Hello, good late morning from Geneva. We are on day two of the Sustainable Development Impact Summit of the World Economic Forum, which is taking place digitally, also in the context of the UN General Assembly this week. We are gathered here for a very important session titled, Sustainable Solutions for the Middle East and North Africa. COVID-19 I think has brought home for all of us the importance of really working and being on the front foot when it comes to global risks and how do they manifest themselves in all corners of the world. We are in the run up to COP26 and so there is a huge momentum now globally to really be on the front foot also in terms of the implications of climate change on governments, on business, civil society. So the global momentum is clear in the Middle East and North Africa. There is a lot of momentum in this respect. We, for example, had the April conference that the UAE convened on accelerating climate action. Egypt has had its first green sovereign bond. We are seeing new initiatives coming out from different governments in the region, including, for example, the Green Middle East initiative announced by Saudi Arabia. It is not only governments, it's also businesses that are really addressing this issue and we're very proud of the World Economic Forum to work with the regional action group for the Middle East and North Africa, some of whom the members are with us today who have identified for a while now sustainability as a key pillar of their work with us as part of what we call the stakeholder capitalism principles for the Middle East and North Africa. So the momentum is there and to look under the hood. We'll have about 40 minutes together, a discussion on the record. It will be moderated by Mina Araibi who is editor-in-chief of the National and I will now hand over the floor to Mina to guide us through the discussion and to introduce, of course, the distinguished panelists we have today. Over to you, Mina. Thank you so much, Marek, and thank you for having me moderate the session and also I appreciate the partnership that the World Economic Forum has not only with the national but also with many stakeholders in the Middle East to put a spotlight on these important issues. I just interviewed Alec Sharma, who's president of COP26 and who noted that climate change is our biggest security risk. But he also said this is an opportunity to reimagine our economies and we can truly see both sides of this coin in the Middle East. To discuss this and several other matters, we have a great panel here. We have Yasmeen Fouad, Minister of Environment in Egypt, Hassan Al-Jabri, CEO of Setco Holdings in Saudi Arabia, Majeed Ja'far's CEO of Crescent Petroleum and Ramaytha Al-Busayidi, global shaper from the World Economic Forum. So before we start our discussion, we wanted to gauge the views of all of you who are attending virtually in addition to our speakers by two brief polls. As we all know, polling doesn't always give you a complete picture, but it gives you an indication. So our first poll is asking you, our speakers and attendees, is the world on track to meet net zero targets? These are the targets that globally is agreed will be necessary to ensure that our globe can survive and that temperatures do not exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius, although many people are now saying we're lucky if we can get to 2 degrees Celsius. So if I can ask the team at the World Economic Forum to please put up the poll to see how we're feeling, whether optimistic or a little pessimistic this morning. Right, so 78, ooh, it continues to grow. We're seeing this active live poll. So 82 percent say the world is not on track to meet its net zero climate targets and 18 percent say that this is possible. Now with only 70 percent of the world really signed up and NDCs of countries are based on their own targets and meeting them, it's probably an accurate description to say that the world's on track. Our second poll is how long does the Arab world need to prepare for its post oil future? So we've given you three options. And as the poll comes up and we'll see the results, how long do we have to actually prepare for our post oil future? Okay, the polling is still happening. This is very interesting to see 20 years or 10 years, but a minority see that we have only five years. So 17, oh, it's dropping. 14 percent say we have five years to prepare. And 50 percent are saying that we have 10 years. Well, active will give you a couple of minutes in case the numbers change once again. So I think it's settled that over 50 percent think we have the next decade to get this right. Some will say we've only got five years. It really is subjective. And we all agree that different countries are in different trajectories within the Middle East. So ministry asked me, if I can turn to you first. And as we look towards COP26 being held very soon in November in the UK and as the world is thinking about sustainable solutions, what do you see as the most important outcome we should aim for from COP26? Thank you very much for that question. We all hold our hopes high on COP26. President Sharma has been even within the COVID moving around the world and together with the secretary general raising the ambition requesting countries to update their NDCs and moving towards zero net emissions. And this is really good that that momentum, you know, that momentum was not there three or four years ago when even when the Paris agreement came into force. The momentum was not as we can see it right now with the 2021 because we've all learned the lesson with the COVID-19 because the impact of climate change has been very cruel. You know, it does not really differentiate between developed and developing country or rich communities. It hits hard. It hits hard all the development process. With that momentum, I think that one thing that we all hope from the COP26 is to finalize the Paris rulebook. We cannot keep talking about reaching a consensus on a text while we all know and realize that we need to act. But reaching a consensus on the text has to be fair and balanced and has to be within the scope of the Paris agreement. No one can ever afford that we can go back to reinterpret Paris agreement or translate it. So it is a very tough job that our colleagues in the UK is working on. Egypt is supporting the UK in all its efforts. We're taking over with them the adaptation, the UK-Egypt adaptation collision. And we're raising high the portfolio on adaptation. We know how much as this is a priority to the developing countries and they need to have more support on that. We can see that this is an opportunity that should not be missed. It could really, if discussed intensively, and there is more seriousness and commitment to discuss that and put it on the table, frankly, and in a transparent manner, it can really unlock other issues that's being locked for some time. Over to you. Sorry, you raised the issue of climate adaptation. And I wanted to ask you about what Egypt is working on when it comes to climate adaptation and what you so far have seen as successful measures. One thing that we have been working on where we never thought that adaptation would be one single path that a national state or a country can do. It's really affected by all over the region. The first thing is that we have been collaborating with our African brothers and sisters to produce the African adaptation initiative in 2015. And we keep pushing on that. Secondly, at the national level, we felt that after the Paris Rulebook in 2018, we need to change the way we think at the climate change. First of all, we have uplifted at the institutional level the portfolio from just the Ministry of Environment to be at the level of the Cabinet of Ministers. So it is the Prime Minister that is heading the National Council for climate change. And this is a big success story and a policy reform that we would like really to share with other countries. Secondly, we felt that it is important. We know that there is that fight of the climate finance not reaching the 100 billion and even the fund is there. We're not giving the adaptation as we're giving mitigation and all those stuff. But what is really important is that we wanted to have a correct tool and an efficient tool in order to get decisions done correctly. So we have created the first interactive map, interactive vulnerability map, where within our huge plans that Egypt is in a very huge transformative path under the leadership of the president, we are putting in this interactive map, for example, the 16 new urban cities. So we see the impact of climate change on that city by 200 or 250, you know, after 100 years after 120 years, what will happen? And we're mobilizing more stakeholders to work on adaptation. And now we are working on our national adaptation plan in a way of packaging adaptation to involve more private sector and having more investment. And if we were able to do that, not