I work for IBM, so I didn't make slides this year. The topic is MM documentation of Lake Zero.  Now, this day's Mel's book pretty much is like all the Unix text books about operating systems. It covers the basic concept, but details are not there, many things change since then. And some of the very important things that are now present in memory management, like THP, for example, are not mentioned in 15. I think now it's 20 years old book. As for the text files, we did the transition to RST, thanks to Mauro, John, some want me. It's a bit more organized now these days. We have a different section for user-facing documentation and different section for kernel developers and some coverage of internal APIs. But there is a ton of things that could be improved, and I don't have much to say about it. It's more of a process talk. What can we do about the MM reviewing process to improve the documentation? What can we do as a community to encourage people to write more documentation to describe the existing things, to make new features documented? And how can we help maybe newcomers who want to help us with the documentation to move forward? So the idea I had, that's what I'm trying to do at least to review major MM patches from the documentation perspective. So you and Liam probably heard from me. And I know Matthew does as well sometimes. But I don't see other reviewers jumping on the features like MGLRU or MapleTrees for example and saying, hey, it's not documented or something like that. Andrew, you only comment about user-visible effects. Yeah, I know, I reviewed it. But there are other things that I just can't keep up recently because of a lot of stuff going on with me. So any help would be appreciated. And there is also a lot of tribal wisdom that is nowhere in the written form. And I remember I've asked Vlasti Mill several years ago if he has something to share, just some notes random, I might arrange it in a more proper documentation. And well, it never happened. Vlasti Mill didn't share. So I'd be glad to hear suggestions. I'm sure John will be glad to hear suggestions. Probably we also can participate in some Google Summer of Dogs or something like that as a MM community. John wants Mike. Hi. So I have a few minor suggestions. I think, first of all, let me anchor it by saying, think about the experience you get from this two different experiences you can get. One is you're in the code and you're looking at the code and you see the documentation next to it, the per function documentation and the per file documentation. There's never any per file documentation. That's one experience. The other experience is you go in and you read something under capital documentation either the HTML, which is pretty, or the RST. And if you do the second one, you're going to find that it's not as good as it could be because there's some sections that were written narrative style, like here's how such and such works and that's great. It may be aged, but it still gives you a roadmap. It's very nice. But mixed in with that is a whole bunch of noise and horrible stuff, which is generated from stuff that you wrote with good intentions over in the code. Because the system is set up to pick up two of those, those two separate types of documentation and treat them the same because there's an underlying belief that they're the same.    And now you're still scrolling. You see what I'm saying? So this is not as good as it could be. And so, I mean, I have a couple of suggestions, but it's easier to identify problems than to actually solve them. But I wanted to point out what the problems are for... That's John to blame. That's good. Right. But I think it's important to separate those two things out. I just want to... I don't know the best way to do that. But you shouldn't be indiscriminately scrounging around the code and finding stuff that was written carelessly and putting it in with the carefully written narrative. That's my main input. Yeah, everything you say is accurate and good. I would use a facing documentation, but I think the documentation directory is good for user-facing documentation. And I try to be diligent to remind people when they had Prokofievs for update, update. But for documenting the code, I think the place to document the code is in the code where we can look at it all the time or where we maintain it. And that's skilful, literate code commenting and code commenting to not tell you what the code does because the code does that and you should tell you why it does it. It should tell me stuff that I cannot learn by looking at the C code. With Memblock, I did an intro documentation section and I tried to keep it up today. So this probably, like, two, three paragraphs about page allocator before the 800 lines, 8,000 lines would be useful as well. And maybe not the RST, TXT or whatever in the documentation directory, but some piece of text. The problem is that code evolves much faster than the text. And we don't really care about it. And even the quotation inside the code, from once, pretty frequently we get a mismatch between kernel documents and the actual code. I think this warning is disabled in the build, right? Build warnings, and so they ignore them. That's something we've been trying to fight for a long time. I don't entirely agree with you, Andrew, on where the documentation should be. A lot of it belongs in the code, but that won't give you a coherent narrative of how you pull the system together as a whole. You can do it, and one thing I was going to suggest is to look at what the DRM people have done with their documentation. They have, in fact, put a lot of it in prose form, in the code, in doc blocks, and then they stitch together in the restructured text so that you can build a nice manual out of it. But all that stuff is there in the code if you want it there. And so you get this nice theory that if it's in the code, then developers will update it when they update the code. It's a nice theory. But let me just say one more thing, and then I'll give this up. Which is that when I inherited the documentation directory, what I got was this incredible unorganized pile of junk with lots of spider webs and all of that. So we've been trying to organize things and all of that. And what we have now is a whole lot of smaller unorganized piles of stuff. And it's an improvement. At least you know which pile to look in. But we suffer from the twin problems of one kind of trying to frantically collect and hoard every bit of documentation we have, because it's been so hard to get. It's amazing when I go through to try to delete some old and obsolete documentation sometimes. People just don't want to let go of it. It's like getting rid of your heirloom coffee cup set or something. You just can't do it. But the bigger thing is there's nobody who's really charged with creating a coherent overall experience with the documentation. And so we still have stuff that's really been thrown together. It's great. You did all that work on a lot of the AMAM docs and all that and it's an improvement. But you don't get a coherent whole that way. You get a collection of stuff. It's still a collection of stuff. And it would be really nice if we had somebody somewhere with the time to really build it together into a document, a manual. Well, for now it was a PhD. So we need at least two PhD students now. So I wanted to use a recent experience to say none of this works because we don't have enough reviewer bandwidth and reviewer time. So the example I'm thinking of is Neil Brown did an absolutely amazing job, put in a lot of work to document the reader head code. And I was clearly the right person to review it. And I was too busy and I didn't do it. And so a large part of this is my fault. He wrote something that was like 90% right. And every time I look at it, I see the 10% wrong and it bugs me, which is of course the wrong thing to think about.  But the weird thing is, it's this wonderful bit of prose and it completely ignored the other wonderful bit of prose which was actually right that was already in the file. Even having the documentation in there with the code doesn't work. And I just don't know how to fix that because Neil clearly didn't read the documentation that was already there before he wrote the documentation that he wanted to read. And it's time and people and expertise and we just don't have enough of it. I mean, we need more interns, we need more people who can spend time on this and God help us. We need to go back to our employers and say, do we have any spare technical writers who can do a good job of, because you know, tech writing is a skill and many of us are not good at it. And those of us who are don't necessarily have the time to do as much of it as we should and, yeah, and no offense, John, Colonel Doc sucks, I hate it. You knew that. I know you don't love it either.  What about, let's say, mentoring Google Summer of Docs? I would love to, but Summer is also when Oracle has interns and so I have an intern starting in the summer and I need to spend my time with my intern and I can't spend it with your intern. Michael, me. I mean, the biggest problem with reasonable documentation is that you need to know a lot just to start writing that. I didn't know a lot before I started writing it. Excellent. But it really depends what you want to really document. For example, if we are talking about how our reclaim process work, that's full of really subtle details that is spread over several brains, but you have to put all those people into the same room to force them to put something down. And that's where the primary problem lies, I believe, where you really have to find time for that kind of work. Having a student or somebody not really experienced in that, in the respective area, will not or very likely will not generate a very good documentation. It might force people to, for example, the experience... It will force people to review it, at least. Yeah, for example, with Neil asking all those questions about GFP Flux, because, yeah, that just doesn't make any sense. Yeah, because that's historical, you know, so would it be fair to do it like that? We do not have that many Niels, so... I mean, his approach to documentation is excellent, because he just looks from a different point of view than most memory management look, because he's a user. We tend to think about how things work, but not how people might use that. And, yeah, so it's a cooperation in that respect would be really great, so... We really need those people asking those questions and then putting that in some kind of documentation, but having a coherent and good documentation that somebody can use is really hard. I, at many times, I just refrain from reading the code and just go through LWN archives and then just relearn things from there. As sad as it is, that's... Oh, it's not sad. I don't have much to add to that, it's more or less, everybody has