Just over 10 years ago, three crises hit simultaneously. Firstly, there was the financial crisis, with share prices plummeting and investors looking for alternative assets to invest their capital. Secondly, there was a sharp spike in food commodity prices, and this left many people across the world unable to feed their families. Thirdly, climate crisis really became an issue. And governments started to implement policies, including biofuels. And these three crises led to a large number of stakeholders to invest and look for land in the developing world. The idea was to build an agricultural sector on land that wasn't yet used to bring investment to developing countries, to bring knowledge to smallholder farmers, and to increase the livelihood options. However, very soon, more negative aspects started to come up. People were dispossessed of their land, they lost their livelihoods and jobs and other benefits were not forthcoming. The term land grabbing started to take hold. What I want to do in my keynote speech on the Land Act Conference is to look back on a 10 years of global land rush. Much has changed, and we've learned many lessons. I will outline, firstly, the importance of strong land governance systems to protect the most vulnerable communities. But resilience of host communities goes beyond land tenure. Local development needs to be put at the centre, and therefore, socio-economic and environmental conditions are equally important to build a context in which international investors, host governance, and local communities can work together.


Okay, so you've gotten to sapling website and either you couldn't get it enabled before or you had it enabled and now you're getting this message again. So what the heck are you supposed to do? If you followed the instructions in my other video and you're still having problems, there is a possibility that you switched to a newer version of Chrome where we've got a little bit of a different setup here. So I'm going to show you real quick how to tell that you've got this newer version and what to do. So if we do what we've done before, which is go over to our settings and then come down to our advanced and take a look at content settings and for flash, if you see there's no add button over here, then you're going to have to take a different path to install it. So let's go back to our tab that had sapling here. Now notice there's this little eye up here which says view site information. With the older version of Google Chrome, this wasn't there. So when I click on here, there are site settings. When I click on site settings, notice it brings up something very specific and it's got flash and we can say allow. So this is going to allow it for saplinglearning.com. So once that's in there, we can come back and come back over to our page and reload. Notice the message is gone and now when you go to go into your assignment and you actually go to look at the assignment, it might tell you to right click to load or it might like this one, just went ahead and loaded it now. So if you've tried to follow my earlier instructions but you didn't have that little ad listed there, you need to go up to that little eye to actually add sapling information that way.


Hello everyone, myself, Mrs. Mayuri Kangle, Assistant Professor of Mathematics from the Department of Humanities and Sciences, Vyalchand Institute of Technology, Solapur. Today, we are going to see partial differentiation. The learning outcome is, at the end of this session, the students will be able to solve the examples on partial differentiation. Before going to start the examples, please pause the video for a minute and solve the example. The question is, if r square equals to x square plus y square plus z square, then find dou r by dou x, dou r by dou y and dou r by dou z. I hope you all have solved the example. Let us check the solution. If r square equals to x square plus y square plus z square, it means that r is a function of three variables x, y and z.  To find the dou r by dou x, we will differentiate this equation partially with respect to x. The derivative of r square is 2r, which is multiplied by dou r by dou x equals to the derivative of x square is 2x. Here y and z are treated as constants. So we get 2r, dou r by dou x equals to 2x to get cancelled from both the sides which gives us dou r by dou x equals to x upon r. Similarly differentiating this equation partially with respect to y, we get 2r dou r by dou y equals to 2y. Here x and z are treated as constants and to get cancelled which gives us dou r by dou y equals to y upon r. Similarly differentiating this equation partially with respect to z, treating x and y as constant gives us 2r dou r by dou z equals to 2z which gives us dou r by dou z equals to z upon r. Now let us go for the examples.  Now if you observe u is given as a function of single variable r and r is given as the function of two variables x and y. So here we have to find out du by dr and dou r by dou x dou r by dou y which gives us dou u by dou x equals to du by dr into dou r by dou x and dou u by dou y equals to du by dr into dou r by dou y. For this let us evaluate the values of du by dr, dou r by dou x and dou r by dou y. It is given that r square equals to x square plus y square. Differentiating this equation partially with respect to x, treating y as constant gives us 2r dou r by dou x equals to 2x which gives us dou r by dou x equals to x upon r. When we differentiate this equation partially with respect to y, treating x as constant we get 2r dou r by dou y equals to 2y from which we get dou r by dou y equals to y upon r. Let us call these equations as equation number one.     Here when we differentiate x upon r we get x as u and r as v so r into derivative of x1 minus x into derivative of r that is dou r by dou x which is divided by r square.   Now we will evaluate this taking LCM here which gives us the denominator as r into r square so r cube.  We will call it as equation number 2.  Similarly we can differentiate dou u by dou y partially with respect to y which gives us dou 2u by dou y square which is f dash of r upon r cube into bracket r square minus y square plus y square upon r square into f double dash of r. This equation is obtained just by replacing x by y here. When we simplify it we will get the same result. We will call it as equation number 3.  For this we will consider the left side.   If we see the first term and third term f dash of r upon r cube is common from the two terms.    Here the denominator is the same so we can write it as x square plus y square upon r square.   Here in the numerator it is r square and the denominator we have r cube so the r square from the denominator get cancelled with the numerator and we get dou 2u by dou x square plus dou 2u by dou y square equals to f dash of r upon r plus f double dash of r which is our required result. Thank you.


Hey guys, welcome back to my YouTube channel. This is Daniel Rosal here. I want to do a video on a couple of slightly more very deep features. I'm going to call this advanced settings even though given that this is a really basic entry level camcorder. There's nothing, nothing so advanced about the Vixia HF R800, but just a couple of things I found kind of digging through the menus that I think are useful to know about. So in order to get to the kind of deeper menus, this is your first menu as such and it's accessed by clicking on the bottom right icon, but to get to the what I call the deep menu, you want to hit on the home icon and then you want to jump into the other settings. So that's going to be the first thing on the menu, but you're going to have to scroll all the way left to get it. Once you get there, you get to this, I call this the deep menu, but it's a three tab menu. You can see one, two, three, you've got three different tabs and just going to talk about a few of the features that I found helpful. Firstly there is a self timer. So if you want to use this camera in selfie mode, well sorry, in auto mode, as in you want to set a timer that's going to go off, then this is how you do it. You change that to on and then when I go to the home screen, so I've just started recording a video and you see there is now a countdown from 10. So I'm going to stop that recording. So I don't think the countdown can be adjusted. So it's not an amazing feature, but it's better than not having that feature at all. So that's what that does. So I'm going to just go take it off now, back to the main screen. Oh, the negative thing about this, and this is actually really worth pointing out, is that it resets each time.  It's gone back to off by itself. So that's pretty annoying. It's kind of a one time thing. You have to do it each time. Zoom speed. So this is going to be basically how fast it zooms in. You've got variable and speed one, two and speed three. So variable is going to be however quickly you hit the wide, tight rocker, it's going to change the speed or you can go for a fixed speed. So I'm going to, this is variable, I'm going to go up to speed three. And just to show you what I'm looking at, this is my desk here. So that's speed three. So as you can see, it's a fixed speed. There's no kind of difference whether I'm going fast or slow as I hit the button. It's just, it's just going consistently. I'm not terribly sure why that would be useful. So I keep it to variable, but just let's go back to speed. Let's go to speed one now. Okay. And I'm going to, so now I'm actually hitting, I'm going to just move this back of it so you guys can see. I'm actually zooming as fast as possible and look how slowly it's going super slowly. And now I'm zooming out as fast as possible. So zoom one is really slow. Zoom speed two is a bit less slow and zoom speed three is the quickest.  I think variable for most people is going to make the most sense. I'm sure that's why it's the default setting because this is going to be, you can actually use the, depending how quickly, how hard you press the, the rocker is going to be how fast it zooms zoom position. It started up. I'm going to skip. I'm going to skip the very obscure ones. Framing assistant, automatic and manual. Framing assistance area. Focus assistance. Okay. Face detection and tracking. I do think is a good feature to actually turn off. I personally find this distracting. It tries to grab onto people's faces and focus on it. So I have it turned off, but if you do want to have that auto focus and have the camera show you where it's picking up faces, you can go for that one. Automatic backlight correction is by default turn on auto show. Slow shutter is off. Flicker reduction. I do find very helpful. If you don't have this turned on, you will see flickers when you film stuff like LCD LCD displays. So you've got two options besides off 50 Hertz and 60 Hertz. I go for 60 Hertz because I think most LCD monitors are refreshing at a refresh rate of 60 Hertz. Therefore, to get rid of that flicker, 60 Hertz is the appropriate setting. Here is another important one. Image stabilizer. Now, I'm not sure why dynamic is not available for me. I think it might be the shooting mode. I mean, it's grayed out. I can't access it, but I can turn it off or go for standard. Now, this is separate than the powered image stabilizer just to be clear about that. So in my opinion, the image stabilization is really, really helpful. I've done some comparison shots. It definitely does make a difference. So I think it's all image stabilization is good. So I go for a standard and you can look up the documentation for this. It'll tell you the difference between standard and dynamic. If you're curious, video snapshot length, I have no idea what this does. I'm going to just go through the ones I am familiar with and which I do think are important. On-screen markers is definitely important if you want it and what it's going to do. So I'm going to go for a white, gray, and white, and this is going to give you a frame and grid. Okay? So let's go for white firstly. And now you can see I've got one. And that's going to show me basically when stuff is on the complete horizontal on my camera monitor. So that's kind of cool. I ran the second page already. So that's the first on-screen marker and it's going to show you what it's going to look like. So you can have one line across that's white, one line that's gray, or you can have a grid that is white and a grid that's gray. So let me just show you what the grid looks like. This is the grid. So this is something that a lot of photographers would be familiar with for the rule of thirds, etc. You're going to get a three by three grid and you can get that in either gray or white depending upon your preference.  