We'll continue from where we left off with the ECG feature extraction. Let's need to check a few things first. Yeah, if we have the mouse, we have the mouse. That's good to refresh this page for some reason, to want to refresh by itself. We'll share this quickly just in case someone wants to join in. Let's see how it does. Just quickly do it on a different screen. Pause that quickly. Let's check the sound again. Hopefully we'll be publishing this tool today. So I just need to change a few things on the Cloudflare. By the way, Cloudflare keeps telling me that I have about 30,000 requests to the website. I have about 2.6 unique visitors to Bionicaos.com. It's actually quite unusual. I think those numbers are inflated. I don't know what percentage of them are bots. GPT4 currently cap of 50 messages every three hours. Pause that and that meant to be a moving window as well. It shouldn't be a problem. In the past, I used to hit that limit quite a bit, but not recently. So I have here 30K. Yeah, so I can't see the IP addresses anymore. Because it's Proxit in Cloudflare, so that's not helpful. Let's get back to this Python code. So we had the code already in some description. Let's take the code because it works pretty well. I don't want to start from scratch. I'll just say this is for reference only. So we have it working. Okay, enabling the moved. Pop that in. See what we get. Okay, let's increase the fonts now. Use annotations instead of legends. Can annotate each point directly on the graph. Now, legend placement. Avoid over-plotting. That doesn't seem to be a problem. Subplots. It would be nice to have them all overlaid on top of one another. So the question is like, how will it chop them up? And I think it's potentially suggesting taking the app. Because that's what we're finding first. That's actually a feature of New York it too. Something inbuilt. The rest is done by an app. And you can see it's not great. So we also need to see how to improve it. We'll probably add some controls for the timing there. To say try and improve the T-Wave placement. And that green label meant to be here at the bottom. So let's go ahead and do that. Let's say try and improve the T-Wave placement and that green label meant to be here at the peak. So I don't know what's happening there. But this could help as well if we just overlay, chop them up and overlay them. Let's see what it says. Certainly. You can overlay all hardbeats on a single plot by extracting segments of the ECG around each RPK and plotting them together. Here is an improved version of your code. Hardbeat overlay. Extract segments of the ECG signal around each RPK and plot them on the same axes to overlay all hardbeats. Average hardbeats. Calculate the mean of all extracted hardbeats segments and plot it in red to show the average hardbeats clearly. Visualization enhancements. Adds alpha transparency to individual hardbeats plots for better visualization and adds a vertical line at the RPK for reference. Each hardbeats is extracted from the ECG signal from 150 samples before to 150 samples after each RPK. These values can be adjusted according to the specific needs or characteristics of your data. All extracted hardbeats are then overlaid on the same plot and their average is also calculated and plotted. The average hardbeat can give an overview of the typical shape of the hardbeats in the ECG signal. You can further enhance this plot by adding labels or annotations for adjusting the colors and styles of the lines to make specific features more visible. The pre-peak and post-RPK are peak. The pre-peak, the pre-peak and post-peak would ideally be detected automatically. Certainly, we can adapt the code to automatically detect the start and end of each hardbeat segment based on the detected peaks. One approach could be to identify the nearest points where the ECG amplitude crosses the threshold or changes direction. Below is an updated version of your code with automated detection of the pre-peak and post-peak segments. Automated segmentation. It automatically detects the start and end of each hardbeat segment by finding the minimum points before and after each RPK. It's a basic method and might need refinement based on actual ECG data characteristics. Interpolated average hardbeat. Since hardbeats might have different lengths, we interpolate each hardbeat to have the same length before averaging. The code finds the start and end points of each hardbeat by looking for the minimum value before and after each RPK. This is a simplistic approach and might need to be adapted based on the actual characteristics of your ECG data or by implementing a more robust method to identify the start and end points of each hardbeat. The individual hardbeats are then plotted on the same graph and their average is calculated after interpolating each hardbeat to have the same number of points. The average hardbeat is plotted in red. You can adjust... Yeah, so... So we're still... ...detecting a change... ...a bit processing or a change in direction. Let's read this again. Automated segmentation. It automatically detects the start and end of each hardbeat segment by finding the minimum points before and after each RPK. It's a basic method and might need refinement based on actual ECG data characteristics. We also don't like any magic numbers. So if there are any values in the code, can we have input on the chart screen to be able to adjust the input parameters, all timings, etc. Amplitude, thresholds, etc. Note that this approach is more suited for a Jupyter notebook environment. Here's an enhanced interactive example. Why is it more suitable for a Jupyter notebook environment? We would like to turn it eventually into a web application. So it was called the Data Panel. What's the other name? One popular alternative to create interactive web applications from Python is Streamlit. It's intuitive and requires less boilerplate code compared to traditional web development frameworks. Another option is Dash by Polly, which is also a powerful tool for building interactive web applications using only Python. Here's a similar example of the one above but adapted for Streamlit. First, install Streamlit if you haven't already. We want a dashboard, web application designed using Flask. Certainly. You can use Flask along with Polly or Bokeh to create interactive plots in a web application. Below is a basic example using Flask and Polly. In this example, the ECG signal's amplitude threshold for detecting heartbeat segments is adjustable via an input field on the web page. Install required packages. You need to have Flask and Polly installed. You can install these packages via PIP if you haven't already. Create a new Python file for your Flask app. Here's a basic example. Let's name the file app.py. Create a new HTML file for rendering the plot. Create a new folder named Templates and inside this folder, create a new file named index, HTML. Render Flask app. You can render Flask app with the following command. This code snippet provides a basic example. You might want to include additional functionalities such as error handling, user inputs validation or other interactive features to make your web application more robust and user-friendly. Remember, Flask is just a web server gateway interface, WSGI application, for deploying in a production environment. Consider using a production-ready server like Goonicorn and put it behind a reverse proxy server like Nginx or Apache to handle client requests efficiently. We are using Apache. Using Apache is a great choice for deploying Flask applications. You can use the mod underscore proxy or mod underscore proxy underscore USGI modules to create a reverse proxy or mod underscore USGI to deploy the application directly. Below is a step-by-step process to deploy your Flask application on an Apache server. If not already installed, you can typically install it with. Create a WSGI file for your application, for example, MyApp, WSGI, and add the following. Replace MyApp with the actual name of your Python script containing your Flask app. Edit your Apache configuration file or create a new one. Add a new less than virtual host greater than entry or update the existing one with the WSGI daemon process, WSGI script alias, and other directives as needed. Here's a basic example. Adjust paths, domain names, and user group settings according to your server setup. After saving your configuration, restart the Apache server to apply the changes. Make sure that the Apache server has the necessary permissions to read and execute your Flask. We already have a few Flask applications running on an Apache server. Could you generate all the files needed to add this as an additional application? Absolutely. I'll provide a detailed step-by-step guide, including all files needed to add this new Flask application alongside your existing applications on an Apache server. We will structure the application to detect hard beats from ECG data and visualize them interactively, allowing users to adjust the amplitude threshold. Your new application directory may look something like this. Here's a Python code for the Flask app, app.py. It's a simplified example that you should adapt according to your needs. Add a new configuration or update the existing one. Adjust paths and domain names according to your setup. Right, so it's just a simple Python code. Replace the path to ECG underscore app, your user, your group, and ECG.yourdomain.com with your actual path, user, group, and domain. Ensure that the Apache server has the necessary permissions to read and execute your Flask app in WSGI file. Now, this new application should be accessible and running alongside your existing Flask applications on the Apache server. Make sure to test thoroughly and adapt the configurations and code as per your specific needs and environment. You can stop that one. Start this one. This is what it should look like. We made some more modifications, so there should be inputs for different magic numbers within the code. There's also some time intervals and amplitude thresholds. So we can play around with it and see if we can get better labeling results. Well, we obviously should be able to. Is this the full Python code? Apologies for the confusion. Here's a more comprehensive version of the Python code for the Flask app, including all the necessary imports and the complete implementation for generating the interactive ECG plot. Now, why is it... Right, so doing the simulation to begin with, I just changed the order of a few things, but this app. This app.py file needs a complete Flask application. It simulates an ECG signal, processes it to detect our peaks, and allows users to adjust the amplitude threshold interactively to visualize individual hardbeats. The indexed function handles both get and post requests. On a get request, it displays the initial plot with a default threshold. On a post request, when the user updates the threshold, it replots the ECG signal with the new threshold. The poly figure is created and updated within this function, and then it's converted to HTML to be embedded in the indexed HTML template. Make sure to replace underscore underscore main underscore underscore, with the actual application's entry point or adapt as necessary based on your application structure and requirements when deploying. The debug