffusion stage the acid and base come together and form the reactive complex. And then in the encounter stage or reaction stage this reversible reaction takes place which involves protonation deprotonation and in the third stage the proton transfer species have to diffuse apart okay if the stops at encounter stage then what will happen then some proton will be transferred some will not be transferred so finally do not really get that acid base reaction to that extent. So it is this diffusion in and diffusion out they are naturally going to be very important in this entire process. So this is Eigenweller model we are showing you only this schematic but of course to develop the model that is very detailed a lot of work went into that and the most important extract from there that we can take is that the intrinsic proton transfer here that is our 10 picosecond per picosecond per molar very fast once that is why you need ultrafast. So to study this ultrafast UV pump IR probe and IR pump IR probe both have been done okay previously I gave you the impression that only UV pump IR probe was done that is not the case both were actually done okay. So in the acid photo acid that we used I will go little fast on this part because we have presented this already was is this Pyranine. So the decay of the photo acid band is 1486 centimeter inverse rise of the photo base photo base is the it is the anion corresponding anion after loss of proton that is at 1435 centimeter inverse we follow this you get to know the deprotonation dynamics CO stretching mode of acidic acid is at 1720 centimeter inverse so the base that is used is acetate right so when acetate becomes acidic acid then this 1720 centimeter inverse stretch should show a rise time that gives you the dynamics of protonation of acetate here is certain deuteration because they are actually used a deuterated photo acid because then the signals are easier to see. So as we said earlier in a high concentration we see that this dynamics are same at low concentration they are different that is where this diffusion comes in I have already shown you this data and this one is a little more detailed than what we showed earlier there here the numbers are actually mentioned by analyzing the data they could work out all the time constants and then what they found is that when you talk about water bridge and this is an important thing this is another reason why I wanted to show you this explicitly once at least there is there has been a lot of work on what kind of associated states protons exist in water and even now people do contest these things but it is largely believe what we talk about always is H3O plus right but why will it stop at H3O plus after all look at this first one this is oxygen hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen that is H3O plus that can get hydrogen bonded to another water molecule right. So this kind of a cation where H3O plus is hydrogen bonded to a molecule to another water molecule that is called Zundel cation and the second one where each so you can see the central moiety here is H3O plus where H3O plus is hydrogen bonded to not one but three water molecules that is called the eigen cation and as you can perhaps understand these two ions would have different IR frequencies as the stretches would have different IR frequencies. So by looking very carefully at the IR spectra what you see is that you get this D3O plus signal going down you get something rising here so careful analysis reveals that this eigen cation can be detected actually so when you form that encounter stage you do get an eigen cation and hence this mechanism was elucidated so that is the revision that I wanted to do quickly now let us move on to the introduction of excited state proton transfer so the thing is this suppose we said that upon photo excitation organic acids become more acidic organic bases become more basic now suppose in a molecule we have an organic acid as well as an organic basic group we have phenolic OH and we have a nitrogen imidazole nitrogen or something then what will happen this is the situation this is the organic acid group this is the organic base group and there is hydrogen bonding to shine light there is proton transfer and this proton transfer takes place within the molecule itself in that case it is called excited state intermolecular proton transfer and this is an example of a molecule where excited state intermolecular proton transfer takes place. Now if you have 2 molecules coming close together you can have intermolecular proton transfer as well and for intermolecular proton transfer the kind of molecules that have been studied very extensively this is not really 7azole dimer I will discuss 7azole next day it is very close so does this remind you of something this kind of a structure where you have 2 molecules that are hydrogen bonded to each other and form a pair of molecules generally the remind us of hydrogen bonded base pairs of DNA so the claim to fame of 7azole primarily is that it is supposed to be a good model of hydrogen bonded base parity GC of DNAs so we will come back to the actual 7azole problem next day but now let me present to you this piece of paper which I am very fond of as you can see it was published in 1979 long long ago 40 years ago and this is actually remarkable paper Kasha is the legendary Kasha Michael Kasha of fluorescence spectroscopy Sengupta became a professor in Prajip Kumar Sengupta he became a professor in Shaheen sitar nuclear physics he retired about 10 years ago 9 years ago and so you understand 1979 so they did not really have the instruments that we have today so what I am going to present in the next few minutes is actually all steady state data no ultrafast no time resolved even because it is important to understand the steady state spectra before you can go into time resolved data so see the reason why people got