So I find it a bit distracting, but some people might really benefit from that. I've put on-screen displays. This is a super important setting if you are using this webcam for a streaming, okay? If you are streaming, you're not going to want to have the on-screen displays come out of the HDMI, so you're going to need to turn that off. Very important. LCD brightness and LCD backlight, these are actually quite important too because someone's pointed out that another YouTube video I saw about this camcorder that it's actually really hard to see this. I have it set to normal. It's definitely fine, normal. It's obviously brighter. It's going to use more battery life, the brighter the display is. So I would do normal. Most people I think need normal. Dim is definitely quite dim. If you are doing outdoor recording, you might want to bump this up to bright for your shoot and then dial it back to normal or just leave it there. I find the battery life not amazing on this, so I tend to be a bit conservative. LCD mirror image is definitely something most people would not want. The HDMI status will tell you basically if you've got a HDMI output running and if video and audio are going through it. So that on this menu is pretty much the only things that I think most people want to play around with. Timezone DST. I think this is important to set because it's going to get puts in the metadata and you can also configure a traveling time zone. So I have my time zone set here for my local time and in fact I haven't set wrong. So I need to go and change that. Available space memory is, let's you know how much space you've got left. H, AV headphones is another important one here. This I've done a separate video on monitoring your audio with the Vixi HF-R800 and if you are plugging in headphones to the 3.5mm, I'd put the monitor. You want to have this set to headphones, the default is AV. However there is a limitation and that's that it's going to also play through headphones when you're playing back clips in the playback area. So if you want to play them out live through the little speaker built into this camcorder, you're going to have to toggle to AV if you want to like you know show it to somebody. But I leave it on headphones and it's just I'd prefer to you know have to occasionally switch it than every single time I want to monitor have to switch it the other way if that makes sense. This is also useful it's basically how loud it's going to play through the headphones or speaker. Notification sounds I personally find these distracting so I have them turned off. I have done a separate video on the custom control button. I think it's probably featured not a lot of people are aware is even there. It's one of the little icons on the front of the the camera I'll make a separate video about that. Battery info, your display units can be meters, feet pounds, I do meters because what I'm familiar with. An auto power off is definitely something I also find annoying so I've turned it off. I think it might be on by default. So just remember to turn off your camcorder. I think that's better than having it try to be too smart and turn itself off. A rarely used feature power on using LCD panel. I have it off but you can enable that so you can turn the camera off with the LCD on with the LCD. Sorry. Here's a good one to know about initialize SD. This is where you can basically format your SD card and you can see I've got a 537 gig really, really big SD card in there. So this can actually support a lot of storage and that is basically it. So I think those are kind of the important features that I've found helpful on the Vixie HFR 800. The video was useful and if you'd like to get more videos from me please feel free to subscribe to this YouTube channel.


Thank you for being here and thank you everyone for being here. This is a great great day for Pennsylvania But but more important. This is really a great day for Pennsylvanians Right. This is really a great day for all of us. I am going to sign a bill I'm going to say a few words then some people who have been very instrumental in making this happen We'll sign will say a few words. I might see you and and then I'll sign the bill and Then I just want to Go out and say hi to all of you. I think that's what we all want to do. This is a big big day I think I said this on Wednesday night, but there's three things that I think this says about our system first of all First of all, it says that we can work together Every once in a while in fact it happens a lot right here in this building We don't think about whether this thing is a Republican thing or a Democratic thing or a conservative thing or a liberal thing Or a Senate thing or a house thing. This is something that's good for Pennsylvania and that's what we thought about here This is a show that not just one time, but in things that really matter. We can and do work together And I think that's a great thing Second thing this says is that and I said this again Wednesday when you have people who represent a cause as eloquently and in as heart fell the way as the advocates for this have done it shows that we can actually Get something done that means something. We're not Responding to a special interest here. We're not responding to somebody who makes campaign contributions We're responding to people here who are telling us that there is a real human need here in Pennsylvania And we did that we responded to that so I want to thank the advocates And the third thing is that once again we can do things that matter to a lot of people Really matters and we did that here, so I just want to congratulate all of us. Let me say one final note When I before I came to work on Thursday Guy I know friend of mine a construction worker came up to me and I said, okay, what did I do now? He said hey Tom. I Okay, first of all, where's the respect? He said Tom. I said he said I have a friend Who has MS? He's an advanced stage of MS. He's in a wheelchair And he told me he wanted me to tell you something and I said what he said. Thank you because because of this because of this he said This liberates him it liberates his doctor because of this bill they can now He can be treated with with not hard drugs that he believes and his doctor believes might be hurting him But with something that actually might be more effective And all we're asking here is to have the ability to have that doctor make a decision in conjunction with his or her patient That will make that patient's life better. That's all this bill is about So I am going to pass that thank you on to everyone here senator fulmer Thank you I'm just passing this on I'm the messenger here. Thank you senator leach Representative vera, thank you Representative Petraca Everybody here senator teplets everybody who's been part of this but most of all most of all All of you who have been advocates for this Thank you very much


What is a Meta-literate Learner? Meta-literacy supports an individual's desire to learn throughout their lifespan. It recognizes that in order to be a well-informed, contributing citizen, learning needs to be continual. A Meta-literate Learner takes ownership of their own learning goals, is open to new challenges, adapts to new situations and new technologies, reflects on personal growth, and considers multiple perspectives and ideas. Let's explore the four learning domains that are central to Meta-literacy, the metacognitive, the cognitive, the behavioral, and the affective. By delving into each of these four domains, we will consider aspects of learning that address the whole person, which is essential when striving to become an active Meta-literate Learner. As we explore the four domains of learning, think about how you may relate to each of these four areas. The metacognitive domain reinforces an individual's ability to reflect and regulate their own learning pathway. The meta in Meta-literacy intentionally aligns with the meta in metacognition, which is essentially thinking about one's own thinking. Through self-reflection, you can identify your own strengths and areas for improvement, which is valuable in any learning situation. Self-regulation is empowering because it puts you in charge of developing your own strategies for success, while motivating self-directed action. Metacognition is one of the central responsibilities of being a Meta-literate Learner because it requires continual self-reflection to be followed by appropriate action. The cognitive domain refers to your level of understanding and the knowledge gained after successfully completing learning activities. It involves the comprehension of information, the organization of ideas, the application of knowledge, and the ability to evaluate and think critically. While metacognition is thinking about one's own thinking, cognition is the thinking itself. The behavioral domain supports what individuals are able to do as part of the learning process. In other words, how you put skills and competencies into practice. The behavioral domain plays out in formal learning situations and in everyday life. The higher-level thinking goals emphasized in Meta-literacy are built on a strong foundation of competencies. The effective domain describes the emotions and attitudes that individuals possess. From a Meta-literate perspective, learning is impacted by effective considerations such as how you feel about an issue or by an attitude you may have about a specific topic or concern. Your emotions and attitudes may interact with the other domains. An emotional response may motivate you to ask questions and to learn more about a particular concern or issue. On the other hand, emotional or attitudinal responses may also prevent you from looking at issues objectively because of deeply held viewpoints that may interfere with logic and reason. The four domains of learning are interrelated and provide checks and balances to thinking processes. You possess the ability for all of these learning domains. Your awareness about this approach is itself metacognitive, providing you with an opportunity to analyze how you think, what you do, what you can control, and how you respond.


