Hired of the everyday routine, ever dream of a life of romantic adventure, want to get away from it all. We offer you escape. Escape. Designed to free you from the four walls of today for a half hour of high adventure. Tonight we escape to a lonely schooner sailing through the hot Caribbean night, carrying a fortune and the heedless passions of reckless men, as John and Gwen Bagney tell it in their exciting tale, the sure thing. Before we hear tonight's story, a brief message from the Ford dealers of America. Over 140,000 delighted motorists are already driving the new 50 Ford. Here is what Mrs. William M. Kirby of Kansas City, Missouri, who believes the rare Sealy Ham and Dandy Denmark Terriers says about her new Ford. I think my new Ford station wagon is just wonderful. It has such style and beauty. I use it to transport my Terriers and they love it. And of course, it doubles as a passenger car as well. It's so comfortable and easy to handle. I've had station wagons before, but this one is the strongest, safest, and best I've ever had. Yes, we Ford dealers are swamped with comments like that. But don't take anyone's word for this new 50 Ford. Prove it for yourself. Look up your nearest Ford dealer in the classified phone directory. Perhaps you know him personally. He'll arrange a test drive in the 50 Ford. Test drive it for comfort, for power, for safety, for the quietness which is its mark of quality. Test drive it for the new Ford feel which stamps the 50 Ford as the one fine car in the low price field. Before you buy any car at any price. Test drive the 50 Ford at your Ford dealers tomorrow. And now we invite you to escape. This way, senor. Thank you. If you would please wait in here in the president's office. Fine. You understand, senor. I have not the authority to handle the matter myself. Yes, of course. I understand. You see, a bank draft of two million dollars, it is a matter of such importance. Senor Jose Perez, the president of the bank, he is the only one. That's perfectly all right. I'll wait for senor Perez. Gracias, senor. Gracias. Wait. Yes, I could wait. I'd come this far, I could afford a few more minutes. It was hard to believe. Just a short while ago, I'd been shipped doctor on the SS Martina. The gilded ferry boat of the Caribbean. And now, now I sat back in a comfortable chair and went over the whole thing again in my mind. Just the way it happened, from the beginning. We had just cleared the Straits of Yucatan on our way to Havana when the 23-word message came that started the whole thing. That's the same thing, doc. SOS Latitude 23 North, Longitude 85 West, Accident Case on Board Schooner Siddons, Enroute Havana. Urgently need doctor. Can you board us? That all? No answers to the type of injury. No, I don't get it, doc. She's standing just off the starboard and they still keep sending the same message. Life holds ready, doctor. Coming. Got all your gear? Well, I'll set. Let's go. As we pulled away from our ship, I could just barely make out the schooner's feelings for wandering current in the growing dust. She was a 42-footer. And from a high bow, she sloped away neatly in a sweeping shear line to a trimmed square stern. The sit-in. The names seemed to fit her. A loof and aristocratic. As we pulled alongside a huge swathefellow helped me aboard. Watch your step. Easy. Thanks. Now, where's the patient? He's below. Why don't you bring a stretcher for him? Who are you? I'm the owner of Felix Oruj. You can't take him out of this boat. He's too weak. I'll decide that. Come on, old son. Coming, doc. We went below, and in the forward state, well, I found my patient. An old man. And with him a girl. Oh, doc, thank heaven you're here. He had an accident. He's terribly... I've been so worried. Bad shark. Pulse, pretty slow. You're not going to take him away, are you? No way. No, no, Ken. Easy, no. Have you enough oil board to reach a van if the wind doesn't hold? Yes, I think so. Okay. Olson. Yeah, doc?  This man is in no condition to be moved. What about you? I'll meet the ship in Havana. We ought to be there in some time tomorrow. Yeah, but the skipper... I'll take the responsibility. Okay, you're the doctor. All right, let's have a look. Easy now. No, no, no. Don't try to talk. How long has he been this way? Two days. Two days? Doctor the wound, I'm afraid that... Yes, it's badly infected. Who did the surgery on him? Surgery. Who probed for the bullet? Bullet? There was no bullet. He was injured splicing a backstay with a Marlin spike. He was bought. You see, he was carrying the Marlin spike in his hand when Felix had it come about. It threw him off balance and he fell. I've dug out too many bullets not to recognize the kind of mess they make. It was a Marlin spike. Yes? Well, you can yell Marlin spike all the way to Havana, but it isn't going to change my report. Report? No. No bullet. Marlin spike. Marlin. Lie back. No. This won't hurt. What? What is it? Just a hypodermic. No, no, no, no. I don't want it. But I've got to probe. You can take it if you're conscious. No anesthetica. Only brandy. Doctor, give him the anesthetic. Oh, no. You'd like that, wouldn't you, Stephanie? You're out of your mind. Joseph. I just want to save you the pain in the doctor. Get in the brandy. But doctor... It's his body. If that's what he wants, that's the way you'll have to have it. Now get the brandy. Oh, thank you. And doctor? Yes? Send Stephanie away. Don't run her around me. She went away, but she didn't like it. And I got to work. For the next couple of hours, I was pretty busy. It was well after 10 o'clock when I felt it was safe to leave the old man and go up on deck to catch a smoke. Halfway up the companion way, I ran into Felix on his way down. Well, doc, how's the old boy? Is he going to kick off? I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I think he's going to be all right. You think? What do you know? I'm only a doctor. I've done everything I can for him. Wait a minute. Where are you going? I want to see him. I got a talk to him. I wouldn't advise him. Since when are you giving orders around here? Since I came aboard. I don't want him disturbed. He needs to rest. Oh. You got any objections if I give myself a cup of coffee? No. So long as you stay away from my patient.  You handled the wheel like an old salt. Oh, I don't know much about it. I just knew what Felix told me. How's Joseph? You've been down there such a long time. I thought that maybe... That he died? That's a horrible thing to say. Of course not. Who is Joseph? Your husband? No, I'm his secretary. Oh. Then this is a business trip. In a way. Doctor, what are you getting at? Did you shoot him? Why would I shoot him and then call for a doctor out here in the middle of the ocean? I don't know. And after tomorrow I won't care. You realize, of course, that my report to the authorities in Havana will be according to my own findings. I suppose so. I don't imagine that there's any way of changing your mind. Is there, doctor? This is a beautiful schooner. Belong to your boss? Yes. I wonder... Do you mind if I take the wheel for a while? It's been a long time. Oh, you know how to sail? I used to, back in Maine. All right. Go ahead. Feels good. She sure handles like a dream. Uh-huh. Just as I thought. What's wrong, doctor? Look at that pinnacle. We're not headed for Havana. We're headed in the opposite direction. The siden was racing along the sail's flow. But she wasn't sailing due to Havana. The compass said she was sailing southwest. Away from Havana as fast as wind and sail could take her. I later on the starboard tack had started to bring her about. The sails bellied out, catching the winds that shifted across the bow. And then, as they started to fill away, the man's boom swung over. Just as I ducked to avoid it, I shot my hand. I put up my hand to steady myself against the main boom in there in the wood. Like where my head would have been if I hadn't ducked, was the bullet. Across the deck, siloing the life the companion way, stood Felix, polishing his gun with a handkerchief. You're setting the tack, doctor, when a man's cleaning his gun. Cleaning your gun in the dark in the middle of the night. Yeah, I suppose it is dangerous. I see you don't like our course. I was under the impression this craft was bound for Havana. That's right, Doc. We are. Then why are we sailing southwest? You can't trust the behind the wheel of a car and the better behind the wheel of a boat. Oh, no, Felix, you don't blame me for that. I don't know a thing about a course. I did what you told me. Now, why didn't you do it right? If I'm so incompetent, maybe you'd better handle it yourself. Maybe I will. I didn't know what the game was. The lies, Marlin's spite, nocturnal gun cleaning, change of course. But one thing was certain. I intended to get to Havana if it was the last thing I ever did. And to make sure it wasn't the last thing. This was one night I wouldn't sleep. I went down to the old man's stateroom where I'd left my bag to get some benzodine. While I was there, I checked on him. He was sleeping quietly. He wouldn't need me. I opened the bag, took the tablets, and suddenly my hand stopped in midair. My hypodermic needle, motored with the anesthetic that Joseph had refused, was gone. In just a moment we will return to escape. But first, a message from the Ford dealers of America. Already more than 140,000 new owners know that the 1954 is something really special. We Ford dealers know it. We want you to know it too. That's why we invite you to test the 1954 yourself. From the moment you get behind the wheel, you'll see and feel quality. A finger's touch brings the great new V8 engine