interested in 3 hydroxyflavone 3 hydroxyflavone is a natural product and all is that look at the absorption spectrum well you can only look at it you cannot read at the x axis unfortunately but I will just tell you this absorption is in UV this colorless compound but emission is in the green 297 Kelvin room temperature emission is in the green so you have a molecule that you excite at UV high energy and it emits in the green which is considerably lower energy why as we have studied earlier one of the most prominent signatures of excited state processes is a stroke shift and here we definitely have a stroke shift and the one that what is not shown here is that the excitation spectrum matches the absorption spectrum so the stroke shift is not due to presence of some impurity why does this happen to explain this and that is the time when ESPT was being discussed for the first time to the works of failure and all so what they looked at the structure this is the structure that is established and you can see there is a phenolic OH and there is a carbonyl group oxygen so one might expect that upon excitation this proton goes from this oxygen to this oxygen and from this ground state normal form it forms a tautomeric form in the excited state we will have more to say about the energy diagram shortly but if this is the model then the next piece of data already in front of you is this the experiment that was done is look at the spectrum at low temperature nitrogen liquid nitrogen temperature 77 Kelvin and then immediately you see a blue sheet is hardly anything that resembles the room temperature emission spectrum the entire emission moves to blue and now look at this spectrum unfortunately and they might not have had of course they did not have computers like we have today so normalization and all were not done but look at this look at the spectrum forget about the first part look at these bands and look at this band structure do not they look like mirror images yeah so at liquid nitrogen the spectrum that you see is for the locally excited state at liquid nitrogen temperature so if this is the ground state the emission at 77 Kelvin is due to the corresponding locally excited state N star and in the at room temperature the stroke shifted one is due to the proton transferred tautomeric state okay of course it is only logical to ask who has told you it is proton and so on and that is addressed shortly some excited state processes right so we can say that this is emission from the look Frank Condon state this is the emission from the nation state the one that is formed by excited state process so what would the energy diagram look like from the absorption spectrum here there is no signature of the ground state corresponding to this green emission excited state yeah so the energy of the N form has to be significantly lower than energy of T form right so you get what is called a double well potential what happens in excited state in excited state you see at room temperature emission is exclusively from T star that means in excited state T star must have lower energy than N star yeah so again you have a double well potential let me so what I am saying is this in ground state this is the energy of N let us say x axis so this is energy y axis x axis is a reaction coordinate I can write R yeah this is N and energy of T must be higher right so this is double well and then see okay we will come back to that in the excited state however this would be the energy surface for N star energy surface for T must be lower in energy right so this energy gap is naturally much higher than this energy gap so that is why T star fluorescence in green N star fluorescence in blue alright now to complete the picture I will draw this reaction barriers how do you get the barriers because there is some curve crossing and mixing at of these two how do I know there is a barrier because I could have drawn a diagram like this this is N star this is T star why am I saying that this is not the case and this is the case because there is a temperature effect if the barrier is sufficiently high then what will happen at low temperature the molecule cannot cross and you will see emission exclusively from N star that is what is happening if there is no barrier then even at 77 Kelvin you should see some T star emission yeah so the effect of temperature that is present that tells us that this is an activated process so this is how the energy diagram turned out to be okay so what do we have this is one well this is one well double well potential here also double well potential double well potentials can be two of two types if the energy minimum are same then it is called asymmetric double well potential if they are not same then you call them asymmetric double well potential okay and here you see so this is the diagram that was done was drawn so you have asymmetric double well potentials in ground as well as excited state and when you go from ground state to excited state the asymmetry is reversed okay reversed asymmetry is there so this is the schematic that was drawn and later on printing of calculations have been done to prove that this is correct now we come back to the question who has said that this is proton transfer and not something else do that experiments were done in methanol and deuterated methanol so if it is a proton transfer and if the here of course there is a catch but we will come to that so if it is a proton transfer and the reaction coordinate is the proton transfer coordinate that is the important part then you should see this primary kinetic effect primary kinetic isotope effect right so you should see more of proton transfer in methanol than in deuterated methanol because deuterate is heavier and that is what happens these are the emission spectra by the way this is 2 methyl butane something very close to our 3 methyl pentane nonpolar and this is methanol