We continue today with chapter 21, the Responsibility for Sight. We have repeated how little is asked of you to learn this course. It is the same small willingness you need to have your whole relationship transformed to joy. The little gift you offer to the Holy Spirit, for which He gives you everything. The very little on which salvation rests. The tiny change of mind by which the crucifixion is changed to resurrection. And being true, it is so simple that it cannot fail to be completely understood. Rejected, yes, but not ambiguous. And if you choose against it now, it will not be because it is obscure, but rather that this little cost seemed in your judgment to be too much to pay for peace. This is the only thing that you need due for vision, happiness, released from pain and the complete escape from sin, all to be given you. Say only this, but mean it with no reservations, for here the power of salvation lies. I am responsible for what I see. I choose the feelings I experience and I decide upon the goal I would achieve and everything that seems to happen to me I ask for and receive as I have asked.  Acknowledge but that you have been mistaken and all effects of your mistakes will disappear. It is impossible the Son of God be merely driven by events outside of him. It is impossible that happenings that come to him were not of his choice. His power of decision is the determiner of every situation in which he seems to find himself by chance or accident. No accident nor chance is possible within the universe as God created it outside of which is nothing. Suffer and you decided sin was your goal. Be happy and you gave the power of decision to him who must decide for God for you. This is the little gift you offer to the Holy Spirit and even this he gives to you to give yourself. For by this gift is given you the power to release your Savior that he may give salvation unto you. Be grudged not then this little offering. Withhold it and you keep the world as you now see it. Give it away and everything you see goes with it. Never was so much given for so little. In the Holy Instant is this exchange affected and maintained. Here is the world you do not want brought to the one you do. And here the one you do is given you because you want it. Yet for this the power of your wanting must first be recognized. You must accept its strength and not its weakness. You must perceive that what is strong enough to make a world can let it go and can accept correction if it is willing to see that it was wrong. The world you see is but the idol witness that you were right. This witness is insane. You trained it in its testimony and as it gave it back to you you listened and convinced yourself that what it saw was true.  See only this. And you will also see how circular the reasoning on which your quote seeing rests. This was not given you. This was your gift to you and to your brother. Be willing then to have it taken from him and be replaced with truth. As you look upon the change in him it will be given you to see it in yourself. Perhaps you do not see the need for you to give this little offering. Look closer then at what it is. And very simply see in it the whole exchange of separation for salvation. All that the ego is is an idea that it is possible that things should come to the Son of God without His will and thus without the will of His Creator whose will cannot be separate from His own. This is the Son of God's replacement for His will. A mad revolt against what must be forever true. This is the statement that He has the power to make God powerless and so to take it for Himself and leave Himself without what God has willed for Him.  And everything that threatens this seems to attack your faith. For here it is infested. Think not that you are faithless. For your belief and trust in this is strong indeed. The Holy Spirit can give you faith and holiness and vision to see it easily enough. But you have not left open and unoccupied the altar where the gifts belong where they should be. You have set up your idols to something else. This other, quote, will, which seems to tell you what must happen, you give reality. And what would show you otherwise must therefore seem unreal. All that is asked of you is to make room for truth. You are not asked to make or do what lies beyond your understanding. All you are asked to do is let it in only to stop your interference with what will happen of itself.  Be willing for an instant to leave your altars free of what you placed upon them and what is really there you cannot fail to see. The Holy Instant is not an instant of creation but of recognition. For recognition comes a vision and suspended judgment. Then only is it possible to look within and see what must be there plainly in sight and wholly independent of interference and judgment. Undoing is not your task but it is up to you to welcome it or not. Faith and desire go hand in hand for everyone believes in what he wants. We have already said that wishful thinking is how the ego deals with what it wants to make it so. There is no better demonstration of the power of wanting and therefore of faith to make its goal seem real and possible. Faith in the unreal leads to adjustments of reality to make it fit the goal of madness. The goal of sin induces the perception of a fearful world to justify its purpose. What you desire you will see and if its reality is false you will uphold it by not realizing all the adjustments you have introduced to make it so. When vision is denied confusion of cause and effect becomes inevitable. The purpose now becomes to keep obscure the cause of the effect and make effect appear to be a cause. The seeming independence of effect enables it to be regarded as standing by itself and capable of serving as a cause of the events and feelings its maker thinks it causes. Earlier we spoke of your desire to create your own creator and be father and not son to him. This is the same desire the son is the effect whose cause he would deny and so he seems to be the cause producing real effects. Nothing can have effects without a cause and to confuse the two is merely to fail to understand them both. It is as needful that you recognize you made the world you see as that you recognize that you did not create yourself. They are the same mistake. Nothing created not by your creator has any influence over you and if you think what you have made can tell you what you see and feel and place your faith in this ability to do so you are denying your creator and believing that you made yourself. For if you think the world you made has power to make you what it wills you are confusing son and father effect and source. The son's creations are like his father's yet in creating them the son does not delude himself that he is independent of his source. His union with it is the source of his creating. Apart from this he has no power to create and what he makes is meaningless. It changes nothing in creation depends entirely upon the madness of its maker and cannot serve to justify the madness. Your brother thinks he made the world with you. Thus he denies creation with you. He thinks the world he made made him. Thus he denies he made it. Yet the truth is you were both created by a loving father who created you together and as one. See what quote proves otherwise and you deny your whole reality but grant that everything that seems to stand between you keeping you from each other and separate from your father you made in secret and the instant of release has come to you. All its effects are gone because its source has been uncovered. It is its seeming independence of its source that keeps you prisoner. This is the same mistake as thinking you are independent of the source by which you were created and have never left. And from the workbook lesson 167 there is one life and that I share with God. There are not different kinds of life for life is like the truth. It does not have degrees. It is the one condition in which all that God created share. Like all his thoughts it has no opposite. There is no death because what God created shares his life. There is no death because an opposite to God does not exist. There is no death because the father and the son are one. In this world there appears to be a state that is life's opposite. You call it death. Yet we have learned that the idea of death takes many forms. It is the one idea which underlies all feelings that are not supremely happy. It is the alarm to which you give response of any kind that is not perfect joy. All sorrow, loss, anxiety and suffering and pain, even a little sigh of weariness, a slight discomfort or the nearest frown acknowledge death and thus deny you live. You think that death is of the body. Yet it is but an idea irrelevant to what is seen as physical. A thought is in the mind. It can be then applied as mind directs it. But its origin is where it must be changed if change occurs. Ideas leave not their source. The emphasis this course has placed on that idea is due to its centrality in our attempts to change your mind about yourself. It is the reason you can heal. It is the cause of healing. It is why you cannot die. Its truth established you as one with God. Death is the thoughts that you are separate from your creator. It is the belief conditions change. Emotions alternate because of causes you cannot control. You did not make and you can never change. It is the fixed belief that ideas can leave their source and take on qualities the source does not contain becoming different from their own origin. Apart from it in kind as well as distance, time and form. Death cannot come from life. Ideas remain united to their source. They can extend all that their source contains. In that they can go far beyond themselves. But they cannot give birth to what was never given them. As they are made, so will they are making be. As they were born, so will they then give birth. And where they come from, there will they return. The mind can sink, it sleeps, but that is all. It cannot change what it is, it's waking state. It cannot make a body nor abide within a body. What is alien to the mind does not exist because it has no source. For mind creates all things that are and cannot give them attributes it lacks nor change its own eternal mindful state. It cannot make the physical. What seems to die is but the sign of mind asleep. The opposite of life can only be another form of life. As such it can be reconciled with what created it because it is not opposite in truth. Its form may change, it may appear to be what it is not. Yet mind is mind, awake or sleeping. It is not its opposite in anything created nor in what it seems to make when it believes it sleeps. God creates only mind awake, he does not sleep and his creations cannot share what he gives not nor make conditions which he does not share with them. The thought of death is not the opposite to thoughts of life. Forever unopposed by opposites of any kind the thoughts of God remain forever changeless with the power to extend forever changelessly but yet within themselves for they are everywhere. What seems to be the opposite of life is merely sleeping. When the mind elects to be what it is not and to assume an alien power which it does not have a foreign state it cannot enter or a false condition not within its source it merely seems to go to sleep awhile. It dreams of time, an interval in which what seems to happen never has occurred. The changes wrought are substancesless and all events are nowhere. When the mind awakes it but continues as it always was. Let us today be children of the truth and not deny our holy heritage. Our life is not as we imagine it. Who changes life because he shuts his eyes or makes himself what he is not because he sleeps and sees in dreams an opposite to what he is. We will not ask for death in any form today nor will we let imagined opposites to life abide even an instant where the thought of life eternal has been set by God himself. His holy home we strive to keep today as he established it and wills it be forever and ever. He is the Lord of what we think today and in his thoughts which have no opposite we understand there is one life and that we share with him with all creation with their thoughts as well whom he created in a unity of life that cannot separate in death and leave the source of life from where it came. We share one life because we have one source a source from which perfection comes to us remaining always in the holy minds which he created perfect. As we were so are we now and will forever be. A sleeping mind must waken as it sees its own perfection mirroring the Lord of life so perfectly it fades into what is reflected there and now it is no more a mere reflection it becomes the thing reflected and the light which makes reflection possible no vision now is needed for the waken mind is one that knows its source itself its holiness Amen