quietly to life, no matter how cold the weather. Before you've driven a block, you'll experience the joy of that flashing V8 acceleration and power. You'll know the quietness of quality in the motor and the sound conditioned body. Your first touch of the brakes, the largest in the low price field, brings a new feeling of safety and security. And try the worst road you know. See how the midship ride gives you the comfort and rotability of America's most expensive cars. Any Ford dealer will be delighted to arrange a test drive. If you don't know him personally, he's listed in the classified phone book. Call him tomorrow, before you buy any car at any price. Test drive the 1954. It will open your eyes. And now we return you to the second act of escape. Can't you sleep? Are you still worried about the course? See, we're sailing due east. Very commendable. Mind if I take the wheel awhile? Oh, I don't mind at all. Keep a dewy stuck. I want to get to a van. I watched his truck you'll import back as he moved across the deck and disappeared below. The moon was his brightest day and his reassuring. And then the sails swung out covering it, throwing the deck into blackness. That's why I didn't realize at first anyone was approaching until I saw the glow of the cigarette. I tense myself. My hand clenched at something in the cockpit. The cigarette moved closer. I waited the sailbell out back and I saw her full in the moonlight. I have to talk to you. Go ahead. Talk. I'm afraid I haven't been very honest with you. I'm afraid you haven't. I lied to you and I realize now how foolish it was. Doctor, I'm afraid of Felix. Are you trying to tell me it was Felix who shot the old man? Yes, and he made me lie about it. Like you lied about the course. He'll never get to Havana. He's letting you think that you're going there now, but he'll figure out something. I'm sure he will. If that target practiced a few moments ago was any sample.   I mean... Well, you're not making sense again. Felix wants me to keep Joseph alive and yet Felix shot Joseph. It was just a fit of anger and argument. Felix has a terrible temper.  Felix, Joseph's so valuable. Well? I suppose I should tell you all of it. It might be a good idea. I told you the truth about one thing at least. I am his secretary. Only his name isn't just Joseph. It's Joseph Ingram. Ingram? No wonder his face was familiar. He's the big aviation tycoon. But Ingram was killed two weeks ago. I read it about it in the papers. A transcontinental airliner crashed into a mountain. That's the luck of Joseph Ingram. We were on our way to Washington. He'd been subpoenaed to have his war contract investigated. He was guilty of sin, and though public was really worked up about it, he was a cinch to be indicted. And his wife, who'd put up with his selfishness and greed through 20 years of marriage, couldn't take it anymore and left him. We had got off the plane at Albuquerque to answer a wire from his attorney. But the radio and newspapers obituaried him to death. I know. That's how things happened for him. Apparently there was just no record of us leaving the plane and they only found half of the survivors. Some of those, they couldn't identify. Go on. Well, when Joseph realized that he was officially dead, he saw the way out. He'd been looking desperately for a chance to disappear and now he had it. He phoned Felix and Florida to have the sit-in ready and we took a train down and boarded her there. I see. So why do you think I'm on this boat? Do you think I wanted to come? Do you think I wanted to leave my whole life behind? I was forced to come. I was the only one who knew that Joseph was still alive. And now you know. What about Felix? Felix is Joseph's handyman, so to speak, and Joseph owns Felix' body and soul, just like he owns everyone who works for him. And you? I saw a chance to go further with Joseph than with any other man. And maybe the needle isn't meant for Joseph. Needle? What needle? A hypodermic needle loaded with anesthetic. It's missing from my bag. And it looks now like it's meant for you. Oh no. Oh no, he can't. I'm afraid we'll have to be more realistic. We? If you'll forgive the pun. I'm afraid we're both in the same boat. There was desperation in her face. I felt sorry for her. She was in this mess up to her neck and she was afraid. And yet it was good having her beside me there in the cockpit. It was pleasant to be with her. Just the two of us. The moon and the sea. Well, anyway, the hypodermic needle was the farthest thing from my mind when I took her in my arms. Then it happened. I felt the sting of a pierce my flesh. Oh, the needle you... What are you talking about? The needle just stuck me with it. Oh, I'm sorry. It was just my brook. See, it's always coming up. Brooch? Oh, I thought... Oh silly. Here. Fasten it for me, will you please? Yes, of course. Why, you're shaking. It's that missing hypodermic that has me rattled. I've got to get it back. You'll get it back. Yes, but when? How? Right now, doctor. Like this. She used the needle definitely. In one motion, plunged it in my arms and tried to struggle to my feet. Her face was mocking me. I grabbed her, but the drug was warm and dead meat. And after a blood moment, I was gone. I could hear them from a long ways off. The king came slowly even. I lay there listening. I only did what you told me. You're the one who bungled it. They were both standing over me, working on me, doing everything they could to bring it to me. Well, a lot of trouble to use that needle. Now you've spoiled everything. Why did you have to rush things? You'd only left Joseph alone, but no, no. You couldn't wait. As soon as the doctor was unconscious, he had to work him over. If Joseph dies, now we'll never find out where he hid it. It's honest boat. I know that.  That awful impatience. You'd think you could have waited for two million dollars. Now it began to make some sense. Now everything makes sense. As long as Joseph needed a doctor and wouldn't tell where the money was, we both lived. But if I couldn't keep him alive... Get on your feet, Doc! Come on, Doc, I'm on your feet! Feel it, CD! Since when are you getting so touchy? Come on! All right, all right, I'm on my feet. Welcome back. The old man, E.G., has had a relapse. Stephanie, take the wheel. Doc. I'm not in the mood to take orders. Maybe this will put you in a mood! My chin with the short chair, my knees buckled. I swung at him and listened. I saw another one coming. This time I ducked and connected with a round house on the side of his head that set him wheeling along the Wacken hour deck. I started after him. Just as the boat came about by and had been healing over with a lee rail under, I wildly grabbed the dialyne just in time to think he had thrown backwards into the sea. I hurled around. The girl had done it. Spinning the wheel like crazy. I dashed back to the cockpit, tried to grab it away from her. She flucked me like a tiger, but I finally pushed her off right at the boat and burned her about. But Felix was nowhere in sight. We tacked her on, searching for him, but it was useless. It was an accident! He's gone. You've killed him. You ought to be glad he's gone. Why? Your concern touches me. Besides, we don't need him, don't you see?  You could keep Joseph alive until we make him talk. And when we find out where his money is, we can get rid of him. And sail away into the sunset, huh? That's right. Just you and me. Yeah. No thanks. I'll play the original hand out in Havana. I don't think so, doctor. I'm setting the course now. And if you're interested, I'm a much better shop in Felix. I won't hit the boom. The gun glided in the moonlight and she was smiling at me. And then I wasn't looking at her but beyond her. First, I wasn't sure. I just sensed the movement. And then I saw him. Joseph Ingram barefooted and in pajamas, pulling himself painfully up the companion lane, forcing his body to make the effort. Joseph! You ordered too much, Stephanie. My money and Felix's youth. Felix is gone. He had an accident. Like mine, I suppose. If only I hadn't been so greedy. If only it waited, it'd have gotten your share. Joseph, you're sick.  In the heel of my shoe, in my cabin, is a draft on the National Bank of Venezuela for two million dollars. Payable to bearer. And it is of you? In the stomach yet he kept coming out. Slumbering barefooted across the deck like a wounded bear in blue silk pajamas. Not so easy. She backed away from him. I'm seeing her gun into him. But he kept coming. Not so easy. He was at the edge of the deck as he collapsed against her. He had the arms and the depth grip around her like a cartwheel. They swung together over the side into the inky blackness of the sea. Million dollars in the heel of a shoe. It was in the heel of the shoe, all right. I went below and found it. Just a piece of paper that three people had died over. Two million dollars. Certified backwards and forwards. Payable to bearer. In just a few hours it would be daylight. I could be in Havana by noon, back to the Martina, back to the dispensary, back to the endless round of seasick pills, hangover remedies, and when I'm lucky maybe a sprained ankle. Or Venezuela. The choice was simple. There was no risk at all. It was a sure thing. It was payable. To bearer. Good afternoon, senor. Sorry I have kept you waiting. You presented this bank draft for payment, senor. Yes, are you, senor Paris? That is right. I am president of the bank.  