limited time. Actually, there is one job that an intern could do, which is we have an awful lot of kernel doc that we have written, and it's not linked to any RST file anywhere. And if it's a header file, it isn't even being checked. And I have like three patches outstanding at the end of my tree, I never quite get around to submitting in any merge window, which improve that situation a little bit, but it's like, you know, if we can find a summary of docs in turn to just go through and make sure that every piece of kernel doc that we've written is actually linked into an RST file somewhere, that will at least improve the number of warnings. And it will make a few more functions actually documented in the HTML, probably badly, but it's a bigger pile of stuff. It will create some more visibility, probably. Because if this student will be sending patches, we'll look at them and we'll say, hey, probably we should change here and there and there. But in the end, it really is for the most part just a bigger pile of stuff. And that doesn't always necessarily help. You know, if you can get cross references to functions in there and that sort of thing, that's useful. But otherwise, you've just made the pile a little deeper. Just to add one other thing on expertise, a lot of what I know I learned by writing the driver book, I really shouldn't have been trying to write that book when I started it. You know, people can learn if they have the right mindset and the desire to do that. You don't need somebody who's an expert to start. You just have to be willing to go through a painful period until they've figured it out. Linux Device Drivers was the book that I learned Linux on in like 1997. So I mean, I think that's before you got involved with the book. That was just Alessandro, yeah. But I mean, that book has just been the gold standard for so many years. And I still refer to the LDD3 PDF that you have on the LDD1 site. So, you know, thank you. And obviously Alessandro as well, because that's how I learned Linux. So I think that we need to look at how the best document we have in the kernel is handled. Memory barriers. Well, there's expertise, Paul wrote most of it. It's actively maintained. It is to the point, it's very clear. Newcomers, even though like barriers are scary in general, but even a newcomer can come and read the document and get something out of it. I just think that we should look at how that is done. I think one way this works really well is that this document already had like an excellent structure. And then a lot of people who are actually not necessarily good at technical writing can still go in there and update and complete content. And I wonder if we shouldn't be looking for like a unicorn or corn person that's great at writing and great at understanding all the technical parts. Once you have somebody put a structure in there who's good at spinning up the narrative, who's good at editing, I think we actually might find a lot of people who would be happy to supply bits and pieces of the actual content. It's a completely different skill set to say, I know how this code works and I can document it versus I can explain how it connects together with the bigger picture. Probably John will do it sometime. Yeah, set up a document, I'll be happy to fill in stuff. It's a template for page allocator documentation, ABC. And then we have something for VM scan and it covers all the huge part. We should document it before it's obsolete in the next couple of months. Are there some high order offenders of APIs and flows that people get wrong in terms of where the near term focus should be on where documentation needed or you just focus on not making the problem worse by having new stuff be documented? I'm focused on making the documentation better. The goal is to have a life understanding Linux memory management that is up to date and it covers most of the memory management. It's a high level goal. It's a good mission statement but what's the other actionable chunks that you see in the pipeline? The actionable chunks probably for patch sets like SPF, for example, require a general description of the narrative, what SPF does and probably even in RSTL, the laundry objects. Like Liam and you did great. They've edited their chunks of description of what Maple Tree is and how multi-generation LRU works. If we get some another piece of new significant feature, I would like the three viewers that somebody except of me would ask for documentation from time to time. And then I always try to find time to write something more but for the last couple of years it didn't really work. Maybe somebody else will also find a bit of time here and there. I know everybody is very super busy but still it might be possible. And like I mentioned, the mentoring students and please they will pop up some problems that we may address. But to Johannes' point, do you think it's because new patch sets coming in don't see a structure of where they're supposed to add on to the narrative? Is there missing narrative that people are not building on top of or are you just saying that people are just not... I think many patches aren't doing a great job of having new narratives. From what I've seen, many pieces don't have good narratives. And some of narratives we have are not very up to date. That would be my suggestion for an actionable item is to create this structure that Johannes was talking about. Take the collection of documents, the collection of files and turn it into something with a consistent storyline, a semi-consistent voice at least. And then you can see what the gaps are in a way that it's hard to do now because we have something that people can approach. That would be my priority rather than adding more stuff on other subsystems which is important, but I think that's the bigger problem. Documentation a lot during code review. I think that would help a lot. And I think maybe the reason... Yeah. I think the reason that we aren't bringing it up and up is that we just don't have any one person with a coherent view of what the documentation should look like. I think if we all have... It's got to start from somewhere in someone. We were talking earlier about how more things need to have owners. If we have someone who's kind of kicking everyone else, this is what it should look like. And it's easier to take the initiative. So I'm pretty new to the M.M. world compared to most people in the M.M. And as I work through implementing the maple tree, I ran into a lot of functions. I had no idea what it did. I had no idea what functions had one line above it. And it didn't mean it was finding the VMA. It was finding the VMA or the one at a greater address. And so when I did a significant change to that function, I actually documented what it did. And then I looked at how people were using it.  So it's interesting. There was one line. So cryptic, it did sort of tell you what it was doing. But nobody looked at that when they used it. I assume people were just copying the code from other locations. And just because the name said find VMA, they thought that it was finding the VMA. And so when you're looking at... Naming is hard, right? And it's important when you review or look at anyone's code that if the name's wrong... I mean, it's a hard problem because naming is hard. And all the good ones are taken, right? So when you're looking at someone's code and it's named incorrectly to you, maybe point that out because find VMA is a prime example. And then there's a find VMA brief. And then there's a find VMA intersect. And it just gets worse, right? So I guess one thing that I really... My patches are big. And one reason for that is because as I rewrote the functions, and I had to rewrite a lot, I actually added the documentation to it. And I think that might be a decent step in making something coherent or understandable at least to newcomers is to at least have a block of what the code used to do when it was first written. So I think we have a general issue of which documentation we actually want. We won't use the documentation. We want admin documentation. We might want some high-level description of a subsystem and high-level description of functionality like SPF. But then we also want documentation for explicit functions like find VMA. I think in my view, the level of importance is the most important is the user visibility, user documentation, what user see, what's going into admin guide. The next is a high-level narrative of how the thing works. So now we have a pile of things that explains how very particular things work, but we indeed do not have the collective narrative and some outline story about, here's memory, here's something, here's the reclaim, here's page allocator with the references to the relevant documents. And kernel doc per function documentation I think is the least important. Yeah, and sometimes it's like find VMA and what it should be doing is finding a VMA and not like something else and you shouldn't need documentation, just the naming problem. Right, but on the other hand, kernel doc documentation is easier to do. It's easier to do, but sometimes it's like, I think we heard this, there's a parameter page and then it says, oh yeah, this is the page. There is some redundancy, there is some redundancy. This description says it returns the page that it found and return says it returns the page. Yeah, and actually you care about something that is not what you would expect. Like in the documentation you would then find something that you wouldn't expect, like find VMA, you would document that it has a corner case of something else and not like that, the parameter page is the page which is not so helpful. What I'm actually trying to say is it's hard to document these various, like different views or expectations on documentation maybe in one or two directories. I mean, I think we have the admin guide, I think under documentation admin guide which is supposed to be the user interface. And then I think we have some internal or like internal ABI thingy. We have like three pieces. The admin guide is a user-visible effects of different subsystem inside the M. We have a pile of stuff in the documentation VM and we have some other pile of stuff in the core API. And I think there wasn't even from Rick some website about MM and then Wiki or something like that. I think it tends to be outdated. Yeah, but it's still alive. I mean, I checked it some time ago when he explained something and I like, it was valuable to have to understand the history. But what I'm saying is like when I write documentation, for example, I updated the memory hot block documentation a while ago.  