It's that time This week's I on MPI is from Nordic one of our favorite companies Lidia to what is the I on MPI brought to you by did you key This week. All right, so I'm wearing my Nordic shirt because last time I did in Nordic We've done a couple rules. We wear the shirts and they were like, hey Can you wear an order? I'm wearing a particle shirt because particle uses Nordic, but they were like they send us shirts Okay, so this week's I MPI is from Nordic They emailed me actually and let me know about this new prize. They're coming out with I was like, okay This is pretty cool. So this is the n PM 1 1 0 0 So you probably know Nordic for their wireless stuff. They're Bluetooth though energy And their short hop mesh wireless networks, of course We use the nrf 52 840 and the circuit playground blue fruit If you use a micro bit or other blue food boards, you've seen us use the nrf 51 the nrf 52 832 The nrf 8001 ancient blue to the energy chip but was you know at the time a great thing because it was SPI to Bluetooth and If we check out this is from I fix it the air tag from Apple He uses if you see on the left there if you zoom in it has an nrf 52 832 so obviously you know these they're very well known for their wireless Bluetooth chips. That's also now cellular. They're doing some cellular and One of the things that you notice quite quickly when you are dealing with Bluetooth and the nrf series is that folks that are using these chips need them to be Very low power like low power usage is something that's really important to people Because your chances are you're doing cellular, so it's battery powered. You're doing BLE, so it's you know battery powered and a lot of these things especially like this air tag they send data Once in a while not often and then they go to sleep in between so you know power management is something that's very important and I think Considering that their last product that they sold was that we featured was the power Profiler 2 It's clear that there's a lot of customers that are using Nordic chipsets And are having difficulty with like getting the performance and battery power that they're expecting right they read the specifications They're like oh it can do you know this many micro amps or nano amp sleep heck I'm not getting that in Nordic has to sort of reply and say well You know you have to measure all of your power usage You have to go to sleep mode and you have to you know use this kind of converter and this your quiescence being lost here and there Obviously the PPK 2 was a tool that they were using in-house and also their customers were using to try and analyze You know what are the power uses of their circuits and I got this from their presentation on the NPM 1100 when they're saying look it sounds it might seem a little unusual that we're doing a power Management chip and that's what the PM 1100 is but actually isn't because we are a power management I see company a lot of the stuff we do is power management Yes, we we do Bluetooth and we do Wi-Fi or we do cellular and we do arm course But inside of those we have Power management systems because again we have to have such deep sleep modes be able to wake up do a measurement Advertise Bluetooth and go back to sleep and last for a very long time on a coin cell So the NPM 1100 is it's kind of a three-in-one Power management chip so the PM is for NPM is for Nordic power management 1100 I don't know. It's the first one. It's really the first one and you know revision zero zero. So inside starting from the left there's a USB to battery charger So he takes USB power and why USB C or USB micro B or whatever and it can charge a battery You can change here. It says a 400 milliamp battery charger, but it's actually adjustable It's up to five 400 milliamps, which is a fairly chunky battery Most people use hundred or fifty to a hundred to 200 you can of course tune it down, but it can do linear battery charging And then on the top right it can give you Unregulated power out from the USB or battery So that's good for powering like your radio or like some LEDs or whatever high power stuff that you need where the higher voltage the better and then at the bottom there's a Buck DC DC converter that'll give you 150 milliamps out So not a ton, but enough to run your wireless in a couple of accessories Maybe they'll display some buttons OLED what have you a couple sensors and it's also adjustable 1.8 to 3.0 volts 3 0 volts out and here is The schematic, you know, I grabbed from their Vell board, you know design they have a couple designs where they're like here copy the design for usage So one thing to note for this chip is that everything is pin strapped So you'll note On the left there's like I see HG pin and V term Those are the two pins that you use to select whether it's a 4.2 or 4.1 Voltage lipo battery and the charge current as well and on the right you see some LED outputs But everything is basically pinstrap. So you don't use I squared C to program it You use resistors and and GPIO pins if you want to configure it top left You can see there's the D plus D minus pins are like what's up with that that's used So they can detect whether you know what current the charger can supply because you know Apple uses the D plus and D minus pins and that's a standard to Indicate how much current can be drawn. So it will respect that current if you connect those pins up I mean basically to 301 you've got your You know USB input regulated output DC DC unregulated output and battery charger And it's really small right? It's all in one and so instead of having maybe two Chips or three chips you have one chip and here it is showing with the Basically the capacitors a couple of 402 resistors to set the charge current and such most of the pins are just strapped and then there's an inductor for the buck converter And so they did a case study in the presentation They showed look you know if you go from a buck converter usually is bigger and more expensive But because we kind of combo it with your LiPo charger You kind of get a two for one It's the same price is just having one of the other but with the DC DC even though It's bigger what you see the bottom right there. This the solution is 23 millimeter squared instead of You know a simpler Low dropout regulator, which is 12 millimeter and then because it doesn't need the inductor however, your battery life is double because You can squeeze more Current out especially if you're going to buck down to like two volts two point two volts You know the Nordic chips can run very nicely at those at those voltages You can suck more current out of that battery You're drawing less current out of the battery and you can go to much lower voltages So it's you know, yes, it's designed to be used with the Nordic chips Obviously, they're they're promoting it for use with the nrf series chips 91s the 53s the 52s, however, I'll say this chip is not just for use With those dev with that their chipsets you could of course use it with any chipset It is agnostic to the wireless just you know, they're they're branching out into a new thing It's meant as a sister product to their existing lines But I don't think any way you should think oh, I can only use it with Nordic Now you can use this with any project you want that You know may need adjustable voltage output Has a lipo battery that it's charging and you want to kind of have oh another thing that it's very nice about this Is it has a ship mode so it can go into ultra low quiescent current the quiescent current is usually about like 800 nano ampere typical, which is quite low But it can go to half that in ship mode So when you ship out a product to somebody you don't want it running But you also probably don't have it on off switch because that's not very common to have anymore In this case you can use a button or a GPIO to get out of ship mode to wake up the regulator And and don't don't drain your battery out completely So when people get the product it's basically ready to use the moment you get it So that's the bottom buttons there. All right, not only is this efficiently is efficient But did you can get this to you efficiently and it's in stock? Yeah, I'm trying to do the NPI's that are available in stock and this one is in stock So you could pick this up the NPM 1100 and then CAA. There's also an eval board which we showed the photo of Here Fast So that's it. This is the solution. So maybe I'll use them. I'll use this zoomer. There you go So that's the this is the full solution This is the chip You need some input and output capacitors obviously because you're you want to have capacitors on the battery charging on the input to the But converter. This is the inductor. It's a little chip scale inductor and capacity on the output, but that's it It's a small CSP Scale chip and then you can use zoom out more zoom in Down here. There's a little flippy switches. You can use to select. It's a very nice little eval board I'll note that this battery. I believe is the reverse wired from how eight-foot batteries are wired Just looking for the ground pin. So just watch out for that check the Documentation before you plug in one of our batteries. All right. That's my own PI this week