equals true, argument is for development and testing and should be set to false in a production environment to avoid exposing sensitive information. Note, you need to have all the necessary libraries installed, you can install them via pip. Make sure to adapt paths and configurations as per your specific server setup and application requirements. Also, ensure to secure the application appropriately for production, including using HTTPS, validating user inputs, and handling errors gracefully. Certainly. Below is the indexed HTML template file which you should place inside a folder named templates in your application directory. This HTML template includes a form to adjust the threshold value and displays the plotly graph embedded within the web page. Form for threshold adjustment, the template includes a form with a number input field allowing users to adjust the threshold value for visualizing hard beats. When the user changes this value and submits the form, a post request is sent to the server, and the plot is updated accordingly. Displaying the plot, the plotly graph generated in the FlaskApp app.py is embedded in the HTML using plot safe. The safe filter is used to render the HTML code safely. Plotly JavaScript library, the plotly.js library is included to render the plotly graph on the web page. You can remove this if you're not using any client-side plotly functionalities. Ensure to adapt this template according to your design and functional requirements, adding any additional features, styles, or elements needed. Yeah, that's okay. That's pretty much it. That was from another Flask application, the synthetic signal generator. So the title is obviously different. Otherwise, we want to keep the plotly JSON script there. I have a bunch of other stuff that's just the template for our website. That's the header. Let me start from here at this point. Interactive dashboard. I want to use also the word feature extraction, but we'll add it later. Inputs do we have. We also set the pan minimal max and the default value for each input. Let's start with that. That's where the plot is. So essentially just need these bits. Surely we need to call a JavaScript. Do we need a JavaScript file? Okay, we do need that. Can we copy the index HTML? I'm not sure about this max. I think it misunderstood. It's not the whole thing. It's just the script. Script.js here probably needed. You can get rid of that. That's a different Flask application. Just for my document, yes. Close. We have the chart open arena. And then the index error was with do. Essentially sending requests to the server HTTP. It's this error. I don't know if I was seeing anything like this before. 304 this is the HTTP Stas code returned by the server. A 304 Stas code means not modified. In this context, it tells the client, usually a web browser, to send a request. In this case, console.png has not been modified since the last request, so the cache version can be used instead of downloading the file again. Okay, but it's also not displaying anything. So we have static script. I will sort that one last. Calling script.js in the HTML. Should be over here. That's a problem. Are there any issues with this file? Especially is script.js being called correctly? It's being called twice. This is actually a different script.js. You should use only one of them. The second method is the recommended way to include static files and Flask applications, as it ensures the correct path is generated regardless of where the application is running. For the images and other static files, consider using Flask2URL underscore for function to generate the URLs, like you did for the JavaScript file in CSS. This ensures that the URLs will always be correct, even if the application's URL structure changes. And be reached. It's not running, is it? Okay, we'll do it like we did before, will we? Just generate all the content. Template HTML, better template. I'll be based on threshold. Yeah, those thresholds meant to take in variables. Okay, generate the whole HTML code. There's something working first. Using URL underscore for static files, update of the paths to images and other static files to use Flask2URL underscore for function, ensuring that the URLs are always correct regardless of the deployment environment or URL structure. It's calling the CSS file. Yes, and again, we have two of them. Yeah, I shouldn't have given it. Okay, let's start again. Sorry. I'm using the fault. I would like to turn this code into a Flask application, eventually deployed on Apache server. You can turn the provided code into a Flask application by wrapping it inside a Flask app and generating the plot as a response to a certain endpoint. Below is a step-by-step modification of your code to turn it into a Flask app. We will create an endpoint that returns a PNG image of the plotted ECG data. If you haven't already, you need to install Flask. You can install it via PIP. Create a new Python file, for example, app.py, and open it in a text editor. Run the app.py script. It will start a local development server. You can view the ECG plot by visiting http://<IP_ADDRESS>.500. To deploy the Flask app on an Apache server, you can use a production WSGI server like mod__proxy__usgi, mod__proxy, or mod__proxy__fcgi, and you may want to use virtual NV to create an isolated Python environment. Here are general steps to deploy the Flask app to an Apache server. Install mod__proxy__usgi or other proxy modules in an ap... ...engineerate the whole Python code script. Make sure all the required libraries, Flask, Neurokit2, NumPy, and MathLolib are installed in your Python environment. You can run the app using the command pythonapp.py, and it will start a local development server. You can view the ECG plot by visiting http://url in your web browser. Do I need a HTML and JavaScript file? You don't necessarily need an HTML or JavaScript file if you simply want to display the plot image. The Flask app code I provided above will directly return an image when you access the ECG endpoint, which can be viewed in a web browser without any additional HTML or JavaScript. However, if you want to create a more complete web application with a user interface that includes other elements besides the plot, you might want to use HTML to structure your web page and potentially JavaScript to add interactivity. Here's an example of how you might incorporate an HTML template to display the ECG plot along with some additional content. In this example, an HTML file is created in a templates folder. Flask is configured to look for templates in a folder named templates by default. We added a new root at ap...root that renders the HTML file when the home URL is accessed. The index, HTML file contains and less than I am. You don't necessarily need an HTML or JavaScript file if you simply want to display the plot image. The Flask app code I provided above will directly return an image when you access the ECG endpoint, which can be viewed in a web browser without any additional HTML or JavaScript. Where is it sending the file? Where is it sending the file? And how do I run the app? In the script provided, the ECG plot is not saved to a file on disk, but rather held in memory using a byte's IO object. When the ECG endpoint is accessed, the plot is sent directly to the browser as a PNG image using the send underscore file function. The byte's IO object is used to create a byte stream of the image data, which is then sent as a response to the client's request. This way, you don't need to worry about file handling or cleanup. You can run app.py directly from the terminal or command prompt. Here's how you do it step by step. Ensure that you have Python installed. You should have Python installed on your computer. You can check if it's installed and which version is installed by running Python version or Python 3 version. Install necessary packages. If you haven't already, you need to install the required packages. Open your terminal or command prompt and use pip or pip3 to install them. For example, run the Flask app. Navigate to the directory containing app.py and execute the script using Python. In the terminal or command prompt, you can use the cd command to change directories. It looks like you're trying to access the root URL of your Flask app, but no root has been defined for that URL, so you're seeing a 404 error, meaning not found. Since we only defined a root for ECG, you need to access http colon slash slash 127 dot zero dot zero dot one colon five zero zero zero slash act to see the ECG plot. If you want to add a home page to your Flask app, you can define an additional root. Here's an example of how you might modify your app.py script to include a simple home page. In this modification, I've added a new root at app.root that maps to a home function. This function uses Flask render underscore template underscore string method to return a simple HTML string as the response. When you access http colon slash slash 127 dot zero dot zero dot one colon five zero zero zero slash, you should now see a welcome message and a link to the ECG root to view the ECG plot. You can replace the HTML string with more complex HTML or a template file to customize your home page further. This is not exactly what we want. Eventually, we'll have to have a full-fledged HTML and JavaScript and everything, but this should be a quick fix if we want to display anything. The page can be reached this because we are not actually running, so we see the plot. So we didn't actually needed that. I'm going to go by the AVA path. The good thing is, can we add any necessary input parameters, essentially anything that is a fixed constant number in the code would like to turn into a variable so we can control it from the application front panel. Certainly. You can use HTML forms in Flask to gather user input and then use those inputs in your Python code. Here's an updated version of your application where the duration, sampling underscore rate, hard underscore rate, and the segment underscore range around our peaks are input parameters provided by the user. In this updated version, the home root handles both get and post requests. When a get request is received, it simply returns the HTML form. When a post request is received, after the user submits the form, it gathers the form data and passes it to the ECG underscore plot function to generate the ECG plot with the user specified parameters. The ECG underscore plot function is now parameterized to accept the user's input for the ECG simulation and plotting. Ensure that your entire plot generation code inside the ECG underscore plot function uses these parameter values instead of hard coded numbers. Note, always validate and sanitize user inputs to ensure they are within expected ranges and types to prevent potential errors or security issues. Okay, a couple of things. First, do we need a JavaScript file? Second, can we make sure that default values and range for each input variable are being predefined? Could we also generate the entire Python code for up, file, index, HTML, and script.js? Okay, this might take some time, but... You don't necessarily need a JavaScript file for this simple form-based interaction. HTML and Flask can handle form submission and response rendering. However, if you want to enhance user interactivity, provide real-time feedback, or