And then the question would be like, what else and where should I document it? Like documenting each function, most probably not. So I think we would need some kind of rules or like guidelines. What is actually worthwhile documenting and where would you put it? Because sometimes I have no clue what to document and what not. For memory hot block, I don't know. I would say the process in general so we take a memory block, we check if there are pages that are movable, that we can free the memory block from the pages to later unplug it. We go to the architecture, hooks to, I don't know, actually remove memory and so on. So something like high level and it's entirely up to us to keep it up to date, right? Okay, here we go. I think I'm agreeing with Jonathan more and more. One of the things I was going to say earlier, which was kind of mentioned, is the difference between internal MM documentation and user MM documentation. Documentation that's for drivers to call into or stuff like that. And that's one of the places that I get confused because I'm not really into the MM as much as I want to be but I've done drivers before and then you get people who are calling Find VMA, they don't really know what it does but they think they know what it does and they probably shouldn't be calling it to begin with and so I think organization is important and I don't necessarily agree that we shouldn't document the internal stuff but sometimes when you document that stuff maybe we get over-documented and then we have users finding functions and going oh, this seems to do what I want it to do and then they call it. So yeah, I mean I actually grew with Jonathan as far as taking the K-Doc stuff and having it referenced in the documentation directory that's something that I've done a couple of things on not necessarily for MM but in other spaces and maybe that can help to organize so if you don't find it in your group of valid entry points you know it's not part of your... I don't know, but basically try to get things organized that way so people know what they're looking at and maybe use the documentation directory and references into the K-Docs to maybe help structure that. I don't know, maybe. Okay, so to chart us a path forward I'm going to make a suggestion and then you can throw things at me which is our best book about Linux memory management is of course Mel Gorman's so let's take his structure it's up on kernel.org I just pulled it off of my laptop if you Google Gorman book it'll find it so we take that as our guide basically he's got chapters there isn't one about the page cache so I feel personally offended that there isn't one about the page cache because it means I can't see any material from him but so apparently Johannes and I are going to fight at this conference after all so we set up basically that structure and we'll add a section for page cache but we start organizing our documentation along those lines so we set up an RST file in documentation.fmm that collects these sections in that order because we've got to put them in some order and it works and I'm going to volunteer to do the page cache one or at least maintain the page cache one and accept purchase from people and probably do a bunch of the writing myself because I do actually enjoy writing and then other people can do their area of expertise and that way we're not all trying to work on the same thing all at the same time I'm distressed because I'm seeing a lot of nodding and nobody's thrown anything at me yet and I'm not used to this okay all right then that's what we'll do yeah so totally agree we can start with Melsley out of the chapters and then more as we go I'll set the page cool it's okay I really hope somebody would volunteer so I'm really glad you did could any tools help us? could a new KDOT tag help flag this is intended for drivers this is intended for policies this is entirely manual labor okay never mind and I think we should stop here right? thanks a lot everybody if I could just add anything that involves going through and changing lots and lots of Colonel Dock comments is this a fiend task that you just don't want to get into? thanks


she wrote, found at the Goodwill for $6.49, did a seven day auction, sold for 356 plus shipping. Hey, Bolo Buddies, thanks for watching. All right, you guys in this video, we're gonna talk about the best January Bolo's items to be on the lookout for, items you can buy low and sell for a profit. I'm gonna tell you where they got it, what they paid for it, and what it sold for, and who is they? Bolo Buddies Facebook members. Members of my Facebook group share their best January Bolo. So go to the Facebook group, look for share your best February Bolo, and I also have share your best plush and share your best jewelry this month. So check out those, share for a shout out, and it's super fun. So let's see what sold in January. So I'm gonna start with one of mine. This is a Tobin stamp tablecloth for embroidery, oblong prairie rose, and you may have seen this in one of my other videos because this one is mine, but I wanted to share it in this video because different people watch this. One person asked, does it have the embroidery floss? I don't think it does. I think this is just the pattern. And I sold this for $100, best offer, and I paid $2 for it at a garage sale. So definitely be on the lookout for stamped tablecloths. This may have been a hard to find pattern. I was very patient. I did receive other offers and I held out for at least $100 on this. Michelangelo, Oneida, or Onita, I'm not sure how to say it, stainless steel flatware set of 12. A lot of people think that stainless steel is not big money. That is not necessarily true. Look how pretty that spoon is. Oh my goodness. Stopped at a garage sale this summer and this was sitting on a table, asked how much, and she said 50. After doing some quick research, I gladly paid her what she asked. Took a best offer of $765. Stainless steel, guys, stainless steel. So keep that in mind. All right. The next one got this incredibly cool lion ring by James Yes Burger at a pawn shop. I paid 25 for it. I sold it for full asking price of 240. It is a James Yes Burger, beautiful vintage sterling silver 3D lion ring. Check it out. It's a hugger. It hugs the finger, the little animal hugger. I don't know if that's what it's called. That's what I'm calling it. Look how cute it is, $240. That's fantastic. This one comes from the Funky Pickle Store. Check her out on YouTube. She's the Funky Pickle Thrifter and she will teach you about jewelry. Vintage 1962 Barbie Bubble Cut. And this one, she said, source from a large lot of Barbies on Mercari. So she bought it on Mercari. If you guys are not on Mercari, you gotta get on Mercari. Even if you don't wanna sell on Mercari, you can buy on Mercari, you can search solds on Mercari. It is a great platform for researching. I've got lots of videos where I talk about how I research on Mercari because when an item sells, it actually does sell. It's not like eBay where there's non-payment. So definitely check that out. I do have a referral link down below. You can get $10 to shop when you join Mercari and another $20 to shop when you sell $100 worth of stuff on Mercari. So check that out, especially if you want to expand to other platforms. Source, okay, so she sourced it on Mercari. She said I usually buy them in bulk and steal their clothes to part out. This rare 1962 Bubble Cut Barbie doll was in there listed for 105, took a best offer of 94.50. She probably cost me less than a buck. So she bought a large lot and she's smart. I know it's nude, but look at the makeup. She's showing the body because a lot of times these have like teeth marks in them and just different things. So it's important to show the body of a Barbie doll. And the next item, new to me brand I paid $3.75, $3.75 cents for, sold it for 80, shipped on eBay. Eileen West is the brand. It was new with tags, long gown, nightgown plus size 2X. So it's a great size and there it is. Eileen West, it's a nightgown. It's a nightgown. Oh, look what she did with the crayon. Look what she did with the crayon. Wow. You know how people are like, well, what color is it? Well, it's the color in the photo. But sometimes, you know, computer monitors and phone monitors, they show colors different, I guess. That's what I've heard anyway. Here is something to watch out for. Old motorcycle repair manuals. I got a handful of these from my dad's old stuff. So $0 invested. They have been selling pretty consistently since I listed them. I know I saw some over the summer to garage sale and didn't even check them out. From now on, I will. The most recent one I listed for $39.99 took an offer of $30. We have made multiple sales ranging from $8 to $30. The name is Gemini Galaxies. And I don't think I told you. This one here comes from Piece of Scrap. She's on eBay and YouTube. Definitely go check out her YouTube channel and Gemini Galaxies. So I think this one sold for best offer of $30. So it is a motorcycle manual. There you have it. This one is a vintage Jim Henson's Muppets Bean Bunny Vision 3D Disneyland Resort plush. Found it at American Cancer Society Discovery Shop, paid five, sold for full asking price on Mercari for 169 plus shipping within four months of listing. Got a lot of questions about lowest price, but I knew I priced it right. Mercari store is HB Blonde. Okay, so look at this guy. Has the original tag. And another good reason to sell on Mercari is plush does really well on Mercari. Sometimes the items are flooded on eBay and you can get more on Mercari for plush. I've done videos about that. Look at this one. I love it. This one comes from Noni's Treasure House here. She says, hey, Courtney, Noni's Treasure's House here. Thanks to you. I now know how to share a link. If you guys don't know how to share a sold link, I did a video on it because I changed the format of these videos. It used to be a screenshot, but now I need you to share an actual sold link. It's really easy, but if you don't know how to do it, I show you in a video. So look for that on my YouTube channel. I also have it pinned under the featured section of the group. So I'd love for you guys to share one of your sold so I can feature it in a video like this. And she said, got these two boxes of Saran disposable cutting sheets that are in a state sale for about $3 for both. Always comp new old stock. Glad I did. Sold it to one buyer for $59.98. You guys, check it out. How fun is that? That's a great bolo, unexpected. All right, here we go. This is our best sale to date since we started selling in January of 2021. Paid 75 at a yard sale back in October. The light and carousel didn't work, but they still do pretty well for parts. Buyer purchased and paid 200 for shipping and has already left positive feedback. This is considered a grail for Budweiser collectors and can sell a lot for a lot more in working condition. Shipped from Texas to Maine and wrapped it in a twin size foam mattress topper. $15 from Walmart. Lots of paper and bubble wrap. Looks like it sold for $549.99 for parts, and they got it at a yard sale. There you go. So keep in mind, if you find it and it