Their ancient hummingbirds, not the type that we see today. Notice that was done in 2003. In 2004, we found a 35 million-year-old local a legacy from the northern Caucasus. Two fossils were there. And the stem lineage of the modern hummingbirds are found because they first show a modified elbow. This joint with the humerus on its head is very important because this allows hummingbirds to fly up and down, back and forth, upside down even. And the most important thing is they hover. And hovering is the way they do their feeding. And it's the most important. It's about the only bird that really does that in regular time. 30 million years ago from Germany, there were two fossils found. And they were named. And if you notice in the Latin, the first name, it means the hummingbird. And the last name means unexpected. Because they did not expect to ever find any fossils of this sort. And they were very lucky to get it. Fossil is very hard to make and so on and so forth. The joint is important. That's the sign that it's really there. Another complete fossil was found in France in 2008. So these are all the first decade of this century. Here's what the fossil looks like. As you can see, it's not an easy thing to figure out what's going on there. You can see pieces of the wing, pieces of the bill. And people that work on this thing can get pretty good at identifying things. But for us just looking at it, I don't think we'd even know that was a fossil and that someone told us that. Now the modern hummingbirds evolve. And one of the key people that I'm following or that we're all following now is this Jimmy McGuire out in California's Caltech. And he is at a big team of people have time calibrated the phylogeny based upon nuclear substitution rates. He published in April, 2014, lesson a decade ago, and they had examined 284 hummingbird species using the systems of figuring out their ages. And so they did several things. First, they confirmed that there were crowned species and dated them, and especially dated when they arrived in South America. Now, this is sort of interesting the way it works. And he had to sort of work this thing out. If the first fossils for 48 million years ago in Europe when they split and 22 million years ago, the common ancestors reached South America by leaving Europe. Now, how did they do it? The best definition that anyone has come up with including Jimmy McGuire is that the birds that lived in Europe for some reason left Europe, crossed over Asia, crossed the Bering Street to Alaska and then came down to South America to radiate into nine to six lineages. Now, this is only a guess. Unfortunately, there's no fossils between the early ones and their birds arrival in South America. But we think that is the most likely way that they got there. What we want to check on is the causes of rapid evolution. They are evolving faster than almost any other species. 10.6 billion years ago, the Andes Mountains rose in South America. Well, so what? What they do is they have a lot of nookstone crannies in little places where a species can have a few people, a few birds in this pocket or in this thing and they will start evolving at a different rate at a long enough time and they'll become a new species. As the Andes created all of this thing, certainly the number of species noted that come from the Andean area of South America is especially strong. Now, there's another thing that happens. It's called co-evolution. And what happens here is the hummingbirds love nectar and they love getting it. And only certain plants have the kind of nectar that they would like. It's deep in the hot of the flowering plant and they have to get down and get it. So the bills of the hummingbirds are designed to do that. But in return, as the birds are evolving, the plants are also evolving to produce more nectar for them. And so they help spread the flower, the flowers are spread by the action of the hummingbirds and you'll see more of that later on. 10 million years ago, some drought resistant ancestors, when they were in South America, they were pretty well in the lowlands to begin with. But these more drought resistant ones, like the mountain shims and the bean clades, we colonized in North America, they had come through there and now they came back and they make up some of the birds that we know in central and North America. Many other birds came across when the Panamatae and Ismis was formed. They only got 3.6 to 2.6 million years ago. Now here's another phylogeny and this is just involved hummingbirds. What you see here at the bottom line in Brown is the millions of years before now and you can see at the very left, the 22 million years ago when they arrived in South America, that's when we start looking. And whenever there's a dot, there's two lines that go to the right and those are tracing species. So here's 189, 184 species are all shown on this chart. Now the topaz is one of the early ones to do it, followed by a lot more that are hermits that are in red. Then this man goes and you see a few black dots in there and then on up the line and we're going to show you pictures eventually most of these different clades as they call them. He invited the word and it's a very good way of grouping it. They aren't species, they're just groups of things. And notice the red ones that have the brilliant stand, the Andean clade as he would call it. See how many birds are in there? That's because of the rise of the mountains and other things. And you thought we'd never show a picture of a hummingbird. Well, we certainly like to. And here are three of the different clades. The green hermit in the upper left here, you can see the bill and you can see the kind of flower it works on. It's developed a curved bill and the flower has developed the same kind of curving so that it can go down deep into the heart of the flower and get as a big nectar area. The bottom one here, the ruby taupe has, some people consider it's the most beautiful birds, bird there is in the hummingbird family. That's up to debate, but nonetheless, it is pretty. And back when they, in the end of the 19th century, when people were putting white plumes from the grass in their hair and on their hats, they also had little stuffed ruby tropasses that they used as sort of a little button or a little handful of things that they put clipped on the front of their vest or their chair. And that was not a good idea, but they didn't, the ruby tropes survived all of that. The blossom crown was a bird that we had in the Santa Marta areas, and you see it's got still a different kind of a bird and you see how they're feeding on the thing. So whether they're curved bills, straight bills, short or long, they all dig in and get at the height of the flowers. Now, an interesting feature of hummingbirds was discovered. Tetrapod dinosaurs from whom birds descended do not have sweet receptors. Thus, all avian DNA does not contain a gene that codes for a functioning sweet receptor. Most vertebrates though, perceive both sweet and savory tastes and they have a family of receptor genes called T1Rs. The savory flavors are detected by the T1R1 to R3, the sweet by the T1R2 to the T1R3. In 2014 to long go, Maude Baldwin, while a grad student at Harvard analyzed the genomes of 10 species of birds and found they had no T1R2 gene, no sweet receptor. But she did a second experiment and this time she looked at a chicken, a hummingbird and a swift. And indeed she found that there were, hummingbirds did have this receptor for sweets. Their savory receptors responded to sugar. 19 amino acids had been substituted in their T1R3 receptor. They had evolved the capacity to recognize carbohydrates. Today, hummingbirds consume nectar several times in body weight each day. Now, something that happens as a sort of interaction between the bird and the plant is pollination because as the hummingbird goes for the nectar and the nectar is here at the base of the pistol and down low in the plant. So it has to have this long bill or long tongue and long tongue that's going to reach down beneath the reproductive parts of the flower and get to the nectar where it usually is in most flowers. And, but in the meantime, it will brush off and against the stamen. And then the tip of the stamen in the anther is where the pollination opportunity occurs because the pollen sits here on the anther. So hummingbirds often have as they move their bill down into the base of the flower there, they will also get pollen grains along their bill and carry that from plant to plant flower to flower. So they're pollinating while they're gathering nectar. The plants get a benefit, the hummingbird gets a benefit. And they love, they have very good perception for red and they are very often seen feeding on hummingbirds on red flowers. But interestingly enough, just a little add in here, there are some butterflies that also help pollinate when they're gathering nectar. And there is a flame azalea down in the Appalachian mountains in the central part of our country where these long anther, see where the pollen is out here at the tip of the anther because these large butterflies are getting into the flower, they're passing by these long pistols and stamens and they are actually collecting pollen on the wings. And they're just the right size to be able to capture some of the pollen at the same time as they seek the nectar through their tongue. And here's another fritillary that it has that same capability. But another piece of research that's been done in 2015 was done by Alejandro Rico-Gruvera and Margaret Rebecca. They were at the University of Connecticut and they were examining how a hummingbird's tongue actually operates. And they discovered that it is not a capillary tube. Think of sucking things up through a straw. That's not the way it happens, but it's a fluid trap. And the tongue protrudes out towards the nectar. And as it does, the tongue opens up and there are these grooves on the edge of the open tongue that actually trap the nectar in them. The tongue is then withdrawn. You can see the tubes here. The tongue is then withdrawn. You can see it going into the nectar. Here it opens up and these trapping of the nectar, they pull it back in through the bill. And as they do, the bill squeezes out the nectar and then the tongue flips back out and goes back to get more. So it's a fascinating process where it is not capillary action. And a very fast process. And they can do as many as 18 times in a second. Now, how much nectar do they get? These wings flap up to 90 times per second and their hot rates may exceed 1200. My video is gone. Here we go. Okay, and the drinking hummingbird can lick its tongue into a foul up to 18 times a second. As I said, they consume their own body weight. A three gram hummingbird drinks has been known to drink 43 grams of sugar water in a day. And they consume half their body weight in bugs and nectar feeding often every 10, 15 minutes, visiting maybe one to 2000 flowers a day. Why don't they get diabetes? It just is extraordinary. Much of the sugar though that they quickly absorb, they actually don't absorb it. It goes directly to the muscles to fuel that constant buzz of the wings and that rapid heartbeat. And the other sugars though wind up in the liver where they're supercharged enzymes that process them into fat. And that is very important for those hummingbirds that migrate. And Bob will tell you more about that later.  