There's nothing wrong with the draft, is there? Oh, no, senor, it is in order. Good. And you wish us to transfer this money to your bank in the United States? No. No, as a matter of fact, I wish to open an account here. Oh, but certainly, Gomez, you will make the arrangement for the senor. Yes, senor Paris, at once. And now, there is a lady, a countrywoman of yours, waiting to see you. Please, to step his way, senor. You can say me, but who? Oh, Joseph, I've been waiting so long. Senor Perez, is this the man who presented the draft for payment? Yes, senora. But he hasn't. And what has happened to Joseph? Joseph Ingram, of course. Senor Perez, who is this man? I heard the Sidon had come in this morning with only one person aboard, so I rushed right here to the bank. But you've cashed the draft. What have you done? Killed Joseph Horace? Look, madam, I don't know what you're talking about. Just who are you, anyway? I'm Joseph Ingram's wife. Oh, then surely you know. He died in that plane crash back in the States. He didn't, and you know it. Joseph wasn't on that plane. He boarded the Sidon in Florida. Now, look, madam, all the newspapers are... Look who I planned, the whole thing. Those highly publicized statements about our divorce were just a cover-up. So nobody would watch or care where I went. They phoned me from Albuquerque when the plane crashed, and he'd meet me here with a certified draft. He was to meet you here. And I know he would have. If he was still alive. Senor Perez, would you call the police? I accuse this man of murdering my husband. See, senora, if you... Call him. Call him at once. He must not get away. I will ring for the guard. Just a minute. I didn't kill him. She killed him. She? Stephanie, his secretary. Who is she? She's dead. He killed her. Oh, this doesn't make any sense. Then where is Felix? You see, Felix, he was killed when he... Yes? You see, it was... That is the guard, senor, waiting outside the door. Under these circumstances, Venezuelan law requires me to hold a payment on the draft pending investigation. And, senor, it is my duty to turn you over to the police. No, look, look. Those people, I had nothing to do with their murders. Have you any proof, senor? Have you any weaknesses? They were staring at me. They didn't believe me. Of course. No one would ever believe me. And it had looked like such a sure thing. I was trapped on a charge of triple murder. Not two million dollars, but triple murder payable to bearers. In just a moment, a word about next week's exciting story of escape. But first, a message from your local Ford dealer. More than 140,000 delighted motorists are already driving the new 50 Ford. Here is what J.B. Sperlock, a salesman, says about his 50 Ford. Anyone who's on the road as much as I am will sure appreciate the relaxing ride of the 50 Ford. You just take the wheel and sail away for hundreds of miles and you end up almost as fresh as you were when you started. It's not just the comfortable seats alone that are relaxing. It's the quietness of the Ford engine and the fine riding qualities too. Actually, it feels and holds the road like a much higher priced car. I wouldn't trade my 50 Ford for anything anywhere near its price class. We Ford dealers hear comments like that every day. But you don't have to take anyone's word for it. Just test drive the 50 Ford yourself. Look up your nearest Ford dealer in the classified phone directory or perhaps you know him personally. He'll gladly arrange a test drive in the 50 Ford. Then you can test drive it for comfort, for power, for safety, and for quietness. Test drive it for the new Ford feel which stamps the 50 Ford as the one fine car in the low price field before you buy any car at any price. Test drive the 50 Ford at your Ford dealers tomorrow. Escape is produced and directed by William N. Robson. Tonight we have presented The Sure Thing by John and Gwen Bagney. Featured in the cast were Anthony Ross as the doctor, Jeff Corey as Felix Arouge, Faye Baker as Stephanie, and Ian Wolf as Joseph Ingram. Also heard were Harry Bartell, Ruth Perot, Ramsey Hill, and Paul Freese. Special music was arranged and conducted by Adele Castillo next week. You are trapped with a lovely but dangerous woman on your own island of paradise. Trapped by overpowering greed for a huge buried treasure. And from the woman and the greed, there is no escape. Next week we escape with John and Gwen Bagney's exciting tale of a lost paradise, treasure incorporated. Goodbye then until this same time next week when once again we offer you escape. This is CBS, the Columbia broadcasting system. They tune for pursuit. 10 p.m. B-U-L-O-V-A, Boulevard watch time. For her choose the very latest, Lady Boulevard. Only $42.50. General Omar N. Bradley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Harvard University President, Dr. James B. Conant discuss a vital educational issue just 30 minutes from now. WCBS, a.m. and f.m.


How to calm a cat in heat. An unspade female cat will go into heat, meaning she's ready to mate every three to four weeks.  Calming the cat down is hard, and more importantly, its only temporary. This is natural, normal behavior for a cat in heat, no matter how annoying it is to owners. If it's too much to handle, seek a long-term solution instead of a quick fix. Calming a cat in heat. Recognize that your cat is in heat. Make sure that the behavior your cat is expressing actually means that she's in heat and not sick. An unspade cat in heat will vocalize a lot, be restless, rub against people and objects, and roll around on the floor. If you stroke her lower back, she'll respond by raising her pelvis and shifting her tail to one side. The normal breeding season for cats is between spring and late summer. She will likely go into heat during this time of year. Decide if your cat's in heat or sick. If she's acting restless, but not rubbing herself against everything and lifting her tail to the side, she may be in pain. Take her to the vet to find out what's going on. The normal breeding season for cats is between spring and late summer. She will likely go into heat during this time of year. Decide if your cat's in heat or sick. If she's acting restless, but not rubbing herself against everything and lifting her tail to the side, she may be in pain. Take her to the vet to find out what's going on. Isolate her from male cats. When she's in heat, your cat will grow even more excitable in the presence of males. Do not allow her outside at all, and close all windows and lock all doors, including pet flaps. To keep her calm and prevent her from getting pregnant, you need to keep her away from all male cats. Isolation will also keep her safe. She may try to escape your home if she senses a male outside. If you have a male cat in the same house, find a friend or hire a cat sitter to take him in for a couple weeks. If the two cats stay in the same area, they'll both act wild, and almost certainly end up mating. If male cats are visible through a window, cover the window with curtains or a piece of cardboard. If you have a male cat in the same house, find a friend or hire a cat sitter to take him in for a couple weeks. If the two cats stay in the same area, they'll both act wild, and almost certainly end up mating. If male cats are visible through a window, cover window with curtains or a piece of cardboard. Give your cat something warm to sit on. Although success is not guaranteed, some people find that giving the cat a heat pack or a warm, wet towel to sit on keeps her still and calm. A microwavable heat pack may be the easiest option, since you can quickly reheat it once the cat starts acting up again. An electric heat pad blanket is also a good choice. Use catnip only if it calms your cat down. Cats respond very differently to catnip. Some relax and quiet down when given catnip, but other become energetic and aggressive. If you don't know how your cat responds to catnip, avoid this method. It may make the situation even worse. Note that this is only a temporary fix, but it might buy you an hour or two of peace. Note that this is only a temporary fix, but it might buy you an hour or two of peace. Most whether herbal remedies are effective. There are many herbal remedies on the market intended to calm cats. Some cat owners report success, but there is no single remedy that works on every cat. Furthermore, your cat may not respond to any of these products. Buy a collection of small samples and try several different remedies. Once you've found a product that works for your cat, buy it in larger amounts. Follow the instructions on the labels. They may tell you to add the remedy to the cat's water, rub a few drops into the cat's fur, or use as an air freshener.Do not use products intended for humans, which likely use higher dosages. Use fellaway in your home. Fellaway is a synthetic cat pheromone that has a soothing, calming effect on cats. It takes a couple weeks of exposure to begin calming cats down, though, so it's not an immediate fix. If you know your cat is unspayed, you might consider plugging in the fellaway diffuser at the beginning of breeding season spring. That way, whenever she goes into heat, the fellaway will already be built up in her system. Keep her litter box clean. Cats often scent mark with urine to attract males when they are in heat.  If she scent marks anyway, clean and de-odorize the area immediately. Leaving the smell of urine behind will only drive her to keep doing it. Don't use cleaning products with ammonia. Ammonia is also found naturally in urine, and the smell will encourage her to mark that spot again. Play with your cat. Playing with your cat can distract her temporarily, but she'll often go straight back to howling after you're done. Petting, scratching, or brushing her lower back can be more effective if your cat is already calm enough to let you do so.