works, it's gonna sell for even more. Ha, this is fun. I may have made a bolo mistake. Listed this vintage fruit stripe gum five stick with tattoo promo pack still in the promo plastic wrapper for 40. It sold in less than 10 minutes. I probably should have run an auction with the recent rise in fruit stripe gum prices due to the company discontinuing the product line. Still a good sale as I am into it for zero. Found this while rummaging through in a state sale free box. I can't complain with those margins. $39.99 on this. Vintage discontinued fruit stripes gum five stick 25 cent tattoo promotional pack. There you go. This one comes from, and who? Okay, this one comes from Farm Girl Scavenger Noel. Steven Universe and Maine, never heard of that. We love fine giant 28 inch cross body swag bag. It's a swag bag. She has a video on swag bags. You guys should check it out. Not necessarily swag bags, but bags like this different tote bags from, what's the one store? Oh, I can't think of it. I just had it and I lost it. Just go check out her YouTube channel. She has a whole video on different types of bags that you can sell for profit. Things that you would totally unexpected. She said, so if you know me, then you know, I did a let's talk about it video on her YouTube channel about selling reusable bags. That's not the word I was looking for, but reusable bags. Then this won't surprise you. I sold this for a best offer of $34.99 all in 41.14 for your free shipping peeps. For you free shipping peeps. It's going internationally to Japan and I paid a dollar for it at a community yard sale. eBay store name, Farm Girl Scavenges. I can't say that. I'm used to saying Farm Girl Scavenger. No, that's hard. All right, here we go. She's probably like, Courtney, you're nuts. All right, Vintage Raigold R-A-G-O-L-D. Velements, wintergreen sugar-free, what on earth? Made in Germany. I don't know what these are. They some type of mint, a wintergreen mint does not promote tooth decay. There you go, guys. Check it out. Wow. Vintage and collectible gum and candy. Yes, it's a thing. I was given two packages of these when I was helping out at an estate sale. They were free to me. I sold one package for $27.99 and that was 30% off sale, 3,608 total shipped for those of you who sell with free shipping. I still have one more, maybe not a high dollar sale but something many people never think about. Tic-Tac Gum, anyone? My eBay store is Farm Girl Scavenges. You guys, Tic-Tac Gum, she has made so much money on Tic-Tac Gum. You've probably seen it in my past videos but it looks like this one is a nice little find as well. Ralph Lauren Bell Harbor Red Floral King Comforter French Country with Two Shams. My biggest sale to date as a part-time reseller founded at a local thrift store for 13, I was running a 25% off sale in eBay store and this sold for $247.49 and this is what it looks like. Yeah, Ralph Lauren, if you see it, definitely look it up. Even if it's pre-owned, there are certain patterns that do better than others. Orlando Solar Bears Pink Whitney Jersey Erica Nardini number 22 CEO Barstool Sports 50. I don't know what any of that means because I'm not into sports but let's see what she wrote. Found at the Goodwill for $6.49, did a seven day auction, sold for 356 plus shipping. Sammy's Vintage and More. Wow, wonder what makes it so special. 356 dollars, unbelievable. This one comes from Edge City Traders, bought at a local Goodwill for $5, sold for full asking price of 2387 plus shipping. Many people collect unusual hand-to-leather items and blue-footed Bobby items. I don't know what that means. Visit me on eBay Etsy and whatnot as Edge City Traders. So it is a tooled leather, blue-footed folk art. I don't know what blue-footed means, let's see. Is it a book? I'm so confused. What is it? Okay, I don't know what it is but it's cool. All right, here we go. This is also from Edge City Traders, picked up as part of a Christmas decor lot at a local high bid auction. Several ornaments are sun-faded and others have dark spots. The entire huge lot and more, I'm sorry, with more than 100 ornaments cost $7.50. This lot of 10 sold for asking price of 4487. And they are mercury glass. It looks like West Germany, shiny bright. There you go. Found at a toy section at Salvation Army priced at $299. I knew rubber-faced, it's this one, plush were Bolo. So I purchased, upon research, I found this one to be rare, sold for a full listing price of $200 within hours of listing. So $2.99 into $200. This one here, purchased from someone, local pickup, Facebook Marketplace for $25. From the photos they had, I could tell these were vintage. I went through the whole tub and sorted out the true vintage hot wheels and threw out the rest. Listed for 100, accepted best offer of 75 within a week. She said, I love this group and have had so many scores from the knowledge I have learned here. I would love a shout out. My eBay store is M Browning 97. You got it and thanks for sharing. The next item is this. Vintage 1976 McDonald's souvenir map. From Hawaii, fast food advertising. Lucky there, guys. A while back, I bought a scrapbook of a couple's 1970s trip to Hawaii for $2. I've sold several items from it. This McDonald's promotional piece sold for $18.98. And it looks like the buyer paid shipping. So there you go, ephemera, ephemera, ephemera. A great place to get ephemera is on whatnot. Lots of people have ephemera sales where they sell it in bulk. So if you're not sourcing on whatnot, it's definitely a good place to source. There is a link down below where you can get $15 to shop when you join whatnot with that referral link. And let's go on to the next one. Okay, so this next one, I could not pull up the exact sold. I think the listing expired. But here's what I found. This is vintage jam ink. This is the cheeseburger, okay? But this is by Joanne Mark, I don't know how to say her name, M-A-R-Q-U-A-R-D-T. These are coasters and these are the cheeseburgers. The gal on, and this one's a bagel. And here's another cheeseburger. But the gal on Facebook sold a sandwich and she sold the sandwich, I'm gonna show you here. She said, I once saw this in a burger forum on a Facebook page. I thought it was the cutest thing. Then a few months ago, I was at my favorite thrift store and it was crowded. I saw it all taped together. I snatched it so fast between two women, they must have thought I was crazy. I checked out, paid three bucks and ran home. I was so excited. After unpacking it, I saw every piece, no chips, nothing missing. Then I flipped them and saw all the original feet. I started researching. I knew who I thought made it. I needed confirmation. I found one on Pinterest. It was a picture of someone's collection. I was right. Problem was zero sold were the sandwich. What was sold was the burger without all the pieces in the 300 to 350 range. So I asked 439, let it ride and got full asking price in four weeks. I'm happy it sold to someone I like to imagine has my taste in an awesome collection. Best believe I packaged it well. And it's a seven piece ceramic coaster set, but it's a deli sandwich. And if you go to the Facebook group, you can actually see the picture of hers. And it shows the bottom of the feet and everything like that, but all right. So I just have the cheeseburger, but there's a deli sandwich as well. All right, these are from Finland, or they say Finland, let's see. Coffee, tea cups, vintage, blue and white. Let me see the bottom here. There you go. Arabia, Finland. I can't read what that says right there. It looks like they say LPS or L-P-A-M. Oh, that's weird. They say different things. Pick these four cups at the Goodwill 99 cents. Each almost fell out of the store. Almost fell out in the store when I looked at comps and was nervous until I paid for them and got out of there. Sold in 86 days for $80.74 plus shipping while running a 15% off sale. Received positive feedback. Nanny's treasure chest, 99 cents each, fantastic. And that is it. All right you guys, thank you so much for being here. Thank you for watching. Be sure to like, comment, subscribe and share. Go down, join the Facebook group. It's under my link tree and come on over and share your best big money Bolo. And I will feature it in a video just like this. Thanks for watching.


Hello viewers and aspirants, welcome to the Hindi News Analysis brought to you by Shankar A.S. Academy for the date 11th of November 2021. These are the list of news articles that I have chosen today for discussion. Today we have discussions on manual scavenging, on hedgehog, we are going to discuss about the cards of USA and we will also discuss about demonization and its impacts. So with this introduction let us move on to the first news article discussion. Now this discussion is based on this news article which mentions that coloury units in Kerala have stopped operating again. See these coloury units, they teach the martial art form called coloury paethu. These units were shut down due to covid imposed lockdowns two years ago. So in this regard it is important for us to know some important facts about this art form of coloury paethu because it is quite relevant for the examination. If you remember we already have a previous year question based on this art form. We will discuss this previous year question in the practice questions discussion session. Now let us know about coloury paethu. See coloury paethu is the traditional martial art form of Kerala. So it is from Kerala. In Malayalam coloury means open space or gymnasium or battleground and paethu means to exercise using arms or to practice or to become trained or to become accustomed. So it could mean that to be trained for the battleground. Now this martial art form is a scientific heritage of Kerala. It is considered amongst the oldest and most scientific martial arts in the world. See among the martial art forms in India coloury paethu has a special place and it is lauded as the pride of Kerala because it has been acknowledged and respected across the world.  