And the ruby-throated hummingbird has a 600 mile flight over the Caribbean. And it really must store an enormous amount of fat to be able to do that. Now, as I said, they also include insects in their diet and watch in the upper right here in this video. The bill comes down in the lower bill drops at an angle. And you can see it here in the pictures down below the bill is straight and then it suddenly bends here. And this obviously must allow them to have greater area in which they can entrap insects. Another feature that hummingbirds have is iridescence. This is not a pigment issue. These are structural colors. It means they're reflected by microscopic structural features of the feather surface. Structural coloration is iridescence and it varies because of the change of light incidents. The gorget, often this throat area here is due to, the iridescence there is due to large stacks of melasomes in the feather bobules. They're arranged in layers separated by keratin. And it depends, the color that you see depends both on that Venetian blind effect of the arrangement of the bobbycules and the V-shaped angular arrangement on the opposite sides of the bob of these bobbycules. Watch this video and you'll see on the left the different hummingbird species that will be illustrated. This is how ruby-throated hummingbird. And notice as it turns and is able to capture the light, it turns from red and then going out of the light. Here's the second, this is a violet ground wood nymph. I'm sorry, green ground brown, brilliant. Notice the color on the brow. This is the female. Now, here's the ground wood nymph, just exotic bird. Look at the shade of blue and green. And this is the male green crown, brilliant. Now, look at how that blue sudden patch suddenly opens up and look at what happens but the female sees is this fiery-throated hummingbird. Wouldn't you be excited to see that? It is just absolutely amazing. You can see the habitat that it's in. And the last one is the telemenca. It's been recently split from the... Sorry. The next issue, let's see if we can... The next issue we wanna look at is courtship. You may have seen the Ruby-throated hummingbird in your yard doing his courtship. He'll start and he'll dive down, going 40, 50 miles an hour. He is the tail emits noise and he gets down here to the lower portion where the female is sitting. And at that point, she gets at an angle where that color of his throat, that iridescence appears and he's reaching his maximal speed, then he goes up and he'll come down again. And she is positioned so that she gets to see that fantastic throat there at that moment. It's really quite dramatic. Now, torpa is a hibernation state that allows these hummingbirds to conserve energy by slowing down their metabolism, heartbeat and respiration rate at night when the temperatures drop. When it's cold, they can reduce their metabolic rate as much as 95%. Some hummingbirds have been able to adjust to living high in the Andes with this capability. The Andean hill star is one of those species, consumes up to 50 times less energy by reducing its core temperature to a level barely able to support life at night. Here are some pictures of hummingbirds sleeping or in torpa. I've never seen it. I really would love to see this someday. Isn't that amazing? Now we're gonna start down our personal memory lane with these 10 species. And as Bob said, the formation of the Andes occurred when the continental crust and the ocean crust met and pushed up the mountains. You can see by this particularly the right hand piece that the Andes are amazingly distributed in South America. Up here in Columbia, you have a three pronged branching. Three ranges actually of mountains. Three ranges of the Andes in Columbia. Now the giant hummingbird, you would not remember it better, but it's a clade by itself. It's the only way to handle this spirit. It's huge. See it's eight inches long and weighs 7.7 grams. That's less than most sparrows, but it's still huge for a thing. It's called a, it's clade is Patagonia. And it's found not alone in Patagonia, the southernmost part of Mexico, the southernmost part of South America, but it also is found up in the high areas, the paramount and the mountain areas of the most several of the Andes ranges. I have this bird, so it is fairly widespread. It has another thing. Notice it's sitting. We said birds always feed by hovering, but this bird flies at much slower flaps at much slower rates.  So it's, it's an interesting bird to see and the one that is here, this is another one. Now here is, can you hear this video? I'll talk over it a little bit. The very small, the smallest hummingbird. Times a second, they can be three weeks and past since the hummingbird eggs were laid and she's now feeding them this nectar, just the lichen on the edge of the nest. Notice that the females and the young birds are very bland colored. It's only the bright colors are usually in the male. That's according to outfit. He gets dressed up, but the female does most of the work. She builds the nest, feeds the young, kind of everything. He's going off to find another day. Now the next species we'd like to talk about is one that is up in that paramount way up high. We were at 12,000 feet. Isn't that glorious habitat? And in this habitat is this espaligia, a plant that is favored by this particular hummingbird. There's a national park up there. And here is this wonderful, Buffy helmet crest hummingbird. It's a species you can see that has a gorget here that is not visible over here just because of the angle of the light. But the female may eat as many 2000 insects a day and it will range up to 17,000 feet. This was a very exciting day that we found this bird. Another bird that we loved was the streametail. The streametail is a bird from Jamaica. And as you can see, if you go into Montego Bay, into Rocklands, you may find this particular hummingbird perching on your finger and feeding from a little bottle of sugar water. It is the most exciting experience. Robert Sutton was the famous on the fall just there on the island. And he showed us great many of these birds and actually helped David Attenborough film them for their meeting. Here we have crowned woodnips at the Eldorage Lodge in Santa Marta. We're there, this is a mountainous mass on the northern edge of Columbia. And late in the day, they were in feeding to get enough energy to spend the night. You can see how dark it was in that last picture. And that's because it was almost dark. But the reason that these birds can show all this iridescence is if you have a light behind us, like a spotlight or an overhead light and you, the camera and then the bird and if they're completely in line, that allows the iridescence to show.  We, next day we, during siesta, we left the door open and one came in and it was in front of our big window when we were so fortunate to be able to have this close up view of this crowned woodnip. You want to see Dana catching the thing. We had a big house and it took a little while for her to grab it and catch it, but it was fun. We visited San Francisco, a town not far from Bogota. And I've never seen a woman who really had managed to turn her a yard into a hummingbird sanctuary. This was extraordinary. I think we had 10 species of hummingbird sea between her red flowers and her multifarious hummingbird feeders. It was quite exciting.  Okay, the sword bill hummingbird now is has the longest bill. We're doing some of the extremes in there. And you can tell the bill is 10 centimeters long. If you take your second figure from the knuckle to the end of it, that's 10 centimeters. And that's the length of a bill. They're huge to see it. And one of the things that makes it interesting is they can do very well. They certainly can get into very long tube-like flowers and they have little trouble down here with the typical bird feeder, but they can do pretty well. But one of the things that they use as an example is they evolved at 10.1 million years ago. And these three flowers or plants that have high nectar producing things evolved at exactly the same time. And if continue to co-evolution, both are helped by working together to produce more flowers and more nectar for birds. The booted racquetail, another favorite one of mine is called booted racquetail because they claim that this area here with these puffy white feathers are boots. And that's the source of that word. And the racquetail, just an absolutely exquisite humming bird. I'll never forget how lucky I was to see it when we were at Machu Picchu, just a very spectacular humming bird and loves these tubular flowers. Now, another bird seems to be another video going at the same, here we are in Peru. Here we are with this. And these are marvelous spatula tails in Peru. I don't know how to get rid of this. And Steve Fleming on for this episode about one of my favorite topics. Notice the four-tail feathers of this marvelous spatula tail. Now, here we have the... Oh, sorry, Bob. If you can hear me over the background noise, the Rufus Hummingbird is a North American bird in fact, it has the longest migration route in this Northwestern United States up through coastal Canada and even up to Alaska. And it migrates down to the Central America area near Mexico City and to the south. It flies about 25 miles per hour, which is typical for hummingbirds. It's generated by your internal process. I can't do it. I think it's this too degenerative adversarial. Okay. This hummingbird comes up along the coast of the Pacific coast and goes all the way up, as I said, to Alaska. And it comes back down through Colorado and the more Indian group. Some recent people have been seeing the timing there coming up because they seem to be late. The flowers are blooming that they need for nectar and they haven't even arrived yet. So the Rufus Hummingbird is going to have to adjust the stage because the climate change has sort of altered the timing of the flowers and the birds have got to adjust. Rufus Hummingbird is our hummingbird. It breeds in the east and two thirds of the United States. So we all know it. So I'll take a little couple of minutes and talk about it. It weighs three grams, which is a typical hummingbird weight. And it's a south of the Gulf of Mexico, the most part. Now, how it migrates has been debated by people. Somehow the light, they see a change in light or maybe they see a change in their food. So when the food starts drying up, maybe they know it's time to leave. But either way, it's affected basically by light. The males feel leave first and they go all by themselves, south or north, depending on which way they're going. The females, 12 of them a day later follow along in the same area. Five days after that, they all fly by. A average 23 hours per day, which seems rather odd, but what they do in a day is that they're migrating. They'll have a big meal at the early on. They'll fly for a few hours and then they'll stop and for the night. We use these references here. All of this, I'd be happy to share with any of you. And we certainly wanna conclude by saying, we hope you've enjoyed our tour of all these wonderful beaches of hummingbirds and this friendly tour of 10 special birds we've enjoyed. We wanna give special thanks to David for inviting us to the York County Audubon for hosting us and to all of you for watching. My email is there and over here if you have any feedback, please feel free to contact me at Dana.box1939 at gmail.com. We'd love any of your comments. Thank you so much, Dana and Bob. That was one wonderful pictures there and so much information. I'd like to start by mentioning that the program, Dana, if you could stop the screen share. What I was going to say is that the program has been recorded. My apologies for missing. Thank you, likewise. So we're gonna get into some great. Okay, I'm gonna. The program has been recorded and will be available on our website. What's that Dana? Sorry, I've been having more trouble with that. Now