Rather than list all the ranges of distances between the Earth and the various planets, a good way to report planetary distance is to use an average distance from the Sun. An astronomical unit, AU for short, is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. That's 150 million kilometers or 93 million miles. We'll cover a way to measure AU in our segment on the Sun. Mars is one and a half AU, or 228 million kilometers from the Sun. That's 142 million miles. Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos. The moons appear to have surface material similar to many asteroids in the outer asteroid belt, which we'll cover shortly. This leads most scientists to believe that both moons are captured asteroids. Here are the distances to the other planets in our solar system. Mercury, a hot, cracked rock not much bigger than the moon, is only 58 million kilometers from the Sun. That's 36 million miles. Its daytime surface temperature is 430 degrees Celsius. That's 800 degrees Fahrenheit. That's hot enough to melt lead. Mercury has no moons. Venus, with its sulfuric acid atmosphere, is 108 million kilometers from the Sun. That's 67 million miles. It's around 80% of the size of the Earth and as hot as Mercury. This ultraviolet view of the planet's clouds was taken by the pioneer Venus probe in 1979. The probe found that, like Mercury, Venus has no moons. Jupiter, the largest planet by far, is 778 million kilometers from the Sun. That's 483 million miles. Its mass is 317 times greater than the Earth. It is the giant solar system vacuum cleaner heating up the Sun's early debris to become larger than all the rest of the planet's combined. Scientists think Jupiter has at least 69 moons. The most interesting are the four discovered by Galileo. Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa. Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system and is the only moon known to have its own internally generated magnetic field. Callisto's surface is extremely heavily cratered and ancient, a visible record of events from the early history of the solar system. Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. As Io travels in its orbit, Jupiter's immense gravity causes huge tides in the solid surface like our moon affects the oceans. This generates the heat for the volcanic activity. Europa's surface is mostly water ice and there is evidence that it may be covering an ocean of water. It is thought to have twice as much water as we have here on Earth. This water, along with subterranean volcanoes, may have created a zone where life can form. Saturn, with its beautiful rings, is 1.4 billion kilometers from the Sun. That's 886 million miles. Its mass is 95 times greater than the Earth. The Cassini probe has been taking pictures of the planet, its rings and moons, for 13 years. Saturn has at least 62 moons and every one of them have been probed by the Cassini spacecraft. Here are two of them. Titan is the largest. It is the only moon in the solar system known to have a significant atmosphere. Enceletus has more than 100 water geysers at its south pole, from a subterranean ocean that may be friendly to life. Saturn's rings are absolutely beautiful. There are billions of particles in the entire ring system, ranging in size from tiny dust-sized icy grains to a few particles as large as mountains. It is about 1 kilometer thick and ranges out to 282,000 kilometers from the center of the planet. It's about three quarters the distance between the Earth and the moon. This Cassini image shows a portion of the inner central part of the planet's B-ring. Cassini ended its mission on September 17, 2017, with a plunge into Saturn's atmosphere. Uranus, with its extremely cold hydrogen and helium atmosphere, is 3 billion kilometers from the Sun, that's 1.8 billion miles. Its mass is 14 times greater than the Earth. Uranus has 27 known moons, the largest are Oberon and Titania. They were photographed by Voyager 2, the only spacecraft to ever visit Uranus. Neptune, a twin of Uranus, is the furthest planet from the Sun at 4.5 billion kilometers. It's 2.8 billion miles. It takes 164 years to revolve around the Sun. Neptune has 13 moons that we know of. Triton is the largest. It has ice volcanoes that sprout what is thought to be a mixture of liquid nitrogen, methane and dust, which instantly freezes and then snows back down to the surface.


The next item of business is topical questions. In order to get in as many people as possible, I'd appreciate short and succinct questions and responses. At question number one, I call Megan Gallagher. Thank you, Presiding Officer, to ask the Scottish Government whether it will provide an update on its nursery recruitment targets. Minister Clare Holly. The Scottish Government does not set targets for early learning and childcare ELC workforce recruitment. Megan Gallagher. In 2018, Nicola Sturgeon promised to recruit 435 additional graduates to nurseries to close the poverty-related attainment gap. Four years later, this target has not been met. New figures show a quarter of posts are lying empty and over 100 nurseries in the most deprived areas are missing a teacher. Presiding Officer, this is yet another SNP education failure. I ask the minister why this target has never been met and why children in the most deprived areas have been left without a nursery teacher. Minister. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Since 2017, the earlier learning and childcare workforce has expanded significantly. Since the ELC workforce expansion began in 2017, the number of graduates working in ELC with degrees relevant to early years has increased by 52 per cent. That expansion means that by August 2021, every local authority in Scotland confirmed that they were able to offer 1140 years of funding to all three and four-year-olds and the two-year-olds who need this. This is great for families and for children and being able to access high-quality ELC, delivered by a range of staff with different skills and qualifications, is a cornerstone of narrowing the poverty-related attainment gap. I am astounded that the minister believes that the Scottish Government is doing a good job when our nursery sector is facing a staffing crisis. Nursery owners in the PVI sector have warned the Scottish Government that the expansion of free early learning childcare is under threat. Pay gaps between local authority and private settings of around £1.40 an hour is causing nursery staff to leave the sector. The Scottish Government cannot continue to ignore those serious concerns. What measures will the Scottish Government implement to create equity between local authorities in the PVI sector and how will they address the staffing crisis? Our collective focus throughout the 1140-year expansion has been to improve conditions across the private, voluntary and childcare workforce with regard to funded ELC. When ELC expansion began, local authorities were already paying above the living wage to their staff and the funding settlement reflects that. By contrast, our research indicates that around 80 per cent of staff delivering funded ELC in the private and third sectors were paid less than the living wage at the time. We have seen real progress since, with our 2021 health check indicating that 88 per cent of private providers intended to pay the real living wage to all of their staff by August 2021. Public funding and Scottish Government policy can only affect a certain amount of change and ultimately business owners make their own decisions about their business models and salaries. However, that said, the Scottish Government has taken a range of actions to support the private and third sector through the 1140-year early learning and childcare expansion programme, including to support the recruitment of highly qualified childcare staff. We are taking a strategic approach to mapping out the workforce requirements to deliver our existing and new commitments and taking forward a series of actions to support recruitment and retention across all parts of the childcare sector. My apologies, Mr Gryffin. It is excellent news for families that children are being offered 1140 hours of early education and childcare. Minister, how many children who were offered that 1140 hours have received it over the course of this year? I know that a number of nurseries have had to move on to reduce hours to cope with staff absences because of a lack of resilience in staff shortages in the system. Of January 2022, more than 111,000 children were benefiting from funded ELC. That is 97% of eligible children. Alex Cole-Hamilton. I'm very grateful to Megan Gallagher for highlighting the Scottish Liberal Democrat research on this. At the current rate of progress, it's going to take 10 years to achieve a one-year target. No wonder the attainment gap is getting wider. Thousands of nursery children have been and gone without the benefit of the extra teacher that they were promised by Nicola Sturgeon. Given that she has just abandoned that commitment made by Nicola Sturgeon in 2017, how should we believe any future commitment made by the First Minister in this chamber? Myndteachers continue to have an important role to play as leaders and educators alongside other degree-qualified ELC specialists supporting our youngest children on their learning journey. Research shows that the best experiences for children are provided where there is a range of staff with complementary skills and higher-level qualifications. We are proud of the continued growth in the number of degree-qualified ELC staff and those working towards degree-level qualifications. Since the ELC workforce expansion began in 2017, the number of graduates working in ELC with degrees relevant to early years has increased by 52%. I hope that Mr Cole-Hamilton will welcome those statistics. 