and MEOD why this particular solvents because you are going down to 77 Kelvin you cannot work with water you cannot work with acetyl nitrile because you need a solvent that forms glass will remain transparent and does not become hazy at low temperature so methanol methanol methanol mixtures 2 methyl butane 3 methyl pentane these are some solvents that form glasses and depending on your experiment you might want a polar glass or a nonpolar glass so earlier it was polar nonpolar now it is polar so here you see the ratio of N to T peak N star to T star band is more in methanol than in deuterated methanol right that is why we get an indication that it is proton transfer in the excited state and proton transfer is the reaction coordinate why I am saying this because later on it has been shown that for many proton transfer reactions you do not see a kinetic isotope effect that is because that is not the reaction coordinate remember the slowest process determines the rate of the reaction so suppose the molecule is such that this is your OH group and this is your proton accepting group okay there is some kind of an orientation where they are not close and it requires a conformational relaxation to bring the OH group close to the proton accepting group then this conformational relaxation becomes the reaction coordinate okay so at that time you do not see any effect of protonation because how much time it takes for this to take place that is what determines the rate compared to that this proton transfer is so fast that you do not see an isotope effect fortunately in this case the molecule is planar right no question of any relaxation that is required so proton transfer is the reaction coordinate and you see primary kinetic isotope effect okay of course we are showing you only the one of the earliest works in this molecule there have been many later on okay so proton transfer is established but this spectra bring up a new question remember what the spectrum was like in the non-polar solvent room temperature single band right green emission what is the spectrum like these are all room temperature spectra here in methanol or deuterated methanol you see two bands instead of one so normal peak normal band which is not there in non-polar solvents why does it show up in protein solvents and well this is another reason why I like this paper so much because it introduces you to many important factors in proton transfer well what happens in hydrogen bonding solvents is that you can of course you will get hydrogen bonding with your solvents all around so you get this kind of block structures block structure means your OH proton even though it is also believed that way if there is an internal intermolecular hydrogen bond there is a possibility of that then intermolecular hydrogen bond will not be formed but they may not hold in liquids due to sheer number of solvent molecules present around a solid molecule. So this kind of structure so just look at this if there is a hydrogen bonding between this carbonyl oxygen and a neighboring alcohol molecule then what will happen it will be difficult for it to take to hydrogen bond with another proton and accept it so block structures hinder ESIPT that is something that is and this is an example of block structures again I am very fond of this paper because this is my first published paper the molecule is HPBI this small band that you see is due to the normal form this is due to tautomeric form here what happens is this molecule exists in different tautomers so you always get two bands here what happens here when the molecule is incorporated in my cells you see there is a rise in tautomer that is because it is protected from water and you have fewer block structures tautomer emission is enhanced but do not think that hydrogen bonding is always the villain sometimes it can be hero as well there are plenty of examples this molecule has been studied extensively by this group of florodrix preto and then we have done some work of this in confined media a lot of work of this family peridial benzimidazoles here the geometry of the molecule is such that you need a put H3O plus bridge for the proton transfer to take place so if you do not have this hydrogen intermolecular hydrogen bonding with solvents then there is no ESIPT so it can work both ways right to conclude we have introduced this concept of excited state proton transfer intermolecular and intermolecular and we have discussed some of the salient factors that have a role to play in its dynamics so next day we are going to talk about this celebrated debate of intermolecular excited state intermolecular double proton transfer ESIDBT in seven azine doldimers will and that is going to teach us how careful one has to be while analyzing ultrafast dynamics data because here we have an example of a novel laureate going wrong and it also takes us to another important concept in fluorescence spectroscopy we always go by Karsha rule and we think Karsha rule is always correct maybe as a prelude to the seven azine dold problem we will discuss to what extent Karsha rule is correct when you look at time evolution of emission spectra right that is what we will do in the next module.