create a dynamic user interface without requiring a page reload, JavaScript can be very helpful. You can define default values and acceptable ranges for the input variables directly in the HTML file using the value, min, and max attributes of the less than input greater than element. If later you decide you want to add more interactivity to your web page, you might create a static slash script.js file and link it in your HTML, but for the current functionality you requested, it's not needed. Note, always ensure that the input from users is validated and handled safely to avoid potential security risks or errors in your application. In a production environment, consider adding error handling, input validation, and security measures such as escaping user input and setting up course policies if applicable. If later you decide you want to add more interactivity to your web page, you might create a static slash script.js file and link it in your HTML, but for the current functionality you requested, it's not needed. Bit odd. Can it get derailed? Generate the whole Python script? Certainly. Here's a complete updated app.py script with all the parameterized inputs, taking user input from the form submission. This is not the input variables that I meant, but okay, we can have those as well. This is what we have in the previous application. I was mainly talking about the different time intervals and thresholds. This script is a complete flask application that takes user input from a form to generate an ECG plot based on the specified parameters. Ensure to replace the other hard-coded numbers with variables or inputs as necessary to fully parameterize your application. Make sure that flask and other necessary libraries are installed and always handle user inputs safely to avoid potential errors or security issues. Or the ECG signal feature extraction. This is actually better. This is better. It's because we don't need that. Generate ECG plot. Sampling rate can definitely be 250. For flask 4, the whole HTML script. Certainly. Here's a complete HTML template that includes input fields for duration, sampling rate, forward rate, and segment range. The users can fill in these fields and submit the form to generate an ECG plot based on their input. Create a new folder named templates, and inside that folder, create a new file named index, HTML. Insert the following code into index, HTML. In this HTML code, four input fields are created to accept user inputs for duration, sampling rate, forward rate, and segment range. Each input field has specified default values, minimum, and maximum values to ensure that users provide inputs with unacceptable ranges. The required attribute is added to each input field to ensure that all fields must be filled before the form can be submitted. The step attribute in the duration input field allows users to enter decimal values. A little bit of CSS is added for better visual spacing between the labels. Make sure to adjust the min, max, step, and default values according to your specific requirements and constraints. You can also enhance the CSS styles to make the form visually more appealing. Can you generate a separate CSS file? Certainly. You can create a separate CSS file to style your HTML page. Place the CSS file in a folder named static, as Flask serves the static files, like CSS, JS, images, etc., from this folder by default. Here's an example of a CSS file named styles.css placed inside the static folder. This CSS file contains styles that enhance the look of the form and the page overall. Add the following line inside the less than head greater than tag of your index, HTML file to link the CSS file. Now your application will have a separate CSS file to style the HTML page, making the web page more maintainable and visually appealing. You can add or update the CSS styles and the styles that CSS file is needed. HTML. Add the following line inside the less than head greater than tag of your index, HTML file to link the CSS file. Now your application will have a separate CSS file to style the HTML page, making the web page more maintainable and visually appealing. You can add or update the CSS styles and the styles that CSS file is needed. Do I have a chase on script? No. First I'm getting that error. This log message indicates that a post request was made to the ECG root and received a 404 not found response. This is happening because there's no explicit root handler defined for ECG in your Flask application. In the example I provided earlier, the form action is said to submit the post request to ECG, but there is no corresponding root in the Flask app to handle this endpoint. The ECG underscore plot function should be explicitly associated with a root to fix this issue. Here's how to correct it in the app.py file. In the index function, after processing the post request, I used redirect and url underscore for to redirect to the ECG underscore plot root, passing the form values as query parameters. Added a new root handler for ECG that maps to the ECG underscore plot function. The ECG underscore plot function now retrieves its parameters from the query string using request, arts.get. These changes should fix the 404 error by providing a root handler for the ECG endpoint and ensuring the post request's parameters are properly passed to the ECG underscore plot function. Make sure to update the form's action attribute in the HTML file if needed. So why on earth wasn't doing it to begin with? How many lines is it? 75. Can you regenerate a whole Python script with necessary updates and all the required parts? Absolutely, I understand your request. Here's the updated code for each part of your application.


I think it's just you know the overall playing every day and you know having the success and you know feeling good And that's that's big for me is I keep harping on that I just am happy to be in the lineup and continue and to try to contribute you feel more pressure to To keep that up considering you guys have now lost yet another player. No, I mean, I don't I don't feel any pressure I feel like you know a lot of guys Probably forgotten us that question a lot of them would probably say no, you know because you know in the end We're all just trying to go out there and just do our part, which is just Try and compete and just go out there and do the best that we can No, I mean, you know, we've had a lot of guys out prior to you know, whatever happened to Aaron and you know, obviously we're You know the season's not going the way that we probably want to go as far as you know The injuries that keep coming up But you know we have a lot of guys that are going out there and trying to do their part and you know We've we've won four of the last five. So that's all we can you know, you know build off of right now You've waited a long time for an opportunity After the injuries of last year and to get consistent at bats, which is the last week we can have been like for you It's been a lot of fun, you know, I mean obviously I'm enjoying my time up here And I'm trying to you know, make it a tough decision whenever some of those guys do come back and you know I think I've done that right now and you know, I'm just like I'm saying I'm just trying to do the best that I can because obviously there's some some guys missing from our lineup and others have To step up and I'm trying to be one of those guys With this new opportunity given your success No, I mean I think you know early on the the pressure was on whenever I you know Didn't have this the success coming up right away And you know, maybe maybe my approach is a little different then but now it's kind of settled in to you know The way that I want to swing the bat and the damage that I'm trying to do Which is just you know, try to stay up the middle and you know, take what take what the pitch is Kind of went quiet as soon as they realized what was going on. What was the reaction like in the dugout?  You never want to see anything bad happen to anybody in general But especially someone like him


Ladies and gentlemen welcome back to another fortnight video playing with the boys today. This is not the squad This is my in real life friends squad the big-ass new heavy shotgun came out And I really wanted to get you guys actually new gameplay because all my gameplay was all that's gameplay So I've got this coming for you. We've got three of us So we're going into blitz squads with just three of us by I still think we can easy to get those We're all pretty good. Are you sure about that?   Shane. You're going the wrong way. Goodbye my lover. Goodbye.  Please stop it dude.  I'm wukong You're gonna get some of a whack. I'm using this medkit now.  Oh This is a fly drop in the middle tilted. How balls. Yeah, are we there's guys on top of the building at 189 I didn't think so there's guys up on the top of the building at 189 I'm popping it right away All around nice work team. Oh, I'll take the minigun. No one wants it someone's running Oh, I see him. I see him. I got a guy on me. Got a guy on me. You got him Shane Oh, they're rushing us. They're rushing us. Yeah, I see him. I got one up here with me Right here I'm getting him with the pistol. Oh, I missed nice Damn nice work team. I got a grand total zero kills, but I did help out It's alright come over by me. So the teammate doesn't know.  Oh, I see him. There's one. Oh, I'm gonna minigun it. Just shoot him shoot him. Oh We got another one.  Oh, I see him.  I just got snipe Oh, we're not in the circle gentlemen. Oh, here's this. I found a supply drop.  Oh, I hear chest Let's see what's in this. Oh I got the gold scar. Let's go. I want this big guys. Oh my god another launch pad in a med kit All right, I'll rip the med kit and I just need some shields. Let's go.   We got to go This is gonna rip us apart. I'm literally only gonna make this if I make it on impulse grenades Fuck.  Oh my god.  I'm here. That boy is coming in hot. Oh Someone's jump padding. Yeah up top to that Nice launch pad I was lit. He was gonna die that storm if he even gets touched by that storm. He's dead Tarn with the 1v4 clutch. Oh my god.  Oh My god, he's gonna want me for a clutch I Waste them right now. I like these work to carry you guys. It's whatever my back's in a lot of pain. Where we landed boys Okay, good pro-narc left Narc's is the boy dude.  Oh my god another crossbow. Let's go. It really is I see a squad they're all behind you guys Potato potato. Oh my god. I just miss a point blank crossbow. My life is over Yeah, I see that.   He was standing still and I missed. Oh my god. My life is over Okay, this girl was standing still reviving someone and I missed my crossbow I'm coming Oh, I see him. He's on top. He's on top. He's about to jump down. He's jumping down right now He's backside West and he just jumped down. I am looking straight at him You're Shane you're with him Shane. You're with him. Oh my god. Are you kidding me? He won't be I got a layer Don't worry. I'm literally getting down to one hit every time Yeah, you better lose. Oh really bad. Oh shots And they're shooting from so far away dude if I hit this oh So close but ah, they're running down. I see one running down. There's a supply drop Oh, yeah, there's someone at the supply drop. They just opened it Oh, I'm above them.   