only in Egypt but worldwide, I think adaptation will take a different path and there will be more raising ambition in that. Thank you very much. Mr. Yasmin, you took us directly to the point I wanted to turn on, which is the issue of investment and also of course the crucial role of the private sector. Governments can work hard, will need to put out the strategic output, but really it's the private sector. And I want to turn here to Hassan Al-Jabri and ask you about responsible investments in the region and the role of the private sector. How can companies make tangible changes? And perhaps you can tell us a bit more about the experience of SETCO and the advantage of ESG measures. Well, thank you very much. Very interesting question. And really this has been at the heart of SETCO for many, many years, being a Sharia investor and a responsible investor, but then becoming in 2014 a signatory to the United Nations principles of responsible investing, where we saw quite an active alignment of ESG, environmental, social and governance investing and responsible investing. Now, of course, there are a lot of important aspects there because being responsible is not by words or just trying things, but it has to be a very clear, defined process where you're evaluating the risks, the opportunities and where are you adding value. Now, it is very important to see where is the alignment of all of this, where it comes together is economic sustainability for future generations. So that's what Sharia investing and what we've been doing, and that's where responsible investing and ESG are all well aligned. Now, of course, with that, we have driven our investments through this process very carefully into that direction and started investing, turning all our investments in that guidelines. And I'll give you an example. For example, one of the funds that we've created, which is the sustainability fund, we created that immediately after becoming a signatory in 2014, early 15, where it's investing in renewable energy, in new technologies, in carbon emission reductions and capture. And basically, the fear at that time was, and when we were meeting with our counterparts is, well, how do you know what the results will be? And we were saying, okay, let's do our homework well, and this will pay off as we go. And let's talk a little bit about the results here. And the results have frankly paid off, and it has paid off very well. And here I'm talking as an investment banker, so excuse me in that language, but if you look at the five years performance of this fund, for example, compared to the MSCI World Index, you'll find that it has way outperformed by over four and a half percent on annualized basis. And this is actually speeding up more as you look at the three years, it's catching well more. Why? Because the world started rewarding these new technologies. And people started increasing these new technologies because they're actually driving the agenda well into active performance, as Her Excellency was saying, whether we're talking about saving water, whether we're talking about energy efficiency, capturing the carbon emissions. And I'll give you two examples of companies that we've invested in. We have a company called Xylem, and it goes into innovative water solutions. So it avoids leakages, pumping water in the right way, distribution, whether we're talking about residential, commercial, industrial, the whole works. And this company has actually helped people get water more efficiently and at a lower cost and also as investors, we've gained well. I mean, this company had its earnings per share grow at 12 percent annually for the past five years. And similarly, their price of the share has gone up by 21 percent annually. Another company is a waste management company, which has also shown significant growth on earning per share and also as a share price. So this is one way. Now, also there's another area which we did not touch is on real estate. When we talk investing in real estate, it's also very valuable because, as you know, the codes is improving in all the cities where they want more efficiency in electricity, more in waste management, in water usage and so on. So the more efficient your building is, the more marketable it is from a leasing perspective or even when you're trying to sell it. So it all adds up, really. And the numbers really are worth it. So I would encourage more people to invest that way. And I think that's part of also the maturity of markets, but also understanding across the board. I think if we had this conversation 10 years ago, when it would be hard to show more tangible long-term results, but also getting to that maturity, it's interesting that you raise real estate and also, of course, energy. And energy transition is one of the big issues for us in the region, both in terms of the economics of it, but also for adaptation and the changes we need to make, be it through solar renewables, but also hydrocarbons that will continue to play a role in the foreseeable future. So I want to turn to Majid at this point. Majid, tell us about this energy transition that the region is going through and what you think the opportunities are, but what are the challenges that also remain? Thank you. Good to be with you all. So before I get to the energy point, I just wanted to echo what Minister Fouad says about the importance of bringing the developing world along and really putting it front and center. Because if we fail to do that, this whole sustainability question will be lost. And if we look at the SDGs, you know, 17 very important priorities. What I'm seeing now, frankly, is all the focuses on number 13 climate action simply because, and that's not to say it's not important and our own region is going to, the temperature is going up at twice the rate. But it's because if you're in the Western world, it's the only one of the 17 that touches your life. If you're in a rich country, if you're in a developing country, most or all of these affect you. Poverty, hunger, health, education. In our region, we have half the world's refugees. We have some of the most violent conflicts. We have the highest youth unemployment. So there you've got number five, number six, number eight, peace and justice, number 16. So with all respect to Alok Sharma, for, you tell a refugee in a camp who's just escaping war that the biggest security risk for him is climate change 30 years from now, it will not resonate. And so we really need to elevate, we need to elevate our own region's priorities. Because I'm... When you say that, I mean, that's really interesting because of course the SDGs are also for the long-term planning and putting in the foundation. So yes, while violent conflict is there and so forth, I mean, we're seeing the climate events in the region that are getting more and more ferocious. And part of the problem is that people say, we have too many immediate problems, we can't do the long-term planning. So how does that happen? I mean, how do you come up with sustainable solutions when people say there's too much of an immediate crisis for me to tackle this long-term problem that needs immediate solutions? Well, that was exactly, I think, the point that the minister made well that the developing world needs help. Boris Johnson made the point very well this week. There was 100 billion committed, it hasn't been coughed up and said Europe wants to spend a trillion euros at home and US wants to spend a trillion dollars at home. They're both post-industrial economies that have had emissions falling for decades now, certainly in Europe's case. So the rest of the world, the developing world, particularly Asia and next will be Africa, is where the growth is, where the emissions are rising, the energy demand and populations. If they don't have help, then they'll be burning coal, liquid fuels, and the emissions will keep rising. Turning to our region just quickly on energy, we have half the world's oil and gas, but we also have half the world's energy subsidies, which is a point the World Bank has been highlighting for some time. There have been good efforts to tackle that. It's not easy credit to Egypt for leading the way as well as other countries in our region. The UAE has a forward-looking energy strategy 2050. There are a lot of countries that have made net zero pledges, but very few have actually put a concrete action plan, as the UAE has, 40% renewables backed up or complemented by 40% natural gas and then nuclear and other sources. Natural gas replacing coal in Asia or diesel and liquid fuels in our parts of the world is the fastest way to reduce emissions and enable renewables. It's how the United States has done it with natural gas. It's how the United Kingdom has done it. Our own production as Crescent Petroleum, over the last decade, the gas that we've produced, and we're now 85% natural gas replacing diesel, has saved 42 million tons of CO2. That's equivalent to taking a million cars off the