2. Willie Rennie To ask the Scottish Government what immediate action it will take in light of recent reports that nearly £2 million in pupil equity funding has been spent on police officers in schools since 2018. Cabinet Secretary Shirley-Anne Somerville Decisions on how to use pupil equity funding are taken by headteachers in an empowered education system. We trust schools and headteachers to know their people's best and to take decisions that are in the best interests of children and young people. The majority of the £634 million distributed in PEF to schools is invested in approaches to improve literacy, numeracy and health and wellbeing through the recruitment of additional teaching and support staff, family link workers and partnership with third sector organisations. Could other projects involving Police Scotland in place schools find them to be of great benefit? They are highly engaged and proactive in preventative work in communities with families, working alongside social work and third sector organisations. They are not policing in school. To be clear, the £2 million described is a very small proportion, just 0.3 per cent of the pupil equity funding that has been distributed to schools across 32 councils since 1718. The education secretary needs to cut the slopey shoulders act. The pupil equity funding is an operational guidance that I have read and I am sure that she wrote that encourages that kind of spending. It says that consideration should be given to how the school can work with community partners beyond education. That is her doing. The children's charity Abelauer, who made this discovery, wants to know what the evidence is that policing in schools will help children's learning. So where is the evidence? Cabinet Secretary. For the avoidance benefit of the doubt of Mr Rennie, they are not policing in schools. I made that very clear in my original answer. The schools know their learners best. They are responsible for using the pupil equity funding to undertake approaches that they think will best support their pupils to achieve to their full potential. It is very important that we look at how the money is spent. It is often spent on family like workers, for example, and in collaboration with those outside the school, including youth work and family learning, on approaches to reducing the cost of the school day. I will give one example, Presiding Officer, about how the money can be used and has been used in schools in Fife, where there has been school holiday programmes targeted at supporting vulnerable and at-risk children, anti-violence programmes and also transition programmes. The school itself shows an improved attendance rate, early intervention in supporting children and families to avoid or limit criminal behaviours and very much improve community relations. That is what happens when schools work with partners right across the community, including if they decide it is necessary and appropriate with the police. I think that some of the examples of that show that that has been working as shown by the headteachers feedback themselves. Willie Rennie presented no evidence. There is no evidence that policing in schools will help to close the poverty-related attainment gap by 2026 or whatever the policy is this week, yet her operational guidance still encourages it. What a slur on children from disadvantaged backgrounds. They have been branded by their Government as criminals before they have even had their first lesson. It is the money that is supposed to follow the child, not the police. The First Minister has said that she has been branded by her Government as criminals before they have even had their first lesson. It is the money that is supposed to follow the child, not the police. Will the education secretary revise the operational guidance, without delay, to prevent vital funds for education, to ensure that children and families are safe and well-behaved, and to ensure that children and families are safe and well-behaved? It is the money that is supposed to follow the child, not the police. Will the education secretary revise the operational guidance, without delay, to prevent vital funds for education, for education being diverted to fund police in schools? Unsurprisingly, that has drawn great criticism from across the chamber. Mr Rennie may criticise the Scottish Government within the Opposition parties, but what Mr Rennie has just said is not a slur on the Scottish Government, but on the head teachers who have chosen to use the pupil equity funding in this way. It is a slur on the teachers who have decided that they know their children best. Mr Rennie once said to the Liberal Democrat conference, and it is not often that I will quote a Liberal Democrat conference speech, but I will on this occasion. I want teachers to be at the centre of how we make Scottish education the best. I want to make sure that education is delivered by teachers—I presume that is what Mr Rennie wanted in that quote—but he is saying that teachers do not go best. Somehow he knows best, without knowing any of the details of the projects involved, he is quite happy to come to this chamber and accuse teachers of making young people criminals. I hope that he goes away and thinks seriously about that. I am not apologised to me, but I apologise to the teachers who have put this in place and the pupils that they are there to serve. From 30 years of experience as a teacher, I would like to celebrate the hard work of teachers and our young people in all their endeavours. I know from very recent discussions with teachers and local police that staff are building relationships with the most vulnerable young people in our society. We are intervening early to build confidence, to increase engagement with the curriculum, thereby increasing achievement. Whilst it is a shame that Mr Rennie appears to have forgotten the Lib Dem's conference 2020 commitment to put teachers in charge, will the cabinet secretary assure the chamber that this Government is committed to empowering teachers to use peff funding to empower the teachers to use peff funding to the best meet the needs of the young people in their schools? Once again, you hear from Co-Cab Stewart an example of one of the projects where schools have been reaching out and working directly with the police. They have been shown through constant positive feedback from both staff and learners to have made a difference because young people have found that approach exceptionally useful. We have a range of projects where that can be used if teachers feel that it is the right thing to do. I think that it is very important, as Cabinet Secretary for Education, that I do not just talk about empowerment but I support empowerment in practice. It is a shame that the Liberal Democrats, rather than doing that, have come here today to accuse teachers of not just inappropriate use of funds but to make young people criminals as a sad and sorry state even for Mr Rennie. We heard at Education Committee that equity funding was being used to plug gaps in the budget. Little did we realise that it was the policing budget too. Will the cabinet secretary take this opportunity to say that this practice is wrong? It might be, in her view, a small amount of money but every penny going into education should be focused on teaching and learning. Can she not even agree with that? What the committee heard was that a number of directors of education come to the committee and state in questioning that the pupil equity funding was additional funding and it was that additionality that they found important that evidence is there on the record from the directors of education. There is an absolute support within the teaching profession for the use of pupil equity funding. They feel that it is an important part of the empowered system that we have. This Government is committed to an empowered education system. It is unfortunate that it seems that the Opposition parties are not.


Hello Earth citizens. In this video, I will show you a 10-minute routine to clear negative thoughts. Do you experience a lot of negative thinking regularly? Do you feel a lot of heaviness or brain fog as a result of negative thinking or self-doubt? Or even self-judgment? Do you have those? I think it's safe to say that everybody to a certain degree has these thoughts that weigh them down, and they could use a little lift on how to clear these thoughts, clear these energies of doubt and judgment as they arise from your brain. So whenever you have that, please utilize this routine to clear your mind of those thoughts. Okay, so first get into a comfortable seated posture, either on half lotus like me with your spine straight or on a chair with your feet flat on the floor is fine too. If you're sitting on a chair, please don't lean back in your chair, sit at the edge of your seat, spine straight, feet flat on the floor. All right, are you ready? So the best way to clear negative thinking is with a technique called brain wave vibration. So brain wave vibration is a simple exercise of tapping your core to stay grounded while shaking your neck and shoulders side to side. So when you shake your head and shoulders side to side, imagine you are shaking your brainstem inside the surface, because the brainstem is where it affects your health if you hold a lot of negative emotions inside.  So if you're ready, please roll your hands into a fist. And with the pinky side of your fist, tap your abdomen. Now we tap our abdomen, because we need to stay grounded. If we don't tap and we just shake side to side, if you already have a lot of thinking, it's very easy to be dizzy or get headaches. So tapping here will ground your energy down as you safely shake side to side. First feel your body. As you shake, I recommend closing your eyes to prevent dizziness. And as you shake, recognize what negative thoughts you have inside of you. You know your thoughts best. What are some of the negative thoughts that come up regularly, that come up sometimes, or just came up today? Recognize what it is. It can be anything like, I don't like my body. I don't like my face. I think I'm ugly. I think I'm not beautiful.  Can you imagine and feel like these are mud slabs that are stuck onto your brain? Yes.   All the words of self-doubt, words of self-hate, anger, sadness, loneliness, all of that.  Can you imagine this? All negative words, negative thoughts. I am fat. I am ugly.  I'm not worthy. I don't deserve it. I always mess up all of these things.    Where the mind goes, energy follows. Shake, shake, shake. Bring in all the negative thoughts that you have regularly, that you have right now into that cyclone and take a deep breath out as if you're pushing that out of your body through your mouth. Let me repeat this a few times. Now if you want to take it a step further, as you exhale, literally imagine all the negative words. I am unworthy. I am not worthy of love. I'm ugly. I'm fat.   As you release these words, feel your breath getting deeper into your abdomen.  This exercise is like opening the windows of a dusty house. If your brain were a house, all the negative information, negative beliefs about yourself, negative thoughts are like dust that have collected in this house.  So keep shaking. Gather all of the negative thoughts you have, the sentences of your thoughts into the cyclone that you are creating in your mind. Take a deep breath into your body and powerfully release that energy out through your mouth. Let's do two more. Take a deep breath in. Exhale. Last time. Deep breath in. And exhale. Now rest your hands on your knees. Feel your body. Do you feel tingling? Do you feel warm, magnetism, heat, coldness? These are all signs of energy being activated inside of your body. Now gently bring your palms three inches above your knees. Relax your wrists. Focus on the middle of your palms and imagine into your palms two bright pillars of light come into your palms.    And as you repeat this movement, imagine bright light from your palms going deeply into your brain.   So move your palms out and in in the side, out and in the front from the top.   Keep your eyes closed. Imagine your brain transforming into a bright, healthy, positive, happy and radiant brain. And now one less time, bring your palms and now touch your brain. Keep connected to bright golden energy of your palms.  Keep sending light to your brain.  And now make a smile on your face and say, thank you, my brain. Now sweep, sweep your brain. Great job. Bring your hands to your knees.  Were you able to put a whirlpool of energy and put all the negative thoughts in there and push it out of your body through your mouth? This is a very powerful exercise to do whenever you have creeping negative thoughts that you want to quickly eliminate from your body and turn your brain into a positive, bright golden brain. You did a great job. To experience a full one hour brain education based yoga class, please visit a local body and brain yoga studio near you.