I'm safe up here. I hit in a bush cuz I died dude. I literally shelled this guy so hard I cannot believe you didn't go down.  Oh, you have a launchpad. Follow me Yeah, oh we have just enough time.    Jesus.  Do you have I like it? I'd like I'm just sitting here clapping.  Thank God. It was like he's so hard to Do you need guns or anything? I have a submachine gun. We're going over the cross. All right.  Oh, we gotta go straight to the cabin. Oh shots on Yeah, you know what?  Uh, no, that's a bad idea unless there's a launchpad over there We can't really go do this. Ah, there better be a launchpad. Oh, there is. Fuck.  Oh around the side around the side. There's another one around the side. You see him cross 280 yep, you're with him Yeah, I'm with you. I'm with you. I'm with you. Let's do it. Boom This game is awesome. Oh, you want to go to a supplier? Noob tubes. Who's gonna do to Let me take the emphasis. I Can hold the money they're people in this building behind us. Yeah, they're oh, I see him.  Oh, I got a knock. Yay. I'm gonna rush them. Yeah, I see him Just shell is building. Oh, there he is Got him nice job guy just launch padded over at 80 80 East come here. We got a campfire. That's exactly what I'm doing right now Yeah, where did where did you see those guys? They're building right now? I can see them building right now. Yeah Yeah, I can actually oh damn. I'm hitting him hard. Oh, let's go Long range knock cross right behind you's a pad. Oh Oh I'm there. I'm there. We're on him. Oh, he's in this building. I got him.  Yeah, there's a team right here. I'm about to launch pad out of here Oh Wait, I'm in the storm right now.  That's what I should have done.  I had a launch pad ready I didn't want to leave you tarn.  This is a 1v3 They're really low though.  Yeah, there's the guy on the left Are you kidding me? This is about to be a three straight clutch my tarn. I turn I love you so much I'm not good. I didn't chase you either either two sides before I won't you see now. I Don't see him yet.  Oh Great It's in the circle. It's on the pubes side. I know but like the the maps on the shore.  Oh, I can kill this kid Oh, it took was one bullet. All right, we kill these guys.  Is that kid not finally Olympia? There we go. Yes. Hey, there's a supply drop. Yo supply drop right at 116 Let's jump out of the supply drop jump out of that supply drop at 116. Dude. Let's go to the supply drop at 116 I guess Ducks down there though. I just hit another one.  Oh Shit, I'm out of ammo. Yeah, we got to go. Let's do it.  Oh, there's a guy above us.  Oh Costing right behind you. Good luck cross.   Wow three first places and then like a third play.   Take my loot.  Oh Did they move? Oh, no, there's one of them means did you I'm on their building.   I got a lunch bag. I'll come here. I'm coming I thought we were going to let that guys build it I ripped the dark voyager Over there Twice yeah, I see him. He's about to die I see him Eliminated nice. Let's go up there. I know we can Dark Voyager got him and oh can I get to can I get to let's go I got there. I got their squad. They're all dead. There's gotta be one more.  We're not in the circle again.  Gossie.  I have a jump head. Okay.  That was ridiculous. I've never been in a fight.  He's buying a tree. Oh, we see him. We see him.  All right, buddy. Is he hurt?  That was embarrassing. I know. Oh, really? It's too old. Oh, I see him. I see him. I see him.   Oh Yeah, I got him. I got him. Oh, they're launchpadding the launchpadding Shit in the storm. Oh, I'm looking at a guy.  That was just kind of good. We really we really needed a launchpad. I can't hide All right, guys, that's gonna be it For this episode of fortnight. We killed it today three straight wins and then two straight second places second places Really count, but the wins were sick. I got the heavy shotgun twice into shit with it, but that's it for now Thanks for watching us always ladies and gentlemen. Peace out


That's me. Go. You like it? Yeah, that's insane. This video is sponsored by Micro Center, who has actually supplied all of the computer parts for this video, which honestly is a bit of a miracle. Building a computer nowadays is hard. It costs you an arm and a leg to get the parts if you can even find them. Fortunately, with stores like Micro Center, that is not the case. Somehow, throughout this computer part drought, Micro Center has found a way to not only have parts in stock, but also keep them available at fair prices. I'm not kidding when I say that this project would literally be impossible without their help. If you are looking to build a computer for yourself, especially at a good deal and a fair price, you really should check out Micro Center, find out what stores are near you, and they also have a really cool promotion going on right now. So if you click the link in the description, they're actually even offering you free stuff. It does not get better than that. Please be sure to check out Micro Center. They are a godsend. Anyways, thank you so much to Micro Center for sponsoring the video. Now, let's get back to the rest of it. We are building the most beautiful and custom PC for the best streamer of the year. Who is that, you might ask? Voice! The plan? It's simple, I'm saying. Now, if you don't know who Ludwig is, you kind of live under a rock. He is one of the most popular and hardest working content creators today. Not to take the spotlight away from other great content creators in 2021, but here's why he's the best. For two years, Ludwig has uploaded a video to his YouTube channel every single day, constantly growing his audience and entertaining millions of people. He is as consistent as consistent can be. Now you might think, oh, he must have just been spamming mediocre content every single day just to get something uploaded. But no, he hosted multiple thousand dollar tournaments in multiple different categories. He had a kickball tournament where he invited the biggest streamers out for a one day competition. He has hosted the largest Smash Brothers tournament in the history of Twitch, along with a bunch of other fighting game tournaments. He's hosted multiple game shows, inviting out the biggest personalities in content creation.  There's no way I could know any of this.  It's crazy. There's so many people in this room and nobody asked. That's the craziest thing about it. Last year, he even recorded his own Christmas album. And of course, he is the streamer with the most successful sub-a-thon, making him the number one most subscribed channel in Twitch history. On top of that, the content in between those major events is also really entertaining as well. So if you haven't checked him out yet, you really should. Now, why am I building him a PC? I really look up to Ludwig. The reason I wanted to build him something special is because of how much he inspires me right now. But first, you need to understand why I look up to him so much. You see, two years ago, my dad died of cancer. While he was going through all of the pain and the treatments, I used to be super motivated to make content and put out videos because I wanted my dad to see that I was gonna be okay. I really believe that if I hit bigger numbers and new milestones, that the last best gift that I could give to my dad is him knowing that he raised a successful son. And then when he did die, that motivation to hit those numbers and milestones almost completely died. So for almost two years, I have kind of just been coasting off of my previous success on YouTube and Twitch, not really caring. Then fast forward to the rides of Ludwig and all of a sudden I start hearing about this charismatic white dude who is constantly screaming. We just hit a million, but it'd be cool to have a bigger number because the bigger the number, the better the person I am. That's a fact. That's how it works.   But either way, I was curious so I gave his content a try and after watching it enough, what I saw wasn't actually a person who cared that much about numbers, but instead was a very positive, hardworking and inclusive guy. And so now you know why I want to build him a computer. Now we need to find out if he even wants one. So this conversation determines quite a bit. Here today obviously, because I need to ask you some questions. Number one, do you want a computer? Yeah, I'm not working. Okay, perfect.  Do you want to know the artist we got or do you want to be surprised? Surprise me. It's better content if you surprise me. So this PC is going to be built inside a Fractal Design Meshify 2 case which has a lot of empty spaces on the outside as well as the inside. Normally people don't do anything with those empty spaces, but we are going to cover them in some completely unique art. Can I turn these into NFTs? Well, can I make money on this? Okay, so let's go over the overall concept. In case you don't already know, Ludwig is kind of in his own world. Part of his story on Twitch is that he was one of the few people, if not the only person who was around 10,000 live viewers with almost no viewership overlap. He was a very popular content creator, but what's rare on Twitch is for people to be popular and for others to have not heard about them.  Ludwig does a lot of variety content and so I think there is definitely enough within what he does to create his own little universe. So with that out of the way, this theme is going to be somewhat outer spacey, but he's going to have his own planet.  And we're kind of looking at it from the atmosphere. That's our POV. And number one thing I need to have first is we're going to have Ludwig riding in his car bed. So we're going to kind of have him just kind of flying through the universe on this bed. Now, I'm going to litter this thing with references to him and I'll try to kind of cover them as I go through it. Number one, his first emote on Twitch. I think it's a cute gesture. Instead of having the car with whatever kind of logo it would have at the front, we're going to make it a brown star. Why is it a brown star? Because he is five years old and makes the jokes like one. So while we're going to have him sitting inside this car bed, we're going to have, I want to say Jigglypuff riding somewhere inside of this car bed because Jigglypuff is, Jigglypuff is his main in Melee. And Melee is one of the biggest smash games that he, I want to say it was one of the biggest, but anyways, it's his main game. It's kind of where he started. His origin stories on the internet, I would say are Super Smash Brothers Melee. And that's why we're going to make a reference to it, kind of showing his origin points inside the car bed. I think we have like, I don't know, his Christmas album, just like kind of chilling in here somewhere. I know he does like a lot of Super Mario Brothers like speed run type things. So I think we'll have Mario kind of running from Bowser, maybe up here in the top left. Oh, wait, he's a Nintendo fan. Obviously, if that much isn't clear, let's put Rainbow Road back here after the car bed. We're going to add some smash characters down here. I think to represent some of his other friends that are important to him in his friend group represented by, I want to say, Falco, Fox and Captain Falcon. I think each of those will represent an important person in his life. One thing is for sure, I want to have a million of these little like GPS pings all across the map because another big interest of his is GeoGuessr. Ludwig has played so much GeoGuessr on stream, but it's also something that he finds interesting and he's made content on it on his YouTube channel as well as his live streams. So I think it'll be a cute little reference. There was also that period of rust on Twitch that was really, really, really popular. So I think if we can have some of the little characters in this like J10 segment of the rust map, kind of looking like little beans, like little among us beans. There we go. We can have like a two for one reference among us as well as rust. We'll mix it into one. We'll have it like down here. I know he has pets. I know unfortunately his dog did pass away recently and he has a cat named Durs. So I think something that might be cute is if we have his dog Sophie running underneath and having Durs the cat, just kind of like, oh my God, this drawing is so bad. Please don't judge me. We have Durs the cat riding on Sophie over here on the left. Oh, another thing. Obviously he did have the largest Smash Brothers tournament ever. It was called the, I think, LACS, the Ludwig Agrin Challenger series. What we're gonna do is we're gonna have a little Coliseum to represent that fighting tournament. There was also that time he bought Shroud for $50,000 for charity. We'll put Shroud with like a little $50,000 price tag. Perfect. Just like a YouTube thumbnail. He'll appreciate that. And then, you know, we'll have like some like outer space plan. It's like kind of going on up here. Maybe like a little city skyscrapers, something off in the distance. All right. I think this is good for the back panel.  