road. We absolutely, as energy companies, need to improve our own operations. We've brought our carbon intensity down to a third of the industry average, our flaring down to practically zero, and we've been reporting our sustainability matrix for the last five years. But I think that is a big opportunity that our region can play a big part of. And oil will still be needed. Even if we have all electric cars, the fastest growing demand for oil is making things. Most of what we've relied on during the COVID pandemic, from masks to sanitizers to the screens we're using now to every single vaccine using glycol as a stabilizing agent, needs the petroleum sector. And that's about how we use it and using it cleaner. Thank you. Thank you very much, Majid. I want to remind the participants on this call that they can post their questions, and we're already getting questions that I will post to the panel. But first, I want to turn to Ramaytha, because I think this question about building a sustainable future, of course, touches upon young people more than anybody else. How can we build a sustainable future that you and the coming generations will inherit? So I wanted to ask you about this question of the immediate problems we may be facing. There are issues, for example, to do with unemployment. There are challenges that we're facing. How can that be balanced with this need to build a sustainable future? And what concrete steps do you think are necessary in the 12 months that we can see happening in the region? That's a great question. I think we need to really address the elephants in the room as well, especially as young people everywhere are actually grappling with this. And also everyone else around the world and communities that we're grappling with the impacts that were spurred by COVID-19. And I think one key thing that we as young people have learned is that we need to communicate with the world and those on the decision-making table on what we see is crucial and important. We asked ourselves as part of the global shapers community in the world economic firm, what does being a good ancestor mean? I mean, we need to really set the example for future generations as well. And as a result, we actually came up with the Youth Recovery Plan, which we authored that came up with 40 policy recommendations telling world leaders what young people truly believe are the priorities that we must work on, that we really think and no offense to anyone, that the world is actually letting us down and the future generations down. So when we asked young people what they would do differently, if they were in charge of getting our planet to net zero, for instance, the key response was that governments must include young people in the recovery plan and must lead the way with an extraordinary and unprecedented transition. And that happens through a just and green economic recovery. I mean, this sentiment was actually echoed by over 80% of the young people we surveyed. 150 countries were represented, over 2 million. All Arab countries were actually in the survey itself. And their desire for climate action was very clear that it should be an economic recovery goal that should be set for our countries for the world as well. Decision makers also and also young people have demonstrated their willingness to support politicians, vote for them and support people who are on that decision-making table who make commitments to climate action. What the youth see in this climate emergency transformation is that our economies in particular in the Arab world must really target how we generate our energy given that a lot of us come from economies that really depend on oil and gas, be it across transport, how we actually manage our buildings, how industries are actually made up. This all makes up over two thirds of emissions. And also we need to think of food in a way that is environmentally sustainable. So despite the opposition from the fossil fuel industry, youth believe that to bolster action into achieving a net zero world, we must achieve bold change. But this change must be done in a fair and just transition that really supports lower income populations and countries, which is actually home to over a billion youth around the world and that have contributed the least to the crisis yet face the greatest impacts. Also something very interesting that came up from our youth recovery plan and it's another direct result as well of the pandemic is a far more organized generation of young voters. We have young consumers and investors now, millennials who now have money and the motivation to actually make a difference with where they put their money. And they're all rallying behind urgent climate fiscal and social justice. We've heard this again and again over the two years of the pandemic that this generation poses an existential risk to institutions, especially because we just don't want businesses to actually revert back to business as usual. We actually see it as a massive opportunity for governments and businesses as well who are looking for a progressive mandate to work together with us to actually really make sure that the narrative of ethical considerations and commercial gains are really things that we can overcome and come together to really come up with inclusive governance and solutions for the world. Thank you, Nomeka. A lot of food for thought there.  We've only got 15 minutes. So I'm going to ask you all please. I'm going to turn to all of you with some questions that we've had from the audience, but please try to keep your answers very concise. But Minister Yasmin, if I can turn to you to comment on what Romaita said, which is the point of the inclusion of young people in decision-making that's happening today and how you feel your experience in Egypt, how much you actually get to hear that position but also include them in decision-making. Thank you very much. I do believe that this is very important and essential not only for the fight against climate change but for the whole sustainability issue. If we're not involving them and really involving them, it's not the idea of just bringing them in conferences or just doing some awareness with them. And this is what Egypt has really done in the last two years. We have started with a very wide nation initiative called Live Green. And Live Green is mainly focusing on the involvement of the youth as well as the young children at schools. We're now streaming not the environmental issues, the local issues that's business as usual because not because these are outdated but because we need to involve global environmental challenges such as climate change, land degradation and biodiversity in the curriculum with more interactive tools. So Minister of Education is working on updating the curriculum. We are including more the global environmental challenges and then the youth are given more opportunities not only to engage like for an example, two days ago, Egypt was celebrating the International Day for cleaning the beaches. For the first time, we've started to reach out to five kilometers around the beach of Alexandria with the full participation of the youth and the civil society. And we have more examples of bringing them on Biogas Unit to mitigate climate change by creating small and medium companies for Biogas in the rural areas under decent life. Whatever there is an opportunity for the youth, we need to get them really engaged by either providing a job, getting them engaged through civil society, getting them more educated while being at school, let them work with their hands. This is the only way out. And I think in a gratitude actually our colleagues in the pre-cuff that will take place next week in Italy in Milano for having half a day for the youth. That's a brilliant idea that we need really to engage them and keeping them part of the dialogue and part of the solution and not just hearing their voices. Thank you. Thank you so much. We have a question for one of our participants but I don't have their name, so I apologize, I'm not mentioning their name. The question says, how can the West concretely support a clean energy transition in the MENA region? Meji, do you want to take that one? Yeah, so I think in the MENA region we are not homogeneous. There are countries, obviously GCC countries with significant savings and the ability to make expenditures. Then there are poorer countries, some of them while producing but without savings, Algeria, Iraq and others without even those resources. Those are the ones that really need help across these areas and it's across water as well as energy usage and how to tackle subsidies as well as infrastructure investments. And as I said, you can't be sort of ideological about, okay, we're only going to have solar power for example because at the moment at least you can't store renewable energy so you do need a complement that is cleaner than liquid fuels and natural gas is an obvious solution there. Great, thank you very