we're fine. Okay, good. Great. There was a ton of information in there. So if you'd like to look at the program again, it will be available on our website. We do have some questions that I'd like to jump to. First about the bee hummingbird. Is that only in Cuba? It is an endemic to Cuba. And it's interesting. We were there in 2000 and we were watching Paul Basich give a talk about it. And he was there just earlier this year, last year. And they now are actually feeding from feeders. There are people who have set up areas where you can go and watch it. It's amazing what they've done so that you can see that bee hummingbird which didn't exist when we were there, what? Well, 14 years ago, yeah. Yes, and the hummingbird, the bee had originally come north where the Panama area being land, they could move north. So they came up to our area and then went over to Cuba. So they made several trips. Most of the, in fact, all of the hummingbirds that are on the islands probably moved from the Northwest onto the Caribbean islands. None of them evolved there. They sort of worked it that way. And the bee hummingbird is a perfect example. We have several questions about how to best invite and hummingbirds to one's yard. I think that first you should make it as natural as possible. Many of the red flowering plants, beebomb, there are a whole series of plants that some salvia, some agnostic that people can plant to attract them to have as a natural food and also feeders. We try and make sure that our feeder is bear proof, i.e. get it up for those of you that have to worry about bears, get them up high, raise them up there artificially if you need to to get that clearance. But the summertime is just a delight to be able to have them come into your own feeders. Natural food and feed and your feed is there. If you have the feeders up early as the birds are coming in, they may decide they're going to nest nearby, which is perfect. That's what we have up in New Hampshire. And we work it that way. Long about the end of June, the hummingbirds have arrived, the males are there, and they're even doing the courting action that loop the data showed on the thing. You can actually hear sort of a boom or wow, a noise as the bird comes down trying to entice the females to partner with them. And that goes on. All you have to do is have the feeders out before the hummingbirds get here and you have a good chance of getting some. Yep. And some basics for if someone's new to feeding hummingbirds. The feeders themselves are red, but the liquid does not need to be, nor should it be colored. I do not use any coloring. I make my own bright straight from sugar water. I use a cup of water to a quarter cup of sugar so you don't need colored liquid. There are also some extraordinarily wonderful hummingbird feeders. I first saw them in Arizona with is a suction cup and you can put it right on your window and they come right up to the window. That is really deep.  And that's foolproof, very easy to do. Now you worry about red. The hummingbirds have a filter in their eye that we do not have and they can see more colors than we can see and red is a very attractive color to them.  That's why the feeders are often colored red. And sometimes when you're sitting there watching them with a red shirt on as data and I are right now, they would come over and just hover right around us because they're drawn to red. So red is important. I had a Moomoo on with big red flowers on it one day and stepped out onto our deck and the hummingbirds were coming up to me to the red flowers on the Moomoo. But an important thing with a hummingbird is to be sure to wash them, clean them thoroughly at least once a week, particularly in the warm weather. Yes. And what comments do you have on having more than one feeder to allow for competing hummingbirds and how should they position, be positioned, how close to one another? I will have two feeders on maybe 30 feet apart in my cabin. And then I may have two of these tubular feeders, just on windows or on a stake, even in between. And I'll have many wildflowers or many flowers that are attractive to them. And in fact, I'm just ordered some bulbs from called Crocosmere, I think they're called beautiful red flowers that are very attractive for them. There is a bulb that you plant. And now I might add this feature. If the male hummingbird gets a feeder that way, it becomes his territory like that. And so he will shoo away birds, especially hummingbirds that are not related to him particularly and he'll sit on a branch, maybe 20 feet from the feeder. And as soon as a rogue hummingbird comes in, he'll chase it away. So two feeders sometimes will allow more activity to go on. And that's the way we find, they don't work the two feeders together, they work them separately and sometimes birds will go to one or another and they learn to use their feeder as their primary source of nectar. In the Southwest in Arizona, people may have 15 or 20 feeders up along the back of their house, particularly in some of these places that feature a hummingbird and encourage people to come and see their hummingbirds. So more the merrier. And in addition to your comment about keeping them beyond the reach of bears, are there any other comments you'd make about what height or location in a yard or proximity to your house or deck? Any recommendations at all? I think that another thing that you will find, we find two other species of birds are going to the hummingbird feeders. One, Baltimore Orioles will come in, particularly in the early portion in May, June, because they don't have enough natural food that they've found yet.  He's been drinking the nectar water. I do not know what is happening to hummingbirds in my yard, but and to woodpeckers, downy woodpeckers and hummingbirds both going to the same fear. I think that you wanna have them up off the ground enough so that they're not attractive to anything that may want to feed on them. By putting them on the end of the house as we do up there, we don't have the problem of animals, particularly coming up like a chipmunk or a squirrel or something of that sort. They will wash the birds going in, but they have no desire. We only have one kind of an animal and it works at night and he's very small and he comes out and drinks it. Do you know what it is? A flying squirrel? Flying squirrels are the only things we're seeing that really go after them. And of course, they can do it. They can jump and land right near the feeder and we convince it'll be full at sunset and the morning it'll be almost dry. And that's the only thing that can have done it. Also, there are little cups that you hang. I hang from the hook and then the feeder from the cup because that keeps ants out of you. They're attracted and late in the summer, we find the yellow jackets are coming into the feeders and there are some bee guards that they have that are in certain types of feeder. I was looking, there's a certain type of feeder that supposedly the bees can't reach down in with their proboscis as well as a honey bird can with its tongue. What do you use to clean, wash and clean the feeders? Is just dish soap acceptable? I think the answer is yes. As long as it's, you rinse them thoroughly. Right, and I have a little scrub brush that I use because mildew will set up if you don't keep watch on that and you wanna scrub off that mildew. Do you know what the normal arrival date is for hummingbirds in your county or what would you estimate? I know probably that the first week of May you're probably gonna start seeing them there for sure. And by mid-May, they ought to be in and we have them as migrants here in our yard in North Andover. We don't have enough woods. They really like more woods there and up at the cabin we're right in the woods on the edge of a lake. So we have them there but they're only passing through here in North Andover. One thing, if you keep the feeders open in the late fall you'll see the males leave, then the females and then the young and you say, well, that's the end of it.  For example, a roof of hummingbird coming into your feeder in late October and so forth when all the ruby throats are down across in the Gulf. And that's good. If you were living down in the Southeast of the United States the again, the roof of hummingbird by going in the wrong direction occasionally as some of them will have gone down there and found feeders have learned to go back to those feeders and they come back every year to their feeders same birds come there. So they fly really from Northern Florida to Southern Alaska each time rather than going to South America. So I don't guarantee that you could do it but if you leave it out it might happen and it's certainly a thrill when you have one of these rare hummingbirds turning up at your feeder. Our ruby throats who visit us here where specifically do they migrate to in the winter? If they go down, we're right on the coast and remember they range all the way out to the Rocky Mountains. So I go down the coast and go into Florida and some will cross island hopping and so forth so that they can get across the area and others that from farther west will go to the Gulf and then go around the west side of the Gulf because they all want to end up on the southwest side of the Gulf of Mexico and they reverse the direction when they're coming up in the spring. It's a they've already well up into the lower Southern States now and because they move slowly but they'll get here and that's another sign that they're coming as they warm days will bring them along. Do you have, you mentioned before Dana that you might like to share an email if people have questions for you? Right and also if you have any comments about the presentation, we'd love to have them. We always are trying to improve it and trying in this one, we took an unusual, you know, Ben trying to talk about the recent research and then some of those species, it was interesting. We always have these great debates and discussions about how we're gonna make a presentation. So we're happy to have comments from people who've seen it and see what they like or don't like. We've probably done a two or three times with that half a dozen more showings probably coming along with other groups and so forth. So you could help us improve it and what should we do more? What should we do less? Is it too technical? You know, those sort of questions but I think the recent technology has so moved ahead of people's general knowledge about it. We thought that was the most important thing to emphasize and you can see what's happened in the last 20 years. 20 years ago, we would not have given this talk at all. We would have talked about the hummingbirds and showed pictures of the ones in South America and a few in North America but never all this detail that you're seeing tonight. I just saw on the chat a question. The email is Dana, d-a-n-a dot fox f-o-x, 1939, a good vintage year, at gmail.com. So Dana dot fox, 1939 at gmail.com. Thank you Dana. And the recording will be available within a couple of days, should be up on our website. Dana and Bob, thank you so much for joining us tonight. Wonderful to share some of your adventures and see some of the research highlights that you've shared with us. Thank you Bill ever so much and thank you to all of you listening tonight. It was great fun. Good night everyone. Good night.