And I think I just wanna keep the top panel just outer space.  Nothing too creative. There is another thing I do wanna do for the front panel though.  We're talking jump king, Pogo stuck and getting over it. So something I wanna do is I wanna dedicate a panel specifically to those videos.   And then I think we also have the getting over it guy, little cauldron just flying with his little hammer off into the sky.  Very simple design. I think it'll be kind of funny. Next, graphics card. So I wanna do is I wanna put Ludwig's friendships on a chessboard. The reason I wanna put it on the chessboard is because one of the biggest events that happened for Ludwig was an event called Pogchamps. It was a chess tournament and a lot of the reason it was so successful and big for him is because it was a, honestly, I think the first time he ever had very meaningful collabs outside of his existing friend group. And so that was kind of like the reveal to, hey, I'm Ludwig. Hi, how are you? So what I wanna do is I wanna turn a lot of these chess pieces into his friendships. They're just going to be chess pieces. None of them are meant to actually be of importance. I will do this though. A joke that was something in his community was that his girlfriend, Cutie Cinderella, is taller than him. So one thing I wanna do, which is also how it works in chess, is I want to have the queen, Cutie, to be taller than the king. I think it'll be a funny little reference. Now, this one is a little bit different from what I normally do, but there's actually a huge inner panel that is just left empty inside this case, which doesn't really happen a lot of other PC cases. So what I wanna do for this is I wanna put Ludwig as Professor Oak. So like, I don't know, have him like wearing the coat tail jacket or whatever. And have him opening up Pokemon cards. The reason I wanna do that is because there was a huge collaboration on Ludwig Stream, where you had a bunch of other streamers chip in like a thousand, 2000, a couple thousand dollars to open a $30,000 box of Pokemon cards. Why would you pay that much for that? So we just have him as Professor Oak. I know it looks beautiful opening up these cards and it just shining and glowing as this $30,000 box just gets desecrated. Last and final piece. We're going to have the power supply shroud, which is a huge center focal piece at the bottom of the case. We're gonna have it be something simple, but on brand. So Ludwig's, I don't know if it's the name of his company, but it's just his brand. It's mogul moves. So something that I think would be a nice cute little reference, but also goes along perfectly with the outer space theme is having a little rocket fly across the space in the background of the mogul moves logo blasts and off through space. The reason I think this is a really cute reference is because during his sub-a-thon, there was a little rocket that indicated the uptime of the stream. The more you donated, the more the rocket went up. And if the rocket was up, it meant the sub-a-thon continued. So I think it'll be a nice little reference to that as well as just fitting along with the theme of outer space.  An artist named Savanto has been popping up in my Twitter timeline because of his insanely popular and well-drawn comfy cartel comics based off of offline TV and friends. As soon as I saw this style, as well as how good he was, I just had to get him involved. Okay, so I talked to Cutie and she gave a lot of insight on what we should do, what we should have included. So there's a concept for everything now. So we have an idea for everything. This, this is the skinny front power supply cover on top. This is the graphics card. We already have the back cover. We have the front and top panels because it's just gonna be basically the outer space with planets on it. The one giant SSD cover thing we have is him as Professor Oak opening cards. I think everything's settled then. Yeah, those are all the concepts. I'll do some, like some sort of testing in a way. Let me just... See, it's... Yeah, I see, it's RGP. See, it's RGP. Ooh, how'd you mean that, woo? Exactly. That's basically how it works, dude. So this top priority first. Yes. Chance of Sardis is also the second, third board, and last this. Yeah, good luck, Sev. If you need anything from me, let me know whether it's me praying, yelling, screaming, or crying. Yes, please. Anything, all of it. Okay! He's so f***ed. After what felt like a thousand edits to the art, it was finally done. Now that we have the art, we get to put it on the case. But unfortunately, I don't have fancy materials or printers that can get all of this art onto the case. But my friends at V1Tech do. So we're gonna be sending the designs off to them so they can actually print the art onto the case as well as onto acrylic RGB plates. Without them, this project is literally impossible. Once you see the stuff they're able to do, you're going to want some of it for yourself. And good news, they have a sale going on right now for 50% off. So if you like what you see in terms of what the computer is gonna look like, please be sure to check out their website. The link's in the description. Get something for yourself and or for a friend. Holiday season's coming up. Now that the PC is finally done, the only thing left to do is a four-hour drive to LA. How you doing? Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, buddy. Nice to meet you too. You just wanna bring that in and I'll look away. It's boxed up. So you can take a look at the box, but... All right, yeah, let's do that. You want a hand-hand?  These? A drip? A notice? These are limited edition crock light in the queen for adults. They're a size up. They didn't have size 11. I had to get them on today. You know? No, it's all good. I just, I got a personal agenda with anything cars related. What is it? Against it? You've got a agenda against cars. The Pixar animated film. It's my most watched clip, unfortunately. Cars? Yeah. Cars three? Yep. I mean, better than cars two, I suppose. All right. What's that over here? Where the magic happens, yeah? Hey, yeah, this is it. This is the studio. Okay, let me take this off over here, okay? Oh, you can keep them on. You sure? Yeah, I'm not upset. Or you can throw on some crocs if you want. I got extras. You know, I'll... I will flip it over. Okay. I can't imagine it broke right now. That would be terrible. But pretty good clip. All right, so I guess we'll start with the back and we'll work our way through the rest of it. All right, I'm gonna say crisscross applesauce like a child, get close to it. So this is the back of...  That's crazy. So got a couple of pieces here on the inside. Is that me? Yep. What? Bro, is that what you think I look like? I got like 17 extra jaw space. That's amazing. So we got a couple of things in here. The art pieces aren't even doing what they're supposed to do yet. Okay. So we thought this one would work best for everything that's gonna be going on. They're supposed to do something. Yeah. Right, because that's what art is, it's supposed to do something. For the graphics part, back plate. Uh-huh. It's beautiful. Is that a chessboard? Yeah. That's mean, cutie? Yep. It's me. No. There are a couple of people on there. He's so cutie, but he's so cute, Meg. In here we got a couple of things. Number one, one of the biggest memes that I heard from your community and from some of your mods is that cutie is taller than you. No. And that obviously chesses it board to you. Chris, Chris, you know that's a lie. It's a force. We have stands and A truck over here. The bishops. We have mango over here. We have Hess back here. We have your mom and your sister all the way here in the back. Wow. We have Christian, Ben, Nick and Slime over here on the right.  Yeah, we tried to get the people that were most important to you. I mean, it's right. It's accurate. Over here on the right is a more specific reference. So if you look at the cards back here. Oh, dark right shoe in the flaring on. Blastoise up here. How do you see it? From the legendary box break. Exactly. So I started to notice after going through some more of your content that Nintendo and now it's more apparent being in here. Nintendo's a pretty big deal to you. I have the same exact box that I broke. I bought two of them because I wanted one to just hold on to forever that I never opened. Oh my God. So I have that sill. And then here's the Blastoise I have. I mean, it's the game, but yeah, I like Nintendo. That's pretty true. That's a good call, Chris. But yeah, we have you here opening up the packs. We tried to get some of the cards out here to pay reference to that video because I remember even before I started watching a lot more of your content, that was one of the things that popped up in my inbox. I was just like, I just spent $30,000 on Pokemon cards. Yeah, it was the first time I ever hit 100,000 views live was opening that for Pokemon Week, which blew my mind. I was like, I'll never do this again. So here's the front panel. It's a little harder to see because this was printed on mesh. I know, I know everything here. Okay.  