Hello and welcome to Monet Cafe and Watercolor 101. In this tutorial you're going to learn some basic principles of watercolor painting and we're even going to have some fun painting watercolor caterpillars. And these simple principles will be foundational to your watercolor success. In part 2 we're going to be creating a landscape painting using only three colors. So get ready to learn and have some fun. As with any medium it's first a good idea to learn more about the products. So join me now as we talk about some of the product choices and the different watercolor products available. Hello artists and welcome to Monet Cafe. Today we're actually working in watercolor. I know I combine watercolor a lot with soft pastels and I do some mixed media paintings. But today we're specifically working with just watercolor. There are so many advantages to watercolor painting. It's probably become my second favorite medium. And you know really all mediums have their benefits and some of their drawbacks. So let's talk about watercolor painting today. I'm going to give you some of my favorite watercolor choices as to colors and combinations. Also we'll be doing a little simple painting. And I'll be giving you also some beginner tips and advantages to watercolor painting. So let's get started. This should be fun educational and really great for the beginner watercolor artist. Let's first talk about watercolor paint in general. Now you're probably if you're a beginner watercolor artist more used to seeing them in sets like this that you might have used in school or at home with your mom and dad painting. And these are watercolors of course but they're dry. They've been put into their little palette here and they're already dry which works great for watercolor. But before it dries it starts as a wet medium such as you can find in these tubes. And the color is definitely more vibrant when you use it from this stage rather than letting it dry. Now I often work from a dry type of watercolor palette when I do my videos and often it's just for pure convenience. Now I'll show you some of my watercolor sets that can either be purchased with watercolor already in them or you can add your own colors. This is one by Windsor Newton. I apologize. All of my supplies are really dirty. I mean I use my watercolor palettes here. I don't clean them very good sometimes either. This one came with 24 colors but and Windsor Newton makes a nice watercolor. The neat thing is these can be moved. Mine are kind of stuck in here but you can move these. You can buy new ones or put in your own color if you like. So that's handy. Now one of the advantages to buying palettes that are empty is that you can add your own colors to them. Some of us end up having our own favorite colors and I'm going to show you some of mine. We're going to have a little watercolor fun here. Many of you may have seen in my videos when I combine watercolor and pastel that I use this little Arteza set and I like this one for multiple reasons. First of all, it was free.  It is a half pan set reusable paint when dried on palette. Again, you can use watercolor from wet or a dry state and these came already dried in the palette and I actually really like their color selections in here. I have added some acrylic ink accidentally to some of this so that's why it's so dirty looking but this is a handy little palette as well with some great colors. So there are so many choices. Also too, I mentioned a lot that watercolor looks very different in its dried state versus its applied state and that's why it's a good idea like this Arteza set sends you a little color chart that you can fill in the colors. They look so much more vibrant when they're applied rather than when they are dry in their dried state. You can really see this. So that's why it's a good idea. If you buy a set, go ahead and do this. You can see the difference here. I mean look at that purple in the upper left there. It looks almost black when it's dry and it's so vibrant when it's applied to your watercolor paper. So it's a good idea to go ahead and make your own color chart even if one is not provided in the set that you buy or purchase. Now watercolor in the tube state is going to be wet and I do believe that it is its most pure color and most vibrant when you work from this method or this way. Don't let that deter you from working from watercolors that are already dried. I do it all the time but if you ever got really serious about watercolor painting it's really good to go ahead and apply what colors you want to use and work from the tube versus from the dried palette that you're using. But I'm going to use these today really just to show you some of my favorite colors and explain to you some of the reasons I love watercolor and also give you some little tips as beginners as to I think probably some of the easiest and best tips that you can learn when you're first starting out with watercolor. Things that I learned the hard way. All right, here we go. Here you can see some of my tube watercolors and two of my favorite brands are DaVinci and Mgram and Company. Probably Mgram are my favorites. I just love their colors. Now I particularly like colors that are translucent. That means you can see through them very easy versus opaque colors and that's something you can learn more later but many of the colors I'll be using for this demonstration are quite translucent. That's another one of the beautiful benefits of watercolor is it's just so luminous and translucent on the white paper. Now as stated before one of the beautiful benefits of watercolor is this might look like a lot of watercolors here but really with just three colors you can create a virtual rainbow of colors. We always can add more colors to come up with more creative and unique colors but it's really nice that we can work from the three basics which is red, yellow and blue or something similar to that. Okay, so you may not have some of the exact colors that I'm using but if you have a version of red, yellow and blue, man you've got a lot of color potential already. Okay, so let's talk about some of my favorites. This is a typical red favorite for watercolor artists or oil or acrylic is Alizarin Crimson. It's a red that leans a little bit towards cool, a little more towards purple than towards like brick red or fire engine red and I've loved this color for years. I have a new favorite red though and I'll share that with you. This Indian yellow is one that I do like. I like a nice warm yellow like this one here and this is the typical I would say on most artist palette who do any wet media paintings such as acrylic oil or watercolor, ultramarine blue. It's a blue that leans a little more towards cool also a little more towards purple rather than a warm blue. And now I'll combine these colors that are I would say probably more of the traditional colors and here's another benefit of watercolor. You can get a lot of watercolor supplies pretty inexpensively. This is just a little watercolor plastic palette from the dollar store. Now again if you want to get more serious into your watercolor there are more expensive types of things you can use for your watercolor palette and this watercolor paper that I'm using is I believe it's just a kansen yes a kansen watercolor pad that will suffice for most watercolor painting. It is 140 pound cold pressed watercolor paper and this happens to be a nine by 12 pad. So and it wasn't all that expensive. You can get many more expensive papers if you get more serious about this. All right so let's go ahead and mix up the more traditional colors. In this example I'm obviously just working with three colors but just so you know if I was laying out my colors on a general color palette I would work from warm to cool with all of the variations in between red on one end blue on the other. And I don't need much because this is just for a little example. You can turn it this way so you can see it better. Normally if I was laying this out to have more colors I would put my blue over here okay but this is just for this little example and then I'll clean it out for each little example. All right here's an Indian yellow. This one actually broke off. I need to fix that and here is the ultra marine blue. This one got a little dried up on me. Of course we'll need brushes and water. I like to use kind of a larger dish for water because I don't have to change my water as often and having clean water is very important for having your colors look really pure and fresh and crisp. For my brushes I'm using some watercolor brushes that I really like from the Princeton Art and Brush Company. These are all 40 50. The R stands for round and they're just different sizes. This one has rubbed off. I'm not sure that size but 16 and 12 and this one's a little bit smaller. So for this example it's better to use a little bit larger brush. I want you to be able to see these colors. So let's go ahead and have some fun. This is the fun part. Here we go. So one of the things I'll talk about too I'll maybe make a little list of some of the things that a beginner watercolor artist should know or keep in mind is don't be afraid of the water okay because water is your friend with watercolor painting. When I first started I was so scrumpy with the water and I got a teeny brush. Also don't be afraid of big brushes. I would get like a little teeny brush and I felt like I just had to mix and paint in little areas and that's the beauty of watercolor is it's freedom and it's expression. So let's just embrace that. All right here we go. Color mixing time. Now I'm going to start with this Indian yellow and put it in the center all right and I do want to get enough water. I probably don't have enough water right now. Get my brush pretty wet here. All right there we go. See that water just playing around. Let it to where the water can just play and have fun. I'm going to zoom in a little more on this. All right you see that this is a very warm almost an orange yellow and when we put the yellow down and combine colors let's go ahead with this pretty traditional blue. This blue was a little dry in my tube anyway so I'm probably going to have to wet it quite a bit but I'm going to get a little bit down and then I'll probably add more water. Let's put it right here first so you can see it okay. It's a nice cool blue isn't that pretty? Let's go ahead and combine it with the more traditional Indian yellow. You see kind of a darker green that it makes. Can you see that? It's usually not my favorite to mix ultramarine blue. Let's add a little more yellow to it to see if we can get more of a green. You see that green? It almost becomes kind of muddied looking which is why I'm going to show you in a minute a blue that is more of a favorite blue of mine for mixing. Now let's go ahead and add the more traditional alizarin crimson okay. It is a really pretty red but I have another red that's a favorite red okay. This is kind of a cool red. This is a cool blue. This is a cool red. Let's put this pretty red down here. I just love putting watercolor down and just watching the color. I am such a color nut. Okay here we go to get the orange. All right you see that little bit of combination there and a little bit more of this yellow to the red so we'll get a little bit more orange and I definitely recommend that you play like this. Play with your colors okay. You can see how that's making an orange now. It's so fun isn't that fun? Okay so that's a color