Hiaziaun radio hum Bendiku residents disti uha 비bun H Typically, kwa hzo Dzi kwa nabai N이� Licu Can this happen? So the moment those type of ideas come in your mind, then they weaken you at the end of the day you fell on what you are doing. But if people have come up with a network, you can speak to Ghana right now. There is nothing there, but you can communicate and know whom you are speaking to by the way. And the other people have made a plane to fly. Those are difficult things to do but they have managed them. So if other people have managed them, what difference does it make with us? Let's say I'm in Africa to celebrate African excellence and each and every African that I know or I meet along my journey needs to be celebrated. But out of the stories that I've been telling and showing you guys, this story will probably be one of my best stories ever. And anytime I want to tell you best stories like this, I want to follow up with the best song in the whole world. Listen, DJ, give me that song. From Cape Town to Cairo, Angola to Malawi, Wadamaya. I'm in Africa to celebrate every single African and anytime I tell stories like this, I don't just get inspired, I feel motivated. And listen, these are the stories that makes me believe in the dreams of Khamun Kluma that a black man is capable of managing his own affairs. Do you believe in that statement? Yes, I do. I just don't want to celebrate this legend all by myself. I want you to help me celebrate him by liking this video. If you like this video, it proves to me that you also believe that it's possible to make it in Africa. Why do I say that this is one of my best stories ever? This is one man born in the village, left to the city, made it in life, came back to the village and decided to transform his own village. Now they call it the Singapore of Africa. Well, Singapore is a small area which has developed in such a way that they have everything that they need. So the same concept which they have in Singapore, that's what we want to use here, that we have to bring all the needs to the people in this area. Brothers and sisters, welcome to Doa. Believe me or not, it doesn't matter where you're born. If you are born to be great, you will be great no matter what. Because this legend who is transforming his own village once went to school without shoes. What was the kilometers to school? 18 kilometers. You walk? Walk. Without shoes? No shoes. This same person drop out of school? Is it because your father couldn't pay the fees? Well, what had happened was when I did my business of exchange, I made 125 wajah. So because I made 125 wajah, then when I went back to school, I studied inquiry how much our teacher was getting a month. So I was told that he was getting less than what I had made. I went to the teacher and he presented my books and other school properties saying I'm leaving school because I want to become rich. And why do I call him a legend? For him to build an agriculture school in his own village to empower families is everything. It only takes a visionary leader to come up with something like this. Look at the name of the school. School of Agriculture for Family Independence. Kwame Unkuma we say independence now, self-reliant now. And that is the main goal of the school. See, for him to build a whole agriculture school to empower families is everything. And this school is for free. And what about the teacher? Well, what we do here is because we have people who have been helping the school with some funds. Then he comes in. We send tracks to collect his family and the goods of this school. So when he comes here, we provide a home with electricity and water. We provide a fertilizer seeds, whatever. Then he spends the whole year here. By the end of the year, after harvest, then he is asking just need to leave two bags of rice and the dishes be here. This legend is an agriculturalist. He believes in agriculture. Well, our economy is a grow-based economy. So being a grow-based economy, then have to take an important role in that area in order to boost the production. We are here already. Most parts of the country, they are learning short of food. So because they are learning short of food, it means somebody who can produce enough food, then he can make big money and survive on that. So that's why I am more worried in order to help at least support the world with the food. And one of his attributes that I believe that we all need to know is him being a philanthropist. I mean, his philanthropy work is on another level. He built a hospital for his community and he never makes a dollar out of it. Also a hospital. The hospital has been learning since 2003. I have not even managed to get a single cent from it. What do you mean? Well, I built the hospital. People get services, all the money which they get is paid to dogotas, it's paid for meat sales. And sometimes people wish as they help one way or the other, but despite I built it with my own money and everything, I have never gone to collect even a single cent since I built it. This whole village never had internet, but he made it possible. He took him 10 years to build his own manmade lake but he has never cruised on it because for him he was doing it for the community. You know that this is my first time to be on this boat? What do you mean? Your first time? That's my first time. Maybe I was waiting for you.  Well, the idea is we have people with money in town and the other areas of the world. But how can they bring their money here? So that's why I said I think I have to put up something which should be very attractive so that when people come with money, our local people now can manage to sell their oranges. They have bananas, potatoes, whatever they produce. Then by the time these people will be living in this area, back to their village, at least a small amount of money now our people will get it. What an incredible human being. Listen, do me a favor because I feel like the world needs to hear from this man or I feel like Africans across the globe needs to hear about this man. Can you please share this video? Like this video because if this video doesn't get 30,000 likes, no more new video. Because I feel like Mr. Napoleon Zombe or maybe Doctor Professor Napoleon Zombe needs to be celebrated by Africans and that's why I'm here. How do you feel anytime you see what you've done in the village where you're born? Well, I'm not yet satisfied because people are still living below average in their earnings. So I will be very happy to see people earning enough money that they can send their children to good schools, they