much. So another question, this is from David Morrison. He says, given the positive impact improving soil health has on water scarcity, what are the panels views on regeneration and restoration activities and how can you fund them? It's a detailed question so I don't know if I have a volunteer to respond to it otherwise Hassan, I'm afraid I'm going to come to you to ask you about the actual funding of regeneration and restoration activities. I don't know if what he means is reforestation or regeneration of energy but I can talk about a few things here. There's a lot of research that is happening and now the research is being used in actual life like for example using saline water for farming. It is happening now and I just visited the farm recently and it's producing not only the cooling is done through the saline water but also the cleaning. Now of course the main aspect is also for restoration and I think there is a lot of work on restoration at this part of the South Ukraine initiative and also for the Middle East and that will help a lot the capturing of CO2 emissions in the parks and everything else and along with it a lot of other growth in mangroves and algae and so on that helps that process. I'm not sure I answered the question but there's a follow-up thing that I tried this. It was a very good answer and I think to your point about how varied the response for something like this is but I'm originally from Iraq and wanted to show about the certification but also the need for reforestation in devastated places like Iraq and Syria and Yemen and others so it is important I think in terms of funding the point that Majid was also raising that there are countries that can come and support but if you still don't even have the most basic of initiatives being taken it's problematic. Okay so our next question is from Hemi de Bourbon de Parma who asks the MENA region produces 8.7% of greenhouse gas emissions. How will the region make a splash at COP26 and what is the concrete good news you can share? So concrete good news welcome but also the region does face this challenge with greenhouse gas emissions. If I can turn to you Minister Yasmin and then also Dometha I will come to you to answer that question. Actually what I would say that the MENA region with the recent announcement from the UAE and from the Middle East initiative coming from Saudi Arabia this is something that we all see as a very big move in diversifying the economy in looking further on how best to do a low carbon emission and this is in itself is one big step that we would like to commend our colleagues in UAE and in Saudi Arabia and all other Arab region. However water remains the main challenge in the MENA region and water unfortunately if we come by paper we don't find the world water in the Paris Agreement whatsoever. So this is one thing that I believe would need more attention. We've done our part with trying to do our part but it is a fair game, a balanced game for our people so we need to work further into that and we need to have more dialogue on how water as a challenge can be overcome in the MENA region for the next few years. Thank you. Thank you very much. Rometha how can the region make a splash in COP26? I would say from the places we live and work how we commute to where we choose to place our money and energy a lot of our activities and consumer choices are resource intensive. So the best way is to kind of follow the footsteps of what young people in the region are actually doing. They are key contributors to the practice of conscious purchasing and have shown to have an influence on the market. I mean they remember the awareness of how the world should engage in the economy and despite how even COVID has disrupted consumer habits it has accelerated this conscious consumerism trend and it's only expected to grow. Something to kind of bring back on is young consumers are also very actively mobilizing their collective power as investors and clients and customers. They're leaning into the power of movements and organized citizenry. So if we're looking into in particular examples the collective power of investors working with consumer groups to focus on creating long term value and influencing that change for big business and obviously doing that and kind of pushing that agenda forward would definitely affect how companies really pursue what it means to actually create long term value and it will force them to account for the needs of all stakeholders and society at large. So I think pushing that agenda forward would be a way to make a big splash. Thank you very much Remita. You touched upon the final question I'm going to ask each of the panel to answer please, which is what is the one opportunity you see in the region for climate action? So you spoke about the strength of the consumer and also individual decision making but I'd like each of you to reflect on this question as we come to a close of this really dynamic and interesting session. What opportunity do you see in the region when it comes to climate action? So Remita, I'm going to start with you please. So I think the biggest opportunity at the moment is to focus on improving the sustainability of goods and services in the markets pushing more green procurement policies throughout the region is a way to really, really make a big impact and it's a great opportunity that they can set an example for the rest of the world. Thank you. Majid, if I can ask you to answer that question. Yes, so I totally agree with Mr. Fahad. The biggest issue we face is on water. Eleven of seventeen of the most stressed countries in the world on water are in our region and one opportunity which is massively underutilized is drip water immigration. That alone would cut our agricultural water use by two thirds and that's the biggest driver of our water use. Israel did it a long, long time ago and is far more efficient with water use and agricultural output, but across the rest of the region we're way behind. Thank you very much. I just want to ask you a following question. Do you see that opportunity for both the public and private sector? Yes, for sure, because both the public and private sector are involved in agriculture across our region as our development agencies. Great, thank you very much. Hassan, if I can please ask you the same question. What opportunity do you see in the region for climate action? Of course, I fully agree with their Excellency and with Majid about water, but since it's well covered there I'll talk about another opportunity which is on cooling. You know, cooling in the past 30 years the power needed for cooling has multiplied three times and there is now a lot of research and COST is doing plenty of research on how they can reduce the need of electricity for cooling and their research shows that it can be cut by over 30 to 40%. They already have a module house that is under construction now and we'll see the effects of that, but also there's a lot of research happening with other agencies in the government. So here, hopefully our research will be able to add value to the region but also to the world by reducing the requirement of electricity and therefore the emissions and hopefully financially that's also a much better proposition. Thank you very much. Minister Yasmin, what one opportunity do you see in the region of climate action? Energy actually and the energy mix and having renewables within the main region is one strong point that we think would be a climate action but I would like really to link that with the region need for more adaptation projects on agriculture that relates to water. So I will say that Egypt is offering to host the upcoming COP 27 that will take place in 2022. UAE will be hosting inshallah the COP 23. I think we have a unique opportunity to uplift both a climate action on energy and working together for putting upfront the needs for the region on water versus agriculture and the food security. Thank you. Thank you so much. I want to thank our incredible panel for your insight and for being really direct and answering the questions which I appreciate and again as we look at all the challenges facing the region how interconnected they are. So when we hear now from all of you be it energy, water, adaptation the policies that are needed agriculture and that's linked to food security in addition to of course energy and all the aspects of energy that keep our lives ticking over. COVID-19 has been incredibly difficult time for many but as we look to the future and as we see how we can repair recover and improve our economies there is also that opportunity to meet the climate challenge and also have a sustainable future. So with that the World Economic Forum asks you to share your continued reflections and contributions on top link and there will be further sessions throughout this sustainability summit and I thank you again for both the panel who participated so thoughtfully but also all of you who have tuned in and submitted your questions. Thank you very much and I wish you all a good day ahead.