So coloury paethu is one of the most important martial art forms not only in our country but also around the world. Now there are different styles of this art form. There are northern styles and even southern styles but in our country and around the world the tradition of north Malabar is the most renowned one. And according to the government sources this art form is mainly practiced by the members of Nair and Ewa caste in Kerala. So what is the primary aim of this martial art? It is the ultimate coordination between mind and body. So therefore the students of coloury paethu they go through rigorous physical training in order to master the skills of this art. So in that physical training they also have to do feats or stunts like chattom, otom and marichil. Here chattom means jumping, otom means running and marichil means somersault. So these are integral parts of this art form. Apart from this the training also includes the use of weapons like swords, daggers, spears, meses, bows and arrows as you can see in these images. Now apart from this physical training and apart from using swords, using weapons and stunts there is another focus of coloury paethu which is the specialization in indigenous medicinal practices. See particularly medicinal oil massage is an integral part of coloury paethu and it has a system of treatment that is closely linked to Ayurveda. And this treatment is called as coloury treatment or coloury chikitsa and according to the legend ancient gurus framed this system. And this coloury chikitsa includes many forms of treatment. Let us see some of the important forms they are the marmachikitsa, chavititirumal, vyayamchikitsa. Now in this marmachikitsa means treatment of vital parts, chavititirumal means massage by foot pressure and vyayamchikitsa means physical exercise. So these are part of the coloury chikitsa which is the coloury treatment and the treatment includes medicinal oil massage. Apart from all these there is also an important stage in the training which is known as vaitari. Vaitari refers to oral commands. So the coloury asan who is the teacher of coloury paethu that teacher or the coloury asan controls the movements of the performers through vaitari and this vaitari has a rhythm of its own. So we can say that it is like the background song for this art form. But from example's perspective we need to know two important facts about this art form. See as we already saw the coloury paethu students are skilled in armed and unarmed combat as well as they are trained in traditional health care. Now because of this speciality coloury paethu is chosen as one of the disciplines under the indigenous games and martial arts scheme, IGMA scheme. See this is a sub-scheme of national sports talent contest. Now under this scheme regular training is provided to the talented sports person and here many sports are involved and one among them is this martial art form of coloury paethu. If you remember in September we saw about another martial art form that is covered under the same scheme. This martial art is called as the silambam from Tamil Nadu. We covered about silambam on September 13th Hindi news analysis so industry viewers can refer to that analysis to know about silambam. So first point to remember is that coloury paethu is a discipline under the indigenous games and martial arts scheme. Now secondly this sport is also supported under another initiative called promotion of rural and indigenous or tribal games. See this is an initiative under the Kalo India scheme and this initiative is being implemented by the government of India for promoting rural and indigenous or tribal sports. So it also gets support under this initiative of promotion of rural and indigenous or tribal games. So these are few of the facts that you need to know about coloury paethu which is an art form from Kerala of India. So with this information let us move on to the next discussion. Now this discussion is about a direction given by the Madras High Court in a PIL that is public interest litigation regarding manual scavenging in Tamil Nadu. See in this PIL high court has given certain directions to the state government of Tamil Nadu. Primarily it has asked the state to submit a status report regarding manual scavenging in the state in four weeks. Secondly it has also asked the state to conduct fresh enumeration of people who are involved in manual scavenging in the state. And thirdly it has asked the government to come up with meaningful measures to completely eradicate the practice of manual scavenging. And one such measure prescribed by the court is harsh penalty to the perpetrators. Remember that the perpetrators would be those who allow manual scavenging to happen. In addition to this the state also has to educate those who are involved in manual scavenging so that they can come out of this degrading practice and can look for other employments. Apart from all these directions the judges also agreed that there is a need to increase the compensation paid for the debts due to manual scavenging. So today let us see the status of manual scavenging in our country and we will see what is the compensation paid to the victims and what is the penalty for manual scavenging. As the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. First let us see the definition of manual scavenging. See according to United Nations manual scavenging is defined as the practice of manually cleaning, carrying, disposing or handling the human excreta from dry latrines and sewers in any manner. Now the person who is engaged in such a practice is known as manual scavenger and note that often the most basic tools are used for this purpose. It includes buckets, brooms and baskets. And according to UN this practice of manual scavenging is linked to India's caste system where the so-called lower caste were expected to perform this job. Therefore, this practice is carried out by the poorest and most disadvantaged communities in India. Especially the communities in the Scheduled Cases and the Scheduled Tribes category. Even United Nations agrees with this fact. Here what we have to remember is that this is not only a degrading practice but it also hampers the dignity of an individual. But we know that right to live with dignity is an implicit fundamental right guaranteed in part 3 of our constitution. Additionally, as per article 46 of Data Principles of State Policy, it is the duty of the state to protect the weaker sections, particularly to protect the Scheduled Cases and the Scheduled Tribes from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. And one of the major forms of exploitation is this manual scavenging. And this is why the court is quite serious about the role of the state in eradicating manual scavenging. This is the reason why Madras High Court has given the directions to the Tamil Nadu state government. Now since it is the duty of the state to address this issue, Parliament has already enacted two acts to correct this historical injustice and to correct the indignity suffered by the manual scavengers along with rehabilitating them. So what are these two acts? The first one is the 1993 Act. It is named as the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Laterans Prohibition Act. See this act primarily prohibited or banned the employment of manual scavenging and it banned the construction of dry laterans. So what are dry laterans? It refers to the latrine other than a water seal latrine. See a water seal latrine is a poor flush latrine or a water flush latrine or a sanitary latrine in which the human excreta is pushed or flushed by the water. But in a dry latrine, it is not done by the water. So this act prohibited the construction of dry laterans. Now this act provided for the imprisonment of up to one year and even fine for those who engage in these activities that is in the prohibited activities along with this that also provides penalty in the form of imprisonment to those who permit a person to engage in the prohibited activity. That means putting another person into this degrading practice is also punishable under this act. So the act not only punishes the manual scavengers, it also punishes the one who is enabling such activities. Now to further strengthen this ban and also to rehabilitate the persons who are involved in manual scavenging another act was enacted by the government in the year 2013. This act is called the prohibition of employment as manual scavengers and their rehabilitation act. Now this act provided for the prohibition of employment as manual scavengers like the other act. Additionally, it also aimed to rehabilitate the existing manual scavengers and their families. Now for this purpose, the act extended the ambit of manual scavengers by elaborating the definition. And according to this act, a manual scavenger means a person who is engaged in or who is employed for manually cleaning, carrying, disposing of human excreta or otherwise handling human excreta in any manner. This person could be doing these work in any incantary latrine or in an open drain or in a pit into which the human excreta from the incantary latrines is disposed of. And it also includes the persons who is cleaning the human excreta on the railway tracks, etc. So if a person is engaged in all these activities, then they are identified as manual scavenger by this act and it rehabilitates them. In addition to this, the act also increases the punishment. See according to section 7 of this act, no person, local authority or any agency shall engage or employ any person for hazardous cleaning of a server or a septic tank. Now if this section is breached, then they shall be punished with imprisonment for 2 year term. And if they continue to breach this section, then the imprisonment may extend to 5 years along with a fine. So these are the registrations that address the issue of manual scavenging, which not only punishes the act and those who enable them, but it also provides for the rehabilitation of the manual scavengers and their families. But even though we have these registrations in place, the practice of manual scavenging still exists. See according to government data, more than 62,000 manual scavengers have been identified in India as of January 2020. And among them, majority of manual scavengers are found in Uttar Pradesh. That is around 57% of manual scavengers were present in Uttar Pradesh as of January 2020. In addition to this, it was also found that manual scavenging has claimed the life of more than 340 workers in the last 5 years. Now the worrying fact here is that the rate of persons due to manual scavenging has increased in the time period 2016-2020 compared to the 2011-2015 time period. There is an increase of about 28% but we also saw about the compensation in the beginning. So what is this compensation? See this compensation is given as per the direction of Supreme Court in 2014. Here Supreme Court directed the states and the union territories to award compensation of Rs. 10 lakhs to the families of the manual scavengers who died due to the act. But here also the situation is worse because according to the available data, in almost one out of three sewer cleaning related deaths, the victim's family is not being compensated. And it was found that many states have failed in this regard. For example, from 1993 to 2020, around 93% of the families were not compensated in the state of Maharashtra. So here we can see that even this 10 lakh compensation is not given to the families of the victims. But now as per this news article, the petitioner has suggested to increase this compensation amount. The petitioner has suggested to increase this amount to 50 lakhs from 10 lakhs. And the suggestion of increasing the compensation has been accepted by the High Court judges. And now it is up to the government to consider this suggestion and to fix the amount as it sees fit. So totally the conclusion is that there is a greater need to ensure effective implementation of both the acts. That is in 1993 and the 2013 act to eradicate manual scavenging in our country. So that is all in this discussion. We comprehensively saw about the definition of manual scavenging. We saw the legislations in place to address it. And we also saw the status of manual scavenging in our country as of January 2020. Now these data will be helpful for you in your main sensor writing and also in your essay paper writing. When you are talking about manual scavenging or when you are talking about the injustices faced by the weaker sections or the schedule cast in the schedule tribes in our country. So with this information in mind, now let us move on to the next discussion. Our next discussion is going to be based on this news article. It talks about the ongoing 26th annual UN climate change conference that is COP26. As you know COP26 is being held in Glasgow. It is being organized by United Kingdom in partnership with Italy. Now this conference is attended by the parties who signed the UNFCCC. That is United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Now this particular article speaks about the insufficient climate finance by developed countries. So in this discussion, we are going to focus on climate finance and what is the need for that finance. And we will also see about the least developed countries fund that is LDCF. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. First, let us understand what is climate finance. See climate finance refers to the local national or transnational financing which is drawn from public, private or alternative sources of financing. So in short, climate finance is a type of finance. Now here the term climate is used due to the purpose for which the finance is dispersed. See the funds that are dispersed as climate finance are used by countries to support mitigation and adaptation actions that will address climate change. This is done so that the countries are not adversely affected by climate change. So in short, we can say that climate finance is the finance that targets climate change adaptation or mitigation. Now who gives this finance and who receives this finance? See the contribution of countries to climate change and the capacity to prevent the consequences of climate change and also to cope with those consequences actually varies across the countries. We know that you know that some countries have contributed more to climate change and some countries did not even contribute to that. So that is why the convention that is the UNFCCC forces financial assistance from the parties with more resources to those parties that are less end out with resources and which are more vulnerable. So that means according to the convention parties with more resources have contributed to the climate change more whereas the ones having less resources and which are more vulnerable to climate change effects, they have contributed less to climate change. So in this regard you should understand that the parties with more resources are the developed countries listed in an Azure 2 of UNFCCC and the parties that have less resources and which are more vulnerable are the developing countries according to the convention. But why do we need this fund for the developing countries? Because just now we saw that the fund is given by the developed countries to the developing countries and why do we need such a fund? See as you know climate change has many devastating effects. It leads to drought, severe weather and even it is causing sea level rise. Now these effects have disproportionate impact on developing countries and for this particular reason only climate change adaptation and mitigation need to be integrated at all levels of development decision making. Along with this adequate resources also need to be channeled towards mitigating these impacts. See such resources will not only help in mitigating these impacts but it will also support the development activities. So in this regard the countries which are more affected by climate change need resources or finance and such a finance is provided by this climate finance. Now how is this climate finance operated? So for this purpose the convention has established a financial mechanism. These mechanisms provide financial resources to the developing countries. These mechanisms are the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund, GEF and GCF. Now both these funds have been major climate finance providers over the past several years. Now these funds play the critical roles of delivering and mobilizing climate finance as operating entities of the convention and the Paris Agreement. So regarding climate finance you need to remember these two financial mechanisms which are the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund. Now here this climate finance concept was majorly based on the commitment made by developed countries in 2010. What happened in 2010 was in the conference of parties that was happening at that time it recognized the commitment of developed countries. Now here the commitment was a goal of mobilizing 100 billion US dollars per year jointly by 2020. So the countries that is the developed country parties will jointly mobilize this amount of money per year by 2020. Now this finance was to be dispersed to address the needs of the developing countries. So this was the origin of climate finance. But now the news is that the countries like USA, Canada, UK and even some countries European Union as you can see these are all the developed countries. They are being reluctant to provide the 100 billion dollars by 2020 as climate finance. We can already see that 2020 has passed but even now these countries are being reluctant. Now this particular fact has been underlined in the draft document that is prepared at the COP26. The document has also urged the developed countries to urgently scale up their finances. In addition to this the draft document also welcomed the financial contributions to least developed countries fund that is LDCF. Now to understand LDCF we should first know what are LDC that is least developed countries. So these are the group of nations mostly these are the islands who have least carbon emissions but they are at greater risk due to climate change. So you can understand from the name itself the LDCF is the fund allocated for these LDCs. Now this fund was established under UNFCCC in 2001 and this fund is being operated by the global environment facility. Now this fund enables the least developed countries to prepare for a more resilient future. That is it helps these countries to address their short term, medium term and long term resilience needs. And it helps them to reduce climate change vulnerability in their priority sectors and ecosystems. In this regard this LDCF also aids in implementation of national adaptation programs of actions. In short NAPAS these NAPAS are country driven strategies for addressing the most urgent adaptation needs of that particular country. So we can say that this LDCF is a climate finance that is targeted towards boosting the mitigation measures of least developed countries. So in this discussion we saw what is climate finance, why is it needed, who gives it and who receives it. We also saw about the hundred billion dollars commitment of the developed countries. And finally we saw about least developed countries fund. So keeping these facts in mind now let us move to the next discussion. Now our next discussion is based on this editorial article. This editorial talks about demonetization. If you remember demonetization was announced by a prime minister on November 8th of 2016 and last Monday that is two days before mark the end of five years of demonetization. And even today demonetization topic is up to debate because it created a watershed moment in the lives of Indian citizens and those who rely on the Indian economy. So today we are going to have a comprehensive discussion on demonetization, the reasons for its implementation, what were the projected advantages and whether it was a success or not. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. But to understand demonetization first we need to understand what is a currency and what is a legal tender. Now first let us see about currency. Currency is a medium of exchange for goods and services. In short it is the money. Currency is the money in the form of paper or coins. Now generally currency is issued by a government and it is generally accepted as a form of payment at face value. See face value is nothing but the value of a coin, stamp or paper money as printed by the issuing authority on that coin or stamp itself. For example if it has been printed as 10 then the face value of that paper is 10 and its value will be 10 rupees. Now this currency does not have any intrinsic value like gold or silver coin rather the value of currency notes and coins is derived from the guarantee that is provided by the issuing authority. And here the issuing authority is RBA and that is why every currency note bears a promise from the governor of RBA on its face. What is the promise here? The promise is that if someone produces this note to RBA or if it is produced to any other commercial bank then RBA will be responsible for giving that person the purchasing power equal to the value printed on that particular note. So if it is printed as 100 then that person will have the purchasing value of 100 rupees. Now the same is also applied for coins and this is why currency notes and coins are called as fiat money. Now they are also called as legal tenders because they cannot be refused by any citizen of the country for settlement of any kind of transaction. It is called as legal tender because using that we can buy anything. It cannot be refused by any citizen of the country for any settlement of transaction. So now what about demontization? What does it mean? Demontization is the process of removing this legal tender status of a monetary unit. Demontization occurs whenever the national currency is altered and during such process the present form or forms of money are withdrawn from the circulation and they are placed with the new notes or coins. Now sometimes a country may totally replace its old currency with a new one. But in our case our country only replaced two currencies mainly. That is on November 8th of 2016 the government of India made an announcement that had far reaching implications for the engine economy. Our government announced that the two largest denomination notes that is rupees 500 and rupees 1000 will be demonetized with immediate effect. So this announcement seized the 500 rupees and 1000 rupees notes to be a legal tender. That is there were no more of legal tender and therefore these notes were withdrawn from circulation and replaced