caterpillar okay. That's what we'll be making or you'll be making if you'd like to follow along with this and it's one of the best ways to just learn about color, color combinations and to learn to work with what colors you have okay. So now on this palette or I'm going to zoom out again and show you my alternatives to colors that I like better and you can use whatever you have even if you're just working from something like this. Basically you're going to go with a yellow blue. This one's kind of a blue green here. It's almost a prussian blue and a red okay. So work with what you have. Now here are my preferred blue and red choices. This is prussian blue. It leans more towards a blue green or an aqua. It's very translucent and I also love quinacridone red. Now that's a mouthful right that word quinacridone. These are some of my favorite colors though. It's also very translucent. It's more of a warm red versus the cool red of alizarin crimson and also I love some of the other quinacridone colors. This quinacridone gold oh my goodness I love that. I know I'm going I'm digressing here but it almost looks brown in the tube but it's the most beautiful gold color. Some of you on my that watch my pastel videos know I love this color to add as an underpainting. It's beautiful. They also make a quinacridone violet okay. So quinacridone is not exclusive to red but I'm going to use the prussian blue and the quinacridone red to check out the color combinations first with just the Indian yellow. So let's get that a try. Okay I'm going to do it right underneath this first color caterpillar. I'm going to start with the Indian yellow. Got it a little contaminated. Not too bad though. And let's get some Indian. Let's do it over here. Okay again water is your friend. Add a little more water here so it just see how that just flows around so lovely. All right now let's go ahead and do the blue like we did over here and see what kind of a different green we get. I get my brush really clean and I use paper towels just to dab. I really am left handed. I should have had my water over here but you can't believe how I set things up sometimes for filming. I have stuff everywhere. All right let's look at this lovely prussian blue. It was quite dry in the tube. I hadn't used it in a while. You see that? Oh my goodness isn't that just gorgeous? Oh I love it. I love it. So pretty. Okay let's add some of this here. Oh my goodness look at that color. Now let's see what kind of green combo we get here. Wow can you see that difference? Look at that. That is just beautiful. Now I can add even more yellow to get a little bit of a lighter green and it's a strong color. This prussian blue it's quite strong so sometimes if you use a lot of it you may want to wash your water out a bit. Let me grab a little bit more of this yellow so you can see that pretty green. It leans almost towards another green that I'm going to show you in just a minute and it's a good idea to do this because you see the color variations. That's another thing that I love about watercolor and even other wet mediums is to allow your colors to mix on the palette. Rather than me taking like this yellow let's say we take the yellow I'm going to do a little bit up here and we take the prussian blue and we just mix mix mix mix mix mix mix mix and say we did that in a little palette and then we added that color to our landscape or to whatever we're working on. It's so much less interesting than letting the colors blend themselves on the palette. So that's another lovely thing I love about watercolor. All right now let's play with this beautiful quinacridone red. Let's see if I got this that's pretty clean. Now I am going to clean my water before the next one but this should be okay for now and again the big brush another benefit to that is it holds so much water. If I was trying to do this with one of the smaller brushes the brush wouldn't hold nearly enough water. Oh look at that red. You see the difference warmer versus cooler. I usually really love cooler colors but in this case I don't know they're just so now look at that orange. Can you see the difference? This orange versus that orange isn't that just beautiful. So here's our second to color caterpillar and now like I said I think you might see why these are my favorite colors. Let me pull it up to you or more preferred colors I should say. I just think they look more translucent and vibrant. Let's look at the first color caterpillar. Okay typical ultramarine blue indian yellow and elizurine crimson and now we've got prussian blue indian yellow and quinacridone red. I don't know I just love it that's just so pretty to me. Now of course we can mix colors. We've mixed green here a couple of ways. You see this is more of an olive green and this is more of a green that I really love. I love it so much as a matter of fact that I'm out of it in my little tube. It's called azo green and it's just a translucent gorgeous green. This one also by mgram but I'm going to show you I have a more serious watercolor palette I'll zoom out and show you here. This is my palette that I use. It has a top that goes on it too. That is really great if you're mixing a lot of colors you need a bigger area for more water and I keep some of my favorite colors in here and also too I have a little bit of that azo green right here. You see this right here and it is just such a beautiful color but once again in its dried state you can't really appreciate it. So let me just add some water to this and show you this color. Oh my goodness look at that color. It's just gorgeous. I'm going to add a little of this to our palette down here. It's like a yellow green. It's really pretty. So now I'm going to do another color caterpillar with three more colors. I'm going to use the azo green. Let's make this one over here. See that azo? You see how translucent that is? That's just so so pretty. I like it better than sap green. I'm going to mix this with the quinacridone red. All right here's this gorgeous red down here. Let's first put it over here. It's just so pretty. Oh look at that. Wow isn't that a beautiful kind of orangy color? And now if we mix it with the indian yellow on this side you see that pretty color that we get. There's another pretty color caterpillar. So this azo green combined with the indian yellow makes almost an ochre color. Have you heard of the color ochre? I prefer this combination to regular ochre because regular ochre is, I don't know, it tends to be muddy looking to me and muddy up other colors. Let me find an ochre over here. This is more of an ochre right here. I just think the azo green and the indian yellow is much prettier and much more translucent than the ochre. And now let's combine the quinacridone red with the ultramarine blue. Here we go. Look at that lovely violet that makes. Okay isn't that beautiful? Now let's compare that to combining the traditional ultramarine and alizarin crimson. Okay it's a much darker purple. I need a little more blue. This one became a butterfly. We're gonna have to make some fun caterpillars and butterflies out of this. So these are some of the most basic ways you can do color mixing and I encourage you to whatever type of watercolor you have, whether it's the dried already in a watercolor palette or the wet medium, go ahead and experiment with the colors that you have. And often I find we get too serious too quickly when beginning a painting endeavor. And remember this is supposed to be enjoyable so maybe make some little caterpillars like I did out of your creations. Now let's talk about how to actually lay out your color palette for watercolor. And here's where I mentioned if you're going to arrange your palette, if it's in a line, it actually could be in a circle as well. You're going to work from red to blue. Now I'm going to get my cooler red first which is my alizarin crimson and my cooler blue which is ultramarine blue. And I say work to this blue but I'm actually going to add one blue at the end in a minute and I'll tell you why. And we're going to work between there to do a gradation from this warm red to this I mean this cool red to this cool blue. Keep in mind that you may not be working from the wet form of watercolor like I am but often even the little watercolor palettes that you can buy where they are already dried are able to be moved. You can move the individual little pans of watercolor. So what I'm doing here is basically kind of emulating the rainbow and actually the color wheel is based on the rainbow. Something not really discovered by Sir Isaac Newton but he came up with the concept of the color wheel and again based on the rainbow which is God's design of color and that's why it works. And the reason I encourage some of these color explorations and even creating your palette like this is because often we just dive into a medium without the knowledge of the way color works or how it behaves in that particular medium. So definitely give this a try. Create your rainbow caterpillar and these exercises will not only familiarize you with the medium of watercolor but also with color in general. Have you been able to notice yet that there's one color missing in this color caterpillar? It is the color indigo or purple and you can create this on either end of the color caterpillar by simply adding the color that's on the opposite end. For example this red and blue that I added create a purple and I will also create a purple on the opposite side by adding red to the blue. And if you've been on Monet Café very long you know that purple is my favorite color. It's a bit of a mysterious color and actually there's some awesome scientific facts about the color purple we'll save for another video. So in conclusion to this basic watercolor 101 tutorial if I could give you some homework it would be to play play with the color that you have explore the color mixing combinations in order to get ready for part two of this video where you will be creating a painting a landscape painting with only three colors. All right artist I hope you've enjoyed part one in this watercolor tutorial with some important concepts presented in a creative way. If you haven't subscribed already I hope you will and I look forward to bringing you part two. As always happy painting!


Companies are making an effort to make a difference because it's good for business. So no company, no organization can afford to disenfranchise half the workforce. Women are half the workforce. There's a line that I like that says, if you can see it, you can be it. And we know it's really important for the thousands of young women we hire every year to look around, to look up, as you did when you were at EY, and say, there are senior women here. There are women who have built incredibly successful careers. I too can do this. And so there's no organization out there that's going to last that isn't thinking about what needs to be done to make sure that women have real opportunity. I think women have historically been over-mentored and under-sponsored and you need sponsorship to get into stretch roles. You need sponsorship to get into leadership roles because those are not things that happen without people actively helping get you there. And women just have not had access to sponsors the way men have. Today, there is a recognition that in order for companies to be successful today and in the future, women need to be at the table because we need that perspective. We need the diversity of thought.