David shows up on the battle not to fight as a soldier David shows up as an errand boy for his dad To bring money to bring a food. I'm sorry some cheese and some some other food to his brothers and to the general so David Has no obligation To fight the Goliath Goliath Opposes no direct threat to David Goliath is not David's problem It's the problem to his brothers because they're the soldiers It's Saul's problem not David's and I want you to see this David comes on the battlefield and Goliath over there Who is the problem of David's brothers and Saul? But David gets involved to help his brothers overcome their battle The whole story of David killing Goliath is actually a story of a man coming in someone's battle and Helping someone else win a battle that wasn't their own. I Genuinely believe when you arrive on the battlefield of marriage. I know marriage is beautiful My marriage is also a battlefield for some people. It's a battlefield because they fight each other But battlefield in meaning that the other person that you are marrying the other person that you have married many times We'll have their giants that they're fighting We'll have their issues that they are trying to resolve in their life And you're coming alongside last David help him to beat that Goliath instead of beating them in Marriage and I want to share with you this morning this afternoon and Practically, how do we go about helping someone else in our family? When a spiritual battle without crippling them or diminishing or destroying them? Because a lot of times what happens is we don't beat the Goliath. We beat each other Goliath triumph and yes We can get divorced and we can restart that But from many cases it never fixes the real issue That our case I'm not gonna go into that's not a message today on divorce and remarriage and all of this stuff But for a lot of people the problem continues to next statistic even says that the second marriages the divorce rate is 75% the third marriages is 80% the further you go that the divorce rate goes on why because many people are leaving Battlefields without Goliath's head. They're leaving with their spouse's head It's their spouse that got crushed nothing enemy and we can restart and we can start clean move to a new city get a get a new Person, but if it's a same problem It's you find yourself in the same situation and we don't want that I always tell people if there is a light bulb that went out in your house. You don't replace the house. You replace the light bulb Are you with me? I want you to write this down the first point is remember your lions before you attempt to help someone with their giants Before David could help his brothers with their giants David had to be aware of the fact that he had had alliance in his own past that he by the grace of God has dealt with Before you can help someone with their issues make sure that your own issues are being addressed and being faced one of the reasons we love to ignore our issues is We try to shift the blame for how we are reacting how we are acting on someone else And because our spouse is nearest to us we blame it on them and it goes like this The reason why I'm angry is because my spouse is crazy The reason why I am impatient or the reason why I do this is because they do that if they stop doing that My problem will be resolved So the problem is never you it's always them if they clean up their mess If they get rid of their demons and their issues, you won't have nothing. Actually, you don't even have any problems It's their problems. They're creating problem for you Amen Hallelujah, so I want you to come with me. Where's the water? so This is just this is you This is you hold hold it together close to you. It's called your issues Now the interesting part with your issues is that they're They're there You're not bothered by them and when you're younger and somebody comes and bumps in and you see the water is about to splash You distance yourself from those people if it's your brother and your sister you're like, I won't talk to you no more Why because you're provoking something you make me act crazy and so I won't talk to you If it's friends you just block them disconnect with them, but then you get married and the person next to you Keeps doing this five minutes. I'm gonna get ready in five minutes 20 minutes You always say five minutes. Why is it taking you 30 minutes all the time? You're lying spirit I rebuke the lying spirit in you in Jesus name Now the crazy part is this when you got water all around you guess guess whose fault it is of course the person who bombed you But remember this I never put the water in the cup I only expose the fact he has had water in his cup If he would have no water Look at this Nothing comes out Your spouse provokes the issues you got in you that God wants you to deal with I Remember I had that with my with my brother will mention which brother there's only two It's not hard to guess by the way And so and then one particular brother when I was not married and he once I'm drew me crazy So crazy we had to translate for my parents and he didn't want to translate He just acted like he didn't speak English and so I had to step in and Translated for my parents and I was like man. Why couldn't you do it man? You never do anything? And I just got so mad.   You can't fix someone Until you acknowledge the fact that the water they came out of the cup is not their fault Now they have a fault they should be careful not to keep bumping, but you should also empty your cup You should also deal with the issues that are inside of you. Come on somebody. Are you with me? I? Want you to see what Jesus Christ said he said to people who want to go fix everybody I want you to see what he says in Matthew chapter 7 is he says that before you go about he says Why do you look at the speck in your brother's eye and do not consider plank in your own eye? How can you say to your brother?  He says we can deal with the bump because we don't have the water being splashed many of us We blame our reaction on the action of someone else in reality Your reaction is a result of your character not whoever bumped into you in In order to help someone with their spiritual problem We have to first be watchful that we are taking care and we are owning up to the issues that are Surfacing in their heart because of their problem Are you with me? You know, I did not know how impatient I was and how Controllable I was until my wife did not want to pray as I prayed She's supposed to be like me. She's supposed to pray like me and I was trying to I've shared with you I was trying to pull that flower instead of water that flower and she wasn't growing she was Dying because of that and I thought that it was just a spiritual issue. It was a spiritual issue and I wasn't helping Are you with me? Thank you Eric so much. It will dry up. Don't worry Appreciate your help When people came to stone the woman with an issue of blood, I had a person who volunteered They wanted me to use them as a Goliath Do you want ice-cream? Woman was caught in the act of adultery, which is interesting too because in order to have an adultery you have to have a man The men never made it to the stoning I Think the man was one of the Pharisees Reported the woman and he himself picked up the stone Besides the point people gather together with stones and they decided to throw Stones on this woman to help her of course, you know to get her out of the society and everything and Jesus came alongside I want to show you something Every time you want to help someone with their problem Who you're married to? Your opinion Your advice your insight Could come out as this cold heart and actually painful Asked jopes friends. They didn't want to hurt jope when they shared their insight on what jopes problem was Did you think they came around they just want to like hurt jope? No, they wanted to help jope But somehow you know jope was hurt by their advices. Why because any time you give this Before you get this Even if what you're saying is correct. It will hurt people Because it will be projected in the tone of your voice in the tone of your attitude Your words might be correct, but they're cold Their heart and that's what Jesus said. Hey guys. Um, first of all, you're aiming at the wrong person This belongs in Goliath's head.   How other people showed you mercy or how people didn't show you mercy and how it really hurt and When you looked in a mirror Then you look at your spouse you look at your family member who's currently struggle.  For those of you who are carrying a lot of stones and you became a crazy amazing stone hitters I Asked you today that you stop throwing stones and you pick up a mirror And you take a good look at what God has done in your past because it will surface mercy in you Gracing you know one of the reasons why David was not judgmental and he didn't come trashing his brothers Trashing Saul is because David remembered if it wouldn't be for the grace of God He would have been a lion's lunch If it wouldn't be for the grace of God, he would have been bearer's lunch It's only the God who helped him to overcome the bear and the lion. It wasn't David's slickness It's not David's own strength and power. And so he's looking at the Goliath. He says guys. I know you're struggling I know what it's like I've been there and I'm going to help you and that help actually proved to be helpful to his brothers They were not eventually offended they rallied around him because a man who fought his lions becomes anointed to help others with their giants Amen