The President of the United States of America and the United States of the United States of America. They had to last delightful entertainment last night, a secret weapon they had in their UN mission, a beautiful operatic singer and two large singers. You would have loved it. I hope you are applying for protection as buried. I don't know. She's a singer who's also an attorney. Yes, and a very good lawyer. Glad to hear she's a good lawyer. Not too many of our lawyers have singing abilities in this country. It's the other side of surprise to sing. Mr. President, do you have any ideas, new ideas for peace in the Garagua? We'll probably have something to say after we have these meetings. Has Nicaragua gone along with whatever it is you're going to propose? I don't think they've heard anything. Well, would you leave Ms. Garatega in power under this whatever proposal? So we'll be seeing you in person. I'm driving. It's a good caller to the attention of the President. Do you support the statement of opposition leaders from San Jose? A statement that was signed March 2nd in San Jose, Costa Rica by the Nicaraguan opposition leaders. Well, I'm not going to take any questions here. We have a lot to talk about. Can I tell the President that? Yeah. I'm going to tell him my secret. Thank you. Thank you. Good to see you. She's very persuasive. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. I spent about 2 hours with Daniela's agent. And at the time just as I was saying good bye... Give me the possibility to... Do not give me any...


Welcome folks, this is Tom O'Brien of TFNN. We have five days a week, we go seven hours a day, we go 24 hours a day on the internet at TFNN.com. Always remember folks, whatever you think about, you bring about whatever. You focus on growth, hope everyone's having a great day, safe day, let's make a great night folks. Let's take a look at one of our four agreements. To master love, you have to practice love. The out of relationship is a whole mastery and the only way to reach mastery is with practice. To master relationship is therefore about action, not about attaining knowledge. Make it wise, let's take a look at it out here. We have the Dow Industries down 428, NASDAQ is off 449, S&P is off 93, gold contract down $3.30 at 1807 an ounce. We have silver down 31 cents, $22.39 an ounce, light suite crude up a buck 97, trading $90.23 a barrel, notes and bonds. The 10-year note right now trading down 14 ticks, 127.22, the 30-year offer full point at 155 flat and King dollar, King dollar's down 564 ticks, trading 95, 372 euros at 114, yen is at 114.90 and the British pound is at 135 to one US dollar. Our phone number's<PHONE_NUMBER>, give us a call folks. One note's going on in your world and the world of the S&Ps, let's take a look and what do you have? Well, we got quite a day out here, that's for sure. Now, what's so intriguing big time though is that you have price destruction because you don't have volume behind the move. So people are nervous, there's no two ways about that. When you take a look at this, what you're gonna see here, well here, let me show you something else too first. This is pretty cool. When I was looking at this this morning, okay.  Now the way this works, okay, so Fibonacci contraction expansion theory. When you go to a 0.618 off the bottom, that's a strong bounce. And when you do a 0.618, what that also says is that you're not gonna go bust the bottom on the first leg back down. When I put that together with the amount of light volume out here today, it's like okay, we get jobs numbers tomorrow, we know jobs numbers are gonna be no good, maybe they bring it down to 0.442 or 0.447, you get light volume, that's it, that's saying we're not done on the way up yet either. Pretty wild man, I mean. And the NASDAQ goes right along with it. If we take a look at the NVX100, what you're gonna see, destruction no doubt. Bottom line, you know, we closed last night at the three queues with 0.368, you're trading right now down at 0.355 and the three queues will have more volume, okay? But this is what you have. As you're coming down, you're coming down into the highs of the lows that we had traded for five days. And it's gonna be really tough to get through those whole levels. The first level is at 353 to 352.  Gold, we look at the gold contract, everybody said we were doing the update. This one was really intriguing. It always blows my mind what they can do inside of the gold market. And the thing that's amazing today though, this is what was so amazing about it, is that, so let's take a look at it. So right now gold is down $3.70, okay? When you look at this intraday, look at this intraday at a, let's see what time is it? What's that, nine o'clock? I don't know, 11 o'clock, what's it? At 9.50, at 9.50, okay, the bottom line is that they took the gold contract down big, right? And the amazing part about it is that as that was going down, the Bank of England was raising rates and the dollar was tanking beyond belief. So it was like, okay, man, needless to say, folks, okay? It took all of a few minutes down at the bottom and it takes off like a rocket ship from 1788 all the way up to this 1806. So more than likely what this was all about is that that was just a shakeout, get as many people, this is in the futures market now, okay, that thing is brutal. This is actually traded like silver today. Bottom line, check it out. They probably had all the bids down underneath. You can see the first leg down took you to 1789, you know, so there's probably bids down there, shake it out, they wanted it cheaper, brought it all the way back top side. We go to the dollar, we take a look at the dollar, what you're gonna see inside the dollar is you're getting real follow through downtown. You know, we were talking about the false break top side, bottom line and four days, which is pretty amazing actually, you're almost down to the lowest swing point, which is the 96, 629, you know, the dollar today is we're down 563 ticks, but from the tops to the lows, excuse me folks, we are down over 700, 800 ticks. This dollar might take care, we wanna get out 89, that's where this wants to go. If we go over to the Euro, we take a look at the Euro, what you're gonna see is just the opposite. Euro goes top side in a big way, bottom line, Euro is up 129 ticks, we're at 114, and this will stop making its way into the 115, once you get to 115, next move up there is 119. We go take a look at the British pound, British pound out here, this is up 15 ticks, not as much as the Euro, but bottom line is, you know, it's up, that is looking for the top of its range, which is 137 up to the 139. Yen, let's go look at the Yen, now the Yen went the opposite way, meaning the Yen got stronger, we're 45 ticks inside the Yen, and we'll see how that shakes out, the Yen didn't break down, that's for sure, you know, so we'll see how that Yen is doing. Let's go take a look at some of the higher volume equities, and we get a lot of them, so it's gonna be really interesting here.  The difference with Amazon, so watch, they ever already told folks that hey listen man, we're gonna make a lot less money, and it took in a much higher gross, so we'll see how this market reacts when Amazon comes out, and what Amazon does, Amazon comes out with their numbers split seconds after the four o'clock timeframe. Stay right there folks, come right back.