can have enough food in their homes and they can go to better hospitals. I think that would make me happy but as of now I feel I have done nothing. But now you feel like you've done nothing? Yeah. The first house was here. That's where the first house was. So basically you were born here? Yeah, that's where I come from. Here? Yeah, I come from here. If this is where you were born? Yeah, well that's the place. What kind of house was built in here? Well, the first house was made from grass. Pose, then surrounded by grass. The roof grass. So even the rats would just go through it. Wherever they would need to go through it. That was the first house. So after that one, then we had to put some debt so that now the wind and the rats would not just be going anywhere. So from there, now that's when we came up with that building. Knowing that you come from here and what you've been able to achieve on earth, what is that one quote that comes into your mind? Well now, you know, everything has its own origin. So this is where I come from. Then after doing everything that I'm doing, I started thinking what can I bring back home and improve the area. So that's when I came up with it. So many ideas over developing this place. So the first thing was to bring the school of agriculture. Where people should get trained to modern skills over agriculture so that they can improve their livelihood. So I did that. So after doing that, then I said, okay, but still we need money. So how can we bring money here? Then I said we have rich people all over who may be interested to come and spend their money somewhere, privately. And if I can come up with something tangible, well-managed and beautiful, I think people would like to spend their money somewhere like that. So that's when I started building the dam. So I started building the dam that was in 2002. So after 2002, I had to break for some time. Then I came back to continue building the dam. So I've been building the dam for almost 10 years. So after that, then I said, well, here is the dam. But people will come, they will need to eat. People will come, they need to spend a night here. So what next? Then that's when I came up with an idea of building a hotel. So in 2019, that's when I started building the hotel. So now the hotel is done. Now I'm extending some other buildings. Then when I'm done with those buildings, now I'm planning to come up with a big conference center. After a big conference center, then you have to have small ones allowance so that even international conferences, one day they should come and get hosted here in my village. Since it's all started from here, I want to know how it's all started for you. Well, from the time I was born, we had challenges in terms of finances. So the hunger was not a question. It was our routine that we used to have it almost every year. So we had to move from here going to different parts of the district to ask for food to different places and leave it to us. Then I get bored saying, well, we are humans. What has made other people to be successful as they are? So I started learning business here and there. While I was doing that, I was also going to school. Then it happened that I was selected for secondary education. By then I had no fees. Then my father's sister said, no, we cannot let this guy stay here. I will provide a cow for fees. So a cow was sold. Then I went to school. So while I was at school, I started thinking, what will happen to my next grade? Who is going to pay for it? Is my father's sister going to give me another cow? I said, well, I need to find a solution for this. So because I wanted to find a solution, then I said, okay, father, can you please borrow 25 kwacha? By then 25 kwacha was equivalent to 25 dollar. So I said, can you borrow 25 kwacha? So he borrowed 25 kwacha, then sent it to school. Then while I was still learning, I went to a shop where they are making sales for the flower. My mother used the ball, saved from somewhere. So I said, well, in my village, we have a challenge of these things. So if I can buy them and bring them home and start battling with maize, reaching our people hard, I think it would be a good business for me. How old were you that time? By then I was something around 21. And you were 21 and you were going to? I said 20. That's when I started thinking about that. So when I came here and did that small business, that's when I went back to school to drop school, which I dropped when I was 21 years old. You dropped from school? Is it because your father couldn't pay the fees? Well, what had happened was, when I did my business of exchange, I made 125 kwacha. So because I made 125 kwacha, then when I went back to school, I started inquiring how much our teacher was getting a month. So I was told that he was getting less than what I had made, which he was making 115 kwacha. Yet I had made 125 kwacha within the same month. So I said, well, now I'm in Form 2 or Grade 9. So because I'm in Grade 9, then I will need to take 3 years to complete my secondary education. So after 3 years, I will need to go to university for another 4 years. Why should I spend all that time just to get 115 kwacha? I can manage to get more than that within the same frame time. So I dropped school. I went to the teacher and presented my books and other school properties saying I'm leaving school because I want to become rich. So everyone said, wow, you are the fullest in this school. Wait, wait. Everyone was saying you are the poorest. How was the poverty like for you? How was it? How poor were you that time? I was so poor that I could not even manage to buy good school uniform. Instead I had to find a second hand for school uniform and a second hand shade for school uniform because we could not afford to buy new. Were you going to school with shoes? That's the time when I started putting on shoes. I don't understand the shoes. What did you start wearing shoes? By the time when I was selected for secondary education.  