Hi, KubeCon. Hi. Hi, Noah. How are you? Hi, Simon. How are you? I'm very excited to be at the KubeCon conference, even though it's virtual, it's still really exciting. It's super exciting. Thank you all for coming and join us. So let me just... Yeah, so we're going to be here and we'll share our presentation with you and talk to you about, you know, what we've learned from reading 100 plus communities postmortems. And experiencing, unfortunately, but, you know, it happens to everyone. Yeah. Yeah. But first, I think it's the first time that we meet. So hi, everyone. My name is Noah, Noah Barkey. I am a full-stock developer for more than five years. And I'm also a tech writer and one of the leaders of Github, Israel community, which is the largest Github community in the whole universe. Universe. Universe. So hi, everyone. I'm Shimon. I'm one of the co-founders and the CEO of the tree. I'm also an AWS community hero, but we're here in CNCF. So I'm one of the co-organizers of CNCF Tel Aviv. Here, out from Israel, we have a vibrant community. And if you happen to stop by, you should definitely come and see the CNCF in Tel Aviv. So a little bit about us and how we ended up here talking about Kubernetes postmortems, you know. So we're a startup company. But what we actually deal with on a daily basis is we help companies prevent misconfigurations from reaching production in Kubernetes environments. So this means we have an open-source CLI that actually can run on your laptop or in your CI CD against Kubernetes manifests and helm charts. And it can detect misconfigurations such as missing a CPU limit or a liveness probe. Readiness probe and then required laborals. And we will talk about some of those things that you should definitely apply. But, you know, from working with the community and working with our customers, we were able to see a lot of those incidents that happened and to learn a lot from those postmortems. So here in the tree, policies is, you know, is what we do and we integrate directly within the development pipeline. So we get to observe and see a lot of those mistakes that happen. And today, hopefully, we'll educate you a little bit about how you can prevent and avoid having those misconfigurations that can lead you into a, you know, possible outage or security incident. Yes, you're very correct. And I want to add that as a developer at the tree, partly my job was not only to understand about Kubernetes and how it works under the hood, but also to understand how my user can blow up his own cluster. And today, I mean, usually we would want to do it and talk about the postmortem in a postmortem way to talk about the event and what are the lessons that we learned. But today, especially today, I want us to go over all the postmortems and to invite you to my very own private show. What is the mistake game show? Oh boy. Are you ready? I hope so. I hope so. It's a mistakes game show. Let's see. So let me guide you what we are going to do. So I'm going to show you a specific resource and you will need to guess or tell. Where is the mistake? What is the mistake if there is? And let's begin. Okay, okay. Let the show begin. Let the show begin. So this is the default cron job configuration. What is the mistake here? Well, I guess with cron job, you always mess up the scheduling tasks, the schedule timing. So I guess I will go with that. So you think it's the schedule? I guess it's a scheduler. I don't know. You always mix it up, right? You always go to this website where you try to debug it and see if it's the right one. No, it's not the schedule. It's the concurrency policy. We always want to make sure that we set the concurrency policy to either forbid or replace. Because when we set it to allow, whenever a cron job will get failed, it will not replace the previous one, but it will create a new one, a new one, and a new one. And this is actually what happened to target. So basically here, if you can go back one. So if I read it correctly, they spawn up like this cron job every one minute. And I guess what they wanted is they wanted like a long lived service. Yeah. Oh, and then it just continued spawning more and more. Yeah, you want to know how many is more? Okay, try more than 4,000 more pods that were constantly restarting. Yeah, that's what happened to them. They had one failing cron job that were constantly restarting new pods. And not only that it immediately took their cluster down, but it also cost them a lot of money because their API server accumulated thousands of CPU wasting, wasting resources. Yeah, yeah. And the lesson that we learned here is to never, never, ever trust the default configuration. The lessons not only about cron job. Yes, yes. Just because Kubernetes allows you to deploy a specific resource with a specific configuration, it doesn't mean that this is what you should do. And from my experience, most of the, in most of cases, this is not your, this is not the configuration that you should work with. But let's move forward to the next one. This is another cron job configuration. What is the mistake here? So you taught me about the concurrency policy and it's actually set to forbid here. So it's kind of tricky. You're trying to trick me. No, I can see it. That's true. Tricky game. Maybe there is no mistake. I'll go with like with the restart policy never. So restart policy never. Is that the correct answer? No, unfortunately, it's not. It's incorrect YAML structure. And this is actually what happened to Zalando. They used the correct configuration, but they placed it incorrectly in their YAML. Oh, so like it, like it did not exist because it was in the wrong place. Instead of having it here, they placed it here. So the concurrency policy wasn't part of the cron job spec. So they ended up with having a cron job without any limits and it kept spawning pods that were actually completed. But they never cleaned up from the API server, which eventually took their cluster down due to out of memory issues. Which is weird. It's like you think you do the right configuration, but you just put it in the wrong place. So it's not just what you configure, but like where do you place it within your configuration file? Yeah, yeah. And let me tell you a bit about Zalando. Zalando is an online fashion company with over six thousands in place. So again, you can only imagine how much money it costs to them. But the real lesson that we learn here is to always make sure that you define clearly defined the policies in your organization. And the best practice is in your organization. It's super, super important. And people think that having a correct YAML structure is really basic, but it's not. It can really happen to anyone. But let's move forward to the next one. This is an ingress resource. Okay, here I think that I see something that seems weird because it's an ingress, but the host doesn't have any URL or like service name or like FQDN or something. So this one seems fishy to me. And maybe you're correct. Maybe not. Let's see. And you're right. That's true. We always want to make sure that we prevent users from putting a star in the host in our ingress host. You know why? Usually if you do starts like either it takes nothing or it takes it all. Yes, exactly, exactly. When you put a star in your ingress resource Kubernetes will immediately forward all the traffic to that container. So you have one container to entire cluster. It's a lot of traffic. And that's what happened to also target actually was their first incident when they started to use Kubernetes. So specifically what happened to target is that one of their developers put a star in the ingress. Nobody was watching and immediately took their entire cluster down. It's not a specific. Yes, it can really happen to anyone. And I want to say that sometimes companies will want to use the star. But it's really important to understand what happened when you put a star in your ingress because it's interesting. It's like Kubernetes gives you a lot of flexibility over simplicity. But when you have so much flexibility, it's really easy to make mistakes. And then you you're able to do a lot. But sometimes maybe it's not what you wanted to do. Yeah, yeah, exactly. And the real lesson that we learned from target is to delegate the knowledge. It's