Not too complicated, but I thought it was a nice little fun piece. No, I love that. It's beautiful. And then if we swap it over to the back. I saw this is what you posted on Twitter. A part of it at least. Well, I try to do for the back piece is try to make it the most epic art piece. Cause it's going to be the biggest one. It's sad cause it's on the back, but it covers a large part of the computer. So I figure put a lot of effort into it. There are a lot of different references in here. So I guess we'll just start with the middle. Yeah. Obviously we have you in the car bed. Yeah. Classic. Which I don't know if you saw on the way over was in pieces, but yeah, I do love that bed. Loved it. So we have the mogul moves logo here on the side. One thing that I thought would be funny, but also cutie mentioned would be a good idea is to pay tribute to your first email, which is the Browns star. Do you know about that? I heard what it is around. My butthole. All right. You paid an artist to put my butthole on a car, Chris. That's what you did. I guess down here, Falco Fox, Captain Falcon. We have the rainbow road coming out behind the car bed. Ooh. Little star. So as far as the artist concerned, the overall theme, the reason we put you in space, looking at the way your viewership looked, I think you are probably the most unique streamer in terms of like coming up in your own right. So part of the reason we wanted to put you in outer space to kind of put you on your own planet is because it's kind of like your own world. Yeah.  And it's like this awesome crossover episode when your favorite streamers collab. Yeah. But that's why I decided, you know, one of the things I wanted to do is try to keep you like, this is you. This is your, this is how you came up and this is your own thing. Yeah. That's super, that's super sick. And I think, Ryan, it's very thoughtful. Anyways, do you want to see it turned on? Cause that's, okay. We have an outlet here. If that's perfect. It costs $280. Can you see that?  Watch this, ready? Okay. Front lights, back lights, right?  Check this shoe. I bought it one week ago. And in two days, the front lights broke. Let's see, turn on. $200 for that. $280. After you, the white button on top. Right? Yeah. You like it? Yeah, that's, that's insane. So if you take a look at the CPU cooler after it loads into Windows here in a second, it'll show you something else too. As you can see with some of the art, it is printed in different layers so that some of the RGB LED strips in the back will shine a little bit better on different layers of the art. Oh! That's insane! One week, mobile moves! That's sick, you animated it. So we have the chessboard illuminated in the back. Every diagonal piece should have its own little bit of RGB shining through. Yeah, that's awesome. Can I touch it, is that bad? Yeah, of course. Yeah, this is sick. The cards now come out as a little bit holographic. The darker it is in the room, the more it'll shine.  Oh, there we go. So we actually added this little white LED strip on the side so the art's a little bit easier to see. Oh, this thing? Yeah. I guess parts wise really quickly. You have an RTX 3080 from EVGA. Hooked up by Atrock? No. Wow, Atrock, really, really. I bought his hotel for this weekend of Vegas and you couldn't have gotten really shame on you. I'm switching it out with an AMD. Well, for the processor, you have an AMD Ryzen 9 5900X. So 12 cores, 24 threads, way more than a streamer typically needs, but I'm sure it'll be great. I don't know, emulating Mario's pretty intensive. For the RAM, you got 32 gigabytes of DDR4, clocked at 3600 MHz, so it'll be plenty fast. If you're like a Chrome tab type of guy, you should be able to open up at least three. Big win. Oh, your drive. Your drive is actually pretty fast. It's a Western Digital 2TB SN750, but it's 2TB drive. It should be 3500 read and write speed, which will be plenty fast for any game or multiple games that you launch on stream or multiple instances of the game. Can I, you don't swear much. We're trying to monetize this. You can, you can.  This is the most beautiful machine I've ever seen. And the fact that I will be able to stream just on a practicality standpoint without my camera going black when I open up Photoshop is pretty amazing as well. Not to mention the art. That was super, super thoughtful art. You must know more about me than I do at this point. For two, three weeks, I feel a little bit creepy because I'm doing that much research, but...  Move on, I'm Clint Stevens, I'm the creators. This is amazing, though. I'm sorry it took as long as it did. Don't, yeah, don't apologize. I think this is an insane timeline. This didn't even take that long. You gave me like a month or two to go about it. And pretty much all I did was sleep on stream for 300 hours in the meantime. So... Ooh, the top looks cool. Ooh, the front looks cool too. I didn't realize it was a not flat. Yeah, the mesh rigs are to print on, but they did a really good job. Yeah, they did do well. Who's there? So V1Tech prints the art. Savanto designed the art. I came up with the concept and then MicroCenter supplied the parts. Awesome, I'm still paying you. I'm going to disable my, I'm disabling everything. I don't want to be paid ever again. What is happening? I'm never accepting money. Wait, Frody, what do you mean? I just, I'm disabling everything. What happened that your negative experience getting paid where you don't want to get paid? No, nothing, it's just stuff like this typically is a gift, you know? I feel that. It's just such a overwhelmingly nice gift that I as a human am unable to emotionally comprehend it. Thus, I have to bring in a monetary compensation because my emotions can't compensate. Part of the reason I wanted to do this is because I really appreciate people that put out good vibes on the internet, you know? Even if this is like a strictly business type thing, we focus on this from the model and the numbers. There are people, especially a couple of years ago that take, you know, really negative routes for engagement numbers for all that stuff. And I've never gotten that vibe from you. When I started seeing more of your content and I got a bit of grasp on the type of stuff that you do, I was just like, that's a project I'd like to do. Yeah. I really, if you're okay with it, I really like it to be a gift just because I appreciate what you do. So that's why I wanted to have this to happen. All right, yeah, that's really sweet. Yeah, this is, well, this is amazing. I want to, I'm gonna use it, I'm gonna use it today. This will be my new hub. All righty. That was a clean peel, actually. Oh. That feels good. It's all handsome. I don't know. They made me have like the sickest chin of all time. Very, very like for one handsome, this is too much. Yeah, 3080 though. They got a 3080. Which means. Actually I had to kill a guy to get that. Yeah. They told me off camera. Yeah, this is sick. Wow, well done. Well done, team. I'm glad we could all celebrate this together with my involvement. We all did this. We all did this, especially you and I.


Let us consider two different tubes of different diameters. So, one is larger diameter and one is smaller diameter and both of them are connected to tabs. Okay, now if we open the tabs fully for both of these tubes in which of these tubes do you think that the flow rate will be more and when we consider flow remember it is not only the amount it is actually the volume which flows per unit time. So, time is also considered when we are talking about flow. So, in which of these tubes will flow rate be more when in the larger diameter tube flow rate will be more. Now, let us consider another version in which maybe the diameter of the tubes is same. Okay, so same diameter tubes but the tabs to which they are connected one of them is opened fully. So, maybe this one is opened fully and this one is open only half. Now, in which of these tubes will flow be more? Well, obviously in the fully open tab. So, with this simple example what we have considered is that flow is dependent on two very important things and that is resistance. So, in first one we dealt with resistance and in the second we spoke about pressure. So, when we talk about diameter then we are referring to resistance and the pushing force which is there for the flow that is the pressure. So, let us see in detail about both of these aspects which determine the flow. First let us see the effect of the pressure on flow. Now, what are the factors which affect the pressure that is the push force for the flow? Pressure is determined by rho Hg where rho is the density of the fluid, g is the gravity and H is the height the column of the fluid which is there. Now, for a given fluid and obviously we are on the planet earth then g is constant for a given fluid, rho is constant the density of the fluid is constant only the height will change. So, again let us see certain simple examples. Suppose there are two cylinders which are filled with certain fluid suppose this one is fully filled with fluid and there is another one which is empty and both of them are connected by a tube. Now, from where to where will flow occur? Obviously from the region of higher pressure to that of the lower pressure. Why we are saying higher pressure here? Because the fluid is present here first of all and this we are showing empty. So, obviously the pressure here is 0, but here depending on the height of the column pressure is there. So, similarly if we take another example say suppose there are two cylinders again, but in this there is half filled cylinder and again no filled cylinder and again they are connected with tubes. Now, if you see both these examples in which of these tubes say this is A and B, flow rate will be more? Flow rate will be more in A. So, what we are saying here is that it is the pressure difference which determines the flow rate, pressure difference. So, when we consider absolute pressure that is determined by rho h e right. So, here height will determine the absolute pressure in this cylinder and here obviously height will be 0. So, pressure will be 0 here. On the other hand here the pressure will be half of the first cylinder like this one. So, in this the pressure difference between these two cylinders is less compared to in the first example. So, pressure difference determines the flow rate, more the pressure difference more is the flow rate fine. So, first thing to remember is that it is not the absolute pressure at a place which determines the flow rate, it is the pressure difference from one region to that of the another. Just to prove my point suppose if I give you another example say two cylinders one is full and the other is maybe half filled then will there be any difference in the flow rate of say this example right and this example no there will not be any difference because we are talking about the pressure difference right. So, if you see in both of these even though the absolute pressures in the cylinders is different, but pressure difference will be same. So, in both these examples flow rate will be same. So, how this concept of pressure determining the flow rate is important for physiology? Well, you see the blood flow in heart how it is determined it is going from left ventricle via the aorta, it is going via various vessels and it is going to reach to the right atrium. Now, the pressure in the right atrium is very less while that of the left ventricle maximum is 120 millimeter mercury right that is why the flow always occurs from left side of the heart to the right side of the heart that is from the region of high pressure to low pressure. Also by changing this pressure difference actually body can increase the flow rate you know about how blood pressure basically is the driving force for the blood flow right and whenever the blood pressure increases this blood flow is going to increase okay. So, our neural mechanisms and the hormonal