with new notes. Now as a result 86% of the money in the circulation was deemed invalid after this demonetization exercise of Indian government. Now since the money that they had in hand was deemed invalid the people had to deposit the invalid currency in the banks and they had to replace it with the new money or the new notes. On the other hand there were restrictions on cash withdrawals also. That is along with demonetization of currency notes restrictions were placed on the convertibility of domestic money and bank deposits as well. But why such an exercise was carried out? What were the aims? Well the first and foremost aim of demonetization is to eliminate black money. See demonetization was viewed as a tax administration measure. It is because the cash that was accumulated as a result of declared income was easily deposited in banks and they could be exchanged for new notes. But on the other hand those who are having black money they were required to declare their unaccounted wealth and they have to pay taxes on that unaccounted money. And then only they can exchange for new notes. See if you have earned your income through legal means that means you would have declared your income and you would have easily deposited that money in the bank. And if needed you would have got the exchange notes also. But if you would have illegally obtained that income then there will not be any account of that wealth and taxes will also not be paid on that money. But now with this black money which has been illegally earned and which were in the denominations of 500 and 1000 rupees notes they were of no value after November 8th of 2016.  And then after that their money could be accounted for and they can get new notes in exchange. So this is the reason why demonetization was viewed as a tax administration measure. So remember it mainly targeted the accumulation of black money generated by income that has not been declared to the tax authorities. So this was the first and foremost reason. Now secondly demonetization aimed to convert a non-formal economy into a formal economy. Now this was to expand the tax base by accelerating payment digitization. See demonetization led to channelization of savings into the formal financial system. How for example remember I had a savings of 20,000 in hand in cash and those were in the denomination of 500 and 1000 rupees notes as of November 1st. Now since the government declared these notes as invalid now the savings which I had in my hand they had to be deposited in the banks and then only that amount would have been valid. So through this my savings has entered into the formal financial system and was expected that if more savings are channeled through the formal financial sector then tax compliance and the tax base will improve. Apart from this this measure also contributed to become a cashless economy because for a majority of the time period after demonetization currency notes were not available and therefore many people relied on digital payments. And if you remember it is the time when Paytm gained prominence. So these are some of the aims and projected advantages of demonetization. But here author raises a question of whether these aims were achieved or not. These were the expected advantages but whether they were achieved it is still a debate among the experts. See why it is a debate because demonetization of large denomination money as a strategy to drain out undeclared cash hoots is not something new. Our government, our previous governments have already done this on two prior occasions. Once it was done once in 1946 and once in 1976 and in both these cases the purpose was to prevent tax evasion by the use of black money and this black money was outside the formal financial system. Now the result of these attempts were not that encouraging. It is said that there were disappointing results. But however unlike previous instances like these that 2016 demonetization had caused major damage to the economy. The damage is so much that according to experts the consequences are still being estimated. So what are the damages? See first of all what was the expectation or the projected aim or projected advantage? It was expected that the unaccounted money will be channelized through formal financial system. So as part of this it was expected that more than 99.3% of the cancelled notes will be returned to the banks. And this will gain a jackpot of 2 trillion to 3 trillion dollars to the economy. But all these expectations went in vain. Why? Because majority of the money was not returned back as black money. Rather according to the author such black money was clearly and efficiently laundered even before demonetization. What do you mean by laundered here? It means money laundering. That is this black money was converted into legal money or white money through certain financial process. In addition to this author also notes that the government was unable to achieve a long-term shift in tax base because the amount of currency in circulation is now higher than what it was before the demonetization. Plus we also saw that the impact of demonetization was uneven. That is the poor suffered disproportionately more than the wealthy people. So according to author there are more disadvantages of demonetization than the advantages. So we can say the scale tips more on the side of not so successful. So this is the conclusion of the author. Now here I have given you some other impacts of demonetization. As you can see there were declining cash transactions and you can link this with digitization because we saw that digital transactions increased. So decrease in cash transactions led to increase in digital transactions. So you can go through these impacts of demonetization and you can use these in your main sensor writing or even it will be helpful in your problems. In this discussion we saw what is the demonetization? What were the expected outcomes? Whether those outcomes were achieved or not? And finally we also saw some of the impacts of demonetization. So now let us move on to the next discussion. Well let us take up this news article. It discusses about the protection needed for hedgehogs as this population is declining. See hedgehogs are a small mammal of importance. So in this discussion let us see about the species and also the threats faced by them. See hedgehogs have a coat of stiff sharp spines as you can see in this image. So if attacked the species will curl into a prickly and unapetizing ball. That is they roll themselves into a tight ball. Now such a ball deters most predators. Now these species they diet on small creatures like insects, worms, centipedes, snails, mice, frogs and snakes. And this is one of the reasons why people consider hedgehogs as useful pets. Because these species are common garden pests and hedgehogs prey on them. Now let us see some of its characteristics. See mainly while hunting the species rely upon their senses of hearing and smell because their eyesight is weak. Secondly these species are generally solitary animals. Another important characteristic is that they hibernate in cold climates. But in deserts they activate. That is they sleep through heat and rot in a similar process like hibernation. But in temperate locations they remain active all year. Now according to the news article there are 17 types of hedgehogs across the world. And in India we have three species. The first one is the Indian hedgehogs. Its scientific name is Parachanus micropus. Now the species is found in specific portions of India and Pakistan. In India they are native to the western part of our country including Punjab. And they are also found in the south that is in the Deccan region. Now the second species found in India is the caldered hedgehog. Its scientific name is Hemicanus cholaris. It is also called as Indian long-eared hedgehog. Now the species is endemic to Pakistan and India. In India it is found in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Now the third species that is found in India is endemic to South India. It is called as the Madras hedgehog. Its scientific name is Parachanus nudiventris. Now since it is endemic to South India its distribution is restricted to few districts within Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and Pondicherry. And according to the news article Eastern Ghats is also one of its habitats. And note that the species particularly do not hibernate but it estimates. Now the news article discusses about the threats faced by this Madras hedgehog. Particularly the species is being killed or poached for using traditional medicine. It is said that the animal's quills that is the sharp spines are dried, powdered and they are mixed with honey in traditional medicine as a cure for coughs. Apart from this habitat alteration, road accidents and other anthropogenic activities are also reasons for killing of this animal. And this is the reason why the news article asks for the increased protection for the species. Now here you should note that all these three species have been listed as least concerned by the IUCN Red List. But only one of the species is listed in WPA that is Wildlife Protection Act of India. And it is the Indian Long-Eared Hedgehog that is Collared Hedgehog. The second species which we saw it has been listed in Schedule 4 of Wildlife Protection Act. So these are some of the important facts that you need to know about this species. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Now our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about India's purchase of S-400 from Russia. And it also mentions about the threat of sanctions by USA under one of its important acts. So today let us understand why India purchased this S-400 and then we will see the threats by USA. First of all what is this S-400? See S-400 is a cost-effective defence system which will be efficient in meeting India's defence needs as compared to its rival systems. These are some of the important details about S-400 you can just go through it. Now why India purchased this equipment from Russia? See as you know India Russia defence ties goes long back. It existed since 1960s and our defence ties remains the strongest pillar of the strategic partnership. And one of the reason for this strong defence ties is the 1971 war of India with Pakistan. Because in this war the then Soviet Union played an important role which enabled India-Russia relationship to go beyond arms supplies. So based on its historical strategic partnership India has purchased this crucial equipment from Russia. But why USA is against this? Why it is threatening sanctions on India for this purchase? Here we need to understand the law under which USA is threatening sanctions. This law is called as Katza that is countering America's adversaries through sanctions act. See USA passed this federal law to impose sanctions on North Korea, Iran and Russia. As you know these are the major adversaries of USA. Now this law prevents allies of USA to have any trade relations with these three countries. Particularly trade relations in defence and intelligence sectors. So it prevents the allies of USA to have such relations. But is India an ally of USA? Actually no. See we know that over the years the defence relations between India and USA has increased significantly. And as a part of that only India has been declared as a comprehensive global strategic partner by USA. So India has not been declared as an ally rather it has been declared as a comprehensive global strategic partner. So it is like half way to be an ally. And that is why USA is threatening sanctions because previously also it has imposed sanctions on the countries that involved in S-400 deal with Russia. For example it imposed sanctions against China's equipment development department which purchased Russian fighter jets and S-400 missiles. Similarly Turkey also faced sanctions for the purchase of S-400 missiles in 2018. You have to remember that Turkey is a natural ally of USA. But we can understand that these countries are ally of USA. But actually why such a purchase or why having such a relationship with North Korea, Iran, Russia is an issue for USA? In case of India it is particularly an issue for USA because India is seen as a key element of USA's overall strategy in Indo-Pacific. Especially India is a part of USA's strategy countering China. And some experts even say that USA's concerns go beyond just Katsa and Russian arms sales. They say that the presence of advanced systems such as S-400 among USA allies will clearly impede the technology transfers and joint operations between USA and its allies. It fears that its defense relationship with its allies will be disturbed through such relations. So in this scenario only this news article talks about a possibility of waiver for India under Katsa. So we can expect a waiver for India in the upcoming 2 plus 2 dialogue between USA and India. And it is said that along with waiving sanctions USA is also looking for India to produce mitigation strategy that will assure USA that such a deal with Russia will not have any adverse effect on US supplied systems. So overall USA is worried about its defense business also. So whatever may be the concern we know that India has a sovereign country and its defense deals shouldn't be depending on just one country. Whereas we should have varied defense and security deals at the same time to develop indigenous technologies. And it is quite important for India due to the existing situation at the line of actual control. So let us wait and see whether US administration considers a waiver for India under Katsa. This will ensure the level of relationship USA has with India which will further determine the course of their relationship. So with these facts in mind now let us move on to the next discussion. Okay now viewers now look at this front page news article. It mentions that MPLAD scheme has been restored by union cabinet. See due to the pandemic this scheme was suspended in April 2020 for 2 financial years that is for 2020-21 and 2021-22. So what is this scheme? As you know MPLAD stands for members of parliament local area development scheme. It is a central sector scheme initiated to meet the felt needs of the people. Now under this scheme MPs recommend and execute the works of developmental nature with emphasis on the creation of durable community assets. Now we have discussed about the scheme in detail on our 13th May Hindi News Analysis. We have discussed it while discussing the previous equation on MPLAD scheme. Now from this news article you have to only focus on one of the important changes that has been made in the resumed scheme. The change is about the funds allotted under the scheme. See for carrying out developmental works fund is needed. So a 5 crore rupees fund is allotted annually per member of parliament constituency. But now due to the pandemic this amount has been reduced to 2 crore rupees. Therefore now the MPs will get 2 crore instead of the annual approved 5 crore for the developmental work. So just note this reduction in the funds allotted with this. Now let us move to the next discussion. Now our last discussion is going to be based on this news article which reports an issue regarding exports. See very recently on 1st of November 2021 a new system was brought into effect which mandated online issuance of certificates of origin for every outgoing consignment. Now this has led to many problems. First problem was that several small exporters are having difficulty while registering on the portal set up by the directory general of foreign trade. The difficulty is arising due to the fact that it requires high quality digital signature certificates. See digital signature certificates are nothing but the digital equivalent of physical or paper certificates. That is it is a paper certificate in an electronic form. So due to the requirement of high quality digital signature certificates small exporters are facing difficulty in registering in the portal. Now apart from this the portal is also reported to have numerous blackouts which is also causing difficulty while applying for the certificates of origin. See previously this portal was used only to issue certificates of origin for the shipments to countries with which India had a preferential trade agreement. But now the new system mandates an online issue of certificates of origin for every outgoing consignment. It doesn't matter whether it is going to the countries with which India has preferential trade agreement or not. Now this has caused problems even to large exporters because they have to deal with multiple shipments heading out at a single time. They are facing challenges due to the norm that stipulates separate payments for each certificate issued. So they are facing difficulties in this regard also. And apart from this since number one businesses that are dealing with perishable agricultural food consignments are also facing difficulties because they were also unable to register their digital signatures on the portal in a timely manner. So this has resulted in huge loss for them also. So these are the issues faced due to the digital portal and the digital issuance of certificates of origin. In this regard let us understand what is this certificate of origin and why is it necessary and who issues it. See a certificate of origin is a document that specifies the country in which a commodity or a good was manufactured. That is it is a certificate that is issued to identify the country of manufacturing of any goods or commodity. So if you see that you will know from where that country has originated or from where it has been manufactured. Now such a certificate contains information regarding the product its destination and the country of export. For example a good may be marked made in USA, made in China or even made in India. Now such a certificate of origin is a necessary instrument for export trade or cross border trades. Now who issues such a certificate. See in India it is issued by the Indian Chamber of Commerce and also by the Trade Promotion Council of India. Both of these entities issues certificate of origin. Now this certificate issued by these two bodies is essential for exporters in India to prove that the commodities being exported from India are actually of Indian origin. Now such a certificate also proves that the commodity exported is wholly obtained, manufactured or produced in India. Now in this regard you should note that the Indian Chamber of Commerce issues two kinds of certificate of origin. The first kind is the non-preferential certificate of origin. Now this type of certificate specifies that the product being exported or imported do not receive special tariff treatment. Therefore the appropriate tariffs for that consignment or for that product must be paid. Now the other type of or the other kind of certificate is the preferential certificate of origin. Now this sort of certificate of origin is given to the items that are actually eligible for special tariff treatment when it comes to duty payment. Now these duties could be a reduction in the standard tariff or it could even be a total exemption from the tariffs itself. That is if a consignment has this certificate it means that the destination country has a preferential trade agreement with India. Because this is a trade agreement where two or more countries include exemptions such as duty exemptions for the commodities which are exported or imported between them. And that is why it is called as preferential treatment. The preferential treatment is nothing but providing exemption from tariffs. So how this is preferential? See if tariffs are exempted that means the cost of that product in the destination country will be comparatively low to the other products from other countries which do not have any preferential treatment. So that is all. In this discussion we saw about the certificate of origin. We saw why it is needed, who issues it and the two kinds of certificate of origin. With this information now let us move on to the next discussion which is the practice questions discussion session. Now today for practice questions we do not have many questions. First I am going to discuss this previous question that appeared in 2014. This question asks, with reference to India's culture and tradition, what is calorie pie? Option A, it is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism, still prevalent in some parts of South India. It is incorrect, it is not a Bhakti cult. Option B, it is an ancient style bronze and brass work still found in southern part of Coromandel area. Notice not bronze and brass work, this is also incorrect. Option C, it is an ancient form of dance drama and a living tradition in the northern part of Malabar. Now option D, it is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India. Now don't get confused with option C because it talks about a living tradition in Malabar. Because we saw that calorie pie is a martial art form, it is not a dance drama. So therefore option D is the correct answer to this question. Now this is the quiz question for you today. This question is based on the discussion of Khatsa. Read the given options carefully and write the correct answer in the comment section. Then I will tell you whether your answer is right or not. Now with this prelims question, I have this main question for you which is based on demontization. You have to discuss the possible impacts of demontization. You can pose the answer in the comment section for this main question for pre-interview. So with this question, we have come to the end of today's Hindi news analysis. If you like this video, don't forget to like, comment and share. And do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for more updates related to social services preparation. Thank you.