really important when you start to use Kubernetes in your organization to delegate the knowledge to the entire the entire organization. You have developers team and you have DevOps team and you have. Many, many department in your organization and you want to make sure that everyone understand how to work with Kubernetes and what you should do and what you should not do. And let's move forward to the next one. It's not that easy to tell everyone what you want them to do, but we'll talk about this later. Don't spoiler. Okay, so this is a pod. Simple pod. But what can be the mistake here? There's like nothing in it is like a pod. It's a name front end image. Seems like there is no mistake. It's like the shortest YAML I've ever seen in terms of Kubernetes. It's like seems plain vanilla. So we're going with the no mistake. I go I pick no mistake. No mistake. No mistake. No mistake. Am I right? Am I right? No, there's no limit. We always want to make sure that we specify the request and limits, especially, especially when it comes to a serving third party applications. Oh, and you can tell that to blue meta door. Blue meta door had one pod that served a third party application and apparently that application containers where memo Hawks. So one day, one of the DevOps engineer noticed out of memory issues. He looked a little deeper and he found out that this container didn't have any memory, which immediately took their cluster down out of memory leak because those containers took all the memory in the production node. And well, it makes sense, you know, because when you use third party software, it's not even from your company. So you don't know how it's going to behave. Like I remember we were using like a rabbit MQ, which is like a queuing service. Yeah. And the default behavior of the queue is to accumulate as much memory as it can in order for it to be ready to serve queuing. So if you don't limit this container, it will just automatically take everything. And there are like some Java applications and stuff that are very, very like memory heavy. So if you don't put limits, especially to like third party applications that you use, you can't know what's going to happen. You can trust the default config and you can trust the third party applications. But having said that, we always want to make sure we set request limit. I think that the important lesson here that Blue Metador taught me is that it can really happen to anyone because Blue Metador is a small startup company. It's not a big company. It's not Zolendo. It's not 6,000 employees. And while I kept reading, I found out that it can really happen to anyone. And when I say anyone, I mean anyone. Google, Spotify, Airbnb, Skyscanner, Datadog, Toyota, so many companies that it happened to them. It's Kubernetes. It's not simple at all. And it can really happen to anyone. Yeah, well, as we said, like it, Kubernetes brings a lot of flexibility, but with that, you know, sometimes you need some sort of like guardrails or something to help you do the right thing. Because if you have a lot of options and a lot of things you can do, and especially if you're trying to delegate infrastructures code responsibilities to developers and engineers, and not to only have like the centralized ops or DevOps team, like babysit all the developers, you know, and go over like be human debuggers for YAMLs, you need to educate everyone and need to give them the tools, the proper guardrails to help them make the right decision. Because no one wants to take down Spotify. I really love Spotify. It's great. You know, you don't want to take it down, but sometimes you just don't know. I completely agree with you and I want to add something for the favor in developers in the audience. Because as a developer, when it comes to Kubernetes, when it comes to DevOps, it's not my field. It's something that I might be afraid of. And it's not my pipeline. Because I'm a developer, I'm writing my code and I'm shipping it to production. And yes, I want to make sure that I would never, never harm production. But doing stuff that related to DevOps to infrastructure code, it's not my field. And when people want to adopt, when organization wants to adopt Kubernetes, I think it's really important to remember that Kubernetes, it's not about Kubernetes. It's about DevOps culture and it's a process. It's not something that is done in one day. It's not one take and developers and DevOps are speaking entirely different languages. I am at the development side of the pipeline and you are in the production. We wake up every morning with different goals. I want to be, as I like to call it, the best feature machine. I would like to deliver my features way before my product manager even thought about it. Production wants to be a production warrior. You want to keep production up. You want to be alive. And we don't want people to streamline misconfigurations and cause issues and problems. Yes. And I think it's important to put the cards on the table and to talk about it because there's a gap here. I think that most organizations don't really put their focus on educating the developers. If you switch technologies and if you go and set up Kubernetes, it's not over. It's just the beginning.  You need to educate your entire organization of how to do it. It's going to be more true, but this all brings us to the main question. So we understand now that it's a big thing to start using Kubernetes. So how can you prevent it in the future? How can you prevent the next misconfiguration and not become one of those Kubernetes post-mortem stories? That's a great question. So I think that the answer to that is automation. I'm a great believer in automation and I'm a great believer in bringing the tools for people in order for them to be able to, on the one hand, be responsible for themselves to have guardrails that help them do their job, but that it empowers them and it gives them the ability to make the changes by themselves, but you're with them and you're helping them. And I think that the first thing you need to do as an organization is to define your policies. You need to define what types of checks do I want to do? Maybe I want to have memory limits and CPU limits and I want all resources to have liveness probes and readiness probes and I want to make sure that everyone puts labels on their workloads because otherwise it's going to be impossible to attribute to which workload belongs to which team. And number one is to set those policies and also to have ones that are in general, like maybe no resource should use more than 50 gigabytes of memory and to also have the ability to have granular policies that say, no, no, this is an AI service and it needs to use 50 gigabytes of memory. This is what it does. This is meant for it. So number one, define your policies for your organization. And I want to add to define your policies that what is a policy? Because as a developer, when I thought about policy, I said and I thought, what is policy in my area, in my field? Policy is basically what I need to do to feel confident in order to ship my code to production. So what do I do? I write tests, I write integration tests, I do QA tests. Basically, it's a bunch of tests but that's what I do. I obey clean code standards and I have my own best practices and I always make sure that I read for, I don't know if I use Golang, what are the conventions and what are the best practices when you write in Golang. And this is what I do in order to feel confident with my code. So policies is something that is, as a developer and as a DevOps, we all have, we all share policies. We all know how to use policies but the real difference is when we use and what exactly are the policies. I think that as a developer, my policies are when I write my unit tests and I add them to the CI CD. So this is the part of the pipeline and we all in the pipeline and I want to add them in the CI CD pipeline and I make sure that before I push my changes, I run NPM tests. Yeah, everything is okay, good, good, good. I feel confident with my code and I think that policies, this is the key. This is the way that, this is how the DevOps and the developers are going to communicate. So you should really put your thought on how to do it, how to use those policies which lead us to the next step which is integrate policies in your organization. We want to make sure that we validate each changes that every developer or DevOps, that DevOps engineer would like to make those policies on every change. So we want to validate that ideally through automated checks like having it within your CI CD pipeline or even as a pre-commit hook as a local testing in your local dev environment. This is practically what you do, what you already do. So what's the difference between Kubernetes resources than the rest of your code? Absolutely and I think that seamlessly integrating within the development workflow whether it's a VS Code extension or a CLI utility or a pre-commit