Without wearing shoes. We could not manage. When I came back from school, I had just two short trousers and two shades. That's what I had. So I had to be extending those shades. I had no time to waste. I had no time even to wash my clothings every day I was working. Until I managed to do what I was doing. Now we go back. You said you wanted to be rich. You send your books to the teacher that you are no longer going to continue. People were telling you that you are the poorest? By the time I was saying I wanted to become rich we were saying you were the poorest in the school. So how are you going to become rich? I said well where there is a will, there is a way. So after that even in my father he was very disappointed. Most of the guys were very disappointed because the second school which I was was the best in the country by then. So they said why can't you live in the second school? Being the government in the second school each has everything. I said well I need to become rich. So there is no time to waste. Let me go and do what I think is right for me. So I came back. So after I came back then I had asked the father if he could give me his cow because what I had used was his sister's cow but he had some cows. So he gave me his cow. I sold the cow at the 77 kwaja so I gave back to him one kwaja and made it with the 76 kwaja. Then I bought a sort. I started exchanging sorts with grandnats or what other people call peanuts. After six months of hard working then I made 770 kwaja from the 76 kwaja. By then a bag of a cry was passed kwaja and a packet of seed was followed kwaja so I bought two bags of fertilizer and 16 packets of maize seed. Then I had asked my father and the family to join me to grow maize. I went to another district to get some four guys on the contract but if they help me this is how much I will give them. So we worked. Finally we had harvested 63 kwaja after shelling some wheat it came up with 300 bags. So we sold. Then we ended up making some good man then now I said what next? I think now we have to start growing tobacco. By then tobacco more especially bad tobacco was a special crop that nobody was allowed to grow it without the licenses. So I said well as long as I know that tobacco is a good crop then I will try to grow it. So everybody in the area discouraged me that if I grow if I grew tobacco by then then I would be arrested. I said well why is he balloon and the other guys growing tobacco? I said they have licenses. I said how can a poor man like me get license? Is the license a block to prevent me from going to business? Let me just study it. So I grew my tobacco finally I had harvested 29 kwaja So a friend of mine did the favor he sold for me then I got 1,700 kwaja by then it was enough to buy even a 700 car. So I said well now I have to use this money to make the licenses which are required. So you started growing before you got your license? I think what the governments are doing all over they are buying the poor not to be successful because what they do is you are a young man you want to start a business so they impose on you that you have to have a license you have to lease your land visibility study you have to have environmental assessment you have to have all sorts of things so you are just starting you have nothing what is the meaning of giving all these to you? it means they don't want young people to develop but if they could say you are a young man you want to start a business we are giving you 5 years to practice this after 5 years we will just lease you for free and monitor you for 5 years so after 5 years then we will require you to do a BCD then the young men would be successful but these measures have been put in place by the colonialists the people who had colonized our countries to block us to be successful so that's why if you want to start any business they give you a lot of things to get done so that whatever you have should just be spent on those procedures then you are done, you fail so I think if Africa is to grow then they have to waive these things for somebody in the beginning so it means when you got your first money that's when you went for it your friend helped you get a license first I did what I did after doing that then somebody helped me to sell whatever I produced using his license so after I got the money now I had enough strength that I could meet all the necessary measures for the government so that's why I had made me successful but if I could say okay I have managed to get 770 kwa they need to get somebody to do survey for my farm it could cost me more than that and for somebody to approve whatever I wanted to approve I had to move from this office to that office it could take me all the money and leave nothing for me to grow my business so these barriers were are there deliberately so that they could control the growth of African businesses but African leaders they don't have an eye to see how these things come into practice you got your own license you had your own tobacco farm what happened next from there? now from there then my business started flourishing first year I had of my last year I had 163 bills of tobacco so from there 200 from 200 500 bills from 500 600 to 1000 bills of tobacco then I started buying trucks so after buying so many trucks now I started thinking what it has made Yulof to be more successful than Africa then now I had to set aside a certain amount of money to fly myself from Africa to Yulof was it your first time? it was my first time to go to Yulof so there in Yulof I spent almost 45 days just to see what those guys are doing then I discovered they are very successful because they add value to whatever they produce before they sell so I said well we have fallacies in Malawi we have a lot of low material in Malawi why can't I buy machinalies?