mechanisms of rendering angiotensin system work to maintain this blood pressure. So, that the blood flow is maintained and in certain instances like that in exercise since the requirement of blood flow increases this blood pressure is increased in case of exercise so that the adequate force for the blood flow is available. So, that is one very important concept when we consider the relationship between the pressure and flow. Second thing is that when we talk about individual tissue beds then also for calculation of the amount of blood flow what we do is we take pressure difference between the various vessels. So, if we consider the driving force in suppose the renal vessels then what we do we have to take the pressure in the renal artery and the pressure in the renal vein so that gives us the driving pressure in the renal vessels fine. Now, let us move on to the second concept to which determines flow that is the resistance. So, how resistance effects the flow rate and we have seen that the diameter of the tube or when we talk about physiology diameter of the vessel is very important as far as flow is considered. So, let us see the same example what we saw in case of pressure that two cylinders okay and we will consider that two examples pressure difference is same right. So, maybe in both these conditions both are equally filled but the tubes by which they are connected they have different diameters right. So, this one is narrower. So, in which of these flow rate will be more obviously in the first example flow rate will be more why because the resistance to flow in this case is less right. So, two factors are determining the flow rate and actually this relationship between flow resistance and pressure is almost equivalent to that of the Ohm's law which is given in electrical theory where we say that voltage difference delta V is equal to IR that is the current flow rate and the resistance. So, here it is replaced by delta P is equal to blood flow into resistance or we can write as flow is equal to delta P by R. Now, this concept that what are the factors which affect the flow was studied thoroughly by Boise Lee and he gave an equation where he said that flow is equal to that is the Q is represented as flow rate Q is equal to P1 minus P2 that is the pressure difference between two regions then by R to the power 4 divided by 8 viscosity of the fluid into length of the tube. So, these were the various factors which affect the flow rate. So, this one is obviously the pressure difference but if you see this part it actually represents the resistance. So, here it is given inversely right. So, we can put this as resistance and resistance will become as R is equal to 8 viscosity into length of the tube divided by R to the power 4. So, what we see here is that resistance is inversely proportional to radius of the tube actually to the fourth power of the radius of the tube. So, more the radius less is the resistance and why this concept is important? You see in body apart from changing the pressure to the flow, the flow to the individual tissue beds is regulated by changing the resistance of the vessels of various tissue beds. So, let us see that how the vessels are arranged in body we have seen that basically from left ventricle the blood is going to the right atrium and then what happens that there is large artery which is coming and then there is division of this large artery supplying the blood to various tissue beds right. So, what is the serial flow from left ventricle which is glowing like this and reaching to the right atrium? So, this is a series but in between for supply to the individual tissue beds these vessels are arranged in parallel manner. So, yes they will combine together right and then the entire venous flow will reach to the problem do not bother it will reach to the right atrium. So, if we ask you that what is the resistance of this entire arrangement? So, what you will do is that you will add up the resistances whenever the tubes are in series we add up the resistance of the various vessels. So, suppose this is one tube right and then this is another tube but in between this is all parallel right. So, we will consider entire this arrangement as in series with full of this right this is continuous. So, maybe this is R1 R2 right. So, we have to add all of these resistances. So, that will contribute to the total peripheral resistance. Actually, what we see in the body is that this resistance in vessels is maximum in arterioles. So, that is why they are known as resistance vessels, veins, arteries, capillaries hardly offer any resistance. Resistance is maximum in arterioles fine. So, we have to add to the resistance of any arterioles which are in series but let us talk about individual tissue bits. So, maybe this is one tissue bit, this is the second tissue bit, this is the third tissue bit, this is having resistance 1, resistance 2 and this is having resistance 3. So, when we consider that how much is the resistance of this part and we said that these vessels are in parallel in that case the formula is 1 by R is equal to 1 by R1 plus 1 by R2 plus 1 by R3. So, in series we just add R1 plus R2 plus R3 but when in parallel this is the formula for calculation of the resistance. So, what is the importance of this kind of arrangement? That is where lines of physiology. See, I said that the flow rate is determined by the pressure head right. So, that is changed by left ventricular contraction by changing the pumping. So, that is going to increase the systolic blood pressure fine but once the pressure head is increased blood flow will go into individual tissue bits depending on what is the resistance of these tissue bits. So, suppose all these vessels have the same diameter then the blood which is coming will equally divide into these three tissue bits. However, suppose that if this particular tissue bit has a arterial with a smaller diameter then the resistance here will be much more. If resistance here is much more then the flow in this tissue bit will be less compared to the other tissue bits and that is one mechanism by which blood flow to various tissue bloods is regulated right. So, that occurs by sympathetic activation which leads to vasoconstriction. So, wherever blood flow required is less sympathetic supply will cause the vasoconstriction on the other hand the metabolites which accumulate what do they do? Suppose the third tissue bit is having high metabolism then the metabolites are going to accumulate and these metabolites cause the vasodilation in this tissue bit increasing its diameter and hence increasing the blood flow through this while other tissue bits because of the sympathetic supply they might be vasoconstriction that is the arteriolose will be constricted and the resistance will be more. So, that is how the blood flow to various tissue bits is regulated depending on the requirement of that particular region. Great, but one more thing happens actually see as there will be vasoconstriction ultimately this value is going to increase. So, it will add to the total peripheral vascular resistance. So, when that happens actually there is increased resistance to flow and there is development of the back pressure. So, suppose the blood is flowing right and here it encounters a block what will happen? Because flow is not occurring a back pressure is going to develop which is going to increase the pressure head and hence it will further push the blood flow to other vessels understanding or not. So, one mechanism is that obviously to this tissue bit the flow will be less, but because of the increase in the back pressure the flow is going to increase to other vessels and though I am using the term back pressure what we term it as diastolic blood pressure that is the minimum blood pressure during the diastolic and that is determined by the peripheral vascular resistance. I think hope you understand that how peripheral vascular resistance increases the diastolic blood pressure. So, strawberry blood pressure on the other hand is determined by the pumping ability of the heart. So, do you understand that how peripheral vascular resistance? One is the local one which is causing the regional distribution of the blood flow and the other one is the total peripheral resistance which affects the diastolic blood pressure.  So, that was all about the relationship between pressure volume and resistance and how physiological systems are used it to increase the blood flow rate also for the regional distribution of blood to various tissues. Thanks for watching the video if you liked it to press the like button share the video with others and don't forget to subscribe to the channel if you are new to the channel. Thank you.


T.F.N. News Update Welcome folks! We have the down industrial trading down 8, Nasdaq is off 118, S&P is off 20. Gold contract down $17.60, trading at $17.89. Silver down $0.29, $19.83, light sweet crude, flat $88.85, a barrel, notes and bonds, a 10-year note, down a full point plus 10 ticks at $119.13, the 30-year off 2.5 points at $140.10 and $KingDollar. $KingDollar right now is trading up 906 ticks, $106.598, euros 101 yen is at $135 and the British Pounds at $120-1 US Dollar. We get over and take a look at the S&P, bottom line folks, this market wants higher price, man. This is going to be really wild watching this shake out, man. So, what do you have out here? Bottom line, it's down to $1.5, $1.90 in the spy, you're backing down, and you're backing down, you're backing down, it's $87 million, and we're going to do about $50, so bottom line, this one's higher price. NDX 100, same type of setup. What do you have with the NDX? It hasn't held price today, back's down, that being said, you can see that, watch this, see on Wednesday, you go higher, it's $53 million, right? Well, we're going to do like 63 million out here today. We're going to do more than 53, let's put it that way, we're at 44 right now. So, what you have here is actually pushing with volume, this market wants higher price, and I suspect if you're in front of a machine today, you can kind of see it right when the jobs number come up. Jobs are flying, a bottom line, market goes south, guess what, turns in a second, and what is all about, folks, is still this dollar, so check this out today, this is really cool, man. So, the dollar, the benchmark that we've been talking about, okay, is right up here, and that number is 107, 106.792. We hit it on Wednesday, gave it up, we hit it today, couldn't handle it, this is telling me that this thing is backing down, man, and that's all it's going to take. You get it back down to the dollar, and it looks like it's going to, because, so picture what happened, today the dollar had every right to go to the moon, because the bottom line is that the jobs number come in hot, bottom line, the end 10 year, the 30 year goes down, meaning no, goes down, meaning the rates go up, okay, that being said, here, go look at, let's check this out, because the 10 year still wants higher price. The dollar coming back, yeah, it's coming back with much lighter volume, 1.3 million contracts, you're going into 1.7, I believe. Watch this, this is cool, man, this, this, I love deviant markets, man, and this is about as deviant as you can get. Okay, so you're going into 1.8, we did 1.3, stay right there folks, we'll come right back.