hook or just having it enforced and mandatory, it's a hard word to say enforced but in a way security and stability and there are some tests that are enforced so like every job and maybe you have like 500 Git repositories you make sure that in every CI CD pipeline those checks are being run because if you don't, as you said, your cluster might blow up so you should definitely integrate it within your CI CD. If you could think about it, what happened to Zolando is that they placed it incorrectly so all they needed is just to make sure that the YAML is structured correctly. The structure is valid. This is practically everything that they needed to do but let's move forward to the next step. The next step is control, review and monitor. Yeah, so this is a very important step which I think it's absolutely crucial to be able to dynamically adjust your policies because okay, so let's say we sit down, we define which policies we want maybe we'll show you some tools that you can use in order to do it now but maybe you put it in but then you run for one week, two weeks, three weeks you might have a new policy but then what are you going to do now? Going to deploy a policy change to 500 Git repos so it becomes, you know, it's like sort of a burden now because in order to change it I need a way to have like a centralized management place where like all of my repos we pull the policies from a centralized location and then execute them so I can modify the policies in one place and it will propagate to all of my workloads on another place and secondly you want a place that gives you the ability to monitor which tests are running, which tests are failing, what happened, which workloads have the most errors in them so you can improve because if it's disconnected and it's running in an island like each repository is its own island you're missing the big picture and it will be hard for you to see. Yes, so today we are going to talk about three tools we will talk about Conftest and Gatekeeper and we'll talk about our very own Datria application and the real important thing that I think you should notice about each one of them is where each one is placed in the pipeline and I want you to start thinking about where would be the most suitable place to you, to your organization to put an application that will validate your Kubernetes resources in your pipeline because where you will choose to put that application it might affect your entire organization. So let's start with Gatekeeper Gatekeeper is a policy controller for Kubernetes it enables you to enforce policies that executed by OPPA under the hood it's practically an admission webbook it integrates with Kubernetes and has a customizable validation admission webbook and how to use it is very very simple you want to make sure that you install it on your cluster you need to define by yourself your policies using a regular because we're talking about OPPA under the hood and then after you define your policies you apply each one of them using Kubernetes CRDs and the really important thing about Gatekeeper is that Gatekeeper operates on the production area in the pipeline. So it will actually prevent like kubectl, kubectl applies that are like a misaligned or misconfigured it will block it from being deployed. The way that it works basically is that whenever you kubectl apply it will check your resource through the validation admission webbooks and if one of their policies does not meet the criteria it will kick you off but this is like at the end it's in the production so it's not shift cleft at all it's like I already developed my code it was built and everything and it's shipped and it's like the last mile but maybe I want to do if you want to check it prior to that so if we're going back and we want to work in a more shift cleft way another way to do it is by using ConfTest it's also part of the Open Policy Agent which is a CNCF graduated project repository and what ConfTest allows you to do is to actually run automated tests against configuration files such as Kubernetes YAMLs like Manifests or Helm charts and you can write rules in Rego and then just run ConfTest test against those files and see whether they meet the criteria and pass the policy check or not a very simple, very straightforward great utility that you can run in your CI CD or even you could possibly run it in your computer I guess Yeah, yeah it's when I first learned about ConfTest it was really interesting because it was the first time that I ever used like local testing this is my unit testing for Kubernetes resources and I remember that yeah okay, I understand what unit testing are okay, I started to love Kubernetes, it's fun and I think it's a great power when it comes to using ConfTest because as I said before this is the key point to the communication between DevOps engineers and developers and I think it's really important but let's move forward to the next tool our very own, the Tree application the Tree is a CLI solution then that just like ConfTest enables you to test policies against YAML files but the difference is that it comes with built-in policies for all Kubernetes best practices so I don't need to actually go and write the test by myself it comes pre-built with this Yes, yes, all you need to do is just to install it and in addition to that we also provide a centralized management for all your policies using a UI application things like creating new policies and enable or disable a part of the policies details, reviewing a full history of your invocations and lots of other stuff and the way that it works is also very, very simple the CLI runs automated checks on every code change on every resource that exists in a specific AM path and after it's finished for every violation, for every misconfiguration that it finds the Tree will display a full output as you can see here in the GIF just wait for it and it will display a detailed output of the violation which will guide you to how to fix that issue and it's also very friendly, I think, to developers I pro developers and to use the Tree, as I said before all you need to do is just basically to install it It's like brew install the Tree or just curl it from anywhere it's open source, it's in GitHub you can go and open pull request to Noah this is my code, submit a PR yeah, cool so those are the three main tools that you wanted to talk about you might ask yourself which one is for me maybe all of them are for me, what are the differences so we're at the end of our talk, the main difference is first of all, the first one is define your policies so the Tree comes with dozens of pre-built rules like from all those postmortems that we talked to you about so you don't need to guess or you don't need to wait for an outage to happen to think then which test should I apply of course if you do have a list or one you can use ConfTest or Gatekeeper to do it secondly, you want to integrate your policies inside your organization so as we said the Tree comes with a lot of plugins and web hooks and you know to GitHub actions and any CICD provider and pre-commit hooks and you can run it in your IDE and everywhere you want and of course in your CICD while other ones require a manual configuration and third which I think is very important you know for organizations because you know I really experienced this in my previous role where we had 400 engineers and it's really really hard to control you know this amount of engineers thousands of Git repos and I think that the final part is the control review and monitor which with the Tree we provide a centralized policy management solution so I can go and define my policies in one place and it will dynamically adjust and run like you don't need to change anything on your CICD or like you don't need to modify the binary because the policies are streamed into the CLI solution and then they are applied so it's really really suitable for organizations that want to use it so this is basically the difference between the two the three of the tools and the takeaways that we want you to take from this session is to first to understand how important are policies and really how you should use it and why you should define it in your organization and if we talk about policies then to never trust the default configuration define the policies in your organization as we talked before delegate the knowledge to the rest of the team across your organization and it can really happen to anyone Oh absolutely Thank you very much we'll stop sharing now and we really want to thank you very much for attending our talk feel free to reach out and you know come talk to us open pull request and github and we're available on LinkedIn and anywhere and we're looking forward to hearing from you and we're working very closely you can open issues and we're adding support for more and more platforms and it's been a pleasure Noah Thank you very much Thank you very much human too Enjoy the rest of the conference Bye bye Bye