Okay, good morning. I am Attorney General TJ Donovan. I am joined today by Secretary of Agency Natural Resources Julie Moore. Madam Secretary, thank you for being here with us. Also Deputy Secretary of the Agency of Natural Resources Peter Walk. Peter, thanks for being with us. My Chief of my Environmental Division Rob McDougal is here with us as well as Assistant Attorney General Laura Murphy is here as well. We are here to announce that the state of Vermont has filed lawsuits against several multinational chemical companies for the manufacturing and contamination of Vermont's environment by putting harmful and dangerous PFAS chemicals into Vermont's environment, into our air, into our soil, into our water, and into Vermont's bodies. The health risks associated with these dangerous chemicals are the following, altered growth, impacts to learning and behavior of infants and older children, lowering a woman's chance of getting pregnant, interference with the body's natural hormones, increased cholesterol levels, impacts to the immune system, increased risk of testicular and kidney cancers, colitis, thyroid disease, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. We take these actions by following these lawsuits to protect Vermont's health and our environment by holding these multinational chemical companies responsible for the harm they have caused our state. I want to be clear, we file these lawsuits in Chittenden County, but these chemicals are at every part of the state of Vermont, and the contamination is going to be and has been found everywhere. There are two cases that have been filed. One specifically focuses on AFF, which is the firefighting foam, and the other is on the PFAS chemicals. PFAS is essentially the umbrella PFOA that we've heard about, most notably in Bennington County, is a PFAS chemical. The companies that we have sued are 3M, who was the original manufacturer of PFAS, and DuPont, as well as five more DuPont-related companies. They are both named in our lawsuits. The other companies are ChemGuard, TycoFire Products, Buckeye Fire Equipment, Kidd Fenwall, and National Foam are named defendants in the AFF cases only. These lawsuits allege that despite knowing for decades that these chemicals were dangerous and harmful, the companies never told us. They never told Vermont or Vermonters or frankly some other companies. They knew they were harmful to people. They knew that they were harmful to our environment, and the defendant companies continued to manufacture, market and sell these chemicals and related products. They never provided public notice of the potential harm and the health risks from these chemicals. This is why we sue. The public has only recently found out about the dangers of these chemicals and the widespread contamination. Vermont has acted swiftly after these discoveries to protect public and environmental health. The goal of these lawsuits are to hold the chemical and product manufacturers responsible for their conduct and the resulting harm to Vermont's drinking water and natural resources and Vermonters health. The state is seeking damages and other remedies to recover for the harm caused to Vermont's environment by the PFAS chemicals and costs to the state for the investigation and the response. Vermont has a proud tradition of being a steward of our land, of our air, of our water. We believe that clean drinking water is a basic human right, and the fact that these companies knew that these these chemicals were harmful and dangerous and never disclosed it, never told us. The state of Vermont takes that seriously. That's why we bring a lawsuit today in Chittenden County to hold these companies, these multinational chemical companies accountable for the harm for contaminating our environment and for the harm they have brought to Vermonters. With that, let me turn it over to Secretary Moore. Secretary Moore, I want to thank you and your agency for your great collaboration, not only with our office, but with all of state government, most notably those down in Bennington County where we can say without reservation that that was the county that best illustrates what these chemicals did to the residents of Bennington County. They contaminated drinking water. People couldn't drink their own water from their own wells because these chemicals. As you know, there's a class action lawsuit down there regarding the harm caused. But I want to thank Secretary Moore for your leadership and the great work that you and Deputy Secretary Walk did tact swiftly to bring about clean drinking water to the residents of Bennington County. We look forward to working with you to hold these these companies and these corporations accountable and to make Vermont whole. Secretary Moore. Good morning. Thank you, Attorney General Donovan. And on behalf of Governor Scott, I'm pleased to be here this morning in the continued collaboration with the Attorney General's office as we take next steps to address the impacts of PFAS contamination and prevent human exposure to these chemicals. Mont is and will continue to be a national leader. And I want to thank the governor and the Attorney General for their constant leadership and support in this important work. Since the discovery of PFAS contamination in Bennington in 2016, A&R has taken a proactive approach in looking for the presence of PFAS in the environment. The state has conducted a series of investigations and reviewed existing testing data to identify, characterize and address the risks to public health and environmental contamination as soon and as swiftly as possible. Steps taken to date include the sampling of over 40 public water supplies and hundreds of private wells. Targeted sampling of areas where the use of PFAS chemicals in industrial processes or firefighting activities is either known or suspected. The sampling of drinking water in 10 schools whose water supplies were determined to be at the highest risk of potential contamination. The sampling of soils statewide in partnership with the University of Vermont. The sampling of landfill leachate throughout the state and the sampling of wastewater influent effluent and sludge at six wastewater treatment facilities. From the sampling we have found PFAS above the 20 parts per trillion groundwater protection standard in public water systems in private wells in Bennington and Pownall and Clarendon and Shaftesbury and at a school in Warren. All affected users have been supplied clean drinking water either through treatment or from alternative sources. In addition, the majority of landfill tests showed PFAS above the 20 parts per trillion standards. Testing at wastewater treatment facilities showed the presence of PFAS in varying concentrations and influent effluent and sludge. Soil sampling has shown there are low levels of PFAS present in surface soils throughout Vermont. Fortunately, the concentrations have been well below the standard for direct contact, but work remains to determine the potential impacts on drinking water supplies. The governor recently signed a bill as 49 now act 21 that authorizes and are to continue this proactive approach to addressing the problem. We over the next year, we will be testing approximately 700 public water systems for PFAS. We are also in the process of adopting surface water standards for PFAS that will protect public health and aquatic organisms. And our has plans to continue testing at facilities and locations where PFAS use is known or suspected, such as industrial users and car washes. We have a plan in place for further sampling at wastewater treatment facilities and landfills. And we will also be doing soil sampling at locations where wastewater sludge and bio solids have been land applied. Given the widespread nature of the contamination, we expect to find concentrations of PFAS requiring additional response work. And this lawsuit will hold the manufacturers of these chemicals who continue to profit from their sale long after knowing the potential harm financially responsible for their financial impact to Vermont and Vermonters. Thank you. Thank you, Secretary Moore. Let me turn it over now to Rob McDougal, the environmental chief of the for the attorney general's office as well as Laura Murphy, who have done tremendous work in filing and getting this complaint ready to talk a little bit more in detail about the specific causes of action that we allege against these chemical companies. Thank you. And I have a statement to read from the Bennington delegation. Senator Sears and Senator Campion couldn't be here today to be a part of the press conference, but we reached out to them and they wanted me to read their statement. It's also been our press release that we issue shortly. Their statement reads on behalf of the delegation, we applaud the filing of these lawsuits by the state. The creators of these chemicals have caused tremendous destruction to the environment worldwide. It must be held accountable for what they have done. PFAS chemicals persist indefinitely in the environment. They are known toxicants and associated with multiple types of cancers. The residents of Bennington County have experienced firsthand the devastating impacts of such contamination. We've watched what happens when PFOA harms Vermonters health and property, and we would not wish any community to experience what our community has experienced. This next phase which the Attorney General has started gives us hope that those who have created this nightmare will be made to be answerable. We thank the governor, the Attorney General, the Agency of Natural Resources and all of their teams for taking this step to protect Vermont's people and the environment. I would echo the Attorney General and Secretary Moore's comments. We really have a great partnership with the agency and I thank the agency for working with us. Their legal team, their program staff have been with us on this matter and worked very successfully with us on the Bennington matter. Within our office, our Environmental Protection Division, our support staff and Laura Murphy, our AEG. Laura's been here for three years in our office and has worked on PFOA related issues just about every single day that she's been with us. So I just want to thank them as well. As far as causes of action in the complaint, there's nine causes of action in each. We have a natural resource damages cause of action, a harm to groundwater, defective product, duty to warn, negligence, public nuisance, private nuisance, trespass and also a claim relating to the Voidable Transactions Act, which is specific to Dupont and some of the corporate maneuvering they did to create these offshoot companies that we've named as defendants. We're also seeking punitive damages. Through this action, we're seeking costs for cleaning up and restoring our natural resources. We're seeking costs for treating contaminated water. We're seeking costs for testing and monitoring. And we're seeking damages for the loss of the value that the defendants cost to Vermont's natural resources. This case is really about holding these chemical companies accountable and also for making Vermont whole by restoring and protecting cleaning up its environment. Lord, do you have anything to add? No, so two questions? Yeah, if there's questions out, we're happy to take them at this time. I think New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, New York. Yeah, so there's a handful already out there. Many states have filed complaints on the AFFF, the firefighting foam. And there's a real likelihood that our case specific to that claim will get pulled into a multi-district litigation down in Carolina. That's a PFAS based product. Yeah, so that we have the two cases. One is specific to the PFAS chemicals. And the other is really on the AFFF PFAS chemical firefighting foam. I think we don't know because we don't know how much is out there. Yeah. So we know we're gonna find it. It's everywhere. So I just wanted to also acknowledge that we're in the process of retaining an outside law firm to assist the state of Vermont in this litigation. That process is undergoing. It should be finalized hopefully in the next couple of weeks. Obviously, we will inform the public about who that law firm is. But I think it goes without saying that we are suing multinational giant corporations. And we're gonna need assistance on this. This will be a fight. How would that arrangement work? It will work. It's a little bit too early, but I think it's fair to say that it would work similar to how we retained outside counsel in the opiate lawsuits. There's DuPont, the main company, and then there's four other DuPont offshoots. And Secretary Moore, you said that you're going to be doing more testing. Do you have an idea about when that's starting and when it's already started? Sure. So we had actually at the beginning of June put out a sampling plan for public comment. The public comment period closed on June 18th. We're in the process of responding to the input and feedback we received, but expect to start that testing later this summer. And do you know it could take like into the fall like you have an anticipated end date or when you look at the results out? Well act 21 requires us to complete the sampling by the end of this calendar year. So shortly thereafter. And could the results of that change the lawsuit there? Like if you find like a ton more, I mean, is it going to have any influence on the proceedings of the lawsuit here? We've listed some representative sites in each complaint where we found it, but it's certainly open to and the complaint anticipates, we're going to find more to add to that list as the sampling develops. And you're not asking for a specific amount yet? Right? Again, because we're such an unknown as much as how much is out there. So we need to restore the environment, repair the natural resources. We know this is a lot of places. And it's not cheap to repair. So I think the number is still out there. We're also seeking punitive damages as well as part of our complaint. So that might be additional money off topic questions. When I conclude that any other questions on this? Okay, thank you all for coming. Thank you.