Welcome to the Crimson Engine, my name is Rubidian. Today we are doing the most requested video ever that is a comparison between footage shot on the Arri Alexa Mini and the Canon C200. I shot this in conjunction with Amando at MondoBytes. We're able to get an Alexa Mini from MagRens.com for the week, which was really great. Amando has the companion video on his channel, so check the link in the description. Go check that out. Talks a lot about how we tested at what our setup was. Talks about the kind of usability of both cameras. I'm going to delve more into the technical side, the grading, and also the production side, the cost of these cameras and cost-benefit analysis if you like. Without further ado, let's dive in. So here I am at DaVinci Resolve. I've synced up three clips, this daylight and tungsten interior, both Alexa Mini and C200, then a daytime exterior, and a more colorful, kind of more color-saturated science fiction kind of look. So what I'll do first is just go into my LUTs and add my Log C to Rec.709 to my Arri Alexa. Then I can go across to my C200 and add the same thing. And you can see there's a little bit difference here. You might say, hey, the colors on the Alexa look way, way better. But what I'll do now is just grab this as a still. And now when I go across to my C200, I can turn on my Wipe here and I can see the two of them together. Then what I'll do is I'll go into, say, 200%, and I'll turn up my saturation on my C200. And you can see down here in the waveform, I can just start to match them a little bit more mechanically. And after playing for a while, I can get something that matches almost exactly. So I can even go into 300%. And you see how skin tone is almost perfect match, grain is almost perfect match. And if I still mark this one, I'll label this as my Alexa Rec.709. And then I'll grab this and change this as C200 to Alexa. So now going on to our next clip, if I apply the Rec.709 image to this, to my Alexa image, and apply the C202 Alexa to this, to something close. Now let's go back into our 300%. And you can see there seems to be a lot more purple in the Alexa image outside. So I'll just go to my C200 into my tint. It's just like two or three percent. And again, we have an image now that's matching almost identically. You would be really hard pressed to find a difference between these two images. So then let's go into our more extreme version. Color wise, apply the grade. All right, back to 300% now. You know, this is interesting. More color information in this one. I think I prefer the skin tone of the C200. It's a little bit more polished, a little bit more refined. Colors are both great on both. To be honest, I didn't expect to see a lot of difference between these two images. I've shot with the Canon C200, I've shot with the Arri Alexa. If you're shooting raw, you can compensate for anything in the camera. Now I expected to see similar images. But what we came out with, at least in my opinion, was an almost identical image, at least at proper exposures. And I'll get to that a little bit later about dynamic range, which is where we saw the biggest difference. At a correctly exposed image, you get slightly different colors. But as far as the sharpness of the image, the quality of the image, the maneuverability of the image in post, if I found anything, it's that the C200 is sharp, but noticeably sharp, actually, that's due to the C200's sensor being a lot larger. The Alexa has a 2.7 megapixel sensor that uses some pretty fancy electronics in the body to up-res or upscale that image to 4K. The C200 is shooting native 4K, it has more photosites, it's a more dense sensor, it's a high resolution sensor, and so it gives a high resolution, sharp image. The shot we're going to look at, let's look at with correct exposure and compare them. So I'm going to add my Rec 709 to my Alexa, that looks nice. Then I'm going to cross to my C200, go up and apply my C200 to Alexa, that looks almost identical. You can see here, even at 300%, the C200 is a little sharper, a little bit more detail in the skin because of the bigger sensor, but you know, color-wise, they're good. Take a look, though, this highlight in her, in Alison's blonde hair, it looks like the Alexa is holding just a little more information. It's still clipping, well, it's actually not. You see here on the waveform, neither than my clipping hard, but both of them are sort of losing information in the highlight. So then if we go across to, so our next clip is same shot, but four stops over and C200 four stops and just look at the waveform. I can see here that the Alexa is clipping hard only in her hair, but the C200, oh my goodness, we're going to have a problem. So again, we'll apply the default LUT and then I'll just use my offset to drag down our exposure into what's actually a pretty usable shot. If I turn my swipe on and compare it to the correctly exposed shot, this is Alexa versus Alexa now, not that much different, still pretty usable. Whereas if I go over to my C200 and add my LUT and then try and drag down my exposure, oh my. So you've lost all the detail, we've lost all the detail in her skin, we've lost all the detail in her hair, you can see the waveform, it's clipping really, really hard and to compare that with the original C200, I mean the original Alexa, sorry, this is a usable shot, this is not a usable shot. So when it comes to overexposure latitude, the Alexa really comes into its own.  It starts to fall apart when you compress it too much but if you use it as a dark shot, it's fine with the C200. Again, pretty usable but if we go in 300% say this is the Alexa, the noise, noise is actually pretty clean and filmic whereas the C200, you would struggle, you would have to clean this up digitally, there's so much color in the noise, the noise just isn't pleasing or as usable as the Alexa with the C200. Yeah, you can recover this, you can go through and use a de-noiser but with the Alexa, you don't even need to do that, you're pretty safe four stops under. Having said that, I don't know anyone who's planning on overexposing their skin tones by four stops, the only scenario I can think where this would be really helpful is where you have like walk and talks and you have your talent walking in and out of light and shade in one continuous shot, you want to go in and rescue those highlights and those shadows in post-production. Now while that may be more possible with the Alexa than the C200, it's still not a very good idea, risking your entire shot for what may or may not be possible in post-production is generally a bad idea. You want to expose correctly within knowing that you definitely have a stop or two, even three in either direction on both cameras. You really wouldn't want to try and risk four and five stops over on these cameras, hoping that you can rescue it in post. Actually shooting with these cameras, one thing that surprised me was how kind of useless the Alexa eyepiece and screener, they're pretty much too small for critical focus. Even the three inch one on the C200 was a real relief to use as opposed to the EVF. I mean the EVF costs more than the C200, so I was expecting a lot more from it, but the screen on the side of the EVF is okay, I guess. You can at least frame up with it. The EVF has like a low refresh rate, so anytime there's movement in the camera, you get a real strobing effect that's kind of hard to look at for extended period of time. We did in the first day use my TV logic 17 inch video village monitor, which was great, and we were able to get two images simultaneous side by side, and we consistently lost track of which one was which unless we marked them. We had to like wiggle the camera to find out if it was the Alexa or the C200 when we swapped between images. Having not really operated, I've shot projects with the Alexa many before, but I've never really been the operator or the DP, and the Alexa mini is not that many. It's many compared to the other Alexa range like the Amira and the XT. It's a significantly large camera. It's very hard to move by yourself. Once you put the EVF in the base plate and a lens on it, it is kind of huge, really surprising compared to the Canon C200 that I'm used to, and just how maneuverable and light and agile that is as a camera system. So we have a $50,000 camera versus a $6,000 camera in my case, because I have the B. Here's what is hugely different. The Alexa mini is manufactured to a much, much higher standard. The materials are better. We have carbon fiber. All the connectors are better. It's a much more resilient, well made, well finished piece of equipment. Noticeably so. I think this comes from Ari's background in 35 millimeter film cameras versus Canon's background in DSLRs. The C200 does feel like a big DSLR. The Alexa mini does feel like a very expensive piece of hardware. The mini has much better monitoring. It has a more accurate waveform, because the C200 shoots in C log 2, but doesn't monitor in C log 2, only in C log 3. So you have to kind of guess what your exposure is. The mini has false color, a much wider variety of tools to work as a cinema camera. Again, as you'd expect being almost 10 times the price. The Alexa has more inputs and more outputs. You can output RAW in this camera. You can record in a middle ground 10-bit 422, which of course the Canon C200 cannot. So you'd think, you know, really these are cameras that have two similar images, but the mini has benefits for its being more expensive. Well, the C200 has a lot of benefits that the Alexa mini doesn't. It has excellent dual pixel autofocus. It has face tracking autofocus. It has focus assist. When you use cinema C&E primes, it'll tell you how in or out of focus you are, which is a game changer. It has RAW as default, not as a paid upgrade. You can use cheaper, non-Sandisk C-Fast cards in the C200, like the excellent pro-grade digital 512 cards, which you get an hour and something of RAW, 65 minutes of RAW for 600 bucks, as opposed to 12 or $1400 for the Sandisk registered Alexa mini cards. The C200 has its own internal battery system. Sure, they don't last that long, but you can get a 60 watt hour extension battery so that you can just pick this camera up and go with it. You can't do that with the Alexa mini. It requires a V-mount. It requires rods. It requires plates. It is a really involved camera system. It's not for run and gun. C200 also has a touchscreen. You can get places. You can tap focus. You can set your camera up much, much quicker than you can on the mini. When I began this test, a lot of people said that I'd be seeing a radical difference in the Alexa colors, the fabled Alexa color science that is rightly so become the industry standard, that you see these amazing films. I do it myself. I see these amazing films and I think, oh, they must have shot Alexa. That looks great. Usually they did, but what I think is at work here is less the color science, the camera, and more the fact that if people have the money to shoot on Alexa, they also have the money to get the very best lenses, the best talent, the best locations, the best lighting, the best post-production. Not that many people shooting on a $6,000 camera and spending millions of dollars on color grading. I discovered a few little tricks like pushing red back into the mid-tones, desaturating greens out of the darks, and a few other things. I've included them here in what I call the Canon 2 Arri lookup table that you can purchase in the description. For the reasonable sum of $20, you can make your C200 footage indistinguishable from Arri Alexa footage. I found that there really is a lot of kind of emperor's new clothes when it comes to the Arri color science. A lot of people are convinced that they can see something that data-wise isn't really there. That's our look at the Arri Alexa Mini compared to the Canon C200. I'm very excited to continue working with this footage, maybe taking it to a professional colorist and seeing their ideas about the color, the latitude, the dynamic range. If I had to shoot it featured tomorrow and the DP was pushing the Arri Alexa, I can now very confidently say that unless we intend to work in incredibly bright places, that the Canon C200 footage shooting in C-Log2 RAW is as good, if not better, than the image that the Arri Alexa Mini can provide. Thanks very much for watching, guys. I will see you next time.


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